diff --git a/-0pzpXHq_io.txt b/-0pzpXHq_io.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b27346b4939d2c57df9e5acc23f242b1291afcc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-0pzpXHq_io.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1003 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will now go through an example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now go through an example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now go through an example which
+is essentially a drill to consolidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a drill to consolidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a drill to consolidate
+our understanding of the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our understanding of the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our understanding of the conditional
+expectation and the conditional variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and the conditional variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and the conditional variance
+consider a random variable X which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a random variable X which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a random variable X which is
+continuous and is described by a PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and is described by a PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and is described by a PDF of
+this form whenever we have a PDF that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form whenever we have a PDF that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form whenever we have a PDF that
+seems to consist of different pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to consist of different pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to consist of different pieces
+it's always useful to divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always useful to divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always useful to divide and conquer
+and the way we will do that will be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we will do that will be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we will do that will be to
+consider two different scenarios that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two different scenarios that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two different scenarios that X
+falls in this range and in that scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in this range and in that scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in this range and in that scenario
+we say that the certain random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that the certain random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that the certain random variable
+Y is equal to 1 and another scenario in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to 1 and another scenario in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to 1 and another scenario in
+which X falls in this range and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which X falls in this range and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which X falls in this range and in that
+case we say that Y is equal to 2 let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we say that Y is equal to 2 let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we say that Y is equal to 2 let us
+now look at the conditional expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the conditional expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the conditional expectation
+of x given Y what is it well it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x given Y what is it well it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x given Y what is it well it is a
+random variable which can take different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable which can take different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable which can take different
+values depending on what Y is if Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values depending on what Y is if Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values depending on what Y is if Y
+happens to take a value of 1 then we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to take a value of 1 then we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to take a value of 1 then we are
+in this range and the conditional PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range and the conditional PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range and the conditional PDF of
+X given that Y falls in this range keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X given that Y falls in this range keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X given that Y falls in this range keeps
+the same shape its uniform and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same shape its uniform and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same shape its uniform and so it's
+mean is going to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is going to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is going to be equal to the
+midpoint of this interval which is 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint of this interval which is 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint of this interval which is 1/2
+and this is something that happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that happens when
+y is equal to 1 what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to 1 what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to 1 what is the probability
+of this happening the probability that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this happening the probability that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this happening the probability that Y
+is equal to 1 is the area under the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 is the area under the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 is the area under the PDF
+in this range and since the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range and since the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range and since the height of
+the PDF is 1/2 this probability is 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF is 1/2 this probability is 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF is 1/2 this probability is 1/2
+the alternative scenario is that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative scenario is that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative scenario is that Y
+happens to take the value of 2 in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to take the value of 2 in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to take the value of 2 in which
+case X lives in this interval given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case X lives in this interval given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case X lives in this interval given that
+X has fallen in this interval the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X has fallen in this interval the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X has fallen in this interval the
+conditional expectation of X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of X is the
+midpoint of this interval and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint of this interval and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint of this interval and the
+midpoint of this interval is at 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint of this interval is at 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint of this interval is at 2 and
+this is an event that again happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an event that again happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an event that again happens with
+probability 1/2 because the area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/2 because the area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/2 because the area under
+the PDF in this region is equal to 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF in this region is equal to 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF in this region is equal to 1/2
+so the conditional expectation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conditional expectation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conditional expectation is a
+random variable that takes these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that takes these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that takes these values
+with these probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these probabilities
+since we now have a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we now have a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we now have a complete
+probabilistic description of this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic description of this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic description of this random
+variable we are able to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we are able to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we are able to calculate the
+expectation of this random variable what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this random variable what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of this random variable what
+is it with probability 1/2 the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it with probability 1/2 the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it with probability 1/2 the random
+variable takes the value of 1/2 and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes the value of 1/2 and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes the value of 1/2 and with
+probability 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/2
+it takes the value of 2 and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes the value of 2 and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes the value of 2 and so the
+expected value of the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the conditional
+expectation is 5 over 4 but the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is 5 over 4 but the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is 5 over 4 but the law of
+iterated expectations tells us that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations tells us that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated expectations tells us that this
+quantity is also the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is also the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is also the same as the
+expected value of x so we have managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x so we have managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x so we have managed
+to find the expected value of x by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the expected value of x by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the expected value of x by the
+divide-and-conquer method by considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide-and-conquer method by considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide-and-conquer method by considering
+different cases let us now turn to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases let us now turn to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases let us now turn to the
+conditional variance of x given Y once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional variance of x given Y once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional variance of x given Y once
+more this quantity is a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this quantity is a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this quantity is a random variable
+the value of that quantity depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that quantity depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that quantity depends on
+what Y turns out to be and we have again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Y turns out to be and we have again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Y turns out to be and we have again
+the same two possibilities Y could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same two possibilities Y could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same two possibilities Y could be
+equal to 1 or Y could be equal to 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 or Y could be equal to 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 or Y could be equal to 2 and
+these possibilities happen with equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possibilities happen with equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possibilities happen with equal
+probabilities if Y is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities if Y is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities if Y is equal to 1
+conditional on that event X has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on that event X has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on that event X has a
+uniform PDF on this range on an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform PDF on this range on an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform PDF on this range on an interval
+of length 1 and we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 1 and we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 1 and we know that the
+variance of a uniform PDF on an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a uniform PDF on an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a uniform PDF on an interval
+of length 1 is 1 over 12 if on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 1 is 1 over 12 if on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 1 is 1 over 12 if on the other
+hand Y takes the value of 2 then X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand Y takes the value of 2 then X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand Y takes the value of 2 then X is a
+uniform random variable on an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform random variable on an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform random variable on an interval
+of length 2 and the variance in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 2 and the variance in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 2 and the variance in this
+case is 2 squared where these two stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is 2 squared where these two stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is 2 squared where these two stands
+for the length of the interval divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the length of the interval divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the length of the interval divided
+by 12 which is the same as 4 over 12 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 12 which is the same as 4 over 12 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 12 which is the same as 4 over 12 so
+we now have a complete probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a complete probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a complete probabilistic
+description of the conditional variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the conditional variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the conditional variance
+as a random variable it's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a random variable it's a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a random variable it's a random
+variable that with these probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that with these probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that with these probabilities
+takes these two particular values since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes these two particular values since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes these two particular values since
+we know the distribution of this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the distribution of this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the distribution of this random
+variable we can certainly calculate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we can certainly calculate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we can certainly calculate its
+expected value and the expected value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value and the expected value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value and the expected value is
+found as follows with probability 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found as follows with probability 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found as follows with probability 1/2
+the random variable of interest takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable of interest takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable of interest takes
+the value of 1 over 12 and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of 1 over 12 and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of 1 over 12 and with
+probability 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/2
+this random variable takes a value of 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable takes a value of 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable takes a value of 4
+over 12 and this number happens to be 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 12 and this number happens to be 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 12 and this number happens to be 5
+over 24 finally let us calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 24 finally let us calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 24 finally let us calculate the
+variance of the conditional expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the conditional expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the conditional expectation
+since we have complete information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have complete information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have complete information about
+the distribution of the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the conditional
+expectation calculating its variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation calculating its variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation calculating its variance is
+not going to be difficult so what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be difficult so what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be difficult so what is it
+with probability 1/2 the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/2 the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/2 the conditional
+expectation takes a value of 1/2 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation takes a value of 1/2 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation takes a value of 1/2 we
+subtract from this the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from this the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from this the mean of the
+conditional expectation which is 5 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation which is 5 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation which is 5 over
+4 and we take the square of that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and we take the square of that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and we take the square of that so this
+term is the square of the deviation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is the square of the deviation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is the square of the deviation of
+the value of the random variable of 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the random variable of 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the random variable of 1/2
+from the mean of that random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean of that random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean of that random variable
+and we get a similar term if Y happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a similar term if Y happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a similar term if Y happens
+to be equal to 2 with probability 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to 2 with probability 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to 2 with probability 1/2
+our random variable takes a value of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random variable takes a value of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random variable takes a value of 2
+which is so much away from the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so much away from the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so much away from the mean of
+the random variable and then we square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable and then we square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable and then we square
+that quantity if we carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity if we carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quantity if we carry out the
+algebra the answer turns out to be 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra the answer turns out to be 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra the answer turns out to be 9
+over 16 and now we can go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 16 and now we can go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 16 and now we can go back to the
+law of the total variance and calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of the total variance and calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of the total variance and calculate
+that the total variance is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total variance is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the total variance is equal to the
+expected value of the variance which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the variance which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the variance which is
+5 over 24 and then we have the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 over 24 and then we have the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 over 24 and then we have the variance
+of the expected value which is 9 over 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected value which is 9 over 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected value which is 9 over 16
+and this number evaluates to 37 over 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have managed to find the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have managed to find the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have managed to find the variance
+of this random variable using the divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable using the divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable using the divide
+and conquer method and the law of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer method and the law of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer method and the law of the
+total variance
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-MI0b4h3rS0.txt b/-MI0b4h3rS0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96ac5e95128f757146146f77b48633b062fe0d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-MI0b4h3rS0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6767 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today we're moving on from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're moving on from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're moving on from
+theoretical things from the mean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical things from the mean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical things from the mean value
+theorem to uh the introduction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to uh the introduction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to uh the introduction to the
+what's going to occupy us for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to occupy us for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to occupy us for the whole
+rest of the course which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the course which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the course which is
+integration so in order to inter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so in order to inter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so in order to inter to
+introduce that subject I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that subject I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that subject I need to
+introduce for you a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce for you a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce for you a new
+notation which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentials I'm going to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials I'm going to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials I'm going to tell you what
+a differential is and we'll get used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential is and we'll get used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential is and we'll get used to
+using it over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it over over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a
+function which is y = f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofx then the differential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y of
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+so is going to be denoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is going to be denoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is going to be denoted
+Dy and it's by definition frime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and it's by definition frime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and it's by definition frime
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+DX so here's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation and because Y is really equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and because Y is really equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and because Y is really equal
+to F uh sometimes we also call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F uh sometimes we also call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F uh sometimes we also call it the
+differential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f so it's also called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f now that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f now that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f now that's the
+notation and it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and it's the same
+thing as what happens if you formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as what happens if you formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as what happens if you formally
+just take this DX act like it's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this DX act like it's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take this DX act like it's a number
+and divide it into Dy so it means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide it into Dy so it means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide it into Dy so it means the
+same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this statement here and um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement here and um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement here and um this is the
+more or less the LI not liet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the LI not liet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the LI not liet
+interpretation of derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative as a
+ratio of these so-called differentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of these so-called differentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of these so-called differentials
+it's a ratio of what are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinitesimals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is a kind of a a vague notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a kind of a a vague notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a kind of a a vague notion
+this this little this little bit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this little this little bit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this little this little bit here
+being a an infinitesimal it's it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a an infinitesimal it's it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a an infinitesimal it's it's sort
+of like an infinitely small quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like an infinitely small quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like an infinitely small quantity and
+uh liet perfected the idea of dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh liet perfected the idea of dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh liet perfected the idea of dealing
+with these intuitively and subsequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these intuitively and subsequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these intuitively and subsequently
+mathematicians use them all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians use them all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians use them all the time
+they're way more effective than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're way more effective than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're way more effective than the
+notation that uh Newton used uh you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that uh Newton used uh you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that uh Newton used uh you you
+might think that notations are a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that notations are a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that notations are a small
+matter but they uh allow you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but they uh allow you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but they uh allow you to think
+much faster sometimes when you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster sometimes when you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster sometimes when you have the
+right names and the right symbols for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right names and the right symbols for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right names and the right symbols for
+everything and in this case it made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and in this case it made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and in this case it made a
+very big difference uh liet's notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big difference uh liet's notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big difference uh liet's notation
+was adopted on the continent and Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was adopted on the continent and Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was adopted on the continent and Newton
+dominated in Britain and as a result the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated in Britain and as a result the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated in Britain and as a result the
+British fell behind by 1 or hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British fell behind by 1 or hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British fell behind by 1 or hundred
+years in the development of calculus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in the development of calculus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in the development of calculus it
+was really a serious matter so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really a serious matter so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really a serious matter so it's
+really well worth your while to get used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well worth your while to get used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well worth your while to get used
+to this idea of ratios and it it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this idea of ratios and it it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this idea of ratios and it it comes
+up all over the place both in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all over the place both in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all over the place both in this class
+and also in multivariable calculus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in multivariable calculus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in multivariable calculus it's
+used in in in many contexts so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in in in many contexts so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in in in many contexts so first of
+all just to go a little bit easy we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just to go a little bit easy we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just to go a little bit easy we'll
+illustrate it by its uh use in uh linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate it by its uh use in uh linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate it by its uh use in uh linear
+approximations which we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the picture here which we've drawn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture here which we've drawn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture here which we've drawn a
+number of times is that you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times is that you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times is that you have some
+function and uh here's a value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh here's a value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh here's a value of the
+function it's coming up like that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's coming up like that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's coming up like that all
+right so here's our function and we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's our function and we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's our function and we go
+forward a little increment to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward a little increment to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward a little increment to a
+place which is DX further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place which is DX further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place which is DX further
+along the idea of this notation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the idea of this notation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the idea of this notation is that
+DX is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+replace the symbol Delta X which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the symbol Delta X which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the symbol Delta X which is the
+change in X and we won't think too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in X and we won't think too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in X and we won't think too hard
+about well this is a small quantity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well this is a small quantity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well this is a small quantity this
+is a small quantity we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a small quantity we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a small quantity we're not going to
+think too hard about what that means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think too hard about what that means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think too hard about what that means uh
+similarly if you see how much we've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you see how much we've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you see how much we've gone
+up well this is kind of low so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well this is kind of low so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well this is kind of low so it's a
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+bit here so this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here so this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here so this distance
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+previously we called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we called it
+uh uh Delta y but now we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Delta y but now we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Delta y but now we're just going
+to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it
+uh D Dy okay so DX Dy replaces Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y all right so this is the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right so this is the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right so this is the change in
+level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and we'll represent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we'll represent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we'll represent it
+symbolically this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically this way
+very frequently this just saves a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frequently this just saves a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frequently this just saves a little
+bit of notation for for the purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of notation for for the purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of notation for for the purposes of
+this we'll be doing the same things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll be doing the same things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll be doing the same things we
+did with Delta X and Delta y but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with Delta X and Delta y but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with Delta X and Delta y but this is
+the way that livets thought of it and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that livets thought of it and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that livets thought of it and he
+would just have drawn it with this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just have drawn it with this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just have drawn it with this so
+This distance here is DX and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This distance here is DX and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This distance here is DX and this
+distance here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dy so for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy so for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy so for an
+example of linear approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of linear approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of linear approximation
+will say uh what's 64.1 say to the 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say uh what's 64.1 say to the 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say uh what's 64.1 say to the 1/3
+power approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power approximately equal
+to now I'm going to carry this out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now I'm going to carry this out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now I'm going to carry this out in
+this in this new notation here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this new notation here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this new notation here the
+function involved is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function involved is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function involved is x
+1/3 and then it's differential Dy now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and then it's differential Dy now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and then it's differential Dy now I
+want to use this rule to get you used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use this rule to get you used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use this rule to get you used to
+it because this is what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because this is what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because this is what we're going to
+be doing all of today is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing all of today is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing all of today is we're
+differentiating or taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating or taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating or taking the
+differential of Y y so that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of Y y so that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of Y y so that is going to
+be just the derivative that's 1/3 x - 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX and now I'm just going to to fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now I'm just going to to fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now I'm just going to to fill in
+exactly what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what this is
+at x = 64 which is the natural place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x = 64 which is the natural place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x = 64 which is the natural place to
+uh close by where it's easy to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh close by where it's easy to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh close by where it's easy to do the
+evaluations we have y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations we have y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations we have y is equal to
+um 64 1/3 which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 and how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and how about
+Dy well so this is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy well so this is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy well so this is a little bit more
+complicated put it over here so Dy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated put it over here so Dy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated put it over here so Dy is
+1/3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 *
+64 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and that is 13 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and that is 13 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and that is 13 *
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+1116 DX which is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1116 DX which is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1116 DX which is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX and now I'm going to work out what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now I'm going to work out what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now I'm going to work out what uh
+64 to the what whatever it is here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 to the what whatever it is here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 to the what whatever it is here this
+uh this strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this strange
+fraction I just want to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction I just want to be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction I just want to be very careful
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+explain to you one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you one more
+thing which is that we're using X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is that we're using X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is that we're using X is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+64 and so we're thinking of x + DX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and so we're thinking of x + DX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and so we're thinking of x + DX is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+64.1 all right so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64.1 all right so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64.1 all right so that means that
+DX is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10th all right so that's the increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th all right so that's the increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th all right so that's the increment
+that we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+and now I can carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can carry out the
+approximation the approximation says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the approximation says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the approximation says
+that 64.1 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 64.1 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 64.1 to the
+1/3 is well it's approximately what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 is well it's approximately what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 is well it's approximately what I'm
+going to call y + Dy because really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call y + Dy because really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call y + Dy because really the
+Dy that I'm determining here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy that I'm determining here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy that I'm determining here is
+determined by this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by this linear
+relation Dy is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation Dy is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation Dy is equal to
+148 DX and so this is only approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+148 DX and so this is only approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+148 DX and so this is only approximately
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+because what's really true is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's really true is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's really true is that this
+is equal to y + Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to y + Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to y + Delta
+Y in our previous notation so this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y in our previous notation so this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y in our previous notation so this is in
+Disguise what this is equal to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disguise what this is equal to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disguise what this is equal to and
+that's only approximately equal to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only approximately equal to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only approximately equal to what
+the what the linear approximation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the linear approximation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the linear approximation would
+give you so really even though I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you so really even though I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you so really even though I wrote
+Dy as this increment here what it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy as this increment here what it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy as this increment here what it really
+is if DX is exactly that is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if DX is exactly that is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if DX is exactly that is it's the
+amount that would go up if you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that would go up if you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that would go up if you went
+straight up the tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up the tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up the tangent line
+so I'm not going to do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to do that because
+that's not what people write and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what people write and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what people write and that's
+not even what they think right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even what they think right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even what they think right they're
+really thinking of both DX and Dy being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking of both DX and Dy being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking of both DX and Dy being
+infinitesimally small and here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally small and here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally small and here we're
+going to the to the finite level and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the to the finite level and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the to the finite level and and
+uh and doing it so so so the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and doing it so so so the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and doing it so so so the you know
+this is just just something you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just just something you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just just something you have to
+live with is a little ambiguity in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation all right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation all right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation all right so this is the
+approxim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approxim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approxim
+and now I can just calculate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can just calculate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can just calculate these
+numbers here Y at this value is four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here Y at this value is four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here Y at this value is four and
+Dy as I said is 148
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX and that turns out to be uh 4 + 1 480
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and that turns out to be uh 4 + 1 480
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and that turns out to be uh 4 + 1 480
+because DX is a 10th so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DX is a 10th so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DX is a 10th so that's
+approximately uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately uh
+4.02 and that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's just compare it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh to our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation this will serve as a review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this will serve as a review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this will serve as a review of
+if you like of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what I want to emphasize is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want to emphasize is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want to emphasize is that
+these things are supposed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same just it's really the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same just it's really the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same just it's really the same thing
+it's just a different notation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a different notation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a different notation for the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing I remind you the basic formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I remind you the basic formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I remind you the basic formula for
+linear approximation is that f ofx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation is that f ofx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation is that f ofx is
+approximately F of a + frime of a * x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately F of a + frime of a * x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately F of a + frime of a * x -
+A and we're applying it in the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and we're applying it in the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and we're applying it in the situation
+that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is
+64 and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and F
+ofx is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/3 and so F of uh a which is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+64 is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 is of course
+four and frime of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and frime of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and frime of a
+a which is a to the uh right 1/3 A-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is a to the uh right 1/3 A-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is a to the uh right 1/3 A-
+23 is uh in this in our case um 116th no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+148 okay that's the same calculation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+148 okay that's the same calculation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+148 okay that's the same calculation as
+before and then our relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then our relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then our relationship
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+x to the 1/3 3 is approximately equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 1/3 3 is approximately equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 1/3 3 is approximately equal to
+4 + 1 48 * x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 + 1 48 * x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 + 1 48 * x
+- uh a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+64 so look every every single number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 so look every every single number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 so look every every single number
+that I've written over here has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've written over here has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've written over here has a
+corresponding uh number for this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding uh number for this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding uh number for this for
+this other method and now if I plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other method and now if I plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other method and now if I plug in
+the value we happen to want which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value we happen to want which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value we happen to want which is the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+64.1 this would be for plus a 48 * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64.1 this would be for plus a 48 * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64.1 this would be for plus a 48 * a
+10th which is just the same thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again same answer same method new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+well now I get to use this notation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I get to use this notation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I get to use this notation in a
+in a in a more in a novel way so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a more in a novel way so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a more in a novel way so again
+here's the notation this notation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differential the way I'm going to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential the way I'm going to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential the way I'm going to use it
+is uh in discussing something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh in discussing something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh in discussing something called
+anti-derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again this is a a new notation now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a a new notation now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a a new notation now but
+it's also a new idea one that we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a new idea one that we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a new idea one that we haven't
+discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+namely the notation that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the notation that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the notation that I want to
+describe here is What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe here is What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe here is What's called the
+integral of G ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of G ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of G ofx
+DX and I'll denote that by a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and I'll denote that by a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and I'll denote that by a function
+capital G ofx so it's you start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital G ofx so it's you start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital G ofx so it's you start with a
+function G ofx and you produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G ofx and you produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G ofx and you produce a
+function capital G ofx which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function capital G ofx which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function capital G ofx which is called
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti-derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G notice there's a differential sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G notice there's a differential sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G notice there's a differential sitting
+in here this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here this uh
+symbol this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is called an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is called an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is called an integral
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or an integral or this this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an integral or this this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an integral or this this whole thing
+is called an integral and another name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called an integral and another name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called an integral and another name
+for the anti-derivative of G is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indefinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite
+integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G and I'll explain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and I'll explain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and I'll explain to
+you why it's indefinite in in uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why it's indefinite in in uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why it's indefinite in in uh just
+very short ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here well so let's carry out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples basically what I'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples basically what I'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples basically what I'd like to do
+is as many examples along the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as many examples along the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as many examples along the lines of
+all the derivatives that we derived uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the derivatives that we derived uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the derivatives that we derived uh
+uh at the beginning of the course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the beginning of the course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the beginning of the course in
+other words in principle you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in principle you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in principle you want to be
+able to integrate as many things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to integrate as many things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to integrate as many things as
+possible we're going to start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we're going to start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we're going to start out with
+the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of
+sinx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's a
+function whose derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whose derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whose derivative is
+sinx so what function would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be cosine x minus right it's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cosine x minus right it's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cosine x minus right it's negative
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+X all right so negative cosine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right so negative cosine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right so negative cosine X
+differentiated gives you sinx so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated gives you sinx so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated gives you sinx so that is
+an anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti-derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti-derivative
+of sign and it satisfies this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sign and it satisfies this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sign and it satisfies this property
+so this function capital g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this function capital g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this function capital g
+ofx equals co uh negative cosine X has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx equals co uh negative cosine X has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx equals co uh negative cosine X has
+the property that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that its
+derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is
+sinx on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand if you differentiate a constant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you differentiate a constant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you differentiate a constant you
+get zero so this answer is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero so this answer is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero so this answer is what's called
+indefinite because you can also add any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite because you can also add any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite because you can also add any
+constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here
+and the same thing will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing will be
+true so C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant and as I said the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and as I said the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and as I said the the the
+integral is called indefinite so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is called indefinite so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is called indefinite so that's
+an explanation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explanation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explanation for
+this modifier in front of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modifier in front of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modifier in front of the integral
+it's indefinite because we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's indefinite because we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's indefinite because we actually
+didn't specify a single function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't specify a single function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't specify a single function we
+don't get a single answer whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a single answer whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a single answer whenever you
+take the anti-derivative of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the anti-derivative of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the anti-derivative of something
+it's ambiguous up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ambiguous up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ambiguous up to a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next let's do uh uh some other standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next let's do uh uh some other standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next let's do uh uh some other standard
+uh functions from our repertoire we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions from our repertoire we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions from our repertoire we have
+the integral of x to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of x to the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of x to the a
+DX some power the integral of a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX some power the integral of a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX some power the integral of a power
+and if you think about it what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about it what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about it what you
+should be differentiating is one power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be differentiating is one power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be differentiating is one power
+larger than that but then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than that but then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than that but then you have to
+divide by 1/ a + 1 in order that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by 1/ a + 1 in order that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by 1/ a + 1 in order that the
+differentiation be correct right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation be correct right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation be correct right so this
+just is the fact that D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is the fact that D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is the fact that D
+DX of x to the a + 1 or maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of x to the a + 1 or maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of x to the a + 1 or maybe I should
+even say it this way maybe I'll do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even say it this way maybe I'll do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even say it this way maybe I'll do it in
+differential notation D of x to a + 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential notation D of x to a + 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential notation D of x to a + 1 is
+equal to a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a +
+1 x to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 x to the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 x to the a
+DX so if I divide that through by a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 then I get the relation above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then I get the relation above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then I get the relation above and
+because this is ambiguous up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is ambiguous up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is ambiguous up to a
+constant it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it could be
+any additional constant added to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function now the identity that I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now the identity that I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now the identity that I wrote
+down below is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down below is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down below is
+correct but this one is not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but this one is not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but this one is not always
+correct what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exception yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception yeah
+aals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aals
+equals 1 so this one is okay for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a but this one fails because we divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but this one fails because we divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but this one fails because we divided
+by zero when a is equal to1 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero when a is equal to1 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero when a is equal to1 so this is
+only true when a is not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only true when a is not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only true when a is not equal
+to1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact of course what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact of course what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact of course what's happening
+when a is equal to Z is you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a is equal to Z is you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a is equal to Z is you're getting
+zero when you differentiate the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when you differentiate the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when you differentiate the constant
+so there's a third case that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a third case that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a third case that we have to
+carry out which is the exceptional case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out which is the exceptional case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out which is the exceptional case
+namely the integral of dx/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and this
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+if we just think back to what our so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just think back to what our so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just think back to what our so all
+we're doing is thinking backwards here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is thinking backwards here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is thinking backwards here
+which is a very important thing to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very important thing to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very important thing to do in
+in math at all stages we got all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in math at all stages we got all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in math at all stages we got all of our
+formulas now we're reading them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas now we're reading them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas now we're reading them
+backwards and so this one you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and so this one you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and so this one you may
+remember is the natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x the reason why I want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the reason why I want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the reason why I want to do this
+carefully and slowly now is right now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and slowly now is right now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and slowly now is right now I
+also want to write the more standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to write the more standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to write the more standard
+form which is presented so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is presented so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is presented so first of all
+of course we have to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we have to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we have to add a
+constant and please don't put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and please don't put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and please don't put the
+parentheses here the parentheses go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses here the parentheses go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses here the parentheses go
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay but there's another formula hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's another formula hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's another formula hiding
+in the Woodwork here behind this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Woodwork here behind this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Woodwork here behind this one
+which is that you can also get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you can also get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you can also get the
+correct formula when X is negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct formula when X is negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct formula when X is negative and
+that turns out to be this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so I'm I'm treating the case X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm I'm treating the case X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm I'm treating the case X
+positive as being something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as being something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as being something that you
+that you know but let's check the case X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nega in order to check the case x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nega in order to check the case x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nega in order to check the case x
+negative I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative I have to
+differentiate the logarithm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the logarithm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the logarithm of the
+absolute value of x in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case and that's the same thing again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and that's the same thing again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and that's the same thing again for
+x negative as the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x negative as the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x negative as the derivative of the
+logarithm ofx that's the formula when X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm ofx that's the formula when X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm ofx that's the formula when X
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+negative and if you carry that out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and if you carry that out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and if you carry that out what
+you get maybe we'll put this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get maybe we'll put this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get maybe we'll put this over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is well it's the chain rule it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well it's the chain rule it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well it's the chain rule it's
+1/x times the derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/x times the derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/x times the derivative with respect to
+X ofx so see that are two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X ofx so see that are two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X ofx so see that are two minus
+signs there's a minus X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs there's a minus X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs there's a minus X in the
+denominator and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and then there's the
+derivative of minus X in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of minus X in the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of minus X in the numerator
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+just1 this part is 1 so this is-1 overx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just1 this part is 1 so this is-1 overx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just1 this part is 1 so this is-1 overx
+which is 1 /x so the the the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 /x so the the the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 /x so the the the negative
+signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancel if you just keep track of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel if you just keep track of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel if you just keep track of this in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+logx and its graph that's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logx and its graph that's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logx and its graph that's a function
+that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+this for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for x
+negative and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and its
+derivative is 1 /x I claim and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is 1 /x I claim and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is 1 /x I claim and if you
+just look at it a little bit carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at it a little bit carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at it a little bit carefully
+you see that the slope is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative right so here the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right so here the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right so here the slope is
+negative so it's it's it's uh it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so it's it's it's uh it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so it's it's it's uh it's going
+to be below the axxis and in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be below the axxis and in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be below the axxis and in fact it's
+getting steeper and steeper negative as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting steeper and steeper negative as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting steeper and steeper negative as
+we go down so it's and it's getting less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go down so it's and it's getting less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go down so it's and it's getting less
+and less negative as we go horizontally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less negative as we go horizontally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less negative as we go horizontally
+so it's going like this which is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going like this which is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going like this which is indeed
+the graph of this function for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of this function for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of this function for x
+negative again x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative again x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative again x
+negative all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right so that's uh uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so that's uh uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so that's uh uh one
+other standard formula and you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other standard formula and you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other standard formula and you know very
+quickly very often we won't put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly very often we won't put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly very often we won't put the
+absolute value signs we'll only consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value signs we'll only consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value signs we'll only consider
+the case X positive here but I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case X positive here but I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case X positive here but I just want
+you to have the tools to to to do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to have the tools to to to do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to have the tools to to to do it in
+case we want to use we want to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we want to use we want to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we want to use we want to handle
+both positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+now uh let let's do two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+the uh integral of secant s x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX these are supposed to get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX these are supposed to get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX these are supposed to get you to
+remember all of your differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all of your differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all of your differentiation
+formulas standard ones so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas standard ones so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas standard ones so this one
+integral of secant squ DX is what 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of secant squ DX is what 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of secant squ DX is what 10
+x and here we have plus C all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and here we have plus C all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and here we have plus C all right and
+then uh the last one uh a couple of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the last one uh a couple of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the last one uh a couple of this
+type would be uh let's see I should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type would be uh let's see I should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type would be uh let's see I should do
+it at least this one here < TK 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at least this one here < TK 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at least this one here < TK 1 -
+x^2 uh this is another notation by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 uh this is another notation by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 uh this is another notation by the
+way which is perfectly acceptable notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which is perfectly acceptable notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which is perfectly acceptable notice
+I've put the the DX in the numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put the the DX in the numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put the the DX in the numerator and
+in the function in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the function in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the function in the denominator
+here so this one turns out to be sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this one turns out to be sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this one turns out to be sin
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+um let's see how about the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see how about the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see how about the integral of
+DX over 1 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX over 1 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX over 1 + x^2
+that one is tan inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is tan inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is tan inverse
+X+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C for a little while because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C for a little while because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C for a little while because you're
+reading these things backwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading these things backwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading these things backwards and
+forwards you you'll find this happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards you you'll find this happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards you you'll find this happens to
+you on exams and it gets slightly worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on exams and it gets slightly worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on exams and it gets slightly worse
+for a little while you will uh anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while you will uh anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while you will uh anti-
+differentiate when you meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate when you meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate when you meant to
+differentiate and you'll differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate and you'll differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate and you'll differentiate
+when you meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you meant to
+anti-differentiate um don't get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-differentiate um don't get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-differentiate um don't get too
+frustrated by that uh but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated by that uh but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated by that uh but you know
+eventually uh you'll get them you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh you'll get them you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh you'll get them you'll get
+them squared away and it it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them squared away and it it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them squared away and it it actually
+helps to do a lot of practice with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps to do a lot of practice with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps to do a lot of practice with with
+uh with uh anti- differentiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with uh anti- differentiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with uh anti- differentiations
+because uh or Integrations as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh or Integrations as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh or Integrations as they're
+sometimes called because that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called because that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called because that will
+solidify your remembering all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify your remembering all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify your remembering all the
+differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulas all right so last bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas all right so last bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas all right so last bit
+of information that I want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that I want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that I want to emphasize
+before we go on to more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I've it's obvious because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I've it's obvious because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I've it's obvious because the
+different the derivative of a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the derivative of a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the derivative of a constant
+is zero that the U that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that the U that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that the U that the
+anti-derivative is ambiguous up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative is ambiguous up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative is ambiguous up to a
+constant but it's very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but it's very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but it's very important to
+realize that this is this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this is this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this is this this is the
+only ambiguity that there is so the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ambiguity that there is so the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ambiguity that there is so the last
+thing that I want to uh tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to uh tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to uh tell you about
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniqueness of anti-derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant the theorem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the theorem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the theorem is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is
+if F Prime equal G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F Prime equal G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F Prime equal G
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+FAL G so f ofx = g ofx plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant that means not only that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that means not only that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that means not only that um
+these are anti-derivatives all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are anti-derivatives all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are anti-derivatives all these
+things with these plus C's are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with these plus C's are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with these plus C's are are
+anti-derivatives but these are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives but these are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives but these are the only
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones which is very reassuring and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones which is very reassuring and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones which is very reassuring and that's
+a kind of uniqueness although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of uniqueness although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of uniqueness although it's
+uniqueness up to a Conant it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness up to a Conant it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness up to a Conant it's
+acceptable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable to
+us now the proof of this is very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now the proof of this is very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now the proof of this is very quick
+but this is a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact the proof is the following if F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the proof is the following if F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the proof is the following if F
+Prime is equal to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime then if if you take the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then if if you take the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then if if you take the difference
+between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+functions its derivative which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions its derivative which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions its derivative which of course
+is frime minus G Prime is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+hence f of x minus G of X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant now this is a key fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now this is a key fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now this is a key fact
+very important fact we deduced it last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important fact we deduced it last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important fact we deduced it last
+time from the mean value theorem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from the mean value theorem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from the mean value theorem it's
+not a small matter it's a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a small matter it's a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a small matter it's a very very
+important thing it's the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing it's the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing it's the basis for
+calculus it's the reason why calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus it's the reason why calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus it's the reason why calculus
+makes sense if we didn't have the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense if we didn't have the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense if we didn't have the fact
+that the derivative is zero implied that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative is zero implied that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative is zero implied that
+the function was constant we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function was constant we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function was constant we would
+be done we would have there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done we would have there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done we would have there would
+calculus would be just useless for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus would be just useless for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus would be just useless for us
+the point is the rate of change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is the rate of change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is the rate of change is
+supposed to determine the function up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to determine the function up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to determine the function up to
+this starting value so this conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starting value so this conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starting value so this conclusion
+is very important and we already checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important and we already checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important and we already checked
+it last time this conclusion and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it last time this conclusion and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it last time this conclusion and now
+just by Algebra I can rearrange this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by Algebra I can rearrange this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by Algebra I can rearrange this to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+that f ofx is equal to g ofx plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now oh maybe I should leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now oh maybe I should leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now oh maybe I should leave
+differentials up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials up here
+because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+illustrate all right so let's go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate all right so let's go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate all right so let's go on to
+some trickier slightly trickier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals
+here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the integral of say um X Cub * x 4 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral of say um X Cub * x 4 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral of say um X Cub * x 4 +
+2 to the 5th power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX this is a a function which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX this is a a function which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX this is a a function which you
+actually do know how to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do know how to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do know how to integrate
+because we already have a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already have a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already have a formula for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+powers uh namely the integral of x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers uh namely the integral of x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers uh namely the integral of x to
+the the a is is equal to this and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the a is is equal to this and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the a is is equal to this and even
+if it were a negative power we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were a negative power we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were a negative power we could do
+it uh so it's it's okay on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so it's it's okay on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so it's it's okay on the other
+hand to expand the fifth power here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to expand the fifth power here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to expand the fifth power here is
+quite a mess and this is just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a mess and this is just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a mess and this is just a very
+very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad
+idea there's another trick for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea there's another trick for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea there's another trick for doing
+this that evaluates this much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that evaluates this much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that evaluates this much more
+efficiently and it's the only device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and it's the only device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and it's the only device
+that we're going to learn now for for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to learn now for for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to learn now for for uh
+integrating integration actually is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating integration actually is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating integration actually is much
+harder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than
+differentiation symbolically it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation symbolically it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation symbolically it's quite
+difficult and occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and occasionally
+impossible and so we have to go about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible and so we have to go about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible and so we have to go about it
+gently but for the purposes of this unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gently but for the purposes of this unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gently but for the purposes of this unit
+we're only going to use one method which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to use one method which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to use one method which
+is very good that means whenever you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good that means whenever you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good that means whenever you see
+an integral either you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral either you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral either you'll be able to
+Divine immediately what the answer is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divine immediately what the answer is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divine immediately what the answer is or
+you'll use this method so this is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll use this method so this is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll use this method so this is it the
+trick is called the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution and it is tailor made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and it is tailor made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and it is tailor made
+for the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the notion of
+differentials so tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+made for differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for differential
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea is the following I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is the following I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is the following I'm going to
+define a new function and it's the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a new function and it's the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a new function and it's the sort
+of messiest function that I see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of messiest function that I see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of messiest function that I see here
+it's U is equal to x 4 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and then I'm going to take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then I'm going to take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then I'm going to take its
+differential and what I discover if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential and what I discover if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential and what I discover if I
+look at its formula is and the rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its formula is and the rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its formula is and the rule for
+differentials which is right here its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials which is right here its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials which is right here its
+formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is
+what 4x cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 4x cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 4x cubed
+DX now lo and behold with these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX now lo and behold with these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX now lo and behold with these two
+quantities I can substitute I can plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities I can substitute I can plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities I can substitute I can plug
+in to this integral and I will simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to this integral and I will simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to this integral and I will simplify
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+considerably so how does that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably so how does that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably so how does that happen
+well this integral is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing
+as uh well really I should combine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh well really I should combine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh well really I should combine it
+the other way so let me move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over so there are two pieces here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so there are two pieces here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so there are two pieces here and
+this one is U the 5th and this one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is U the 5th and this one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is U the 5th and this one is a
+quar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+du now that makes it the integral of U 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du now that makes it the integral of U 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du now that makes it the integral of U 5
+du / 4 and that's relatively easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du / 4 and that's relatively easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du / 4 and that's relatively easy to
+integrate that is just a power so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that is just a power so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that is just a power so let's
+see it's um I can it's just a 20th U to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's um I can it's just a 20th U to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's um I can it's just a 20th U to
+the whoops not a 20th uh the anti- deriv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whoops not a 20th uh the anti- deriv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whoops not a 20th uh the anti- deriv
+of U the 5th is U to the 6 with a 1 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U the 5th is U to the 6 with a 1 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U the 5th is U to the 6 with a 1 16
+so it's 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 1 over
+24 U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6th plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th plus
+C now that's not the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now that's not the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now that's not the answer to the
+question it's almost the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's almost the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's almost the answer to the
+question why isn't it the answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why isn't it the answer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why isn't it the answer it
+isn't the answer because now the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the answer because now the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the answer because now the answer
+is expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressed in terms of
+U whereas the problem was posed in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U whereas the problem was posed in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U whereas the problem was posed in terms
+of this variable X so we must change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this variable X so we must change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this variable X so we must change
+back to our variable here and we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our variable here and we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our variable here and we do that
+just by writing it in so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by writing it in so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by writing it in so it's
+124 x to the 4 + 2 to the^ 6 + C right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 x to the 4 + 2 to the^ 6 + C right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 x to the 4 + 2 to the^ 6 + C right
+and this is the answer end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+see the question is can you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the question is can you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the question is can you see it
+directly yeah and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly yeah and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly yeah and we're going to talk
+about that in just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in just one
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I'm going to do one more example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+illustrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method well here's another example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method well here's another example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method well here's another example the
+integral of x DX over the < TK of 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x DX over the < TK of 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x DX over the < TK of 1 +
+X2 now here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example now the the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now the the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now the the method of
+substitution leads us to the idea U is =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution leads us to the idea U is =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution leads us to the idea U is =
+to 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 +
+x^2 du is equal to 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 du is equal to 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 du is equal to 2x
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+Etc it takes about as long as this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc it takes about as long as this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc it takes about as long as this other
+problem did to figure out what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem did to figure out what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem did to figure out what's going
+on it's a very similar sort of thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's a very similar sort of thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's a very similar sort of thing you
+end up integrating U the minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up integrating U the minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up integrating U the minus a half
+right it leads to the integral of uus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it leads to the integral of uus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it leads to the integral of uus a
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du
+all right so everybody seeing where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so everybody seeing where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so everybody seeing where this
+where this however there is a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this however there is a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this however there is a slightly
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+method okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay
+so recommended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method and I uh call this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and I uh call this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and I uh call this method
+Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what Advanced guessing means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Advanced guessing means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Advanced guessing means is that
+you've done enough of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done enough of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done enough of these problems
+that you can see two steps ahead and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see two steps ahead and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see two steps ahead and you
+know what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going to
+happen so the advanced guessing leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so the advanced guessing leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so the advanced guessing leads
+you to believe here you had a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to believe here you had a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to believe here you had a power
+minus one2 here you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one2 here you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one2 here you have the
+differential of the thing so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the thing so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the thing so it's going
+to work out somehow and the advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out somehow and the advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out somehow and the advanced
+guessing allows you to guess that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing allows you to guess that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing allows you to guess that the
+answer should be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer should be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer should be something like
+this 1 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1 + x^2
+12 so this is your Advanced guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so this is your Advanced guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so this is your Advanced guess and
+now you just differentiate it and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you just differentiate it and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you just differentiate it and see
+whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it
+works well here it is it's a half 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well here it is it's a half 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well here it is it's a half 1 +
+x^2 to the minus half * 2x that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 to the minus half * 2x that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 to the minus half * 2x that's the
+chain rule here which sure enough gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule here which sure enough gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule here which sure enough gives
+you X over < TK 1 + x^2 so we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you X over < TK 1 + x^2 so we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you X over < TK 1 + x^2 so we're done
+and so the answer is < TK 1 + x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C let me illustrate this further with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C let me illustrate this further with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C let me illustrate this further with
+another example I strongly recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example I strongly recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example I strongly recommend
+that you do this because but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do this because but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do this because but you have to
+get used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to
+it so here's another example e to 6X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX my Advanced guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX my Advanced guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX my Advanced guess
+is e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to
+6X and and if I check what I different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6X and and if I check what I different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6X and and if I check what I different
+when I differentiate it I get 6 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I differentiate it I get 6 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I differentiate it I get 6 e
+6X that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6X that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6X that's the
+derivative and so I know that the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and so I know that the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and so I know that the answer
+so now I know what the answer is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I know what the answer is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I know what the answer is it's a
+6 e 6X +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C now okay you could it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now okay you could it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now okay you could it's also
+okay okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay but
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+to use a substitution to use U is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a substitution to use U is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a substitution to use U is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+6X then you're going to get du is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6X then you're going to get du is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6X then you're going to get du is equal
+to 6 DX dot dot dot it's going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 6 DX dot dot dot it's going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 6 DX dot dot dot it's going to work
+it's just a waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all
+right well I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I'm going to give you a
+couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more
+examples so how about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one x * e- x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess anybody have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess well you can also so I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess well you can also so I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess well you can also so I don't I
+don't want you to bother yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to bother yeah go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to bother yeah go
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+yeah so you're already one step ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you're already one step ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you're already one step ahead of
+me because this is too easy I just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because this is too easy I just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because this is too easy I just uh
+when they get more complicated you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get more complicated you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get more complicated you just
+want to make this this guess here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make this this guess here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make this this guess here so
+various people have said a half and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various people have said a half and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various people have said a half and they
+understand that there's a half going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that there's a half going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that there's a half going on
+here but let me just show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but let me just show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but let me just show you what
+happens okay if you make this guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay if you make this guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay if you make this guess and
+you differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what you get here is e- x^2 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what you get here is e- x^2 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what you get here is e- x^2 * the
+derivative of -2X so that's - 2x oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of -2X so that's - 2x oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of -2X so that's - 2x oh
+sorry x^2 so it's - 2x so now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry x^2 so it's - 2x so now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry x^2 so it's - 2x so now you see
+that you're off by a factor of not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're off by a factor of not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're off by a factor of not two
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-2 right so a number of you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 right so a number of you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 right so a number of you were saying
+that so the answer is minus a half e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the answer is minus a half e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the answer is minus a half e to
+Theus x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus x^2 +
+C and I can guarantee you having watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and I can guarantee you having watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and I can guarantee you having watched
+this on various problem sets that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on various problem sets that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on various problem sets that people
+who don't write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't write this
+out make arithmetic mistakes mistakes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out make arithmetic mistakes mistakes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out make arithmetic mistakes mistakes in
+other words there is a limit to how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words there is a limit to how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words there is a limit to how much
+people can think ahead and guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can think ahead and guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can think ahead and guess
+correctly another way of doing it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly another way of doing it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly another way of doing it by the
+way is simply to write this thing in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is simply to write this thing in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is simply to write this thing in and
+then fix the coefficient by doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fix the coefficient by doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fix the coefficient by doing the
+differentiation here that's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation here that's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation here that's perfectly
+okay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well all right one more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right one more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right one more uh
+example we're going to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we're going to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we're going to integrate
+sinx cinex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx cinex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx cinex
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's a good guess for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one someone's suggesting sin 2 x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one someone's suggesting sin 2 x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one someone's suggesting sin 2 x so
+let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try
+that over two well we'll we we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over two well we'll we we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over two well we'll we we'll get
+the coefficient in just a second so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient in just a second so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient in just a second so
+sin^2 X if I differentiate it I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2 X if I differentiate it I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2 X if I differentiate it I get
+twice sinx cosine X so that's off by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice sinx cosine X so that's off by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice sinx cosine X so that's off by a
+factor of two so the answer is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two so the answer is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two so the answer is a half
+sin^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I want to point out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to point out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to point out to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+that there's another way of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's another way of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's another way of doing this
+problem it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that if you
+differentiate cosine 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x you get 2 cosine x * minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x you get 2 cosine x * minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x you get 2 cosine x * minus
+sinx all right so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer is that the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that the integral of
+sinx cine X DX is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx cine X DX is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx cine X DX is equal
+to a half cosine 2 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a half cosine 2 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a half cosine 2 x
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C so what is going on here what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so what is going on here what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so what is going on here what's
+the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this pardon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me integrals aren't unique integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me integrals aren't unique integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me integrals aren't unique integrals
+aren't unique that's part of the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't unique that's part of the but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't unique that's part of the but
+somehow these two answers still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow these two answers still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow these two answers still have to
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us okay what do you think um if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay what do you think um if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay what do you think um if you add
+them together uh you just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together uh you just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together uh you just get
+C if you add them together you get C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C if you add them together you get C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C if you add them together you get C
+well actually that's almost right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually that's almost right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually that's almost right that's
+not what you want to do though you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what you want to do though you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what you want to do though you don't
+want to add them you want to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add them you want to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add them you want to subtract
+them okay so let's see what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so let's see what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so let's see what happens when
+you subtract them I'm going to ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subtract them I'm going to ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subtract them I'm going to ignore
+the C for the time being I get sin^2 x a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C for the time being I get sin^2 x a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C for the time being I get sin^2 x a
+half sin^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half sin^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half sin^2
+xus - a half cosine 2 x so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus - a half cosine 2 x so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus - a half cosine 2 x so the
+difference between them we hope to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between them we hope to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between them we hope to be
+zero but actually of course it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but actually of course it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but actually of course it's not
+zero what it is is it's a half sin^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what it is is it's a half sin^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what it is is it's a half sin^2 +
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+squ which is a half it's not zero it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so what's really going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so what's really going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so what's really going on here
+is that these two formulas are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these two formulas are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these two formulas are the same
+but you have to understand how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to understand how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to understand how to
+interpret them the two constants here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them the two constants here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them the two constants here's
+a constant up here there's a constant C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant up here there's a constant C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant up here there's a constant C1
+Associated to this one there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated to this one there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated to this one there's a
+different constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constant
+C2 Associated to this one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 Associated to this one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 Associated to this one and this
+family of functions for all possible c1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of functions for all possible c1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of functions for all possible c1s
+and all possible c2s are the is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all possible c2s are the is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all possible c2s are the is the same
+family of functions and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of functions and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of functions and what's the
+relationship between C1 and C2 well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between C1 and C2 well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between C1 and C2 well if
+you do the subtraction C1 minus C2 has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the subtraction C1 minus C2 has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the subtraction C1 minus C2 has
+to be equal to a half they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to a half they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to a half they're both
+constants but they differ by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half so this this explains when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so this this explains when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so this this explains when you're
+dealing with families of things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with families of things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with families of things they
+don't have to look the same and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to look the same and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to look the same and there
+are lots of trig functions which uh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of trig functions which uh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of trig functions which uh look
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+different uh so there there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh so there there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh so there there can be
+several formulas that actually are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several formulas that actually are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several formulas that actually are the
+same and you it's hard to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and you it's hard to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and you it's hard to check that
+they're actually the same you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually the same you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually the same you need some
+trig identities to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig identities to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig identities to do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's do one more example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here here's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you may be thinking a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may be thinking a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may be thinking a lot of people
+are thinking H it's got a log in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if you're experienced you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're experienced you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're experienced you actually
+can read off the answer just way there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read off the answer just way there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read off the answer just way there
+were several people who were shouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were several people who were shouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were several people who were shouting
+out the answers when we when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the answers when we when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the answers when we when we were
+doing the rest of these problems but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the rest of these problems but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the rest of these problems but you
+do need to relax because in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need to relax because in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need to relax because in this case
+now this is definitely not true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is definitely not true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is definitely not true in
+general when we do integrals but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when we do integrals but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when we do integrals but for now
+when we do integrals they'll all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do integrals they'll all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do integrals they'll all be
+manageable and there's only one method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable and there's only one method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable and there's only one method
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution and in the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and in the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and in the substitution
+method you want to go for the trickiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you want to go for the trickiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you want to go for the trickiest
+part and substitute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and substitute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and substitute for
+that so the sub substitution that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the sub substitution that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the sub substitution that I
+propose to you is that this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose to you is that this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose to you is that this should be
+you should be log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be log
+X and the advantage that that has is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the advantage that that has is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the advantage that that has is
+that its differential is simpler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its differential is simpler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its differential is simpler than
+itself so du is equal to DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so du is equal to DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so du is equal to DX
+overx remember we use that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx remember we use that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx remember we use that in
+logarithmic differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic differentiation
+too all right so now we can express this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too all right so now we can express this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too all right so now we can express this
+using the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we get is the integral of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we get is the integral of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we get is the integral of so
+I'll divide the two parts here it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll divide the two parts here it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll divide the two parts here it's 1
+over log X and then it's DX overx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log X and then it's DX overx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log X and then it's DX overx and
+this part is 1/ U and this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is 1/ U and this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is 1/ U and this part is
+Du so it's the integral of du divid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U and that is log U +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which altogether if I put back in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which altogether if I put back in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which altogether if I put back in what
+What U is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What U is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What U is is
+log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log
+X+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C and now we see some some more uglier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and now we see some some more uglier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and now we see some some more uglier
+things in fact technically speaking we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in fact technically speaking we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in fact technically speaking we
+could take the absolute value here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take the absolute value here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take the absolute value here right
+and then this would be absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+is the type of example where I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the type of example where I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the type of example where I really
+would recommend that you actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend that you actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend that you actually use
+the substitution at least for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution at least for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution at least for
+now all right tomorrow we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right tomorrow we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right tomorrow we're going to be
+doing differential equations and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing differential equations and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing differential equations and we're
+going to review for the test I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to review for the test I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to review for the test I'm going
+to give you a handout telling you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a handout telling you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a handout telling you just
+exactly what's going to be on the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going to be on the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going to be on the test
+so see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so see you
+tomorrow
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-eA2D_rIcNA.txt b/-eA2D_rIcNA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c44dfe40b60c49b53d69dc1a46026c01df234d19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-eA2D_rIcNA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1184 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi I'm Ben today we are going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Ben today we are going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Ben today we are going to do an
+Lu decomposition problem here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu decomposition problem here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu decomposition problem here's the
+problem right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right here
+find the Lu decomposition of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the Lu decomposition of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the Lu decomposition of this matrix
+a now notice that this matrix a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now notice that this matrix a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now notice that this matrix a has
+variables as well as numbers so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as well as numbers so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as well as numbers so the
+sentence ends when it exists and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence ends when it exists and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence ends when it exists and the
+second part of the question asks you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the question asks you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of the question asks you for
+which real numbers a and B does the Lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which real numbers a and B does the Lu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which real numbers a and B does the Lu
+decomposition of this matrix actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of this matrix actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of this matrix actually
+exists now you can hit pause now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists now you can hit pause now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists now you can hit pause now and
+I'll get you give you a few seconds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get you give you a few seconds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get you give you a few seconds you
+can try to solve this on your own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to solve this on your own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to solve this on your own and
+then we'll be back and we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be back and we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be back and we can do it
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're back now what do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're back now what do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're back now what do you have to
+remember when doing an Lu decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when doing an Lu decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when doing an Lu decomposition
+problem well it's we do elimination in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well it's we do elimination in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well it's we do elimination in
+the same way that we did before in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that we did before in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that we did before in order
+to find you but with this question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find you but with this question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find you but with this question we
+need to find el as well so we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find el as well so we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find el as well so we need to do
+elimination but we also need to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but we also need to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but we also need to keep
+track of the elimination matrices along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the elimination matrices along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the elimination matrices along
+the way good so let's let's do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way good so let's let's do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way good so let's let's do that so
+let me put my matrix up here okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put my matrix up here okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put my matrix up here okay and we
+want to do elimination so which entry do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do elimination so which entry do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do elimination so which entry do
+we eliminate first that's right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eliminate first that's right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eliminate first that's right it's
+it's this 2-1 entry we so we replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this 2-1 entry we so we replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this 2-1 entry we so we replace the
+second row by the second row minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row by the second row minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row by the second row minus a
+times the first row and we get this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the first row and we get this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the first row and we get this okay
+but we're not just doing elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not just doing elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not just doing elimination
+we're finding an Lu decomposition so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're finding an Lu decomposition so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're finding an Lu decomposition so we
+need to keep track of the matrix that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep track of the matrix that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep track of the matrix that I
+multiplied the elimination matrix that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied the elimination matrix that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied the elimination matrix that I
+multiply this matrix a by on the left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this matrix a by on the left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this matrix a by on the left to
+get this matrix so what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this matrix so what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this matrix so what is that
+that's this e to one since I eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this e to one since I eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this e to one since I eliminated
+the two on entry I'll call it e to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two on entry I'll call it e to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two on entry I'll call it e to one
+and it's this matrix why is it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's this matrix why is it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's this matrix why is it this
+matrix well remember how multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix well remember how multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix well remember how multiplication
+on the left works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left works
+I replaced the first row by just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I replaced the first row by just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I replaced the first row by just the
+first row I placed the second row by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row I placed the second row by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row I placed the second row by the
+second row minus a times the via first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row minus a times the via first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row minus a times the via first
+row so you can just read off from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so you can just read off from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so you can just read off from these
+rows which operations I did good now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows which operations I did good now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows which operations I did good now
+which entry should we eliminate next we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which entry should we eliminate next we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which entry should we eliminate next we
+need to eliminate this B so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to eliminate this B so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to eliminate this B so we will
+replace the third row by the third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the third row by the third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the third row by the third row
+minus B times the first drill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and which elimination matrix did we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well note we replace the third row by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well note we replace the third row by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well note we replace the third row by
+the third row minus B times the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third row minus B times the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third row minus B times the first
+row that's exactly what you should read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that's exactly what you should read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that's exactly what you should read
+off this elimination matrix good now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this elimination matrix good now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this elimination matrix good now we
+only have one one step left right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one one step left right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one one step left right we
+only need to eliminate one last entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to eliminate one last entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to eliminate one last entry
+but this one's a little tricky so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one's a little tricky so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one's a little tricky so let's
+be careful in order to eliminate this B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful in order to eliminate this B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful in order to eliminate this B
+we need a to be a pivot in particular we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a to be a pivot in particular we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a to be a pivot in particular we
+need a to be nonzero if if a were zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a to be nonzero if if a were zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a to be nonzero if if a were zero
+here then we would have to do a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then we would have to do a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then we would have to do a row
+exchange and that's no good you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and that's no good you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and that's no good you can't
+find an Lu decomposition if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an Lu decomposition if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an Lu decomposition if you have to
+do a row exchange in elimination so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a row exchange in elimination so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a row exchange in elimination so we
+need to assume that a is nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to assume that a is nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to assume that a is nonzero
+in order to keep going okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to keep going okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to keep going okay so let's
+just assume there that a is nonzero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume there that a is nonzero now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume there that a is nonzero now
+what do we do well we can replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do well we can replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do well we can replace the
+third row by the third row minus B over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row by the third row minus B over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row by the third row minus B over
+a times this the second row and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times this the second row and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times this the second row and we just
+get this a minus B good and let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this a minus B good and let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this a minus B good and let's write
+down our elimination matrix e 3 2 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's our elimination matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our elimination matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our elimination matrix we
+replace the third row by the third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the third row by the third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the third row by the third row
+minus B over a times the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B over a times the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B over a times the second row
+Goodin good so we found our u matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodin good so we found our u matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodin good so we found our u matrix
+that's what elimination does it gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what elimination does it gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what elimination does it gives us
+our U matrix so let me write it up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one zero one zero a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero one zero a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero one zero a zero
+zero-zero a - be good ok now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero-zero a - be good ok now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero-zero a - be good ok now we have to
+find our L matrix and we need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find our L matrix and we need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find our L matrix and we need to use
+these elimination matrices that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elimination matrices that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elimination matrices that we've
+been recording along the way in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been recording along the way in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been recording along the way in order to
+do that okay so remember that we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay so remember that we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay so remember that we started
+with a and we got you and how did we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a and we got you and how did we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a and we got you and how did we do
+that well we multiplied it on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we multiplied it on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we multiplied it on the left
+by all of these elimination matrices e 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all of these elimination matrices e 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all of these elimination matrices e 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 3 1 and e 3 2 sorry if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 3 1 and e 3 2 sorry if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 3 1 and e 3 2 sorry if that's
+scrunching together there now if we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrunching together there now if we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrunching together there now if we move
+these elimination matrices to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elimination matrices to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elimination matrices to the other
+side then we'll get L so what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then we'll get L so what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then we'll get L so what do we have
+we have a equals e 2 1 inverse e 3 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a equals e 2 1 inverse e 3 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a equals e 2 1 inverse e 3 1
+inverse e 3 2 inverse times u and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse e 3 2 inverse times u and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse e 3 2 inverse times u and this
+is our L this product of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our L this product of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our L this product of these three
+matrices good so let's compute it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices good so let's compute it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices good so let's compute it now
+right so L is the product of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so L is the product of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so L is the product of three
+matrices I need to get them by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices I need to get them by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices I need to get them by going
+back and looking at these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and looking at these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and looking at these three
+elimination matrices and taking their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination matrices and taking their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination matrices and taking their
+inverses well the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses well the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses well the nice thing about
+taking an inverse of this of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an inverse of this of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an inverse of this of an
+elementary matrix like this is we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary matrix like this is we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary matrix like this is we just
+make a minus a plus or a plus a minus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a minus a plus or a plus a minus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a minus a plus or a plus a minus so
+that's easy enough we just changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy enough we just changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy enough we just changed the
+off diagonal entries we just changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal entries we just changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal entries we just changed
+their signs you can check that that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their signs you can check that that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their signs you can check that that does
+what we wanted it to gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted it to gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted it to gives us the
+universe good and the last comment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe good and the last comment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe good and the last comment is
+that multiplying these three matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplying these three matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplying these three matrices
+it's really easy in this order turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy in this order turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy in this order turns out
+it just all you do is you just plop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just all you do is you just plop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just all you do is you just plop
+these entries right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was once good so this is our L matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so now we have our U matrix and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now we have our U matrix and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now we have our U matrix and our
+L matrix and we're done with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L matrix and we're done with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L matrix and we're done with the first
+part of the question the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the question the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the question the second part
+asks us for which real numbers a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks us for which real numbers a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks us for which real numbers a and B
+does this decomposition exists now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this decomposition exists now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this decomposition exists now let's
+go back and remember that at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and remember that at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and remember that at one point
+we had to assume that a was nonzero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to assume that a was nonzero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to assume that a was nonzero that
+was the only assumption we had to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the only assumption we had to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the only assumption we had to make
+to get this decomposition so it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this decomposition so it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this decomposition so it exists
+it V in this decomposition when a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it V in this decomposition when a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it V in this decomposition when a is
+nonzero and that's the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero and that's the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero and that's the answer to the
+second part good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part good
+so we have our Lu decomposition and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our Lu decomposition and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our Lu decomposition and we
+we know when it exists before I end two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know when it exists before I end two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know when it exists before I end two
+comments first always check your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments first always check your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments first always check your work
+always go back and multiply L times U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go back and multiply L times U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go back and multiply L times U
+and make sure it's a because it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure it's a because it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure it's a because it's easy
+to screw up the elimination process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to screw up the elimination process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to screw up the elimination process and
+it's easy to check your work so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to check your work so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to check your work so you
+should go back and make sure things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go back and make sure things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go back and make sure things are
+as they should be second comment is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they should be second comment is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they should be second comment is that
+you might be worried when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be worried when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be worried when you do this
+elimination process that well okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination process that well okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination process that well okay we
+had to assume a is nonzero because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to assume a is nonzero because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to assume a is nonzero because we
+wanted a nonzero pivot you might worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a nonzero pivot you might worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a nonzero pivot you might worry
+that we might have to have a minus B be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might have to have a minus B be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might have to have a minus B be
+nonzero but in fact a minus B can be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero but in fact a minus B can be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero but in fact a minus B can be 0
+it's not a problem for this this entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a problem for this this entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a problem for this this entry
+to be 0 because we don't have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 0 because we don't have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 0 because we don't have to do a
+row exchange to get you that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row exchange to get you that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row exchange to get you that's the only
+time when we can't do the Lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we can't do the Lu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we can't do the Lu
+decomposition in particular singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition in particular singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition in particular singular
+matrices can have Lu decomposition good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices can have Lu decomposition good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices can have Lu decomposition good
+ok thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0VqawRl3Xzs.txt b/0VqawRl3Xzs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8a74f4fa7981b34e18e204c7335598fac0bff26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0VqawRl3Xzs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3087 @@
+Today we're going to talk about
+sorting, which may not come as
+
+such a big surprise.
+We talked about sorting for a
+
+while, but we're going to talk
+about it at a somewhat higher
+
+level and question some of the
+assumptions that we've been
+
+making so far.
+And we're going to ask the
+
+question how fast can we sort?
+A pretty natural question.
+
+You may think you know the
+answer.
+
+Perhaps you do.
+Any suggestions on what the
+
+answer to this question might
+be?
+
+There are several possible
+answers.
+
+Many of them are partially
+correct.
+
+Let's hear any kinds of answers
+you'd like and start waking up
+
+this fresh morning.
+Sorry?
+
+Theta n log n.
+That's a good answer.
+
+That's often correct.
+Any other suggestions?
+
+N squared.
+That's correct if all you're
+
+allowed to do is swap adjacent
+elements.
+
+Good.
+That was close.
+
+I will see if I can make every
+answer correct.
+
+Usually n squared is not the
+right answer,
+
+but in some models it is.
+Yeah?
+
+Theta n is also sometimes the
+right answer.
+
+The real answer is "it
+depends".
+
+That's the point of today's
+lecture.
+
+It depends on what we call the
+computational model,
+
+what you're allowed to do.
+And, in particular here,
+
+with sorting,
+what we care about is the order
+
+of the elements,
+how are you allowed to
+
+manipulate the elements,
+what are you allowed to do with
+
+them and find out their order.
+The model is what you can do
+
+with the elements.
+
+Now, we've seen several sorting
+algorithms.
+
+Do you want to shout some out?
+I think we've seen four,
+
+but maybe you know even more
+algorithms.
+
+Quicksort.
+Keep going.
+
+Heapsort.
+Merge sort.
+
+You can remember all the way
+back to Lecture 1.
+
+Any others?
+Insertion sort.
+
+All right.
+You're on top of it today.
+
+I don't know exactly why,
+but these two are single words
+
+and these two are two words.
+That's the style.
+
+What is the running time of
+quicksort?
+
+This is a bit tricky.
+N log n in the average case.
+
+Or, if we randomize quicksort,
+randomized quicksort runs in n
+
+log n expected for any input
+sequence.
+
+Let's say n lg n randomized.
+That's theta.
+
+And the worst-case with plain
+old quicksort where you just
+
+pick the first element as the
+partition element.
+
+That's n^2.
+Heapsort, what's the running
+
+time there?
+n lg n always.
+
+Merge sort, I hope you can
+remember that as well,
+
+n lg n.
+And insertion sort?
+
+n^2.
+All of these algorithms run no
+
+faster than n lg n,
+so we might ask,
+
+can we do better than n lg n?
+
+And that is a question,
+in some sense,
+
+we will answer both yes and no
+to today.
+
+But all of these algorithms
+have something in common in
+
+terms of the model of what
+you're allowed to do with the
+
+elements.
+Any guesses on what that model
+
+might be?
+Yeah?
+
+You compare pairs of elements,
+exactly.
+
+That is indeed the model used
+by all four of these algorithms.
+
+And in that model n lg n is the
+best you can do.
+
+We have so far just looked at
+what are called comparison
+
+sorting algorithms or
+"comparison sorts".
+
+And this is a model for the
+sorting problem of what you're
+
+allowed to do.
+Here all you can do is use
+
+comparisons meaning less than,
+greater than,
+
+less than or equal to,
+greater than or equal to,
+
+equals to determine the
+relative order of elements.
+
+This is a restriction on
+algorithms.
+
+It is, in some sense,
+stating what kinds of elements
+
+we're dealing with.
+They are elements that we can
+
+somehow compare.
+They have a total order,
+
+some are less,
+some are bigger.
+
+But is also restricts the
+algorithm.
+
+You could say,
+well, I'm sorting integers,
+
+but still I'm only allowed to
+do comparisons with them.
+
+I'm not allowed to multiply the
+integers or do other weird
+
+things.
+That's the comparison sorting
+
+model.
+And this lecture,
+
+in some sense,
+follows the standard
+
+mathematical progression where
+you have a theorem,
+
+then you have a proof,
+then you have a counter
+
+example.
+It's always a good way to have
+
+a math lecture.
+We're going to prove the
+
+theorem that no comparison
+sorting algorithm runs better
+
+than n lg n.
+Comparisons.
+
+State the theorem,
+prove that, and then we'll give
+
+a counter example in the sense
+that if you go outside the
+
+comparison sorting model you can
+do better, you can get linear
+
+time in some cases,
+better than n lg n.
+
+So, that is what we're doing
+today.
+
+But first we're going to stick
+to this comparison model and try
+
+to understand why we need n lg n
+comparisons if that's all we're
+
+allowed to do.
+And for that we're going to
+
+look at something called
+decision trees,
+
+which in some sense is another
+model of what you're allowed to
+
+do in an algorithm,
+but it's more general than the
+
+comparison model.
+And let's try and example to
+
+get some intuition.
+Suppose we want to sort three
+
+elements.
+This is not very challenging,
+
+but we'll get to draw the
+decision tree that corresponds
+
+to sorting three elements.
+Here is one solution I claim.
+
+This is, in a certain sense,
+an algorithm,
+
+but it's drawn as a tree
+instead of pseudocode.
+
+What this tree means is that
+each node you're making a
+
+comparison.
+This says compare a_1 versus
+
+a_2.
+If a_1 is smaller than a_2 you
+
+go this way, if it is bigger
+than a_2 you go this way,
+
+and then you proceed.
+When you get down to a leaf,
+
+this is the answer.
+Remember, the sorting problem
+
+is you're trying to find a
+permutation of the inputs that
+
+puts it in sorted order.
+Let's try it with some sequence
+
+of numbers, say 9,
+4 and 6.
+
+We want to sort 9,
+4 and 6, so first we compare
+
+the first element with the
+second element.
+
+9 is bigger than 4 so we go
+down this way.
+
+Then we compare the first
+element with the third element,
+
+that's 9 versus 6.
+9 is bigger than 6,
+
+so we go this way.
+And then we compare the second
+
+element with the third element,
+4 is less than 6 and,
+
+so we go this way.
+And the claim is that this is
+
+the correct permutation of the
+elements.
+
+You take a_2,
+which is 4, then you take a_3,
+
+which is 6, and then you take
+a_1, which is 9,
+
+so indeed that works out.
+And if I wrote this down right,
+
+this is a sorting algorithm in
+the decision tree model.
+
+In general, let me just say the
+rules of this game.
+
+In general, we have n elements
+we want to sort.
+
+And I only drew the n = 3 case
+because these trees get very big
+
+very quickly.
+Each internal node,
+
+so every non-leaf node,
+has a label of the form i :
+
+j where i and j are between 1
+and n.
+
+And this means that we compare
+a_i with a_j.
+
+And we have two subtrees from
+every such node.
+
+We have the left subtree which
+tells you what the algorithm
+
+does, what subsequent
+comparisons it makes if it comes
+
+out less than.
+
+And we have to be a little bit
+careful because it could also
+
+come out equal.
+What we will do is the left
+
+subtree corresponds to less than
+or equal to and the right
+
+subtree corresponds to strictly
+greater than.
+
+That is a little bit more
+precise than what we were doing
+
+here.
+Here all the elements were
+
+distinct so no problem.
+But, in general,
+
+we care about the equality case
+too to be general.
+
+So, that was the internal
+nodes.
+
+And then each leaf node gives
+you a permutation.
+
+So, in order to be the answer
+to that sorting problem,
+
+that permutation better have
+the property that it orders the
+
+elements.
+This is from the first lecture
+
+when we defined the sorting
+problem.
+
+Some permutation on n things
+such that a_pi(1) is less than
+
+or equal to a_pi(2) and so on.
+
+So, that is the definition of a
+decision tree.
+
+Any binary tree with these
+kinds of labels satisfies all
+
+these properties.
+That is, in some sense,
+
+a sorting algorithm.
+It's a sorting algorithm in the
+
+decision tree model.
+Now, as you might expect,
+
+this is really not too
+different than the comparison
+
+model.
+If I give you a comparison
+
+sorting algorithm,
+we have these four,
+
+quicksort, heapsort,
+merge sort and insertion sort.
+
+All of them can be translated
+into the decision tree model.
+
+It's sort of a graphical
+representation of what the
+
+algorithm does.
+It's not a terribly useful one
+
+for writing down an algorithm.
+Any guesses why?
+
+Why do we not draw these
+pictures as a definition of
+
+quicksort or a definition of
+merge sort?
+
+It depends on the size of the
+input, that's a good point.
+
+This tree is specific to the
+value of n, so it is,
+
+in some sense,
+not as generic.
+
+Now, we could try to write down
+a construction for an arbitrary
+
+value of n of one of these
+decision trees and that would
+
+give us sort of a real algorithm
+that works for any input size.
+
+But even then this is not a
+terribly convenient
+
+representation for writing down
+an algorithm.
+
+Well, let's write down a
+transformation that converts a
+
+comparison sorting algorithm to
+a decision tree and then maybe
+
+you will see why.
+This is not a useless model,
+
+obviously, I wouldn't be
+telling you otherwise.
+
+It will be very powerful for
+proving that we cannot do better
+
+than n lg n, but as writing down
+an algorithm,
+
+if you were going to implement
+something, this tree is not so
+
+useful.
+Even if you had a decision tree
+
+computer, whatever that is.
+But let's prove this theorem
+
+that decision trees,
+in some sense,
+
+model comparison sorting
+algorithms, which we call just
+
+comparison sorts.
+
+This is a transformation.
+And we're going to build one
+
+tree for each value of n.
+The decision trees depend on n.
+
+The algorithm hopefully,
+well, it depends on n,
+
+but it works for all values of
+n.
+
+And we're just going to think
+of the algorithm as splitting
+
+into two forks,
+the left subtree and the right
+
+subtree whenever it makes a
+comparison.
+
+If we take a comparison sort
+like merge sort.
+
+And it does lots of stuff.
+It does index arithmetic,
+
+it does recursion,
+whatever.
+
+But at some point it makes a
+comparison and then we say,
+
+OK, there are two halves of the
+algorithm.
+
+There is what the algorithm
+would do if the comparison came
+
+out less than or equal to and
+what the algorithm would do if
+
+the comparison came out greater
+than.
+
+So, you can build a tree in
+this way.
+
+In some sense,
+what this tree is doing is
+
+listing all possible executions
+of this algorithm considering
+
+what would happen for all
+possible values of those
+
+comparisons.
+
+We will call these all possible
+instruction traces.
+
+If you write down all the
+instructions that are executed
+
+by this algorithm,
+for all possible input arrays,
+
+a_1 to a_n, see what all the
+comparisons, how they could come
+
+and what the algorithm does,
+in the end you will get a tree.
+
+Now, how big will that tree be
+roughly?
+
+As a function of n. Yeah?
+
+Right.
+If it's got to be able to sort
+
+every possible list of length n,
+at the leaves I have to have
+
+all the permutations of those
+elements.
+
+That is a lot.
+There are a lot of permeations
+
+on n elements.
+There's n factorial of them.
+
+N factorial is exponential,
+it's really big.
+
+So, this tree is huge.
+It's going to be exponential on
+
+the input size n.
+That is why we don't write
+
+algorithms down normally as a
+decision tree,
+
+even though in some cases maybe
+we could.
+
+It's not a very compact
+representation.
+
+These algorithms,
+you write them down in
+
+pseudocode, they have constant
+length.
+
+It's a very succinct
+representation of this
+
+algorithm.
+Here the length depends on n
+
+and it depends exponentially on
+n, which is not useful if you
+
+wanted to implement the
+algorithm because writing down
+
+the algorithm would take a long
+time.
+
+But, nonetheless,
+we can use this as a tool to
+
+analyze these comparison sorting
+algorithms.
+
+We have all of these.
+Any algorithm can be
+
+transformed in this way into a
+decision tree.
+
+And now we have this
+observation that the number of
+
+leaves in this decision tree has
+to be really big.
+
+Let me talk about leaves in a
+second.
+
+Before we get to leaves,
+let's talk about the depth of
+
+the tree.
+
+This decision tree represents
+all possible executions of the
+
+algorithm.
+If I look at a particular
+
+execution, which corresponds to
+some root to leaf path in the
+
+tree, the running time or the
+number of comparisons made by
+
+that execution is just the
+length of the path.
+
+And, therefore,
+the worst-case running time,
+
+over all possible inputs of
+length n, is going to be --
+
+n - 1?
+Could be.
+
+Depends on the decision tree.
+But, as a function of the
+
+decision tree?
+The longest path,
+
+right, which is called the
+height of the tree.
+
+So, this is what we want to
+measure.
+
+We want to claim that the
+height of the tree has to be at
+
+least n lg n with an omega in
+front.
+
+That is what we'll prove.
+
+And the only thing we're going
+to use is that the number of
+
+leaves in that tree has to be
+big, has to be n factorial.
+
+This is a lower bound on
+decision tree sorting.
+
+And the lower bound says that
+if you have any decision tree
+
+that sorts n elements then its
+height has to be at least n lg n
+
+up to constant factors.
+
+So, that is the theorem.
+Now we're going to prove the
+
+theorem.
+And we're going to use that the
+
+number of leaves in that tree
+must be at least n factorial.
+
+Because there are n factorial
+permutations of the inputs.
+
+All of them could happen.
+And so, for this algorithm to
+
+be correct, it has detect every
+one of those permutations in
+
+some way.
+Now, it may do it very quickly.
+
+We better only need n lg n
+comparisons because we know
+
+that's possible.
+The depth of the tree may not
+
+be too big, but it has to have a
+huge number of leaves down
+
+there.
+It has to branch enough to get
+
+n factorial leaves because it
+has to give the right answer in
+
+possible inputs.
+This is, in some sense,
+
+counting the number of possible
+inputs that we have to
+
+distinguish.
+This is the number of leaves.
+
+What we care about is the
+height of the tree.
+
+Let's call the height of the
+tree h.
+
+Now, if I have a tree of height
+h, how many leaves could it
+
+have?
+What's the maximum number of
+
+leaves it could have?
+
+2^h, exactly.
+Because this is binary tree,
+
+comparison trees always have a
+branching factor of 2,
+
+the number of leaves has to be
+at most 2^h, if I have a height
+
+h tree.
+Now, this gives me a relation.
+
+The number of leaves has to be
+greater than or equal to n
+
+factorial and the number of
+leaves has to be less than or
+
+equal to 2^h.
+Therefore, n factorial is less
+
+than or equal to 2^h,
+if I got that right.
+
+Now, again, we care about h in
+terms of n factorial,
+
+so we solve this by taking
+logs.
+
+And I am also going to flip
+sides.
+
+Now h is at least log base 2,
+because there is a 2 over here,
+
+of n factorial.
+There is a property that I'm
+
+using here in order to derive
+this inequality from this
+
+inequality.
+This is a technical aside,
+
+but it's important that you
+realize there is a technical
+
+issue here.
+
+The general principle I'm
+applying is I have some
+
+inequality, I do the same thing
+to both sides,
+
+and hopefully that inequality
+should still be true.
+
+But, in order for that to be
+the case, I need a property
+
+about that operation that I'm
+performing.
+
+It has to be a monotonic
+transformation.
+
+Here what I'm using is that log
+is a monotonically increasing
+
+function.
+That is important.
+
+If I multiply both sides by -1,
+which is a decreasing function,
+
+the inequality would have to
+get flipped.
+
+The fact that the inequality is
+not flipping here,
+
+I need to know that log is
+monotonically increasing.
+
+If you see log that's true.
+We need to be careful here.
+
+Now we need some approximation
+of n factorial in order to
+
+figure out what its log is.
+Does anyone know a good
+
+approximation for n factorial?
+Not necessarily the equation
+
+but the name.
+Stirling's formula.
+
+Good.
+You all remember Stirling.
+
+And I just need the highest
+order term, which I believe is
+
+that.
+N factorial is at least
+
+(n/e)^n.
+So, that's all we need here.
+
+Now I can use properties of
+logs to bring the n outside.
+
+This is n lg (n/e).
+
+And then lg (n/e) I can
+simplify.
+
+That is just lg n - lg e.
+So, this is n(lg n - lg e).
+
+Lg e is a constant,
+so it's really tiny compared to
+
+this lg n which is growing
+within.
+
+This is Omega(n lg n).
+All we care about is the
+
+leading term.
+It is actually Theta(n lg n),
+
+but because we have it greater
+than or equal to all we care
+
+about is the omega.
+A theta here wouldn't give us
+
+anything stronger.
+Of course, not all algorithms
+
+have n lg n running time or make
+n lg n comparisons.
+
+Some of them do,
+some of them are worse,
+
+but this proves that all of
+them require a height of at
+
+least n lg n.
+There you see proof,
+
+once you observe the fact about
+the number of leaves,
+
+and if you remember Stirling's
+formula.
+
+So, you should know this proof.
+You can show that all sorts of
+
+problems require n lg n time
+with this kind of technique,
+
+provided you're in some kind of
+a decision tree model.
+
+That's important.
+We really need that our
+
+algorithm can be phrased as a
+decision tree.
+
+And, in particular,
+we know from this
+
+transformation that all
+comparison sorts can be
+
+represented as the decision
+tree.
+
+But there are some sorting
+algorithms which cannot be
+
+represented as a decision tree.
+And we will turn to that
+
+momentarily.
+But before we get there I
+
+phrased this theorem as a lower
+bound on decision tree sorting.
+
+But, of course,
+we also get a lower bound on
+
+comparison sorting.
+And, in particular,
+
+it tells us that merge sort and
+heapsort are asymptotically
+
+optimal.
+Their dependence on n,
+
+in terms of asymptotic
+notation, so ignoring constant
+
+factors, these algorithms are
+optimal in terms of growth of n,
+
+but this is only in the
+comparison model.
+
+So, among comparison sorting
+algorithms, which these are,
+
+they are asymptotically
+optimal.
+
+They use the minimum number of
+comparisons up to constant
+
+factors.
+In fact, their whole running
+
+time is dominated by the number
+of comparisons.
+
+It's all Theta(n lg n).
+So, this is good news.
+
+And I should probably mention a
+little bit about what happens
+
+with randomized algorithms.
+What I've described here really
+
+only applies,
+in some sense,
+
+to deterministic algorithms.
+Does anyone see what would
+
+change with randomized
+algorithms or where I've assumed
+
+that I've had a deterministic
+comparison sort?
+
+This is a bit subtle.
+And I only noticed it reading
+
+the notes this morning,
+oh, wait.
+
+I will give you a hint.
+It's over here,
+
+the right-hand side of the
+world.
+
+If I have a deterministic
+algorithm, what the algorithm
+
+does is completely determinate
+at each step.
+
+As long as I know all the
+comparisons that it made up to
+
+some point, it's determinate
+what that algorithm will do.
+
+But, if I have a randomized
+algorithm, it also depends on
+
+the outcomes of some coin flips.
+Any suggestions of what breaks
+
+over here?
+There is more than one tree,
+
+exactly.
+So, we had this assumption that
+
+we only have one tree for each
+n.
+
+In fact, what we get is a
+probability distribution over
+
+trees.
+For each value of n,
+
+if you take all the possible
+executions of that algorithm,
+
+all the instruction traces,
+well, now, in addition to
+
+branching on comparisons,
+we also branch on whether a
+
+coin flip came out heads or
+tails, or however we're
+
+generating random numbers it
+came out with some value between
+
+1 and n.
+So, we get a probability
+
+distribution over trees.
+This lower bound still applies,
+
+though.
+Because, no matter what tree we
+
+get, I don't really care.
+I get at least one tree for
+
+each n.
+And this proof applies to every
+
+tree.
+So, no matter what tree you
+
+get, if it is a correct tree it
+has to have height Omega(n lg
+
+n).
+This lower bound applies even
+
+for randomized algorithms.
+You cannot get better than n lg
+
+n, because no matter what tree
+it comes up with,
+
+no matter how those coin flips
+come out, this argument still
+
+applies.
+Every tree that comes out has
+
+to be correct,
+so this is really at least one
+
+tree.
+
+And that will now work.
+We also get the fact that
+
+randomized quicksort is
+asymptotically optimal in
+
+expectation.
+
+But, in order to say that
+randomized quicksort is
+
+asymptotically optimal,
+we need to know that all
+
+randomized algorithms require
+Omega(n lg n) comparisons.
+
+Now we know that so all is
+well.
+
+That is the comparison model.
+Any questions before we go on?
+
+Good.
+The next topic is to burst
+
+outside of the comparison model
+and try to sort in linear time.
+
+It is pretty clear that,
+as long as you don't have some
+
+kind of a parallel algorithm or
+something really fancy,
+
+you cannot sort any better than
+linear time because you've at
+
+least got to look at the data.
+No matter what you're doing
+
+with the data,
+you've got to look at it,
+
+otherwise you're not sorting it
+correctly.
+
+So, linear time is the best we
+could hope for.
+
+N lg n is pretty close.
+How could we sort in linear
+
+time?
+Well, we're going to need some
+
+more powerful assumption.
+And this is the counter
+
+example.
+We're going to have to move
+
+outside the comparison model and
+do something else with our
+
+elements.
+And what we're going to do is
+
+assume that they're integers in
+a particular range,
+
+and we will use that to sort in
+linear time.
+
+We're going to see two
+algorithms for sorting faster
+
+than n lg n.
+The first one is pretty simple,
+
+and we will use it in the
+second algorithm.
+
+It's called counting sort.
+The input to counting sort is
+
+an array, as usual,
+but we're going to assume what
+
+those array elements look like.
+Each A[i] is an integer from
+
+the range of 1 to k.
+This is a pretty strong
+
+assumption.
+And the running time is
+
+actually going to depend on k.
+If k is small it is going to be
+
+a good algorithm.
+If k is big it's going to be a
+
+really bad algorithm,
+worse than n lg n.
+
+Our goal is to output some
+sorted version of this array.
+
+Let's call this sorting of A.
+It's going to be easier to
+
+write down the output directly
+instead of writing down
+
+permutation for this algorithm.
+And then we have some auxiliary
+
+storage.
+I'm about to write down the
+
+pseudocode, which is why I'm
+declaring all my variables here.
+
+And the auxiliary storage will
+have length k,
+
+which is the range on my input
+values.
+
+Let's see the algorithm.
+
+This is counting sort.
+
+And it takes a little while to
+write down but it's pretty
+
+straightforward.
+
+First we do some
+initialization.
+
+Then we do some counting.
+
+Then we do some summing.
+
+And then we actually write the
+output.
+
+Is that algorithm perfectly
+clear to everyone?
+
+No one.
+Good.
+
+This should illustrate how
+obscure pseudocode can be.
+
+And when you're solving your
+problem sets,
+
+you should keep in mind that
+it's really hard to understand
+
+an algorithm just given
+pseudocode like this.
+
+You need some kind of English
+description of what's going on
+
+because, while you could work
+through and figure out what this
+
+means, it could take half an
+hour to an hour.
+
+And that's not a good way of
+expressing yourself.
+
+And so what I will give you now
+is the English description,
+
+but we will refer back to this
+to understand.
+
+This is sort of our bible of
+what the algorithm is supposed
+
+to do.
+Let me go over it briefly.
+
+The first step is just some
+initialization.
+
+The C[i]'s are going to count
+some things, count occurrences
+
+of values.
+And so first we set them to
+
+zero.
+Then, for every value we see
+
+A[j], we're going to increment
+the counter for that value A[j].
+
+Then the C[i]s will give me the
+number of elements equal to a
+
+particular value i.
+Then I'm going to take prefix
+
+sums, which will make it so that
+C[i] gives me the number of
+
+keys, the number of elements
+less than or equal to [i]
+
+instead of equals.
+And then, finally,
+
+it turns out that's enough to
+put all the elements in the
+
+right place.
+This I will call distribution.
+
+This is the distribution step.
+And it's probably the least
+
+obvious of all the steps.
+And let's do an example to make
+
+it more obvious what's going on.
+
+Let's take an array A = [4,
+1, 3, 4, 3].
+
+And then I want some array C.
+And let me add some indices
+
+here so we can see what the
+algorithm is really doing.
+
+Here it turns out that all of
+my numbers are in the range 1 to
+
+4, so k = 4.
+My array C has four values.
+
+Initially, I set them all to
+zero.
+
+That's easy.
+And now I want to count through
+
+everything.
+And let me not cheat here.
+
+I'm in the second step,
+so to speak.
+
+And I look for each element in
+order.
+
+I look at the C[i] value.
+The first element is 4,
+
+so I look at C4.
+That is 0.
+
+I increment it to 1.
+Then I look at element 1.
+
+That's 0.
+I increment it to 1.
+
+Then I look at 3 and that's
+here.
+
+It is also 0.
+I increment it to 1.
+
+Not so exciting so far.
+Now I see 4,
+
+which I've seen before,
+how exciting.
+
+I had value 1 in here,
+I increment it to 2.
+
+Then I see value 3,
+which also had a value of 1.
+
+I increment that to 2.
+The result is [1,
+
+0, 2, 2].
+That's what my array C looks
+
+like at this point in the
+algorithm.
+
+Now I do a relatively simple
+transformation of taking prefix
+
+sums.
+I want to know,
+
+instead of these individual
+values, the sum of this prefix,
+
+the sum of this prefix,
+the sum of this prefix and the
+
+sum of this prefix.
+I will call that C prime just
+
+so we don't get too lost in all
+these different versions of C.
+
+This is just 1.
+And 1 plus 0 is 1.
+
+1 plus 2 is 3.
+3 plus 2 is 5.
+
+So, these are sort of the
+running totals.
+
+There are five elements total,
+there are three elements less
+
+than or equal to 3,
+there is one element less than
+
+or equal to 2,
+and so on.
+
+Now, the fun part,
+the distribution.
+
+And this is where we get our
+array B.
+
+B better have the same size,
+every element better appear
+
+here somewhere and they should
+come out in sorted order.
+
+Let's just run the algorithm.
+j is going to start at the end
+
+of the array and work its way
+down to 1, the beginning of the
+
+array.
+And what we do is we pick up
+
+the last element of A,
+A[n].
+
+We look at the counter.
+We look at the C vector for
+
+that value.
+Here the value is 3,
+
+and this is the third column,
+so that has number 3.
+
+And the claim is that's where
+it belongs in B.
+
+You take this number 3,
+you put it in index 3 of the
+
+array B.
+And then you decrement the
+
+counter.
+I'm going to replace 3 here
+
+with 2.
+And the idea is these numbers
+
+tell you where those values
+should go.
+
+Anything of value 1 should go
+at position 1.
+
+Anything with value 3 should go
+at position 3 or less.
+
+This is going to be the last
+place that a 3 should go.
+
+And then anything with value 4
+should go at position 5 or less,
+
+definitely should go at the end
+of the array because 4 is the
+
+largest value.
+And this counter will work out
+
+perfectly because these counts
+have left enough space in each
+
+section of the array.
+Effectively,
+
+this part is reserved for ones,
+there are no twos,
+
+this part is reserved for
+threes, and this part is
+
+reserved for fours.
+You can check if that's really
+
+what this array means.
+Let's finish running the
+
+algorithm.
+That was the last element.
+
+I won't cross it off,
+but we've sort of done that.
+
+Now I look at the next to last
+element.
+
+That's a 4.
+Fours go in position 5.
+
+So, I put my 4 here in position
+5 and I decrement that counter.
+
+Next I look at another 3.
+Threes now go in position 2,
+
+so that goes there.
+And then I decrement that
+
+counter.
+I won't actually use that
+
+counter anymore,
+but let's decrement it because
+
+that's what the algorithm says.
+I look at the previous element.
+
+That's a 1.
+Ones go in position 1,
+
+so I put it here and decrement
+that counter.
+
+And finally I have another 4.
+And fours go in position 4 now,
+
+position 4 is here,
+and I decrement that counter.
+
+So, that's counting sort.
+And you'll notice that all the
+
+elements appear and they appear
+in order, so that's the
+
+algorithm.
+Now, what's the running time of
+
+counting sort?
+kn is an upper bound.
+
+It's a little bit better than
+that.
+
+Actually, quite a bit better.
+This requires some summing.
+
+Let's go back to the top of the
+algorithm.
+
+How much time does this step
+take?
+
+k.
+How much time does this step
+
+take?
+n.
+
+How much time does this step
+take?
+
+k.
+Each of these operations in the
+
+for loops is taking constant
+time, so it is how many
+
+iterations of that for loop are
+there?
+
+And, finally,
+this step takes n.
+
+So, the total running time of
+counting sort is k + n.
+
+And this is a great algorithm
+if k is relatively small,
+
+like at most n.
+If k is big like n^2 or 2^n or
+
+whatever, this is not such a
+good algorithm,
+
+but if k = O(n) this is great.
+And we get our linear time
+
+sorting algorithm.
+Not only do we need the
+
+assumption that our numbers are
+integers, but we need that the
+
+range of the integers is pretty
+small for this algorithm to
+
+work.
+If all the numbers are between
+
+1 and order n then we get a
+linear time algorithm.
+
+But as soon as they're up to n
+lg n we're toast.
+
+We're back to n lg n sorting.
+It's not so great.
+
+So, you could write a
+combination algorithm that says,
+
+well, if k is bigger than n lg
+n, then I will just use merge
+
+sort.
+And if it's less than n lg n
+
+I'll use counting sort.
+And that would work,
+
+but we can do better than that.
+How's the time?
+
+It is worth noting that we've
+beaten our bound,
+
+but only assuming that we're
+outside the comparison model.
+
+We haven't really contradicted
+the original theorem,
+
+we're just changing the model.
+And it's always good to
+
+question what you're allowed to
+do in any problem scenario.
+
+In, say, some practical
+scenarios, this would be great
+
+if the numbers you're dealing
+with are, say,
+
+a byte long.
+Then k is only 2^8,
+
+which is 256.
+You need this auxiliary array
+
+of size 256, and this is really
+fast.
+
+256 + n, no matter how big n is
+it's linear in n.
+
+If you know your numbers are
+small, it's great.
+
+But if you're numbers are
+bigger, say you still know
+
+they're integers but they fit in
+like 32 bit words,
+
+then life is not so easy.
+Because k is then 2^32,
+
+which is 4.2 billion or so,
+which is pretty big.
+
+And you would need this
+auxiliary array of 4.2 billion
+
+words, which is probably like 16
+gigabytes.
+
+So, you just need to initialize
+that array before you can even
+
+get started.
+Unless n is like much,
+
+much more than 4 billion and
+you have 16 gigabytes of storage
+
+just to throw away,
+which I don't even have any
+
+machines with 16 gigabytes of
+RAM, this is not such a great
+
+algorithm.
+Just to get a feel,
+
+it's good, the numbers are
+really small.
+
+What we're going to do next is
+come up with a fancier algorithm
+
+that uses this as a subroutine
+on small numbers and combines
+
+this algorithm to handle larger
+numbers.
+
+That algorithm is called radix
+sort.
+
+But we need one important
+property of counting sort before
+
+we can go there.
+
+And that important property is
+stability.
+
+A stable sorting algorithm
+preserves the order of equal
+
+elements, let's say the relative
+order.
+
+This is a bit subtle because
+usually we think of elements
+
+just as numbers.
+And, yeah, we had a couple
+
+threes and we had a couple
+fours.
+
+It turns out,
+if you look at the order of
+
+those threes and the order of
+those fours, we kept them in
+
+order.
+Because we took the last three
+
+and we put it here.
+Then we took the next to the
+
+last three and we put it to the
+left of that where O is
+
+decrementing our counter and
+moving from the end of the array
+
+to the beginning of the array.
+No matter how we do that,
+
+the orders of those threes are
+preserved, the orders of the
+
+fours are preserved.
+This may seem like a relatively
+
+simple thing,
+but if you look at the other
+
+four sorting algorithms we've
+seen, not all of them are
+
+stable.
+So, this is an exercise.
+
+Exercise is figure out which
+other sorting algorithms that
+
+we've seen are stable and which
+are not.
+
+I encourage you to work that
+out because this is the sort of
+
+thing that we ask on quizzes.
+But for now all we need is that
+
+counting sort is stable.
+And I won't prove this,
+
+but it should be pretty obvious
+from the algorithm.
+
+Now we get to talk about radix
+sort.
+
+Radix sort is going to work for
+a much larger range of numbers
+
+in linear time.
+Still it has to have an
+
+assumption about how big those
+numbers are, but it will be a
+
+much more lax assumption.
+Now, to increase suspense even
+
+further, I am going to tell you
+some history about radix sort.
+
+This is one of the oldest
+sorting algorithms.
+
+It's probably the oldest
+implemented sorting algorithm.
+
+It was implemented around 1890.
+This is Herman Hollerith.
+
+Let's say around 1890.
+Has anyone heard of Hollerith
+
+before?
+A couple people.
+
+Not too many.
+He is sort of an important guy.
+
+He was a lecturer at MIT at
+some point.
+
+He developed an early version
+of punch cards.
+
+Punch card technology.
+This is before my time so I
+
+even have to look at my notes to
+remember.
+
+Oh, yeah, they're called punch
+cards.
+
+You may have seen them.
+If not they're in the
+
+PowerPoint lecture notes.
+There's this big grid.
+
+These days, if you've used a
+modern punch card recently,
+
+they are 80 characters wide
+and, I don't know,
+
+I think it's something like 16,
+I don't remember exactly.
+
+And then you punch little holes
+here.
+
+You have this magic machine.
+It's like a typewriter.
+
+You press a letter and that
+corresponds to some character.
+
+Maybe it will punch out a hole
+here, punch out a hole here.
+
+You can see the website if you
+want to know exactly how this
+
+works for historical reasons.
+You don't see these too often
+
+anymore, but this is in
+particular the reason why most
+
+terminals are 80 characters wide
+because that was how things
+
+were.
+Hollerith actually didn't
+
+develop these punch cards
+exactly, although eventually he
+
+did.
+In the beginning,
+
+in 1890, the big deal was the
+US Census.
+
+If you watched the news,
+I guess like a year or two ago,
+
+the US Census was a big deal
+because it's really expensive to
+
+collect all this data from
+everyone.
+
+And the Constitution says
+you've got to collect data about
+
+everyone every ten years.
+And it was getting hard.
+
+In particular,
+in 1880, they did the census.
+
+And it took them almost ten
+years to complete the census.
+
+The population kept going up,
+and ten years to do a ten-year
+
+census, that's going to start
+getting expensive when they
+
+overlap with each other.
+So, for 1890 they wanted to do
+
+something fancier.
+And Hollerith said,
+
+OK, I'm going to build a
+machine that you take in the
+
+data.
+It was a modified punch card
+
+where you would mark out
+particular squares depending on
+
+your status, whether you were
+single or married or whatever.
+
+All the things they wanted to
+know on the census they would
+
+encode in binary onto this card.
+And then he built a machine
+
+that would sort these cards so
+you could do counting.
+
+And, in some sense,
+these are numbers.
+
+And the numbers aren't too big,
+but they're big enough that
+
+counting sort wouldn't work.
+I mean if there were a hundred
+
+numbers here,
+2^100 is pretty overwhelming,
+
+so we cannot use counting sort.
+The first idea was the wrong
+
+idea.
+I'm going to think of these as
+
+numbers.
+Let's say each of these columns
+
+is one number.
+And so there's sort of the most
+
+significant number out here and
+there is the least significant
+
+number out here.
+The first idea was you sort by
+
+the most significant digit
+first.
+
+That's not such a great
+algorithm, because if you sort
+
+by the most significant digit
+you get a bunch of buckets each
+
+with a pile of cards.
+And this was a physical device.
+
+It wasn't exactly an
+electronically controlled
+
+computer.
+It was a human that would push
+
+down some kind of reader.
+It would see which holes in the
+
+first column are punched.
+And then it would open a
+
+physical bin in which the person
+would sort of swipe it and it
+
+would just fall into the right
+bin.
+
+It was a semi-automated.
+I mean the computer was the
+
+human plus the machine,
+but never mind.
+
+This was the procedure.
+You sorted it into bins.
+
+Then you had to go through and
+sort each bin by the second
+
+digit.
+And pretty soon the number of
+
+bins gets pretty big.
+And if you don't have too many
+
+digits this is OK,
+but it's not the right thing to
+
+do.
+The right idea,
+
+which is what Hollerith came up
+with after that,
+
+was to sort by the least
+significant digit first.
+
+And you should also do that
+using a stable sorting
+
+algorithm.
+Now, Hollerith probably didn't
+
+call it a stable sorting
+algorithm at the time,
+
+but we will.
+And this won Hollerith lots of
+
+money and good things.
+He founded this tabulating
+
+machine company in 1911,
+and that merged with several
+
+other companies to form
+something you may have heard of
+
+called IBM in 1924.
+That may be the context in
+
+which you've heard of Hollerith,
+or if you've done punch cards
+
+before.
+The whole idea is that we're
+
+doing a digit by digit sort.
+I should have mentioned that at
+
+the beginning.
+And we're going to do it from
+
+least significant to most
+significant.
+
+It turns out that works.
+And to see that let's do an
+
+example.
+I think I'm going to need a
+
+whole two boards ideally.
+First we'll see an example.
+
+Then we'll prove the theorem.
+The proof is actually pretty
+
+darn easy.
+But, nonetheless,
+
+it's rather counterintuitive
+this works if you haven't seen
+
+it before.
+Certainly, the first time I saw
+
+it, it was quite a surprise.
+The nice thing also about this
+
+algorithm is there are no bins.
+It's all one big bin at all
+
+times.
+Let's take some numbers.
+
+329.
+This is a three digit number.
+
+I'm spacing out the digits so
+we can see them a little bit
+
+better.
+457.
+
+657, 839, 436,
+720 and 355.
+
+I'm assuming here we're using
+decimal numbers.
+
+Why not?
+Hopefully this are not yet
+
+sorted.
+We'd like to sort them.
+
+The first thing we do is take
+the least significant digit,
+
+sort by the least significant
+digit.
+
+And whenever we have equal
+elements like these two nines,
+
+we preserve their relative
+order.
+
+So, 329 is going to remain
+above 839.
+
+It doesn't matter here because
+we're doing the first sort,
+
+but in general we're always
+using a stable sorting
+
+algorithm.
+When we sort by this column,
+
+first we get the zero,
+so that's 720,
+
+then we get 5,
+355.
+
+Then we get 6,
+436.
+
+Stop me if I make a mistake.
+Then we get the 7s,
+
+and we preserve the order.
+Here it happens to be the right
+
+order, but it may not be at this
+point.
+
+We haven't even looked at the
+other digits.
+
+Then we get 9s,
+there are two 9s,
+
+329 and 839.
+All right so far?
+
+Good.
+Now we sort by the middle
+
+digit, the next least
+significant.
+
+And we start out with what
+looks like the 2s.
+
+There is a 2 up here and a 2
+down here.
+
+Of course, we write the first 2
+first, 720, then 329.
+
+Then we have the 3s,
+so we have 436 and 839.
+
+Then we have a bunch of 5s it
+looks like.
+
+Have I missed anyone so far?
+No.
+
+Good.
+We have three 5s,
+
+355, 457 and 657.
+I like to check that I haven't
+
+lost any elements.
+We have seven here,
+
+seven here and seven elements
+here.
+
+Good.
+Finally, we sort by the last
+
+digit.
+One thing to notice,
+
+by the way, is before we sorted
+by the last digit --
+
+Currently these numbers don't
+resemble sorted order at all.
+
+But if you look at everything
+beyond the digit we haven't yet
+
+sorted, so these two digits,
+that's nice and sorted,
+
+20, 29, 36, 39,
+55, 57, 57.
+
+Pretty cool.
+Let's finish it off.
+
+We stably sort by the first
+digit.
+
+And the smallest number we get
+is a 3, so we get 329 and then
+
+355.
+Then we get some 4s,
+
+436 and 457,
+then we get a 6,
+
+657, then a 7,
+and then we have an 8.
+
+And check.
+I still have seven elements.
+
+Good.
+I haven't lost anyone.
+
+And, indeed,
+they're now in sorted order.
+
+And you can start to see why
+this is working.
+
+When I have equal elements
+here, I have already sorted the
+
+suffix.
+Let's write down a proof of
+
+that.
+What is nice about this
+
+algorithm is we're not
+partitioning into bins.
+
+We always keep the huge batch
+of elements in one big pile,
+
+but we're just going through it
+multiple times.
+
+In general, we sort of need to
+go through it multiple times.
+
+Hopefully not too many times.
+But let's first argue
+
+correctness.
+To analyze the running time is
+
+a little bit tricky here because
+it depends how you partition
+
+into digits.
+Correctness is easy.
+
+We just induct on the digit
+position that we're currently
+
+sorting, so let's call that t.
+And we can assume by induction
+
+that it's sorted beyond digit t.
+This is our induction
+
+hypothesis.
+We assume that we're sorted on
+
+the low-order t - 1 digits.
+And then the next thing we do
+
+is sort on the t-th digit.
+We just need to check that
+
+things work.
+And we restore the induction
+
+hypothesis for t instead of t -
+1.
+
+When we sort on the t-th digit
+there are two cases.
+
+If we look at any two elements,
+we want to know whether they're
+
+put in the right order.
+If two elements are the same,
+
+let's say they have the same
+t-th digit --
+
+This is the tricky case.
+If they have the same t-th
+
+digit then their order should
+not be changed.
+
+So, by stability,
+we know that they remain in the
+
+same order because stability is
+supposed to preserve things that
+
+have the same key that we're
+sorting on.
+
+And then, by the induction
+hypothesis, we know that that
+
+keeps them in sorted order
+because induction hypothesis
+
+says that they used to be
+sorted.
+
+Adding on this value in the
+front that's the same in both
+
+doesn't change anything so they
+remain sorted.
+
+And if they have differing t-th
+digits --
+
+-- then this sorting step will
+put them in the right order.
+
+Because that's what sorting
+does.
+
+This is the most significant
+digit, so you've got to order
+
+them by the t-th digit if they
+differ.
+
+The rest are irrelevant.
+So, proof here of correctness
+
+is very simple once you know the
+algorithm.
+
+Any questions before we go on?
+Good.
+
+We're going to use counting
+sort.
+
+We could use any sorting
+algorithm we want for individual
+
+digits, but the only algorithm
+that we know that runs in less
+
+than n lg n time is counting
+sort.
+
+So, we better use that one to
+sort of bootstrap and get an
+
+even faster and more general
+algorithm.
+
+I just erased the running time.
+Counting sort runs in order k +
+
+n time.
+We need to remember that.
+
+And the range of the numbers is
+1 to k or 0 to k - 1.
+
+When we sort by a particular
+digit, we shouldn't use n lg n
+
+algorithm because then this
+thing will take n lg n for one
+
+round and it's going to have
+multiple rounds.
+
+That's going to be worse than n
+lg n.
+
+We're going to use counting
+sort for each round.
+
+We use counting sort for each
+digit.
+
+And we know the running time of
+counting sort here is order k +
+
+n .
+But I don't want to assume that
+
+my integers are split into
+digits for me.
+
+That's sort of giving away too
+much flexibility.
+
+Because if I have some number
+written in whatever form it is,
+
+probably written in binary,
+I can cluster together some of
+
+those bits and call that a
+digit.
+
+Let's think of our numbers as
+binary.
+
+Suppose we have n integers.
+And they're in some range.
+
+And we want to know how big a
+range they can be.
+
+Let's say, a sort of practical
+way of thinking,
+
+you know, we're in a binary
+world, each integer is b bits
+
+long.
+So, in other words,
+
+the range is from 0 to 2b - 1.
+I will assume that my numbers
+
+are non-negative.
+It doesn't make much difference
+
+if they're negative,
+too.
+
+I want to know how big a b I
+can handle, but I don't want to
+
+split into bits as my digits
+because then I would have b
+
+digits and I would have to do b
+rounds of this algorithm.
+
+The number of rounds of this
+algorithm is the number of
+
+digits that I have.
+And each one costs me,
+
+let's hope, for linear time.
+And, indeed,
+
+if I use a single bit,
+k = 2.
+
+And so this is order n.
+But then the running time would
+
+be order n per round.
+And there are b digits,
+
+if I consider them to be bits,
+order n times b time.
+
+And even if b is something
+small like log n,
+
+if I have log n bits,
+then these are numbers between
+
+0 and n - 1.
+I already know how to sort
+
+numbers between 0 and n - 1 in
+linear time.
+
+Here I'm spending n lg n time,
+so that's no good.
+
+Instead, what we're going to do
+is take a bunch of bits and call
+
+that a digit,
+the most bits we can handle
+
+with counting sort.
+The notation will be I split
+
+each integer into b/r digits.
+Each r bits long.
+
+In other words,
+I think of my number as being
+
+in base 2^r.
+And I happen to be writing it
+
+down in binary,
+but I cluster together r bits
+
+and I get a bunch of digits in
+base 2^r.
+
+And then there are b/ r digits.
+This b/r is the number of
+
+rounds.
+And this base --
+
+This is the maximum value I
+have in one of these digits.
+
+It's between 0 and 2^r.
+This is, in some sense,
+
+k for a run of counting sort.
+
+What is the running time?
+Well, I have b/r rounds.
+
+It's b/r times the running time
+for a round.
+
+Which I have n numbers and my
+value of k is 2^r.
+
+This is the running time of
+counting sort,
+
+n + k, this is the number of
+rounds, so this is b/r (n+2^r).
+
+And I am free to choose r
+however I want.
+
+What I would like to do is
+minimize this run time over my
+
+choices of r.
+Any suggestions on how I might
+
+find the minimum running time
+over all choices of r?
+
+Techniques, not necessarily
+solutions.
+
+We're not used to this because
+it's asymptomatic,
+
+but forget the big O here.
+How do I minimize a function
+
+with respect to one variable?
+Take the derivative,
+
+yeah.
+I can take the derivative of
+
+this function by r,
+differentiate by r,
+
+set the derivative equal to 0,
+and that should be a critical
+
+point in this function.
+It turns out this function is
+
+unimodal in r and you will find
+the minimum.
+
+We could do that.
+I'm not going to do it because
+
+it takes a little bit more work.
+You should try it at home.
+
+It will give you the exact
+minimum, which is good if you
+
+know what this constant is.
+Differentiate with respect to r
+
+and set to 0.
+I am going to do it a little
+
+bit more intuitively,
+in other words less precisely,
+
+but I will still get the right
+answer.
+
+And definitely I will get an
+upper bound because I can choose
+
+r to be whatever I want.
+It turns out this will be the
+
+right answer.
+Let's just think about growth
+
+in terms of r.
+There are essentially two terms
+
+here.
+I have b/r(n) and I have
+
+b/r(2^r).
+Now, b/r(n) would like r to be
+
+as big as possible.
+The bigger r is the number of
+
+rounds goes down.
+This number in front of n,
+
+this coefficient in front of n
+goes down, so I would like r to
+
+be big.
+So, b/r(n) wants r big.
+
+However, r cannot be too big.
+This is saying I want digits
+
+that have a lot of bits in them.
+It cannot be too big because
+
+there's 2^r term out here.
+If this happens to be bigger
+
+than n then this will dominate
+in terms of growth of r.
+
+This is going to be b times 2
+to the r over r.
+
+2 the r is much,
+much bigger than r,
+
+so it's going to grow much
+faster is what I mean.
+
+And so I really don't want r to
+be too big for this other term.
+
+So, that is b/4(2^r) wants r
+small.
+
+Provided that this term is
+bigger or equal to this term
+
+then I can set r pretty big for
+that term.
+
+What I want is the n to
+dominate the 2^r.
+
+Provided I have that then I can
+set r as large as I want.
+
+Let's say I want to choose r to
+be maximum subject to this
+
+condition that n is greater than
+or equal to 2^r.
+
+This is an upper bound to 2^r,
+and upper bound on r.
+
+In other words,
+I want r = lg n.
+
+This turns out to be the right
+answer up to constant factors.
+
+There we go.
+And definitely choosing r to be
+
+lg n will give me an upper bound
+on the best running time I could
+
+get because I can choose it to
+be whatever I want.
+
+If you differentiate you will
+indeed get the same answer.
+
+This was not quite a formal
+argument but close,
+
+because the big O is all about
+what grows fastest.
+
+If we plug in r = lg n we get
+bn/lg n.
+
+The n and the 2^r are equal,
+that's a factor of 2,
+
+2 times n, not a big deal.
+It comes out into the O.
+
+We have bn/lg n which is r.
+We have to think about what
+
+this means and translate it in
+terms of range.
+
+b was the number of bits in our
+number, which corresponds to the
+
+range of the number.
+I've got 20 minutes under so
+
+far in lecture so I can go 20
+minutes over,
+
+right?
+No, I'm kidding.
+
+Almost done.
+Let's say that our numbers,
+
+are integers are in the range,
+we have 0 to 2^b,
+
+I'm going to say that it's
+range 0 to nd.
+
+This should be a -1 here.
+If I have numbers that are
+
+between 0 and n^d - 1 where d is
+a constant or d is some
+
+parameter, so this is a
+polynomial in n,
+
+then you work out this running
+time.
+
+It is order dn.
+This is the way to think about
+
+it because now we can compare to
+counting sort.
+
+Counting sort could handle 0 up
+to some constant times d in
+
+linear time.
+Now I can handle 0 up to n to
+
+some constant power in linear
+time.
+
+This is if d = order 1 then we
+get a linear time sorting
+
+algorithm.
+And that is cool as long as d
+
+is at most lg n.
+As long as your numbers are at
+
+most n lg n then we have
+something that beats our n lg n
+
+sorting algorithms.
+And this is pretty nice.
+
+Whenever you know that your
+numbers are order log end bits
+
+long we are happy,
+and you get some smooth
+
+tradeoff there.
+For example,
+
+if we have our 32 bit numbers
+and we split into let's say
+
+eight bit chunks then we'll only
+have to do four rounds each
+
+linear time and we have just 256
+working space.
+
+We were doing four rounds for
+32 bit numbers.
+
+If you use n lg n algorithm,
+you're going to be doing lg n
+
+rounds through your numbers.
+n is like 2000,
+
+and that's at least 11 rounds
+for example.
+
+You would think this algorithm
+is going to be much faster for
+
+small numbers.
+Unfortunately,
+
+counting sort is not very good
+on a cache.
+
+In practice,
+rating sort is not that fast an
+
+algorithm unless your numbers
+are really small.
+
+Something like quicksort can do
+better.
+
+It's sort of shame,
+but theoretically this is very
+
+beautiful.
+And there are contexts where
+
+this is really the right way to
+sort things.
+
+I will mention finally that if
+you have arbitrary integers that
+
+are one word length long.
+Here we're assuming that there
+
+are b bits in a word and we have
+some depends indirectly on b
+
+here.
+But, in general,
+
+if you have a bunch of integers
+and they're one word length
+
+long, and you can manipulate a
+word in constant time,
+
+then the best algorithm we know
+for sorting runs in n times
+
+square root of lg lg n time
+expected.
+
+It is a randomized algorithm.
+We're not going to cover that
+
+algorithm in this class.
+It's rather complicated.
+
+I didn't even cover it in
+Advanced Algorithms when I
+
+taught it.
+If you want something easier,
+
+you can get n times square root
+of lg lg n time worst-case.
+
+And that paper is almost
+readable.
+
+I have taught that in Advanced
+Algorithms.
+
+If you're interested in this
+kind of stuff,
+
+take Advanced Algorithms next
+fall.
+
+It's one of the follow-ons to
+this class.
+
+These are much more complicated
+algorithms, but it gives you
+
+some sense.
+You can even break out of the
+
+dependence on b,
+as long as you know that b is
+
+at most a word.
+And I will stop there unless
+
+there are any questions.
+Then see you Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0lPfTMmyzvk.txt b/0lPfTMmyzvk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..988ffb0fea53adc4a76a638ca5c2756dc4f8f5ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0lPfTMmyzvk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+let's start here with a short summary we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start here with a short summary we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start here with a short summary we
+have seen through experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen through experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen through experimental
+measurements that there is no ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that there is no ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that there is no ether
+that electromagnetic waves travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electromagnetic waves travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electromagnetic waves travel
+through vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through vacuum
+we have discussed the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discussed the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discussed the concept of
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+of the relativity of simultaneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the relativity of simultaneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the relativity of simultaneity
+meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that
+two events might occur simultaneous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events might occur simultaneous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events might occur simultaneous to
+one reference in one reference frame to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reference in one reference frame to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reference in one reference frame to
+one observer where they are not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one observer where they are not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one observer where they are not to
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+in the last two videos we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last two videos we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last two videos we looked at
+clocks and we've seen that moving clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks and we've seen that moving clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks and we've seen that moving clocks
+run slow we've always also seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run slow we've always also seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run slow we've always also seen that
+moving objects appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving objects appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving objects appear
+smaller their length contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller their length contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller their length contract
+we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the time of a moving clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of a moving clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of a moving clock
+is related to the time in the clock at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the time in the clock at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the time in the clock at
+rest is a gamma factor because it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is a gamma factor because it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is a gamma factor because it's time
+dilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilation
+and for the length we have seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the length we have seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the length we have seen that
+there is a one over gamma dependency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a one over gamma dependency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a one over gamma dependency
+length contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length contraction
+the entire discussion was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire discussion was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire discussion was based on
+einstein's prostitutes we simply used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's prostitutes we simply used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's prostitutes we simply used
+einstein's postulates and then we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's postulates and then we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein's postulates and then we looked
+at experiments of clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at experiments of clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at experiments of clocks
+now you might argue that the setup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might argue that the setup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might argue that the setup of
+the clock is actually what's tricking us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock is actually what's tricking us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock is actually what's tricking us
+here but i can tell you that is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but i can tell you that is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but i can tell you that is not the
+case as you have seen for the mirror and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as you have seen for the mirror and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as you have seen for the mirror and
+the mirror doesn't know about optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror doesn't know about optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror doesn't know about optical
+clocks it just decays based on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks it just decays based on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks it just decays based on its own
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+i think it's fair to say that ponca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's fair to say that ponca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's fair to say that ponca
+and lorenz came to similar conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lorenz came to similar conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lorenz came to similar conclusions
+about the same time as einstein did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time as einstein did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time as einstein did
+delta t at rest and delta l addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t at rest and delta l addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t at rest and delta l addressed
+the time and the length are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and the length are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and the length are also
+sometimes called the proper time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the proper time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the proper time and
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+in german and i actually prefer this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in german and i actually prefer this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in german and i actually prefer this a
+bit uh we use the word eigen which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh we use the word eigen which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh we use the word eigen which means
+own so it's basically the time the own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own so it's basically the time the own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own so it's basically the time the own
+time of the object the object of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the object the object of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the object the object of being
+at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest
+so we can now ask what are you know i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can now ask what are you know i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can now ask what are you know i've
+seen time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen time is
+suspect what is not suspect what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect what is not suspect what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect what is not suspect what are the
+uh observables which are invariant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observables which are invariant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observables which are invariant and
+by by this i mean the observables and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by this i mean the observables and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by this i mean the observables and we
+have two different reference frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different reference frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different reference frame and
+we have a conversation we do actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a conversation we do actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a conversation we do actually
+agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+in a conversation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a conversation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a conversation about
+an observation we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have seen we cannot agree on time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen we cannot agree on time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen we cannot agree on time and
+we cannot agree on on the length in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot agree on on the length in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot agree on on the length in the
+direction in which we are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in which we are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in which we are moving
+so can i ask for example what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can i ask for example what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can i ask for example what happens to
+the width of the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the height
+we put a train on a train track and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a train on a train track and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put a train on a train track and it's
+fast moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast moving
+is that constructed or even expanded or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that constructed or even expanded or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that constructed or even expanded or
+changing at all the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing at all the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing at all the answer is no
+similarly i put a train track on a track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly i put a train track on a track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly i put a train track on a track
+and i go very fast into a tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i go very fast into a tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i go very fast into a tunnel
+that's the height of the tunnel change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the height of the tunnel change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the height of the tunnel change
+also here the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here the answer is no
+and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can
+verify this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this later
+quantitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively
+in summary transverse dimensions are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary transverse dimensions are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary transverse dimensions are not
+affected they are not suspect we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected they are not suspect we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected they are not suspect we can
+agree in a conversation of two people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree in a conversation of two people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree in a conversation of two people in
+different reference frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reference frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reference frames
+about the height and the width of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the height and the width of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the height and the width of a
+train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train
+that's good but what else is invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good but what else is invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good but what else is invariant
+so here i want you to consider the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i want you to consider the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i want you to consider the time
+and distance between two events or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance between two events or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance between two events or maybe
+even three events observed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even three events observed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even three events observed from
+different reference frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reference frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reference frames
+and we introduce or reintroduce our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we introduce or reintroduce our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we introduce or reintroduce our
+characters alice and bob and add carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters alice and bob and add carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters alice and bob and add carol
+to this so we're going to have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so we're going to have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so we're going to have three
+reference frames of three observers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames of three observers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames of three observers in
+this in this discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this discussion
+so i want you to look at this one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want you to look at this one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want you to look at this one so
+assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that
+bob has a clock and it's moving with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob has a clock and it's moving with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob has a clock and it's moving with a
+velocity v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity v
+and alec alice is observing bob's clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alec alice is observing bob's clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alec alice is observing bob's clock
+we have done this before now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done this before now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done this before now we want to
+also add carol to this and carol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also add carol to this and carol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also add carol to this and carol is
+moving the 3 times the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the 3 times the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the 3 times the velocity
+and is also observing bob's clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is also observing bob's clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is also observing bob's clock
+what i want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to do
+is look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property here so we have seen that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property here so we have seen that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property here so we have seen that the
+height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+is invariant so let's look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant so let's look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant so let's look at what
+happens if i calculate two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if i calculate two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if i calculate two times the
+height squared and i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height squared and i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height squared and i use
+x and t time and space in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t time and space in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t time and space in order to
+express the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the height
+all right again this is an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right again this is an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right again this is an opportunity
+to stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop the
+the clock stops the video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock stops the video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock stops the video and
+works this out on a piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works this out on a piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works this out on a piece of paper
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it turns out it's not that hard um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it's not that hard um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it's not that hard um
+basically find that four times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically find that four times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically find that four times the
+height squared is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height squared is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height squared is equal to
+maybe it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's hard
+c squared times t squared minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared times t squared minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared times t squared minus x
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+and since the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the height
+is an invariant this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an invariant this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an invariant this property
+c square the speed of light squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c square the speed of light squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c square the speed of light squared
+times the time square minus x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the time square minus x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the time square minus x squared
+is invariant so we can you know think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant so we can you know think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant so we can you know think
+about them as delta t and delta x we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them as delta t and delta x we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them as delta t and delta x we
+look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+difference in time and the different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in time and the different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in time and the different in
+space between two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between two events
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+professor kluter entered the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor kluter entered the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor kluter entered the class and
+at the other end of the class professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end of the class professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end of the class professor
+pluta exploded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluta exploded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluta exploded
+if i do the delta t and the delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do the delta t and the delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do the delta t and the delta x
+between the two we square them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two we square them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two we square them and
+subtract them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them
+that is an observation we can all agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an observation we can all agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an observation we can all agree
+on whether or not you're stationary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether or not you're stationary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether or not you're stationary in
+the classroom or you're passing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom or you're passing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom or you're passing by
+really quickly with your spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly with your spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly with your spacecraft
+that observation is something we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that observation is something we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that observation is something we can
+agree on and it's invariant this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on and it's invariant this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on and it's invariant this in this
+this property is called the invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property is called the invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property is called the invariant
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2_KBeHiUDiY.txt b/2_KBeHiUDiY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..319cf5acb691893eb420d6f7015c65cb1da10270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2_KBeHiUDiY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now move to a new topic conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now move to a new topic conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now move to a new topic conditioning
+every probabilistic concept or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every probabilistic concept or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every probabilistic concept or
+probabilistic fact has a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic fact has a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic fact has a conditional
+counterpart as we have seen before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart as we have seen before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart as we have seen before we
+can start with a probabilistic model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start with a probabilistic model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start with a probabilistic model and
+some initial probabilities but then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial probabilities but then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial probabilities but then if
+we are told that a certain event has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are told that a certain event has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are told that a certain event has
+occurred we can revise our model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred we can revise our model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred we can revise our model and
+consider conditional probabilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider conditional probabilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider conditional probabilities that
+take into account the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the available
+information but as a consequence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but as a consequence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but as a consequence the
+probabilities associated with any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with any given
+random variable will also have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable will also have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable will also have to be
+revised so a PMF will have to be changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised so a PMF will have to be changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised so a PMF will have to be changed
+to a conditional pmf let us see what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a conditional pmf let us see what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a conditional pmf let us see what is
+involved consider a random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved consider a random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved consider a random variable X
+with some given PMF whose values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some given PMF whose values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some given PMF whose values of
+course sum to 1 as must be true for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course sum to 1 as must be true for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course sum to 1 as must be true for any
+valid PMF we are then told that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid PMF we are then told that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid PMF we are then told that a
+certain event a has occurred in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain event a has occurred in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain event a has occurred in that
+case the event that X is equal to little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the event that X is equal to little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the event that X is equal to little
+X we will now have a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we will now have a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we will now have a conditional
+probability of this form we will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this form we will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this form we will use
+this notation here to denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation here to denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation here to denote the
+conditional probability that the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability that the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability that the random
+variable takes the value little X notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes the value little X notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes the value little X notice
+that the subscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the subscripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the subscripts
+are used to indicate what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used to indicate what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used to indicate what we're talking
+about in this case we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this case we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this case we're talking about
+the random variable X in a model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable X in a model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable X in a model where
+event a is known to have occurred of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a is known to have occurred of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a is known to have occurred of
+course for this conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for this conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for this conditional probability
+to be well-defined we will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well-defined we will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well-defined we will have to
+assume that the probability of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the probability of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the probability of a is
+positive this conditional pmf is like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this conditional pmf is like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this conditional pmf is like an
+ordinary PMF except that it applies to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary PMF except that it applies to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary PMF except that it applies to a
+new or revised conditional model as such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new or revised conditional model as such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new or revised conditional model as such
+its entries must also sum to 1 now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its entries must also sum to 1 now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its entries must also sum to 1 now the
+random variable X has a certain mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X has a certain mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X has a certain mean
+expected value which is defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value which is defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value which is defined the
+usual way in the conditional model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual way in the conditional model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual way in the conditional model the
+random variable X will also have a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X will also have a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X will also have a mean
+it is called the conditional mean or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is called the conditional mean or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is called the conditional mean or the
+conditional expectation and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation and it is
+defined the same way as in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the same way as in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the same way as in the original
+case except that now the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case except that now the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case except that now the calculation
+involves the conditional probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the conditional probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the conditional probabilities
+or the conditional pmf finally as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the conditional pmf finally as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the conditional pmf finally as we
+discussed some time ago a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed some time ago a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed some time ago a conditional
+probability model is just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability model is just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability model is just another
+probability model except that it applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability model except that it applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability model except that it applies
+to a new situation so any fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new situation so any fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new situation so any fact about
+probability models any theorem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability models any theorem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability models any theorem that we
+derive must remain true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive must remain true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive must remain true in the
+conditional model as well as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model as well as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model as well as an example
+the expected value rule will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value rule will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value rule will have to
+remain true in the conditional model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain true in the conditional model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain true in the conditional model
+except that of course in the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that of course in the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that of course in the conditional
+model we will have to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we will have to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we will have to use the
+conditional probabilities instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities instead of the
+original probabilities so to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original probabilities so to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original probabilities so to summarize
+conditional models and conditional pmfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional models and conditional pmfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional models and conditional pmfs
+are just like ordinary models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just like ordinary models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just like ordinary models and
+ordinary pmf's except that probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary pmf's except that probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary pmf's except that probabilities
+are replaced throughout by conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replaced throughout by conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replaced throughout by conditional
+probabilities let us now look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities let us now look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities let us now look at an
+example consider a random variable which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example consider a random variable which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example consider a random variable which
+in this case is uniform takes values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is uniform takes values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is uniform takes values
+from 1 up to 4 so each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 up to 4 so each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 up to 4 so each one of the
+possible values has probability 1 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values has probability 1 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values has probability 1 over 4
+for this random variable we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this random variable we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this random variable we can
+calculate the expected value which by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected value which by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected value which by
+symmetry is going to be the midpoint so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is going to be the midpoint so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is going to be the midpoint so
+it is equal to 2 and 1/2 we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is equal to 2 and 1/2 we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is equal to 2 and 1/2 we can also
+calculate the variance and here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the variance and here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the variance and here we can
+apply the formula that we have derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the formula that we have derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the formula that we have derived
+earlier 1/2 times B minus a times B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier 1/2 times B minus a times B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier 1/2 times B minus a times B
+minus a plus 2 and in this case it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a plus 2 and in this case it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a plus 2 and in this case it's 1
+over 12 times B minus a is 4 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 12 times B minus a is 4 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 12 times B minus a is 4 minus 1
+which is 3 and the next term is 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 3 and the next term is 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 3 and the next term is 5 and
+after we simplify this is 5 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we simplify this is 5 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we simplify this is 5 over 4
+suppose that now somebody tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that now somebody tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that now somebody tells us that
+event a has occurred where event a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a has occurred where event a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a has occurred where event a is
+that the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random
+variable X takes values in the range 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X takes values in the range 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X takes values in the range 2 3
+4 what happens now what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 what happens now what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 what happens now what is the
+conditional pmf in the conditional model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional pmf in the conditional model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional pmf in the conditional model
+we're told that the value of one did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told that the value of one did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told that the value of one did not
+occur so this probability is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so this probability is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so this probability is going to be
+0 the other three values are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the other three values are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the other three values are still
+possible what are their conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible what are their conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible what are their conditional
+probabilities well these three values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities well these three values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities well these three values
+had equal probabilities in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had equal probabilities in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had equal probabilities in the original
+model so they should have equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so they should have equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so they should have equal
+probabilities in the conditional model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in the conditional model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in the conditional model
+as well and in order for probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and in order for probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and in order for probabilities
+to sum to one of course these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum to one of course these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum to one of course these
+probabilities will have to be 1/3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities will have to be 1/3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities will have to be 1/3 so
+this is the conditional PMF of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the conditional PMF of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the conditional PMF of a random
+variable given this new or additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable given this new or additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable given this new or additional
+information about the outcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the outcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the outcome the
+expected value of the random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the random variable X
+in the conditional universe that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conditional universe that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conditional universe that is the
+conditional expectation is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation is just the
+ordinary expectation but applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary expectation but applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary expectation but applied to the
+conditional model in this conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model in this conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model in this conditional
+model by symmetry the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model by symmetry the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model by symmetry the expected value
+will have to be 3 the midpoint of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to be 3 the midpoint of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to be 3 the midpoint of the
+distribution and we can also calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we can also calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we can also calculate
+the conditional variance this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional variance this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional variance this is a
+notation that we have not yet defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that we have not yet defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that we have not yet defined
+but at this point it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this point it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this point it should be
+self-explanatory it is just the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory it is just the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory it is just the variance
+of X but calculated in a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X but calculated in a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X but calculated in a conditional
+model using conditional probabilities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model using conditional probabilities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model using conditional probabilities we
+can calculate these variants using 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate these variants using 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate these variants using 1
+tsmart the formula for the variance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsmart the formula for the variance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsmart the formula for the variance of a
+uniform distribution but we can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution but we can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution but we can also do
+it directly so the variance is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it directly so the variance is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it directly so the variance is the
+expected value of the squared distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the squared distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the squared distance
+from the mean so with probability 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean so with probability 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean so with probability 1/3
+our random variable will take a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random variable will take a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random variable will take a value of
+4 which is one unit apart from the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 which is one unit apart from the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 which is one unit apart from the mean
+or more explicitly we have this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more explicitly we have this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more explicitly we have this term
+with probability 1/3 our random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/3 our random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/3 our random variable
+takes a value of 3 and with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value of 3 and with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value of 3 and with probability
+1/3 our random variable takes the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 our random variable takes the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 our random variable takes the value
+of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this term is 0 this is 1 times 1/3 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is 0 this is 1 times 1/3 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is 0 this is 1 times 1/3 from
+here we get another 1 times 1/3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get another 1 times 1/3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get another 1 times 1/3 so
+adding up we obtained that the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up we obtained that the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up we obtained that the variance
+is 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2/3
+notice that the variance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the variance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the variance in the
+conditional model is smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model is smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model is smaller than the
+variance that we had in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that we had in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that we had in the original
+model and this makes sense in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and this makes sense in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and this makes sense in the
+conditional model there is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model there is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model there is less
+uncertainty than there used to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty than there used to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty than there used to be in the
+original model and this translates into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original model and this translates into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original model and this translates into
+a reduction in the variance to conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction in the variance to conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction in the variance to conclude
+there is nothing really different when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing really different when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is nothing really different when
+we deal with conditional pmfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with conditional pmfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with conditional pmfs
+conditional expectations and conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectations and conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectations and conditional
+variances they're just like the ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances they're just like the ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances they're just like the ordinary
+pmf's expectations and variances except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf's expectations and variances except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf's expectations and variances except
+that we have to use the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to use the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to use the conditional
+probabilities throughout instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities throughout instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities throughout instead of the
+original probabilities
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2wtc5Su-fZA.txt b/2wtc5Su-fZA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efd8b4e29b0d6f9fdfc938aee3effd4ee3600ef4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2wtc5Su-fZA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll discuss the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll discuss the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll discuss the meaning
+of data visualization and why it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data visualization and why it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data visualization and why it's often
+useful to visualize your data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to visualize your data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to visualize your data to
+discover hidden trends and properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover hidden trends and properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover hidden trends and properties
+data visualization is defined as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data visualization is defined as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data visualization is defined as a
+mapping of data properties to visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of data properties to visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of data properties to visual
+properties data properties are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties data properties are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties data properties are usually
+numerical or categorical like the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical or categorical like the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical or categorical like the mean
+of a variable the maximum value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a variable the maximum value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a variable the maximum value of a
+variable or the number of observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or the number of observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or the number of observations
+with a certain property visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain property visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain property visual
+properties can be XY coordinates to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties can be XY coordinates to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties can be XY coordinates to plot
+points on a graph colors to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on a graph colors to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on a graph colors to assign
+labels sizes shapes Heights etc both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels sizes shapes Heights etc both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels sizes shapes Heights etc both
+types of properties are used to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of properties are used to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of properties are used to better
+understand the data but in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the data but in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the data but in different
+ways to motivate the need for data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to motivate the need for data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to motivate the need for data
+visualization let's look at a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization let's look at a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization let's look at a famous
+example called ants combs quartet each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example called ants combs quartet each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example called ants combs quartet each
+of these tables corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these tables corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these tables corresponds to a
+different data set we have four data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different data set we have four data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different data set we have four data
+sets each with two variables x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets each with two variables x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets each with two variables x and y
+just looking at the tables of data it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the tables of data it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the tables of data it's
+hard to notice anything special about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to notice anything special about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to notice anything special about it
+it turns out that the mean and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the mean and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the mean and variance
+of the x variable is the same for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x variable is the same for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x variable is the same for all
+four data sets the mean and variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four data sets the mean and variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four data sets the mean and variance of
+the Y variable is the same for all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y variable is the same for all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y variable is the same for all four
+data sets and the correlation between x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets and the correlation between x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets and the correlation between x
+and y as well as the regression equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y as well as the regression equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y as well as the regression equation
+to predict Y from X is the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict Y from X is the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict Y from X is the exact same
+for all four data sets so just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all four data sets so just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all four data sets so just by
+looking at data properties we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at data properties we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at data properties we might
+conclude that these data sets are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that these data sets are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that these data sets are very
+similar but if we plot the four data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but if we plot the four data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but if we plot the four data
+sets they're very different these plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets they're very different these plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets they're very different these plots
+show the four data sets with the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the four data sets with the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the four data sets with the X
+variable on the x axis and the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on the x axis and the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on the x axis and the y
+variable on the y axis visually these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on the y axis visually these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on the y axis visually these
+data sets look very different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets look very different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets look very different but
+without visualizing them we might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without visualizing them we might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without visualizing them we might not
+have noticed this this is one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed this this is one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed this this is one example of
+why visualizing data can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why visualizing data can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why visualizing data can be very
+important we'll use the ggplot2 package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we'll use the ggplot2 package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we'll use the ggplot2 package
+are to create data visualizations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to create data visualizations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to create data visualizations this
+package was created by Hadley Wickham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package was created by Hadley Wickham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package was created by Hadley Wickham
+who described ggplot as a plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who described ggplot as a plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who described ggplot as a plotting
+system for our based on the grammar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for our based on the grammar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for our based on the grammar of
+graphics which tries to take the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics which tries to take the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics which tries to take the good
+parts of base and lattice graphics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of base and lattice graphics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of base and lattice graphics and
+none of the bad parts it takes care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the bad parts it takes care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the bad parts it takes care of
+many of the fiddly details that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the fiddly details that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the fiddly details that make
+plotting a hassle like drawing legends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting a hassle like drawing legends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting a hassle like drawing legends
+as well as providing a powerful model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as providing a powerful model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as providing a powerful model of
+graphics that makes it easy to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics that makes it easy to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics that makes it easy to produce
+complex multi-layered graphics so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex multi-layered graphics so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex multi-layered graphics so what
+do we gain from using ggplot over just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we gain from using ggplot over just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we gain from using ggplot over just
+making plots using the basic art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making plots using the basic art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making plots using the basic art
+functions or what's referred to as base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or what's referred to as base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or what's referred to as base
+are well in base are each mapping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well in base are each mapping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well in base are each mapping of
+data properties to visual properties is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data properties to visual properties is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data properties to visual properties is
+its own special case when we create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own special case when we create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own special case when we create a
+scatter plot or a box plot or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter plot or a box plot or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter plot or a box plot or a
+histogram we have to use a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram we have to use a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram we have to use a completely
+different function additionally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different function additionally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different function additionally the
+graphics are composed of simple elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics are composed of simple elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics are composed of simple elements
+like points or lines it's challenging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like points or lines it's challenging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like points or lines it's challenging to
+create any sophisticated visualizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create any sophisticated visualizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create any sophisticated visualizations
+it's also difficult to add elements to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also difficult to add elements to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also difficult to add elements to
+existing plots but in ggplot the mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing plots but in ggplot the mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing plots but in ggplot the mapping
+of data properties to visual properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data properties to visual properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data properties to visual properties
+is done by just adding layers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done by just adding layers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done by just adding layers to the
+plot this makes it much easier to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this makes it much easier to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this makes it much easier to create
+sophisticated plots and to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated plots and to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated plots and to add to
+existing plots so what is the grammar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing plots so what is the grammar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing plots so what is the grammar of
+graphics that GG plot is based on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics that GG plot is based on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics that GG plot is based on all
+ggplot graphics consist of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot graphics consist of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot graphics consist of three
+elements the first is data in a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the first is data in a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the first is data in a data
+frame the second is an aesthetic mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the second is an aesthetic mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the second is an aesthetic mapping
+which describes how variables in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which describes how variables in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which describes how variables in the
+data frame are mapped to graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame are mapped to graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame are mapped to graphical
+attributes this is where we'll define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes this is where we'll define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes this is where we'll define
+which variables are on the x and y axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which variables are on the x and y axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which variables are on the x and y axes
+whether or not point should be colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not point should be colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not point should be colored
+or shaped by certain attributes etc the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or shaped by certain attributes etc the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or shaped by certain attributes etc the
+third element is which geometric objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third element is which geometric objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third element is which geometric objects
+we want to determine how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to determine how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to determine how the
+data values are rendered graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data values are rendered graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data values are rendered graphically
+this is where we indicate if the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we indicate if the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we indicate if the plot
+should have points lines bars boxes etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have points lines bars boxes etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have points lines bars boxes etc
+in the next video will load the who data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next video will load the who data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next video will load the who data
+into our and create some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our and create some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our and create some data
+visualizations using ggplot
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2ylK_QUpJcQ.txt b/2ylK_QUpJcQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5e050dca188be082b4c0c663293579d3d56fafc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2ylK_QUpJcQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4236 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Let's get started.
+
+So we are continuing the
+theme of unfolding polyhedra,
+
+and the general picture we are
+thinking about in terms of edge
+
+unfolding versus
+general unfolding which
+
+are these two pictures.
+
+Top is an edge
+unfolding of the cube.
+
+Bottom is a general
+unfolding of the cube.
+
+If you have a
+complex polyhedron,
+
+we found general unfoldings.
+
+There are like four of them.
+
+They work.
+
+We proved one of them.
+
+If you want an edge
+unfolding, that's
+
+the centuries-old open problem.
+
+For non-convex
+polyhedra, we know
+
+this is too much to hope for.
+
+Even if it's
+topologically convex,
+
+there's not always
+an edge unfolding.
+
+That was the
+tetrahedral Witch's Hat.
+
+But for general
+unfolding, we don't know.
+
+So today's lecture is actually
+mostly about these two
+
+open problems and
+different variations of it
+
+that we know how to
+solve, special cases,
+
+and changes in the model.
+
+At the end, there'll
+also be some stuff
+
+about the reverse
+direction folding,
+
+but mostly, it will
+be about unfolding.
+
+So there's a third
+kind of unfolding
+
+which we call vertex
+unfolding, and it's
+
+kind of like a
+hinged dissection.
+
+So instead of normally
+in unfolding, something
+
+like a cross, it's a
+nice, connected polygon.
+
+The faces are
+joined along edges.
+
+But what if I allowed
+disconnecting along edges,
+
+but I just wanted things to
+stay connected along vertices,
+
+like at a hinge.
+
+So it still should be
+one piece in the sense
+
+that this is still
+connected, and in this case,
+
+I still want an edge unfolding.
+
+You're only allowed
+to cut on edges.
+
+And in fact, we will
+cut on all the edges
+
+because that'll be
+the most flexible.
+
+Every edge gets cut,
+but you're going
+
+to leave intact certain
+vertices to make one, quote,
+
+"piece" at vertices.
+
+So we still want one piece.
+
+So this is vertex unfolding,
+and it's always possible.
+
+We've even implemented
+this algorithm here.
+
+A bunch of random
+points on a sphere.
+
+Take the convex hull, and
+then, take a vertex unfolding.
+
+So you get this nice
+chain of triangles,
+
+don't intersect each other,
+and this will fold up
+
+into that 3D
+polyhedron on the left.
+
+Here's some bigger examples,
+hundreds of vertices.
+
+Amazing.
+
+All right.
+
+So how do we do this?
+
+All right.
+
+Let me state a theorem.
+
+Every connected
+triangulated manifold--
+
+this is a very general result.
+
+It actually holds
+in any dimension.
+
+We're going to think about
+two dimensional sources in 3D,
+
+but it could be D
+dimensional surfaces
+
+in D plus 1 dimensions.
+
+--has a vertex unfolding.
+
+So this works both for
+convex and for non-convex.
+
+The only catch is that every
+face has to be a triangle.
+
+It's an open problem
+for something
+
+like a cube where you actually
+have quadrilateral faces.
+
+So the way we prove
+this is to construct
+
+what we call a facet-path.
+
+This is a path that
+alternates between visiting
+
+faces, triangles, and vertices.
+
+So the idea is you
+have some-- say
+
+we're doing a
+tetrahedron or something.
+
+You start at a facet.
+
+Then, you go to one
+of its vertices.
+
+Then, you go to one of the
+facets that shares that vertex.
+
+Then, you go to one
+of the vertices.
+
+Then, you go to a facet.
+
+Then, you go to a vertex.
+
+Then, you go to a facet.
+
+This is a facet-path.
+
+It should visit every facet,
+every triangle, exactly once.
+
+Vertices you can
+visit multiple times,
+
+although I think it's a bad idea
+to visit the same vertex twice
+
+in a row.
+
+Other than that, you can
+visit a vertex more than once.
+
+Maybe I would visit it
+again coming up here.
+
+If there was another
+triangle like this,
+
+I could go up to this vertex
+again and over to the triangle.
+
+So the claim is
+facet-paths always
+
+exist for any triangulated,
+connected surface.
+
+Once you have this
+facet-path, you're
+
+basically golden because you
+can lay it out without overlap.
+
+And that's the next picture.
+
+So if you have a triangle and
+you have some corners of it
+
+that are hinged to
+adjacent triangles,
+
+you can rotate
+that triangle 'til
+
+it fits in a vertical slab.
+
+And the hinges are on
+the ends of the slab.
+
+And so each triangle
+lives in its own slab.
+
+Slabs don't intersect.
+
+No intersection.
+
+The hard part is really
+getting this path.
+
+Once you have that, you
+can just lay it out.
+
+It's a little bit nontrivial
+with obtuse triangles.
+
+They don't necessarily just
+lie along the horizontal line.
+
+You have to set things
+up so that those guys are
+
+on the boundary,
+but you can always
+
+rotate it so that
+that's possible.
+
+So the real question is, how
+do we construct a facet-path?
+
+All right.
+
+So I have a bunch of triangles.
+
+In general, they
+make some surface.
+
+And maybe I should draw a
+running example over here.
+
+Let's think about a triangulated
+cube, something simple.
+
+Imagine there's more
+triangles in the back.
+
+It's a little hard to
+think about the 3D picture.
+
+I would really like to
+two dimensionalify it,
+
+and because this
+theorem works, not only
+
+for a polyhedron-- it works
+for any manifold, any sort
+
+of locally, two dimensional
+thing-- it would be nice
+
+if I could just sort
+of cut this open
+
+and think about a disc instead
+of a sphere, topologically.
+
+And I can.
+
+I mean this theorem's supposed
+to work for discs just as well.
+
+It should work for
+anything that's connected.
+
+So ideally, I cut it all apart
+into lots of little triangles,
+
+but it has to stay connected.
+
+So I'll unfold it.
+
+Why not?
+
+So I can add some
+cuts until I get down
+
+to a spanning tree of the
+faces, a spanning tree
+
+of the dual graph.
+
+OK.
+
+For whatever reason, this is
+the triangulation I chose,
+
+and this is the
+unfolding I chose.
+
+But just keep cutting
+edges until cutting an edge
+
+would cause it to disconnect.
+
+So the maximal set of cuts,
+there are many ways to do it.
+
+When I unfold, it might
+overlap because we
+
+don't know whether
+edge unfoldings exist,
+
+but that's fine.
+
+You can think of it as a
+two dimensional picture,
+
+but it might need a few layers.
+
+We're not going to
+actually fold this thing,
+
+but we're going to cut
+this up into a facet-path.
+
+This could actually
+be our input.
+
+Instead of being
+given a polyhedron,
+
+we're given a disc like
+this, a triangulated disc,
+
+and we have to deal with it.
+
+Somehow we've got to
+construct a facet-path here,
+
+visit every triangle
+exactly once,
+
+and passing through vertices.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if
+you have overlap,
+
+it doesn't really matter.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, overlap
+doesn't really matter.
+
+We're going to cut it
+up, and then, we're
+
+going to splay
+out the triangles.
+
+AUDIENCE: Distances
+don't matter.
+
+Right?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, uh.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you're trying
+to just find a path--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+From the perspective
+of facet-path,
+
+distances don't matter.
+
+It's just topology.
+
+Yeah.
+
+You could think of it as a
+circle with some decomposition
+
+into triangles, if you like,
+but that's maybe harder
+
+to think about.
+
+I got to think
+about it this way.
+
+It's useful because then,
+we'll get to Mickey Mouses,
+
+as we'll see.
+
+So cut edges until
+you can't anymore,
+
+so until cutting
+would disconnect.
+
+So this means what
+you're left with
+
+will be sort of a tree of faces.
+
+There'll be no cycles
+because if there was a cycle,
+
+you could cut one of the edges,
+and it wouldn't fall apart.
+
+So obviously,
+there's a tree here.
+
+Now, trees have leaves.
+
+That's our favorite
+lemma lately.
+
+They have at least two leaves.
+
+In the case of a
+triangulated polygon,
+
+we usually call them ears.
+
+So here's a fun term.
+
+So let's say color the ears.
+
+These are leaves and in that
+tree which call the dual tree.
+
+So in reality, we're thinking
+about a dual graph which
+
+looks something like
+this, where there's
+
+a vertex for every triangle and
+edges for every edge connecting
+
+triangles, and there's
+leaves of that tree.
+
+But in the original thing,
+we think of this triangle
+
+as being an ear, and
+this triangle is an ear.
+
+And this triangle is an ear,
+and this triangle is an ear.
+
+I like ears because they're
+kind of on the boundary,
+
+on the surface, so
+they're just triangles
+
+that are adjacent to
+only one other triangle.
+
+Now, the next step
+is to color what
+
+are called the
+second-level ears.
+
+I'll call them the
+remaining ears,
+
+if you remove those ears, what
+would, then, become an ear.
+
+All right.
+
+Now, I wish I had another color.
+
+Yeah, that's kind of yellowish.
+
+So this would become an ear.
+
+This would become an ear.
+
+This would become an ear,
+and this would become an ear.
+
+And I'm going to stop
+there, just two levels.
+
+What could I get
+in this process?
+
+I mean what it looks
+like I'm getting
+
+is I get an ear and
+then, a second-level ear.
+
+It could be a little
+more general than that.
+
+Maybe, for example, if I
+had a triangle like this,
+
+both of these would
+be first-level ears,
+
+and then, this would
+become a second-level ear.
+
+Turns out that's
+all that can happen.
+
+Because these are
+triangles, second-level ear,
+
+at this point, it's only
+adjacent to one other thing.
+
+So what was it
+adjacent to before?
+
+Well, maybe, one
+ear, certainly not
+
+zero because it wasn't
+a first-level ear.
+
+So at least one
+ear, maybe two ears.
+
+That's it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Unless there's
+only four pieces left.
+
+Right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry,
+what do you mean?
+
+AUDIENCE: You could
+have three ears.
+
+PROFESSOR: You could
+have three years.
+
+Yeah, so here I have two.
+
+I mean the first-level
+ear and a second-level,
+
+or it could be a first-level--
+Oh, you're saying at the end.
+
+Right.
+
+It could be like this.
+
+That would only happen
+at the very end.
+
+But yeah, this could
+be first-level ears,
+
+and this is the
+second-level ear.
+
+Good point.
+
+Most of the time, we
+will either get something
+
+like this, the rest of
+the polygons over here--
+
+so this is a first-level ear.
+
+This is a second-level ear.
+
+--or I get-- this is the
+Mickey Mouse picture.
+
+Probably not allowed
+to say Mickey Mouse.
+
+It's under copyright,
+but there you go.
+
+So two first-level
+ears, second-level ear.
+
+Boom.
+
+This is, most of the
+time, what you'll
+
+get in the base case
+of this induction.
+
+I'm going to pluck
+off these ears
+
+and keep making
+the thing smaller.
+
+At the end, there are a
+few cases to think about.
+
+I have them drawn here
+somewhere, base cases.
+
+Nothing.
+
+Yeah, well.
+
+This won't work out if
+you have one triangle,
+
+if you have zero triangles,
+which is this empty picture,
+
+or if you just have two maybe.
+
+Well, I guess--
+Yeah, because then,
+
+these are both first-level ears.
+
+It doesn't look quite the same.
+
+Or maybe just a Mickey Mouse
+because those are all-- Well,
+
+it probably works.
+
+Anyway, these are the sort
+of cases you worry about.
+
+But for these cases,
+I just need to check
+
+that I can find a facet-path.
+
+So for example, this one,
+I just visit the triangle.
+
+This one-- I don't
+know-- I do it like that.
+
+In fact, I can make it a
+cycle if I want to go crazy.
+
+This one-- I don't know--
+something like this.
+
+That'd be one way to do it.
+
+(SINGING) Doo, doo, doo.
+
+Hm.
+
+Got to be a little careful.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+Something like that.
+
+All right.
+
+But really, I care
+about these two cases.
+
+So what I'm going to
+do for each of those--
+
+I guess this is
+still step four--
+
+is I actually want to make
+cycles for these guys.
+
+I care about that.
+
+Am I doing something wrong?
+
+Oh, no.
+
+Over there.
+
+Good.
+
+So in both of these
+cases, I can make cycles.
+
+In this one, in the
+base cases, not always.
+
+Like this guy, hard
+to make a cycle.
+
+But for the two
+general cases, if I
+
+find two ears or three ears,
+I can just draw that in.
+
+So I'll do that for this
+example, though, by now,
+
+it's gotten a little
+messy, so let me redraw it.
+
+So we have-- All right.
+
+So I'm going to connect these
+guys and connect these guys.
+
+This case, I only
+get the two-ear case,
+
+but I think we'll get
+another case shortly.
+
+OK?
+
+So obviously, I haven't finished
+it, and these are disconnected.
+
+There's lots of
+things left to do.
+
+But then, the idea is repeat.
+
+So imagine those
+guys as being done.
+
+I'm left with these
+four triangles,
+
+actually, a little
+boring because I
+
+don't get the Mickey Mouse case.
+
+But then, this will be an ear.
+
+This will be a second-level ear.
+
+And so I'll end up doing this.
+
+And this will be
+an ear, and this
+
+will be an ear,
+second-level here.
+
+I mean this is actually
+the base case, if you will.
+
+So in general, I just pluck
+off two or three triangles,
+
+repeat until I get
+one of the base cases.
+
+Now, what I have
+is not connected,
+
+but it's a bunch of cycles.
+
+But there's one cycle here, one
+cycle there, one cycle there.
+
+You could actually
+connect some of them
+
+together, like these two.
+
+You could go around like
+this and then, go like that,
+
+so that could be a bigger cycle.
+
+But these cycles are not even
+attached to these cycles,
+
+so it's kind of a problem.
+
+That's step five is we're
+going to fix all the problems.
+
+That'd be a great title.
+
+Connect cycles together.
+
+We're going to do that
+by local switches,
+
+so here's the general picture.
+
+Suppose you have two adjacent
+triangles and two completely
+
+separate paths.
+
+So it's a cycle, so
+some cycle over here.
+
+And if this guy shared
+a vertex, then I
+
+could actually
+connect them together.
+
+So suppose it doesn't
+share a vertex.
+
+That means it has
+to use these two,
+
+and then, it--
+something like that.
+
+What I want to do is remove
+this edge and remove this edge
+
+and, instead, add this
+edge and that edge.
+
+So that's a local change, and
+now, it will be one big cycle.
+
+We've probably seen
+this trick once or twice
+
+before, I think in the Mountain
+Valley assignment stuff.
+
+So here I have, for example,
+these two triangles,
+
+which are adjacent, but
+the paths don't meet.
+
+So I'm just going to erase
+this edge, put in that one,
+
+erase this edge,
+put in that one.
+
+Lo and behold, I have a
+bigger cycle now, like that.
+
+Still not everything, so
+like these two triangles
+
+don't touch.
+
+So erase that edge.
+
+Erase that edge.
+
+Put in that one.
+
+Put in that one.
+
+I'm preserving, at all
+times, that I'm a facet path,
+
+and I'm merging components.
+
+So by the end, I'll
+have one big component.
+
+Now, I haven't necessarily
+described this as a big cycle,
+
+but as I've kind of been
+hinting, what I do now
+
+is take an Euler tour
+around this thing.
+
+We've seen Euler tours.
+
+All the vertices in this
+graph will have even degree.
+
+And so I can take an
+Euler tour, and really, I
+
+should take what's called
+a non-crossing Euler tour.
+
+Point is you've got a
+bunch of cycles that touch.
+
+You just walk
+around the outside.
+
+That will visit all the cycles.
+
+It'll visit all these
+edges exactly once,
+
+and that will actually
+be a facet-path.
+
+And we're done.
+
+Now, I have a facet-path
+for a triangulated cube.
+
+So I can splay out
+those triangles,
+
+get a non-overlapping
+chain like this.
+
+Actually, it's probably the
+top one, something like that,
+
+might be.
+
+I may not have matched exactly
+what's in the textbook.
+
+Cool.
+
+One slight detail is I was
+sort of waving my hands,
+
+assuming there was
+actually a cycle here.
+
+I really only need a path.
+
+In fact, there won't always be
+a cycle because at the very end,
+
+you're not able to
+construct a cycle.
+
+So that will actually
+cause you to make--
+
+if I do something like
+this, so at least it
+
+can connect to other things.
+
+That will cause you make
+two vertices of odd degree.
+
+But that's OK
+because there's still
+
+an Euler path that starts at one
+of the vertices of odd degree,
+
+visits all the other
+edges, and then,
+
+comes to the other
+vertex of odd degree.
+
+And I just need a path.
+
+You can actually characterize
+when you get a cycle.
+
+It's when the original thing
+is not too colorable, I think.
+
+Anyway, that's vertex unfolding.
+
+It's kind of easy.
+
+I think we solved most of
+it in like an afternoon.
+
+We had this idea.
+
+It was cool, and then, we
+solved it kind of quickly.
+
+That's how it often goes.
+
+Once you have a cool
+problem, it falls quickly.
+
+There's lots of interesting open
+problems remaining about vertex
+
+unfolding, and they
+seem a lot harder.
+
+So for example, what if I have
+non-triangulated polyhedra?
+
+And natural version is to think
+about what we were originally
+
+trying to attack,
+convex polyhedra.
+
+This turned out to
+not require convexity.
+
+But what about convex
+polyhedra, not triangulated?
+
+Is there always a
+vertex unfolding?
+
+We don't know about
+edge unfoldings.
+
+And the answer is no.
+
+Well, no that's not right.
+
+Sorry.
+
+The answer is we don't know.
+
+What's annoying
+about this example
+
+is that there's no facet-path.
+
+So there are two things
+that could go wrong.
+
+One is that the
+facet-path doesn't exist,
+
+and that can happen in
+this more general scenario.
+
+And the other is that when
+you lay it out, it overlaps.
+
+Both of these things
+could go wrong
+
+in the general convex case.
+
+So in this example, this
+is a truncated cube.
+
+There's eight triangles
+and only six octagons.
+
+And if you look, once
+you're at a triangle,
+
+you have to go to an
+octagon because there's
+
+no adjacent triangles.
+
+So at best, you could alternate
+ triangle-octagon-triangle-octagon
+
+if you want to pack all those
+triangles in, but you run out
+
+of octagons to get there.
+
+So there's no facet-path,
+but maybe, you
+
+don't need facet-path.
+
+You could make a tree,
+just a little trickier.
+
+Obviously, if you triangulate
+that surface, you're done.
+
+So the analog of general
+unfolding with vertex unfolding
+
+is trivial.
+
+You just triangulate, and
+then, you use the edge case.
+
+But if you really only
+want to cut along edges,
+
+this example can be done.
+
+I mean it has an edge unfolding,
+so if it has an edge unfolding,
+
+it definitely has
+a vertex unfolding,
+
+but we don't know
+how to prove it.
+
+The other thing that could
+go wrong is once you have
+
+octagons, even if you could
+find a way to lay them out--
+
+that's not a very good
+octagon-- you can't-- let's say
+
+if your two hinges
+were here and here,
+
+if that's where you attach
+two adjacent pieces,
+
+you can't fit that
+in a vertical strip.
+
+There's no way to turn it so
+it fits in a vertical strip.
+
+So also this layout
+problem doesn't
+
+work if you have something
+more than triangles.
+
+So some pretty
+fascinating questions.
+
+It's even open for non-convex.
+
+If I take non-convex polyhedra,
+and I want a vertex unfolding--
+
+let's say all the
+faces are convex.
+
+At the very least, you need
+to forbid faces having holes.
+
+If you remember this
+example, the box on a box,
+
+this also doesn't have
+a vertex unfolding
+
+because still, this guy has to
+fit in that little square hole.
+
+But as long as the
+faces don't have holes--
+
+let's say the faces are convex--
+would be a nice version,
+
+like the Witch's Hat,
+the spiked tetrahedron.
+
+That probably has
+a vertex unfolding.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you triangulate
+that, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: If you
+triangulate this,
+
+it'll definitely have a--
+if you triangulate anything,
+
+it'll have a vertex unfolding.
+
+Yeah.
+
+All right.
+
+That's all I want to say
+about vertex unfolding,
+
+and that's sort of addressing
+edge unfolding of convex
+
+polyhedra, or actually,
+both of these.
+
+Now, I'd like to go to
+sort of the real problem.
+
+This is one of my favorite
+problems, I think.
+
+A bunch of us posed it in '98,
+which was right when I was--
+
+or '99, right when
+I was starting out.
+
+See, it's tantalizing, in
+some ways more natural,
+
+because it's nice to
+allow cuts anywhere.
+
+And it could potentially
+work for everything.
+
+I conjecture every non-convex
+polyhedron without boundary
+
+can be generally
+unfolded, and there's
+
+some really good evidence for
+this as of a couple years ago.
+
+That's what I want
+to talk about,
+
+which is orthogonal polyhedra.
+
+This is one of my favorite
+unfolding results.
+
+It's by Mirela Damian, Robin
+Flatland, and Joe O'Rourke.
+
+They've done a lot of work
+in this unfolding area.
+
+An orthogonal polyhedron is
+one where all the faces are
+
+perpendicular to one of
+the three coordinate axes.
+
+So for example, here is
+a orthogonal polyhedron
+
+I drew this morning.
+
+If you want to draw
+orthogonal polyhedra,
+
+Google SketchUp
+makes it really easy,
+
+and you can add
+shadows and texture.
+
+So there are three
+kinds of faces.
+
+There's the ones perpendicular
+to x, like these guys.
+
+There's the ones
+perpendicular to y.
+
+That's all the yellow faces.
+
+And there's the ones
+perpendicular to z.
+
+That's these top guys.
+
+So we call them x-faces,
+y-faces, z-faces.
+
+What we're going to do--
+so the theorem is these
+
+have general unfoldings.
+
+That's pretty awesome
+because every polyhedron
+
+is approximately orthogonal
+if you can voxelize it.
+
+So this is really
+a lot of stuff.
+
+I would love to generalize this
+approach arbitrary polyhedra,
+
+but that's the
+big open question.
+
+So what do we do?
+
+Well, we're going to single
+out, from this color coding,
+
+the y-faces.
+
+Just color them yellow.
+
+Then, there's all
+the other faces.
+
+Well, they form bands.
+
+They're cycles.
+
+They go around in a loop.
+
+A lot of them here, I've just
+drawn as rectangular loops,
+
+but in general, all those
+wooden faces, the x and z-faces,
+
+will form a bunch of loops.
+
+And then, there's
+the y-faces which
+
+we're going to have to deal
+with, but sort of ignore them
+
+for a while.
+
+I should have drawn
+it with them erased.
+
+It would look cool.
+
+But if you think about
+just those bands,
+
+this is sort of how they're
+connected together, this tree.
+
+There's a big one out here,
+and then, it has two children.
+
+There's this one and this one.
+
+And then, this child has
+one child hanging off of it,
+
+and this one has two
+children hanging off of it.
+
+So that's these two guys.
+
+In general, this guy might
+have some children hanging off
+
+the back side as well.
+
+I'm not going to try to
+represent that in this picture.
+
+There's just a
+bunch of children.
+
+There will be some
+front children
+
+and some back children.
+
+You pick some root
+arbitrarily, and then, you
+
+have children
+going off of there.
+
+Now, if you're orthogonal
+polyhedron has genus 0--
+
+it's topologically a
+sphere-- this will be a tree.
+
+If it's like a doughnut,
+it will have a cycle.
+
+So this theorem only
+applies for our genius zero.
+
+So we're going to exploit
+that that dual drawing, how
+
+the bands are connected
+together, is like a tree.
+
+So why don't I
+write down, a band
+
+is a cycle of x and z-faces,
+and they are connected together
+
+in a tree.
+
+Now, the rough
+idea is we're going
+
+to take a depth-first
+traversal of this tree.
+
+We're going to
+start at the root,
+
+work our way down and come
+back, work our way down,
+
+and something like that.
+
+It's not going to
+be quite so simple.
+
+The challenge, I guess you
+could say, is avoiding overlap.
+
+OK?
+
+If you wanted to unfold
+a band, obviously, a band
+
+can just unfold straight.
+
+It's like a nice, long strip.
+
+So each band,
+individually, is fine.
+
+It's how do you piece those
+bands together and then,
+
+have room for the
+yellow faces to attach
+
+on the sides, no overlap?
+
+But it can be done with
+the awesome, crazy idea
+
+that we'll get to shortly.
+
+It's going to start
+out kind of innocent,
+
+but the general
+approach is always
+
+proceed rightward
+in the unfolding.
+
+So the unfolding will
+look something like this.
+
+OK, whatever.
+
+Always going to the right.
+
+We start here, and we
+might go up and down,
+
+but we never go left.
+
+And then, that's going
+to be all the band faces.
+
+All the band stuff will
+be connected like that,
+
+and then, there's going
+to be yellow faces that
+
+can just hang off the sides.
+
+So these are the y-faces.
+
+As long as I get
+the band to do this,
+
+y-faces can hang up and down.
+
+It's not going to
+intersect anybody.
+
+Pretty clear?
+
+So it's clear if
+we could do this,
+
+we can get non-selfintersection.
+
+The amazing thing is
+that this is possible.
+
+What this is essentially
+a limitation on
+
+is how far you could
+turn your bearing.
+
+So you start going right.
+
+You can turn right, but I
+could not turn right again.
+
+I have to turn left next.
+
+I can actually do two
+left turns in a row,
+
+as long as I was
+initially going down.
+
+I can turn left twice, then,
+I could alternate left-right.
+
+That's always good.
+
+Or I could turn right twice, but
+only if I'm initially going up.
+
+That's the rules.
+
+As long as I adhere to
+those rules, I'm fine.
+
+Now, we're going
+to heavily exploit
+
+that we can do
+general unfolding,
+
+that we can subdivide
+those strips
+
+into lots of little pieces.
+
+We're going to subdivide
+into a lot of little pieces,
+
+an exponential number of pieces,
+so this is kind of hard core.
+
+So here is one example.
+
+This is a leaf.
+
+So trees have leaves,
+and at the end,
+
+we're going to have
+to visit a leaf.
+
+So this is one box.
+
+There's this funny
+view, so you can
+
+see like a mirror on the bottom
+and a mirror on the right
+
+and on the side.
+
+So this is if you had one
+box, here's what you would do.
+
+And we're actually
+assuming-- notice
+
+this side does not get covered.
+
+The idea is that
+site doesn't exist.
+
+That's attached to the
+rest of the polyhedron,
+
+so that's where
+our parent lives.
+
+And our parent tells us
+you have to start at s,
+
+and it says you
+better finish at t.
+
+And I want the property
+that if initially,
+
+I think, initially,
+you're going right.
+
+No, it looks like
+initially, you're going up.
+
+It matters.
+
+You can do stuff,
+and then, at the end,
+
+you should still be facing up.
+
+So you have to visit all these
+faces, but not turn in total.
+
+And normally, that
+would be hard to do.
+
+If you just tried to
+visit one face at a time,
+
+you can't do that,
+but if you visit
+
+faces multiple times and kind
+of weave around in a clever way,
+
+you can do it.
+
+So maybe I'll point
+with this thing.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So I start at s.
+
+I go up.
+
+I turn right.
+
+Now, I better turn left.
+
+I go down over here, up there.
+
+I turn left.
+
+Then, I turn right.
+
+So if you follow along here,
+I just turn right here.
+
+So now, I go down here.
+
+And that is a left
+turn because it's
+
+on the bottom, a little
+hard to think about.
+
+So I turn left here, and
+then, I go, turn right.
+
+And then, I go down, turn
+left and then, right.
+
+This is confusing
+that I'm upside down.
+
+And I come to t, and lo and
+behold, I'm facing up again.
+
+In fact, I basically
+just zigzagged.
+
+This would also work if
+it was rotated 90 degrees.
+
+I'd initially be going right
+and, then, down and right
+
+and down and right and down.
+
+So this can kind
+of go in a couple
+
+of different orientations.
+
+It's really powerful.
+
+It also works if t is
+on the other side of s.
+
+You could do sort of the
+mirror image traversal.
+
+Now, obviously, I didn't
+cover the entire surface.
+
+I'm leaving room for
+later, but if this
+
+was all I was going to do, I
+would actually sort of fill out
+
+all those strips, just
+kind of extend them.
+
+It just makes this
+kind of fatter.
+
+So this got a little bigger.
+
+I've got the first half
+and then, the second half.
+
+This is really glued up there.
+
+But you can imagine once you
+have these sort of paths that
+
+visit everything,
+you just fatten out,
+
+and it's no big deal.
+
+And also, in this
+case here, we're
+
+imagining-- oh, this is
+actually two of them.
+
+Fun.
+
+Two of these strips
+joined together.
+
+And so there's a few side faces.
+
+They just attach up and down.
+
+They're not going to
+intersect anything
+
+because this is not
+actually below this.
+
+This is way over here.
+
+So that's the
+leaves, and I still
+
+haven't gotten to
+the exciting part.
+
+So imagine you have a band.
+
+Just going to represent
+that by this big rectangle,
+
+and it has a bunch of children.
+
+Remember, it can
+have front children.
+
+This is down in
+the y-coordinate.
+
+And it could have back children
+up in the y-coordinate.
+
+And suppose I'm actually
+attached to some parent,
+
+let's say, as a down neighbor,
+and I start at some s.
+
+Let's say I'm told you
+have to start here.
+
+You have to finish here, and
+you should preserve orientation
+
+because I don't want to have to
+think about whether it turned,
+
+don't want to have
+to depend on that.
+
+So you can do it.
+
+Initially, you must be facing
+up because immediately I'm
+
+going to make two right turns.
+
+And I could handle
+two right turns,
+
+as long as the next
+thing I did was a left.
+
+So I come into
+this thing saying,
+
+look, you're facing--
+this is facing up.
+
+Now, you're facing down.
+
+You better turn left
+next, and by the end,
+
+I still want to be facing down.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, I make two left turns.
+
+Now, I'm facing up again.
+
+I tell this guy, you better
+turn right next, and preserve.
+
+At the end, you should
+be facing up again.
+
+Now, I make two right turns.
+
+Now, I'm facing down,
+and so on and so on.
+
+And here, I'm wrapping
+around to here
+
+because this is actually
+a band that cycles around.
+
+Then, I go in here.
+
+It's the same thing.
+
+It's just a little
+hard to see because I'm
+
+drawing it on a flat surface.
+
+But if it was on a ring,
+it would be much clearer.
+
+Just going left and
+right and left and right,
+
+alternating direction, so that
+I preserve my orientation.
+
+At some point, I get to here.
+
+I loop around.
+
+I make a little
+wiggle at some point,
+
+and then, I can visit
+all the top neighbors.
+
+You just have to slightly switch
+your orientation, but again,
+
+preserve that you're doing
+left-left-right-right,
+
+left-left-right-right,
+left-left-right-right.
+
+Then, you will preserve
+your orientation.
+
+You tell each of the children
+which way you're initially
+
+going, and they
+can deal with it.
+
+It's basically telling
+you whether s and t
+
+is like this or the
+other way around.
+
+OK?
+
+So now, we end up
+way up there where
+
+the lavender edge is at t10.
+
+Now what?
+
+We want to come back
+here, and I'm not
+
+allowed to sort of
+intersect myself.
+
+That would be the paper
+going into two parts
+
+of this unfolding,
+so that's not good.
+
+But I have all this
+space, so natural thing
+
+is to just wander from
+there back down to here,
+
+using up the space.
+
+So it's going to look like this.
+
+Everything that you
+did, you just undo.
+
+Now, where this is
+painful is not only
+
+do I have to undo
+it in this diagram,
+
+but I have to recursively
+undo everything
+
+I did in here, everything I
+didn't in here, and everything
+
+I did in here.
+
+So this recursive thing
+from this structure
+
+ends up getting doubled.
+
+At the parent structure,
+it will also get doubled.
+
+At every level of
+the tree, you're
+
+going to double
+what was below you,
+
+so that's why you get
+exponential, in general.
+
+If your tree is ugly
+like something like this,
+
+you'll start with
+something nice and small
+
+down here, maybe
+constant number of terms.
+
+Then, you'll double.
+
+Then, you'll double again.
+
+Then, you'll double again.
+
+Then, you'll double again,
+and it will be exponential.
+
+So if this is n, the number
+of things you're doing here
+
+is 2 theta n.
+
+On the other hand,
+if your tree happens
+
+to be nice and balanced,
+doubling is not so bad
+
+because here you'll
+have constant.
+
+This will double
+everything below.
+
+This a double everything below,
+but there's only log n levels.
+
+So is that linear?
+
+It should be about linear.
+
+It's certainly 2
+to the theta log n,
+
+and it matters what
+this constant is.
+
+I think it's n or maybe n
+squared, but not too bad.
+
+So if you're lucky and the just
+the structure of your bands
+
+is balanced, it's good.
+
+In general, though, it's
+going to be exponential.
+
+Open problem.
+
+Can you deal with these
+situations and sort of balance
+
+them and make them only make
+a polynomial number of cuts.
+
+Certainly be nice.
+
+Exponential number cuts
+is a lot, but it works.
+
+You can unfold every
+orthogonal polyhedron this way.
+
+I would love to see
+an implementation
+
+of this algorithm.
+
+You could only do
+it in a computer
+
+because you'd be splicing
+into all these little things,
+
+and it would fall apart.
+
+Jason?
+
+AUDIENCE: You've been
+making these, I guess,
+
+gadgets [INAUDIBLE] voxel
+would attach just by a side.
+
+You could imagine it attaching
+at a corner attaching
+
+to multiple sides.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're worried
+about-- not quite sure.
+
+What we think about is one
+band, which looks something
+
+like this, attaching
+to another band.
+
+That will always
+happen on a face.
+
+I'm not quite sure
+what you're imagining.
+
+Maybe something like that where
+they share a partial face here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah,
+but it could also
+
+be inset into the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: If it's inset, I'm
+cutting with every-- I maybe
+
+didn't mention that--
+through every vertex,
+
+I'm going to slice
+with a y-plane.
+
+So that will cut into
+lots of little strips,
+
+and then, there's no sort
+of overlap with the strips.
+
+I'm subdividing into
+little substrips.
+
+So that sort of
+deals with that issue
+
+if this was moved that way.
+
+Then, there will be
+three strips, one
+
+over here, one where
+they're overlapping,
+
+and one on the right.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Good question.
+
+I forgot to mention the
+subdivision at the beginning.
+
+Speaking of subdivision
+at the beginning,
+
+this leads to another notion
+which we call grid unfolding.
+
+So the grid of an
+orthogonal polyhedron
+
+is what you get
+when you subdivide
+
+by extending every
+face into a plane
+
+and cutting with that plane.
+
+So that's sort of
+what I was doing here
+
+when they're overlapping.
+
+Even in this picture,
+there's like a face here,
+
+this vertical face,
+and so I'd end up
+
+slicing through this thing
+with a band in that direction.
+
+And I don't know,
+this vertex you'll
+
+end up slicing through this guy.
+
+So hopefully, you
+can imagine that.
+
+With every vertex,
+slice x, y, and z.
+
+That's another way to do it.
+
+And that subdivides
+in sort of a nice grid
+
+where every face will
+now be a rectangle,
+
+and rectangles always meet
+whole edge to whole edge.
+
+So it's a nice simplification.
+
+What I'm proposing is add
+those edges to your polyhedron.
+
+It's kind of like assuming that
+you started with unit cubes
+
+and build something but kept
+all the edges of all the cubes.
+
+I want an edge
+unfolding of that.
+
+Do those exist?
+
+These are what we
+call grid unfoldings.
+
+So grid unfolding is an
+edge unfolding of the grid.
+
+This only makes sense
+for orthogonal polyhedra.
+
+Open question.
+
+Do grid unfoldings always exist?
+
+It's essentially the
+orthogonal analog
+
+of this question, edge
+unfolding a convex polyhedra.
+
+If you want to go
+to orthogonal, which
+
+is like in between convex
+and general non-convex,
+
+maybe you could hope
+for grid unfoldings.
+
+Edge unfoldings
+obviously don't work.
+
+We had lots of examples
+where those fail,
+
+like the cube with little
+bites taken out of the edges.
+
+But grid unfolding, you
+get lots of subdivision.
+
+It might be easy.
+
+Well, it's not easy.
+
+I would guess, actually,
+it's not possible.
+
+The next best thing you
+could hope for is to refine.
+
+So you take each of
+the grid rectangles
+
+and divide it into
+k by k, so subgrid.
+
+So ideally, k is one, and
+you're not subdividing at all.
+
+But maybe, you take every
+rectangle, divide it in half.
+
+Maybe that's enough to
+then be edge unfoldable.
+
+That would be sort of a refined
+level two grid-like unfolding.
+
+There are a ton of
+results about this.
+
+They're all partial.
+
+Obviously, in the
+general situation--
+
+I mean this algorithm
+we just covered--
+
+you can achieve a
+refinement of only 2
+
+to the theta n exponential.
+
+When can you do better?
+
+Ideally, you get 1 by 1, but
+maybe, you can do something.
+
+What?
+
+OK.
+
+Interesting.
+
+One thing you could do, with
+merely 5 by 4 refinement,
+
+is something called
+Manhattan Towers.
+
+Let me show you a picture
+of Manhattan Tower.
+
+No that's not a picture
+of Manhattan Tower.
+
+This is more crazy examples
+of what it's like to visit.
+
+This is not-- this
+probably is complete,
+
+but here, there isn't too much
+doubling because there's only
+
+a single child, more
+or less, everywhere.
+
+But the unfolding looks
+something like that.
+
+Here is Manhattan Tower.
+
+So it has a connected
+base on the x-y plane.
+
+And I want to consider z-slices
+as I go up in z-coordinate,
+
+and I want those z-slices to
+get smaller and smaller, always
+
+contained in what I had before.
+
+So I never have overhang.
+
+That's a Manhattan Tower.
+
+And in that case,
+5 by 4 refinement
+
+is enough to unfold
+these things.
+
+So that's pretty good, still
+not perfect, but pretty good.
+
+And this is by the same
+authors, like a year
+
+before the general result.
+
+Let's see.
+
+I think maybe I have a movie.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So this algorithm
+has been implemented,
+
+at least in some
+simple examples.
+
+And it kind of nicely unrolls.
+
+You can see a 5 by 4 refinement
+in that little staircase.
+
+It's, again, to make everything
+keep going to the right,
+
+but here, they find a clever
+way to visit all the faces
+
+without having to revisit,
+basically, at all,
+
+just visiting each face a
+constant number of times.
+
+And then, we can zoom out,
+and you get the unfolding.
+
+So it looks very
+similar in spirit.
+
+Of course, the details is how
+do you do all that visiting.
+
+I'm not going to
+cover that here,
+
+but you get substantially
+less refinement
+
+for that special case.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Another case looks like this.
+
+Boom!
+
+AUDIENCE: Woah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Isn't that cool?
+
+I'll play it again.
+
+This is just slightly
+more special.
+
+So again-- I have three of them.
+
+They're so much fun.
+
+It's like exploding a city.
+
+Boom!
+
+So here, the floor
+is a rectangle.
+
+That's the only
+additional requirement,
+
+and again, as you slice upwards,
+things only get smaller.
+
+Here's a bigger one.
+
+Boom!
+
+So exciting.
+
+I could do this all day.
+
+So I'm not going to
+describe how this works,
+
+but you could almost reconstruct
+it from these diagrams.
+
+This is what we call
+an orthogonal terrain.
+
+This result by Joe O'Rourke.
+
+Here, you don't need any
+refinement, grid unfolding, one
+
+by one.
+
+That's pretty sweet.
+
+All right.
+
+Next one is what we
+call orthostacks.
+
+These are like a stack of a
+bunch of orthogonal polygons,
+
+a bunch of bands, basically.
+
+This is where the idea
+of bands came from.
+
+This is from an old paper
+in 1998, from the beginning.
+
+So it's just I have
+a band, and then, I
+
+stack another band on top.
+
+So each z cross-section
+is connected.
+
+So that's a little different.
+
+With towers, I could have
+multiple towers here.
+
+I really only want one
+tower built slab by slab.
+
+These things we don't
+know how to grid unfold.
+
+That's an open problem,
+but if you refine just
+
+in z by a factor of 2,
+that's enough to unfold.
+
+So 1 by 2 refinement is
+enough for orthostacks.
+
+Now, you could go
+a little crazier
+
+and allow vertex unfolding
+of orthostacks with some grid
+
+refinement, and in that case,
+you don't need any refinement.
+
+So grid vertex
+unfolding orthostacks
+
+was the title of paper.
+
+These guys, John Iacono
+and Stefan Langerman.
+
+And it looks
+something like this.
+
+He uses vertex unfolding
+to fix the direction.
+
+Here you were going up, but
+you really wanted to go right.
+
+So it makes things easier.
+
+And in fact, the other
+guys, Damian, Flatland,
+
+and O'Rourke-- It's got to
+be awesome doing geometry
+
+and your last name is
+Flatland, unless she
+
+does a lot of three
+dimensional stuff.
+
+Irony.
+
+You can do vertex grid unfolding
+of any orthogonal polyhedron
+
+is what I have written here.
+
+I haven't actually read that.
+
+I should read that paper.
+
+What else do I have?
+
+Orthotubes.
+
+Orthotubes, this is
+again in the old paper.
+
+Orthotube is just sort of
+thickness one orthogonal tube.
+
+It could even be closed,
+I think, in a loop,
+
+but here I've shown it open.
+
+And here, grid
+unfolding is enough.
+
+You just do all the
+grid refinement.
+
+You could even
+just do it locally.
+
+Technically,
+there's a slice here
+
+that might slice
+over here, but you
+
+don't have to worry about that.
+
+You just subdivide
+into a bunch of boxes,
+
+and this can be unfolded in
+a sort of zigzag fashion.
+
+So 1 by 1.
+
+You can generalize
+this to trees also,
+
+though, it's not totally known.
+
+As long as you have
+a tree of cubes
+
+with fairly long connectors
+in between the branch points--
+
+those are called
+well-separated orthotrees--
+
+that works grid unfolding.
+
+If you don't have
+that condition,
+
+so just have cubes connect
+in some treelike fashion,
+
+it's open whether you
+can do a grid unfolding.
+
+We've worked on
+that in the past.
+
+My conjecture's, in general,
+you need to omega n refinement.
+
+My belief is that this
+kind of exponential blow
+
+up is necessary, but that you
+can do it only a balance tree.
+
+So this would give
+like linear refinement.
+
+I think that's necessary,
+but we can't even
+
+prove that you need 2 buy 1
+refinement in any example.
+
+We don't have anything where
+grid unfolding is definitely
+
+impossible.
+
+It's quite sad state, I guess.
+
+It's very hard to prove that
+there aren't unfoldings, accept
+
+by exhaustive
+enumeration, and that's
+
+hard to do because it's slow.
+
+We've come up with lots
+of candidate examples,
+
+but eventually, we
+unfold them all.
+
+I have a bunch of
+other open problems.
+
+This was genus 0.
+
+Interesting question is can
+you do genus higher than 0?
+
+Orthogonal polyhedra.
+
+I would guess so,
+but I'm not sure.
+
+I think the biggest
+question is, can you
+
+make this non-orthogonal?
+
+But then, the bands get messy.
+
+Haven't been able to do that.
+
+All right.
+
+I think those were
+the main problems.
+
+Any questions?
+
+I'm going to take a
+break from unfolding now
+
+and switch the other
+direction of folding.
+
+So with folding, we're imagining
+we're given some polygon,
+
+and we'd like to make
+a polyhedron out of it.
+
+It's exactly the reverse of
+what we've been thinking about.
+
+When is this possible?
+
+Now, the rules of the game here
+are different from origami.
+
+With origami, we
+showed from any shape,
+
+you can make anything
+if you scale it down.
+
+But here, I really
+want exact coverage.
+
+Every point here, or let's
+say every little patch here,
+
+should be covered by
+exactly one layer over here,
+
+not allowing multiple layers.
+
+So this means not
+everything is possible.
+
+I also care about
+scale factor, but--
+
+This one, of course, you
+can crease like this,
+
+and more importantly, you
+glue these edges together.
+
+You glue these edges together.
+
+The opposite of
+cutting is gluing.
+
+We'll be more formal about
+defining gluing, I think,
+
+next lecture.
+
+This is just a sort of prelude.
+
+But you end up gluing--
+I want to make something,
+
+let's say-- in
+fact, we're always
+
+going to talk about
+folding convex polyhedra.
+
+There's very little work
+on the non-convex case,
+
+though, there was
+actually a recent result.
+
+I'll mention that next lecture.
+
+If you want to make
+something convex,
+
+and therefore,
+sphere-like, you have
+
+to get rid of all the
+boundary, so you've got a glue
+
+every edge.
+
+You don't have to glue
+whole edges to whole edges.
+
+Maybe you just glue
+part of an edge
+
+to another part of an
+edge, but somehow, boundary
+
+has to get glued up.
+
+And if you want something
+sphere-like, in fact,
+
+those gluings have
+to be non-crossing.
+
+I have to be able to
+draw a picture like this.
+
+Question is when do these
+gluings make a polyhedron?
+
+That is the question we will
+be answering next class.
+
+But first question is suppose I
+gave you one of these pictures.
+
+I give you a polygon,
+and I give you a gluing.
+
+What this tells you is sort
+of how to locally walk around.
+
+So if I'm here, I
+could walk over here.
+
+I could walk over here, teleport
+over there, walk over here,
+
+teleport over here.
+
+Whatever.
+
+OK?
+
+The gluing tells you locally
+what the surface looks like,
+
+even though you don't know
+what it looks like yet in 3D.
+
+In particular, you can
+compute shortest paths here.
+
+I could compute the shortest
+path from this point
+
+to this point you might
+think is a straight line.
+
+But no, it's not.
+
+I don't think.
+
+Or maybe it is.
+
+Let's see.
+
+A little tricky.
+
+AUDIENCE: Should be diagonal
+with the bottom square.
+
+PROFESSOR: Diagonal
+with the bottom square
+
+because these guys are
+both in the bottom.
+
+Very good.
+
+So this point is the same as
+this point, or no, this point.
+
+Because these get
+zipped together.
+
+This point is the
+same as this point,
+
+so in fact, that diagonal is the
+shortest path between those two
+
+points.
+
+So you have to think
+about it for a while,
+
+but it turns out, in polynomial
+time, you can do that.
+
+That's cool.
+
+What I want to show
+now is that suppose
+
+you could make a convex
+polyhedron in this way.
+
+I claim you can only make
+one, never more than one
+
+from the same gluing.
+
+So I've defined locally
+what this thing is.
+
+It's like a piece of paper.
+
+I can mangle it around.
+
+If I want to make
+something convex,
+
+there's only one thing
+it could possibly make.
+
+Finding out what that one
+thing is quite a challenge,
+
+but at least, we can
+prove that it's unique.
+
+Sorry about the screeching.
+
+This is Cauchy's
+rigidity theorem.
+
+I think we mentioned it
+in a previous lecture when
+
+we were talking about
+rigidity and three dimensions
+
+and like why domes stand up.
+
+But now, we're going to use it.
+
+We're actually going
+to prove this theorem,
+
+and we're going to use it to
+study these kinds of gluings
+
+and say there's, at
+most, one way to do this.
+
+There's a lot of ways
+to state this theorem,
+
+but one way is to say, suppose
+you have two convex polyhedra,
+
+and suppose they came
+from the same sort
+
+of intrinsic geometry.
+
+So there's the
+geometry of the faces,
+
+and there's how they're
+connected together.
+
+So here, initially,
+I drew a tree
+
+of how the faces were
+connected together,
+
+and then, I drew some other
+connections like this.
+
+So the dual here is, of
+course, an octahedron.
+
+But if you have two
+convex polyhedra
+
+and they are combinatorally
+equivalent, they
+
+have the same way that
+things are connected
+
+together, the same graph, and
+they have congruent faces,
+
+so the geometries
+match also, then, they
+
+are actually the same
+thing, the same polyhedron.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that
+something that--
+
+PROFESSOR: Up to
+rotation and translation.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it the same
+set of congruent faces?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.
+
+So when I say
+congruent faces, I mean
+
+according to this equivalence.
+
+If you take a face
+on one that has
+
+a corresponding
+face on the other,
+
+those two faces should be
+congruent, not just any pair,
+
+and they're not all the same.
+
+Different faces
+can be different,
+
+but they're identical in pairs.
+
+So I'm just saying basically,
+if you have this picture,
+
+there's only one realization.
+
+So this picture defines what
+are the geometry of the faces,
+
+how are they connected together.
+
+And so if you had
+two convex polyhedra
+
+with that same
+underlying diagram,
+
+they have to be the
+same polyhedron.
+
+That's what we're claiming.
+
+That's what we're
+going to prove.
+
+Is this one any better?
+
+Yeah, it's better.
+
+This is an old theorem.
+
+You may have heard of Cauchy,
+famous French mathematician.
+
+Cauchy-Schwarz inequality,
+all those good things.
+
+You don't need to know those.
+
+He proved a lot of things.
+
+This theorem he
+didn't actually prove.
+
+He wrote a paper about it
+or, I think, partly a letter,
+
+partly a paper in 1813.
+
+Proof was wrong, and
+it was fixed in 1934,
+
+over 100 years
+later, by Steinitz.
+
+So sometimes it's called
+Cauchy-Steinitz rigidity
+
+theorem, although,
+usually, Cauchy.
+
+There's a lemma in
+here that's often
+
+attributed to both of them.
+
+So it's sort of a
+proof by contradiction.
+
+We want to prove uniqueness.
+
+So we're supposing,
+well, maybe, there's
+
+two polyhedra, p and
+p prime, and they're
+
+combinatory equivalent and
+have matching faces congruent.
+
+What I want to do is look
+at corresponding vertices,
+
+let's say a vertex v and p and
+a vertex v prime and p prime.
+
+So there corresponding in the
+combinatorial equivalence.
+
+And then, I want to
+slice the polyhedra, p
+
+and p prime, with
+an epsilon sphere,
+
+epsilon radius sphere
+centered at v and v prime.
+
+Quick mention, this
+is not true if you
+
+allow non-convex realizations.
+
+You may have seen
+that example before.
+
+These have exactly the same
+combinatorial structure,
+
+same geometry on each
+face, but one's non-convex,
+
+and they're different.
+
+But as long as they're convex,
+they're going to be the same.
+
+In a convex situation, here's
+what the slice looks like.
+
+So here's little
+vertex, degree like 5,
+
+and I slice the polyhedron
+with this tiny sphere centered
+
+at v, not the interior, just
+the boundary of the sphere.
+
+What I get are these arcs.
+
+They'll be great circular arcs.
+
+Here we can see
+all five of them.
+
+They're great circular arcs.
+
+There on the sphere.
+
+I get a polygon.
+
+I get a convex
+polygon on the sphere.
+
+Convex spherical
+polygons, convex
+
+because the
+polyhedra are convex.
+
+I actually get two of them.
+
+Right?
+
+One for p, one for p prime.
+
+Polygons.
+
+What do I know about
+those polygons?
+
+I know they're edge lengths
+because the length of an edge
+
+here is equal to-- if
+this is a unit sphere,
+
+if I rescale the
+epsilon to be 1,
+
+that edge length is
+actually this angle.
+
+That angle is an angle of
+the face at the vertex.
+
+So I know all the angles.
+
+I know all the
+geometries of the faces.
+
+I know they're congruent.
+
+So I know what these edge
+lengths are in the sphere.
+
+What I don't know are these
+angles of the polygon.
+
+I know the lengths
+of the polygon,
+
+but I don't know the
+angles of the polygon
+
+because that's essentially the
+dihedral angle of that edge.
+
+And the worry is, well, maybe
+all the edge lengths match.
+
+We could do this
+at every vertex,
+
+but maybe the dihedral
+angles are different.
+
+Maybe the convex
+polyhedron could flex.
+
+That's why this
+is about rigidity.
+
+Maybe it's flexible,
+and then, maybe there
+
+are two different states.
+
+All the faces are the same,
+and therefore, all those edge
+
+lengths are the same, but
+the angles might differ.
+
+If p and p prime are
+supposed to be different,
+
+then there must be two
+angles that differ.
+
+So I want to look
+at those angles,
+
+and I want to label vertex
+of a spherical polygon.
+
+So I have n of these spherical
+polygons for p n of them
+
+and p prime.
+
+Let's look at them in p.
+
+I'm going to label it plus if
+the angle there in p is bigger
+
+than the angle in p prime.
+
+Remember I have a correspondence
+between everything
+
+in p and everything and p prime.
+
+Minus, if the angle is less,
+and 0, if the angles are equal.
+
+So what I want to
+show is actually
+
+all the angles are equal.
+
+Therefore, the polyhedra
+will be identical.
+
+If all the faces are the same
+and all the angles at which you
+
+join them are the same
+and they're connected
+
+in the same way, they
+are the same polyhedron.
+
+There's no flexibility
+there, but it
+
+could be there are
+pluses and minuses.
+
+But if there's going to be
+a problem with this theorem,
+
+there have to be
+pluses and minuses.
+
+That's the proof
+by contradiction.
+
+So let's look at one of them.
+
+Let's look at a vertex that
+has some pluses or minuses.
+
+So we have-- it's a
+spherical polygon.
+
+I'm going to draw it more like
+a polygon, maybe some pluses,
+
+some zeroes, some
+minuses, whatever.
+
+First question is could it
+be all pluses and zeroes?
+
+Is that possible?
+
+No.
+
+It doesn't look good.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+It would mean this
+is like a linkage.
+
+We're used to linkages.
+
+It just happens
+to be on a sphere.
+
+Forget this on a sphere.
+
+Think of it is as almost flat.
+
+What that would mean is
+there's some other way
+
+to draw this thing.
+
+Basically, there's a
+way to flex this linkage
+
+so that all of these angles
+increase and this one
+
+stays the same.
+
+How could I get a polygon
+where all the angles increase
+
+and still be convex?
+
+Ain't possible.
+
+Why is it not possible?
+
+I think we've used this
+fact a couple lectures ago.
+
+It's not possible by something
+called the Cauchy Arm Lemma.
+
+This is the part that
+Cauchy got wrong,
+
+so it's also called the
+Cauchy-Steinitz Arm Lemma.
+
+And here's the thing.
+
+If you have a convex
+chain but open chain here.
+
+There's a missing bar.
+
+So suppose that even
+when you add the bar,
+
+it's a convex polygon.
+
+But then, I take a convex
+polygon, remove an edge.
+
+This is what we
+call convex chain.
+
+And if you open all the angles,
+increasing all the angles,
+
+in a convex chain, then
+this distance increases.
+
+It's pretty intuitive.
+
+I open all these angles.
+
+So I put plus.
+
+Some of them could
+stay the same,
+
+but then, this
+distance will increase,
+
+as long as you stay convex.
+
+I should mention that.
+
+But in this situation, we know
+that both the initial position
+
+in p and its target position
+in p prime are both convex.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's just take
+that lemma as given.
+
+This is the one I don't like.
+
+Then, I know, in particular,
+I can't have all pluses
+
+because then, if I just pretend
+one of these edges wasn't here,
+
+I know that that
+distance must increase.
+
+But it can't increase.
+
+It's supposed to stay the same.
+
+The edge lengths are fixed.
+
+So if they're all pluses
+and zeroes, or all minuses
+
+and zeroes, the same is true
+just viewing p prime as p and p
+
+as p prime.
+
+They can't be all pluses.
+
+They can't be all minuses.
+
+So if there's anything in
+there other than zeroes,
+
+there has to be at least one
+plus, at least one minus.
+
+In particular, there have to
+be at least two alternations.
+
+Alternation is either going
+from plus to minus or from minus
+
+to plus.
+
+So it could be
+something like plus,
+
+plus, plus, minus, minus,
+minus, minus, plus, plus.
+
+Whatever.
+
+OK?
+
+Maybe that's your polygon,
+and that's your labeling.
+
+Is that possible?
+
+So once you have at least
+one plus and one minus,
+
+you have to have these
+two switches at least.
+
+Could this happen?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+Right.
+
+Because you pick some chord.
+
+What do I do here?
+
+Just subdivide.
+
+All right.
+
+Whatever.
+
+Pick some chord like this one.
+
+I'm not sure it matters.
+
+Maybe here?
+
+Whatever.
+
+These angles down
+here are decreasing.
+
+Therefore, this
+distance decreases.
+
+The angles up here
+are all increasing.
+
+Therefore, this
+distance increases.
+
+Can't have both.
+
+So this is also not possible.
+
+So in fact, you have to have
+at least four alternations.
+
+It's always even.
+
+And so it has to be at least a
+bunch of pluses, then a bunch
+
+of minuses, then a
+bunch of pluses, then
+
+a bunch of minuses.
+
+And so we're counting these
+transitions from plus to minus.
+
+This is a lemma that we used
+when we were locking trees,
+
+I think.
+
+We had a convex polygon.
+
+I said at least two of the
+angles have to decrease,
+
+or at least two of them have to
+increase, one way or the other.
+
+That's because there have to be
+at least two groups of pluses,
+
+not only at least two pluses
+and at least two minuses.
+
+You might think,
+well, what happens
+
+if there's only three vertices.
+
+Then, you can't have
+these four alternations.
+
+Well, yeah, you can't have
+those four alternation
+
+because if you have a
+triangle, even on the sphere,
+
+triangles are rigid.
+
+So you would know if I had
+a degree 3 vertex, locally
+
+that thing is rigid.
+
+It can't flex at all.
+
+We're only interested in cases
+where it might flex locally
+
+at a vertex like the pentagon,
+like a quadrilateral.
+
+All right.
+
+So what?
+
+This was true at every vertex
+that was not entirely zero.
+
+So if we look at-- let
+me write this down.
+
+I really just care about
+the non-zero edges,
+
+the ones that are plus or minus.
+
+So I'll call the subgraph
+of plus and minus edges.
+
+The number of alternations
+is at least 4 times
+
+the number of vertices.
+
+I'm going to denote the number
+of vertices by a capital V. OK?
+
+That's page one.
+
+We're going to use a trick.
+
+It has many names, I suppose.
+
+I usually call it double
+counting in combinatorics,
+
+where you have one
+quantity, namely,
+
+the number of alterations.
+
+We're going to count it
+in two different ways.
+
+We'll get two different
+answers, but we
+
+know they must end
+up being the same.
+
+And then, we'll get
+a contradiction.
+
+So what's the second
+way of counting.
+
+Well, we counted
+local to a vertex.
+
+The other natural
+way to count angles
+
+is by looking at the faces.
+
+There are also faces.
+
+It's sort of the
+dual perspective.
+
+Every phase has a bunch of
+angles that have some degree
+
+or whatever.
+
+They're really kind
+of the same thing.
+
+Oh, here was Cauchy's Arm Lemma.
+
+Beautiful.
+
+If you look at the
+alternations as you
+
+walk around a vertex versus
+as you walk around a face,
+
+you'll end up counting
+them the same number.
+
+Right?
+
+Here was an alternation
+from plus to minus.
+
+What's interesting
+here-- before we
+
+were thinking of
+labeling the vertices
+
+of the spherical polygon, but in
+fact, whatever this edge does,
+
+it does the same thing local to
+that vertex as the thing local
+
+to that vertex.
+
+So really the labels are
+on the edges of the graph.
+
+They could be zero,
+plus, or minus.
+
+And if I have an alternation
+from plus to minus,
+
+view from the vertex,
+it's also an alternation
+
+as I walk around the face.
+
+So instead of counting
+by walking around all
+
+the vertices-- which are just
+did, and I got at least four
+
+at every vertex-- let's
+do it from the perspective
+
+of the faces.
+
+And we're in this weird subgraph
+of plus and minus edges,
+
+so assume there are no zeroes.
+
+All right.
+
+If I have a face of 2
+k or 2 k plus 1 edges,
+
+then it will have, at
+most, 2 k alternations.
+
+So I already have a lower
+bound number of alternations.
+
+I'm going to try and
+prove an upper bound,
+
+sandwich it between, and show
+that, actually, the upper bound
+
+is smaller than the lower bound,
+and that's a contradiction.
+
+So this is kind of obvious.
+
+Right?
+
+If you have 2 k vertices, no
+more than 2 k alternations,
+
+slight, the place where we're
+making a little improvement
+
+is for the odd case.
+
+We know because a
+number of alterations
+
+has to be even you can't get
+up to 2 k plus 1 alternations.
+
+Has to be even because
+for every plus to minus,
+
+there has to be a matching minus
+to plus because it's cyclic.
+
+So even here, you can
+only get 2 k alternations.
+
+That helps us a little
+bit because now, we
+
+can talk about
+number of alternation
+
+is at most two times
+the number of triangles,
+
+f sub 3 is going to be the
+number of faces of degree 3,
+
+plus 4 times the number
+of quadrilaterals
+
+plus 4 times the
+number of pentagons
+
+plus 6 times the number
+of hexagons plus--
+
+why'd I write seven?
+
+I wrote seven.
+
+I'm being sloppy.
+
+At that point, I don't care.
+
+7 f 7, 8 f 8, 9 f
+9-- I'm not going
+
+to try to be clever
+from 6 on, but I'm
+
+going to be clever at 5 and 3.
+
+Why 5 and 3?
+
+As you may remember
+from way back
+
+when, you have a planar
+graph-- because polyhedra
+
+are planar graphs.
+
+They're convex.
+
+The average degree is 5?
+
+Slightly under 6, 4, 3, 2, 1?
+
+One of those numbers.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Should be like 3 n minus 6
+edges, so that should be 3.
+
+Yeah, three.
+
+So most of the faces are
+going to have low degree.
+
+That's the points.
+
+So 3 and 5 really
+matter, but out here, it
+
+doesn't matter so much.
+
+This is kind of a magical proof.
+
+It shouldn't be intuitive
+where it came from,
+
+but it's really beautiful.
+
+You'll see as it
+all comes together.
+
+Fun.
+
+What do I do next?
+
+Right.
+
+I want to relate-- I
+have a vertex count here.
+
+I have a face count here,
+and I know Euler's formula.
+
+Hopefully, we know it.
+
+It's a cool formula.
+
+V minus E plus F is 2.
+
+This is the number of
+vertices, number of edges,
+
+number faces is two.
+
+[? For ?] connected,
+planar graphs.
+
+There are other versions when
+you have multiple components
+
+or when you have
+tori, genus, whatever,
+
+but for convex
+polyhedra, this is true.
+
+So this conveniently
+relates vertices to faces,
+
+but it involves edges.
+
+So somehow, I have to
+bring edges into the mix.
+
+All right.
+
+Well, edges.
+
+I want to count
+the number of edges
+
+in terms of the number of faces.
+
+I could do it in terms
+of vertices or faces.
+
+The number of edges
+is half the sum
+
+of the degrees of the vertices.
+
+Remember, that's handshaking
+lemma from way back when.
+
+It's also half the sum of
+the degrees of the faces.
+
+If I look at every face and
+I count the number of edges,
+
+I will end up counting
+every edge twice, once
+
+from each side, so this is
+half the number of faces.
+
+Well, number faces I want
+to write in this form.
+
+So this is half 2-- No, sorry.
+
+Not the number faces.
+
+What am I doing?
+
+Half the sum of the
+degrees of the faces.
+
+So this is half-- what is
+the degree of degree 3 faces?
+
+3.
+
+What is the degree
+of degree 4 faces?
+
+4.
+
+And so on.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So now, things are
+starting to look similar,
+
+and I want to get some
+cancellation going on.
+
+Use my cheat sheet here.
+
+I'm going to
+rewrite this formula
+
+as V equals 2 plus E minus F.
+Hopefully, that's the same.
+
+I put E over here.
+
+I put F over there.
+
+We'll get this.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, I have E
+minus F. E is this.
+
+F-- I have F. Am I
+missing something here?
+
+I'll write the
+next one, and I'll
+
+figure out where it came from.
+
+Oh, duh, I just skipped a step.
+
+F is the sum of f3 plus
+f4 plus f5 plus f6.
+
+OK?
+
+All I did here was
+decrease by-- well,
+
+because there's a half out here,
+I decrease each coefficient
+
+by 2, nothing surprising.
+
+Whew!
+
+So I took E, I subtracted F,
+just took away one of each.
+
+Now, I have this formula.
+
+That's V.
+
+Now, I also know
+that 4V is at most,
+
+the number of alternations.
+
+Hm.
+
+So I could get a
+formula for 4V here.
+
+Right?
+
+4V is going to be 8 plus
+this is going to be like 2.
+
+So I get 2 f3 plus-- oh
+boy, 1 times-- 4 times f4
+
+plus-- just double
+these numbers-- 6 times
+
+f5 plus-- what's the next one?
+
+4-- 8 times f6, and so on.
+
+Yes.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, these guys look very
+similar to these guys.
+
+Now, here it gets bigger.
+
+8.
+
+It's going to go 10,
+instead of 6 and 7.
+
+We also have a plus 8.
+
+We don't know whether there
+any faces of degree 6 or more,
+
+so we can't rely on
+that, but we have plus 8.
+
+So somehow, 4V,
+which is, at most,
+
+the number of
+alternations-- that's
+
+the reverse of what
+we said before-- 4V
+
+is, at most, this
+number, and yet, it's
+
+also equal to this number.
+
+It can't be both.
+
+This number's at least 8
+larger than this number.
+
+It could be even more
+larger, but at least
+
+that contradiction done.
+
+This works as long as
+there's at least one face,
+
+meaning there's at
+least 1 plus or minus
+
+because we're only looking at
+the subgraph plus and minus
+
+edges.
+
+And that is Cauchy's
+rigidity theorem.
+
+Let me quickly tell
+you in our situation,
+
+here, we don't actually
+necessarily know
+
+where the creases are.
+
+We just know how things
+are glued together.
+
+Even in that situation,
+you could sort of
+
+figure out where the creases
+must be because as I said,
+
+you can compute shortest paths
+once you have the gluing.
+
+So you compute
+the shortest paths
+
+between all pairs of vertices,
+something like this picture,
+
+except you don't know
+what it looks like in 3D.
+
+You can still compute
+the shortest paths.
+
+You know every edge
+must be a shortest path.
+
+So the edges are some
+subset of these guys.
+
+And so you've got lots of
+little convex polygons here.
+
+We know it must make
+a convex polyhedron.
+
+If it made two, Cauchy's
+rigidity theorem
+
+would tell you that
+they're the same.
+
+So even once you
+fix the gluing, you
+
+know that there's a
+unique convex realization,
+
+and there will be a unique
+set of edges from the shortest
+
+paths that actually realize it.
+
+The next class will
+be all about how
+
+to actually find those gluings
+and know that they actually
+
+will fold into some convex shape
+and how to find that convex
+
+shape, but that's it for today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3VQ8oSasaRQ.txt b/3VQ8oSasaRQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35f3b4736db4642e9151be1657fcf5de964b8353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3VQ8oSasaRQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea is to take some hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to take some hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to take some hypothetical
+situations that you've either seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that you've either seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that you've either seen in
+the movies read about or been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies read about or been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies read about or been in
+depending on your experience in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your experience in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your experience in the
+public sector ask you at tables to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector ask you at tables to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector ask you at tables to think
+of your best advice to the people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your best advice to the people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your best advice to the people in the
+situation in each hypothetical effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in each hypothetical effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in each hypothetical effective
+leadership in the public sector we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership in the public sector we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership in the public sector we are
+asserting requires different strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserting requires different strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserting requires different strategies
+behaviors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and
+qualifications than effective leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifications than effective leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifications than effective leadership
+in the private sector the key difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the private sector the key difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the private sector the key difference
+is being able to facilitate consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being able to facilitate consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being able to facilitate consensus
+building decisions made by all not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building decisions made by all not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building decisions made by all not just
+by the leader they know how to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the leader they know how to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the leader they know how to provide
+Direction without taking control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction without taking control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction without taking control
+empowering others to make decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowering others to make decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowering others to make decisions and
+helping to resolve conflict among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to resolve conflict among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to resolve conflict among
+stakeholders and interest groups and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and interest groups and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and interest groups and we
+talked about doing those things as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about doing those things as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about doing those things as a
+form of service we alluded to but didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of service we alluded to but didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of service we alluded to but didn't
+get into much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into much
+detail about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about
+facilitation RIS responsibilities both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation RIS responsibilities both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation RIS responsibilities both
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+table where you're trying to work with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table where you're trying to work with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table where you're trying to work with a
+group and away from the table on behalf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and away from the table on behalf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and away from the table on behalf
+of the group before the group comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the group before the group comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the group before the group comes
+together there are things that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there are things that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there are things that the
+facilitative leader can do must do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leader can do must do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leader can do must do to
+make the chances of succeeding when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the chances of succeeding when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the chances of succeeding when they
+are together at the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are together at the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are together at the table
+increase at the table and away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase at the table and away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase at the table and away from the
+table we'll be using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we'll be using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we'll be using that
+phraseology the next several sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phraseology the next several sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phraseology the next several sessions
+and we talked about facilitative leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about facilitative leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about facilitative leaders
+who both encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who both encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who both encourage
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEO to go in and very clearly
+delineate what their expertise is within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delineate what their expertise is within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delineate what their expertise is within
+this setting and what their expertise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setting and what their expertise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setting and what their expertise is
+not and so in that sense open in up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and so in that sense open in up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and so in that sense open in up
+space for the other members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for the other members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for the other members of the
+committee to take on leadership roles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee to take on leadership roles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee to take on leadership roles in
+sharing their own expertise and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing their own expertise and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing their own expertise and also
+creates an opportunity as well for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an opportunity as well for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an opportunity as well for the
+CEO to express his own interest and true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO to express his own interest and true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO to express his own interest and true
+desire to learn from the other members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to learn from the other members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to learn from the other members
+of the council and from the community as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the council and from the community as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the council and from the community as
+a whole one of the things we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole one of the things we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole one of the things we were
+talking about not necessarily hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about not necessarily hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about not necessarily hearing
+from folks before the first meeting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from folks before the first meeting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from folks before the first meeting but
+really using that first meeting to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really using that first meeting to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really using that first meeting to kind
+of establish guidelines checks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of establish guidelines checks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of establish guidelines checks and
+balances systems and the process that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances systems and the process that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances systems and the process that's
+going to come about um to really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come about um to really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come about um to really kind of
+focus around trust building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus around trust building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus around trust building and
+Coalition building during that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coalition building during that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coalition building during that first
+meeting or first several meetings like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting or first several meetings like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting or first several meetings like
+really taking an unbiased view of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taking an unbiased view of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taking an unbiased view of like
+taking notes and listening to all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking notes and listening to all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking notes and listening to all of the
+different people who are in that room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people who are in that room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people who are in that room
+and then giving a very unbiased feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then giving a very unbiased feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then giving a very unbiased feedback
+or like recap of that um and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like recap of that um and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like recap of that um and so then
+people begin to understand that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people begin to understand that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people begin to understand that they can
+you know voice their opinions voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know voice their opinions voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know voice their opinions voice
+their thoughts without anything being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their thoughts without anything being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their thoughts without anything being
+kind of overlooked or brushed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of overlooked or brushed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of overlooked or brushed over
+because they're not in agreement with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not in agreement with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not in agreement with
+this leader identifying himself as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leader identifying himself as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leader identifying himself as a
+human being and not just this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being and not just this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being and not just this kind of
+powerful figure and then being really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful figure and then being really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful figure and then being really
+clear about you know how he will be held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about you know how he will be held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about you know how he will be held
+accountable and how you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable and how you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable and how you know this
+process will work I'm curious to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process will work I'm curious to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process will work I'm curious to hear
+thoughts on this whether it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts on this whether it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts on this whether it would be
+appropriate given how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate given how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate given how
+poorly uh the process started for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly uh the process started for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly uh the process started for this
+CEO in the first meeting to offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO in the first meeting to offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO in the first meeting to offer
+voluntarily to resign as chair I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily to resign as chair I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily to resign as chair I don't
+know off like say anyone else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know off like say anyone else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know off like say anyone else in the
+room we can come up with a new process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we can come up with a new process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we can come up with a new process
+for finding a new chair but then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding a new chair but then we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding a new chair but then we also
+talked about maybe that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about maybe that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about maybe that would be
+insulting to the mayor in this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulting to the mayor in this context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulting to the mayor in this context
+resigning you know and leaving that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigning you know and leaving that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigning you know and leaving that just
+confirms the fact this was the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirms the fact this was the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirms the fact this was the wrong
+person to take on a leadership role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to take on a leadership role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to take on a leadership role in
+the public sector but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sector but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sector but
+possibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is
+changed if they recognize the danger of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed if they recognize the danger of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed if they recognize the danger of
+proceeding in the way the people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding in the way the people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding in the way the people are
+immediately upset about and they say not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately upset about and they say not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately upset about and they say not
+an assistant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assistant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assistant a
+co-chair and they have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-chair and they have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-chair and they have to make sure
+before they put the mayor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they put the mayor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they put the mayor in the
+position of announcing that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of announcing that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of announcing that that the
+coaches will be able to work together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaches will be able to work together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaches will be able to work together so
+then they're delivering to the mayor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're delivering to the mayor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're delivering to the mayor a
+proposal that's already been worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that's already been worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that's already been worked out
+that that's how I would respond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's how I would respond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's how I would respond to the
+resigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigning
+idea it's interesting that it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's interesting that it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's interesting that it becomes
+about who the CEO is and why they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who the CEO is and why they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who the CEO is and why they were
+appointed rather than who the mayor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointed rather than who the mayor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointed rather than who the mayor is
+and why they appointed that way and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why they appointed that way and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why they appointed that way and I
+think it it's more reflective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it it's more reflective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it it's more reflective of
+actually what the mayor wants and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the mayor wants and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the mayor wants and how
+they wish to lead if they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wish to lead if they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wish to lead if they're going to
+appoint a CEO theoretically based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appoint a CEO theoretically based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appoint a CEO theoretically based on the
+fact that they think this person can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that they think this person can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that they think this person can
+operate this steering committee from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate this steering committee from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate this steering committee from a
+hierarchical point of view how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical point of view how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical point of view how is it
+reflective of the mayor and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective of the mayor and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective of the mayor and what they
+want and how they wish to lead and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and how they wish to lead and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and how they wish to lead and what
+sort of leadership stance they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of leadership stance they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of leadership stance they
+prioritize actually makes me want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize actually makes me want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize actually makes me want to put
+the attention on that person versus like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attention on that person versus like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attention on that person versus like
+the person who's appointed and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's appointed and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's appointed and how they
+need to then figure out what to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to then figure out what to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to then figure out what to do in
+order to to deal with someone else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to deal with someone else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to deal with someone else's
+decision about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about
+them if you ask ask what's it take to Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you ask ask what's it take to Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you ask ask what's it take to Be
+an Effective leader in the public sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Effective leader in the public sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Effective leader in the public sector
+I would argue more than whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would argue more than whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would argue more than whatever the
+skill is and the experience is that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill is and the experience is that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill is and the experience is that work
+for you in the private sector some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you in the private sector some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you in the private sector some other
+additional ways of building trust as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional ways of building trust as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional ways of building trust as a
+way of establishing credibility and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of establishing credibility and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of establishing credibility and not
+assuming you can count on your title and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you can count on your title and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you can count on your title and
+your history as a source of credibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your history as a source of credibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your history as a source of credibility
+I had imagined we would be through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had imagined we would be through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had imagined we would be through
+several scenarios by now and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several scenarios by now and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several scenarios by now and I don't
+want to keep you from dinner while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep you from dinner while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep you from dinner while
+you're having dinner I will ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having dinner I will ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having dinner I will ask you to
+talk about a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a second
+scenario so I'm going to uh switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario so I'm going to uh switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario so I'm going to uh switch the
+context in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in this
+scenario scenario takes place in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario scenario takes place in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario scenario takes place in a
+different city different metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different city different metropolitan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different city different metropolitan
+area in one of the inner suburbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in one of the inner suburbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in one of the inner suburbs
+the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school
+committee being attacked from all sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee being attacked from all sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee being attacked from all sides
+the teachers have voted no confidence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teachers have voted no confidence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teachers have voted no confidence in
+the superintendent the teachers union is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superintendent the teachers union is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superintendent the teachers union is
+demanding that the superintendent resign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding that the superintendent resign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding that the superintendent resign
+the elected school committee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elected school committee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elected school committee is
+divided some backing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided some backing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided some backing the
+superintendent and some supporting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent and some supporting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent and some supporting the
+teachers union there are a whole raft of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers union there are a whole raft of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers union there are a whole raft of
+policies behind this that are dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies behind this that are dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies behind this that are dividing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+community when whether current efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community when whether current efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community when whether current efforts
+to ensure student safety in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure student safety in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure student safety in the
+buildings are adequate who's to blame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are adequate who's to blame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are adequate who's to blame
+for the very low scores on Statewide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the very low scores on Statewide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the very low scores on Statewide
+exams in this city as compared to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams in this city as compared to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams in this city as compared to other
+schools in nearby cities the need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools in nearby cities the need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools in nearby cities the need for
+either more or less parental control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either more or less parental control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either more or less parental control
+over the content of the K through six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the content of the K through six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the content of the K through six
+curriculum whether or not more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum whether or not more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum whether or not more
+investment should be made in advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment should be made in advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment should be made in advanced
+courses for the most gifted students the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses for the most gifted students the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses for the most gifted students the
+desirability of mainstreaming versus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirability of mainstreaming versus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirability of mainstreaming versus or
+rather than separating special needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than separating special needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than separating special needs
+students all these issues this division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students all these issues this division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students all these issues this division
+sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp
+division between teachers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division between teachers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division between teachers and the
+superintendent between and amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent between and amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent between and amongst
+teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers
+amongst family members what's your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst family members what's your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst family members what's your best
+advice to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice to this
+superintendent under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent under this
+circumstance given all of this all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance given all of this all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance given all of this all of
+this hostility all all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hostility all all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hostility all all of this
+difficulty how would you help this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty how would you help this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty how would you help this
+person get things back on a useful track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person get things back on a useful track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person get things back on a useful track
+as the leader in the schools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the leader in the schools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the leader in the schools and
+education area in this community so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education area in this community so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education area in this community so the
+idea is to have table discussion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to have table discussion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to have table discussion and
+then we'll see where you come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll see where you come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll see where you come out and
+see if we get any differences in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we get any differences in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we get any differences in my
+previous job we talked a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous job we talked a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous job we talked a lot about
+making sure that like we come in with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that like we come in with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that like we come in with a
+clear goal and like like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear goal and like like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear goal and like like what is
+actionable from like this feedback like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionable from like this feedback like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionable from like this feedback like
+not just going in general get feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just going in general get feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just going in general get feedback
+but like coming in with concrete ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like coming in with concrete ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like coming in with concrete ways
+that the feedback can actually be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the feedback can actually be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the feedback can actually be used
+setting expectations like this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting expectations like this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting expectations like this is what
+we can change this is what we can't side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can change this is what we can't side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can change this is what we can't side
+the conversation could impact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation could impact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation could impact that
+probably better to just be un FR with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better to just be un FR with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better to just be un FR with
+like what's in our realm as right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's in our realm as right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's in our realm as right now
+and even like short-term long what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even like short-term long what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even like short-term long what could
+we change this year what would we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change this year what would we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change this year what would we need
+to work on that will probably take 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on that will probably take 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on that will probably take 10
+your own workers who are not believing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own workers who are not believing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own workers who are not believing
+in you like their trust is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you like their trust is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you like their trust is completely
+lost in you and it depends on them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in you and it depends on them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in you and it depends on them for
+your whatever plan you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whatever plan you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whatever plan you have to be
+successful they're not feeling hurt or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful they're not feeling hurt or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful they're not feeling hurt or
+they're not having you know vested trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not having you know vested trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not having you know vested trust
+in their their quote unquote leader that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their their quote unquote leader that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their their quote unquote leader that
+you know creating mechanisms for um kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know creating mechanisms for um kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know creating mechanisms for um kind
+of Distributing that that leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Distributing that that leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Distributing that that leadership
+amongst the teachers you know I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the teachers you know I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the teachers you know I would
+first see what the problem I would after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see what the problem I would after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see what the problem I would after
+that I'm going to be like okay now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to be like okay now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to be like okay now let
+me get a team of experts all the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get a team of experts all the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get a team of experts all the issues
+that were highlighted to be I would try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were highlighted to be I would try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were highlighted to be I would try
+to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the
+issues and like give that confidence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and like give that confidence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and like give that confidence to
+whoever cares about it I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever cares about it I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever cares about it I'm going to use
+say the next 6 months to remedy this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the next 6 months to remedy this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the next 6 months to remedy this and
+you will see this kind of change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see this kind of change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see this kind of change and
+like make these kind of short-term goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make these kind of short-term goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make these kind of short-term goals
+for people to gain confidence in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to gain confidence in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to gain confidence in them
+account I think the makeup of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account I think the makeup of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account I think the makeup of those
+boards doesn't have to be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards doesn't have to be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards doesn't have to be like the
+people who brought it up at the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who brought it up at the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who brought it up at the you
+know whoever is most qualified to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whoever is most qualified to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whoever is most qualified to be
+yeah like what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like what are the
+pivotable are plac like where change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivotable are plac like where change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivotable are plac like where change
+could be made are they the right person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be made are they the right person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be made are they the right person
+to do it so like what does res me like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so like what does res me like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so like what does res me like
+it doesn't even have to necessarily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even have to necessarily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even have to necessarily be
+immediate what is a succession thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate what is a succession thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate what is a succession thing
+look like how can I come someone else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like how can I come someone else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like how can I come someone else to
+be able to take this on or point out who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to take this on or point out who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to take this on or point out who
+I think should be able to see me if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think should be able to see me if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think should be able to see me if it's
+clear that like I suspect that it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that like I suspect that it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that like I suspect that it might
+not happen through like a presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happen through like a presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happen through like a presentation
+or you telling people that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you telling people that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you telling people that but you
+actually need to get people in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to get people in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to get people in the room
+and then start guiding the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then start guiding the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then start guiding the conversation
+towards this common realization we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards this common realization we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards this common realization we're
+all here for the same thing right we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all here for the same thing right we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all here for the same thing right we all
+want the same thing right the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the same thing right the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the same thing right the one thing
+you could actually do is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually do is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually do is to get
+representatives from this room um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives from this room um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives from this room um from
+these different subcommittees in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different subcommittees in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different subcommittees in one
+room and then you start to get them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and then you start to get them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and then you start to get them to
+think together about Solutions it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think together about Solutions it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think together about Solutions it's like
+oh if we mainstream these kids what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if we mainstream these kids what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if we mainstream these kids what's
+going happen with these other resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going happen with these other resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going happen with these other resources
+that are going to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to come from
+mainstreaming them you know can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstreaming them you know can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstreaming them you know can we do
+something with that just like collab get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with that just like collab get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with that just like collab get
+them to collaborate with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to collaborate with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to collaborate with each other
+interesting idea maybe having like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea maybe having like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea maybe having like
+representatives of each interest part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of each interest part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of each interest part of
+the committee like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the committee like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the committee like it's not
+siloed by interest but it's like like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siloed by interest but it's like like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siloed by interest but it's like like a
+representative Committee of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative Committee of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative Committee of all the
+interests yeah that's they're forc to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests yeah that's they're forc to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests yeah that's they're forc to
+talk with each other and that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with each other and that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with each other and that there
+isn't this like arm wrestling between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this like arm wrestling between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this like arm wrestling between
+the silos they would probably choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silos they would probably choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silos they would probably choose the
+one who has the largest voice who's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who has the largest voice who's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who has the largest voice who's kind
+of a fighter but but these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fighter but but these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fighter but but these kind of
+people may not be good to putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may not be good to putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may not be good to putting a
+negotiation uh process I think part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation uh process I think part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation uh process I think part of
+being a facilitative leader is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a facilitative leader is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a facilitative leader is also
+preparing each of these folks to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing each of these folks to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing each of these folks to be able
+to best advocate for themselves so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to best advocate for themselves so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to best advocate for themselves so then
+you go back to that oneon-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to that oneon-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to that oneon-one
+relationship again so before you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship again so before you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship again so before you have
+that meeting where you start to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meeting where you start to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meeting where you start to do the
+collaboration you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration you need to do
+preparations with them but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparations with them but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparations with them but it's also
+kind of difficult because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of difficult because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of difficult because they have
+you're not biased towards any specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not biased towards any specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not biased towards any specific
+concern so let's say safety of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern so let's say safety of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern so let's say safety of the
+students in schools um k to6 curricula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in schools um k to6 curricula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in schools um k to6 curricula
+um the mainstreaming of the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mainstreaming of the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mainstreaming of the special
+needs students like you have to sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs students like you have to sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs students like you have to sure
+you're not biased or every single one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not biased or every single one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not biased or every single one
+that's the hard part yeah I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the hard part yeah I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the hard part yeah I think that
+would also support the uh problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also support the uh problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also support the uh problem that
+you're bringing up that you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bringing up that you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bringing up that you don't want
+to just bring the guy the loudest voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just bring the guy the loudest voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just bring the guy the loudest voice
+to the table you kind of want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the table you kind of want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the table you kind of want to give
+others a chance that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others a chance that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others a chance that's part of
+facilitating the process cuz you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating the process cuz you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating the process cuz you're
+helping everyone improve the mindset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping everyone improve the mindset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping everyone improve the mindset of
+being ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being ready to
+collaborate essentially a decision needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate essentially a decision needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate essentially a decision needs
+to be made that's like in favor of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made that's like in favor of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made that's like in favor of one
+party instead of the other I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party instead of the other I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party instead of the other I think
+that's the part about pairing them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part about pairing them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part about pairing them and
+then letting them do the negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then letting them do the negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then letting them do the negotiation
+amongst themselves at the table kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst themselves at the table kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst themselves at the table kind of
+builds that trust that you're not biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds that trust that you're not biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds that trust that you're not biased
+because people are putting their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are putting their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are putting their own
+skin in the game you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin in the game you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin in the game you're
+not they sort of like bring order to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they sort of like bring order to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they sort of like bring order to the
+space enforce rules bring things to yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space enforce rules bring things to yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space enforce rules bring things to yes
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+hypothetical is uh what the vast number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical is uh what the vast number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical is uh what the vast number
+of people who see themselves as leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who see themselves as leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who see themselves as leaders
+in the public sector are dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public sector are dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public sector are dealing with
+daytoday these are the circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytoday these are the circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytoday these are the circumstances
+that people are being prepared to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are being prepared to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are being prepared to work
+in and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and when
+conflict has overwhelmed whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict has overwhelmed whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict has overwhelmed whatever
+forward movement somebody who thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward movement somebody who thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward movement somebody who thinks
+their the leader has they have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the leader has they have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the leader has they have to have
+some idea some strategy what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea some strategy what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea some strategy what do you do
+when all this conflict has wrapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all this conflict has wrapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all this conflict has wrapped
+itself around whatever the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself around whatever the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself around whatever the functional
+responsibilities are were you trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities are were you trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities are were you trying to
+think of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of ways of
+resolving the conflict telling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolving the conflict telling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolving the conflict telling the
+superintendent you can do this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent you can do this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent you can do this this this
+and this to resolve the conflict were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this to resolve the conflict were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this to resolve the conflict were
+you mostly thinking about talking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mostly thinking about talking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mostly thinking about talking to the
+superintendent about how to proceed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent about how to proceed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent about how to proceed with
+the work that needs to be done in spite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that needs to be done in spite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that needs to be done in spite
+of the conflict you think that a leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conflict you think that a leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conflict you think that a leader
+in this position can do something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this position can do something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this position can do something to
+wipe the conflict away to resolve it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe the conflict away to resolve it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe the conflict away to resolve it if
+not what are they supposed to do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what are they supposed to do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what are they supposed to do about
+the work that's supposed to get done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that's supposed to get done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that's supposed to get done
+it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely
+Frozen because everybody's at everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frozen because everybody's at everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frozen because everybody's at everybody
+else's throat are they supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's throat are they supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's throat are they supposed to
+mediate this all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate this all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate this all these different
+disputes that they're the focus of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes that they're the focus of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes that they're the focus of I
+know they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they can
+resign it's not you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resign it's not you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resign it's not you don't have to
+I number of years people are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I number of years people are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I number of years people are in
+positions is getting shorter and shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions is getting shorter and shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions is getting shorter and shorter
+in the public sector in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public sector in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public sector in the United
+States and in other countries conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and in other countries conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and in other countries conflict
+is om thepresent people either don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is om thepresent people either don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is om thepresent people either don't
+know of a way to proceed in a leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of a way to proceed in a leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of a way to proceed in a leadership
+role and trying to resolve the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and trying to resolve the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and trying to resolve the conflict
+so they walk away or they're thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they walk away or they're thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they walk away or they're thrown
+out because they don't appear to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because they don't appear to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because they don't appear to be able
+to solve the conflict whether they leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the conflict whether they leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the conflict whether they leave
+voluntar or not their term is short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntar or not their term is short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntar or not their term is short
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+conflict is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict is
+overwhelming so our group um held that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming so our group um held that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming so our group um held that
+you know there's accountability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's accountability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's accountability to
+improving the system um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the system um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the system um and
+accountability by the superintendent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability by the superintendent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability by the superintendent to
+either acknowledge you know their role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either acknowledge you know their role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either acknowledge you know their role
+in it um also to um either facilitate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it um also to um either facilitate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it um also to um either facilitate or
+be adjacent to an ad hoc committee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be adjacent to an ad hoc committee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be adjacent to an ad hoc committee that
+can facilitate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can facilitate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can facilitate a
+Discovery process or audit of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery process or audit of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery process or audit of what
+exactly has been going wrong within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly has been going wrong within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly has been going wrong within the
+school system um even making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school system um even making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school system um even making
+considerations for conducting uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations for conducting uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations for conducting uh like
+investigations and interviewing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations and interviewing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations and interviewing with
+other parts of the school system and key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the school system and key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the school system and key
+stakeholders to um help facilitate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders to um help facilitate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders to um help facilitate a
+transition process and um inheritance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition process and um inheritance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition process and um inheritance of
+a new a better system that where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new a better system that where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new a better system that where we
+understand the challenges that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the challenges that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the challenges that are going
+on um and ways that can adjust moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um and ways that can adjust moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um and ways that can adjust moving
+forward the superintendent still would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward the superintendent still would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward the superintendent still would
+probably be recommended to to leave um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be recommended to to leave um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be recommended to to leave um
+at that point um however I do think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point um however I do think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point um however I do think that
+their institutional knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their institutional knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their institutional knowledge of the
+issue is relevant to identifying the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is relevant to identifying the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is relevant to identifying the key
+issues of the system do you believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of the system do you believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of the system do you believe that
+if they could just solve one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they could just solve one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they could just solve one of these
+conflicts and have it clear that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts and have it clear that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts and have it clear that it was
+their doing that resolved it and they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their doing that resolved it and they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their doing that resolved it and they'd
+be accepted in that role of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accepted in that role of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accepted in that role of trying to
+resolve them because they resolve one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve them because they resolve one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve them because they resolve one
+thing first yeah I mean I think it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing first yeah I mean I think it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing first yeah I mean I think it seems
+to be a complex issue where there is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a complex issue where there is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a complex issue where there is um
+pivot Points where there is the most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot Points where there is the most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot Points where there is the most uh
+upside if it is resolved um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside if it is resolved um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside if it is resolved um so
+potentially solving one and finding out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially solving one and finding out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially solving one and finding out
+the the positive impact from that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the positive impact from that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the positive impact from that might
+give a vote of confidence so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a vote of confidence so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a vote of confidence so you would
+entertain that proposition that if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain that proposition that if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertain that proposition that if they
+can do something and actually take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do something and actually take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do something and actually take one
+of these clear conflicts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these clear conflicts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these clear conflicts in the
+community and get the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and get the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and get the people who are
+primarily the key actors and secret them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily the key actors and secret them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily the key actors and secret them
+away somewhere and help them work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away somewhere and help them work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away somewhere and help them work that
+out and then come out together with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then come out together with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then come out together with them
+and announce look we've solved this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and announce look we've solved this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and announce look we've solved this and
+if we can solve this we can solve all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can solve this we can solve all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can solve this we can solve all of
+our conflicts trust me not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conflicts trust me not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conflicts trust me not exactly
+one I think it requires a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I think it requires a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I think it requires a more
+comprehensive strategic approach but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive strategic approach but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive strategic approach but
+solving a big issue first might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a big issue first might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a big issue first might be a
+first pillar of or milestone for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pillar of or milestone for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pillar of or milestone for that
+what about setting a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about setting a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about setting a lot of different
+people in motion with responsibility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in motion with responsibility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in motion with responsibility for
+trying to resolve or mediate different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to resolve or mediate different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to resolve or mediate different
+disputes now there is not being the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes now there is not being the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes now there is not being the one
+to resolve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resolve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resolve these
+disputes but saying I have this person I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes but saying I have this person I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes but saying I have this person I
+don't I don't know if they're loyal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know if they're loyal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know if they're loyal to
+me or not but maybe they would say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or not but maybe they would say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or not but maybe they would say they
+would accept responsibility over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would accept responsibility over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would accept responsibility over the
+next six weeks for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next six weeks for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next six weeks for this particular
+conflict between this group and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between this group and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between this group and this
+group because they're close to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group because they're close to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group because they're close to both
+sides and I'm asking them to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and I'm asking them to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and I'm asking them to see what
+progress they can make and I'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress they can make and I'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress they can make and I'm giving
+them authority to act on that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them authority to act on that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them authority to act on that and then
+you've set a lot of different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set a lot of different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set a lot of different people
+carefully chosen on the grounds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully chosen on the grounds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully chosen on the grounds that
+there's no chance the superintendent can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no chance the superintendent can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no chance the superintendent can
+solve all these problems they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all these problems they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all these problems they're the
+source of most of them or at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of most of them or at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of most of them or at least the
+symbolic source of most of them what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic source of most of them what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic source of most of them what I'm
+asking is as you think about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is as you think about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is as you think about your
+personal theory of practice and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal theory of practice and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal theory of practice and you have
+one whether you confront it regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whether you confront it regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whether you confront it regularly
+and build it or not you have one what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build it or not you have one what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build it or not you have one what do
+you assume about the management of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume about the management of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume about the management of
+conflict and the role of leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and the role of leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and the role of leadership
+there are sides the union this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sides the union this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sides the union this and the
+people who are managing the union I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are managing the union I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are managing the union I
+found in real life as a person assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in real life as a person assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in real life as a person assigned
+as a mediator from outside they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mediator from outside they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mediator from outside they don't
+even know what they're fighting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what they're fighting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what they're fighting about
+they're really really angry they'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really really angry they'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really really angry they'll tell
+me a topic I'll sit with everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a topic I'll sit with everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a topic I'll sit with everybody
+privately confidentially I'm just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately confidentially I'm just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately confidentially I'm just an
+outsider I'm just asked to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider I'm just asked to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider I'm just asked to see if
+there's any way to help there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any way to help there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any way to help there's no way
+will accept the Librarians not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will accept the Librarians not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will accept the Librarians not having
+the final control of which books go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final control of which books go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final control of which books go in
+the library for K through six that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library for K through six that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library for K through six that's it
+no chance no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no chance no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no chance no
+way okay why what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay why what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay why what do you mean
+why well couldn't there be an occasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well couldn't there be an occasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well couldn't there be an occasion
+in which the Librarians mostly do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the Librarians mostly do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the Librarians mostly do this
+but if somebody has a concern that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if somebody has a concern that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if somebody has a concern that the
+Librarians and some other people have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Librarians and some other people have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Librarians and some other people have a
+conversation about it and you can asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about it and you can asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about it and you can asked
+for a chance to discuss this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a chance to discuss this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a chance to discuss this without
+saying the only ones who make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the only ones who make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the only ones who make the
+decision of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of the
+Librarians we never did it that way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Librarians we never did it that way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Librarians we never did it that way I
+know that but I'm trying to see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that but I'm trying to see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that but I'm trying to see whether
+it's possible to invent a way forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to invent a way forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to invent a way forward
+that meets your underlying interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meets your underlying interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meets your underlying interests
+differently from what's been done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently from what's been done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently from what's been done in the
+past well I don't know if my people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past well I don't know if my people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past well I don't know if my people will
+accept it if I were to be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it if I were to be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it if I were to be in a
+conversation where that was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation where that was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation where that was being
+discussed well could we try it and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed well could we try it and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed well could we try it and see
+right getting people to discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right getting people to discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right getting people to discuss the
+undis what they think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undis what they think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undis what they think is
+undiscussable how do you how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undiscussable how do you how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undiscussable how do you how can you
+facilitate that we shifted to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate that we shifted to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate that we shifted to a
+different um Direction and thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um Direction and thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um Direction and thought about
+hiring experts or a technical Advisory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring experts or a technical Advisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring experts or a technical Advisory
+Group of sorts to work alongside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group of sorts to work alongside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group of sorts to work alongside the
+superintendent on the issues that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent on the issues that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent on the issues that were
+identified uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified uh because
+it's not that the superintendent can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that the superintendent can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that the superintendent can
+solve it all I don't think the Advisory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it all I don't think the Advisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it all I don't think the Advisory
+Group or the experts can solve it all as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group or the experts can solve it all as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group or the experts can solve it all as
+well what we discussed was to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we discussed was to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we discussed was to have
+people who were more knowledgeable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were more knowledgeable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were more knowledgeable of
+those particular issues and could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particular issues and could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particular issues and could have a
+better understanding of how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding of how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding of how to solve
+them and then we also talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then we also talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then we also talked about
+releasing a memo of sorts which outlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing a memo of sorts which outlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing a memo of sorts which outlines
+the plan of how the superintendent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan of how the superintendent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan of how the superintendent and
+his team can tackle these issues uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his team can tackle these issues uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his team can tackle these issues uh
+because what you were saying about oh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you were saying about oh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you were saying about oh if
+the super intendant solves one issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super intendant solves one issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super intendant solves one issue
+will that be enough for him to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that be enough for him to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that be enough for him to start
+working on others and I think in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on others and I think in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on others and I think in a lot
+of cases that is true uh because to gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases that is true uh because to gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases that is true uh because to gain
+the trust back of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trust back of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trust back of these different
+stakeholders even saying that okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders even saying that okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders even saying that okay I'm
+starting to solve this one issue I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to solve this one issue I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to solve this one issue I mean
+not one in like one issue but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one in like one issue but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one in like one issue but like
+starting small I think is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting small I think is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting small I think is important to
+gain the trust back of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the trust back of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the trust back of these
+stakeholders so I think even starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders so I think even starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders so I think even starting
+small definitely helps gain trusts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small definitely helps gain trusts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small definitely helps gain trusts of
+communities and other like union leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and other like union leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and other like union leaders
+and people yeah it's a highrisk strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people yeah it's a highrisk strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people yeah it's a highrisk strategy
+to assume that if I could just find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that if I could just find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that if I could just find the
+Lynch pin solve this one quickly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lynch pin solve this one quickly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lynch pin solve this one quickly then
+everything's going to fit together my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to fit together my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to fit together my
+hunch is in this particular kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunch is in this particular kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunch is in this particular kind of
+story where the superintendent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story where the superintendent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story where the superintendent is
+supposedly the administrative leader but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly the administrative leader but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly the administrative leader but
+also is the object of the conflict for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is the object of the conflict for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is the object of the conflict for
+many of the parties that waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the parties that waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the parties that waiting for
+them to pick one of these disputes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to pick one of these disputes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to pick one of these disputes and
+resolve it through their intervention so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve it through their intervention so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve it through their intervention so
+they can wave a flag and say you can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can wave a flag and say you can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can wave a flag and say you can all
+have confidence in me look I solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have confidence in me look I solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have confidence in me look I solve this
+probably a losing strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a losing strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a losing strategy
+whereas if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if the
+superintendent could have private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent could have private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent could have private
+conversations with a lot of the folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with a lot of the folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with a lot of the folks
+who are complaining about something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are complaining about something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are complaining about something that
+the superintendent's doing and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superintendent's doing and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superintendent's doing and say well
+would you be willing to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be willing to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be willing to take
+responsibility for the next period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for the next period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for the next period of
+time of getting this this this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of getting this this this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of getting this this this and this
+together and coming up with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and coming up with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and coming up with your
+suggestion of what should be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion of what should be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion of what should be done
+together I don't want to hear a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I don't want to hear a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I don't want to hear a summary
+of what you disagree about I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you disagree about I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you disagree about I'm looking
+for you to produce positive proposals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to produce positive proposals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to produce positive proposals
+and nobody's tried to convene these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody's tried to convene these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody's tried to convene these
+folks and I think they would trust you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks and I think they would trust you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks and I think they would trust you
+to do that they're not making final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that they're not making final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that they're not making final
+decisions they're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions they're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions they're making
+suggestions together for ways are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions together for ways are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions together for ways are
+resolving issues and if we could get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolving issues and if we could get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolving issues and if we could get a
+half dozen different people if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half dozen different people if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half dozen different people if the
+leader can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader can
+facilitate the engagement of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate the engagement of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate the engagement of other
+participants and help build their role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants and help build their role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants and help build their role
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+leadership I'm arguing that the leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership I'm arguing that the leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership I'm arguing that the leaders
+role is enhanced I think a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is enhanced I think a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is enhanced I think a lot of times
+this strategy is used the one you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy is used the one you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy is used the one you're
+describing but my problem with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing but my problem with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing but my problem with this is
+that you're asking those people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're asking those people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're asking those people to do
+more labor who are already experiencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more labor who are already experiencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more labor who are already experiencing
+these problems and in a lot of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and in a lot of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and in a lot of cases
+when I worked with uh communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I worked with uh communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I worked with uh communities
+especially is that they do not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially is that they do not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially is that they do not want to
+take responsibility because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take responsibility because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take responsibility because they're
+already frustrated all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already frustrated all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already frustrated all these
+stakeholders and then me going in as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and then me going in as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and then me going in as a
+superintendent for example and saying oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent for example and saying oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent for example and saying oh
+maybe you can help me solve this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can help me solve this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can help me solve this and
+it's like but that's your job do do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like but that's your job do do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like but that's your job do do you
+understand so I feel like it sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so I feel like it sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so I feel like it sometimes
+puts a lot of blame and a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts a lot of blame and a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts a lot of blame and a lot of work
+and a lot of labor on these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of labor on these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of labor on these different
+stakeholders and my question is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and my question is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and my question is how to
+address that how to approach this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that how to approach this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that how to approach this in a
+way that it doesn't look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it doesn't look like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it doesn't look like that
+instead it looks like we are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it looks like we are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it looks like we are trying to
+uh co-create Solutions so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh co-create Solutions so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh co-create Solutions so how do you
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+that next time I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time I'm going to give you a
+list of a dozen what I called my micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of a dozen what I called my micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of a dozen what I called my micro
+skills of facilitative leadership one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills of facilitative leadership one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills of facilitative leadership one is
+how do you convince someone to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you convince someone to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you convince someone to take
+responsibility for helping to solve up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for helping to solve up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for helping to solve up
+the problem that they think you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that they think you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that they think you're the
+part of you can either do that or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of you can either do that or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of you can either do that or you
+can it's not about how sweetly you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's not about how sweetly you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's not about how sweetly you talk
+it's not about being smarter than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about being smarter than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about being smarter than the
+there's a set of principles for how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of principles for how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of principles for how you
+get someone who's opposed to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get someone who's opposed to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get someone who's opposed to you to
+agree to help solve the problem with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to help solve the problem with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to help solve the problem with you
+what does it take to develop Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it take to develop Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it take to develop Your
+Capacity to facilitate to turn around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capacity to facilitate to turn around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capacity to facilitate to turn around a
+conflict situation to set an agenda for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict situation to set an agenda for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict situation to set an agenda for
+a group that's Has No Agenda to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group that's Has No Agenda to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group that's Has No Agenda to set
+ground rules to how people in a rockus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground rules to how people in a rockus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground rules to how people in a rockus
+meeting are dealing with each other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting are dealing with each other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting are dealing with each other the
+final session I really want to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final session I really want to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final session I really want to ask you
+to assess your sense of yourself Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assess your sense of yourself Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assess your sense of yourself Your
+Capacity to become or to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capacity to become or to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capacity to become or to be a
+facilitative leader or to say I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leader or to say I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leader or to say I don't
+see it that's not my role I don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it that's not my role I don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it that's not my role I don't see
+myself in that capacity I really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself in that capacity I really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself in that capacity I really want to
+get you to take the micro skills to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to take the micro skills to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to take the micro skills to take
+the things that we talked about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we talked about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we talked about last
+time and this time and say do I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this time and say do I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this time and say do I see
+myself functioning in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself functioning in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself functioning in this kind of
+situation if you were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation if you were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation if you were in the
+like the superintendent with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the superintendent with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the superintendent with lots of
+people mad at you partly because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mad at you partly because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mad at you partly because of the
+symbolic positions you have partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic positions you have partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic positions you have partly
+because of the things you've said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the things you've said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the things you've said and
+done partly because they just believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done partly because they just believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done partly because they just believe
+different things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things from
+you can you see yourself going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you see yourself going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you see yourself going to
+work or not can you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or not can you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or not can you deal with
+conflict my sense is if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict my sense is if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict my sense is if you don't have a
+pathway in your mind for transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway in your mind for transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway in your mind for transforming
+those conflict situations into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conflict situations into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conflict situations into more
+workable forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workable forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workable forms of
+collaboration then you you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration then you you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration then you you're not going
+to be able to keep it up it's too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to keep it up it's too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to keep it up it's too hard
+you need to Envision some path you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to Envision some path you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to Envision some path you need
+to imagine that you have a half a dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine that you have a half a dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine that you have a half a dozen
+micro skills that it takes to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro skills that it takes to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro skills that it takes to work
+effectively in that situation so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in that situation so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in that situation so we will
+come to that before we stop I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that before we stop I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that before we stop I want to
+come to the the the gender and race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the the the gender and race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the the the gender and race
+questions that people raised last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that people raised last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that people raised last time
+in the case you were just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case you were just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case you were just looking at
+were you imagining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you imagining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you imagining the
+superintendent male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent male
+female One race another race does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female One race another race does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female One race another race does it
+matter to your analysis of the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to your analysis of the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to your analysis of the situation
+how should we see how do we see gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we see how do we see gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we see how do we see gender
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race
+intersecting with questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting with questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting with questions of
+leadership now that we've talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership now that we've talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership now that we've talking about
+facilitative leadership uh in the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leadership uh in the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leadership uh in the public
+Arena I mean if you question yourself do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arena I mean if you question yourself do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arena I mean if you question yourself do
+you imagine you were seeing things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine you were seeing things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine you were seeing things in a
+certain way because you were presuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way because you were presuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way because you were presuming
+the superintendent was male or female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superintendent was male or female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superintendent was male or female
+and because it was female you imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it was female you imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it was female you imagined
+there were certain options open to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were certain options open to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were certain options open to her
+male no we constantly say we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male no we constantly say we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male no we constantly say we should
+consider gender and race and a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider gender and race and a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider gender and race and a variety
+of other other attributes as independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other other attributes as independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other other attributes as independent
+variables are they in fact relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are they in fact relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are they in fact relevant
+variables in any of the conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in any of the conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in any of the conversations
+that we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've had
+I have personally witnessed women of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have personally witnessed women of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have personally witnessed women of
+color and positions of power and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and positions of power and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and positions of power and I think
+if they were in this hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were in this hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were in this hypothetical
+situation they would be forced to resign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they would be forced to resign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they would be forced to resign
+or there would be this almost like Witch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there would be this almost like Witch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there would be this almost like Witch
+Hunt happening and I think I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunt happening and I think I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunt happening and I think I mean I'm
+coming from a field of architecture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a field of architecture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a field of architecture but
+I've seen it happen with leadersh ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen it happen with leadersh ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen it happen with leadersh ship
+within that realm faculty or like deans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that realm faculty or like deans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that realm faculty or like deans
+of colleges in that same realm and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of colleges in that same realm and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of colleges in that same realm and it
+happens very often so I think I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens very often so I think I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens very often so I think I mean
+like in my mind I was just imagining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in my mind I was just imagining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in my mind I was just imagining a
+male in this situation I didn't imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male in this situation I didn't imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male in this situation I didn't imagine
+like a race but I think that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a race but I think that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a race but I think that when
+it's specifically I'll only speak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's specifically I'll only speak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's specifically I'll only speak to
+like a person of color um I I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a person of color um I I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a person of color um I I think the
+repercussions and the processes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repercussions and the processes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repercussions and the processes there
+are a lot different often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot different often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot different often
+times because of the expectations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times because of the expectations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times because of the expectations of the
+community around them or because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community around them or because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community around them or because of
+their own sense of themselves I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own sense of themselves I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own sense of themselves I think
+it's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because the
+expectations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations are
+higher from the community around them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher from the community around them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher from the community around them
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then even if they're meeting the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even if they're meeting the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even if they're meeting the same
+kind of threshold as potentially like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of threshold as potentially like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of threshold as potentially like a
+a a white male um the expectations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a white male um the expectations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a white male um the expectations are
+so much higher of them that it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much higher of them that it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much higher of them that it's almost
+impossible for them to succeed in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for them to succeed in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for them to succeed in that
+capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+because there's it's just someone's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's it's just someone's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's it's just someone's only
+human so can you think of a pathway or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human so can you think of a pathway or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human so can you think of a pathway or a
+set of steps that would make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of steps that would make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of steps that would make that
+diagnosis less likely to be the case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis less likely to be the case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis less likely to be the case I
+have a question where is these scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question where is these scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question where is these scenarios
+are located in the US and where exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located in the US and where exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located in the US and where exactly
+because I mean we keep referring about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean we keep referring about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean we keep referring about
+those cases in the previous session and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases in the previous session and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases in the previous session and
+in this session is are they Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this session is are they Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this session is are they Global
+because the MS like the values the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the MS like the values the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the MS like the values the the
+are completely different from country to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely different from country to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely different from country to
+Country and within a country are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country and within a country are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country and within a country are
+completely different from region to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different from region to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different from region to
+region or from Urban to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region or from Urban to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region or from Urban to
+rural uh you mentioned in your case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural uh you mentioned in your case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural uh you mentioned in your case
+before in the first scenario that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in the first scenario that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in the first scenario that's why
+you ask that questions why you choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask that questions why you choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask that questions why you choose a
+CEO of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO of a
+company that perhaps here in the US with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that perhaps here in the US with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that perhaps here in the US with
+you know the values in certain parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the values in certain parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the values in certain parts of
+this country the values of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country the values of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country the values of a a
+competition or the values Trace from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition or the values Trace from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition or the values Trace from a
+meritocratic system or capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meritocratic system or capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meritocratic system or capital
+system makes that that person is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system makes that that person is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system makes that that person is a
+person that eventually could be admired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that eventually could be admired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that eventually could be admired
+by the society and perhaps the mayor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the society and perhaps the mayor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the society and perhaps the mayor we
+don't know the hidden agenda of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the hidden agenda of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the hidden agenda of the
+major choose that person to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major choose that person to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major choose that person to represent
+that committee but in other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that committee but in other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that committee but in other parts of the
+world people do not have that values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world people do not have that values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world people do not have that values of
+whether is a a razor company or computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether is a a razor company or computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether is a a razor company or computer
+company or hiding people or lead people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or hiding people or lead people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or hiding people or lead people
+because leadership is about completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because leadership is about completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because leadership is about completely
+different value that making money or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value that making money or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value that making money or
+having a big Corporation I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a big Corporation I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a big Corporation I'm not saying
+that those are the values here in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are the values here in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are the values here in the US
+please don't take me wrong but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't take me wrong but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't take me wrong but
+I or take me wrong but but the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I or take me wrong but but the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I or take me wrong but but the question
+I'm saying is very important that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is very important that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is very important that we
+have a very specific context where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very specific context where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very specific context where this
+scenario happen in order to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario happen in order to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario happen in order to respond
+those questions and if be aware as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions and if be aware as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions and if be aware as well
+that we have to understand the scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to understand the scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to understand the scenario
+before we take a decision because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we take a decision because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we take a decision because one
+decision in one country could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision in one country could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision in one country could be
+completely the opposite in another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely the opposite in another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely the opposite in another one
+if you understand the scenario perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you understand the scenario perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you understand the scenario perfectly
+are you empowered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you empowered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you empowered
+differently I I'm accepting the premise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I I'm accepting the premise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I I'm accepting the premise
+you would be more informed in what ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be more informed in what ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be more informed in what ways
+are you empowered by being more informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you empowered by being more informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you empowered by being more informed
+what does it make you more um optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it make you more um optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it make you more um optimistic
+about the moves you're making and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the moves you're making and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the moves you're making and that
+likely to likely increase your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to likely increase your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to likely increase your
+Effectiveness from a deontological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effectiveness from a deontological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effectiveness from a deontological
+perspective I think that I will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective I think that I will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective I think that I will be more
+legitimate to provide advice your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate to provide advice your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate to provide advice your
+legitimacy because of the mov you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimacy because of the mov you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimacy because of the mov you an
+advisor I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor I'm talking about
+yeah I'm I'm trying to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm I'm trying to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm I'm trying to convince
+myself that there's a way to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself that there's a way to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself that there's a way to talk about
+race and gender in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and gender in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and gender in the context of
+leadership that has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership that has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership that has nothing to do with
+personality and that has something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality and that has something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality and that has something to do
+with being able to use the same skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being able to use the same skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being able to use the same skills
+of facilitative leadership that another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of facilitative leadership that another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of facilitative leadership that another
+facilitative leader has in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leader has in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leader has in a
+situation because there's either a match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because there's either a match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because there's either a match
+or a mismatch I don't know which between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a mismatch I don't know which between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a mismatch I don't know which between
+the race and gender of the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the race and gender of the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the race and gender of the person who
+wants to act as a leader and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to act as a leader and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to act as a leader and the
+constituency or the context in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituency or the context in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituency or the context in which
+they're working either that or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working either that or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working either that or it
+doesn't matter I'm too old to believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter I'm too old to believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter I'm too old to believe it
+doesn't matter I've lived through too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter I've lived through too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter I've lived through too
+many things where race and gender have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things where race and gender have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things where race and gender have
+mattered to think that there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered to think that there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered to think that there could be a
+way that they don't matter so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they don't matter so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they don't matter so now I'm
+trying to figure out well how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out well how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out well how do they
+matter and how can instruction build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and how can instruction build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and how can instruction build on
+what it takes given that they matter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it takes given that they matter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it takes given that they matter but
+I I don't see it yet clearly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't see it yet clearly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't see it yet clearly what
+instruction differently not differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction differently not differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction differently not differently
+to females that want to take on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to females that want to take on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to females that want to take on a
+facilitative leadership role do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leadership role do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leadership role do they
+have to learn different things do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn different things do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn different things do they
+have to learn it with more confidence do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn it with more confidence do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn it with more confidence do
+they have to learn how they're seen they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to learn how they're seen they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to learn how they're seen they
+learn the same thing but they learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the same thing but they learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the same thing but they learn how
+what they've learned is seen by others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've learned is seen by others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've learned is seen by others
+and so they can make adjustments before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they can make adjustments before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they can make adjustments before
+it's even necessary because of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even necessary because of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even necessary because of how
+others are viewing them not teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are viewing them not teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are viewing them not teaching
+anything different I'm not assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything different I'm not assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything different I'm not assuming that
+anything different will play out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything different will play out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything different will play out in
+terms of the logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the logic of
+leadership but I I believe this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership but I I believe this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership but I I believe this makes
+some difference in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some difference in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some difference in terms of the
+perceptions you talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptions you talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptions you talked
+about um women of color in positions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um women of color in positions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um women of color in positions of
+responsibility who expect they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility who expect they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility who expect they're going
+to be judged more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be judged more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be judged more
+harshly than a a a a white male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harshly than a a a a white male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harshly than a a a a white male
+counterpart would be in the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart would be in the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart would be in the exact same
+situation and if I assume that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and if I assume that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and if I assume that's true
+therefore what can we do to help bolster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what can we do to help bolster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what can we do to help bolster
+the person maybe I can't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person maybe I can't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person maybe I can't do anything
+about bolstering the person maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bolstering the person maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bolstering the person maybe it's
+the context and if I have no power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context and if I have no power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context and if I have no power to
+change the context doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the context doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the context doing something
+different for with the person won't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for with the person won't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for with the person won't add
+up to a different outcome I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a different outcome I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a different outcome I don't know
+which I believe it is think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I believe it is think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I believe it is think about the
+questions that came up about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that came up about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that came up about the
+scenarios I will focus on micro skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios I will focus on micro skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios I will focus on micro skills
+that I think an effective facilitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think an effective facilitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think an effective facilitative
+leader has to have I will enumerate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader has to have I will enumerate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader has to have I will enumerate them
+I will probably use a screen and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will probably use a screen and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will probably use a screen and talk
+about what those skills are and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what those skills are and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what those skills are and when I
+think they come into play and how uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they come into play and how uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they come into play and how uh you
+can learn them perfect them develop them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn them perfect them develop them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn them perfect them develop them
+that's going to be the focus next time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the focus next time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the focus next time I
+want to talk about those micro skills of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about those micro skills of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about those micro skills of
+facilitating and empowering and turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating and empowering and turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating and empowering and turning
+a conflict situation into a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conflict situation into a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conflict situation into a joint
+problem solving situation and shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving situation and shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving situation and shifting
+people from positions to interests which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from positions to interests which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from positions to interests which
+I think is as I said essential as a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is as I said essential as a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is as I said essential as a step
+in the process of trying to be effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process of trying to be effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process of trying to be effective
+as a leader I'll see you again next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a leader I'll see you again next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a leader I'll see you again next week
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3f98wYIWsN0.txt b/3f98wYIWsN0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ac4e9aaa7f718c2d7e025b8795c5899bf3680af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3f98wYIWsN0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in our work on fairness and ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our work on fairness and ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our work on fairness and ai
+we present a case study on natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we present a case study on natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we present a case study on natural
+language processing titled identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing titled identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing titled identifying
+and mitigating unintended demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mitigating unintended demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mitigating unintended demographic
+bias in machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in machine learning
+we will break down what each part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will break down what each part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will break down what each part of the
+title means this is the work that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title means this is the work that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title means this is the work that was
+done jointly by chris sweeney and mariam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done jointly by chris sweeney and mariam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done jointly by chris sweeney and mariam
+najafiyan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+najafiyan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+najafiyan
+my name is odas nakiyashimana i am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is odas nakiyashimana i am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is odas nakiyashimana i am a
+researcher at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher at mit
+and i'll be presenting their work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll be presenting their work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll be presenting their work the
+content of the slides presents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the slides presents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the slides presents a
+high-level overview of a thesis project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level overview of a thesis project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level overview of a thesis project
+that was done throughout a course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done throughout a course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done throughout a course of
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+it will be released soon on mit d space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be released soon on mit d space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be released soon on mit d space
+ai has the power to impact society in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai has the power to impact society in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai has the power to impact society in a
+vast amount of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast amount of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast amount of ways
+for example in the banking industry many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the banking industry many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the banking industry many
+companies are trying to use machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are trying to use machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are trying to use machine
+learning to figure out if someone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to figure out if someone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to figure out if someone will
+default on a loan given the data about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default on a loan given the data about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default on a loan given the data about
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+now because machine learning is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because machine learning is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because machine learning is used in
+the high-stakes applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high-stakes applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high-stakes applications
+areas that cause it to be unfair could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that cause it to be unfair could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that cause it to be unfair could
+cause discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause discrimination
+preventing certain demographic groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing certain demographic groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing certain demographic groups
+from gaining access to fair loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gaining access to fair loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gaining access to fair loans
+this problem is especially important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is especially important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is especially important to
+address in developing nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in developing nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in developing nations
+where there may not be existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there may not be existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there may not be existing
+sophisticated credit systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated credit systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated credit systems
+those nations will have to rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nations will have to rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nations will have to rely on
+machine learning models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning models
+to make these high stake decisions such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these high stake decisions such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these high stake decisions such
+as alternative credit scoring mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as alternative credit scoring mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as alternative credit scoring mechanisms
+that are possibly going to be involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are possibly going to be involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are possibly going to be involving
+ai more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this work focuses on applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work focuses on applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work focuses on applications of
+machine learning in natural language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning in natural language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning in natural language
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+nlp is important to study in fairness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlp is important to study in fairness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlp is important to study in fairness in
+ai because it is used in many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai because it is used in many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai because it is used in many different
+domains from education to marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains from education to marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains from education to marketing
+furthermore there are many sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore there are many sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore there are many sources of
+unintended demographic bias in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintended demographic bias in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintended demographic bias in the
+standard natural language processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard natural language processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard natural language processing
+pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline
+here we define the nlp pipeline as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we define the nlp pipeline as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we define the nlp pipeline as a
+combination of steps involved from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of steps involved from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of steps involved from
+collecting natural language data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting natural language data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting natural language data
+to making decisions based on the nlp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to making decisions based on the nlp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to making decisions based on the nlp
+models trend on resulting data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models trend on resulting data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models trend on resulting data
+lastly there for national language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly there for national language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly there for national language
+processing systems is easier to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing systems is easier to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing systems is easier to get
+unlike tabular systems from banking or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike tabular systems from banking or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike tabular systems from banking or
+healthcare where companies may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare where companies may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare where companies may be
+reluctant to release data due to privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to release data due to privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to release data due to privacy
+concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns
+nlp data especially in widely spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlp data especially in widely spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlp data especially in widely spoken
+languages like french or english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like french or english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like french or english
+is available from different sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is available from different sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is available from different sources
+including social media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including social media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including social media
+and different forms of formal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different forms of formal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different forms of formal and
+informal publications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal publications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal publications
+making it more effective to use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it more effective to use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it more effective to use in
+research on how to make nlp systems more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on how to make nlp systems more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on how to make nlp systems more
+fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now break down what unintended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now break down what unintended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now break down what unintended
+demographic bias means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic bias means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic bias means
+the unintended part means that this bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unintended part means that this bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unintended part means that this bias
+comes as an adverse side effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes as an adverse side effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes as an adverse side effect
+nor the liberality learned in a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor the liberality learned in a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor the liberality learned in a machine
+learning model the demographic part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning model the demographic part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning model the demographic part
+means that the bias translates into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the bias translates into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the bias translates into some
+sort of inequality between demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inequality between demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inequality between demographic
+groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+that could cause discrimination in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could cause discrimination in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could cause discrimination in a
+downstream machine learning module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream machine learning module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream machine learning module
+and finally bias is an artifact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally bias is an artifact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally bias is an artifact of
+natural language processing pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing pipeline
+that causes this unfairness bias is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes this unfairness bias is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes this unfairness bias is an
+evaluated term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated term
+therefore it is important that we center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it is important that we center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it is important that we center
+on a specific form of bias that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a specific form of bias that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a specific form of bias that causes
+unfairness in typical machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairness in typical machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairness in typical machine learning
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+in gender-based demographic bias for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gender-based demographic bias for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gender-based demographic bias for
+example a machine learning model might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a machine learning model might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a machine learning model might
+associate specific types of jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate specific types of jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate specific types of jobs
+to a specific gender just because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a specific gender just because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a specific gender just because it's
+the way it is in the data used to trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it is in the data used to trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it is in the data used to trend
+the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+within an intended demographic bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an intended demographic bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an intended demographic bias
+there are two different types of bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different types of bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different types of bias
+that we'll focus on in natural language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll focus on in natural language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll focus on in natural language
+processing applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing applications
+these are bias in sentiment analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bias in sentiment analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bias in sentiment analysis
+systems that analyze positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that analyze positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that analyze positive or
+negative feelings associated with words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feelings associated with words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feelings associated with words
+or phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or phrases
+and toxicity analysis systems designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and toxicity analysis systems designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and toxicity analysis systems designed
+to detect derogatory or offensive terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect derogatory or offensive terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect derogatory or offensive terms
+in words or phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sentiment bias refers to an artifact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment bias refers to an artifact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment bias refers to an artifact of
+the machine learning pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine learning pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine learning pipeline
+that causes unfairness in sentiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes unfairness in sentiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes unfairness in sentiment
+analysis systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis systems
+and toxicity bias is an artifact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and toxicity bias is an artifact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and toxicity bias is an artifact of the
+pipeline that causes unfairness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline that causes unfairness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline that causes unfairness in
+systems that try to predict toxicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that try to predict toxicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that try to predict toxicity
+from text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from text
+in either sentiment analysis or toxicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either sentiment analysis or toxicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either sentiment analysis or toxicity
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+it is important that our machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is important that our machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is important that our machine
+learning model doesn't use sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning model doesn't use sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning model doesn't use sensitive
+attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes
+describing someone's demographic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing someone's demographic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing someone's demographic to
+inform them whether a sentence should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform them whether a sentence should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform them whether a sentence should be
+positive or negative sentiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative sentiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative sentiment
+or toxic or less toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toxicity classification is used in wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity classification is used in wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity classification is used in wide
+variety of applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of applications
+for example it can be used to censor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it can be used to censor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it can be used to censor
+online comments that are too toxic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online comments that are too toxic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online comments that are too toxic or
+offensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offensive
+unfortunately these algorithms can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately these algorithms can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately these algorithms can be
+very unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unfair
+for example the decision of whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the decision of whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the decision of whether a
+sentence is toxic or non-toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is toxic or non-toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is toxic or non-toxic
+can depend solely on the demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend solely on the demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend solely on the demographic
+identity term such as american or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity term such as american or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity term such as american or
+mexican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexican
+that appears in the sentence this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears in the sentence this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears in the sentence this
+unfairness can be caused by many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairness can be caused by many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairness can be caused by many
+different artifacts of the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different artifacts of the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different artifacts of the national
+language processing pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing pipeline
+for instance certain nationalities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance certain nationalities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance certain nationalities and
+ethnic groups are specifically more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic groups are specifically more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic groups are specifically more
+frequently marginalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently marginalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently marginalized
+and this is reflected in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is reflected in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is reflected in the language
+usually associated with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually associated with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually associated with them
+therefore training nlp algorithms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore training nlp algorithms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore training nlp algorithms on
+resulting data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting data sets
+could result into a certain form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could result into a certain form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could result into a certain form of
+unintended demographic bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to drive home the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to drive home the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to drive home the point of
+unintended demographic bias versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintended demographic bias versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintended demographic bias versus
+unfairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairness
+an intended demographic bias can enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intended demographic bias can enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intended demographic bias can enter
+typical machine learning pipeline from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical machine learning pipeline from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical machine learning pipeline from a
+wide variety of sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety of sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety of sources
+from the word corpus to the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the word corpus to the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the word corpus to the word
+embedding the data set to the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding the data set to the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding the data set to the algorithm
+and finally from the thresholds used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally from the thresholds used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally from the thresholds used to
+make decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions
+the possible unfairness or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible unfairness or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible unfairness or the
+discrimination comes at the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination comes at the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination comes at the point where
+this machine learning model meets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine learning model meets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine learning model meets
+society and actually causes harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and actually causes harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and actually causes harm
+this work addresses mitigating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work addresses mitigating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work addresses mitigating and
+identifying unintended demographic bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying unintended demographic bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying unintended demographic bias
+at each stage in the national language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each stage in the national language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each stage in the national language
+processing pipeline from the word corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing pipeline from the word corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing pipeline from the word corpus
+to the decision level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our big goal here is to find ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our big goal here is to find ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our big goal here is to find ways to
+mitigate the bias that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the bias that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the bias that we might
+inherently find in the text corpora or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently find in the text corpora or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently find in the text corpora or
+the types of data representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of data representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of data representation
+that are used to build nlp applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to build nlp applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to build nlp applications
+for this module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this module
+we cover measuring unintended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cover measuring unintended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cover measuring unintended
+demographic bias in word embeddings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic bias in word embeddings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic bias in word embeddings and
+using adversarial learning to mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using adversarial learning to mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using adversarial learning to mitigate
+world-embedding bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world-embedding bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world-embedding bias
+the corresponding thesis goes further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding thesis goes further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding thesis goes further
+and covers techniques for identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and covers techniques for identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and covers techniques for identifying
+and mitigating unintended demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mitigating unintended demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mitigating unintended demographic
+bias at other stages of the nlp pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias at other stages of the nlp pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias at other stages of the nlp pipeline
+we now cover the work at measuring word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now cover the work at measuring word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now cover the work at measuring word
+embedding bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what embeddings encode text into vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what embeddings encode text into vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what embeddings encode text into vector
+spaces where distances between words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces where distances between words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces where distances between words
+describe a certain semantic meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a certain semantic meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a certain semantic meaning
+this allows one to complete the analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows one to complete the analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows one to complete the analogy
+of monies to woman as king is to queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of monies to woman as king is to queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of monies to woman as king is to queen
+unfortunately researchers told gabol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately researchers told gabol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately researchers told gabol
+kabasi and others found that even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabasi and others found that even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabasi and others found that even for
+what embeddings trend from google news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what embeddings trend from google news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what embeddings trend from google news
+articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles
+there exists bias in word embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists bias in word embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists bias in word embedding
+space where the analogy becomes man is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where the analogy becomes man is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where the analogy becomes man is
+to woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to woman
+as computer programmer is to homemaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as computer programmer is to homemaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as computer programmer is to homemaker
+another word for housewife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another word for housewife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another word for housewife
+this is concerning given that worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is concerning given that worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is concerning given that worry
+meetings could be used in actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings could be used in actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings could be used in actual
+language processing applications devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing applications devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing applications devoted
+to predicting whether someone should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predicting whether someone should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predicting whether someone should get
+a certain job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain job
+however it is difficult to quantify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it is difficult to quantify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it is difficult to quantify the
+bias just based on the vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias just based on the vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias just based on the vector space
+analogies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies
+in this work researchers sweeney and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this work researchers sweeney and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this work researchers sweeney and
+najafian develop a system to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+najafian develop a system to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+najafian develop a system to measure
+sentiments bias in one embeddings to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiments bias in one embeddings to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiments bias in one embeddings to a
+specific number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific number
+the way they do this is they take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they do this is they take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they do this is they take the
+bias toward embeddings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias toward embeddings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias toward embeddings
+and use them to initialize an unbiased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use them to initialize an unbiased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use them to initialize an unbiased
+labor word sentiments data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor word sentiments data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor word sentiments data set
+they train a logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they train a logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they train a logistic regression
+classifier on this data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier on this data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier on this data set
+and they predict negative sentiment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they predict negative sentiment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they predict negative sentiment for
+a set of identity terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of identity terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of identity terms
+for example in this case this is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in this case this is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in this case this is a set
+of identity terms describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identity terms describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identity terms describing
+demographics from different national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics from different national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics from different national
+origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins
+they analyze the negative sentiment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they analyze the negative sentiment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they analyze the negative sentiment for
+each identity term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each identity term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each identity term
+and predict a score that describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predict a score that describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predict a score that describes the
+bias in what embeddings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this score is the divergence between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this score is the divergence between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this score is the divergence between the
+set of probabilities for negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of probabilities for negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of probabilities for negative
+sentiment for national origin identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment for national origin identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment for national origin identity
+terms and the uniform distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the uniform distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the uniform distribution
+the uniform distribution describes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uniform distribution describes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uniform distribution describes a
+perfectly fair case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fair case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fair case
+where no demographic is receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no demographic is receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no demographic is receiving
+unequal amounts of sentiment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal amounts of sentiment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal amounts of sentiment in the
+world embedding model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that we have a grasp on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have a grasp on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have a grasp on the one
+embedding bias we can start to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding bias we can start to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding bias we can start to figure
+out how to mitigate some of this bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the thesis sweeney and rafian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thesis sweeney and rafian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thesis sweeney and rafian
+describe how they use adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how they use adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how they use adversarial
+learning to bias what embeddings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to bias what embeddings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to bias what embeddings
+different identity terms can be more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different identity terms can be more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different identity terms can be more or
+less correlated with positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less correlated with positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less correlated with positive or
+negative sentiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sentiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sentiment
+for example words like american mexican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example words like american mexican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example words like american mexican
+and german
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and german
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and german
+can have more correlations with negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have more correlations with negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have more correlations with negative
+sentiment subspaces and positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment subspaces and positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment subspaces and positive
+sentiment subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment subspaces
+because in the data sets used they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the data sets used they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the data sets used they might
+appear to be more frequently associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be more frequently associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be more frequently associated
+with negative or positive sentiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative or positive sentiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative or positive sentiments
+this is concerning if a downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is concerning if a downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is concerning if a downstream
+machine learning motor picks up on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning motor picks up on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning motor picks up on these
+correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations
+ideally we want to have each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we want to have each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we want to have each of those
+identity terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity terms
+to an intro point between negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an intro point between negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an intro point between negative and
+positive sentiment subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive sentiment subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive sentiment subspaces
+without distorting their meaning within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without distorting their meaning within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without distorting their meaning within
+the vector space so that the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector space so that the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector space so that the word
+mending model can still be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mending model can still be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mending model can still be useful
+they use an adversarial learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use an adversarial learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use an adversarial learning
+algorithm to achieve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to achieve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to achieve this
+more details of this algorithm are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details of this algorithm are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details of this algorithm are
+described in the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in the corresponding
+thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis
+i now present some of their work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now present some of their work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now present some of their work in
+evaluating how adversarial learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating how adversarial learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating how adversarial learning
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+can debias what embeddings and make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can debias what embeddings and make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can debias what embeddings and make the
+resulting natural language processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting natural language processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting natural language processing
+system more fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system more fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system more fair
+we focus on realistic systems in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focus on realistic systems in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focus on realistic systems in both
+sentiment analysis and toxicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment analysis and toxicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentiment analysis and toxicity
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+for each application sweeney and rafian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each application sweeney and rafian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each application sweeney and rafian
+define furnace metrics to let us know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define furnace metrics to let us know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define furnace metrics to let us know
+whether the biased world embeddings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the biased world embeddings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the biased world embeddings are
+actually helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helping
+these fairness metrics often come in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fairness metrics often come in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fairness metrics often come in the
+form of a template's data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a template's data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a template's data set
+researchers have created these data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have created these data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers have created these data sets
+to somewhat tease out different biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somewhat tease out different biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somewhat tease out different biases
+with respect to different demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to different demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to different demographic
+groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+for example this set is meant to tease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this set is meant to tease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this set is meant to tease
+out biases between african-american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out biases between african-american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out biases between african-american
+names and european-american names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and european-american names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and european-american names
+when substituting each name out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when substituting each name out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when substituting each name out in the
+same sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sentence
+similar template datasets have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar template datasets have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar template datasets have been
+created for toxicity classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created for toxicity classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created for toxicity classification
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+where it's about different demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's about different demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's about different demographic
+identity terms within a sentence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity terms within a sentence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity terms within a sentence and
+compare differences in the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare differences in the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare differences in the overall
+toxicity predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sweeney and rafian use these template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeney and rafian use these template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeney and rafian use these template
+datasets to compute fairness for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasets to compute fairness for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasets to compute fairness for a
+real-world toxicity classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world toxicity classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world toxicity classifier
+this graph shows per term auc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph shows per term auc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph shows per term auc
+distributions for a cnn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions for a cnn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions for a cnn
+convolutional neural network that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network that was
+trained on a toxicity classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on a toxicity classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on a toxicity classification
+data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+the x-axis represents each demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis represents each demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis represents each demographic
+group where the template dataset has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group where the template dataset has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group where the template dataset has
+that identity term sub-gene for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identity term sub-gene for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identity term sub-gene for each
+sentence each dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence each dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence each dot
+describes a particular training run of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes a particular training run of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes a particular training run of
+the cnn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cnn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cnn
+the y-axis describes the area under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis describes the area under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis describes the area under the
+curve accuracy for this template data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve accuracy for this template data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve accuracy for this template data
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+one can see that there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can see that there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can see that there is a lot of
+disparity between the accuracies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity between the accuracies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity between the accuracies for
+different demographic groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different demographic groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different demographic groups
+ideally we would want the variants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we would want the variants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we would want the variants in
+different training grants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different training grants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different training grants to be
+compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed
+as well as the differences between each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the differences between each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the differences between each
+demographic group in the auc scores to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic group in the auc scores to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic group in the auc scores to
+be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller
+sweeney and rafian show that a toxicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeney and rafian show that a toxicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeney and rafian show that a toxicity
+classification algorithm that uses their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification algorithm that uses their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification algorithm that uses their
+debias toward embeddings creates better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debias toward embeddings creates better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debias toward embeddings creates better
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+this slide shows results for per term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide shows results for per term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide shows results for per term
+auc distributions for the cnn with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auc distributions for the cnn with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auc distributions for the cnn with
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+bias treatments sweeney and rafian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias treatments sweeney and rafian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias treatments sweeney and rafian
+measure how their word embedding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how their word embedding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how their word embedding the
+biasing compares to other state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasing compares to other state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasing compares to other state of the
+arts techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts techniques
+further discussion and evaluation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further discussion and evaluation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further discussion and evaluation of
+these graphs are presented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs are presented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs are presented in the
+corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+thesis to wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis to wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis to wrap up
+we describe some key takeaways from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we describe some key takeaways from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we describe some key takeaways from this
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+first there is no silver bullet there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there is no silver bullet there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there is no silver bullet there
+are many different types of applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different types of applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different types of applications
+and various types of bias to correct for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various types of bias to correct for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various types of bias to correct for
+when trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when trying to make
+nlp systems more fair second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlp systems more fair second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlp systems more fair second
+bias can emanate from any stage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias can emanate from any stage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias can emanate from any stage of the
+machine learning pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning pipeline
+therefore having tools to identify and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore having tools to identify and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore having tools to identify and
+mitigate bias at all stages of a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate bias at all stages of a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate bias at all stages of a machine
+learning pipeline is essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning pipeline is essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning pipeline is essential
+finally we focus on solving this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we focus on solving this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we focus on solving this problem
+within an academic context for natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an academic context for natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within an academic context for natural
+language processing pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing pipeline
+but this cannot all be solved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this cannot all be solved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this cannot all be solved in
+academia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia
+for example much of the unintended bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example much of the unintended bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example much of the unintended bias
+in the data set like the tax corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data set like the tax corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data set like the tax corpus
+could come from decisions made upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come from decisions made upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come from decisions made upstream
+in data collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data collection
+furthermore an intended bias could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore an intended bias could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore an intended bias could come
+from decisions made when deploying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from decisions made when deploying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from decisions made when deploying the
+model into society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model into society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model into society
+when the motor is used in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the motor is used in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the motor is used in a way that
+does not resonate with how the data was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not resonate with how the data was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not resonate with how the data was
+collected in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected in the first place
+this could cause discrimination an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could cause discrimination an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could cause discrimination an
+example of this is when the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this is when the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this is when the data
+collected from a specific demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected from a specific demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected from a specific demographic
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+is used to make predictions that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to make predictions that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to make predictions that affect
+other demographics that were not taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other demographics that were not taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other demographics that were not taken
+into account during data collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account during data collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account during data collection
+finally it is important to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally it is important to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally it is important to have
+efficient channels of feedback for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient channels of feedback for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient channels of feedback for these
+machine learning modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the work presented in this module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work presented in this module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work presented in this module
+highlights why fairness is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights why fairness is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights why fairness is a very
+important concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept
+it is therefore critical for data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is therefore critical for data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is therefore critical for data
+scientists and engineers to measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and engineers to measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and engineers to measure and
+understand performance of their models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand performance of their models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand performance of their models
+not just through accuracy but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just through accuracy but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just through accuracy but also
+through fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3vMZtGUdTVw.txt b/3vMZtGUdTVw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8f516ed6d358a61890702a4f9fd8d3c3e0f7ca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3vMZtGUdTVw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we're going to establish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we're going to establish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we're going to establish a
+nice property of the Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice property of the Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice property of the Poisson process
+here is a setting we have a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a setting we have a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a setting we have a Poisson
+process with arrival rate lambda and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with arrival rate lambda and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with arrival rate lambda and so
+arrivals keep coming and we watch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals keep coming and we watch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals keep coming and we watch this
+process until a certain random time T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process until a certain random time T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process until a certain random time T so
+T is this time here now T is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is this time here now T is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is this time here now T is an
+exponential random variable with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential random variable with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential random variable with some
+parameter and T is independent from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and T is independent from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and T is independent from the
+Poisson arrival process what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson arrival process what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson arrival process what we're
+interested in is the number of arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is the number of arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is the number of arrivals
+that happened during this time how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened during this time how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened during this time how can
+we answer this question there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we answer this question there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we answer this question there are two
+ways one is using mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is using mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is using mathematical
+manipulations the other is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations the other is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations the other is using
+intuition let's see what it would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition let's see what it would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition let's see what it would take
+if we wanted to solve the problem using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wanted to solve the problem using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wanted to solve the problem using
+formulas so let's call NT with capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so let's call NT with capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so let's call NT with capital T
+the number of arrivals until time T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of arrivals until time T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of arrivals until time T in
+our Poisson process and we wish to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Poisson process and we wish to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Poisson process and we wish to find
+the distribution of n T so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of n T so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of n T so we want to
+calculate for example the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate for example the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate for example the probability
+that n T is equal to a specific number K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n T is equal to a specific number K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n T is equal to a specific number K
+now we do not know very much about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we do not know very much about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we do not know very much about this
+random variable but we do know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable but we do know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable but we do know the
+probability of the random variable n T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the random variable n T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the random variable n T
+if we have a deterministic time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a deterministic time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a deterministic time so
+perhaps we can condition by fixing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps we can condition by fixing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps we can condition by fixing the
+value of the random variable capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the random variable capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the random variable capital T
+that is to condition on that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to condition on that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to condition on that random
+variable taking on a specific value what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable taking on a specific value what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable taking on a specific value what
+happens in this case well if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this case well if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this case well if I tell you
+that capital T is equal to little T this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capital T is equal to little T this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capital T is equal to little T this
+probability is going to be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is going to be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is going to be the same as
+the probability that n with little T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that n with little T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that n with little T is
+equal to K where n with little T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K where n with little T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K where n with little T is the
+number of arrivals until time little T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals until time little T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals until time little T
+but the number of arrivals until a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the number of arrivals until a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the number of arrivals until a
+certain time is a Poisson random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time is a Poisson random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time is a Poisson random
+variable so we do know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we do know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we do know what this
+probability is it is lambda to the K e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is it is lambda to the K e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is it is lambda to the K e
+to the lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lambda
+T divided by K factorial now if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T divided by K factorial now if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T divided by K factorial now if we have
+this conditional probability how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional probability how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional probability how can we
+get the unconditional probability this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the unconditional probability this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the unconditional probability this
+is done by using the total probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done by using the total probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done by using the total probability
+theorem we consider all possible values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we consider all possible values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we consider all possible values
+of little T which are all the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little T which are all the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little T which are all the numbers
+from 0 to infinity we weigh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to infinity we weigh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to infinity we weigh each
+possible value of little T according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value of little T according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value of little T according to
+the corresponding PDF of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding PDF of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding PDF of the random
+variable T and we have this equality we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T and we have this equality we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T and we have this equality we
+know what this term is it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this term is it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this term is it is this
+expression and the density of capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and the density of capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and the density of capital T
+since it is an exponential random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it is an exponential random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it is an exponential random
+variable the density takes this form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the density takes this form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the density takes this form and
+so in order to find the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to find the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to find the distribution of
+the random variable and capital T all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable and capital T all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable and capital T all
+that we need to do is to calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to do is to calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to do is to calculate this
+integral but this is a rather messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but this is a rather messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but this is a rather messy
+integral so let us try to see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so let us try to see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so let us try to see if we can
+find a shortcut to this problem so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a shortcut to this problem so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a shortcut to this problem so here
+is what we have we have a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have we have a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have we have a Poisson
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+let's call it the first Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it the first Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it the first Poisson process
+that has a certain rate lambda and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a certain rate lambda and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a certain rate lambda and this
+Poisson process has arrivals at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process has arrivals at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process has arrivals at various
+times and then we have a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then we have a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then we have a random variable
+capital T which is exponential how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T which is exponential how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T which is exponential how
+should we think about an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we think about an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we think about an exponential
+random variable we can think of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable we can think of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable we can think of an
+exponential random variable as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential random variable as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential random variable as being the
+first arrival in some Poisson process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first arrival in some Poisson process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first arrival in some Poisson process so
+let us put down the second Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us put down the second Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us put down the second Poisson
+process with rate mu since we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with rate mu since we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with rate mu since we have
+assumed that capital T is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that capital T is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that capital T is independent
+from the red Poisson process we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the red Poisson process we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the red Poisson process we can just
+assume that this blue Poisson process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that this blue Poisson process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that this blue Poisson process is
+independent from the first now let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the first now let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the first now let us
+merge the two processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the two processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the two processes
+and we're going to form the merged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to form the merged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to form the merged
+process that records an arrival at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that records an arrival at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that records an arrival at those
+times at which either of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times at which either of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times at which either of the two
+processes have an arrival this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes have an arrival this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes have an arrival this is the
+time of interest and the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of interest and the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of interest and the random variable
+that we're interested in is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in is the number
+of red arrivals until that time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of red arrivals until that time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of red arrivals until that time that
+random variable we call n capital T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable we call n capital T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable we call n capital T the
+discussion will be a little simpler if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion will be a little simpler if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion will be a little simpler if
+we define another random variable K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define another random variable K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define another random variable K
+which is n capital T plus one so K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is n capital T plus one so K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is n capital T plus one so K is
+the number of arrivals in the merged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of arrivals in the merged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of arrivals in the merged
+process until this time that is we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process until this time that is we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process until this time that is we take
+those arrivals of the red process and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arrivals of the red process and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arrivals of the red process and we
+also include that arrival here so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also include that arrival here so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also include that arrival here so if the
+number of arrivals that we got here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals that we got here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals that we got here was
+n capital T here we have arrivals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n capital T here we have arrivals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n capital T here we have arrivals one
+two and so on and this is arrival number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so on and this is arrival number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so on and this is arrival number
+K so k is a random variable and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so k is a random variable and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so k is a random variable and we want
+to find what it is so what are we asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find what it is so what are we asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find what it is so what are we asking
+what is K K is the number of arrivals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is K K is the number of arrivals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is K K is the number of arrivals in
+the merged process until you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merged process until you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merged process until you get an
+arrival in the merged process which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival in the merged process which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival in the merged process which is
+coming from the blue process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now here is how we can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here is how we can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here is how we can think of this
+situation think of each arrival in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation think of each arrival in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation think of each arrival in the
+merged process as a trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each one of these arrivals is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these arrivals is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these arrivals is coming
+either from the read process or from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from the read process or from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from the read process or from the
+blue process let us call it a success if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue process let us call it a success if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue process let us call it a success if
+it comes from the blue process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in that case K is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case K is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case K is the number of
+trials until we have a success K is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials until we have a success K is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials until we have a success K is the
+number of arrivals in the merged process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals in the merged process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals in the merged process
+until we have a successful arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we have a successful arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we have a successful arrival
+meaning one that came out of the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning one that came out of the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning one that came out of the blue
+process so what do we know about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so what do we know about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so what do we know about those
+trials what are their statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials what are their statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials what are their statistical
+properties first what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties first what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties first what is the probability
+of success the probability of success is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of success the probability of success is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of success the probability of success is
+the probability that when you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that when you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that when you get an
+arrival in the merged process it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival in the merged process it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival in the merged process it is
+coming from the blue process and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the blue process and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the blue process and as we
+have seen given an arrival in emerged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen given an arrival in emerged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen given an arrival in emerged in
+the mers process there is probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mers process there is probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mers process there is probability
+that it's coming from this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's coming from this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's coming from this particular
+process that's proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's proportional to the
+arrival rate of that particular process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival rate of that particular process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival rate of that particular process
+and it is equal as we have discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is equal as we have discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is equal as we have discussed
+before it is equal to this in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it is equal to this in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it is equal to this in addition
+we have discussed that when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discussed that when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discussed that when you look at
+the merged process and you ask what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merged process and you ask what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merged process and you ask what was
+the origin of that arrival and you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of that arrival and you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of that arrival and you ask
+what was the origin of that arrival the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the origin of that arrival the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the origin of that arrival the
+answers to these two questions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these two questions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these two questions are
+independent of each other in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other in other words
+the origin of this arrival is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of this arrival is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of this arrival is
+statistically independent from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically independent from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically independent from the
+origin of that arrival so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of that arrival so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of that arrival so this means
+that these trials are independent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're looking at is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking at is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking at is a random
+variable which is the number of trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is the number of trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is the number of trials
+until the first success in a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the first success in a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the first success in a sequence of
+independent trials where each trial has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent trials where each trial has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent trials where each trial has
+a success probability equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a success probability equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a success probability equal to that
+value and we know quantity distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and we know quantity distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and we know quantity distribution
+is it is a geometric with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is a geometric with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is a geometric with this
+particular parameter this gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular parameter this gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular parameter this gives us the
+probability distribution of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of the random
+variable K and once you have the PMF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable K and once you have the PMF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable K and once you have the PMF of
+K you just shift it by one to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K you just shift it by one to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K you just shift it by one to the left
+in order to get the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get the probability
+distribution the PMF of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the PMF of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the PMF of the random
+variable n capital T and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable n capital T and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable n capital T and so this is the
+answer to this problem the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this problem the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this problem the number of
+arrivals during an exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during an exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during an exponentially
+distributed time interval is a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed time interval is a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed time interval is a geometric
+distribution that's shifted by one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's shifted by one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's shifted by one to
+the left
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4LYom0ekars.txt b/4LYom0ekars.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e416672616ab80e25fee3719568d79ffc4685b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4LYom0ekars.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9152 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time we started discussing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we started discussing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we started discussing the
+extremal problem for bipartite graphs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal problem for bipartite graphs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal problem for bipartite graphs in
+particular we saw the Kaveri shows Turin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we saw the Kaveri shows Turin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we saw the Kaveri shows Turin
+Durham which tells us that if you forbid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Durham which tells us that if you forbid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Durham which tells us that if you forbid
+your graph from having a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph from having a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph from having a complete
+bipartite graph KST then you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph KST then you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph KST then you have this
+upper bound on the number of edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound on the number of edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound on the number of edges in
+your graph so we gave a proof floss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph so we gave a proof floss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph so we gave a proof floss
+fairly short use the double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly short use the double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly short use the double counting
+argument and give you the spam and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and give you the spam and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and give you the spam and next
+question is how tight is this bound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how tight is this bound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how tight is this bound is
+there a lower bound that is off by let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lower bound that is off by let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lower bound that is off by let's
+say a most a constant factor and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a most a constant factor and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a most a constant factor and that's
+a major open problem there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major open problem there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major open problem there's a
+conjecture that this bound is tight up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that this bound is tight up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that this bound is tight up
+to constant factors but that conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constant factors but that conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constant factors but that conjecture
+is known for only a very small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known for only a very small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known for only a very small number of
+graphs and we saw a couple of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and we saw a couple of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and we saw a couple of examples
+last time so last time we saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so last time we saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so last time we saw a
+construction that shows that for s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that shows that for s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that shows that for s
+equals to 2 this bound is tight so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 2 this bound is tight so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 2 this bound is tight so the
+extremal number for k22 is on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal number for k22 is on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal number for k22 is on the order
+of n to the three-halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the three-halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the three-halves
+so the state a means I'm hiding constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the state a means I'm hiding constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the state a means I'm hiding constant
+factors and our construction used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and our construction used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and our construction used this
+polarity graph which is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity graph which is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity graph which is essentially the
+point lying incidence graph of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point lying incidence graph of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point lying incidence graph of a
+projective plane and a basic algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projective plane and a basic algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projective plane and a basic algebraic
+or geometric fact if you will that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or geometric fact if you will that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or geometric fact if you will that two
+lines intersecting at most one point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines intersecting at most one point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines intersecting at most one point we
+also saw we sketched a construction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saw we sketched a construction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saw we sketched a construction that
+showed that for s equals to 3 this bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that for s equals to 3 this bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that for s equals to 3 this bound
+is also tight and this construction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also tight and this construction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also tight and this construction here
+involved using spheres again in some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved using spheres again in some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved using spheres again in some in
+the space over a finite field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space over a finite field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space over a finite field
+so both these constructions are in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both these constructions are in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both these constructions are in some
+sense algebraic geometric and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense algebraic geometric and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense algebraic geometric and you can
+ask is there a way to extend these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is there a way to extend these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is there a way to extend these ideas
+to construct other examples of KST free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct other examples of KST free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct other examples of KST free
+graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+worth the right number of edges using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the right number of edges using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the right number of edges using
+some ingredients from algebraic geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ingredients from algebraic geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ingredients from algebraic geometry
+and today I want to show you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today I want to show you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today I want to show you two
+different ways of doing that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of doing that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of doing that so the
+state of the art which I mentioned last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the art which I mentioned last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the art which I mentioned last
+time let me remind you what is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let me remind you what is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let me remind you what is known
+about constructions that achieve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about constructions that achieve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about constructions that achieve the
+right exponent up there so in a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exponent up there so in a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exponent up there so in a series
+of two papers by a long collar runny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two papers by a long collar runny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two papers by a long collar runny and
+supple it is shown that if the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supple it is shown that if the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supple it is shown that if the constants
+T and s are such that he is large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and s are such that he is large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and s are such that he is large enough
+compared to s particular P is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to s particular P is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to s particular P is bigger
+than s minus 1 factorial then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than s minus 1 factorial then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than s minus 1 factorial then the
+extremal number K s T's is of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal number K s T's is of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal number K s T's is of the water
+same water as given in the upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same water as given in the upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same water as given in the upper bound
+of the Kaveri shows Turin theorem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Kaveri shows Turin theorem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Kaveri shows Turin theorem in
+particular this this range of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this this range of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this this range of parameters
+allows you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do
+two-two three-three which we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-two three-three which we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-two three-three which we already
+know how to do but the next case is 4 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do but the next case is 4 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do but the next case is 4 7
+and it is still open how to do 4 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I want to show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to show you this
+construction and they'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and they'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and they'll tell you
+exactly what the graph is I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the graph is I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the graph is I'll give you
+an explicit description of this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit description of this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit description of this graph
+which is KSP free and has lots of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is KSP free and has lots of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is KSP free and has lots of edges
+and as I mentioned earlier it it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned earlier it it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned earlier it it's an
+algebraic construction so as before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic construction so as before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic construction so as before we
+start with P I prime and we will take n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with P I prime and we will take n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with P I prime and we will take n
+to be a P raised to the power s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a P raised to the power s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a P raised to the power s and
+let's restrict has to be integer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's restrict has to be integer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's restrict has to be integer at
+least two and of course as same as last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two and of course as same as last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two and of course as same as last
+time if you have other values of n take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you have other values of n take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you have other values of n take
+a prime close to the desired value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime close to the desired value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime close to the desired value and
+then take it from there okay to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take it from there okay to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take it from there okay to describe
+the construction let me remind you a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction let me remind you a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction let me remind you a the
+norm map if you have a field extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm map if you have a field extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm map if you have a field extension
+in this case specifically I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case specifically I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case specifically I'm looking at
+the field extension this F P to the S I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field extension this F P to the S I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field extension this F P to the S I
+can define a norm map as follows sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define a norm map as follows sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define a norm map as follows sending
+X to be the product of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to be the product of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to be the product of all the
+conjugates or the Galois conjugates of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates or the Galois conjugates of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates or the Galois conjugates of X
+in this field extension actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field extension actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field extension actually
+explicitly written out it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly written out it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly written out it's just that
+expression which I can clean and collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which I can clean and collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which I can clean and collect
+and write it down like this so I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write it down like this so I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write it down like this so I wrote
+that the image of the snow map lies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the image of the snow map lies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the image of the snow map lies in
+the base field FP and that is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of many reasons why this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of many reasons why this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of many reasons why this is the case
+instead if you look at so I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if you look at so I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if you look at so I want to know
+this norm at pi and if you look at n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm at pi and if you look at n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm at pi and if you look at n of
+X raise to power P this leaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X raise to power P this leaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X raise to power P this leaves the
+number leaves this value unchanged and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number leaves this value unchanged and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number leaves this value unchanged and
+the base field is the field where it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base field is the field where it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base field is the field where it has
+invariant under power bi people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant under power bi people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant under power bi people
+so here's the graph which I'll denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the graph which I'll denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the graph which I'll denote
+the norm graph with parameters P and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm graph with parameters P and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm graph with parameters P and s
+so the norm graph will have as vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just the elements of okay so just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the elements of okay so just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the elements of okay so just the
+elements of this dispute extension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this dispute extension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this dispute extension and
+the edges will be the set of all pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges will be the set of all pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges will be the set of all pairs
+of vertices not equal of course such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices not equal of course such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices not equal of course such
+that the norm of their sum equals to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the graph this is an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the graph this is an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the graph this is an explicit
+description of what the vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of what the vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of what the vertices and
+what the edges are so now we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the edges are so now we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the edges are so now we need to
+verify a couple of things one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify a couple of things one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify a couple of things one is that
+this graph has the desired number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph has the desired number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph has the desired number of
+edges has loss of edges and two is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges has loss of edges and two is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges has loss of edges and two is that
+this graph is KST 3 so let's do both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph is KST 3 so let's do both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph is KST 3 so let's do both of
+those things so the first is let's check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things so the first is let's check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things so the first is let's check
+that has the right number of edges ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the right number of edges ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the right number of edges ok so
+that's a relatively easy task what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a relatively easy task what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a relatively easy task what we
+need to do is to count for every a how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is to count for every a how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is to count for every a how
+many choices of B are there in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many choices of B are there in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many choices of B are there in this
+field extension such that a plus B has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field extension such that a plus B has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field extension such that a plus B has
+norm exactly 1 and I claim that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm exactly 1 and I claim that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm exactly 1 and I claim that that
+number okay so here's a basic algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so here's a basic algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so here's a basic algebra
+fact that the number of elements in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the number of elements in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the number of elements in this
+field extension with norm exactly 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field extension with norm exactly 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field extension with norm exactly 1 is
+precisely P to the S minus 1 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely P to the S minus 1 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely P to the S minus 1 divided by
+P to the yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is because really we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is because really we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is because really we're looking
+in the multiplicative subgroup so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the multiplicative subgroup so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the multiplicative subgroup so the
+multiplicative group in this FP to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative group in this FP to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative group in this FP to the
+yes and it is a cyclic group so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and it is a cyclic group so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and it is a cyclic group so there's
+a generator the order of the cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generator the order of the cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generator the order of the cyclic
+group is P to the S minus 1 so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is P to the S minus 1 so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is P to the S minus 1 so you're
+asking how many elements when raised to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking how many elements when raised to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking how many elements when raised to
+power would embrace to this power here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power would embrace to this power here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power would embrace to this power here
+ends up at the identity so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up at the identity so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up at the identity so that's the
+answer ok so that's one aspect and so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer ok so that's one aspect and so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer ok so that's one aspect and so as
+a result every vertex it's adjacent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result every vertex it's adjacent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result every vertex it's adjacent to
+well how many vertices I just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how many vertices I just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how many vertices I just need to
+for every given a I need to solve for P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every given a I need to solve for P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every given a I need to solve for P
+and basically there's many solutions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically there's many solutions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically there's many solutions I
+have to be just slightly careful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be just slightly careful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be just slightly careful because
+I don't want loops in my graph so I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want loops in my graph so I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want loops in my graph so I may
+need to subtract one so its adjacent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to subtract one so its adjacent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to subtract one so its adjacent to
+at least this number up here minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this number up here minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this number up here minus one
+to account for possible loops which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for possible loops which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for possible loops which is
+pretty large P to the S minus one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large P to the S minus one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large P to the S minus one which
+in other words is and raised to 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words is and raised to 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words is and raised to 1 minus
+one over s that many vertices and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over s that many vertices and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over s that many vertices and you
+see that this gives you the right number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this gives you the right number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this gives you the right number
+of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so this is a graph with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so this is a graph with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so this is a graph with lots of
+edges so now what that part wasn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so now what that part wasn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so now what that part wasn't so
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+the next part it's much trickier which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part it's much trickier which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part it's much trickier which
+is we want to check that this graph has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to check that this graph has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to check that this graph has
+no KS TS it so previously in algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no KS TS it so previously in algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no KS TS it so previously in algebraic
+construction we used some geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction we used some geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction we used some geometric
+facts such as no two lines intersecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts such as no two lines intersecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts such as no two lines intersecting
+more than one point to show that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one point to show that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one point to show that there's
+no k22 in the polarity graph so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no k22 in the polarity graph so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no k22 in the polarity graph so there's
+going to be something like that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something like that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something like that here
+which of the claim is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the claim is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the claim is that this
+construction just norm graph is K s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction just norm graph is K s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction just norm graph is K s
+comma s factorial plus 1/3 so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma s factorial plus 1/3 so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma s factorial plus 1/3 so it's not
+quite the bound I claimed so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the bound I claimed so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the bound I claimed so it's a
+little bit weaker but it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weaker but it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weaker but it is in the
+spirit of what I'm claiming namely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of what I'm claiming namely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of what I'm claiming namely it
+therefore T large enough this graph is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore T large enough this graph is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore T large enough this graph is K
+s T 3 so for T a large enough count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s T 3 so for T a large enough count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s T 3 so for T a large enough count
+constant here was shown s factorial plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here was shown s factorial plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here was shown s factorial plus
+1 and as a result it would follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and as a result it would follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and as a result it would follow that
+the extremal number for S sub K or so S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extremal number for S sub K or so S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extremal number for S sub K or so S
+sub s factorial plus 1 is at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub s factorial plus 1 is at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub s factorial plus 1 is at least one
+half minus little one the constant I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half minus little one the constant I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half minus little one the constant I
+don't really worry about that much but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really worry about that much but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really worry about that much but
+it's on the order of n to the 3 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the order of n to the 3 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the order of n to the 3 minus 1
+over s ok everyone with me so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over s ok everyone with me so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over s ok everyone with me so we need to
+verify this this graph here has no KS t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this this graph here has no KS t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this this graph here has no KS t
+yes question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that should be an S thank you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that should be an S thank you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that should be an S thank you any
+more questions so we will show later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions so we will show later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions so we will show later on
+a better result using s minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better result using s minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better result using s minus 1
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+but for now I'll show you the slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now I'll show you the slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now I'll show you the slightly
+weaker result which is still in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker result which is still in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker result which is still in the same
+spirit yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well change to a different graph for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well change to a different graph for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well change to a different graph for the
+stronger result we will change to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger result we will change to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger result we will change to a
+different graph okay so now let's show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different graph okay so now let's show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different graph okay so now let's show
+that this graph here is KS t3 and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this graph here is KS t3 and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this graph here is KS t3 and for
+that claim we need to invoke an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that claim we need to invoke an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that claim we need to invoke an
+algebraic fact which let me write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic fact which let me write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic fact which let me write down
+now so suppose we have a field F any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so suppose we have a field F any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so suppose we have a field F any
+field will walk with a finite field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will walk with a finite field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will walk with a finite field but
+any field is fine and I have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements from the field such that a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements from the field such that a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements from the field such that a sub
+IJ is different from a sub RJ for all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IJ is different from a sub RJ for all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IJ is different from a sub RJ for all I
+not the same as R then the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as R then the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as R then the system of
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+I now write down the system so X minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now write down the system so X minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now write down the system so X minus 1
+X 1 minus a 1 1 X 2 minus a 1 Q so on XS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 minus a 1 1 X 2 minus a 1 Q so on XS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 minus a 1 1 X 2 minus a 1 Q so on XS
+minus a 1 s equals to P 1 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a 1 s equals to P 1 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a 1 s equals to P 1 that's the
+first equation second equation X 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation second equation X 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation second equation X 1 minus
+a 2 1 it almost looks like the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 1 it almost looks like the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 1 it almost looks like the usual
+system of linear equations but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of linear equations but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of linear equations but I'm
+taking products and so on so last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking products and so on so last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking products and so on so last one
+being X 1 minus a s 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being X 1 minus a s 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being X 1 minus a s 1
+x2 minus a s to dot a dot XS - a s s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 minus a s to dot a dot XS - a s s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 minus a s to dot a dot XS - a s s
+equals to P sub s the system has at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to P sub s the system has at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to P sub s the system has at most
+s factorial solutions we are the I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s factorial solutions we are the I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s factorial solutions we are the I'm
+working inside this field okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working inside this field okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working inside this field okay so that's
+the claim so let me just give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim so let me just give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim so let me just give you some
+intuition for this claim suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for this claim suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for this claim suppose the
+right side vector is 0 o 0 then I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side vector is 0 o 0 then I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side vector is 0 o 0 then I claim
+that this is trivial so what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is trivial so what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is trivial so what is it
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+I need to select X 1 to be one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to select X 1 to be one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to select X 1 to be one of the
+aides from the first row and X 2 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aides from the first row and X 2 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aides from the first row and X 2 to be
+one of the ACE from the second row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ACE from the second row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ACE from the second row and
+so on but each column of a is distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but each column of a is distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but each column of a is distinct
+so that's the hypothesis you have oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the hypothesis you have oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the hypothesis you have oh the
+ace in the first column are distinct so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace in the first column are distinct so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace in the first column are distinct so
+no two of the axis can okay so X I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no two of the axis can okay so X I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no two of the axis can okay so X I need
+to set one of the excise to be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set one of the excise to be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set one of the excise to be one of
+the ACE from the first role but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ACE from the first role but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ACE from the first role but you see
+that you cannot set x1 to be a1 1 and x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot set x1 to be a1 1 and x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot set x1 to be a1 1 and x1
+to be a s1 at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a s1 at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a s1 at the same time
+so the solution just counts permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution just counts permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution just counts permutations
+which is exactly as factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this algebraic fact plays a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this algebraic fact plays a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this algebraic fact plays a key
+role in the proof of the theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in the proof of the theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in the proof of the theorem that
+the lower bound that we're stating up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower bound that we're stating up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower bound that we're stating up
+there if you look at the paper they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you look at the paper they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you look at the paper they gave
+a proof of this result it's not a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof of this result it's not a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof of this result it's not a long
+proof but it uses some community of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but it uses some community of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof but it uses some community of
+algebra and algebraic geometry and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and algebraic geometry and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and algebraic geometry and you
+know usually in a class if you don't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know usually in a class if you don't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know usually in a class if you don't if
+the instructor doesn't present the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructor doesn't present the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructor doesn't present the proof
+it's for one of several reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for one of several reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for one of several reasons
+maybe the proof is too short doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the proof is too short doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the proof is too short doesn't
+need to be presented maybe it's too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be presented maybe it's too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be presented maybe it's too long
+or too difficult maybe it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or too difficult maybe it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or too difficult maybe it's not
+instructive to the class and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to the class and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to the class and the last
+reason which is the case serious I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason which is the case serious I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason which is the case serious I don't
+actually understand the proof I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand the proof I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand the proof I said I
+can follow it line by line but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can follow it line by line but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can follow it line by line but I don't
+understand why it is true and if one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it is true and if one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it is true and if one of
+you wants to come up with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wants to come up with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wants to come up with a different
+proof or try to explain to me how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof or try to explain to me how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof or try to explain to me how this
+seemingly elementary algebraic fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly elementary algebraic fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly elementary algebraic fact is
+proved I'd be quite I would appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved I'd be quite I would appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved I'd be quite I would appreciate
+it now for small values of s you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now for small values of s you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now for small values of s you can
+check it by hand right so x equals to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it by hand right so x equals to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it by hand right so x equals to 2
+you're solving a system of you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving a system of you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving a system of you know two
+quadratic equations and that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equations and that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equations and that you can
+check by hand and three maybe you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check by hand and three maybe you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check by hand and three maybe you can do
+with some work but even with four it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some work but even with four it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some work but even with four it's
+not so clear how to do it and also one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so clear how to do it and also one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so clear how to do it and also one
+of the geometric intuition is that if B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the geometric intuition is that if B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the geometric intuition is that if B
+is 0 then you have exactly s factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 then you have exactly s factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 then you have exactly s factorial
+solutions and the geometric intuition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and the geometric intuition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and the geometric intuition is
+somehow that if you move be around then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that if you move be around then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that if you move be around then
+the fiber the size of a fiber the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiber the size of a fiber the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiber the size of a fiber the number
+of solutions X can only go down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions X can only go down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions X can only go down and
+cannot go up and this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go up and this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go up and this corresponds to
+some algebraic geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some algebraic geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some algebraic geometry
+phenomenon and that's all I will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon and that's all I will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon and that's all I will say
+about this algebraic fact which will now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this algebraic fact which will now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this algebraic fact which will now
+use as a black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so now we have that as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so now we have that as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so now we have that as our
+algebraic input let us show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic input let us show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic input let us show that the
+norm graph is indeed ast3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm graph is indeed ast3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm graph is indeed ast3
+in such not so hard once you assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such not so hard once you assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such not so hard once you assume that
+they're up there because okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're up there because okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're up there because okay so let's
+show norm ask well if you have so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show norm ask well if you have so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show norm ask well if you have so okay
+what does it mean to have a K as T it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to have a K as T it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to have a K as T it
+means that if you have distinct vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you have distinct vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you have distinct vertices
+which then correspond to elements s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then correspond to elements s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then correspond to elements s
+elements y1 through y of this field then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements y1 through y of this field then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements y1 through y of this field then
+the common neighbors of these elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common neighbors of these elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common neighbors of these elements
+correspond to solutions of this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to solutions of this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to solutions of this system
+of equations where I set all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations where I set all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations where I set all of these
+values to be 1 but I can write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to be 1 but I can write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to be 1 but I can write out
+exactly what these guys are because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what these guys are because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what these guys are because I
+have this form that representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this form that representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this form that representation
+therefore the norm map so I can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the norm map so I can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the norm map so I can write it
+out and now remember this fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and now remember this fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and now remember this fact that you
+know when you are in characteristic P X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you are in characteristic P X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you are in characteristic P X
+plus y raise to power P it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y raise to power P it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y raise to power P it's the same as
+X to the P plus white P in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to the P plus white P in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to the P plus white P in
+characteristic peep so I can expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic peep so I can expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic peep so I can expand the
+remaining parentheses like that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining parentheses like that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining parentheses like that the
+first line 2 equal to 1 and so on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line 2 equal to 1 and so on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line 2 equal to 1 and so on each
+of the lines has to equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many solutions in X does the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many solutions in X does the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many solutions in X does the system
+of equation half or so if I even if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equation half or so if I even if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equation half or so if I even if I
+treat each of X an expert opinion and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat each of X an expert opinion and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat each of X an expert opinion and so
+on as separate variables that theorem up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on as separate variables that theorem up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on as separate variables that theorem up
+there tells me that there are at most s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there tells me that there are at most s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there tells me that there are at most s
+factorial solutions in X satisfies all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial solutions in X satisfies all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial solutions in X satisfies all
+the hypotheses of that theorem up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotheses of that theorem up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotheses of that theorem up there
+therefore the graph is K s sub s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the graph is K s sub s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the graph is K s sub s
+factorial plus 1/3 you do not have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial plus 1/3 you do not have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial plus 1/3 you do not have as
+more than s plus 1 different values of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than s plus 1 different values of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than s plus 1 different values of X
+satisfying this system of equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying this system of equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying this system of equations and
+that's the proof that the storm graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the proof that the storm graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the proof that the storm graph is
+K s T free yes question so can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K s T free yes question so can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K s T free yes question so can you
+repeat the question why Cannot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question why Cannot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question why Cannot the
+questions why Cannot the powers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions why Cannot the powers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions why Cannot the powers of the
+piece be the same so you're asking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece be the same so you're asking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece be the same so you're asking down
+the second column let's say why are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column let's say why are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column let's say why are all
+these wives different right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wives different right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wives different right because
+there you're working inside a field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're working inside a field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're working inside a field and
+raising to the P in in this field is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising to the P in in this field is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising to the P in in this field is a
+bijection so think about the water of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection so think about the water of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection so think about the water of
+the cyclic group it is co-prime to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great question anything else ok so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question anything else ok so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question anything else ok so this
+gives you a construction that is su KS t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a construction that is su KS t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a construction that is su KS t
+3 for T bigger than S Plus expect s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 for T bigger than S Plus expect s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 for T bigger than S Plus expect s
+factorial now let me show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial now let me show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial now let me show you how to
+improve this construction to do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve this construction to do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve this construction to do a little
+bit better to get s minus 1 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better to get s minus 1 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better to get s minus 1 factorial
+and the idea is to take a variant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is to take a variant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is to take a variant of
+this norm graph which we'll call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm graph which we'll call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm graph which we'll call the
+projective norm graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the projective norm graph will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the projective norm graph will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the projective norm graph will
+define it for s at least three is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it for s at least three is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it for s at least three is rather
+similar but there's a twist I have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but there's a twist I have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but there's a twist I have as
+the vertex set not just the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex set not just the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex set not just the field
+extension okay so now I feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension okay so now I feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension okay so now I feel the
+extension but one level less and I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension but one level less and I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension but one level less and I take
+a second coordinate which consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second coordinate which consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second coordinate which consists of
+non zero elements from FP the edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero elements from FP the edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero elements from FP the edges are
+formed by putting an edge between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by putting an edge between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by putting an edge between these
+two elements if and only if the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements if and only if the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements if and only if the norm
+after the sum of the first coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the sum of the first coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the sum of the first coordinate
+equals to the product of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to the product of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to the product of the second
+coordinate so now you can run through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so now you can run through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so now you can run through a
+similar calculation that helps you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar calculation that helps you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar calculation that helps you the
+number of edges so first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges so first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges so first of all the
+number of vertices is P to the S minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices is P to the S minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices is P to the S minus 1
+times P minus 1 so basically the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P minus 1 so basically the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P minus 1 so basically the same as
+P to the yes and additionally every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the yes and additionally every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the yes and additionally every
+vertex has degree exactly P raise to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex has degree exactly P raise to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex has degree exactly P raise to s
+minus 1 minus 1 and the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 minus 1 and the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 minus 1 and the reason is that
+if I tell you the values of X little X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tell you the values of X little X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tell you the values of X little X
+and big Y which cannot equal minus X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big Y which cannot equal minus X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big Y which cannot equal minus X or
+else you will never form an edge then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you will never form an edge then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you will never form an edge then
+they together uniquely determine little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they together uniquely determine little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they together uniquely determine little
+Y so for every value of big X and little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so for every value of big X and little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so for every value of big X and little
+X I just need to run through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I just need to run through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I just need to run through all the
+values of Big Y other than minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so the number of edges then equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so the number of edges then equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so the number of edges then equals
+to 1/2 times the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1/2 times the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1/2 times the number of vertices
+times the degree of every vertex which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the degree of every vertex which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the degree of every vertex which
+as before is the claimed asymptote and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before is the claimed asymptote and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before is the claimed asymptote and
+the remaining thing to show is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining thing to show is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining thing to show is that this
+projective norm graph is KST free so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projective norm graph is KST free so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projective norm graph is KST free so
+it's K sub s comma s minus 1 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's K sub s comma s minus 1 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's K sub s comma s minus 1 factorial
+plus 1 3 ok it's a similar calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 3 ok it's a similar calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 3 ok it's a similar calculation
+as the one before but we need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the one before but we need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the one before but we need to take
+into account the small variant in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the small variant in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the small variant in the
+construction so suppose we fix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so suppose we fix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so suppose we fix as
+vertices labeled by this big way little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices labeled by this big way little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices labeled by this big way little
+wise and now we need to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uppercase X lower case X in this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uppercase X lower case X in this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uppercase X lower case X in this system
+of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so asking how many different pairs big x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so asking how many different pairs big x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so asking how many different pairs big x
+lu lu x can appear as a solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lu lu x can appear as a solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lu lu x can appear as a solution to this
+system of equations well first of all if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations well first of all if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations well first of all if
+some pairs of the first coordinates big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pairs of the first coordinates big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pairs of the first coordinates big
+I is equal to big J then if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is equal to big J then if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is equal to big J then if you have a
+solution then that forces look at Y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then that forces look at Y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then that forces look at Y to
+be the same as little J and so the Y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as little J and so the Y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as little J and so the Y's
+wouldn't have been distinct to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have been distinct to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have been distinct to begin
+with so this is not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so this is not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so this is not possible
+so all the big y's are distinct well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the big y's are distinct well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the big y's are distinct well now
+let's divide these equations by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's divide these equations by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's divide these equations by the
+final equation and we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final equation and we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final equation and we get that
+the ISEE equation becomes like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ISEE equation becomes like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ISEE equation becomes like that
+which you can rewrite by dividing by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can rewrite by dividing by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can rewrite by dividing by the
+coordinate of the norm of Big Y I - pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of the norm of Big Y I - pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of the norm of Big Y I - pick
+Y s right this is non zero because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y s right this is non zero because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y s right this is non zero because we
+just show that all the big why I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show that all the big why I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show that all the big why I start
+distinct if you divide by this norm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct if you divide by this norm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct if you divide by this norm here
+and rearranged appropriately we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rearranged appropriately we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rearranged appropriately we find
+that the equations become like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so after doing some rearranging so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after doing some rearranging so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after doing some rearranging so this
+is the equation the set of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation the set of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation the set of equations
+that we get and you see that if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get and you see that if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get and you see that if you use
+new variables X Prime do a substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new variables X Prime do a substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new variables X Prime do a substitution
+there's being X Prime then it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's being X Prime then it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's being X Prime then it has
+basically the same form as the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same form as the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same form as the one that
+we just saw with a different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just saw with a different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just saw with a different set of
+constants and in particular from what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and in particular from what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and in particular from what we
+just saw we see that you cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw we see that you cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw we see that you cannot have
+more than s minus 1 factorial solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than s minus 1 factorial solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than s minus 1 factorial solutions
+in X now there s minus 1 equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X now there s minus 1 equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X now there s minus 1 equations and
+the field extension working in the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field extension working in the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field extension working in the S
+minus 1 field extension so we saved an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 field extension so we saved an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 field extension so we saved an
+equation by using this projective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by using this projective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by using this projective
+ization and and that's it so this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ization and and that's it so this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ization and and that's it so this shows
+you the claim of constructing a KST 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the claim of constructing a KST 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the claim of constructing a KST 3
+graph for T bigger than s minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph for T bigger than s minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph for T bigger than s minus 1
+factorial which has the desired number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial which has the desired number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial which has the desired number
+of edges yes question ok so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges yes question ok so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges yes question ok so the question
+is why do we have so why do I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why do we have so why do I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why do we have so why do I say this
+part it's ok so I'm skipping a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it's ok so I'm skipping a sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it's ok so I'm skipping a sentence
+I'm saying if there is a solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying if there is a solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying if there is a solution to
+this system of equations X but if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of equations X but if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of equations X but if these
+vertices have a common neighbor then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have a common neighbor then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have a common neighbor then if
+you have some X satisfying this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some X satisfying this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some X satisfying this system
+of equations than having two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations than having two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations than having two different
+big Y's being the same forces you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Y's being the same forces you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Y's being the same forces you to
+have the two small otherwise being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the two small otherwise being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the two small otherwise being the
+same right and then the Y's wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right and then the Y's wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right and then the Y's wouldn't
+have been distinct ok so for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been distinct ok so for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been distinct ok so for them to
+have some common neighbors you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some common neighbors you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some common neighbors you better
+have this big Y's being distinct any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this big Y's being distinct any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this big Y's being distinct any
+more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions
+great so as I mentioned if it's an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so as I mentioned if it's an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so as I mentioned if it's an open
+problem to determine whether one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to determine whether one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to determine whether one is the
+extremal number for K 4 4 k 4 5 k 4 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal number for K 4 4 k 4 5 k 4 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal number for K 4 4 k 4 5 k 4 6
+and you may ask well we have this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may ask well we have this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may ask well we have this nice
+construction it may be somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction it may be somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction it may be somewhat
+mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious
+because of that theorem there but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that theorem there but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that theorem there but it's
+explicit and you can write this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and you can write this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and you can write this graph
+down and gasps it's this graph K for six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and gasps it's this graph K for six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and gasps it's this graph K for six
+free right so do we gain one extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free right so do we gain one extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free right so do we gain one extra
+number for free maybe because we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for free maybe because we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for free maybe because we didn't
+analyze things properly and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze things properly and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze things properly and it turns out
+that's not the case so there was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case so there was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case so there was a very
+recent paper just released last month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent paper just released last month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent paper just released last month
+showing that this graph here for s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that this graph here for s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that this graph here for s
+equals to four actually does contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to four actually does contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to four actually does contain
+some k4 sixes so if you want to prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some k4 sixes so if you want to prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some k4 sixes so if you want to prove a
+corresponding lower bound for K for six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding lower bound for K for six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding lower bound for K for six
+you better come up with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better come up with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better come up with a different
+construction and that's I think an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and that's I think an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and that's I think an
+interesting direction to explore any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting direction to explore any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting direction to explore any
+questions yes right the question is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes right the question is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes right the question is do
+we know any similar results about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know any similar results about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know any similar results about the
+scale does this graph contain KS T's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale does this graph contain KS T's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale does this graph contain KS T's for
+other values of s and T less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other values of s and T less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other values of s and T less than the
+claim threshold it is unclear so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim threshold it is unclear so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim threshold it is unclear so the
+paper that was uploaded its it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that was uploaded its it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that was uploaded its it doesn't
+address the issue of s bigger than four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the issue of s bigger than four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the issue of s bigger than four
+yeah all right so question is why F P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right so question is why F P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right so question is why F P to
+the power of s so let's go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of s so let's go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of s so let's go back to the
+norm graph construction so where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm graph construction so where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm graph construction so where do we
+use F P to the power of s well certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use F P to the power of s well certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use F P to the power of s well certainly
+we needed it to have the right edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed it to have the right edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed it to have the right edge
+count so that comes up in the edge count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so that comes up in the edge count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so that comes up in the edge count
+and also in the norm expression you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in the norm expression you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in the norm expression you have
+the correct number of factors so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct number of factors so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct number of factors so I
+encourage you to try for if you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to try for if you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to try for if you use a
+smaller or bigger value of s you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller or bigger value of s you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller or bigger value of s you either
+don't get something which is scarcely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get something which is scarcely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get something which is scarcely
+free or you have the wrong number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free or you have the wrong number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free or you have the wrong number of
+edges any more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so later I will show you a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so later I will show you a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so later I will show you a different
+construction of KST three graphs again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of KST three graphs again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of KST three graphs again
+forty large compared to s that will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty large compared to s that will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty large compared to s that will not
+do as well as though as this one but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as well as though as this one but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as well as though as this one but it
+is a genuinely different construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a genuinely different construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a genuinely different construction
+and it uses the idea of randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses the idea of randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses the idea of randomized
+algebraic construction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic construction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic construction which is
+something that actually was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that actually was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that actually was only
+developed a few years ago it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a few years ago it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a few years ago it's a very
+recent development and it's quite nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent development and it's quite nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent development and it's quite nice
+so it combines some of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it combines some of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it combines some of the things we
+talked about with constructing using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about with constructing using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about with constructing using
+random graphs to construct H three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graphs to construct H three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graphs to construct H three
+graphs on one hand and on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs on one hand and on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs on one hand and on the other hand
+some of the algebraic ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the algebraic ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the algebraic ideas in
+particular we're now going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're now going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're now going to use that
+theorem up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem up there
+but we'll use some other algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll use some other algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll use some other algebraic
+geometry fact ok so let's take a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry fact ok so let's take a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry fact ok so let's take a quick
+break so what I want to discuss now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break so what I want to discuss now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break so what I want to discuss now is a
+relatively new idea called a randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new idea called a randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new idea called a randomized
+algebraic construction which combines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic construction which combines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic construction which combines
+some ideas from both the randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas from both the randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas from both the randomized
+construction and also the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and also the algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and also the algebraic
+construction that we just saw so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that we just saw so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that we just saw so this
+idea is due to a porous book just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is due to a porous book just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is due to a porous book just a few
+years ago and the goal is to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and the goal is to give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and the goal is to give an
+alternative construction of a KST free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative construction of a KST free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative construction of a KST free
+graph with lots of edges provided that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with lots of edges provided that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with lots of edges provided that I
+guess before he is much larger compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess before he is much larger compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess before he is much larger compared
+to s ok so this bound here will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to s ok so this bound here will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to s ok so this bound here will not be
+as good as the one that we just saw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as the one that we just saw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as the one that we just saw and
+I won't even tell you what it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't even tell you what it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't even tell you what it is but
+it's some constant right so for every s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some constant right so for every s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some constant right so for every s
+there is some T such that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some T such that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some T such that this
+construction works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right as before we working inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right as before we working inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right as before we working inside
+some some finite field geometry so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some finite field geometry so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some finite field geometry so let's
+start with Q a prime power you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Q a prime power you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Q a prime power you can think
+of prime if you like it doesn't make so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prime if you like it doesn't make so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prime if you like it doesn't make so
+much difference so we're working inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much difference so we're working inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much difference so we're working inside
+a finite field and let's assume s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite field and let's assume s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite field and let's assume s is
+fixed and at least for let me write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and at least for let me write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and at least for let me write down
+some parameters to worry about them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameters to worry about them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameters to worry about them for
+now just think of them as sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just think of them as sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just think of them as sufficiently
+large constants so T is this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large constants so T is this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large constants so T is this quantity
+here so we'll come back to it later when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we'll come back to it later when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we'll come back to it later when
+it comes up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up okay
+so what's the idea when we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the idea when we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the idea when we looked at the
+random nice construction we took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random nice construction we took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random nice construction we took a
+random graph we took an erdos-renyi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph we took an erdos-renyi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph we took an erdos-renyi
+random graph every edge appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph every edge appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph every edge appeared
+independently and saw that it has lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently and saw that it has lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently and saw that it has lots
+of edges if you choose P properly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges if you choose P properly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges if you choose P properly and
+not so many copies of H so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so many copies of H so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so many copies of H so you can
+remove all the copies of H to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove all the copies of H to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove all the copies of H to get a
+graph with lots of edges that is h3 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with lots of edges that is h3 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with lots of edges that is h3 what
+we're going to do now is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do now is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do now is instead of
+taking the edges randomly we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the edges randomly we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the edges randomly we're going to
+take a random polynomial f will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a random polynomial f will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a random polynomial f will be a
+random polynomial chosen uniformly among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all polynomials worth so I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all polynomials worth so I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all polynomials worth so I wrote
+uppercase Y an uppercase abrogates x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uppercase Y an uppercase abrogates x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uppercase Y an uppercase abrogates x and
+y actually x and y they're not single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y actually x and y they're not single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y actually x and y they're not single
+various they are so each of them is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various they are so each of them is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various they are so each of them is a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of s variables okay so in other words X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s variables okay so in other words X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s variables okay so in other words X
+1 to X s are the variables in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to X s are the variables in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to X s are the variables in the
+polynomial and then y1 through wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and then y1 through wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and then y1 through wires
+so it's a 2's variable polynomial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a 2's variable polynomial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a 2's variable polynomial so
+among all polynomials with degree at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all polynomials with degree at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all polynomials with degree at
+most P deepen the number up here in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most P deepen the number up here in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most P deepen the number up here in each
+of x and y sets of variables look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y sets of variables look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y sets of variables look at the
+s X variables each monomial has their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s X variables each monomial has their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s X variables each monomial has their
+their exponents sum to a most d and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their exponents sum to a most d and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their exponents sum to a most d and
+likewise with each monomial for the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise with each monomial for the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise with each monomial for the Y
+variables okay so this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay so this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay so this is this is the
+random object it's a random polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random object it's a random polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random object it's a random polynomial
+in 2's variables and the degree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2's variables and the degree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2's variables and the degree is
+bounded so you only have finite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded so you only have finite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded so you only have finite number
+of possibilities and I choose one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities and I choose one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities and I choose one of
+them uniformly at random and now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uniformly at random and now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uniformly at random and now what's
+my graph we're going to construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph we're going to construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph we're going to construct a
+bipartite graph G the bipartite nurses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph G the bipartite nurses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph G the bipartite nurses
+it's not so crucial but I will make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so crucial but I will make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so crucial but I will make our
+life somewhat easier and the vertices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life somewhat easier and the vertices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life somewhat easier and the vertices of
+the bipartite graph so it has two vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bipartite graph so it has two vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bipartite graph so it has two vertex
+parts which I will label left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts which I will label left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts which I will label left and right
+Ln R and they are both the estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln R and they are both the estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln R and they are both the estimation
+'el vector space over F cube and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'el vector space over F cube and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'el vector space over F cube and we'll
+put an edge between two vertices if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an edge between two vertices if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an edge between two vertices if and
+only if that polynomial up there F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if that polynomial up there F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if that polynomial up there F
+evaluates to 0 on these values that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to 0 on these values that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to 0 on these values that's
+the graph so I give you a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph so I give you a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph so I give you a random
+polynomial F and then you putting edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial F and then you putting edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial F and then you putting edges
+according to when f vanishes so f if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to when f vanishes so f if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to when f vanishes so f if you
+knew the bipartite graph as a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the bipartite graph as a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the bipartite graph as a subset of
+FQ today s cross F 2 DVS and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FQ today s cross F 2 DVS and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FQ today s cross F 2 DVS and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the edge said is the zero set okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the edge said is the zero set okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the edge said is the zero set okay
+just like in random graphs with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in random graphs with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in random graphs with the
+construction with random grass well need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction with random grass well need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction with random grass well need
+to show a couple of things one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show a couple of things one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show a couple of things one is that
+has lots of edges which would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lots of edges which would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lots of edges which would not be
+hard to show and second that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to show and second that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to show and second that it will
+have typically a small number of copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have typically a small number of copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have typically a small number of copies
+of KST and that will have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of KST and that will have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of KST and that will have some
+ingredients which are similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients which are similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients which are similar to the
+random graphs case we saw before but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graphs case we saw before but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graphs case we saw before but it
+will have some new ideas coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some new ideas coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some new ideas coming from
+algebraic geometry first let's show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic geometry first let's show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic geometry first let's show that
+this graph has lots of edges and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph has lots of edges and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph has lots of edges and that's
+a simple calculation because for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple calculation because for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple calculation because for every
+pair of points of vertices I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of points of vertices I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of points of vertices I claim that
+the probability so here F is the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability so here F is the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability so here F is the random
+object the probability that F evaluates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the probability that F evaluates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the probability that F evaluates
+to 0 on this pair is exactly Q so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 on this pair is exactly Q so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 on this pair is exactly Q so
+exactly 1 over Q 1 over the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 1 over Q 1 over the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 1 over Q 1 over the size of the
+field so this is not too hard and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so this is not too hard and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so this is not too hard and the
+reason is that the distribution of F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the distribution of F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the distribution of F is
+identically so identical to if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically so identical to if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically so identical to if you add
+an extra random constant on F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chosen uniformly at random so I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen uniformly at random so I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen uniformly at random so I take a
+random polynomial I shifted by random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random polynomial I shifted by random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random polynomial I shifted by random
+constant it's still a uniformly random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's still a uniformly random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's still a uniformly random
+polynomial according to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial according to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial according to that
+distribution but now you see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but now you see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but now you see that this
+whatever F evaluated to if I shift by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever F evaluated to if I shift by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever F evaluated to if I shift by a
+random constant you will end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random constant you will end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random constant you will end up with a
+uniform distribution so it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution so it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution so it tells you
+that that guy up there yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that guy up there yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that guy up there yes
+uniform distribution on every fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution on every fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution on every fixed
+point u comma V so in particular it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point u comma V so in particular it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point u comma V so in particular it hits
+zero with probability exactly 1 over Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero with probability exactly 1 over Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero with probability exactly 1 over Q
+and as a result the number of edges of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result the number of edges of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result the number of edges of G
+in the expectation is exactly N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the expectation is exactly N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the expectation is exactly N squared
+over Q where n is the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q where n is the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q where n is the number of vertices
+so n is not the number of vertices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n is not the number of vertices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n is not the number of vertices but
+the size of each vertex part namely see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of each vertex part namely see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of each vertex part namely see
+that it gives you the right number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it gives you the right number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it gives you the right number of
+edges n to the 2 minus 1 over s so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges n to the 2 minus 1 over s so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges n to the 2 minus 1 over s so we
+have the right number of edges and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right number of edges and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right number of edges and now
+we want to show that this graph here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show that this graph here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show that this graph here
+typically does not have too many copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically does not have too many copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically does not have too many copies
+of K STS it might have some copies of KS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K STS it might have some copies of KS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K STS it might have some copies of KS
+t somehow that is unavoidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t somehow that is unavoidable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t somehow that is unavoidable
+just as in random case you do have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as in random case you do have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as in random case you do have some
+copies of KS T's but if there are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of KS T's but if there are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of KS T's but if there are not
+too many copies I can remove them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many copies I can remove them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many copies I can remove them and
+obtain a KS d3 graph ok so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a KS d3 graph ok so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a KS d3 graph ok so what is the
+intuition how does it compare to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition how does it compare to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition how does it compare to the
+case when you have genuine erdos-renyi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when you have genuine erdos-renyi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when you have genuine erdos-renyi
+random graph well what is the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph well what is the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph well what is the expected
+number of common neighbors so if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of common neighbors so if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of common neighbors so if I give
+you so if you fix some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so if you fix some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so if you fix some you
+with I say on the left side with exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I say on the left side with exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I say on the left side with exactly
+as vertices I want to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vertices I want to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vertices I want to understand how
+many common neighbors that's you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the common neighbors if he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the common neighbors if he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the common neighbors if he has
+too many common neighbors then that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many common neighbors then that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many common neighbors then that's a
+KST it is not hard too hard to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KST it is not hard too hard to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KST it is not hard too hard to calculate
+the expectation of this quantity both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of this quantity both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of this quantity both in
+the random graph case as well as in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random graph case as well as in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random graph case as well as in this
+case and you can calculate you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and you can calculate you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and you can calculate you know if
+you pretend every edge occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pretend every edge occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pretend every edge occurs
+independently the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently the expected number of
+common neighbors is exactly n to the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors is exactly n to the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors is exactly n to the Q
+to the minus s which is exactly 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus s which is exactly 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus s which is exactly 1 and
+you know that for a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that for a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that for a binomial
+distribution with expectation 1 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with expectation 1 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with expectation 1 and a
+large number of variables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of variables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of variables the
+distribution is approximately per Sonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that's in the case winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's in the case winners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's in the case winners
+independently distributed well just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently distributed well just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently distributed well just the
+case in the case of GMP but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in the case of GMP but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in the case of GMP but it turns out
+for the algebraic setting we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the algebraic setting we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the algebraic setting we're doing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+things don't behave independently it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't behave independently it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't behave independently it's
+not that you're doing coin flops for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that you're doing coin flops for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that you're doing coin flops for
+every eight possible edge we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every eight possible edge we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every eight possible edge we're doing
+some randomized algebraic construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some randomized algebraic construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some randomized algebraic construction
+and for algebraic geometry reasons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for algebraic geometry reasons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for algebraic geometry reasons you
+will see that the distribution is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that the distribution is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that the distribution is very
+much not like poor Sonia it will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much not like poor Sonia it will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much not like poor Sonia it will turn
+out that either peconics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that either peconics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that either peconics
+the number of common neighbors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of common neighbors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of common neighbors is
+bounded or it is very large and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded or it is very large and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded or it is very large and that
+means that we can show using some Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we can show using some Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we can show using some Markov
+inequality that the probability that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that the probability that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that the probability that it
+is very large is quite small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large is quite small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large is quite small so
+typically it will not have many common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it will not have many common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it will not have many common
+neighbors and that's the intuition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and that's the intuition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and that's the intuition and
+so let's work out this intuition any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's work out this intuition any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's work out this intuition any
+questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so how do we do this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so how do we do this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so how do we do this calculation
+so first let's start with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's start with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's start with something
+that's actually fairly elementary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually fairly elementary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually fairly elementary so
+suppose you have some parameters R and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have some parameters R and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have some parameters R and s
+so I think of R and s let's okay so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think of R and s let's okay so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think of R and s let's okay so some
+parameters R and s and think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters R and s and think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters R and s and think of them as
+constants have some restrictions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants have some restrictions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants have some restrictions but
+don't worry too much about them suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry too much about them suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry too much about them suppose
+I have two bounded subset of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two bounded subset of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two bounded subset of of the
+final field where u has size s and V has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final field where u has size s and V has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final field where u has size s and V has
+size R then the claim is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size R then the claim is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size R then the claim is that the
+probability that F vanishes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that F vanishes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that F vanishes on the
+Cartesian product of U and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what do you expect it to be so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you expect it to be so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you expect it to be so I
+have s our elements and I want F this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have s our elements and I want F this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have s our elements and I want F this
+random polynomial to vanish on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random polynomial to vanish on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random polynomial to vanish on the
+entire product or if s value behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire product or if s value behaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire product or if s value behaved
+independently for every point you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently for every point you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently for every point you should
+expect that the probability is exactly Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that the probability is exactly Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that the probability is exactly Q
+to the power minus SR and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power minus SR and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power minus SR and it turns out
+that is the case so this is true this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case so this is true this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case so this is true this is
+an exact statement okay so why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exact statement okay so why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exact statement okay so why is this
+true so this is in sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so this is in sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so this is in sometimes a
+generalization of this claim over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of this claim over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of this claim over here
+and it's you have to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's you have to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's you have to do a little bit
+more work but it's not too difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work but it's not too difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work but it's not too difficult
+so let's first consider this lemma in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's first consider this lemma in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's first consider this lemma in a
+somewhat simpler case where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat simpler case where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat simpler case where all the
+first coordinates of X are distinct of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coordinates of X are distinct of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coordinates of X are distinct of
+you are distinct and all the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are distinct and all the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are distinct and all the first
+coordinates of V are distinct suppose U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of V are distinct suppose U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of V are distinct suppose U
+and V have that form so I'll write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V have that form so I'll write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V have that form so I'll write down
+the list of points for you and first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of points for you and first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of points for you and first
+coordinates are all distinct what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are all distinct what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are all distinct what I want
+to do is to give you a random shift to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to give you a random shift to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to give you a random shift to
+do a uniform random shift and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a uniform random shift and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a uniform random shift and I will
+shifted by a polynomial G which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by a polynomial G which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by a polynomial G which is a
+bivariate polynomial so these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bivariate polynomial so these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bivariate polynomial so these are not
+vectors they are just single variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors they are just single variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors they are just single variables
+and I look at all possible sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at all possible sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at all possible sum of
+monomials where the degree in I is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomials where the degree in I is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomials where the degree in I is less
+than s and the degree in J is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ace are chosen uniformly independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace are chosen uniformly independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace are chosen uniformly independently
+at random from the ground field FQ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random from the ground field FQ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random from the ground field FQ and
+as before we see that F and F plus G had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we see that F and F plus G had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we see that F and F plus G had
+the same distribution the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same distribution the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same distribution the same
+probability distribution and so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution and so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution and so only
+remains to show that is whatever F comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains to show that is whatever F comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains to show that is whatever F comes
+out to be if I talk on this randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be if I talk on this randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be if I talk on this randomness
+extra random G it creates a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra random G it creates a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra random G it creates a uniform
+distribution on the values on the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on the values on the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on the values on the entire
+you cross me but actually see I have s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cross me but actually see I have s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cross me but actually see I have s
+our choices exactly for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choices exactly for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choices exactly for these
+coefficients and I have s our values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and I have s our values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and I have s our values
+that I'm trying to control so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm trying to control so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm trying to control so really
+it's a counting problem and it all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a counting problem and it all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a counting problem and it all it
+suffices to show at my ejection namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices to show at my ejection namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices to show at my ejection namely
+that for every possible vector of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a choice of coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a choice of coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a choice of coefficients
+that's above such that G evaluates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's above such that G evaluates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's above such that G evaluates to
+the prescribed values with the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prescribed values with the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prescribed values with the given
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and then uniformity would follow just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uniformity would follow just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uniformity would follow just
+because you have the exact if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have the exact if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have the exact if you just
+do accounting and the one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do accounting and the one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do accounting and the one-dimensional
+version of this claim okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this claim okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this claim okay so let's
+think about what that is right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what that is right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what that is right so if I
+have say three points on the line and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say three points on the line and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say three points on the line and a
+degree two polynomial what I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two polynomial what I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two polynomial what I'm saying is
+that if you give me the values you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you give me the values you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you give me the values you want
+on these three points I can produce for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these three points I can produce for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these three points I can produce for
+you a unique polynomial that valuates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a unique polynomial that valuates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a unique polynomial that valuates to
+the prescribed values on these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prescribed values on these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prescribed values on these three
+points and that you should all know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and that you should all know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and that you should all know as
+Lagrange interpolation so it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange interpolation so it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange interpolation so it tells you
+exactly how to do that and that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how to do that and that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how to do that and that works
+for many reasons one of them is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many reasons one of them is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many reasons one of them is that the
+vendôme on determinant is invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendôme on determinant is invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendôme on determinant is invertible
+here we have multi variables so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have multi variables so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have multi variables so let's do
+Lagrange interpolation twice once for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange interpolation twice once for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange interpolation twice once for
+each variable so we'll apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interpolation twice so the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation twice so the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation twice so the first time
+we'll see that for all values of u there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that for all values of u there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that for all values of u there
+exists a single barrier polynomial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a single barrier polynomial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a single barrier polynomial in
+the Y variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y variable
+with degree at most R minus one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with degree at most R minus one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with degree at most R minus one that
+evaluates to the correct values wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to the correct values wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to the correct values wrong
+piece on the person on the fixed not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece on the person on the fixed not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece on the person on the fixed not on
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so do it for one variable at a time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do it for one variable at a time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do it for one variable at a time so
+fix you will know you do Lagrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix you will know you do Lagrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix you will know you do Lagrange
+interpolation on the Y variable and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation on the Y variable and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation on the Y variable and now
+once we have those things they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have those things they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have those things they're
+viewing the G that we want to find as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing the G that we want to find as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing the G that we want to find as a
+polynomial whose coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial whose coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial whose coefficients are
+polynomials in the X variables but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials in the X variables but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials in the X variables but
+itself is a polynomial in the Y variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we find that again using Lagrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that again using Lagrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that again using Lagrange
+interpolation there exists these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation there exists these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation there exists these values
+for these coefficients here such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these coefficients here such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these coefficients here such that
+each coefficient off if you plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coefficient off if you plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coefficient off if you plug in the
+first entry to little you agrees with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry to little you agrees with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry to little you agrees with
+the coefficients of the G that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of the G that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of the G that we just
+found and that should be the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and that should be the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and that should be the case for
+every before you okay so once you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every before you okay so once you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every before you okay so once you find
+these polynomials and now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these polynomials and now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these polynomials and now you have a
+bonafide polynomial in G and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonafide polynomial in G and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonafide polynomial in G and that's the
+claim above so using Lagrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim above so using Lagrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim above so using Lagrange
+interpolation twice once for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation twice once for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation twice once for each
+variable okay so this is you're confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so this is you're confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so this is you're confused
+just think about it this is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about it this is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about it this is there's
+nothing deep here so that finishes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing deep here so that finishes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing deep here so that finishes the
+claim in the case when you when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim in the case when you when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim in the case when you when the
+first coordinates all distinct right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coordinates all distinct right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coordinates all distinct right so
+we use that fact crucially in doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use that fact crucially in doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use that fact crucially in doing this
+Lagrange interpolation now for general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange interpolation now for general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lagrange interpolation now for general
+und where we don't have this assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+und where we don't have this assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+und where we don't have this assumption
+of having distinct first coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having distinct first coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having distinct first coordinates
+well let's make them to have distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's make them to have distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's make them to have distinct
+first coordinates by considering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coordinates by considering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coordinates by considering a
+random linear transformation also using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random linear transformation also using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random linear transformation also using
+a probabilistic method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probabilistic method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probabilistic method
+so so randomly so we suffice us to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so randomly so we suffice us to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so randomly so we suffice us to find
+invertible linear maps ki and s this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible linear maps ki and s this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible linear maps ki and s this
+vector space such that tu and SP have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space such that tu and SP have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space such that tu and SP have
+the above properties so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the above properties so let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the above properties so let me show you
+how to do it for you so I need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it for you so I need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it for you so I need to find
+you a invertible linear transformation T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a invertible linear transformation T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a invertible linear transformation T
+it's just the first coordinate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the first coordinate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the first coordinate that
+matters so it suffices to find just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so it suffices to find just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so it suffices to find just a
+linear map corresponding to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear map corresponding to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear map corresponding to the first
+coordinate that is injective you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that is injective you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that is injective you
+whatever linear map you have even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever linear map you have even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever linear map you have even if
+it's zero that's fine I can extend it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero that's fine I can extend it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero that's fine I can extend it to
+the remaining coordinates if it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining coordinates if it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining coordinates if it's zero
+then it's not going to be injective on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not going to be injective on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not going to be injective on
+you okay well let's find this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay well let's find this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay well let's find this map
+randomly so pick T uniform random among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly so pick T uniform random among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly so pick T uniform random among
+all linear maps and I want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all linear maps and I want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all linear maps and I want to understand
+what is the probability of collision bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability of collision bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability of collision bad
+event if two elements of you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event if two elements of you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event if two elements of you end up
+getting mapped to the same point well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting mapped to the same point well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting mapped to the same point well
+that's not too hard so for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too hard so for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too hard so for every
+distinct pair of points in fq to the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct pair of points in fq to the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct pair of points in fq to the S
+the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the probability that they collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think about why this is true it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why this is true it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why this is true it's
+exactly 1 over s 1 over Q if X and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 1 over s 1 over Q if X and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 1 over s 1 over Q if X and X
+prime they differ in at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime they differ in at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime they differ in at least one
+coordinate then even just along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate then even just along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate then even just along that
+coordinate I can make them distinct so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate I can make them distinct so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate I can make them distinct so
+this is the case for every pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case for every pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case for every pair
+so now by Union bound the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now by Union bound the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now by Union bound the probability
+that t1 is injective on U is at least 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t1 is injective on U is at least 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that t1 is injective on U is at least 1
+minus the size of you choose 2 times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the size of you choose 2 times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the size of you choose 2 times 1
+over Q and that's why we chose Q to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q and that's why we chose Q to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q and that's why we chose Q to be
+large enough so Q is at least R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough so Q is at least R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough so Q is at least R squared
+x squared so this number here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared so this number here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared so this number here is
+positive so such a key exists and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so such a key exists and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so such a key exists and so we
+can transform this U and V two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transform this U and V two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transform this U and V two
+configurations where the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations where the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations where the first
+coordinates are all distinct and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are all distinct and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are all distinct and then
+run the argument as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the argument as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the argument as before
+ok great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we've shown so far is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've shown so far is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've shown so far is that if
+you look at this K as our structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this K as our structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this K as our structures
+they appear what probability exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear what probability exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear what probability exactly
+what term with expectation exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what term with expectation exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what term with expectation exactly what
+you might expect as an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect as an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect as an independent
+random case but what we really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random case but what we really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random case but what we really don't
+want to understand is the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand is the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand is the distribution
+of the number of common neighbors and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of common neighbors and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of common neighbors and in
+particular we want to upper bound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we want to upper bound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we want to upper bound the
+probability that there are too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there are too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there are too many
+common neighbors we want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors we want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors we want to understand
+some kind of tail probabilities and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of tail probabilities and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of tail probabilities and to
+do that one way to do tail probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that one way to do tail probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that one way to do tail probabilities
+is to consider moments yes question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can you repeat the question question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you repeat the question question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you repeat the question question
+how do I have the Equality right before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I have the Equality right before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I have the Equality right before
+the lemma ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lemma ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lemma ah
+so right there I'm actually saying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right there I'm actually saying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right there I'm actually saying for
+the eldest rainy random graphs case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eldest rainy random graphs case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eldest rainy random graphs case
+that's the that's the case earliest when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the case earliest when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the case earliest when
+a random graph each edge you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random graph each edge you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random graph each edge you have the
+same edge probability is 1 over Q and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same edge probability is 1 over Q and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same edge probability is 1 over Q and an
+that's the number of common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of common neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of common neighbors
+you will expect so that's a heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will expect so that's a heuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will expect so that's a heuristic
+for the erdos-renyi random graph case ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the erdos-renyi random graph case ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the erdos-renyi random graph case ok
+so now let's try to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's try to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's try to understand the
+distribution of the number of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the number of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the number of common
+neighbors so let's fix a you subset of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors so let's fix a you subset of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors so let's fix a you subset of F
+P to the S with exactly s elements and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the S with exactly s elements and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the S with exactly s elements and I
+want to understand how many common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand how many common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand how many common
+neighbors it has so let's consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors it has so let's consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors it has so let's consider the
+number of common neighbors of you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of common neighbors of you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of common neighbors of you and
+the death moment of this random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death moment of this random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death moment of this random variable
+okay so this is a common way to do upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a common way to do upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a common way to do upper
+tail bounds and one way to analyze such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail bounds and one way to analyze such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail bounds and one way to analyze such
+moments is to decompose this count as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments is to decompose this count as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments is to decompose this count as a
+sum of indicator random variables so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of indicator random variables so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of indicator random variables so let
+me write RB to be the quantity which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write RB to be the quantity which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write RB to be the quantity which is
+1 if f you B is 0 for all before you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if f you B is 0 for all before you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if f you B is 0 for all before you and
+big you in other words it's a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you in other words it's a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you in other words it's a common
+neighbor it's 1 if B is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor it's 1 if B is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor it's 1 if B is a common
+neighbor for you and 0 otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then the number of common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the number of common neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the number of common neighbors
+would simply be the sum of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would simply be the sum of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would simply be the sum of this
+indicator as V ranges over the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator as V ranges over the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator as V ranges over the entire
+vertex set and I can expand this sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set and I can expand this sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set and I can expand this sum and
+all of these are standard things to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are standard things to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are standard things to do
+when you're trying to calculate moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I can bring this expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I can bring this expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I can bring this expectation
+inside and try to understand what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and try to understand what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and try to understand what is the
+expectation of the object inside well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the object inside well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the object inside well if
+all the B's are distinct then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the B's are distinct then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the B's are distinct then this is
+simply the expected number of K as DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but these might not be this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but these might not be this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but these might not be this thing
+so we need to be a little bit careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to be a little bit careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to be a little bit careful
+but that's not too hard to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not too hard to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not too hard to handle
+so let me write M sub r to be the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write M sub r to be the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write M sub r to be the number
+of surjective functions from the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of surjective functions from the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of surjective functions from the element
+set when our element set and m to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set when our element set and m to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set when our element set and m to be the
+sum of these M sub ours for our up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these M sub ours for our up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these M sub ours for our up to
+deep then let's consider how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep then let's consider how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep then let's consider how many
+distinct V values are there if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct V values are there if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct V values are there if there are
+distinct V values then they take on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct V values then they take on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct V values then they take on that
+many possible values and M are for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possible values and M are for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possible values and M are for the
+number of surjections and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of surjections and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of surjections and for each
+possible or the exact number for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible or the exact number for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible or the exact number for the
+exact value of this expectation is Q to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact value of this expectation is Q to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact value of this expectation is Q to
+the minus RS and that's exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus RS and that's exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus RS and that's exactly what we
+showed all right so this comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed all right so this comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed all right so this comes from
+lemma just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we chose I mean look this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we chose I mean look this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we chose I mean look this is a
+binomial coefficient and you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficient and you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial coefficient and you have this
+number here so they multiply to a most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here so they multiply to a most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here so they multiply to a most
+one so we have this number this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have this number this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have this number this quantity
+which I think of as a constant right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think of as a constant right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think of as a constant right so
+this is a constant so the teeth moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant so the teeth moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant so the teeth moment
+is bounded and okay and one way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded and okay and one way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded and okay and one way to get
+tell pounds once you have the moments is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell pounds once you have the moments is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell pounds once you have the moments is
+that we can use Markov inequality tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use Markov inequality tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use Markov inequality tell
+us had a number of common neighbors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us had a number of common neighbors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us had a number of common neighbors of
+you the probability that you has too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the probability that you has too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the probability that you has too
+many common neighbors more than lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many common neighbors more than lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many common neighbors more than lambda
+common neighbors I can rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors I can rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors I can rewrite this
+inequality here by raising both sides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality here by raising both sides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality here by raising both sides to
+the power D and then using Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power D and then using Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power D and then using Markov
+inequality take expectation divide all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality take expectation divide all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality take expectation divide all
+of these are standard techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are standard techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are standard techniques for
+upper tail estimation you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper tail estimation you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper tail estimation you want to
+understand the upper tail of some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the upper tail of some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the upper tail of some random
+variable understand the X understand its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable understand the X understand its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable understand the X understand its
+moments and you smart off on its moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and you smart off on its moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and you smart off on its moments
+but now we know what we have some bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we know what we have some bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we know what we have some bound
+for the death moment right which is M as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the death moment right which is M as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the death moment right which is M as
+we just showed so there's this bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just showed so there's this bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just showed so there's this bound
+here so far you can run the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so far you can run the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so far you can run the same
+argument in the random graphs case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument in the random graphs case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument in the random graphs case and
+you wouldn't really do much different I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't really do much different I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't really do much different I
+mean everything is more or less the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean everything is more or less the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean everything is more or less the same
+what I've said so far although we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've said so far although we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've said so far although we had to
+do a special calculation algebraically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a special calculation algebraically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a special calculation algebraically
+that didn't really make sense I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't really make sense I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't really make sense I mean
+that you have to show some kind of near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to show some kind of near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to show some kind of near
+independence question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hmm thank you thank you but now is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm thank you thank you but now is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm thank you thank you but now is where
+the algebra comes in algebraic geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra comes in algebraic geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra comes in algebraic geometry
+nature of this argument comes in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this argument comes in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this argument comes in it
+turns out that this quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+previously we said at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we said at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we said at least
+heuristically in the random grass case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristically in the random grass case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristically in the random grass case
+it behaves like a Quapaw song random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it behaves like a Quapaw song random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it behaves like a Quapaw song random
+variable so it's fairly uniform in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it's fairly uniform in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so it's fairly uniform in a
+Poisson sense it turns out because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson sense it turns out because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson sense it turns out because of
+the algebraic nature of the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebraic nature of the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebraic nature of the construction
+this random variable behaves nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable behaves nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable behaves nothing
+like a puzzle so it turns out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a puzzle so it turns out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a puzzle so it turns out this
+highly constrained due to reasons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly constrained due to reasons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly constrained due to reasons in
+algebraic geometry and I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic geometry and I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic geometry and I'll tell you
+exactly why so that the number of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why so that the number of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why so that the number of common
+neighbors is either very small or very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors is either very small or very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors is either very small or very
+large and here is the claim that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and here is the claim that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and here is the claim that for
+every s and D there exists some C such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every s and D there exists some C such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every s and D there exists some C such
+that if I have a bunch of polynomials FQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have a bunch of polynomials FQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have a bunch of polynomials FQ
+to the S of degree all at most D then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the S of degree all at most D then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the S of degree all at most D then if
+you look at a number of zeros common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a number of zeros common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a number of zeros common
+zeros of the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many common zeros can have it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many common zeros can have it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many common zeros can have it turns
+out I cannot just be some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I cannot just be some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I cannot just be some arbitrary
+number so this set has size either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this set has size either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this set has size either
+bounded and most C or it is at least Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and most C or it is at least Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and most C or it is at least Q
+minus something very small and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus something very small and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus something very small and I'll
+explain just a little bit why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain just a little bit why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain just a little bit why this is
+the case although I will now give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case although I will now give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case although I will now give a
+proof so either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so either
+somehow you are working in a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you are working in a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you are working in a zero
+dimensional case or if this algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional case or if this algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional case or if this algebraic
+variety that comes with it has positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety that comes with it has positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety that comes with it has positive
+dimension then you should have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension then you should have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension then you should have a lot
+more points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the reason for this dichotomy is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for this dichotomy is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for this dichotomy is has
+to do with how many points are there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with how many points are there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with how many points are there on
+an algebraic variety over a finite field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algebraic variety over a finite field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algebraic variety over a finite field
+so I will not give a proof although if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will not give a proof although if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will not give a proof although if
+you look at the course website or link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the course website or link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the course website or link
+to a reference that does have a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a reference that does have a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a reference that does have a proof
+but I will tell you what the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will tell you what the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will tell you what the key
+algebraic geometric input yes - to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic geometric input yes - to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic geometric input yes - to that
+claim up there and this is a important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim up there and this is a important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim up there and this is a important
+famous theorem called the Lange way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous theorem called the Lange way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous theorem called the Lange way
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so the line they bound tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the line they bound tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the line they bound tells you that
+if you have an algebraic variety V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an algebraic variety V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an algebraic variety V and
+for now it is important in order to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now it is important in order to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now it is important in order to say
+this property to work in the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property to work in the algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property to work in the algebraic
+culture so that's the algebraic closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so that's the algebraic closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so that's the algebraic closure
+it's the smallest field extension where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the smallest field extension where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the smallest field extension where
+I can solve all polynomial equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can solve all polynomial equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can solve all polynomial equations
+then the variety cut out by a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the variety cut out by a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the variety cut out by a set of
+polynomials okay so so V is this variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials okay so so V is this variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials okay so so V is this variety
+so if it has irreducible cannot be with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it has irreducible cannot be with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it has irreducible cannot be with
+him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+I say union of finite number of smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say union of finite number of smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say union of finite number of smaller
+varieties you reduce ball over FQ bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties you reduce ball over FQ bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties you reduce ball over FQ bar
+and all of these polynomials have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these polynomials have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these polynomials have the
+Greek bounded then the question is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek bounded then the question is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek bounded then the question is if I
+take these polynomials and I look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these polynomials and I look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these polynomials and I look at how
+many fu points does it have right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fu points does it have right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fu points does it have right so in
+other words if now I leave the field I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if now I leave the field I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if now I leave the field I
+come back down to earth to the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back down to earth to the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back down to earth to the base
+field and ask what's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and ask what's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and ask what's the number of
+solutions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions in
+where the coordinates are in FQ okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the coordinates are in FQ okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the coordinates are in FQ okay so
+how many points do you expect well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many points do you expect well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many points do you expect well the
+simplest example of an algebraic variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest example of an algebraic variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest example of an algebraic variety
+is that of a subspace if you have a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of a subspace if you have a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of a subspace if you have a B
+dimensional sub space over F Q you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional sub space over F Q you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional sub space over F Q you have
+Q to the D points exactly so you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q to the D points exactly so you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q to the D points exactly so you expect
+something like Q raised to the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Q raised to the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Q raised to the dimension
+of the variety now the dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variety now the dimension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variety now the dimension is
+actually somewhat subtle concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually somewhat subtle concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually somewhat subtle concept
+I won't define but you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't define but you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't define but you know there are
+many definitions in algebraic geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many definitions in algebraic geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many definitions in algebraic geometry
+okay it turns out it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it turns out it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it turns out it's not always
+exactly as nice as in the case of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as nice as in the case of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as nice as in the case of linear
+subspaces but the line they bound tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces but the line they bound tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces but the line they bound tells
+us that it's not too far off you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that it's not too far off you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that it's not too far off you have a
+deviation that is at most on the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation that is at most on the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation that is at most on the water
+of Q 1 over root Q where there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q 1 over root Q where there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q 1 over root Q where there are some
+hidden constants depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden constants depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden constants depending on the
+description off you are variety in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description off you are variety in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description off you are variety in terms
+of the degrees of the polynomials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the degrees of the polynomials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the degrees of the polynomials that
+dimension and the number of polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and the number of polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and the number of polynomials
+but the point is that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that the number of
+points on this variety is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on this variety is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on this variety is basically
+should be around the same as the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be around the same as the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be around the same as the model
+case namely that of a subspace and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case namely that of a subspace and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case namely that of a subspace and and
+that brings us some intuition to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings us some intuition to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings us some intuition to why
+this lemma is true right so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lemma is true right so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lemma is true right so you have
+those polynomials up there so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those polynomials up there so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those polynomials up there so there are
+some subtle points one needs to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subtle points one needs to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subtle points one needs to verify
+about your disability but the punchline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your disability but the punchline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your disability but the punchline
+is that either you are in the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that either you are in the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that either you are in the zero
+dimensional case in which case you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional case in which case you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional case in which case you have
+something like by Zeus theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like by Zeus theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like by Zeus theorem that
+tells you that the number of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that the number of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that the number of solutions
+is bounded or you are in the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded or you are in the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded or you are in the positive
+dimensional case in which case the leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional case in which case the leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional case in which case the leg
+may term tells you you must have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may term tells you you must have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may term tells you you must have lots of
+solutions and there's no middle ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we're ready to finish off Bohr's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're ready to finish off Bohr's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're ready to finish off Bohr's
+books construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we see that applying this lemma up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that applying this lemma up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that applying this lemma up
+there where this what should be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where this what should be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where this what should be my
+polynomial speed I'm going to use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial speed I'm going to use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial speed I'm going to use my
+polynomials F sub u Y to be I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials F sub u Y to be I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials F sub u Y to be I have a
+random polynomial up there so I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random polynomial up there so I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random polynomial up there so I'm trying
+to find common neighbors I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find common neighbors I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find common neighbors I'm trying to
+find common solutions so so these are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find common solutions so so these are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find common solutions so so these are my
+polynomial says u ranges over thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial says u ranges over thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial says u ranges over thank you
+so for Q large enough we find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Q large enough we find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Q large enough we find that the
+number of common neighbors of U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of common neighbors of U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of common neighbors of U the
+probability that is bigger than C where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that is bigger than C where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that is bigger than C where
+C is supplied by that lemma is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is supplied by that lemma is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is supplied by that lemma is equal to
+the probability that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the number of
+common neighbors of U exceeds say Q over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors of U exceeds say Q over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common neighbors of U exceeds say Q over
+2 or Q over tours some this quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or Q over tours some this quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or Q over tours some this quality
+around it smaller than that quantity up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it smaller than that quantity up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it smaller than that quantity up
+there so if as more than C solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if as more than C solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if as more than C solutions
+that automatically has lots of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automatically has lots of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automatically has lots of solutions
+and now we can apply the markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can apply the markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can apply the markov
+inequality up there the tail bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality up there the tail bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality up there the tail bound on
+the moments to deduce that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments to deduce that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments to deduce that this
+probability is that most M divided by Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is that most M divided by Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is that most M divided by Q
+over 2 raised to the power D and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 raised to the power D and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 raised to the power D and the
+more of it is that we should have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of it is that we should have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of it is that we should have a very
+small number I mean and this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number I mean and this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number I mean and this should
+occur with very small probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur with very small probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur with very small probability so
+let's call you being a subset of the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call you being a subset of the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call you being a subset of the bad
+if you pass our elements us contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pass our elements us contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pass our elements us contained
+entirely on the left side or the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely on the left side or the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely on the left side or the right
+side of the original by partition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the original by partition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the original by partition and
+most importantly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most importantly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most importantly you
+a lot maybe more than C common neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in Jeep how many paths s do we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jeep how many paths s do we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jeep how many paths s do we expect
+basically a very small number so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a very small number so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a very small number so the
+number of paths sets values is upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of paths sets values is upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of paths sets values is upper
+bounded by for each choice of s elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by for each choice of s elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by for each choice of s elements
+the probability that something is bad is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that something is bad is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that something is bad is
+this quantity up here which no we chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity up here which no we chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity up here which no we chose
+T to be a large enough constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to be a large enough constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to be a large enough constant
+depending on s if you look at the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on s if you look at the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on s if you look at the choice
+of be up there see that this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be up there see that this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be up there see that this quantity
+here is quite a bit smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is quite a bit smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is quite a bit smaller than the
+number of vertices and now the last step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices and now the last step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices and now the last step
+is the same as our randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as our randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as our randomized
+construction using erdos-renyi random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction using erdos-renyi random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction using erdos-renyi random
+graphs where we remove it's almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where we remove it's almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where we remove it's almost the
+same but now we remove one vertex from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but now we remove one vertex from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but now we remove one vertex from
+every bad set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we get some graph G Prime and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get some graph G Prime and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get some graph G Prime and we
+just need to check that G Prime has lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to check that G Prime has lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to check that G Prime has lots
+of edges we now got rid of all the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges we now got rid of all the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges we now got rid of all the bad
+sets so G prime is now K sub s C plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so G prime is now K sub s C plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so G prime is now K sub s C plus 1
+3 we got rid of all possibilities for s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 we got rid of all possibilities for s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 we got rid of all possibilities for s
+points having more than C common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points having more than C common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points having more than C common
+neighbors now we just need to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors now we just need to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors now we just need to check that
+G prime has lots of edges or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G prime has lots of edges or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G prime has lots of edges or the
+expected number of edges in G prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of edges in G prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of edges in G prime is
+at least D X what we removed one vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least D X what we removed one vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least D X what we removed one vertex
+for every bad you and each path you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every bad you and each path you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every bad you and each path you
+carry sweater at most n edges because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry sweater at most n edges because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry sweater at most n edges because
+there are only n edges on each side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only n edges on each side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only n edges on each side of
+the by partition and the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by partition and the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by partition and the number of edges
+of G has expectation exactly N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G has expectation exactly N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G has expectation exactly N squared
+over Q and the number of paths use we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q and the number of paths use we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q and the number of paths use we
+saw up there is not very large so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw up there is not very large so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw up there is not very large so in
+particular this quantity the second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this quantity the second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this quantity the second term
+is dominated by the first term and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dominated by the first term and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dominated by the first term and so we
+obtain the claimed number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also the graph has and most 2n vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the graph has and most 2n vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the graph has and most 2n vertices
+may have gotten some gotten rid of Sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have gotten some gotten rid of Sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have gotten some gotten rid of Sam
+but actually fewer vertices the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually fewer vertices the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually fewer vertices the better
+so most 2n vertices and it is K sub s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most 2n vertices and it is K sub s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most 2n vertices and it is K sub s so
+it's KST 340 large enough so this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's KST 340 large enough so this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's KST 340 large enough so this gives
+you another construction of KS t 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another construction of KS t 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another construction of KS t 3
+graphs and so today we saw two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and so today we saw two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and so today we saw two different
+constructions of KS t free graphs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions of KS t free graphs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions of KS t free graphs for
+constants s and people in both cases T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants s and people in both cases T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants s and people in both cases T
+is substantially larger than s but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is substantially larger than s but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is substantially larger than s but the
+most important thing is that they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is that they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is that they both
+match the Kaveri shows Turin bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the Kaveri shows Turin bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the Kaveri shows Turin bound
+actually gives you some evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives you some evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gives you some evidence that
+maybe the Kaveri shows torrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the Kaveri shows torrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the Kaveri shows torrent
+conjecture the the theorem is tight up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture the the theorem is tight up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture the the theorem is tight up
+to a most a constant factor although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a most a constant factor although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a most a constant factor although
+that is a major open problem and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a major open problem and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a major open problem and it
+remains very difficult it seems open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains very difficult it seems open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains very difficult it seems open
+problem but one that is central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but one that is central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but one that is central
+importance in extremo graph theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance in extremo graph theory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance in extremo graph theory to
+try to come up perhaps with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come up perhaps with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come up perhaps with other
+constructions that can do better maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions that can do better maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions that can do better maybe
+they will have some algebraic input but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have some algebraic input but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have some algebraic input but
+maybe they will have some input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they will have some input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they will have some input from
+other ideas we do not know question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions is Q defined so we just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is Q defined so we just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is Q defined so we just like
+in the proofs of polarity graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proofs of polarity graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proofs of polarity graphs and
+whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot
+so you have some n you round it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have some n you round it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have some n you round it down to
+the nearest prime powers as a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest prime powers as a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest prime powers as a constant
+so n is basically Q to the s so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n is basically Q to the s so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n is basically Q to the s so take
+large and round it down to the nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and round it down to the nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and round it down to the nearest
+prime power Q could be a prime for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime power Q could be a prime for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime power Q could be a prime for
+instance it could be a prime could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it could be a prime could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it could be a prime could be a
+prime power think Q to be a prime so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime power think Q to be a prime so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime power think Q to be a prime so I'm
+saying for every Q there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for every Q there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for every Q there is a
+construction and for every end you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and for every end you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and for every end you can
+take round down to the nearest Q to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take round down to the nearest Q to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take round down to the nearest Q to the
+s and then run this construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and then run this construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and then run this construction
+any more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions
+great so next time I will begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so next time I will begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so next time I will begin by
+telling you a few more things about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you a few more things about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you a few more things about you
+know why people really like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why people really like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why people really like this
+construction and some conjectures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and some conjectures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and some conjectures that
+were solved using this idea and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were solved using this idea and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were solved using this idea and some
+constructions I still remain open along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions I still remain open along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions I still remain open along
+the same lines and we'll also go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same lines and we'll also go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same lines and we'll also go beyond
+KST right so other bipartite graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KST right so other bipartite graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KST right so other bipartite graphs and
+show you how to do upper bounds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to do upper bounds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to do upper bounds for
+those bipartite graphs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4xVsIV4zhvI.txt b/4xVsIV4zhvI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..007036eced889d812396b1038ef046d07ccb0937
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4xVsIV4zhvI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14424 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+morning so we started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so we started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so we started talking about
+systems with chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and
+we just go quickly over what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just go quickly over what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just go quickly over what we have
+done so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we set we consider the two uh uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set we consider the two uh uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set we consider the two uh uh most
+representative setups the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative setups the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative setups the closed
+system up here and the uh open system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system up here and the uh open system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system up here and the uh open system uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+setup for which of course when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for which of course when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for which of course when we
+analyze uh we have to make uh at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze uh we have to make uh at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze uh we have to make uh at least
+the energy and the entropy balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and the entropy balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and the entropy balance and
+sometimes also uh here also the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes also uh here also the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes also uh here also the volume
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these balances take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these balances take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these balances take these
+forms where these differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms where these differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms where these differences between
+properties of the uh products and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the uh products and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the uh products and the
+reactants energy entropy here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants energy entropy here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants energy entropy here the
+enthalpies because we have bulk flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies because we have bulk flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies because we have bulk flow
+interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh
+important and they have U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and they have U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and they have U the
+feature that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that we need
+to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+we need to deal with the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to deal with the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to deal with the fact that the
+composition changes now because uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition changes now because uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition changes now because uh as
+the process proceeds we have a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process proceeds we have a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process proceeds we have a chemical
+reaction in place one or more chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in place one or more chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in place one or more chemical
+reactions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in
+place we introduced the notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we introduced the notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we introduced the notation for
+stochiometry and the proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry and the proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry and the proportionality
+relations and we defined the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and we defined the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and we defined the properties
+of reaction as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction as a way
+to concentrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concentrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concentrate
+the part of the change in the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the change in the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the change in the properties
+that has to do with the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with the change in
+composition in this last term where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition in this last term where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition in this last term where we
+um have the product of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have the product of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have the product of the reaction
+coordinate and what we called uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and what we called uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and what we called uh the
+property of reaction for example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of reaction for example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of reaction for example this is
+the energy of reaction the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of reaction the enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of reaction the enthalpy of
+reaction but in the same way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but in the same way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but in the same way we can
+Define also the entropy that gives free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define also the entropy that gives free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define also the entropy that gives free
+energy and the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the volume of the
+reaction and remember that if uh the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and remember that if uh the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and remember that if uh the not
+here means standard pressure so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atmosphere um the not here without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere um the not here without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere um the not here without the
+temperature dependence means also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence means also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence means also
+standard temperature so STP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard temperature so STP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard temperature so STP
+means uh this a standard temperature 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh this a standard temperature 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh this a standard temperature 25
+degre C and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atmosphere it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere it
+may seem that we have to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem that we have to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem that we have to measure
+properties of reaction for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of reaction for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of reaction for every
+reaction that we have to deal with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we have to deal with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that we have to deal with but
+fortunately that's not necessary all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately that's not necessary all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately that's not necessary all we
+need to do is to measure the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is to measure the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is to measure the properties
+of reaction for what we will Define as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction for what we will Define as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction for what we will Define as
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh reactions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formation these properties of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation these properties of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation these properties of reaction
+for example this is a reaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this is a reaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this is a reaction of
+formation from molecular hydrogen which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation from molecular hydrogen which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation from molecular hydrogen which
+is the most stable uh species for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most stable uh species for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most stable uh species for
+hydrogen in um at STP and uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in um at STP and uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in um at STP and uh it's the
+formation from that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation from that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation from that to
+Atomic hydrogen which is not which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic hydrogen which is not which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic hydrogen which is not which is
+also an elemental species but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an elemental species but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an elemental species but it's not
+uh the most stable and in order to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the most stable and in order to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the most stable and in order to go
+from here to there we have to break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to there we have to break this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to there we have to break this
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+bond and that requires energy and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and that requires energy and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and that requires energy and this
+is why uh we the the curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why uh we the the curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why uh we the the curve that
+represents the equilibrium state for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the equilibrium state for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the equilibrium state for
+hydrogen even at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen even at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen even at zero
+temperature uh is above the curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh is above the curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh is above the curve that
+represents the um molecular hydrogen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the um molecular hydrogen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the um molecular hydrogen uh
+States and at zero temperature this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and at zero temperature this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and at zero temperature this
+difference is precisely what we call uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is precisely what we call uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is precisely what we call uh
+the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy instead what we call the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy instead what we call the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy instead what we call the property
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+reaction doesn't refer to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction doesn't refer to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction doesn't refer to zero
+temperature it refers to standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it refers to standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it refers to standard
+temperature T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T
+not so it is the difference between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so it is the difference between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so it is the difference between that
+property in this case the enthalpy if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in this case the enthalpy if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in this case the enthalpy if we
+go vertical wise or the entropy if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go vertical wise or the entropy if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go vertical wise or the entropy if you
+go horizontal Wise from the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go horizontal Wise from the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go horizontal Wise from the difference
+in the uh enthalpy or entropy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh enthalpy or entropy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh enthalpy or entropy between
+this state and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state and that
+state okay so this represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so this represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay so this represents
+graphically the enthalpy of reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically the enthalpy of reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically the enthalpy of reaction and
+the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction we ended the last lecture by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we ended the last lecture by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we ended the last lecture by
+with this graph that wants to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out that even the bond energies can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that even the bond energies can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that even the bond energies can be
+described somehow as by means of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described somehow as by means of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described somehow as by means of the
+Leonard Jones potential that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Jones potential that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Jones potential that is a
+possible reasonable uh model perhaps not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible reasonable uh model perhaps not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible reasonable uh model perhaps not
+the best but uh it it is simple enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best but uh it it is simple enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best but uh it it is simple enough
+that one can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can use
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and the values those of the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the values those of the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the values those of the parameters
+the lender John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lender John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lender John
+parameters for U Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for U Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for U Atomic
+bonds Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds Bond
+energies Bond energies are uh at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies Bond energies are uh at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies Bond energies are uh at least
+three orders of magnet itude stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three orders of magnet itude stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three orders of magnet itude stronger
+than the Vander vales forces they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Vander vales forces they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Vander vales forces they're all
+electrostatic forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic forces
+but the ones that you need in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ones that you need in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ones that you need in order to
+uh form this Bond uh are much stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh form this Bond uh are much stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh form this Bond uh are much stronger
+not only they occur at closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only they occur at closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only they occur at closer
+distances you see this is a point seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances you see this is a point seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances you see this is a point seven
+Armstrong uh with respect to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armstrong uh with respect to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armstrong uh with respect to uh the
+the bottom of the Vander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the Vander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the Vander
+vals uh forces which is at about 3 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vals uh forces which is at about 3 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vals uh forces which is at about 3 point
+something angstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something angstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something angstrom
+for for the liquid um for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the liquid um for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the liquid um for example this
+is liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is liquid
+water and also notice that yes I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and also notice that yes I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and also notice that yes I have
+plotted this but in order to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted this but in order to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted this but in order to make it
+visible I had to multiply it by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible I had to multiply it by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible I had to multiply it by a factor
+of a thousand otherwise it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a thousand otherwise it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a thousand otherwise it would be
+almost flat as compared to the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost flat as compared to the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost flat as compared to the strength
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+uh Atomic bonds calent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the properties of
+reaction as we have seen at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction as we have seen at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction as we have seen at zero
+temperature are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+related to the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the bond
+energies so for example if I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so for example if I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so for example if I take this
+is the reaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reaction of
+formation of water of two molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of water of two molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of water of two molecules of
+water from two molecules of hydrogen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from two molecules of hydrogen of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from two molecules of hydrogen of
+molecular hydrogen and one molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular hydrogen and one molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular hydrogen and one molecule of
+oxygen in order to go from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in order to go from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in order to go from this
+configuration to this configuration you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration to this configuration you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration to this configuration you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+break these two hydrogen bonds and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break these two hydrogen bonds and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break these two hydrogen bonds and the
+oxygen Bond and then reassemble in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen Bond and then reassemble in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen Bond and then reassemble in this
+other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+at the end in this other way in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end in this other way in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end in this other way in the in
+two water molecules you have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two water molecules you have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two water molecules you have four
+times and oxygen hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bond okay four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the strength of these bonds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the strength of these bonds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the strength of these bonds are
+listed are plotted are measured you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed are plotted are measured you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed are plotted are measured you find
+tables that provide uh this strength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables that provide uh this strength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables that provide uh this strength and
+also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the
+typical distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical distance between
+atoms between the nuclei in these bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms between the nuclei in these bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms between the nuclei in these bonds
+for example the blue one is the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the blue one is the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the blue one is the hydrogen
+it's the closest it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the closest it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the closest it's
+74 Peters that's 74
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 Peters that's 74
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 Peters that's 74
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+uh the oxygen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the oxygen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the oxygen is
+here and in the middle we have the hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in the middle we have the hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in the middle we have the hydro
+nen and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nen and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nen and oxygen
+Bond and in fact in fact if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond and in fact in fact if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond and in fact in fact if you take the
+uh the the the depth so the strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the depth so the strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the depth so the strength of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+potentials so the epsilons for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so the epsilons for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so the epsilons for the
+lender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender
+jnes for these bonds and you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jnes for these bonds and you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jnes for these bonds and you do the
+simple counting of what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple counting of what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple counting of what's the difference
+between having four of these ones four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between having four of these ones four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between having four of these ones four
+of these ones that are worth 459
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as compared to two of these ones the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as compared to two of these ones the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as compared to two of these ones the
+hydrogen that are uh 432 and one oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen that are uh 432 and one oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen that are uh 432 and one oxygen
+495 uh you you find that um the differen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+495 uh you you find that um the differen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+495 uh you you find that um the differen
+is is is in in favor of of these one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is in in favor of of these one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is in in favor of of these one so
+these are more stable they are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the strong erly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the strong erly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the strong erly bound
+strong more strongly bound and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong more strongly bound and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong more strongly bound and um and
+this number which is by the accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number which is by the accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number which is by the accounting
+of the the bonds is very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the bonds is very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the bonds is very close to the
+enthalpy of formation of two moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of formation of two moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of formation of two moles of
+water the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the
+difference stays mostly in the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference stays mostly in the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference stays mostly in the fact that
+whereas the bonds are computed at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kelvin the enthalpies of formation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin the enthalpies of formation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin the enthalpies of formation are
+listed at standard temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed at standard temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed at standard temperature and
+pressure so you have to correct in going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you have to correct in going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you have to correct in going
+from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to
+here for the specific Heats uh from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the specific Heats uh from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the specific Heats uh from zero
+uh temperature to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh temperature to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh temperature to uh
+298k and if you do that correction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298k and if you do that correction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298k and if you do that correction you
+get closer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to this
+number so in a sense this is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so in a sense this is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so in a sense this is to say that
+the Leonard Jones representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leonard Jones representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leonard Jones representation
+is not bad for uh giving a first look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not bad for uh giving a first look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not bad for uh giving a first look at
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+uh this properties of formation and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this properties of formation and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this properties of formation and at
+least the enthalpy of formation comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the enthalpy of formation comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the enthalpy of formation comes
+comes in comes comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this slide wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this slide wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this slide wants
+to describe what's behind the S relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe what's behind the S relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe what's behind the S relation
+and these properties of uh formation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these properties of uh formation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these properties of uh formation so
+it turns out that we um we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that we um we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that we um we don't need to
+measure all the properties of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure all the properties of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure all the properties of of
+reactions but only those of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but only those of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but only those of uh uh
+formation from a set uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation from a set uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation from a set uh which is
+complete enough that uh so we Define a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete enough that uh so we Define a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete enough that uh so we Define a a
+complete set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete set of
+independent chemical species from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent chemical species from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent chemical species from which
+uh you can construct any other molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can construct any other molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can construct any other molecule
+so these are like the building blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are like the building blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are like the building blocks of
+chemical compounds and uh typically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical compounds and uh typically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical compounds and uh typically they
+are called the elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species in order to Define this set you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in order to Define this set you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in order to Define this set you
+need to to to request two conditions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to to request two conditions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to to request two conditions the
+first is that yes every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that yes every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that yes every
+molecule uh must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh must
+be uh every so you you you you construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh every so you you you you construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh every so you you you you construct
+any chemical species and you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any chemical species and you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any chemical species and you have to be
+able to construct it from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to construct it from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to construct it from these
+Elemental species according to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elemental species according to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elemental species according to a
+chemical reaction of formation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction of formation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction of formation which is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one now in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now in our
+notation where we put um everything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation where we put um everything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation where we put um everything on
+the left hand side with the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side with the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side with the plus
+stochiometric coefficient for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric coefficient for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric coefficient for the
+products and with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and with a
+negative stomri coefficient for the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stomri coefficient for the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stomri coefficient for the um
+reactants this is the way uh we would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants this is the way uh we would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants this is the way uh we would uh
+uh write our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write our
+reaction but you could also write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but you could also write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but you could also write it
+this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other
+way and formally this will be useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and formally this will be useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and formally this will be useful in
+one step below the other condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step below the other condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step below the other condition that
+you want to impose is that they uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to impose is that they uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to impose is that they uh the
+set of these species be independent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of these species be independent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of these species be independent from
+one another so that uh it is impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another so that uh it is impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another so that uh it is impossible
+to convert one into the other or several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert one into the other or several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert one into the other or several
+into the other rather that condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the other rather that condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the other rather that condition is
+written by saying that if it if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by saying that if it if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by saying that if it if you ever
+write a chemical reaction that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a chemical reaction that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a chemical reaction that involves
+only Elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Elemental
+species that reaction has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that reaction has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that reaction has to be
+identically uh trivial so zero all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically uh trivial so zero all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically uh trivial so zero all the
+tetric coefficients must be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetric coefficients must be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetric coefficients must be zero
+otherwise it would be possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it would be possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it would be possible to
+transform gold I mean lead in Gold not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform gold I mean lead in Gold not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform gold I mean lead in Gold not
+like instead of chemistry you do alchemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the Practical choice is to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the Practical choice is to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the Practical choice is to select
+um practical and conventional choices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um practical and conventional choices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um practical and conventional choices to
+select as Elemental the species that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select as Elemental the species that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select as Elemental the species that
+have only one type of nucleos example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only one type of nucleos example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only one type of nucleos example
+the oxygen Mo molecule has two nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen Mo molecule has two nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen Mo molecule has two nuclei
+but they are of the same kind so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are of the same kind so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are of the same kind so only
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+kind and plus since you uh you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind and plus since you uh you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind and plus since you uh you know that
+um for example oxygen you you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example oxygen you you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example oxygen you you you can
+find in several uh uh molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in several uh uh molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in several uh uh molecular
+configuration like Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration like Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration like Atomic
+oxygen uh the ion uh or ozone O3 and O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen uh the ion uh or ozone O3 and O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen uh the ion uh or ozone O3 and O2
+okay you pick the one that is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you pick the one that is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you pick the one that is more
+stable at standard uh condition so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable at standard uh condition so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable at standard uh condition so uh
+you so you so in this way case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you so in this way case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you so in this way case for
+oxygen you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen you take
+O2 and that turn turns out that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and that turn turns out that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and that turn turns out that you have
+to select one species for each atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to select one species for each atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to select one species for each atomic
+number in the periodic table I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the periodic table I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the periodic table I'm sure
+you remember the periodic table uh and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the periodic table uh and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the periodic table uh and Z
+is the number of protons in the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of protons in the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of protons in the nucleus
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+atom um the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom um the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom um the actual
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+Isotopes which has to do with the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isotopes which has to do with the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isotopes which has to do with the number
+of neutrons that are in the um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neutrons that are in the um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neutrons that are in the um um
+nucleus of the atom don't count for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the atom don't count for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the atom don't count for
+chemistry because chemistry is mostly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry because chemistry is mostly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry because chemistry is mostly uh
+uh was responsible for chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was responsible for chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was responsible for chemical
+reactions is is the Electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions is is the Electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions is is the Electrical
+uh the electrons and the protons and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the electrons and the protons and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the electrons and the protons and not
+the the weight of the uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the weight of the uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the weight of the uh of the
+nucleus which is instead important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus which is instead important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus which is instead important for
+nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I think you can proceed in a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think you can proceed in a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think you can proceed in a similar
+way also if you are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way also if you are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way also if you are interested in
+nuclear reaction so you want to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reaction so you want to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reaction so you want to apply
+this same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same kind of
+reasoning uh to the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning uh to the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning uh to the properties of
+formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of
+nuclei you would have to Define um a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei you would have to Define um a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei you would have to Define um a set
+of complete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complete and
+independent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh
+nucleons and typically you would choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleons and typically you would choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleons and typically you would choose
+the proton the the neutron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton the the neutron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton the the neutron and the
+electron and uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else I don't know maybe quarks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I don't know maybe quarks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I don't know maybe quarks are
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+level uh anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh anyway so
+um so then for this reaction of form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then for this reaction of form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then for this reaction of form so
+you select your um your compound and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select your um your compound and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select your um your compound and you
+find the stochiometric coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the stochiometric coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the stochiometric coefficients in
+terms of that are needed in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that are needed in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that are needed in order to
+construct your compound from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct your compound from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct your compound from the
+elemental species these are the alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental species these are the alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental species these are the alphas
+and then you write down the uh according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you write down the uh according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you write down the uh according
+to our rule so the summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our rule so the summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our rule so the summation of the
+stochiometric coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric coefficients
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+the properties of the pure components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the pure components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the pure components
+that appear in the reaction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear in the reaction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear in the reaction at
+STP and this gives you the rea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP and this gives you the rea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP and this gives you the rea the
+property of reaction and this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of reaction and this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of reaction and this is that
+since it's the reaction of formation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's the reaction of formation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's the reaction of formation we
+call it the property of formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the property of formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the property of formation of
+your compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compound
+I okay now it turns out and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay now it turns out and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay now it turns out and this is the
+the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good
+um practical aspect of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um practical aspect of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um practical aspect of this uh
+Choice it turns out that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice it turns out that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice it turns out that you can
+safely arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely arbitrarily
+select a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a reference
+value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for
+the property ATP of the elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property ATP of the elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property ATP of the elemental
+species and since it's arbitrary now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and since it's arbitrary now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and since it's arbitrary now in
+other words it will not uh it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it will not uh it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it will not uh it will
+cancel out your calculations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out your calculations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out your calculations in
+chemistry you can set you can select any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you can set you can select any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you can set you can select any
+number so the the simplest is to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the the simplest is to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the the simplest is to select
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero why
+so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well
+because H in your chemical problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because H in your chemical problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because H in your chemical problems
+you'll have to deal with chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to deal with chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to deal with chemical
+reactions that have this generic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that have this generic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that have this generic form
+equal to Z so 0 equals the stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Z so 0 equals the stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Z so 0 equals the stochiometric
+coefficients times the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients times the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients times the chemical
+compounds now each chemical compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds now each chemical compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds now each chemical compound
+like here can be obtained from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here can be obtained from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here can be obtained from the
+elemental species so we can formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental species so we can formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental species so we can formally
+substitute this formula here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this formula here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this formula here for the
+compound in here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound in here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound in here and we
+get a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chemical
+reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that
+involves only the elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves only the elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves only the elemental
+species by the condition of Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species by the condition of Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species by the condition of Independence
+that requires that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires that these
+um set of stochiometric coefficients be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set of stochiometric coefficients be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set of stochiometric coefficients be
+all identically equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all identically equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all identically equal to
+zero this is more or less the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is more or less the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is more or less the formal
+um expression of what you do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um expression of what you do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um expression of what you do when
+you uh fix these tetric coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh fix these tetric coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh fix these tetric coefficients in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+reaction you balance the reaction by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you balance the reaction by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you balance the reaction by
+putting the proper stomri coefficient i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the proper stomri coefficient i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the proper stomri coefficient i
+s all right that's what you're searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s all right that's what you're searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s all right that's what you're searching
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um the new sais that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the new sais that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the new sais that
+satisfy that solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now if since we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if since we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if since we're interested in
+general in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general in this kind of
+reaction the property of that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the property of that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the property of that reaction
+for example the energy of of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the energy of of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the energy of of reaction
+for that reaction is given is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that reaction is given is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that reaction is given is defined
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way if you substitute this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you substitute this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you substitute this expression
+here because you see here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because you see here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because you see here we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+uh this pure component energies at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this pure component energies at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this pure component energies at
+STP for your substances for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP for your substances for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP for your substances for your
+substances that appear in your reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances that appear in your reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances that appear in your reaction
+and you can write them in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can write them in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can write them in terms of the
+properties of formation and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of formation and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of formation and these are
+uh summation that you take on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh summation that you take on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh summation that you take on the other
+side so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution and then you bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and then you bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and then you bring the
+summation in and you you find that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation in and you you find that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation in and you you find that this
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+contribution has uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution has uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution has uh as
+coefficients that are identically zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that are identically zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that are identically zero
+for the reason that we just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reason that we just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reason that we just mentioned
+before so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this
+summation cancels the way and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation cancels the way and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation cancels the way and therefore
+you find that the property of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that the property of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that the property of real
+reaction is equal to the weighted sum on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is equal to the weighted sum on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is equal to the weighted sum on
+the stric coefficients of your reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stric coefficients of your reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stric coefficients of your reaction
+of the properties of formation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the properties of formation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the properties of formation of your
+of the of the various components that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the various components that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the various components that
+appear in your reaction this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in your reaction this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in your reaction this is called
+the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation and the fact that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and the fact that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and the fact that these things
+are multiplied by zero allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiplied by zero allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiplied by zero allows you to
+select any their value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select any their value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select any their value
+being not important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not important so
+so you con conventionally select those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you con conventionally select those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you con conventionally select those
+equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and
+also you could safely select that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you could safely select that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you could safely select that
+the STP value for the pure components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the STP value for the pure components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the STP value for the pure components
+are equal to their uh properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to their uh properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to their uh properties of
+formation like we do here setting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation like we do here setting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation like we do here setting this
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+zero there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there is another
+minor uh but dangerous complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor uh but dangerous complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor uh but dangerous complication
+dangerous if you forget about it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous if you forget about it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous if you forget about it in your
+calculations that most of the tables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that most of the tables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that most of the tables of
+uh since much of this has been developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since much of this has been developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since much of this has been developed
+when people dealt with combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people dealt with combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people dealt with combustion
+problems and the products of combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and the products of combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and the products of combustion
+are in uh in the gous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in uh in the gous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in uh in the gous
+phase in Practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in Practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in Practical
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in
+people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+listing the values of formation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing the values of formation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing the values of formation of the
+species when they are in the gaseous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species when they are in the gaseous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species when they are in the gaseous
+phase but many species for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but many species for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but many species for example
+water at standard conditions is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water at standard conditions is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water at standard conditions is not in
+the gas phase because at 25 degrees C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas phase because at 25 degrees C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas phase because at 25 degrees C
+and one atmosphere water is liquid yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one atmosphere water is liquid yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one atmosphere water is liquid yet
+in the table you find the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table you find the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table you find the property of
+formation of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of water
+in the fictitious gaseous state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fictitious gaseous state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fictitious gaseous state so
+what's that okay that is an sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that okay that is an sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that okay that is an sort of an
+extrapolation of water vapor from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation of water vapor from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation of water vapor from the
+range of states in which it behaves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of states in which it behaves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of states in which it behaves as
+an ideal gas for which you know uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal gas for which you know uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal gas for which you know uh the
+properties for example the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for example the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for example the specific
+Heats at constant uh pressure as a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heats at constant uh pressure as a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heats at constant uh pressure as a and
+you know them as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know them as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know them as a function of
+temperature you they are given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you they are given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you they are given by
+correlations we'll see some in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations we'll see some in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations we'll see some in a moment
+and and what you do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what you do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what you do is to
+extrapolate those uh properties down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate those uh properties down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate those uh properties down to
+standard conditions as if that substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard conditions as if that substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard conditions as if that substance
+kept behaving as ideal gas down to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept behaving as ideal gas down to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept behaving as ideal gas down to those
+STP and that's how you compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP and that's how you compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP and that's how you compute this
+from this temperature T where it behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this temperature T where it behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this temperature T where it behaves
+as an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an ideal
+gas down to to here and also for entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas down to to here and also for entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas down to to here and also for entropy
+you just apply the the laws of ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just apply the the laws of ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just apply the the laws of ideal gas
+and extrapolate down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+STP okay so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP okay so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP okay so these are
+details now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details now when you
+compute ah yeah these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute ah yeah these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute ah yeah these
+tables give values for the enthalpies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables give values for the enthalpies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables give values for the enthalpies of
+formation of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of number of
+compounds from which you can cook up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds from which you can cook up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds from which you can cook up all
+sorts of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of chemical
+reactions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions uh
+for example we we're interested in U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we we're interested in U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we we're interested in U
+combustion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion of
+methane or the combustion of iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane or the combustion of iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane or the combustion of iso
+octane ISO octane is sort of close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octane ISO octane is sort of close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octane ISO octane is sort of close to
+gasoline and methane is natural gas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline and methane is natural gas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline and methane is natural gas the
+main component in natural gas so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main component in natural gas so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main component in natural gas so these
+are important for energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important for energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important for energy
+uh applications as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh applications as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh applications as you
+know so in order to right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so in order to right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so in order to right this
+uh this is the uh the representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the uh the representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the uh the representation of
+the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete
+combustion uh so the simplest model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion uh so the simplest model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion uh so the simplest model for
+for oxidation of the fuel complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oxidation of the fuel complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oxidation of the fuel complete
+oxidation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of the
+fuel and uh so the stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and uh so the stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and uh so the stochiometric
+coefficients are minus one minus two +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are minus one minus two +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are minus one minus two +
+one plus two then you pick from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus two then you pick from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus two then you pick from this
+table the vales of values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table the vales of values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table the vales of values of the
+enthalpies of of formation so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies of of formation so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies of of formation so for
+example you look for CH4 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you look for CH4 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you look for CH4 which is
+methane is some here minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane is some here minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane is some here minus
+74.9 so that's where where you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74.9 so that's where where you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74.9 so that's where where you get this
+number the uh ele the elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the uh ele the elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the uh ele the elemental
+species have no Rea no value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species have no Rea no value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species have no Rea no value for the
+property of formation zero for them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of formation zero for them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of formation zero for them so
+you can recognize them here they these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can recognize them here they these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can recognize them here they these
+are the elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the elemental
+species hydrogen nitrogen molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species hydrogen nitrogen molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species hydrogen nitrogen molecular
+oxygen so so you get zero then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so so you get zero then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so so you get zero then you have
+CO2 so you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 so you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 so you look for
+CO2 which is uh here minus 390
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 which is uh here minus 390
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 which is uh here minus 390
+393.7 and then you get water which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+393.7 and then you get water which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+393.7 and then you get water which is
+here at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the bottom
+242 and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+242 and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+242 and you can
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+this these numbers are in mega per kilom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these numbers are in mega per kilom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these numbers are in mega per kilom
+or you or say kilj per mole and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you or say kilj per mole and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you or say kilj per mole and if you
+divide by the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the molecular
+weight for methane is 16 you get U this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight for methane is 16 you get U this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight for methane is 16 you get U this
+number negative 50 megga per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kilogram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram for
+isotine it's a much higher molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotine it's a much higher molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotine it's a much higher molecular
+weight so mole wise it's a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so mole wise it's a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so mole wise it's a much higher
+um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um
+um enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um enthalpy of
+reaction uh that's because you have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction uh that's because you have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction uh that's because you have many
+more bonds to break per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bonds to break per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bonds to break per
+molecule but if you divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but if you divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but if you divide by the
+molecular weight you get a number which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight you get a number which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight you get a number which
+is of the same very close same order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the same very close same order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the same very close same order of
+magnitude as this one and actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude as this one and actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude as this one and actually this
+turns out to be true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be true for all
+hydrocarbons yeah I don't I thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons yeah I don't I thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons yeah I don't I thought I
+had it in the next slide we don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it in the next slide we don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it in the next slide we don't just
+will come up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+negative means that the reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative means that the reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative means that the reaction is
+exothermic and we'll we will see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic and we'll we will see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic and we'll we will see now
+what the sign of these properties imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sign of these properties imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sign of these properties imply
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the
+direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of
+spontaneous uh evolution of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+take the steady state reactor set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the steady state reactor set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the steady state reactor set
+up and let's assume that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want H the reaction to occur at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want H the reaction to occur at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want H the reaction to occur at constant
+temperature and and pressure meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and and pressure meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and and pressure meaning
+that the inlet uh flows and the outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inlet uh flows and the outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inlet uh flows and the outlet
+flows are going to be kept at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are going to be kept at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are going to be kept at the same
+temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure
+and this is going to be done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be done with the
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+interaction at some temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction at some temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction at some temperature
+TQ for this moment for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TQ for this moment for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TQ for this moment for this
+slide this temperature of the reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide this temperature of the reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide this temperature of the reservoir
+is not necessarily the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily the same
+temperature of the inlet and at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the inlet and at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the inlet and at which
+you want the reactor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operate okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate okay we
+do our energy balance and our entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our energy balance and our entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our energy balance and our entropy
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance
+bance we combine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bance we combine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bance we combine them
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+eliminating uh Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating uh Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating uh Q
+Dot and here's the outcome it gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot and here's the outcome it gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot and here's the outcome it gives the
+entropy production by IR reversibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy production by IR reversibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy production by IR reversibility
+multiplied by TQ the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by TQ the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by TQ the temperature of the
+heat Source or say heat bath or heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat Source or say heat bath or heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat Source or say heat bath or heat
+reservoir termal reservoir whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir termal reservoir whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir termal reservoir whatever you
+want to call it uh is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call it uh is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call it uh is equal to
+minus Epsilon dot which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Epsilon dot which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Epsilon dot which is the
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+rate the rate of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the rate of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the rate of the reaction
+coordinate times this combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate times this combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate times this combination of the
+enthalpy and the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and the entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and the entropy of
+reaction which looks like the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction which looks like the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction which looks like the same kind
+of combination that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combination that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combination that we have
+in uh available energy or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh available energy or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh available energy or actually
+exergy if you look back into when we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy if you look back into when we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy if you look back into when we did
+a review of exergies in bu flow uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review of exergies in bu flow uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review of exergies in bu flow uh the
+difference in enthalpy minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in enthalpy minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in enthalpy minus the
+temperature of the res times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the res times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the res times the
+difference in uh the entropies between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in uh the entropies between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in uh the entropies between
+Inlet and outlet that is the exergy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inlet and outlet that is the exergy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inlet and outlet that is the exergy of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+flows so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows so this is the
+exergy related to the exergy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy related to the exergy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy related to the exergy difference
+between the products and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the products and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the products and the
+reactants with respect to that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants with respect to that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants with respect to that uh
+Reservoir at temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir at temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir at temperature
+TQ now when Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TQ now when Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TQ now when Epsilon
+dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is
+positive the reaction is forward it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the reaction is forward it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the reaction is forward it
+means that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh
+uh it it is it's proceeding into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it is it's proceeding into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it is it's proceeding into
+producing products consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing products consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing products consuming
+reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants
+okay so this the fact that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this the fact that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this the fact that of course
+entropy cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy cannot
+cannot be destroyed so uh that this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be destroyed so uh that this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be destroyed so uh that this has
+to have a always positive sign if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a always positive sign if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a always positive sign if it has
+to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really
+occur gives you a a Criterion to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur gives you a a Criterion to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur gives you a a Criterion to decide
+whether the reaction will be forward or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the reaction will be forward or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the reaction will be forward or
+backward at that temperature because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward at that temperature because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward at that temperature because you
+want if you want it forward you you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you want it forward you you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you want it forward you you need
+Epsilon dot to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon dot to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon dot to be
+positive so in order if that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so in order if that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so in order if that that's
+positive in order for this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in order for this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in order for this to be
+positive you need that you need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you need that you need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you need that you need this
+linear combination to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative so in this table you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so in this table you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so in this table you can
+summarize the possibilities so if uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the possibilities so if uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the possibilities so if uh if
+you want that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want that to be
+positive and you want it to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and you want it to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and you want it to be positive
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+all combinations you certainly make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all combinations you certainly make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all combinations you certainly make you
+could make sure that this that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make sure that this that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make sure that this that the
+enthalpy of reaction is negative so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of reaction is negative so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of reaction is negative so that
+is an exothermic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exothermic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exothermic reaction
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+also that this term doesn't influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that this term doesn't influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that this term doesn't influence
+the sign of the overall linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of the overall linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of the overall linear
+combination so you want so certainly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so you want so certainly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so you want so certainly if
+the entropy of reaction is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy of reaction is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy of reaction is positive
+you're safe because this also gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're safe because this also gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're safe because this also gives a
+negative contribution you're also safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative contribution you're also safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative contribution you're also safe
+if it is negative but not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is negative but not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is negative but not too
+negative okay because this will this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay because this will this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay because this will this
+with the minor sign in front if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minor sign in front if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minor sign in front if it is
+negative it would be positive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it would be positive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it would be positive it
+eventually could um could cancel out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually could um could cancel out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually could um could cancel out the
+negativeness of the enthalpy uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativeness of the enthalpy uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativeness of the enthalpy uh and so
+you could you could reverse uh the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could reverse uh the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could reverse uh the fact
+which happens uh if if this uh is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens uh if if this uh is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens uh if if this uh is not
+satisfied or actually if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied or actually if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied or actually if this is
+satisfied okay so you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied okay so you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied okay so you see these
+properties of reaction gives you the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of reaction gives you the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of reaction gives you the key
+to understand whether uh uh the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand whether uh uh the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand whether uh uh the reaction
+will go in the direction you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go in the direction you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go in the direction you want
+because typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because typically
+you you you bother uh constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you bother uh constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you bother uh constructing
+reactors because you want to uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors because you want to uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors because you want to uh have a
+consume some products in order some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume some products in order some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume some products in order some
+reactants in order to produce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants in order to produce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants in order to produce some
+products that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want now
+if we repeat the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we repeat the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we repeat the same
+but with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with the same
+temperature as uh so so the the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as uh so so the the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as uh so so the the heat
+bath or the thermal Reservoir has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath or the thermal Reservoir has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath or the thermal Reservoir has the
+same temperature at which the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature at which the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature at which the reaction
+occurs so when you have your reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs so when you have your reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs so when you have your reaction
+for example placed in a calorimeter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example placed in a calorimeter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example placed in a calorimeter or
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+thermostat uh so it's a thermostated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermostat uh so it's a thermostated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermostat uh so it's a thermostated
+reaction at constant pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction at constant pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction at constant pressure
+again and this pressure is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this pressure is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this pressure is the the
+atmospheric pressure again your balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure again your balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure again your balance
+equations it's exactly like before only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's exactly like before only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's exactly like before only
+the T Q now is becoming equal to T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T Q now is becoming equal to T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T Q now is becoming equal to T and
+then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this
+makes this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this linear
+combination is the Gibs free energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is the Gibs free energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is the Gibs free energy of
+reaction because H minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction because H minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction because H minus
+TS is the Gibs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS is the Gibs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS is the Gibs free
+energy so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this is uh
+why we typically say that the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we typically say that the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we typically say that the reaction
+occurs in the direction of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the direction of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the direction of of uh
+negative uh gives free energy yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh gives free energy yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh gives free energy yes you
+need uh the GES free energy of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh the GES free energy of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh the GES free energy of reaction
+to be negative in order to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative in order to the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative in order to the Epsilon
+dot to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however this depends on temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this depends on temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this depends on temperature
+because the GS free energy is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the GS free energy is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the GS free energy is a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and in actually uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and in actually uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and in actually uh in the
+next slide we will prove this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide we will prove this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide we will prove this relation
+here that the the way the gift free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the the way the gift free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the the way the gift free
+energy changes in temperature is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes in temperature is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes in temperature is this
+way is related to the enthalpy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is related to the enthalpy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is related to the enthalpy of the
+reaction so the rate of uh change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so the rate of uh change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so the rate of uh change of the
+G free energy divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G free energy divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G free energy divided by
+RT with respect to temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to the enthalpy of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the enthalpy of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the enthalpy of reaction
+divided by RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s this is the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s this is the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s this is the that
+relation and that is the proof the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and that is the proof the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and that is the proof the proof
+comes from an old friend of ours which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from an old friend of ours which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from an old friend of ours which
+is this relation that gives the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this relation that gives the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this relation that gives the enthalpy
+in terms of the chemical potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the chemical potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the chemical potential for
+the pure substance the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure substance the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure substance the chemical
+potential is gives free energy if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is gives free energy if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is gives free energy if you go
+back in your notes you find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in your notes you find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in your notes you find this
+relation and if you put it inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and if you put it inside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and if you put it inside here
+uh out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out
+comes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes this
+thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot has here it plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot has here it plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot has here it plots
+versus this is not temperature it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this is not temperature it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this is not temperature it's it's
+one over T it's a 1/ t scale so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over T it's a 1/ t scale so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over T it's a 1/ t scale so actually
+the scale is here is 10 4 over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale is here is 10 4 over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale is here is 10 4 over t
+so it's a one / T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a one / T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a one / T
+scale which is precisely the thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale which is precisely the thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale which is precisely the thing we
+respect with doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect with doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect with doing the
+derivative and uh this axis instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and uh this axis instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and uh this axis instead
+shows Delta G over T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows Delta G over T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows Delta G over T over
+RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT
+it's the yeah there is the the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the yeah there is the the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the yeah there is the the logarithm
+of of 10 because this is done on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a this is the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nerian log instead of log of 10 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerian log instead of log of 10 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerian log instead of log of 10 but
+apart from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from this
+Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+uh this shows the dependence of Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this shows the dependence of Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this shows the dependence of Delta G
+/ T versus 1 /t it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ T versus 1 /t it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ T versus 1 /t it's almost
+linear and the this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slopes the slopes are represented by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes the slopes are represented by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes the slopes are represented by the
+negative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of
+the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction so for the exothermic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so for the exothermic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so for the exothermic reaction
+this is positive so you see these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive so you see these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive so you see these ones
+ones that go up are the exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that go up are the exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that go up are the exothermic
+reaction for example co+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction for example co+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction for example co+
+one2 is CO2 or water is here H2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 is CO2 or water is here H2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 is CO2 or water is here H2 plus
+half O2 is H2O and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half O2 is H2O and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half O2 is H2O and so on
+and you see that uh so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that uh so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that uh so if this is
+uh positive because the relation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh positive because the relation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh positive because the relation that we
+proved the previous slide was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved the previous slide was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved the previous slide was that the
+entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by
+reversibility uh divided by uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility uh divided by uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility uh divided by uh the
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+rate so if this is positive that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so if this is positive that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so if this is positive that is also
+positive you need this number to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you need this number to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you need this number to be
+positive so from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so from here
+up you have all uh product favored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you have all uh product favored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you have all uh product favored
+reactions but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but for
+each uh reaction for even the uh that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh reaction for even the uh that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh reaction for even the uh that of
+formation of of water if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of of water if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of of water if you go
+sufficiently high in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high in
+temperature and as I go down in high in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and as I go down in high in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and as I go down in high in
+temperature means one overt goes down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature means one overt goes down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature means one overt goes down so
+if I go down here eventually I will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go down here eventually I will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go down here eventually I will find
+the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature
+for water is of the order of what maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5,000 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 uh
+K it becomes negative so it becomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K it becomes negative so it becomes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K it becomes negative so it becomes uh
+reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant
+favored so water dissociates instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored so water dissociates instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored so water dissociates instead of
+okay and the same is for True for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the same is for True for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the same is for True for
+CO2 CO2 also dissociates at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 CO2 also dissociates at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 CO2 also dissociates at higher
+temperature high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature high
+temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+okay this of course is important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this of course is important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this of course is important because
+if combustion we do uh it's true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if combustion we do uh it's true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if combustion we do uh it's true that
+the oxidation of a fuel produces CO2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of a fuel produces CO2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of a fuel produces CO2 and
+water but if you are very high in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but if you are very high in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but if you are very high in
+temperature like in an adiabatic flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature like in an adiabatic flame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature like in an adiabatic flame
+setup like the one we will consider at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup like the one we will consider at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup like the one we will consider at
+the moment uh the temperatures are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment uh the temperatures are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment uh the temperatures are so
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+that U the reaction that uh that CO2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U the reaction that uh that CO2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U the reaction that uh that CO2 and
+even water a little part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissociates and of course if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociates and of course if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociates and of course if it
+dissociates it consumes some some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociates it consumes some some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociates it consumes some some energy
+in order to break those bonds that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to break those bonds that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to break those bonds that are
+particularly stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+setup that is important is precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup that is important is precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup that is important is precisely the
+adiabatic setup in which we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic setup in which we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic setup in which we have a
+reactor uh which is insulated so no heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor uh which is insulated so no heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor uh which is insulated so no heat
+no work interaction just uh just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no work interaction just uh just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no work interaction just uh just the
+reaction itself makes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction itself makes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction itself makes things
+happen and this time of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and this time of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and this time of course you
+cannot have the same uh temperature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have the same uh temperature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have the same uh temperature uh
+of the outlet so in the outlet you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outlet so in the outlet you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outlet so in the outlet you'll
+have a different temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different temperature of the
+products and we call it t add for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adiabatic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course you have to write an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to write an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to write an energy
+balance and the energy balance this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and the energy balance this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and the energy balance this time
+will be simply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be simply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be simply that
+the the net of the enthalpy coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the net of the enthalpy coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the net of the enthalpy coming
+coming in with this bulk flow must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with this bulk flow must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with this bulk flow must be
+equal to the enthalpy going out with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the enthalpy going out with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the enthalpy going out with the
+Outlet bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet bu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet bu
+flow so this must be equal to so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so this must be equal to so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so this must be equal to so this
+gives you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation that allows you to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that allows you to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that allows you to solve for
+the diabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diabatic
+temperature ad diabatic product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature ad diabatic product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature ad diabatic product
+temperature and once you solve for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and once you solve for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and once you solve for that
+you go into the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance and that uh allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and that uh allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and that uh allows you to
+compute this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can write this uh s do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can write this uh s do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can write this uh s do
+irreversible one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible one way
+is to write it this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to write it this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to write it this uh
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+um I don't I yes here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah you you essentially uh add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you you essentially uh add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you you essentially uh add a
+zero you add the entropy balance I sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you add the entropy balance I sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you add the entropy balance I sorry
+the energy balance which is zero so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy balance which is zero so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy balance which is zero so you
+can add it it doesn't change the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance and you multiply the uh entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and you multiply the uh entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and you multiply the uh entropy
+balance by T so that it becomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance by T so that it becomes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance by T so that it becomes uh
+dimensionally an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionally an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionally an
+energy and then what what you get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then what what you get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then what what you get you
+can split the outcome as two parts one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can split the outcome as two parts one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can split the outcome as two parts one
+is our familiar Gibs free energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our familiar Gibs free energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our familiar Gibs free energy of
+reaction term multiplied by the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction term multiplied by the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction term multiplied by the Epsilon
+Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these other uh terms are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these other uh terms are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these other uh terms are essentially
+they're written here are essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're written here are essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're written here are essentially the
+in the difference in the exergy of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the difference in the exergy of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the difference in the exergy of your
+products at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products at this
+temperature from the reactant I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from the reactant I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from the reactant I'm sorry
+sorry take it back uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry take it back uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry take it back uh it's the
+difference between the exer that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the exer that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the exer that the
+products have have at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products have have at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products have have at this
+temperature you see this is still p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you see this is still p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you see this is still p
+uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the
+um and that they have a temperature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that they have a temperature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that they have a temperature uh
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+reactants so it's a difference between t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so it's a difference between t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so it's a difference between t
+add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and
+T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of
+the xergy of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products and so so you see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so so you see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so so you see if you
+want the reaction to occur in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the reaction to occur in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the reaction to occur in that
+direction you need Delta G to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative but it must be negative enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but it must be negative enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but it must be negative enough
+to overcome this xergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this
+xergy is what will be uh you could um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xergy is what will be uh you could um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xergy is what will be uh you could um
+deploy uh in application for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy uh in application for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy uh in application for example
+in if this is high temperature you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if this is high temperature you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if this is high temperature you could
+use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to
+run the heat exchanger of of a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the heat exchanger of of a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the heat exchanger of of a thermal
+cycle to produce electricity and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on we will do the calculation for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels
+um again another setup is the exergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again another setup is the exergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again another setup is the exergy
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we still we use a TQ as a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we still we use a TQ as a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we still we use a TQ as a different
+temperature as the temperature at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as the temperature at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as the temperature at which
+you want your reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want your reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want your reaction to
+occur and you assume also that this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and you assume also that this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and you assume also that this I
+shouldn't really call it a reactor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't really call it a reactor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't really call it a reactor but
+it's a reactor that is going to be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reactor that is going to be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reactor that is going to be part
+of some more complex system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some more complex system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some more complex system that
+contains also Machinery thermal Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains also Machinery thermal Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains also Machinery thermal Cycles
+whatever you want in order to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want in order to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want in order to produce
+some work so this is like a a box which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work so this is like a a box which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work so this is like a a box which
+could be a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plant that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that takes
+in reactants produces your products it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reactants produces your products it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reactants produces your products it
+could be a materials processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a materials processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a materials processing
+plant that Tak in raw materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that Tak in raw materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant that Tak in raw materials and
+produces your uh material you you desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces your uh material you you desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces your uh material you you desire
+to con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to con
+to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+manufacture okay now in some cases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture okay now in some cases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture okay now in some cases you
+do right usual the energy and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right usual the energy and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right usual the energy and entropy
+balance and you compute now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and you compute now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and you compute now the
+work so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the
+work in some cases depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in some cases depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in some cases depending on the
+conditions and the values of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and the values of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and the values of these
+properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of
+reaction sometimes you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction sometimes you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction sometimes you can do
+work and the maximum work you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the maximum work you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the maximum work you can do is
+given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+this and if you have entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you have entropy produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you have entropy produced by
+reversibility that will detract from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility that will detract from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility that will detract from the
+maximum you can do so your actual work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum you can do so your actual work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum you can do so your actual work
+will be less than the maximum because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be less than the maximum because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be less than the maximum because
+there is a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a minus sign
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+sometimes you cannot extract work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you cannot extract work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you cannot extract work but
+you actually need to spend work in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually need to spend work in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually need to spend work in order
+to make that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that uh
+occur this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur this is the
+minimum work you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spend and if you have irreversibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend and if you have irreversibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend and if you have irreversibility
+that will detract and it will now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will detract and it will now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will detract and it will now this
+sign becomes plus and it will add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign becomes plus and it will add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign becomes plus and it will add up to
+the minimum so you will have you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum so you will have you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum so you will have you in
+practice will you spend more work than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice will you spend more work than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice will you spend more work than
+the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's do something more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do something more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do something more specific
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+about the oxidation of hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbons In This Very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons In This Very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons In This Very
+simplified view in which we consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified view in which we consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified view in which we consider the
+overall basic uh reaction mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall basic uh reaction mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall basic uh reaction mechanism of
+complete oxidation of the hydrocarbon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete oxidation of the hydrocarbon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete oxidation of the hydrocarbon as
+if uh there were only that one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh there were only that one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh there were only that one which is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+true but in this simplified view you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but in this simplified view you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but in this simplified view you
+already can do a lot of uh interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already can do a lot of uh interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already can do a lot of uh interesting
+uh considerations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculations first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations first of
+all you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you notice
+that the mechanism involves involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mechanism involves involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mechanism involves involves the
+fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+hydrocarbon K is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon K is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon K is the number of
+carbon nuclei in the molecule and L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nuclei in the molecule and L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nuclei in the molecule and L is
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+hydrogen uh nuclei in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen uh nuclei in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen uh nuclei in the
+molecule you need oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you need oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you need oxygen
+and the two main products of are CO2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two main products of are CO2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two main products of are CO2 and
+water and that's the balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that's the balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that's the balanced
+uh stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stochiometric
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+typically when you burn a fuel like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you burn a fuel like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you burn a fuel like this
+you don't do it in pure oxygen although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do it in pure oxygen although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do it in pure oxygen although
+you could do oxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do oxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do oxy
+combustion but you do it in you you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion but you do it in you you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion but you do it in you you use
+air as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air as an
+oxidant and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxygen is only one is going to be only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is only one is going to be only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is only one is going to be only
+one of the uh components in the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the uh components in the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the uh components in the mixture
+of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your
+oxidant the mole fraction of oxygen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidant the mole fraction of oxygen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidant the mole fraction of oxygen in
+air is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+21% so if you want one mole of oxygen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21% so if you want one mole of oxygen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21% so if you want one mole of oxygen to
+to to be available for your fuel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be available for your fuel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be available for your fuel you
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+um these divided by so one over these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these divided by so one over these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these divided by so one over these is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+477 moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+477 moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+477 moles of
+air and that therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and that therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and that therefore the
+stochiometric amount that you need since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric amount that you need since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric amount that you need since
+for one mole of of fuel you need K plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one mole of of fuel you need K plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one mole of of fuel you need K plus
+L4 l l over four molecules of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L4 l l over four molecules of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L4 l l over four molecules of oxygen
+that means 4.77 times this uh of air so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means 4.77 times this uh of air so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means 4.77 times this uh of air so
+this gives the stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+air fuel ratio the S stands for stoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air fuel ratio the S stands for stoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air fuel ratio the S stands for stoom
+metric and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and if
+you are more interested in weight uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are more interested in weight uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are more interested in weight uh
+fractions this is the air to fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions this is the air to fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions this is the air to fuel
+ratio Mass wise you have to multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio Mass wise you have to multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio Mass wise you have to multiply by
+the molecular weight of air and divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular weight of air and divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular weight of air and divide
+by the molecular weight of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also if you need to completely burn your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you need to completely burn your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you need to completely burn your
+fuel you want to make sure that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel you want to make sure that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel you want to make sure that if you
+have combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have combustion
+application uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the you don't leave unburned unburnt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you don't leave unburned unburnt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you don't leave unburned unburnt
+hydrocarbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons
+around so for example you think of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so for example you think of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so for example you think of if
+you think of a combustion chamber in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of a combustion chamber in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of a combustion chamber in the
+internal combustion engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine
+yeah it's loaded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's loaded with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's loaded with
+fuel uh and you have the molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh and you have the molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh and you have the molecules of
+fuel spread around in the combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel spread around in the combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel spread around in the combustion
+chamber and if your air is just a sto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and if your air is just a sto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and if your air is just a sto
+stochiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric
+amount uh chances are that the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount uh chances are that the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount uh chances are that the last
+molecule of fuel will be on one side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of fuel will be on one side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of fuel will be on one side and
+last molecule of oxygen on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last molecule of oxygen on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last molecule of oxygen on the other
+side and they will not encounter so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and they will not encounter so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and they will not encounter so you
+you you miss that uh uh and So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you miss that uh uh and So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you miss that uh uh and So you
+you're going to have some unburnt fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have some unburnt fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have some unburnt fuel
+so for this reason you provide extra air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this reason you provide extra air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this reason you provide extra air
+extra oxygen you provide some excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra oxygen you provide some excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra oxygen you provide some excess
+air so the the actual fuel air ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so the the actual fuel air ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so the the actual fuel air ratio
+that you use is U more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use is U more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use is U more than the
+stochiometric amount and the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric amount and the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric amount and the ratio of
+what you actually put over the stoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you actually put over the stoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you actually put over the stoom
+matric is called equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio we talked about the heating values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio we talked about the heating values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio we talked about the heating values
+of fuels being in the range more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fuels being in the range more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fuels being in the range more or less
+in the range and now hopefully yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range and now hopefully yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range and now hopefully yeah okay
+here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list for the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrocarbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons
+with um molecular weights that range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um molecular weights that range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um molecular weights that range
+from two of hydrogen to 16 of uh methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two of hydrogen to 16 of uh methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two of hydrogen to 16 of uh methane
+114 of iso Octane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+114 of iso Octane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+114 of iso Octane and
+up and you see that the uh enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you see that the uh enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you see that the uh enthalpy of
+reaction Except for hydrogen which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Except for hydrogen which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Except for hydrogen which is
+much higher or for carbon which is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher or for carbon which is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher or for carbon which is lower
+in terms of megga per kilogram the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of megga per kilogram the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of megga per kilogram the
+others are all in the range between 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are all in the range between 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are all in the range between 40
+this one but between 44 and 48 more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but between 44 and 48 more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but between 44 and 48 more or
+less 50 for methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also you could compute the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you could compute the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you could compute the uh
+entropies notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies notice that the
+entropy um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy um of
+reaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of
+combustion uh is not does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion uh is not does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion uh is not does not
+necessarily have to have a positive sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to have a positive sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to have a positive sign
+some for some fuels it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative what's important for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative what's important for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative what's important for the
+application and you have already used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and you have already used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and you have already used it
+in in your homework is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in your homework is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in your homework is that the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+between the enthalpy and the Gibs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy is small percent wise percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is small percent wise percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is small percent wise percentage
+wise in terms of the Gibs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise in terms of the Gibs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise in terms of the Gibs free
+energy which is related to the exergy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is related to the exergy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is related to the exergy of
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+fuel uh you see that this ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh you see that this ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh you see that this ratio is
+between plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between plus and
+minus uh 2.4%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this allows you for for for simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this allows you for for for simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this allows you for for for simple
+calculations to neglect the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations to neglect the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations to neglect the difference
+and say that the exergy of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that the exergy of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that the exergy of the fuel
+which is the G three energy minus the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the G three energy minus the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the G three energy minus the G
+three energy is uh almost equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three energy is uh almost equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three energy is uh almost equal to the
+uh lower heating value of the fuel which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower heating value of the fuel which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower heating value of the fuel which
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy these other
+table provides more specific uh values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table provides more specific uh values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table provides more specific uh values
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heating
+values and also the air fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and also the air fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and also the air fuel
+stomatic uh ratios for some practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuels and introduces to the idea that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels and introduces to the idea that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels and introduces to the idea that uh
+uh heating values with as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heating values with as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heating values with as you
+know if you if you buy a a burner for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you if you buy a a burner for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you if you buy a a burner for
+your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house
+you have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to deal with
+the salesperson that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiencies and sometime most most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies and sometime most most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies and sometime most most of
+the times the deficiencies are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times the deficiencies are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times the deficiencies are based on
+the U lower heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U lower heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U lower heating
+value but nowadays they are send they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but nowadays they are send they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but nowadays they are send they're
+selling uh a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling uh a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling uh a lot of
+condensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensing
+burners where they exploit also uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burners where they exploit also uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burners where they exploit also uh the
+uh heat of condensation of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heat of condensation of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heat of condensation of the water
+that is in the products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the products of
+combustion and therefore the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and therefore the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and therefore the proper
+reference for computing efficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference for computing efficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference for computing efficiencies
+there would be like the higher heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be like the higher heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be like the higher heating
+value sometimes they play with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value sometimes they play with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value sometimes they play with this
+difference because that difference can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because that difference can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because that difference can
+be large for example for natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be large for example for natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be large for example for natural
+gas it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas it's about
+10% which is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% which is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% which is not an
+unimportant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant
+amount so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why where does that difference come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why where does that difference come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why where does that difference come from
+so we have to distinguish between lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to distinguish between lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to distinguish between lower
+and higher heating values and uh and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher heating values and uh and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher heating values and uh and we
+have to therefore consider how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to therefore consider how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to therefore consider how much of
+the water that is present in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that is present in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that is present in the
+products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion
+uh condenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the setup here is the setup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the setup here is the setup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the setup here is the setup of
+U Raul's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Raul's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Raul's
+law we are at pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law we are at pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law we are at pressure
+p we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p we
+have uh water vapor plus let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh water vapor plus let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh water vapor plus let's call it
+uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two
+um the other products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other products of
+combustion and water vapor is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and water vapor is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and water vapor is the one
+that can condense that can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can condense that can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can condense that can that
+condenses at least part of it at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and of course we
+have dealt with this problem and we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dealt with this problem and we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dealt with this problem and we uh
+we Pro the routs law that the routs law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Pro the routs law that the routs law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Pro the routs law that the routs law
+tells you what is the uh amount of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what is the uh amount of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what is the uh amount of water
+vapor that is in the gases phase when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor that is in the gases phase when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor that is in the gases phase when
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+equilibrium with a liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with a liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with a liquid phase
+and there cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there cannot be
+more water vapor here so that amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more water vapor here so that amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more water vapor here so that amount
+given by the RS law is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the RS law is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the RS law is the
+maximum that can be uh dissolved or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum that can be uh dissolved or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum that can be uh dissolved or or
+dissolved in the gaseous phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in the gaseous phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in the gaseous phase
+uh if you have less in instead less that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have less in instead less that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have less in instead less that
+than that amount then there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condensation it's like for a it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation it's like for a it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation it's like for a it's like
+for today today we have rain so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today today we have rain so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today today we have rain so that
+means that moist a has more water than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that moist a has more water than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that moist a has more water than
+it can uh uh stay there and therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can uh uh stay there and therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can uh uh stay there and therefore we
+got we get it drops condensates and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we get it drops condensates and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we get it drops condensates and then
+we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+rain uh on a dry uh drier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain uh on a dry uh drier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain uh on a dry uh drier uh
+day there is less water vapor and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day there is less water vapor and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day there is less water vapor and it's
+below the threshold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the threshold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the threshold for
+condensation so this is all in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation so this is all in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation so this is all in this
+expression here where of course it's R's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here where of course it's R's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here where of course it's R's
+law with uh the mole fraction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law with uh the mole fraction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law with uh the mole fraction in the
+liquid phase equal to one because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase equal to one because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase equal to one because we
+assume that this liquid phase is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that this liquid phase is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that this liquid phase is just
+pure water not salt to dissolve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure water not salt to dissolve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure water not salt to dissolve the
+other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so ral's law gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so ral's law gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so ral's law gives us the
+maximum so the actual amount is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum so the actual amount is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum so the actual amount is called
+the relative the Rel I mean the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative the Rel I mean the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative the Rel I mean the the
+actual amount divided by the maximum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual amount divided by the maximum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual amount divided by the maximum is
+called the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the relative
+humidity relative to the maximum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity relative to the maximum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humidity relative to the maximum that
+you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh
+dissolve and the saturation uh pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve and the saturation uh pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve and the saturation uh pressure
+is that of pure water and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of pure water and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of pure water and at the
+standard temperature 25 C that pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard temperature 25 C that pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard temperature 25 C that pressure
+is about 3 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atmospheres so you see that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres so you see that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres so you see that uh you
+by taking the pressure down here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the pressure down here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the pressure down here so you
+can this is about three atmospheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this is about three atmospheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this is about three atmospheres
+divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+101 which is atmospheric pressure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 which is atmospheric pressure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 which is atmospheric pressure this
+ratio is equal to the maximum so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is equal to the maximum so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is equal to the maximum so the
+maximum this instead of Y 1 s should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum this instead of Y 1 s should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum this instead of Y 1 s should be
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+gmax uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmax uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmax uh
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3% so out of out of 100 moles of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% so out of out of 100 moles of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% so out of out of 100 moles of stuff
+in the product of combustion at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the product of combustion at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the product of combustion at most
+three can be water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three can be water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three can be water
+molecules if you have more your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules if you have more your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules if you have more your
+combustion reaction produces more water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion reaction produces more water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion reaction produces more water
+then the extra will uh condense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the extra will uh condense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the extra will uh condense
+so if you do the inventory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do the inventory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do the inventory for
+water this is the amount produced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water this is the amount produced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water this is the amount produced by the
+your reaction in your reaction yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reaction in your reaction yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reaction in your reaction yeah so
+in the products that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the products that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the products that's the
+amount some of it remains in the gaseous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount some of it remains in the gaseous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount some of it remains in the gaseous
+phase some of it goes into the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase some of it goes into the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase some of it goes into the liquid
+phase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condenses and the stochiometry tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenses and the stochiometry tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenses and the stochiometry tells you
+that per unit amount of fuel the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that per unit amount of fuel the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that per unit amount of fuel the amount
+of water produced is L over2 so this L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water produced is L over2 so this L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water produced is L over2 so this L
+over2 will be split into partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 will be split into partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 will be split into partly
+condensed and partly um water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vapor the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor the mole
+fraction in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction in the water
+vapor is defined as the amount of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor is defined as the amount of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor is defined as the amount of water
+that is remained in the vapor phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is remained in the vapor phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is remained in the vapor phase
+divided by the the overall amount in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the the overall amount in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the the overall amount in the
+vapor phase and so the overall amount is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor phase and so the overall amount is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor phase and so the overall amount is
+the overall products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall products of
+combustion minus the water that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion minus the water that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion minus the water that is
+condensed so it went away from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed so it went away from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed so it went away from the the
+gases phas so this is the m fraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases phas so this is the m fraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases phas so this is the m fraction and
+the total amount is given by this sto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount is given by this sto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount is given by this sto
+sto so if you combine all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sto so if you combine all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sto so if you combine all
+that you get uh that the maximum amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get uh that the maximum amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get uh that the maximum amount
+of uh water that uh can stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh water that uh can stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh water that uh can stay in the
+gases phase is limited by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases phase is limited by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases phase is limited by this
+combination of the Ln case that describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the Ln case that describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the Ln case that describe
+how many carbons and hydrogens you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many carbons and hydrogens you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many carbons and hydrogens you have
+in the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fuel
+molecule and when you have condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and when you have condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and when you have condensation
+which happens when L over K is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens when L over K is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens when L over K is greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+04 this is the amount that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condenses okay so if that amount condens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+releases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases the
+enthalpy of vaporization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of vaporization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of vaporization of
+water and that enters into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that enters into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that enters into your
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so the the the
+heat that you need to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that you need to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that you need to uh
+when you compute when you compute uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you compute when you compute uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you compute when you compute uh the
+the heating value at standard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heating value at standard uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heating value at standard uh
+temperature you're actually making a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you're actually making a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you're actually making a a
+an experiment in which you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment in which you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment in which you have your
+reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants
+gone come in at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone come in at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone come in at the
+STP produce your products and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP produce your products and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP produce your products and you need
+to put some uh uh heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put some uh uh heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put some uh uh heat
+out at temperature t no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at temperature t no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at temperature t no
+so as to cool the products down again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to cool the products down again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to cool the products down again to
+this temperature here so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperature here so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperature here so that's the
+setup in which you measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup in which you measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup in which you measure this
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+and and this is the entropy balance I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the entropy balance I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the entropy balance I'm
+sorry the energy balance that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the energy balance that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the energy balance that is that
+defines per unit so the amount of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines per unit so the amount of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines per unit so the amount of heat
+that you have to extract per unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to extract per unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to extract per unit of
+amount of fuel that you have uh burnt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of fuel that you have uh burnt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of fuel that you have uh burnt in
+that um experimental setup is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um experimental setup is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um experimental setup is the
+heating the the actual heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating the the actual heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating the the actual heating
+value and part of it is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and part of it is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and part of it is equal to the
+negative of the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the enthalpy of
+reaction and part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and part of
+it is due to the um condens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is due to the um condens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is due to the um condens
+condensation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation um
+enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy
+okay so if you do the calculation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you do the calculation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you do the calculation for
+example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for
+methane the value is in megga per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane the value is in megga per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane the value is in megga per
+kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram
+54.7 if you neglect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54.7 if you neglect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54.7 if you neglect this
+condensation it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50.1 and the Other Extreme is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50.1 and the Other Extreme is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50.1 and the Other Extreme is if you
+want to have a even quicker calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a even quicker calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a even quicker calculation
+and forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forget about
+uh um the amount of water that remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um the amount of water that remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um the amount of water that remains
+in the gaseous phase and assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gaseous phase and assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gaseous phase and assume that
+everything every single molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every single molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every single molecule of
+water that has been produced condenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that has been produced condenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that has been produced condenses
+then you put l over2 here and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put l over2 here and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put l over2 here and you get
+what is called the higher heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the higher heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the higher heating
+volume uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume uh it's
+55.5 okay so there is heating value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55.5 okay so there is heating value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55.5 okay so there is heating value and
+heating values and they actual the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating values and they actual the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating values and they actual the lower
+if you neglect condensation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you neglect condensation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you neglect condensation and the
+higher is you a bit overestimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher is you a bit overestimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher is you a bit overestimate
+condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this reactor that we uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this reactor that we uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this reactor that we uh just
+considered it's represented again here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered it's represented again here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered it's represented again here
+and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+setup with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup with this
+setup we can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup we can consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup we can consider
+three possible cases the one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three possible cases the one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three possible cases the one is the
+heating value the one that we just uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating value the one that we just uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating value the one that we just uh uh
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+in which there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there is no
+work and you set the outlet temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you set the outlet temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you set the outlet temperature
+of the few of the products uh to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few of the products uh to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few of the products uh to be uh
+standard like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard like the
+inlet in this setup that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inlet in this setup that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inlet in this setup that
+defines U the combination that um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines U the combination that um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines U the combination that um from
+which you measure the heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you measure the heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you measure the heating
+value the exergy setup the exergy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the exergy setup the exergy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the exergy setup the exergy of the
+fuel is what one in which again you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel is what one in which again you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel is what one in which again you have
+the products out at um atmospheric um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products out at um atmospheric um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products out at um atmospheric um
+or standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or standard
+temperature but your reactor has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but your reactor has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but your reactor has some
+system inside that allows you to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system inside that allows you to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system inside that allows you to extract
+work and actually does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and actually does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and actually does it
+reversibly okay so if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly okay so if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly okay so if you do it
+reversibly so you set uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly so you set uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly so you set uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um you in order to obtain the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you in order to obtain the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you in order to obtain the maximum
+work you set the entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you set the entropy produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you set the entropy produced by
+reversibility equal to zero in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility equal to zero in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility equal to zero in your
+entropy balance and the outcome is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy balance and the outcome is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy balance and the outcome is this
+one and the exergy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the exergy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the exergy of the
+fuel turns out to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel turns out to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel turns out to be equal to the
+negative of the Gibs free energy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+STP and notice that in this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see while here you only have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see while here you only have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see while here you only have the
+enthalpy difference and in the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy difference and in the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy difference and in the enthalpy
+difference then you need to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference then you need to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference then you need to account for
+condensation here you have the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation here you have the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation here you have the enthalpy
+difference but also the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but also the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but also the entropy
+difference and they are multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and they are multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and they are multiplied by
+the temperature T not so one brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature T not so one brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature T not so one brings
+in the enthalpy of vaporization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the enthalpy of vaporization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the enthalpy of vaporization the
+other brings in the entropy vaporization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other brings in the entropy vaporization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other brings in the entropy vaporization
+and they are related to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this uh for a pure substance you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for a pure substance you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for a pure substance you have
+this identity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identity that
+hfg is equal to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hfg is equal to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hfg is equal to T
+sfg at every temperature because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sfg at every temperature because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sfg at every temperature because of the
+condition of mutual equilibrium between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of mutual equilibrium between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of mutual equilibrium between
+the liquid and the vapor so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid and the vapor so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid and the vapor so these two
+contributions cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions cancel
+out so this Delta G negative does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this Delta G negative does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this Delta G negative does not
+have contributions from condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so ex the condensation doesn't play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ex the condensation doesn't play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ex the condensation doesn't play a
+role in the exergy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuel uh if you want what I'm neglecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+mixing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing uh
+entropy terms that are here depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy terms that are here depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy terms that are here depending on
+how you put in your fuels certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you put in your fuels certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you put in your fuels certainly the
+air has is a mixture of oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air has is a mixture of oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air has is a mixture of oxygen and
+nitrogen sometimes you put in your fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen sometimes you put in your fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen sometimes you put in your fuel
+like premixed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like premixed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like premixed so
+you you mix the fuel with with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you mix the fuel with with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you mix the fuel with with with the
+air so you have a mixture and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so you have a mixture and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so you have a mixture and in the
+entropy balance you should consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy balance you should consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy balance you should consider the
+mixing terms and then also the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing terms and then also the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing terms and then also the products
+of combustion is a mixture and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combustion is a mixture and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combustion is a mixture and so you
+have entropy term so somehow these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have entropy term so somehow these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have entropy term so somehow these are
+approximations in which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in which we are
+neglecting mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting mixing
+entropies the final setup of this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies the final setup of this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies the final setup of this is one
+in which you compute the adiabatic flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you compute the adiabatic flame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you compute the adiabatic flame
+temperature no heat no works just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature no heat no works just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature no heat no works just a
+adiabatic insulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic insulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic insulated
+reactor in which uh you just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor in which uh you just have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor in which uh you just have this
+combustion reaction occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+balance is this one now the enalia of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is this one now the enalia of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is this one now the enalia of
+the products has to be computed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products has to be computed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products has to be computed at
+temperature uh t t add T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh t t add T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh t t add T
+adiabatic we can add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subtract the enthalpy of the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the enthalpy of the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the enthalpy of the products
+standard temperature so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard temperature so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard temperature so that this
+difference here is the same that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here is the same that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here is the same that appears
+here in this other setup and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this other setup and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this other setup and we have
+already computed it it's the heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already computed it it's the heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already computed it it's the heating
+value times Epsilon Dot and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value times Epsilon Dot and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value times Epsilon Dot and this is just
+this sensible heat that is sensible yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sensible heat that is sensible yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sensible heat that is sensible yeah
+heat that is required to heat up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products uh from standard to adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh from standard to adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh from standard to adiabatic
+flame temperature and you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame temperature and you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame temperature and you can compute
+that by simply using the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by simply using the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by simply using the properties of
+an ideal gas um you can actually start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal gas um you can actually start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal gas um you can actually start
+even from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um standard temperature even if even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um standard temperature even if even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um standard temperature even if even for
+water because because in the heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water because because in the heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water because because in the heating
+value which is on that part you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is on that part you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is on that part you assume
+that water is in the fictitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water is in the fictitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that water is in the fictitious
+gaseous state so you can use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous state so you can use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous state so you can use those
+correlations for specific Heats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations for specific Heats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations for specific Heats and
+integrate of course this gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate of course this gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate of course this gives you an
+equation in which t u uh adiabatic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in which t u uh adiabatic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in which t u uh adiabatic is
+the only unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only unknown
+and you can solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can solve for
+it once you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once you find
+it you can put it in the entropy balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can put it in the entropy balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can put it in the entropy balance
+also in the entropy balance which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the entropy balance which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the entropy balance which is
+this one entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one entropy of the
+outlet uh is greater than that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlet uh is greater than that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlet uh is greater than that of the
+inlet and the difference is the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inlet and the difference is the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inlet and the difference is the entropy
+produced by irreversibility you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by irreversibility you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by irreversibility you can add
+and subtract the uh entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract the uh entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract the uh entropy of the
+products at standard conditions and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products at standard conditions and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products at standard conditions and uh
+and uh so this last difference is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so this last difference is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so this last difference is is
+equal to the entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the entropy of the
+reaction times the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction times the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction times the reaction
+coordinate and this initial difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and this initial difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and this initial difference
+is the uh you can obtain by integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh you can obtain by integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh you can obtain by integrating
+the formulas for an ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixture when you do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture when you do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture when you do this kind of
+calculations and least we have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and least we have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and least we have a couple
+of tables that show these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tables that show these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tables that show these
+numbers uh later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh later
+on you you compute the entropy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you you compute the entropy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you you compute the entropy of this
+typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical
+values are in the range between 26 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30% of the negative of the G en so of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% of the negative of the G en so of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% of the negative of the G en so of so
+if you take T not and put it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take T not and put it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take T not and put it on the
+other side T not Time s reversible is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side T not Time s reversible is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side T not Time s reversible is
+the waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waste of
+exergy destruction is the uh the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy destruction is the uh the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy destruction is the uh the source
+of inefficiency of your system and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inefficiency of your system and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inefficiency of your system and that
+is equal to uh is is equal to about 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to uh is is equal to about 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to uh is is equal to about 26
+30% of the exergy of the fuel so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% of the exergy of the fuel so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% of the exergy of the fuel so that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+that uh by burning your fuel in a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh by burning your fuel in a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh by burning your fuel in a steady
+in a in a reactor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a reactor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a reactor like
+this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you
+wasting about 25 to 30 % of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting about 25 to 30 % of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting about 25 to 30 % of the
+availability of the fuel without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of the fuel without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of the fuel without having
+consumed one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed one
+single unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unit of
+energy okay and this is the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay and this is the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay and this is the if you
+remember the reason why uh I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the reason why uh I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the reason why uh I told you
+that U if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U if we
+ever will follow history and uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever will follow history and uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever will follow history and uh we'll
+have power plants or production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have power plants or production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have power plants or production of
+electricity that will exceed our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that will exceed our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that will exceed our current
+65% of the best available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65% of the best available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65% of the best available
+technology uh we will have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh we will have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh we will have to find
+alternatives to burning fuels this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to burning fuels this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to burning fuels this way
+in diabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diabatic
+Flames because we need to overcome this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flames because we need to overcome this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flames because we need to overcome this
+25% loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% loss
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+efficiency of potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiency now have you seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency now have you seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency now have you seen in the
+previous uh slide we need to do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh slide we need to do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh slide we need to do those
+integrals to compute the enthalpy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to compute the enthalpy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to compute the enthalpy and
+the U uh entropy the difference for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U uh entropy the difference for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U uh entropy the difference for the
+product of combustion between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of combustion between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of combustion between the
+standard and adiabatic flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and adiabatic flame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and adiabatic flame
+temperature one way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature one way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature one way to do that
+calculation uh this is just a detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh this is just a detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh this is just a detail but
+you can this you can find correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can this you can find correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can this you can find correlations
+for the specific Heats of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific Heats of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific Heats of the various
+substances and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances and one
+way one correlation that is given in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one correlation that is given in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one correlation that is given in in
+the book and from which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and from which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and from which I
+have extracted some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have extracted some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have extracted some of these
+numbers uh this kind of correlation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh this kind of correlation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh this kind of correlation is
+is is able to cover um with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is able to cover um with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is able to cover um with a single
+correlation uh the range from standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation uh the range from standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation uh the range from standard
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+5,000k with very good approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000k with very good approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000k with very good approximation
+otherwise uh in um typical software uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh in um typical software uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh in um typical software uh
+they use uh they split the range with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use uh they split the range with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use uh they split the range with
+a with a a correlation that holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with a a correlation that holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with a a correlation that holds
+between standard that say 25 C and say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between standard that say 25 C and say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between standard that say 25 C and say a
+10000 K and another correlation from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10000 K and another correlation from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10000 K and another correlation from a
+th000 so you have to split the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 so you have to split the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 so you have to split the integral
+into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parts the the thing that was uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts the the thing that was uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts the the thing that was uh into
+these integrals here you see it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals here you see it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals here you see it's the
+summation of the specific Heats of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the specific Heats of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the specific Heats of the
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+products weighted on the their mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products weighted on the their mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products weighted on the their mole
+fractions in the uh product uh stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions in the uh product uh stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions in the uh product uh stream
+and also for the entropy is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for the entropy is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for the entropy is the same
+thing only divided by T so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing only divided by T so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing only divided by T so you need to
+compute this and with that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this and with that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this and with that kind of
+correlation you can do it simply because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation you can do it simply because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation you can do it simply because
+by using a correlation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using a correlation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using a correlation of a
+similar um fractional powers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um fractional powers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um fractional powers of the
+temperature with the coefficients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with the coefficients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with the coefficients that
+awaited some of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awaited some of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awaited some of the individual
+coefficients of the various molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the various molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the various molecules
+which to take from this uh and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to take from this uh and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to take from this uh and then also
+the integral of this fractional powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of this fractional powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of this fractional powers
+of temperature can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature can be
+done explicitly so here's the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done explicitly so here's the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done explicitly so here's the result of
+this integral that's the result of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral that's the result of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral that's the result of that
+integral and so that is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so that is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so that is the actual
+expression that then you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that then you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that then you will have to
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+uh uh numerically in order to obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh numerically in order to obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh numerically in order to obtain the
+diotic flame temperature from the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diotic flame temperature from the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diotic flame temperature from the energy
+balance I am mentioning these details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance I am mentioning these details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance I am mentioning these details
+because I'm not going to go uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not going to go uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not going to go uh over
+other details but in the past I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other details but in the past I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other details but in the past I have
+developed this Excel file that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this Excel file that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this Excel file that I
+will share with you on the on canvas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will share with you on the on canvas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will share with you on the on canvas
+just in case uh in the future you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case uh in the future you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case uh in the future you'll
+have to maybe teach a course like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to maybe teach a course like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to maybe teach a course like this
+and you may have your students play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may have your students play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may have your students play with
+these equations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations this
+a several sheets it allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a several sheets it allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a several sheets it allows you to
+compute to use all the equations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute to use all the equations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute to use all the equations that we
+have seen it allows you to compute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it allows you to compute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it allows you to compute for
+example the enthalpies versus entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the enthalpies versus entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the enthalpies versus entropy
+diagram uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh
+for reactant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reactant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reactant and
+products it uh can allow you to ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products it uh can allow you to ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products it uh can allow you to ID
+identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+uh uh for example in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for example in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for example in this case the
+temperature I assume the reactants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I assume the reactants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I assume the reactants are
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+700k and to compute the adiabatic flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700k and to compute the adiabatic flame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700k and to compute the adiabatic flame
+temperature uh so the temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh so the temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh so the temperature of
+this other state for the products so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other state for the products so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other state for the products so you
+can play with this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of
+course we left it alone but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we are not always working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not always working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not always working with the
+steady uh or steady state flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady uh or steady state flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady uh or steady state flow
+reactors uh often like in an internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors uh often like in an internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors uh often like in an internal
+combustion engine or in bombs uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion engine or in bombs uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion engine or in bombs uh not
+necessarily used for Wars you use bombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily used for Wars you use bombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily used for Wars you use bombs
+also to measure in the lab uh like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to measure in the lab uh like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to measure in the lab uh like the
+heating power of fuels or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating power of fuels or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating power of fuels or the
+um uh flame propagation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh flame propagation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh flame propagation rate
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+so you have a close system set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a close system set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a close system set
+up and you can perform exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you can perform exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you can perform exactly the same
+uh reasoning that we have done so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reasoning that we have done so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reasoning that we have done so you
+the only difference is that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is that you have to
+perform a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a volume
+balance and if you can assume that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and if you can assume that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and if you can assume that both
+the initial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial and
+final states are in the gases phase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final states are in the gases phase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final states are in the gases phase the
+ideal gas law gives you the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas law gives you the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas law gives you the volume
+and then if the volume remains constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if the volume remains constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if the volume remains constant
+like VP equals VR then you find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like VP equals VR then you find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like VP equals VR then you find that the
+ratio of the final temperature over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the final temperature over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the final temperature over the
+final pressure is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final pressure is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final pressure is equal to the
+initial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial uh
+ratio but there is also the ratio of NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio but there is also the ratio of NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio but there is also the ratio of NP
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NR so for example for the heating value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NR so for example for the heating value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NR so for example for the heating value
+you could measure a heating value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could measure a heating value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could measure a heating value at
+constant volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant volume
+you would have no heat exchange you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have no heat exchange you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have no heat exchange you
+would have a I'm sorry no work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a I'm sorry no work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a I'm sorry no work
+exchange and you would have a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and you would have a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and you would have a heat
+exchange enough to bring your products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange enough to bring your products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange enough to bring your products
+down to the environmental temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the environmental temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the environmental temperature
+but you have to accept that since it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to accept that since it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to accept that since it's a
+closed volume setup the final pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed volume setup the final pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed volume setup the final pressure
+will not go down to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not go down to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not go down to uh
+um to atmospheric and it will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to atmospheric and it will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to atmospheric and it will be a
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+P that determined by the ideal gas law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that determined by the ideal gas law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that determined by the ideal gas law
+is determined by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing okay so if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so if you do
+the the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the energy
+balance you get the heating value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance you get the heating value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance you get the heating value and
+the heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heating
+value this time in this setup is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this time in this setup is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this time in this setup is equal
+not to the enthalpy but the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to the enthalpy but the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to the enthalpy but the internal
+energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus uh the amount of uh energy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh the amount of uh energy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh the amount of uh energy that is
+involved in condensation and I presume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in condensation and I presume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in condensation and I presume
+that here I should change this into an A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here I should change this into an A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here I should change this into an A
+U that's the internal energy of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that's the internal energy of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that's the internal energy of uh
+condensation of of condensation and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation of of condensation and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation of of condensation and not
+the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or if you consider an adiabatic setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you consider an adiabatic setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you consider an adiabatic setup
+like a a true bomb set up where there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a true bomb set up where there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a true bomb set up where there is
+no work no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no work no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no work no
+heat this is the final pressure in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat this is the final pressure in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat this is the final pressure in terms
+of the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final
+temperature and you compute the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you compute the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you compute the the
+final temperature by again the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final temperature by again the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final temperature by again the energy
+balance these times the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance these times the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance these times the only difference
+is that is instead of the uh specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is instead of the uh specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is instead of the uh specific
+Heats at constant pressure since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heats at constant pressure since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heats at constant pressure since the
+energy uh for a gas depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh for a gas depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh for a gas depends on the
+specific Heats at constant volume it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Heats at constant volume it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Heats at constant volume it's
+the CV that you have to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and uh you can then compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh you can then compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh you can then compute the
+pressure once you have the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure once you have the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure once you have the temperature
+you can compute the pressure from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute the pressure from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute the pressure from here
+and then you can compute the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can compute the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can compute the entropy
+produced by reversibility with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by reversibility with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by reversibility with the
+entropy balance and you find that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy balance and you find that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy balance and you find that this
+time the uh loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the uh loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the uh loss of
+uh uh the exergy distruction so the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the exergy distruction so the loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the exergy distruction so the loss
+of efficiency is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of efficiency is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of efficiency is a bit
+smaller well why well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller well why well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller well why well
+because because you are left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because you are left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because you are left with
+products that are in a container and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that are in a container and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that are in a container and are
+a very high pressure and that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high pressure and that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high pressure and that high
+pressure has some availability you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure has some availability you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure has some availability you could
+use it to expand and therefore to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to expand and therefore to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to expand and therefore to make
+work so that is a s of transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so that is a s of transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so that is a s of transformed
+uh part of the exergy of the fuel into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of the exergy of the fuel into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of the exergy of the fuel into
+that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's
+why these are the numbers so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why these are the numbers so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why these are the numbers so here are
+numbers for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for a
+closed combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber
+temperatures are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures are very
+high and pressures of the order of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and pressures of the order of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and pressures of the order of 10
+atmospheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here that ratio is indeed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here that ratio is indeed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here that ratio is indeed in the
+range that I said for the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range that I said for the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range that I said for the steady state
+uh flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flow
+burner the ad batic flame temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burner the ad batic flame temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burner the ad batic flame temperatures
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+lower and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and the uh
+irreversibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+higher actually these calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are done not using simply the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done not using simply the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done not using simply the reaction
+of oxidation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxidation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxidation of the
+fuel but they're also using uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel but they're also using uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel but they're also using uh the other
+two reactions that of dissociation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reactions that of dissociation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reactions that of dissociation of
+CO2 and of H2O because those two react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 and of H2O because those two react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 and of H2O because those two react
+are important at high temperatures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important at high temperatures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important at high temperatures and
+are also energy uh intensive in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also energy uh intensive in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also energy uh intensive in the
+sense that they consume up some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they consume up some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they consume up some of the
+energy released by the combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy released by the combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy released by the combustion
+ruction and therefore they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruction and therefore they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruction and therefore they
+are important otherwise you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important otherwise you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important otherwise you if you
+neglect those you would get uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect those you would get uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect those you would get uh even
+higher values for the temperatures here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in the Excel file you'll find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the Excel file you'll find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the Excel file you'll find uh
+that some of the sheets you you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the sheets you you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the sheets you you you're
+neglecting this uh uh dissoci this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting this uh uh dissoci this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting this uh uh dissoci this
+dissociation of CO2 and H2O and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation of CO2 and H2O and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation of CO2 and H2O and some
+other sheets you find them that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sheets you find them that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sheets you find them that those
+are the ones what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones what
+that where you also compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where you also compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where you also compute the
+equilibrium because we the moment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because we the moment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because we the moment we
+haven't done yet the next time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done yet the next time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done yet the next time we'll
+talk about chemical equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about chemical equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about chemical equilibrium and
+those reactions are assumed to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reactions are assumed to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reactions are assumed to be in
+chemical equilibrium at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperatures so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summarize for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize for the
+closed uh system set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed uh system set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed uh system set
+up what we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what we have seen
+in this energy versus entropy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram uh this is the curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh this is the curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh this is the curve that
+represents the stable equilibrium states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the stable equilibrium states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the stable equilibrium states
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+reactants and this is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and this is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and this is the one that
+represents those of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products T not is this slope here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products T not is this slope here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products T not is this slope here which
+touches the reactant at this point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the reactant at this point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the reactant at this point so
+these are uh the reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh the reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh the reactant
+mixture so it would be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so it would be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture so it would be your
+fuel including the air that you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel including the air that you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel including the air that you're using
+to oxidize the fuel at 25 C1 atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxidize the fuel at 25 C1 atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxidize the fuel at 25 C1 atmosphere
+it's in this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in this state
+here and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and these are the
+products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of
+reaction after you cool them down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction after you cool them down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction after you cool them down at
+standard condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard condition
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+okay so the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the difference in
+energy between this and that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between this and that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between this and that is this
+blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+arrows that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows that's the
+energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+reaction and the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and the difference in the
+entropies this Black Arrow here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies this Black Arrow here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies this Black Arrow here is the
+entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the
+reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and
+again some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some
+sometimes this point will be to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this point will be to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this point will be to the left
+of that one sometimes it for other fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one sometimes it for other fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one sometimes it for other fuels
+it will be on the right there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be on the right there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be on the right there's no
+fundamental reason why it should be left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental reason why it should be left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental reason why it should be left
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay we start with the products I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we start with the products I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we start with the products I mean
+so with the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um
+STP and we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP and we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STP and we run
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+adiabatic constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic constant
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+combustion adiabatic flame temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion adiabatic flame temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion adiabatic flame temperature
+set up so the energy remains constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up so the energy remains constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up so the energy remains constant
+and in the final State we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the final State we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the final State we end up
+here with this state with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this state with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this state with the
+temperature which is represented by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is represented by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is represented by this
+slope Which is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now talking about exit I mean yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now talking about exit I mean yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now talking about exit I mean yes
+available energies so let me call omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available energies so let me call omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available energies so let me call omega
+as we did in the initial part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did in the initial part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did in the initial part of the
+course Omega the available energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Omega the available energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Omega the available energy with
+respect to a res so the not up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a res so the not up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a res so the not up there
+means with respect to a reservoir at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means with respect to a reservoir at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means with respect to a reservoir at
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature so in any in any place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so in any in any place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so in any in any place of
+this diagram which uh you remember any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram which uh you remember any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram which uh you remember any
+point we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we can
+compute uh the energy and the entropy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh the energy and the entropy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh the energy and the entropy uh
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh the expression for the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the expression for the available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the expression for the available
+energy energy minus the energy uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy energy minus the energy uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy energy minus the energy uh when
+the system is in mutual equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is in mutual equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is in mutual equilibrium with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reser but now we have two options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reser but now we have two options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reser but now we have two options
+here one is with the off case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one is with the off case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one is with the off case
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+reactions so for no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so for no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so for no
+reactions the composition cannot change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions the composition cannot change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions the composition cannot change
+and so our reference State the the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our reference State the the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our reference State the the so
+the the reactants are in mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reactants are in mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reactants are in mutual
+equilibrium with our uh Reservoir at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with our uh Reservoir at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with our uh Reservoir at
+this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state
+here so this is the state with energy u0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the state with energy u0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the state with energy u0
+R and s0 R so it's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and s0 R so it's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and s0 R so it's here
+If instead we allow the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If instead we allow the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If instead we allow the chemical
+reactions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions then
+our the mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our the mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our the mutual
+equilibrium will with the reservoir uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium will with the reservoir uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium will with the reservoir uh
+will be this one the most stable is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this one the most stable is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this one the most stable is when
+the product when the the products uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product when the the products uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product when the the products uh
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+occurred the reactions are have allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred the reactions are have allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred the reactions are have allowed
+to go to a more stable uh Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a more stable uh Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a more stable uh Mutual
+equilibrium which is this one the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which is this one the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which is this one the state
+at t0 of the products so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t0 of the products so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t0 of the products so I can
+compute of course this state has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute of course this state has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute of course this state has zero
+availability with respect to the off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability with respect to the off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability with respect to the off
+situation but with respect to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation but with respect to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation but with respect to the to the
+on situation so with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on situation so with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on situation so with the
+reactions it has an availability which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions it has an availability which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions it has an availability which
+is given by this blue uh line here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by this blue uh line here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by this blue uh line here so
+that's the available energy of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the available energy of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the available energy of the uh
+Inlet State we respect to the uh Outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inlet State we respect to the uh Outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inlet State we respect to the uh Outlet
+state so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speak when I do the the the flame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak when I do the the the flame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak when I do the the the flame the
+diabatic combustion I end up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabatic combustion I end up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabatic combustion I end up with this
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+here and it's availability it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's availability it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's availability it's
+available energy you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available energy you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available energy you remember the
+construction you have to go down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction you have to go down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction you have to go down here
+geometrically until you you reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically until you you reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically until you you reach the
+line that has the slope of the temper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that has the slope of the temper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that has the slope of the temper
+tempure of the reservoir so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempure of the reservoir so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempure of the reservoir so this is the
+blue this is the U available energy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue this is the U available energy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue this is the U available energy it's
+less than in initial and uh uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than in initial and uh uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than in initial and uh uh what's
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+missing is the amount of is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing is the amount of is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing is the amount of is related to
+the amount of entropy that you generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of entropy that you generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of entropy that you generated
+by reversibility if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversibility if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reversibility if you look at this
+triangle this angle this tangent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle this angle this tangent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle this angle this tangent is
+t0 and so this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 and so this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 and so this uh
+side of the triangle is equal to t0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the triangle is equal to t0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the triangle is equal to t0
+times this length which is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this length which is s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this length which is s
+irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay now sometimes well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now sometimes well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now sometimes well first
+observation here is that U these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curves um approach each other as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves um approach each other as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves um approach each other as you go
+ey in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ey in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ey in uh in
+temperature so if we could have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so if we could have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so if we could have the
+combustion occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion occur
+uh by preheating our U reactants at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by preheating our U reactants at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by preheating our U reactants at a
+higher temperature for example T t1r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature for example T t1r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature for example T t1r
+here when I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I do the
+oxidation the adiabatic flame I produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation the adiabatic flame I produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation the adiabatic flame I produce
+less entropy by reversibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less entropy by reversibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less entropy by reversibility and
+therefore I consume less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I consume less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I consume less
+exg that increases the efficiency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exg that increases the efficiency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exg that increases the efficiency so
+preheating the reactants is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating the reactants is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating the reactants is a way to
+improve the efficiency of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the efficiency of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the efficiency of course
+preheating requires some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating requires some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating requires some some
+availability some available energy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability some available energy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability some available energy this
+much and this is the available energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and this is the available energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and this is the available energy of
+the heated reactants with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heated reactants with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heated reactants with respect to the
+reactants themselves we so this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants themselves we so this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants themselves we so this I'm
+using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the
+off expression for the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off expression for the available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off expression for the available
+energy and then when I have obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then when I have obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then when I have obtained
+these products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products
+of course at a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course at a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course at a higher
+temperature see T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature see T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature see T1
+Prime uh they have this much uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh they have this much uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh they have this much uh uh
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+energy and even if I pay off what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and even if I pay off what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and even if I pay off what I
+spent in order to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent in order to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent in order to do the
+preheating I'm still gaining in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating I'm still gaining in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating I'm still gaining in terms of
+the fact that if I of course if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that if I of course if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that if I of course if I do
+things uh reversibly uh I have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh reversibly uh I have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh reversibly uh I have less
+energy waste than exergy waste than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy waste than exergy waste than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy waste than exergy waste than in
+the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+and and the last observation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the last observation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the last observation is the
+following that okay well could we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that okay well could we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that okay well could we keep
+preheating and so get uh closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating and so get uh closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating and so get uh closer and
+closer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer this
+concept has been um so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept has been um so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept has been um so the question is
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to
+go to an extreme in which the two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to an extreme in which the two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to an extreme in which the two to
+where these two curves one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these two curves one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these two curves one of the
+reactants and the one of the products uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and the one of the products uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and the one of the products uh
+touch each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch each
+other and they do at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they do at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they do at a certain
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+provided you do what you have to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided you do what you have to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided you do what you have to mix
+some of the products with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the products with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the products with your
+reactants in fact this is also done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants in fact this is also done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants in fact this is also done in
+internal combustion engines it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engines it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engines it's called
+ex exhaust gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex exhaust gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex exhaust gas
+recirculation so you take some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculation so you take some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculation so you take some of the
+gases and mix them with the uh reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases and mix them with the uh reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases and mix them with the uh reactant
+mixture that makes these curves get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture that makes these curves get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture that makes these curves get
+closer to one another and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to one another and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to one another and therefore
+reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the
+irreversibility and increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility and increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility and increases the
+efficiency of course if you do too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of course if you do too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of course if you do too
+much is this mixing involves an entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is this mixing involves an entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is this mixing involves an entropy
+of mixing so what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing so what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing so what you get
+by getting these two curves closed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting these two curves closed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting these two curves closed you
+lose uh in uh in the mixing entropy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose uh in uh in the mixing entropy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose uh in uh in the mixing entropy and
+that's also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversible these concepts of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible these concepts of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible these concepts of very
+theoretical of course then they you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical of course then they you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical of course then they you know
+Kenan uh has brought up this question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenan uh has brought up this question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenan uh has brought up this question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 also so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alert 1948 and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert 1948 and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert 1948 and then also
+1973 and later on every 10 years or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1973 and later on every 10 years or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1973 and later on every 10 years or so
+people uh go back to this one I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh go back to this one I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh go back to this one I haven't
+been following so I don't know if the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been following so I don't know if the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been following so I don't know if the U
+frequency of 10 years is still respected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of 10 years is still respected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of 10 years is still respected
+but uh at least we we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh at least we we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh at least we we are talking about
+it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um we ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we ourselves
+you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you
+can go to this reference uh and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to this reference uh and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to this reference uh and we
+worked on some calculation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on some calculation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on some calculation and we
+computed the amount of u water that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the amount of u water that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the amount of u water that you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+dissolve uh in uh this was combustion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve uh in uh this was combustion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve uh in uh this was combustion of
+hydrogen and we wanted to look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and we wanted to look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and we wanted to look at what
+dilution you should put in dilute your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution you should put in dilute your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution you should put in dilute your
+products of combustion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of combustion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of combustion uh
+which in this case is just water uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case is just water uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case is just water uh in
+order for the temperature at which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the temperature at which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the temperature at which they
+touch not to be too high because if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch not to be too high because if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch not to be too high because if it
+is too high uh you see the problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too high uh you see the problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too high uh you see the problem here
+is that you you want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you you want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you you want to do the
+preheating and while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating and while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating and while you're
+preheating uh you should uh be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating uh you should uh be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preheating uh you should uh be able to
+contain the the reaction it should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain the the reaction it should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain the the reaction it should you
+should freeze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should freeze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should freeze the
+reaction and allow the reaction only so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and allow the reaction only so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and allow the reaction only so
+so to speak turn it on only when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak turn it on only when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak turn it on only when you are
+here then uh you turn it on and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then uh you turn it on and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then uh you turn it on and nothing
+happens because you the the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens because you the the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens because you the the reactants
+and products are in equilibrium but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products are in equilibrium but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products are in equilibrium but then
+as you cool down the products you you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you cool down the products you you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you cool down the products you you go
+down this curve so you you obtain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this curve so you you obtain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this curve so you you obtain uh
+more then uh you obtain the exergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more then uh you obtain the exergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more then uh you obtain the exergy
+essentially of of the fuel with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially of of the fuel with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially of of the fuel with respect
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+one so in the preheating you spend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in the preheating you spend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in the preheating you spend this
+exergy and in the uh cooling down of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy and in the uh cooling down of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy and in the uh cooling down of the
+products you obtain this energy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you obtain this energy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you obtain this energy and the
+difference is the exergy of of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the exergy of of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the exergy of of the fuel
+uh but the problem in practice is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the problem in practice is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the problem in practice is that
+as you go above a certain temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go above a certain temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go above a certain temperature
+any uh mixture will have a self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh mixture will have a self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh mixture will have a self
+combustion and autocombustion limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and autocombustion limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and autocombustion limit and
+it will burn by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will burn by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will burn by
+itself uh that's why uh we were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh that's why uh we were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh that's why uh we were looking
+for a way to dilute enough so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a way to dilute enough so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a way to dilute enough so by
+diluting you reduce the temperature at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluting you reduce the temperature at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluting you reduce the temperature at
+which this happens and therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this happens and therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this happens and therefore you
+have to go below the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go below the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go below the uh
+self self combustion temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self self combustion temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self self combustion temperature and
+here is this so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this so for
+example we could find that uh I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we could find that uh I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we could find that uh I think we
+did like 1500 or maybe thousand this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did like 1500 or maybe thousand this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did like 1500 or maybe thousand this is
+the amount of water molecules that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of water molecules that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of water molecules that you
+have to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't think anybody has ever done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think anybody has ever done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think anybody has ever done this
+kind of a uh thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a uh thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a uh thing uh
+practically but conceptually it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically but conceptually it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically but conceptually it's uh
+it's something to be kept in mind so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something to be kept in mind so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something to be kept in mind so I
+think yes we can stop here today and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes we can stop here today and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes we can stop here today and uh
+next time we do uh chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we do uh chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we do uh chemical
+equilibrium okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5UwvH2b1j2E.txt b/5UwvH2b1j2E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae1ee62e787cbc42b0642473eb04b0a4ee099fd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5UwvH2b1j2E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I want to do two things today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to do two things today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to do two things today
+uh and they involve two sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they involve two sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they involve two sets of
+Freudian jargon I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freudian jargon I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freudian jargon I want to talk about
+Freud's so-called structural psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's so-called structural psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's so-called structural psychology
+that involves the terms id ego and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves the terms id ego and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves the terms id ego and
+superego and will give me a brief chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superego and will give me a brief chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superego and will give me a brief chance
+to talk about uh Freud's theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about uh Freud's theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about uh Freud's theory of
+civilization as a whole and then I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization as a whole and then I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization as a whole and then I want
+to talk about Freud's developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about Freud's developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about Freud's developmental
+psychology which is where we get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology which is where we get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology which is where we get these
+Notions of an oral anal phallic and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of an oral anal phallic and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of an oral anal phallic and then
+onto latency in adult stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto latency in adult stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto latency in adult stages of
+development and that'll give me a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and that'll give me a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and that'll give me a chance
+to talk about fairy tales or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about fairy tales or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about fairy tales or more
+broadly about the the um uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly about the the um uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly about the the um uh the the
+practice of using Freudian ideas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of using Freudian ideas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of using Freudian ideas to
+interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret
+um literary texts the second part May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um literary texts the second part May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um literary texts the second part May
+well run into next Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well run into next Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well run into next Tuesday
+as I think about it but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed
+Freud thought that babies came into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud thought that babies came into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud thought that babies came into the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+thinking that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that they were
+co-extensive with the universe that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-extensive with the universe that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-extensive with the universe that that
+they that they were everything not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that they were everything not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that they were everything not
+because I think we're looking at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think we're looking at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think we're looking at in
+space and saying look the Stars they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and saying look the Stars they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and saying look the Stars they're
+me but then with you know the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but then with you know the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but then with you know the initial
+experience of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of being a
+conscious entity was thinking that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious entity was thinking that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious entity was thinking that you
+know you're it you're everything uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're it you're everything uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're it you're everything uh it's
+not a thought that's new with Freud I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a thought that's new with Freud I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a thought that's new with Freud I
+won't attempt to do a reading of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't attempt to do a reading of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't attempt to do a reading of the
+piece of Tennyson that I put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Tennyson that I put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Tennyson that I put on the
+handout because I discover I'm a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout because I discover I'm a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout because I discover I'm a bad
+reader of Tennyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader of Tennyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader of Tennyson
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but if you read that you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you read that you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you read that you will see
+Tennyson saying very much the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennyson saying very much the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennyson saying very much the same thing
+that it's the job of an infant uh is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the job of an infant uh is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the job of an infant uh is to
+learn the use of I and me and finds I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the use of I and me and finds I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the use of I and me and finds I am
+not what I see and other than the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what I see and other than the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what I see and other than the things
+I touch you've got to figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I touch you've got to figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I touch you've got to figure out what's
+you and what's not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and what's not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and what's not you
+Freud thought this little bundle of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud thought this little bundle of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud thought this little bundle of uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that that this universe of a baby wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this universe of a baby wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this universe of a baby wanted
+one thing she talked about last time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing she talked about last time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing she talked about last time the
+kid wants pleasure and the kid wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid wants pleasure and the kid wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid wants pleasure and the kid wants
+pleasure now anyway he she can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure now anyway he she can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure now anyway he she can get it
+that collection of unbridled desires is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that collection of unbridled desires is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that collection of unbridled desires is
+what Freud called the it now this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Freud called the it now this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Freud called the it now this all
+looks like very fancy or not very fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like very fancy or not very fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like very fancy or not very fancy
+looks like jargon but in Freud's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like jargon but in Freud's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like jargon but in Freud's
+original writing it's not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original writing it's not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original writing it's not particularly
+jargony it is just a latinization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargony it is just a latinization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jargony it is just a latinization of the
+word for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it
+um the animal piece of you the it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the animal piece of you the it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the animal piece of you the it that
+wants stuff and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants stuff and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants stuff and and
+um and wants it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and wants it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and wants it now
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+um ID is essentially unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ID is essentially unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ID is essentially unconscious
+and well actually to combine the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well actually to combine the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well actually to combine the two
+bits of the talk where where where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of the talk where where where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of the talk where where where does
+the ID get its pleasures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID get its pleasures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID get its pleasures
+um Freud's series of Developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Freud's series of Developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Freud's series of Developmental
+stages were driven by a notion of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages were driven by a notion of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages were driven by a notion of of
+where the sources of of pleasure were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sources of of pleasure were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sources of of pleasure were in
+the kids life and so initially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids life and so initially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids life and so initially for
+instance it's all oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it's all oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it's all oral
+um the fact that these all you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that these all you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that these all you know this
+all has a sort of a sexual overrun to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all has a sort of a sexual overrun to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all has a sort of a sexual overrun to it
+was is in fact probably more problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is in fact probably more problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is in fact probably more problem for
+Freud than um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud than um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud than um
+then useful for Freud will come uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then useful for Freud will come uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then useful for Freud will come uh well
+all right so the kids getting some oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the kids getting some oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the kids getting some oral
+stuff that's what's giving the kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's what's giving the kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's what's giving the kid
+pleasure oh that's sort of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure oh that's sort of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure oh that's sort of interesting
+what really is important in this early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really is important in this early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really is important in this early
+stage of development though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of development though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of development though
+is well one of the things is figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well one of the things is figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well one of the things is figuring
+out who I am you know how much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who I am you know how much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who I am you know how much of this
+universe belongs to me and is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe belongs to me and is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe belongs to me and is this
+universe a safe place the real the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe a safe place the real the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe a safe place the real the the
+real force behind Freud's stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real force behind Freud's stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real force behind Freud's stages of
+development are these are stages where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development are these are stages where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development are these are stages where
+particular issues emerge really for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular issues emerge really for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular issues emerge really for the
+first time issues that will then turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time issues that will then turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time issues that will then turn
+out to be important for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be important for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be important for the rest of
+people's lives so the initial issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives so the initial issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives so the initial issue that
+uh that that that comes up in this oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that that comes up in this oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that that comes up in this oral
+stage of development is is safety am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of development is is safety am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of development is is safety am I
+going to be fed when I need to be fed am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fed when I need to be fed am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fed when I need to be fed am
+I going to be warm enough am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to be warm enough am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to be warm enough am I going to
+be taken care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken care of
+that's you know newborn stuff but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know newborn stuff but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know newborn stuff but it's
+not stuff that goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stuff that goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stuff that goes away
+you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that
+um concerns about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um concerns about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um concerns about
+is the world a safe place the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the world a safe place the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the world a safe place the sort of
+things that can occupy your mind now too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can occupy your mind now too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can occupy your mind now too
+how you understand the world how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you understand the world how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you understand the world how you
+understand those problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand those problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand those problems
+says Freud not unreasonably are likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says Freud not unreasonably are likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says Freud not unreasonably are likely
+to be shaped by these early experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shaped by these early experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shaped by these early experiences
+if your early experiences is of a safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your early experiences is of a safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your early experiences is of a safe
+comfortable world you're going to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable world you're going to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable world you're going to treat
+later challenges differently than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later challenges differently than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later challenges differently than if
+your early experiences who knows if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your early experiences who knows if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your early experiences who knows if
+Mom's ever going to get around defeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mom's ever going to get around defeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mom's ever going to get around defeating
+me again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again
+that's going to be a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a different kind of
+experience the anal stage all right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the anal stage all right why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the anal stage all right why
+is it anal well it's anal because Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it anal well it's anal because Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it anal well it's anal because Freud
+had some notion that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some notion that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some notion that you know that
+there's certain Pleasures in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain Pleasures in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain Pleasures in in the
+elimination process and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination process and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination process and things like that
+but the real issue here the the lifelong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the real issue here the the lifelong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the real issue here the the lifelong
+issue that emerges is who's in control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that emerges is who's in control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that emerges is who's in control
+and the reason that's an anal stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that's an anal stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that's an anal stage
+issue is because this is the point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is because this is the point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is because this is the point at
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you're an infant it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're an infant it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're an infant it's not just
+anything goes anymore up to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything goes anymore up to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything goes anymore up to this point
+uh so the the the first great crisis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the the first great crisis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the the first great crisis of
+control in a little child's life is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in a little child's life is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in a little child's life is very
+often toilet training right up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often toilet training right up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often toilet training right up to this
+point you could do whatever you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you could do whatever you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you could do whatever you wanted
+wherever you wanted to do it now all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you wanted to do it now all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you wanted to do it now all of
+a sudden somebody's saying do it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden somebody's saying do it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden somebody's saying do it there
+now don't play with it you know don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now don't play with it you know don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now don't play with it you know don't do
+any of the various it's disgusting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the various it's disgusting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the various it's disgusting it
+wasn't disgusting before you know and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't disgusting before you know and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't disgusting before you know and I
+yeah back when you I was very little you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah back when you I was very little you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah back when you I was very little you
+know yeah they they looked at him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah they they looked at him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah they they looked at him
+now it's disgusting and I gotta put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's disgusting and I gotta put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's disgusting and I gotta put it
+over there what's this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there what's this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there what's this about
+um and you gotta figure out how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you gotta figure out how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you gotta figure out how much
+control do you have over yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control do you have over yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control do you have over yourself
+and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much
+um how much are you in the control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much are you in the control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much are you in the control of
+somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+hear the issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the issue is
+um identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um identity
+who am I identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who am I identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who am I identity
+who am I and uh and more specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who am I and uh and more specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who am I and uh and more specifically
+what does it mean to be male or female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to be male or female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to be male or female
+uh I'll come back to the uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll come back to the uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll come back to the uh to the
+details of that a little later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of that a little later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of that a little later on
+because it gets me a little ahead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets me a little ahead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets me a little ahead of the
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+presently we're still back here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presently we're still back here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presently we're still back here with
+little Mr ID this unbridled collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Mr ID this unbridled collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Mr ID this unbridled collection
+of desires who who um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of desires who who um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of desires who who um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know wants everything and wants it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wants everything and wants it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wants everything and wants it
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+at some point the ID runs up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point the ID runs up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point the ID runs up against
+what Freud called the reality principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Freud called the reality principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Freud called the reality principle
+which is you can't get what you want all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you can't get what you want all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you can't get what you want all
+the time exactly when you want it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time exactly when you want it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time exactly when you want it if you
+haven't noticed this at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't noticed this at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't noticed this at this point
+um that's that's that's probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's that's probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's that's probably a
+little Grim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Grim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Grim
+um the ego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ego
+which is just the latinization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the latinization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the latinization of the
+word for I or the self the ego is grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for I or the self the ego is grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for I or the self the ego is grows
+out of the Collision of of this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the Collision of of this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the Collision of of this you know
+Little Miss ID with with reality so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Miss ID with with reality so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Miss ID with with reality so the
+ego has to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ego has to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ego has to check
+the um the desires of the um of the ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the desires of the um of the ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the desires of the um of the ID
+and the ego is is is the is is it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ego is is is the is is it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ego is is is the is is it sort
+of the embodiment of this effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the embodiment of this effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the embodiment of this effort to
+figure out how much of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much of the universe
+really is me so the sort of thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is me so the sort of thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is me so the sort of thing you
+can imagine a kid discovering is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine a kid discovering is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine a kid discovering is all
+right I'm an oral stage baby you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm an oral stage baby you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm an oral stage baby you know I
+like sucking on stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sucking on stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sucking on stuff
+there are some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some things
+that I can suck on anytime I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can suck on anytime I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can suck on anytime I want you
+know there's this thumb thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's this thumb thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's this thumb thing
+anytime I want it it's there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime I want it it's there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime I want it it's there there's
+other things like the bottle or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like the bottle or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like the bottle or the
+breast or whatever they don't they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast or whatever they don't they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast or whatever they don't they're
+they're different I like them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different I like them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different I like them but
+they're fundamentally different they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fundamentally different they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fundamentally different they're
+not me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not me
+and you've got it so so at the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got it so so at the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got it so so at the most
+basic level you have to sort of figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic level you have to sort of figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic level you have to sort of figure
+out who you know how much of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who you know how much of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who you know how much of the world
+is you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this again ramifies through the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again ramifies through the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again ramifies through the rest of
+your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life
+if you grow up considering that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you grow up considering that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you grow up considering that you are
+co-extensive with the universe and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-extensive with the universe and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-extensive with the universe and that
+you make the planets turn in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the planets turn in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the planets turn in their
+orbits you're gonna be an odd adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits you're gonna be an odd adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits you're gonna be an odd adult
+right you've got to shrink it down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got to shrink it down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got to shrink it down from
+that if you shrink down too far I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you shrink down too far I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you shrink down too far I'm not
+in control of anything you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control of anything you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control of anything you know this
+didn't work out well for me I'm not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out well for me I'm not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out well for me I'm not in
+control of anything I'm just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of anything I'm just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of anything I'm just a little
+worm pushed around by force you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm pushed around by force you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm pushed around by force you know
+that's not going to be very healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be very healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be very healthy
+either so the job of this emerging ego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so the job of this emerging ego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so the job of this emerging ego
+is to come up with some reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to come up with some reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to come up with some reasonable
+estimate of what your powers are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of what your powers are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of what your powers are and
+what it is that that you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that that you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that that you might be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in some sort of control over so and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sort of control over so and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sort of control over so and so
+now the ego's busy there fighting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the ego's busy there fighting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the ego's busy there fighting with
+the ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID
+um so that it is saying you know I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that it is saying you know I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that it is saying you know I want
+to kill my little brother the ego says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill my little brother the ego says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill my little brother the ego says
+we can't do that it says how come the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do that it says how come the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do that it says how come the
+ego says well because Mom would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ego says well because Mom would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ego says well because Mom would would
+whack us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whack us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whack us
+and it says I don't care I still want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says I don't care I still want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says I don't care I still want to
+kill him and and the ego at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill him and and the ego at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill him and and the ego at this point
+starts to say things like forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to say things like forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to say things like forget it
+we're gonna repress that idea this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna repress that idea this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna repress that idea this is
+where you get the beginnings of ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get the beginnings of ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get the beginnings of ideas of
+repression that I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression that I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression that I was talking about
+um last time all of these Freudian bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time all of these Freudian bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time all of these Freudian bits
+of theories uh attempt to Interlock in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theories uh attempt to Interlock in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theories uh attempt to Interlock in
+in some fashion so the ego is busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some fashion so the ego is busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some fashion so the ego is busy
+taking the more unacceptable bits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the more unacceptable bits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the more unacceptable bits of the
+ID and stuffing them uh away in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and stuffing them uh away in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and stuffing them uh away in that
+unconscious uh reservoir of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious uh reservoir of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious uh reservoir of the
+repressed now you'll see that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed now you'll see that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed now you'll see that that's
+gotten you from an ID who just was ruled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten you from an ID who just was ruled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten you from an ID who just was ruled
+by Pleasure this really essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Pleasure this really essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Pleasure this really essentially
+amoral it you've now got the beginnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amoral it you've now got the beginnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amoral it you've now got the beginnings
+of a sense of morality here right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sense of morality here right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sense of morality here right it's
+not very sophisticated but it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very sophisticated but it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very sophisticated but it's on the
+one hand this would be fun on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand this would be fun on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand this would be fun on the other
+hand we can't do it because uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we can't do it because uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we can't do it because uh because
+we might get punished so it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might get punished so it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might get punished so it's sort of a
+reward and Punishment why not rob the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward and Punishment why not rob the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward and Punishment why not rob the
+bank because you'll get arrested and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank because you'll get arrested and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank because you'll get arrested and
+thrown in jail it's that sort of Crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown in jail it's that sort of Crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown in jail it's that sort of Crime
+and Punishment kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Punishment kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Punishment kind of um
+a morality morality gets more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a morality morality gets more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a morality morality gets more
+complicated When You Reach This edible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated When You Reach This edible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated When You Reach This edible
+stage of uh of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of uh of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of uh of development
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to explain that I need to say a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain that I need to say a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain that I need to say a little
+more about that stage oh which I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that stage oh which I can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that stage oh which I can see
+that on the handout I promised I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the handout I promised I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the handout I promised I would
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let I'll do the male version of this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let I'll do the male version of this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let I'll do the male version of this if
+this is about uh identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about uh identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about uh identity and
+particularly sexual identity there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sexual identity there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sexual identity there's
+going to be a male story and a female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a male story and a female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a male story and a female
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+um let's do the mail story and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's do the mail story and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's do the mail story and we'll
+come back to the female story so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the female story so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the female story so the
+basic notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic notion
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that Freud came to the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Freud came to the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Freud came to the uh the the
+large-scale notion that makes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale notion that makes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale notion that makes some
+degree of sense is that you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of sense is that you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of sense is that you've got to
+figure out what does it mean to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what does it mean to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what does it mean to be a
+male that's an important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male that's an important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male that's an important thing
+uh to figure out and uh it's likely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to figure out and uh it's likely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to figure out and uh it's likely that
+um that the dad or other adult males in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the dad or other adult males in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the dad or other adult males in
+the immediate vicinity are going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate vicinity are going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate vicinity are going to be a
+sort of a model for what that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a model for what that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a model for what that's going to
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the difficulty for Freud or or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty for Freud or or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty for Freud or or the the
+start of the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of the conflict
+um in in in an edible conflict is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in in an edible conflict is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in in an edible conflict is that
+the child starts very much attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child starts very much attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child starts very much attached to
+Mom it's Mom who provides nourishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mom it's Mom who provides nourishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mom it's Mom who provides nourishment
+um it's Mom who was who gave birth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's Mom who was who gave birth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's Mom who was who gave birth to
+you and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so on
+um how are you going to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how are you going to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how are you going to get an
+attachment or an identification with Dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment or an identification with Dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment or an identification with Dad
+well what Freud proposed was that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what Freud proposed was that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what Freud proposed was that little
+kids little boys stick with boys here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids little boys stick with boys here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids little boys stick with boys here
+little boys initially see themselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little boys initially see themselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little boys initially see themselves in
+competition with Dad they like Mom Mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with Dad they like Mom Mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with Dad they like Mom Mom
+is great they want mom all right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great they want mom all right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great they want mom all right it's
+called edible because Freud saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called edible because Freud saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called edible because Freud saw a
+parallel with the Greek myth of Oedipus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with the Greek myth of Oedipus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with the Greek myth of Oedipus
+right Oedipus who kills his father and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Oedipus who kills his father and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Oedipus who kills his father and
+marries his mother so you get this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marries his mother so you get this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marries his mother so you get this weird
+notion that somehow Freud thought little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that somehow Freud thought little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that somehow Freud thought little
+boys wanted to sexually possess their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys wanted to sexually possess their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys wanted to sexually possess their
+mothers and and that sounds both weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers and and that sounds both weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers and and that sounds both weird
+and icky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and icky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and icky
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Freud was when Freud was at the Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud was when Freud was at the Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud was when Freud was at the Freud
+didn't do himself any help here he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do himself any help here he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do himself any help here he was
+talking about infantile sexuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about infantile sexuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about infantile sexuality
+everybody heard the sexuality bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody heard the sexuality bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody heard the sexuality bit and
+sort of left off the infantile bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of left off the infantile bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of left off the infantile bit
+Freud is not thinking in any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud is not thinking in any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud is not thinking in any sort of
+adult sexual terms here he's saying look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult sexual terms here he's saying look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult sexual terms here he's saying look
+the little kid likes Mom Mom's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little kid likes Mom Mom's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little kid likes Mom Mom's a good
+thing he wants Mom all to himself now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he wants Mom all to himself now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he wants Mom all to himself now it
+turns out that there's Dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there's Dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there's Dad
+dad mysteriously seems to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad mysteriously seems to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad mysteriously seems to have some
+claim on Mom too and so the little kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim on Mom too and so the little kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim on Mom too and so the little kid
+in this infantile kind of way figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this infantile kind of way figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this infantile kind of way figures
+we're gonna have it out with Dad we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have it out with Dad we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have it out with Dad we're
+gonna have a fight here man because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a fight here man because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a fight here man because
+there's there's only one mom and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's only one mom and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's only one mom and I want
+her because you know I'm I'm you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her because you know I'm I'm you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her because you know I'm I'm you know
+I've still got a lot of it going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've still got a lot of it going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've still got a lot of it going on here
+I want mom and and and so we're good all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want mom and and and so we're good all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want mom and and and so we're good all
+right that's stage one that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's stage one that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's stage one that's the
+conflict stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict stage
+um I can't remember what buzzword I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can't remember what buzzword I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can't remember what buzzword I used
+for the second stage oh the second stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second stage oh the second stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second stage oh the second stage
+is capitulation well there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capitulation well there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capitulation well there's a problem
+with this conflict okay I'm gonna have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this conflict okay I'm gonna have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this conflict okay I'm gonna have a
+big fight with Dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big fight with Dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big fight with Dad
+dad oh man like dad's really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad oh man like dad's really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad oh man like dad's really big
+if Dad ever figures out that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Dad ever figures out that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Dad ever figures out that I want to
+have a fight with him dad is gonna kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fight with him dad is gonna kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fight with him dad is gonna kill
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+maybe he's gonna castrate me I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's gonna castrate me I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's gonna castrate me I'm not
+sure but it's something really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but it's something really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but it's something really really
+bad is gonna happen here and so I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad is gonna happen here and so I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad is gonna happen here and so I'd
+better deny that I was ever interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better deny that I was ever interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better deny that I was ever interested
+in this in fact what I'm gonna do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in fact what I'm gonna do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in fact what I'm gonna do is I'm
+going to reject suppress my desire for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reject suppress my desire for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reject suppress my desire for
+Mom and and I'm gonna idealize dad I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mom and and I'm gonna idealize dad I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mom and and I'm gonna idealize dad I'm
+going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um
+uh come to take Dad as in in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come to take Dad as in in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come to take Dad as in in response to
+this perceived threat perhaps to my very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perceived threat perhaps to my very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perceived threat perhaps to my very
+life I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I'm going to
+um uh I'm going to idealize that and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I'm going to idealize that and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I'm going to idealize that and in
+some sense incorporate Dad into me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense incorporate Dad into me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense incorporate Dad into me and
+that active Incorporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that active Incorporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that active Incorporation
+is um is the beginnings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is the beginnings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is the beginnings of the
+development of what story called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of what story called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of what story called the
+superego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superego
+um another latinization this time of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another latinization this time of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another latinization this time of a
+term that just means sort of over eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that just means sort of over eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that just means sort of over eye
+you know the thing that is above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the thing that is above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the thing that is above the
+self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+um it's uh not quite the your conscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh not quite the your conscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh not quite the your conscience
+it's not unrelated to your conscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not unrelated to your conscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not unrelated to your conscience
+um but it initially for Freud starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it initially for Freud starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it initially for Freud starts out
+as the voice of the father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the voice of the father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the voice of the father
+for a little boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little boy
+well it's just a voice apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just a voice apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just a voice apparent
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and will eventually become uh the voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will eventually become uh the voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will eventually become uh the voice
+of the demands of of society as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the demands of of society as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the demands of of society as a whole
+telling you how to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how to live
+not necessarily consciously not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily consciously not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily consciously not
+necessarily explicitly but telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily explicitly but telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily explicitly but telling you
+what the rules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rules are
+now again you might think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again you might think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again you might think that this
+whole business of a conflict with Daddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole business of a conflict with Daddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole business of a conflict with Daddy
+um over Mommy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over Mommy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over Mommy
+and the notion that uh you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the notion that uh you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the notion that uh you have some
+internalized voice of the parent that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized voice of the parent that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized voice of the parent that is
+going to be the sort of the roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the sort of the roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the sort of the roots of
+your morality your more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your morality your more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your morality your more sophisticated
+adult morality that that all sounds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult morality that that all sounds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult morality that that all sounds a
+little strange you can get a feeling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange you can get a feeling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange you can get a feeling for
+why uh you know where such thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh you know where such thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh you know where such thoughts
+might come from again if you hang around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come from again if you hang around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come from again if you hang around
+with kids remember last time we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kids remember last time we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kids remember last time we were
+talking about the the this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the the this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the the this you know
+hugging your little brother till he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugging your little brother till he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugging your little brother till he
+turns blue well look I've I've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns blue well look I've I've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns blue well look I've I've now
+raised three sons through the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised three sons through the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised three sons through the the the
+edible stage of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edible stage of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edible stage of development
+I think every last one of them at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think every last one of them at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think every last one of them at some
+point in in the ages of around three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in in the ages of around three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in in the ages of around three
+four the appropriate Freudian age has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the appropriate Freudian age has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the appropriate Freudian age has
+hopped into bed some Sunday morning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopped into bed some Sunday morning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopped into bed some Sunday morning or
+something like that into our great big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that into our great big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that into our great big
+huge king-sized bed and asserted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge king-sized bed and asserted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge king-sized bed and asserted this
+bed isn't big enough for the three of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed isn't big enough for the three of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed isn't big enough for the three of us
+why doesn't Daddy get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't Daddy get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't Daddy get out
+um and and and mostly what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and mostly what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and mostly what you're
+sitting there thinking is no kid should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there thinking is no kid should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there thinking is no kid should
+ever be born to a psychologist what's he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever be born to a psychologist what's he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever be born to a psychologist what's he
+doing reading the books on the side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing reading the books on the side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing reading the books on the side here
+and then I'm thinking which what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm thinking which what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm thinking which what am I
+supposed to do now you know am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do now you know am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do now you know am I
+supposed to like threaten to kill him or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to like threaten to kill him or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to like threaten to kill him or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+develops morality or but so there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops morality or but so there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops morality or but so there's that
+on the so you can really see these sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the so you can really see these sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the so you can really see these sorts
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um seemingly edible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um seemingly edible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um seemingly edible uh
+comments in in kids of that age and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments in in kids of that age and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments in in kids of that age and you
+can also sometimes hear this voice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also sometimes hear this voice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also sometimes hear this voice of
+the parent as it gets internalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent as it gets internalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent as it gets internalized
+um like a a little kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like a a little kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like a a little kid
+um who's been told uh you know don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who's been told uh you know don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who's been told uh you know don't
+don't uh put the cakes over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh put the cakes over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh put the cakes over here
+it's for dinner don't mess with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for dinner don't mess with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for dinner don't mess with it and
+don't go sticking your finger in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go sticking your finger in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go sticking your finger in the
+chocolate icing again right so no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate icing again right so no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate icing again right so no no no
+you hear the kids say it the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear the kids say it the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear the kids say it the nice thing
+about little kids is that that the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about little kids is that that the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about little kids is that that the super
+ego will verbalize itself for you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ego will verbalize itself for you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ego will verbalize itself for you yeah
+no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so now so the idea is that the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now so the idea is that the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now so the idea is that the stress
+or the trauma of this edible conflict is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the trauma of this edible conflict is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the trauma of this edible conflict is
+what drives the super ego down into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what drives the super ego down into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what drives the super ego down into the
+psyche almost like a spike from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psyche almost like a spike from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psyche almost like a spike from the
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+um well I would be remiss if I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I would be remiss if I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I would be remiss if I didn't
+say something about Freud's theory about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about Freud's theory about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about Freud's theory about
+how this works out for women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works out for women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works out for women
+um now I might be remiss but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I might be remiss but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I might be remiss but you
+wouldn't be missing anything in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be missing anything in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be missing anything in terms of
+uh there's people have all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's people have all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's people have all sorts of
+problems with this edible Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this edible Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this edible Theory
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+um because for instance what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because for instance what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because for instance what happens if
+you get raised in a single parent family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get raised in a single parent family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get raised in a single parent family
+with just mom is there any evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just mom is there any evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just mom is there any evidence that
+your your development comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your development comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your development comes out
+differently No in fact so you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently No in fact so you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently No in fact so you don't need
+Dad there you do need to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dad there you do need to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dad there you do need to figure out what
+it means to be male oh let me say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be male oh let me say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be male oh let me say a
+quick word about about homosexuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick word about about homosexuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick word about about homosexuality
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Freud regarded homosexuality seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud regarded homosexuality seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud regarded homosexuality seemingly
+as he didn't as a variant of an outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he didn't as a variant of an outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he didn't as a variant of an outcome
+to this he did not seem to regard it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this he did not seem to regard it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this he did not seem to regard it as
+um as a pathology so he's got a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a pathology so he's got a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a pathology so he's got a very
+interesting letter to uh written to a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting letter to uh written to a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting letter to uh written to a a
+the mother of a gay man who was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mother of a gay man who was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mother of a gay man who was the
+mother was worried about this and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother was worried about this and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother was worried about this and he
+says basically that you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says basically that you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says basically that you know there's a
+bunch of ways this plays out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of ways this plays out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of ways this plays out
+the main line one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main line one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main line one is
+um in the words of the old song you grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the words of the old song you grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the words of the old song you grow
+up to you know I want a girl just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you know I want a girl just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you know I want a girl just like
+the girl who married dear old dad that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girl who married dear old dad that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girl who married dear old dad that's
+the sort of ultimate you know goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of ultimate you know goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of ultimate you know goal of
+this right and sort of the mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and sort of the mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and sort of the mainstream
+version you reject your desire for Mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you reject your desire for Mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you reject your desire for Mom
+you go into this latent period you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into this latent period you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into this latent period you go
+and you do math for a while and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do math for a while and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do math for a while and then you
+wake up you know as as a sexually mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up you know as as a sexually mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up you know as as a sexually mature
+adult not looking for your mother but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult not looking for your mother but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult not looking for your mother but
+looking for an appropriate uh object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an appropriate uh object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an appropriate uh object of
+your desires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desires
+um Freud thought that there were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Freud thought that there were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Freud thought that there were other
+possible outcomes that they were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes that they were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes that they were just
+other possible outcomes subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possible outcomes subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possible outcomes subsequent
+generations of American psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations of American psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations of American psychology
+um declared homosexuality to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um declared homosexuality to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um declared homosexuality to be a
+pathology and it was only in the 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology and it was only in the 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology and it was only in the 70s
+that the American psychology returns if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the American psychology returns if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the American psychology returns if
+you in a sense to this into this view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a sense to this into this view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a sense to this into this view
+that it's a variant not a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a variant not a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a variant not a problem
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so women how do we get to women look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so women how do we get to women look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so women how do we get to women look
+what's the problem with women the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem with women the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem with women the
+problem is that you gotta get you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that you gotta get you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that you gotta get you need
+the same fight thought Freud he's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same fight thought Freud he's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same fight thought Freud he's got
+himself sold on this edible thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself sold on this edible thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself sold on this edible thing and
+you need the same fight but now you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the same fight but now you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the same fight but now you need
+a fight between the daughter and mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fight between the daughter and mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fight between the daughter and mom
+for Dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Dad
+right and the problem is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the problem is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the problem is that the
+initial bonding of the pair of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial bonding of the pair of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial bonding of the pair of the
+daughter is also to Mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter is also to Mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter is also to Mom
+so you know that's no good because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that's no good because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that's no good because you
+can't fight with the person you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fight with the person you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fight with the person you're
+bonded to so he's got to get the bond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to so he's got to get the bond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to so he's got to get the bond to
+flip and so he came up with one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and so he came up with one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and so he came up with one of his
+less credible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less credible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less credible
+um constructs the one that even good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um constructs the one that even good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um constructs the one that even good
+freudians don't really believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freudians don't really believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freudians don't really believe in
+um which is penis envy what is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is penis envy what is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is penis envy what is that well
+he figured that little girls at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he figured that little girls at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he figured that little girls at some
+point figured out that they had they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point figured out that they had they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point figured out that they had they did
+not have something that little boys had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have something that little boys had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have something that little boys had
+and that this was a disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this was a disaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this was a disaster
+this was very bad and they figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was very bad and they figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was very bad and they figured out
+that Mom didn't have one either and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mom didn't have one either and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mom didn't have one either and
+therefore mom was defective and we ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore mom was defective and we ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore mom was defective and we ought
+to uh you know admired Dad instead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know admired Dad instead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know admired Dad instead and
+then we can go and fight with mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and plus plus this was supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and plus plus this was supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and plus plus this was supposed to be
+this was traumatic this discovery but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was traumatic this discovery but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was traumatic this discovery but it
+wasn't so traumatic so Freud also Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so traumatic so Freud also Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so traumatic so Freud also Theory
+theorized since it was that trauma that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorized since it was that trauma that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorized since it was that trauma that
+was creating the super ego and and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was creating the super ego and and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was creating the super ego and and as a
+result adult morality that it followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result adult morality that it followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result adult morality that it followed
+that women were simply less moral than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that women were simply less moral than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that women were simply less moral than
+men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men
+um a conclusion born out anytime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a conclusion born out anytime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a conclusion born out anytime you
+open the newspaper right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the newspaper right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the newspaper right
+it's not one of the more successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not one of the more successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not one of the more successful
+pieces of Freud but it is the it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of Freud but it is the it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of Freud but it is the it is the
+source of of my my favorite really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of of my my favorite really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of of my my favorite really bad
+experiment in this realm which was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in this realm which was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in this realm which was an
+experiment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where
+somebody gave a a paper and pencil test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gave a a paper and pencil test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gave a a paper and pencil test
+to a group like you one of these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a group like you one of these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a group like you one of these sort of
+sat things where you're filling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat things where you're filling in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat things where you're filling in the
+little you know the things with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know the things with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know the things with the with
+the golf pencils and stuff and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golf pencils and stuff and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golf pencils and stuff and then you
+hand the thing back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the thing back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the thing back
+and the experimenters don't care a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the experimenters don't care a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the experimenters don't care a bit
+about the test at all all they care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the test at all all they care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the test at all all they care
+about is who returned the little pencils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is who returned the little pencils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is who returned the little pencils
+and more guys returned the pencils than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more guys returned the pencils than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more guys returned the pencils than
+women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway it's really lame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's really lame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's really lame
+it was so look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so look
+the broad issue the broad issue of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broad issue the broad issue of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broad issue the broad issue of what
+does it mean to be a a boy or a girl a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to be a a boy or a girl a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to be a a boy or a girl a
+man or a woman who is an appropriate who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man or a woman who is an appropriate who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man or a woman who is an appropriate who
+is going to turn out to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to turn out to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to turn out to be an
+appropriate object for my sexual desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate object for my sexual desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate object for my sexual desire
+and so on those are interesting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on those are interesting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on those are interesting uh
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+um there is considerable question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is considerable question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is considerable question about
+whether the uh this actual edible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the uh this actual edible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the uh this actual edible
+conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict
+they're actually there's very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually there's very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually there's very little
+doubt that the the strict form of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt that the the strict form of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt that the the strict form of it is
+not required the single parent family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not required the single parent family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not required the single parent family
+thing is is one good bit of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is is one good bit of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is is one good bit of evidence
+against that and and and the woman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that and and and the woman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that and and and the woman's
+story just doesn't you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story just doesn't you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story just doesn't you know it's it's
+it's just kind of whack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of whack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of whack
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in any case around this time you do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case around this time you do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case around this time you do get
+this development of of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this development of of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this development of of a more
+sophisticated morality and in Freud's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated morality and in Freud's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated morality and in Freud's
+view what you had was a this core ego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view what you had was a this core ego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view what you had was a this core ego
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that was on the one side assailed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on the one side assailed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on the one side assailed by the
+desires of the ID that wanted to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires of the ID that wanted to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires of the ID that wanted to do all
+sorts of unspeakable and stupid things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of unspeakable and stupid things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of unspeakable and stupid things
+that you couldn't do in the face of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you couldn't do in the face of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you couldn't do in the face of
+reality and then there's the demands on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and then there's the demands on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and then there's the demands on
+the other side of the super ego that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the super ego that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the super ego that
+doesn't want you to mostly that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want you to mostly that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want you to mostly that doesn't
+want you to do so it does want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do so it does want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do so it does want you to do
+stuff too but anyway it's got its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff too but anyway it's got its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff too but anyway it's got its own
+demands and and and the ego has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands and and and the ego has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands and and and the ego has to
+somehow thread a path through here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow thread a path through here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow thread a path through here now
+the superego how does the super ego let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superego how does the super ego let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superego how does the super ego let
+you know what you're supposed to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you're supposed to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you're supposed to do the
+super ego has well it says on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super ego has well it says on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super ego has well it says on the
+handout does it what did I just put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout does it what did I just put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout does it what did I just put on
+the handout oh no I put a blank look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout oh no I put a blank look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout oh no I put a blank look at
+that uh the super ego has a weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the super ego has a weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the super ego has a weapon
+this is uh that lets you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh that lets you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh that lets you know when
+you've done what it uh does not approve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done what it uh does not approve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done what it uh does not approve
+of to figure out what that weapon is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to figure out what that weapon is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to figure out what that weapon is you
+can invoke your own introspection what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can invoke your own introspection what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can invoke your own introspection what
+you need to do is imagine some activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do is imagine some activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do is imagine some activity
+that your parents would disapprove of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your parents would disapprove of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your parents would disapprove of
+um it can be society as a whole if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it can be society as a whole if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it can be society as a whole if you
+like but parents will do so think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but parents will do so think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but parents will do so think of
+something that your parents could deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that your parents could deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that your parents could deeply
+disapprove of if you phoned up and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disapprove of if you phoned up and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disapprove of if you phoned up and said
+guess what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I did
+um and ask yourself how would you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and ask yourself how would you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and ask yourself how would you feel
+the next day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that guilty thank you I don't know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guilty thank you I don't know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guilty thank you I don't know it's
+a a guilt is is the weapon of the uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a guilt is is the weapon of the uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a guilt is is the weapon of the uh of
+the superego in in this view so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superego in in this view so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superego in in this view so when you
+feel guilty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel guilty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel guilty
+a good Freudian would say you're feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good Freudian would say you're feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good Freudian would say you're feeling
+guilty because you've done something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty because you've done something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty because you've done something
+that transgressed the boundaries set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transgressed the boundaries set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transgressed the boundaries set by
+the superego now look you know I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superego now look you know I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superego now look you know I went
+out and I committed murder and I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I committed murder and I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I committed murder and I feel
+really bad about that yeah all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad about that yeah all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad about that yeah all right
+that's not terribly interesting the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not terribly interesting the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not terribly interesting the more
+interesting cases where patients who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases where patients who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases where patients who
+said I feel guilty I don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I feel guilty I don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I feel guilty I don't really know
+why I just feel this sense of guilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I just feel this sense of guilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I just feel this sense of guilt
+um and a Freudian would say well look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a Freudian would say well look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a Freudian would say well look
+this isn't all conscious stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't all conscious stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't all conscious stuff
+you've apparently transgressed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've apparently transgressed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've apparently transgressed some
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+that you don't quite recognize yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't quite recognize yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't quite recognize yourself
+consciously but it's there and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously but it's there and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously but it's there and um and
+and we need to figure out if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to figure out if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to figure out if you want to
+get over this guilt we need to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over this guilt we need to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over this guilt we need to figure
+out what that problem is now how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what that problem is now how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what that problem is now how many
+people here enjoy feeling guilty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here enjoy feeling guilty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here enjoy feeling guilty
+all right so it follows that the ego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it follows that the ego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it follows that the ego
+which is not eager to sit around feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not eager to sit around feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not eager to sit around feeling
+guilty is going to have some defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty is going to have some defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty is going to have some defense
+against that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that
+so introspection ought to work here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so introspection ought to work here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so introspection ought to work here too
+let's go back to that whatever it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to that whatever it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to that whatever it was
+that you were going to do that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were going to do that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were going to do that would be
+really really wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really wrong
+now let's suppose you haven't done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's suppose you haven't done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's suppose you haven't done it
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+but you're gonna do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're gonna do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're gonna do it
+it's right over there and you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right over there and you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right over there and you can just
+go and and and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anxious I've heard an anxious over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious I've heard an anxious over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious I've heard an anxious over there
+somewhere thank you for the anxious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere thank you for the anxious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere thank you for the anxious
+wherever anxious is anxiety is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever anxious is anxiety is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever anxious is anxiety is
+considered to be the defense mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be the defense mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be the defense mechanism
+um for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for uh
+um of the ego against the the predations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the ego against the the predations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the ego against the the predations
+of the of the superego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the superego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the superego
+um so when you feel anxious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when you feel anxious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when you feel anxious
+in this context the answer is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context the answer is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context the answer is well
+you're pushing up against something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pushing up against something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pushing up against something that
+the superego doesn't want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superego doesn't want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superego doesn't want you to do
+there are set now let's go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are set now let's go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are set now let's go back to the
+case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where
+I feel anxious but I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel anxious but I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel anxious but I don't know why
+classic Freudian uh view would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic Freudian uh view would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic Freudian uh view would have been
+yeah there's some uh it's hunky or super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's some uh it's hunky or super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's some uh it's hunky or super
+ego that that you're getting close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ego that that you're getting close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ego that that you're getting close to
+their its rules and it's not happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their its rules and it's not happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their its rules and it's not happy with
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+any reasonable more modern view would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reasonable more modern view would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reasonable more modern view would
+include the possibility that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the possibility that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the possibility that you are
+just having a an anxiety attack that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a an anxiety attack that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a an anxiety attack that we
+might consider to be more biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might consider to be more biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might consider to be more biological
+than psychological that there are chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than psychological that there are chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than psychological that there are chunks
+of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain
+that if they are overactive make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they are overactive make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they are overactive make you
+yeah the experience is being anxious if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the experience is being anxious if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the experience is being anxious if
+they are overactive for uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are overactive for uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are overactive for uh you know
+essentially neurochemical reasons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially neurochemical reasons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially neurochemical reasons you
+may feel a sort of a disembodied anxiety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may feel a sort of a disembodied anxiety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may feel a sort of a disembodied anxiety
+and it's got nothing to do with whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got nothing to do with whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got nothing to do with whether
+or not you're about to do something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not you're about to do something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not you're about to do something that
+mother doesn't approve of but has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother doesn't approve of but has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother doesn't approve of but has
+everything to do with the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to do with the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to do with the balance
+balance of your your chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of your your chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of your your chemicals
+um the current position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the current position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the current position
+in the pendulum that swings back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pendulum that swings back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pendulum that swings back and
+forth on on how to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth on on how to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth on on how to handle
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+essentially psychiatric issues would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially psychiatric issues would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially psychiatric issues would be
+to treat free-floating anxiety as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat free-floating anxiety as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat free-floating anxiety as
+um as essentially biological problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as essentially biological problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as essentially biological problem
+that we might want to meditate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might want to meditate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might want to meditate
+um and would tend to undervalue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and would tend to undervalue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and would tend to undervalue the
+possibility that you're feeling anxious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that you're feeling anxious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that you're feeling anxious
+for underlying psychological rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for underlying psychological rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for underlying psychological rather than
+for underlying neurochemical reasons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for underlying neurochemical reasons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for underlying neurochemical reasons and
+of course you can feel anxious for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can feel anxious for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can feel anxious for
+things that don't have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't have anything
+particular to do with the superego or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular to do with the superego or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular to do with the superego or
+the imbalance of uh of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imbalance of uh of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imbalance of uh of your
+um you know the neurotransmitter device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the neurotransmitter device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the neurotransmitter device
+stand on the you know lectern on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on the you know lectern on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on the you know lectern on one
+foot I might feel a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot I might feel a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot I might feel a certain amount of
+anxiety for this you know just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety for this you know just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety for this you know just because
+there's a straightforward threat to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a straightforward threat to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a straightforward threat to my
+personal safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal safety
+so there are multiple Roots into anxiety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are multiple Roots into anxiety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are multiple Roots into anxiety
+but the um within this context anxiety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the um within this context anxiety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the um within this context anxiety
+is the warning sign that you are uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the warning sign that you are uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the warning sign that you are uh you
+are embarking on a course that mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are embarking on a course that mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are embarking on a course that mother
+would not approve of or maybe dad or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not approve of or maybe dad or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not approve of or maybe dad or
+maybe the broader Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the broader Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the broader Society
+um as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a whole
+um so the result here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the result here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the result here
+for Freud is that um with with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Freud is that um with with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Freud is that um with with this
+collection of psychological structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of psychological structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of psychological structures
+again psychological structures nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again psychological structures nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again psychological structures nobody
+thinks you're going to go into an mli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks you're going to go into an mli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks you're going to go into an mli
+machine and find the locus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and find the locus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and find the locus of the
+superego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superego
+um but the result of this is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the result of this is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the result of this is that you
+don't that we don't end up raping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't that we don't end up raping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't that we don't end up raping and
+pillaging our way across the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillaging our way across the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillaging our way across the the the
+landscape we sublimate our aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape we sublimate our aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape we sublimate our aggressive
+urges into things like sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urges into things like sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urges into things like sports
+um or or work we supplement our that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or or work we supplement our that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or or work we supplement our that you
+know the the the unbridled sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the the unbridled sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the the unbridled sexual
+desires of the ID get get uh redirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires of the ID get get uh redirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires of the ID get get uh redirected
+into court ship or into literature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into court ship or into literature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into court ship or into literature or
+into some other appropriate kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some other appropriate kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some other appropriate kind of uh
+of Realm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from from this Freud ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from this Freud ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from this Freud ends up
+generalizing a theory of of civilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing a theory of of civilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing a theory of of civilization
+as a whole he wrote a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole he wrote a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole he wrote a very interesting
+book late in his life called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book late in his life called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book late in his life called
+civilization and it's discontents why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and it's discontents why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and it's discontents why
+it's discontent Freud believed that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's discontent Freud believed that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's discontent Freud believed that in
+order to be civilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be civilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be civilized
+you were going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to have to
+um you know fight against your your the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know fight against your your the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know fight against your your the
+desires of your ID your ID was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires of your ID your ID was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires of your ID your ID was going to
+be unhappy with you and you were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unhappy with you and you were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unhappy with you and you were going
+to have to fight against the wacko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to fight against the wacko
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to fight against the wacko
+design the strictures of the super ego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the strictures of the super ego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the strictures of the super ego
+which were going to be too strict for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were going to be too strict for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were going to be too strict for
+any normal person to uh to hold on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any normal person to uh to hold on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any normal person to uh to hold on to
+you were necessarily going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were necessarily going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were necessarily going to be
+repressed dissatisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed dissatisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed dissatisfied
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so on that was the price you paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that was the price you paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that was the price you paid
+for for being civilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for being civilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for being civilized
+um or one way to think about this I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or one way to think about this I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or one way to think about this I want
+one line from the book is that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line from the book is that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line from the book is that the first
+man to hurl a spear sorry to hurl an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man to hurl a spear sorry to hurl an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man to hurl a spear sorry to hurl an
+insult rather than a spear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insult rather than a spear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insult rather than a spear
+um is the founder of civilization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the founder of civilization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the founder of civilization the
+first man who can redirect that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first man who can redirect that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first man who can redirect that that
+sort of idlike Desire into uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idlike Desire into uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idlike Desire into uh something
+that's consistent with maintaining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with maintaining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with maintaining a
+civilized world you know that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilized world you know that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilized world you know that's where
+you start to get uh the possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to get uh the possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to get uh the possibility of
+of Civilization now I recommend the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Civilization now I recommend the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Civilization now I recommend the book
+to you in part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in part because
+um it's some of it is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's some of it is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's some of it is extremely
+entertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining
+um for all the wrong reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for all the wrong reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for all the wrong reasons
+um not all not all of Freud's uh as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not all not all of Freud's uh as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not all not all of Freud's uh as you
+may have gathered by now not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have gathered by now not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have gathered by now not all the
+Freud's detailed ideas are really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's detailed ideas are really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's detailed ideas are really uh
+have stood the test of time so I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stood the test of time so I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stood the test of time so I cannot
+resist the urge to it to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist the urge to it to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist the urge to it to give you
+Freud's account of the domestication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's account of the domestication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's account of the domestication of
+Fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fire
+um which so the here's the problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which so the here's the problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which so the here's the problem as
+Freud saw it you know fire happens out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud saw it you know fire happens out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud saw it you know fire happens out
+in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world
+um what did primitive man do when he saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what did primitive man do when he saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what did primitive man do when he saw
+fire says Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learned itself well that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned itself well that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned itself well that would be one
+possibility yes so ah okay we can follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility yes so ah okay we can follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility yes so ah okay we can follow
+with this line of if you weren't gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this line of if you weren't gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this line of if you weren't gonna
+burn yourself what might you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn yourself what might you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn yourself what might you want to do
+to that fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that fire
+put it out if you're a guy how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it out if you're a guy how are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it out if you're a guy how are you
+gonna put it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put it out
+laughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughs
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+smack it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no that's no Freud proposed that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's no Freud proposed that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's no Freud proposed that you
+would urinate on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would urinate on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would urinate on it
+um and and that this was an essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and that this was an essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and that this was an essentially
+sexual act don't ask me why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual act don't ask me why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual act don't ask me why
+um but that the first man to renounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that the first man to renounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that the first man to renounce
+that desire that apparently is life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that desire that apparently is life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that desire that apparently is life
+desire to go and urinate on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to go and urinate on fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to go and urinate on fire
+um he could bring the fire home and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he could bring the fire home and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he could bring the fire home and that
+again would be a a building block of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would be a a building block of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would be a a building block of
+civilization not only that said Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization not only that said Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization not only that said Freud
+this explains why in many cultures women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this explains why in many cultures women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this explains why in many cultures women
+are The Keeper of the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are The Keeper of the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are The Keeper of the heart
+why is that well it's a great deal more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well it's a great deal more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well it's a great deal more
+difficult if you're a woman to urinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult if you're a woman to urinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult if you're a woman to urinate
+on the fire it's just not gonna work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fire it's just not gonna work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fire it's just not gonna work out
+well for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no you don't have to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you don't have to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you don't have to believe that
+um but if you it's on page 37 apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you it's on page 37 apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you it's on page 37 apparently
+of my copy of civilization it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my copy of civilization it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my copy of civilization it's
+discontent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontent
+um but the the broader thought I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the the broader thought I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the the broader thought I mean
+the book is a beautiful example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book is a beautiful example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book is a beautiful example of
+exactly why I think it's still worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why I think it's still worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why I think it's still worth
+teaching Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching Freud
+um there's a lot of wacko stuff in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of wacko stuff in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of wacko stuff in there
+about about peeing on the fire but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about peeing on the fire but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about peeing on the fire but the
+broader large-scale thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader large-scale thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader large-scale thought
+um that repression of infantile urges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that repression of infantile urges is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that repression of infantile urges is
+a price that we pay for civilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price that we pay for civilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price that we pay for civilization
+um is is a um is is it seems to me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is a um is is it seems to me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is a um is is it seems to me a
+worthwhile thought to Rattle around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile thought to Rattle around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile thought to Rattle around and
+that that as you become more civilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that as you become more civilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that as you become more civilized
+in a sense you end up becoming more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense you end up becoming more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense you end up becoming more
+repressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+the ID is going to sit there trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID is going to sit there trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID is going to sit there trying to
+escape and you build more and more walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape and you build more and more walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape and you build more and more walls
+around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it
+um and you live with more anxiety and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you live with more anxiety and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you live with more anxiety and
+more guilt as the price for being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more guilt as the price for being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more guilt as the price for being in
+some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+um more civilized now it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dark view crops up uh in his later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark view crops up uh in his later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark view crops up uh in his later in
+his life he had to flee Austria from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life he had to flee Austria from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life he had to flee Austria from the
+Nazis he was a sick uh a sick and dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis he was a sick uh a sick and dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis he was a sick uh a sick and dying
+man when he when he wrote civilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man when he when he wrote civilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man when he when he wrote civilization
+in its discontent it's a rather dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its discontent it's a rather dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its discontent it's a rather dark
+view of of of uh civilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of of of uh civilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of of of uh civilization
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you might wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is
+suppose this is all true in some fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is all true in some fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is all true in some fashion
+um well as it says on the handout how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well as it says on the handout how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well as it says on the handout how
+are you going to talk to the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to talk to the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to talk to the children
+about this if these are important issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this if these are important issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this if these are important issues
+and your kid is hopping into bed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your kid is hopping into bed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your kid is hopping into bed with
+you and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and saying
+um you know Daddy get out of bed I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Daddy get out of bed I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Daddy get out of bed I want
+you know I want Mommy and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I want Mommy and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I want Mommy and stuff like
+that how do you talk to the people I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you talk to the people I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you talk to the people I'll
+tell you how you don't talk to your kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how you don't talk to your kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how you don't talk to your kids
+you don't say um you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't say um you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't say um you know I
+stage in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in your life
+um that it is you know that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it is you know that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it is you know that you are
+thinking that you're in conflict with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that you're in conflict with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that you're in conflict with me
+and and but what you need to realize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and but what you need to realize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and but what you need to realize is
+that I'm much bigger than you and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm much bigger than you and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm much bigger than you and if you
+pursue this much further you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue this much further you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue this much further you know you're
+not see the scissors you know you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see the scissors you know you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see the scissors you know you're in
+very big trouble here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big trouble here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big trouble here
+um yeah there's not a conversation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah there's not a conversation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah there's not a conversation you
+want to have with a four-year-old kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have with a four-year-old kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have with a four-year-old kid
+even if you're even if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're even if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're even if you're a
+psychologist it's just not a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist it's just not a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist it's just not a good idea
+um but you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you could imagine
+that these issues which did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these issues which did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these issues which did not
+explicitly understood by by parents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly understood by by parents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly understood by by parents or
+children but these issues about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children but these issues about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children but these issues about you know
+is the world safe is is you know who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the world safe is is you know who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the world safe is is you know who who
+runs the show what am I you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the show what am I you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the show what am I you know these
+sort of issues are issues that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of issues are issues that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of issues are issues that you're
+going to want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to talk about
+um and if there's this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if there's this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if there's this sort of
+psychosexual development thing running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychosexual development thing running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychosexual development thing running
+underneath it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it
+um those are the issues you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are the issues you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are the issues you're gonna
+you're gonna want to talk about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna want to talk about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna want to talk about it in
+those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms
+Bruno Bruno hunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bruno Bruno hunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bruno Bruno hunt
+following up on ideas in Freud's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following up on ideas in Freud's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following up on ideas in Freud's own
+writings uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings uh
+wrote a very interesting book called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a very interesting book called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a very interesting book called the
+uses of enchantment in which he argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of enchantment in which he argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of enchantment in which he argued
+that it is it that among other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is it that among other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is it that among other things
+fairy tales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tales
+or more precisely folk tales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more precisely folk tales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more precisely folk tales
+serve the role of a a hidden language or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the role of a a hidden language or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the role of a a hidden language or
+a way to talk it to your children in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to talk it to your children in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to talk it to your children in
+Hidden language about these issues fairy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hidden language about these issues fairy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hidden language about these issues fairy
+tales is an English term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tales is an English term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tales is an English term
+it's a little misleading because fairy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little misleading because fairy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little misleading because fairy
+tales don't necessarily have fairies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tales don't necessarily have fairies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tales don't necessarily have fairies in
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+um but folk tales is the more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but folk tales is the more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but folk tales is the more accurate
+term so something like the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so something like the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so something like the the the the
+the the tales of the brothers Grim the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tales of the brothers Grim the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tales of the brothers Grim the
+brothers did not write those stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers did not write those stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers did not write those stories
+they collected them they were early 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collected them they were early 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they collected them they were early 19th
+century anthropologists wandering around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century anthropologists wandering around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century anthropologists wandering around
+Northern Germany getting Grandma to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Germany getting Grandma to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Germany getting Grandma to tell
+him stories and a folk tale is a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him stories and a folk tale is a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him stories and a folk tale is a story
+that's not explicitly written down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not explicitly written down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not explicitly written down for
+literary purposes it's a story that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary purposes it's a story that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary purposes it's a story that has
+a grown up organically from parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grown up organically from parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grown up organically from parents
+telling children and children saying oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling children and children saying oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling children and children saying oh
+tell me the one about the witch and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the one about the witch and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the one about the witch and the
+uh with the candy house and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the candy house and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the candy house and stuff like
+that and these stories the good ones get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and these stories the good ones get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and these stories the good ones get
+passed on and bettelheim says the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on and bettelheim says the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on and bettelheim says the good
+ones get passed on because they do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones get passed on because they do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones get passed on because they do this
+kind of work they allow you to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work they allow you to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work they allow you to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um these kinds of um these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these kinds of um these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these kinds of um these kinds of
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I see that I said what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that I said what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that I said what are the
+characteristics of fairy tales so I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of fairy tales so I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of fairy tales so I'd
+better say a word about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better say a word about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better say a word about
+um that uh characters and fairy tales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh characters and fairy tales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh characters and fairy tales
+are typically good or bad they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically good or bad they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically good or bad they're not
+you don't you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you don't get
+you know in the woods there was a witch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the woods there was a witch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the woods there was a witch
+she wasn't really like really a horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wasn't really like really a horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wasn't really like really a horrible
+person she was kind of misunderstood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person she was kind of misunderstood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person she was kind of misunderstood and
+she'd been abused as a child no she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'd been abused as a child no she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'd been abused as a child no she's a
+bad witch she's not a you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad witch she's not a you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad witch she's not a you know and and
+the child you know and there there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child you know and there there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child you know and there there was a
+boy uh yeah very very schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy uh yeah very very schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy uh yeah very very schematic
+character oh that's the second Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character oh that's the second Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character oh that's the second Point
+actually very schematic characters often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very schematic characters often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very schematic characters often
+with names like the boy the girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with names like the boy the girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with names like the boy the girl
+um or uh or just a simple descriptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or uh or just a simple descriptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or uh or just a simple descriptor
+like Snow White which is just telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Snow White which is just telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Snow White which is just telling
+you something about how she looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about how she looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about how she looks
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh
+um you know she's good right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know she's good right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know she's good right it's not
+that she's got issues or something she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's got issues or something she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's got issues or something she's
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+um and uh they're figures that a kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh they're figures that a kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh they're figures that a kid
+could identify with typically this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could identify with typically this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could identify with typically this is in
+contrast for instance to myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast for instance to myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast for instance to myth
+um yeah Oedipus is not a folk tale in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah Oedipus is not a folk tale in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah Oedipus is not a folk tale in
+this sense you don't at age four say let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense you don't at age four say let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense you don't at age four say let
+me tell you about this cool story where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you about this cool story where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you about this cool story where
+this guy goes off and kills his dad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy goes off and kills his dad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy goes off and kills his dad and
+then marries his mom and he blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then marries his mom and he blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then marries his mom and he blinds
+himself in the end it's really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in the end it's really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in the end it's really neat
+um but but no you say ooh that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but no you say ooh that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but no you say ooh that's really
+gross but ask yourself are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross but ask yourself are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross but ask yourself are we going to
+do Hansel and Gretel in a minute here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Hansel and Gretel in a minute here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Hansel and Gretel in a minute here
+you know how many people know the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many people know the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many people know the story
+of Hansel and Gretel right I mean think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hansel and Gretel right I mean think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hansel and Gretel right I mean think
+about Hansel and Gretel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Hansel and Gretel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Hansel and Gretel
+um in those terms you know or think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in those terms you know or think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in those terms you know or think
+about the headlines you know poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the headlines you know poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the headlines you know poverty
+parents ditch kids in Wood uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents ditch kids in Wood uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents ditch kids in Wood uh you know
+girl five Cooks old lady in oven I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl five Cooks old lady in oven I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl five Cooks old lady in oven I mean
+this stuff is just as gruesome in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff is just as gruesome in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff is just as gruesome in its
+own way as you know King of Thieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own way as you know King of Thieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own way as you know King of Thieves
+finds out he's married to Mom blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds out he's married to Mom blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds out he's married to Mom blinds
+himself and wanders off into three more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and wanders off into three more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and wanders off into three more
+plays by Sophocles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays by Sophocles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays by Sophocles
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know it it's not immediately obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it it's not immediately obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it it's not immediately obvious
+that it's just grossness that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just grossness that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just grossness that is that
+that that somehow differentiates uh myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that somehow differentiates uh myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that somehow differentiates uh myth
+and and and and folktale but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and folktale but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and folktale but but the
+characters are typically something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are typically something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are typically something that
+a kid could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kid could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kid could
+um identify with they have optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um identify with they have optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um identify with they have optimistic
+endings that clearly distinguishes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings that clearly distinguishes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings that clearly distinguishes you
+from from Greek tragedy or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Greek tragedy or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Greek tragedy or something
+like that at the end of a classic fairy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that at the end of a classic fairy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that at the end of a classic fairy
+tale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tale
+um good things happen to good people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good things happen to good people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good things happen to good people and
+bad things happen to bad people which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things happen to bad people which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things happen to bad people which is
+get killed good little girls and boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get killed good little girls and boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get killed good little girls and boys
+you know go home and and live happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go home and and live happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go home and and live happily
+ever after and stuff like that but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever after and stuff like that but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever after and stuff like that but at
+the same time while they are optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time while they are optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time while they are optimistic
+in their ending they do not typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their ending they do not typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their ending they do not typically
+have overt morals on them that like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have overt morals on them that like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have overt morals on them that like uh
+Esau Stables or something like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esau Stables or something like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esau Stables or something like that you
+don't get fairy tales that say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get fairy tales that say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get fairy tales that say you know
+they came home after having cooked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came home after having cooked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came home after having cooked the
+Witch and and they said we'll never go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Witch and and they said we'll never go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Witch and and they said we'll never go
+into the woods again or eat any candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the woods again or eat any candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the woods again or eat any candy
+ever ever No you know it's good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever ever No you know it's good things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever ever No you know it's good things
+happen to good people bad things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to good people bad things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to good people bad things happen
+to bad people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bad people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bad people and
+not no no overt punchline at the end um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no no overt punchline at the end um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no no overt punchline at the end um
+an important point is that even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important point is that even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important point is that even if
+betelheim is correct that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betelheim is correct that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betelheim is correct that these are
+somehow talking in in in this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow talking in in in this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow talking in in in this sort of
+coded Freudian language parents don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded Freudian language parents don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded Freudian language parents don't
+know the language and kids don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the language and kids don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the language and kids don't know
+the language or don't know don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language or don't know don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language or don't know don't know
+the uh they're they're doing this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh they're they're doing this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh they're they're doing this all
+again sort of implicitly rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sort of implicitly rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sort of implicitly rather than
+uh then explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then explicitly
+um and and nobody except somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and nobody except somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and nobody except somebody who
+took too many notes in intro psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took too many notes in intro psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took too many notes in intro psych
+um you know says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know says
+uh let's see the kids three and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see the kids three and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see the kids three and he was
+making just cracks about uh uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making just cracks about uh uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making just cracks about uh uh you know
+the bed and Dad and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bed and Dad and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bed and Dad and stuff like that
+let's see I need an edible fairy tale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I need an edible fairy tale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I need an edible fairy tale
+jacket of Beanstalk that'll work tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket of Beanstalk that'll work tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket of Beanstalk that'll work tonight
+but the notion is that the kids will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the notion is that the kids will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the notion is that the kids will be
+requesting stories that address issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requesting stories that address issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requesting stories that address issues
+that he wants to hear about and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants to hear about and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants to hear about and that the
+parents may find themselves choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents may find themselves choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents may find themselves choosing
+um stories to read uh or to tell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stories to read uh or to tell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stories to read uh or to tell that
+that that serve the uh the issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that serve the uh the issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that serve the uh the issues that
+are arising in in their minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arising in in their minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arising in in their minds
+at the uh at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh at the time
+um now a lot of this has been somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now a lot of this has been somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now a lot of this has been somewhat
+deluded in in our era because we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deluded in in our era because we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deluded in in our era because we tend to
+read fairy tales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read fairy tales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read fairy tales
+um and or or watch them on videos where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and or or watch them on videos where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and or or watch them on videos where
+they have been turned into literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been turned into literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been turned into literary
+constructs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs
+um in ways that they weren't in Northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in ways that they weren't in Northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in ways that they weren't in Northern
+Germany in the 19th century or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany in the 19th century or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany in the 19th century or something
+like that so well we'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so well we'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so well we'll talk a little
+later about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later about
+um some of the ways that Disney has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the ways that Disney has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the ways that Disney has
+modified some of the Great Fairy Tales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified some of the Great Fairy Tales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified some of the Great Fairy Tales
+they're wonderful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're wonderful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're wonderful things
+um but uh bettelheim is very mad about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh bettelheim is very mad about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh bettelheim is very mad about
+the ones where where uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones where where uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones where where uh the the the
+revisions that make nice at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisions that make nice at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisions that make nice at the end
+you know Cinderella stories where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Cinderella stories where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Cinderella stories where where
+you do something nice for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something nice for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something nice for the
+stepdaughters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepdaughters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepdaughters
+you're not supposed to step sisters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to step sisters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to step sisters
+you're not supposed to do anything nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to do anything nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to do anything nice
+for the stepsisters they're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stepsisters they're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stepsisters they're supposed to
+get their eyes pecked out by crows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their eyes pecked out by crows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their eyes pecked out by crows
+because they're bad and bad stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're bad and bad stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're bad and bad stuff
+happens to bad people she's Cinderella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to bad people she's Cinderella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to bad people she's Cinderella
+isn't supposed to arrange for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't supposed to arrange for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't supposed to arrange for them to
+marry some duke or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry some duke or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry some duke or something like that
+um and that makes metalheim very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that makes metalheim very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that makes metalheim very
+agitated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agitated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agitated
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's
+let's talk fairy tales here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk fairy tales here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk fairy tales here
+um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh
+Hansel and Gretel Hansel and Gretel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hansel and Gretel Hansel and Gretel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hansel and Gretel Hansel and Gretel
+um is in this way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is in this way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is in this way of thinking about
+things an oral stage fairy tale oh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things an oral stage fairy tale oh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things an oral stage fairy tale oh let
+me say something about that oral stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say something about that oral stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say something about that oral stage
+that's like Year One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like Year One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like Year One
+and you're sitting there saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're sitting there saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're sitting there saying
+I like Hansel and Gretel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like Hansel and Gretel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like Hansel and Gretel
+does that mean like I never got out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean like I never got out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean like I never got out of
+the oral stage no remember the idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oral stage no remember the idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oral stage no remember the idea here
+is that the issues that arise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the issues that arise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the issues that arise in the
+oral stage about is the world a safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral stage about is the world a safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral stage about is the world a safe
+place for instance are issues that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for instance are issues that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for instance are issues that will
+persist for the rest of your life so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist for the rest of your life so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist for the rest of your life so
+you're a seven-year-old kid in dispute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a seven-year-old kid in dispute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a seven-year-old kid in dispute
+or something having a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something having a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something having a certain amount of
+concern about whether the world is safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern about whether the world is safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern about whether the world is safe
+and if you walk down the street to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you walk down the street to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you walk down the street to
+school you're going to get hit by a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school you're going to get hit by a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school you're going to get hit by a car
+or something like that and maybe Hansel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and maybe Hansel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and maybe Hansel
+and Gretel would Appeal on those on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gretel would Appeal on those on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gretel would Appeal on those on
+those terms it's not oh and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms it's not oh and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms it's not oh and another
+example would be uh Beauty and the Beast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example would be uh Beauty and the Beast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example would be uh Beauty and the Beast
+a female edible story we will see when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a female edible story we will see when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a female edible story we will see when I
+get if and when I get to it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if and when I get to it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if and when I get to it you're
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+I'm a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a guy
+I'm a guy I like Beauty and the Beast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a guy I like Beauty and the Beast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a guy I like Beauty and the Beast is
+this a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a problem
+no not part of this is not only do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not part of this is not only do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not part of this is not only do you
+have to figure out what it means to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what it means to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what it means to be a
+guy you also have to figure out what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy you also have to figure out what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy you also have to figure out what it
+means to be a woman you don't happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be a woman you don't happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be a woman you don't happen to
+be a woman but it would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a woman but it would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a woman but it would be really
+interesting to understand what it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to understand what it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to understand what it might
+mean and so again you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and so again you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and so again you might be
+interested in that particular story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that particular story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that particular story
+um not because you know some strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not because you know some strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not because you know some strange
+path is going on anything interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is going on anything interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is going on anything interesting
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+um all right Jack and the bean no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right Jack and the bean no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right Jack and the bean no not
+Jack and the Beanstalk Hansel and Gretel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack and the Beanstalk Hansel and Gretel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack and the Beanstalk Hansel and Gretel
+um so what's the issue wait wait let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's the issue wait wait let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's the issue wait wait let's
+let's step back what's the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's step back what's the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's step back what's the family
+situation here who we got as the as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation here who we got as the as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation here who we got as the as the
+characters in Hansel and Gretel well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in Hansel and Gretel well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in Hansel and Gretel well
+there's Ansel and Gretel who else do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Ansel and Gretel who else do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Ansel and Gretel who else do we
+have father and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have father and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have father and
+the mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mother
+the stepmother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stepmother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stepmother
+she a good stepmother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she a good stepmother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she a good stepmother
+or a bad stepmother they're an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bad stepmother they're an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bad stepmother they're an awful lot
+of bad stepmothers and fairy stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bad stepmothers and fairy stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bad stepmothers and fairy stories
+Fair fairy tales now that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair fairy tales now that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair fairy tales now that's a little
+mysterious there are a couple of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious there are a couple of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious there are a couple of ways to
+understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this
+um one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of them is
+to say that in the days when childbirth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that in the days when childbirth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that in the days when childbirth
+was a much riskier proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a much riskier proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a much riskier proposition
+many more people had step stepmothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more people had step stepmothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more people had step stepmothers
+because mom had died in childbirth as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mom had died in childbirth as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mom had died in childbirth as
+indeed happens in any any number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed happens in any any number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed happens in any any number of
+fairy stories and in fact you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy stories and in fact you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy stories and in fact you can come
+up with an evolutionary psych argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an evolutionary psych argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an evolutionary psych argument
+that says that the stepmother then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that the stepmother then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that the stepmother then
+systematically favors her own genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically favors her own genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically favors her own genetic
+children over the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children over the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children over the uh the the
+stepchildren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepchildren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepchildren
+um but that's not the that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's not the that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's not the that that's not
+the Freudian account here the Freudian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Freudian account here the Freudian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Freudian account here the Freudian
+account is look the initial mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is look the initial mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account is look the initial mother
+who you encounter when you're a baby is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you encounter when you're a baby is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you encounter when you're a baby is
+a really you know good mommy she does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really you know good mommy she does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really you know good mommy she does
+everything for you and she says yes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything for you and she says yes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything for you and she says yes all
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+you know she just and you know you cry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she just and you know you cry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she just and you know you cry
+she jumps it's great eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she jumps it's great eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she jumps it's great eventually
+mom gets tired of this and Mom starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom gets tired of this and Mom starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom gets tired of this and Mom starts
+saying no and Mom starts saying things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no and Mom starts saying things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no and Mom starts saying things
+like it's time to go you know poop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's time to go you know poop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's time to go you know poop in
+the bucket and not in your pants and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket and not in your pants and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket and not in your pants and all
+this other stuff and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other stuff and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other stuff and that
+um in this view is the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this view is the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this view is the transition
+between good mommy and bad mommy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between good mommy and bad mommy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between good mommy and bad mommy and
+there's so many fairy tales where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many fairy tales where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many fairy tales where you
+get born to a good mommy and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get born to a good mommy and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get born to a good mommy and then the
+bad mommy shows up way out out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad mommy shows up way out out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad mommy shows up way out out of the
+out outside of the range of what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out outside of the range of what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out outside of the range of what would
+be probable in the in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be probable in the in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be probable in the in the population
+um that you can imagine that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you can imagine that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you can imagine that that that's
+a stand-in for something else maybe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stand-in for something else maybe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stand-in for something else maybe for
+a stand-in that you're coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stand-in that you're coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stand-in that you're coming out of
+this oral stage of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oral stage of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oral stage of um
+development in this story all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in this story all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in this story all right so
+what's the problem that's faced by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem that's faced by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem that's faced by our
+lovely little family unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely little family unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely little family unit
+what's what what's the issue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poor we're out of money so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor we're out of money so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor we're out of money so what's the
+specific result of being out of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific result of being out of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific result of being out of money
+where a few hands would be handy rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a few hands would be handy rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a few hands would be handy rather
+than the the the the the general purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the the the the the general purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the the the the the general purpose
+muttering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muttering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muttering
+no we've scared them off what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we've scared them off what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we've scared them off what have we
+run out of here we've run out food we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of here we've run out food we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of here we've run out food we
+don't have any food so we're so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any food so we're so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any food so we're so the
+natural thing to do when you run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do when you run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do when you run out of
+food is to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food is to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food is to what
+gather some well that didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather some well that didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather some well that didn't work
+apparently or at least that was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently or at least that was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently or at least that was a really
+boring story you know once upon a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring story you know once upon a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring story you know once upon a time
+there was a mother a father and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a mother a father and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a mother a father and a little
+boy and girl and they got hungry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy and girl and they got hungry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy and girl and they got hungry and
+they went out in the field and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went out in the field and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went out in the field and they
+gathered mushrooms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered mushrooms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered mushrooms and
+unfortunately they were poisonous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately they were poisonous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately they were poisonous and
+they all died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all died
+um so that that was one of those stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that that was one of those stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that that was one of those stories
+that didn't get ripped you know tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't get ripped you know tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't get ripped you know tell me
+the story about the poison now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about the poison now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about the poison now
+so what what happens in Hansel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what happens in Hansel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what happens in Hansel and
+Gretel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah get rid of the kids you stick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah get rid of the kids you stick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah get rid of the kids you stick the
+kids out in the woods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids out in the woods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids out in the woods
+um but Hansel here's the plan mom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but Hansel here's the plan mom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but Hansel here's the plan mom and
+dad are busy discussing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad are busy discussing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad are busy discussing this
+um in at night that Mom look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in at night that Mom look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in at night that Mom look at that
+Hansel hears about it he does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hansel hears about it he does what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hansel hears about it he does what
+no he doesn't run away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he doesn't run away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he doesn't run away
+that's the Russian version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kills the parents no wait a second guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills the parents no wait a second guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills the parents no wait a second guys
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+do knew this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do knew this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do knew this story
+let's get this straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get this straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get this straight
+he uh he goes out into the garden he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh he goes out into the garden he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh he goes out into the garden he
+collects a bunch of white stones he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects a bunch of white stones he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects a bunch of white stones he
+leaves the white stones behind as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the white stones behind as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the white stones behind as a
+trail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+no no that's the second time you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no that's the second time you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no that's the second time you guys
+are all gonna flunk to finals guys very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all gonna flunk to finals guys very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all gonna flunk to finals guys very
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+first time it's white rocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time it's white rocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time it's white rocks
+fall and when the Moon Rises so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall and when the Moon Rises so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall and when the Moon Rises so you can
+see the white rocks they come back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the white rocks they come back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the white rocks they come back so
+you've got an oral stage problem there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an oral stage problem there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an oral stage problem there
+ain't no food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't no food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't no food
+um and the initial crisis where the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the initial crisis where the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the initial crisis where the kids
+get left in the woods is met with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get left in the woods is met with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get left in the woods is met with a
+non-solution he just returned back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-solution he just returned back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-solution he just returned back to
+the same situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same situation
+second time same thing they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time same thing they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time same thing they get
+abandoned out in the woods but this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned out in the woods but this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned out in the woods but this time
+nasty old stepmom's been cageier about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty old stepmom's been cageier about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty old stepmom's been cageier about
+it locked Hansel in and all he's got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it locked Hansel in and all he's got is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it locked Hansel in and all he's got is
+his um uh bread and so now he tries what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his um uh bread and so now he tries what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his um uh bread and so now he tries what
+you can think of as an oral stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of as an oral stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of as an oral stage
+solution to an oral problem he leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to an oral problem he leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to an oral problem he leaves
+this collection of breadcrumbs behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collection of breadcrumbs behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collection of breadcrumbs behind
+does an oral solution that solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an oral solution that solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an oral solution that solve this
+problem well no what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well no what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well no what happens to the
+breadcrumbs the birds eat the bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadcrumbs the birds eat the bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadcrumbs the birds eat the bread
+crumbs so there's no bread crumbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crumbs so there's no bread crumbs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crumbs so there's no bread crumbs and
+they wander around and they fall asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wander around and they fall asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wander around and they fall asleep
+in the woods and there's a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the woods and there's a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the woods and there's a beautiful
+chorus in the Engelbert Humperdinck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chorus in the Engelbert Humperdinck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chorus in the Engelbert Humperdinck
+opera which you should all hear sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera which you should all hear sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera which you should all hear sometime
+gorgeous Opera and Engelbert Humperdinck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorgeous Opera and Engelbert Humperdinck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorgeous Opera and Engelbert Humperdinck
+really was his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was his name
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+very sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sad
+um but but the Opera is lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but the Opera is lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but the Opera is lovely
+um anyway so the next day they wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so the next day they wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so the next day they wake up
+they're hopelessly lost they wander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hopelessly lost they wander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hopelessly lost they wander
+around they're hungry they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they're hungry they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they're hungry they're they're
+they're uh they're not Terribly Happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh they're not Terribly Happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh they're not Terribly Happy
+and they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find
+the house right the house made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house right the house made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house right the house made a
+gingerbread and candy and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gingerbread and candy and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gingerbread and candy and stuff like
+that and so like all good little kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so like all good little kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so like all good little kids
+what they do is engage in a little petty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is engage in a little petty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is engage in a little petty
+vandalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vandalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vandalism
+um they they knock out a Gretel eats a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they they knock out a Gretel eats a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they they knock out a Gretel eats a
+window and Hansel eats a hunk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and Hansel eats a hunk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and Hansel eats a hunk of the
+roof and and then they hear this voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof and and then they hear this voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof and and then they hear this voice
+saying nibbling nibbling like a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying nibbling nibbling like a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying nibbling nibbling like a mouse
+who's that nibbling at my house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's that nibbling at my house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's that nibbling at my house
+and they respond the wind the wind does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they respond the wind the wind does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they respond the wind the wind does
+Blow from the Heavens to the earth below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blow from the Heavens to the earth below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blow from the Heavens to the earth below
+which makes no sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes no sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes no sense
+but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+so out of the out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out of the out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so out of the out
+comes the how do you know she's a witch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the way you know she's a witch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way you know she's a witch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way you know she's a witch it
+says is because her eyes glow red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is because her eyes glow red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is because her eyes glow red
+there's a tip off in case this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tip off in case this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tip off in case this this is
+practical advice for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical advice for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical advice for you
+if you're vandalizing somebody's house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're vandalizing somebody's house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're vandalizing somebody's house
+and and and and the owner comes down her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and the owner comes down her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and the owner comes down her
+eyes are glowing red worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are glowing red worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are glowing red worry about it
+but that this means that witches don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that this means that witches don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that this means that witches don't
+see very well which turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very well which turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very well which turns out to be
+handy they have keen senses of smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy they have keen senses of smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy they have keen senses of smell
+we're told anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told anyway
+um this witch now the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this witch now the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this witch now the interesting thing
+about these these fairy tales is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these these fairy tales is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these these fairy tales is that
+you have a problem at home and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a problem at home and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a problem at home and then um
+you are Thrust out into well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are Thrust out into well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are Thrust out into well in the
+north German versions that the Grimm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north German versions that the Grimm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north German versions that the Grimm
+fairy tales are into the woods to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tales are into the woods to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tales are into the woods to solve
+it somebody will have to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somebody will have to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somebody will have to tell me
+um you know what what you do if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what what you do if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what what you do if you're
+reading I don't know Saudi Arabian fairy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading I don't know Saudi Arabian fairy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading I don't know Saudi Arabian fairy
+tales whether you get Thrust out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tales whether you get Thrust out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tales whether you get Thrust out into
+the dunes or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dunes or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dunes or something like that
+um but but it's the important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but it's the important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but it's the important thing is
+you go out away from you don't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go out away from you don't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go out away from you don't solve
+your problem where it is in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem where it is in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem where it is in these
+stories typically you go out and away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories typically you go out and away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories typically you go out and away
+and what you find out there in story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you find out there in story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you find out there in story
+after Story is a a caricature an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Story is a a caricature an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Story is a a caricature an extreme
+version of the problem at home so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the problem at home so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the problem at home so here
+we've got an oral problem there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an oral problem there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an oral problem there isn't
+enough food or perhaps if we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough food or perhaps if we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough food or perhaps if we're thinking
+in infantile terms where'd the food come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infantile terms where'd the food come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infantile terms where'd the food come
+from if you're if you're an infant well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you're if you're an infant well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if you're if you're an infant well
+it comes from Mom so not enough food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from Mom so not enough food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from Mom so not enough food
+means you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you kind of
+eaten all that you can eat off of mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten all that you can eat off of mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaten all that you can eat off of mom
+and you might worry what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might worry what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might worry what's going to
+happen if Mom wants this back well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if Mom wants this back well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if Mom wants this back well what
+you find in the woods is this orality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in the woods is this orality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find in the woods is this orality
+gun nuts because what this witch does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun nuts because what this witch does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun nuts because what this witch does is
+eats little kids that's her stock in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eats little kids that's her stock in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eats little kids that's her stock in
+trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade
+um and she's going to eat Hansel but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and she's going to eat Hansel but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and she's going to eat Hansel but it
+turns out he's too skinny for her so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out he's too skinny for her so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out he's too skinny for her so
+there's this fattening up period all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this fattening up period all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this fattening up period all
+right so eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's cooking day and the witch says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's cooking day and the witch says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's cooking day and the witch says
+to Gretel climb into the oven see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Gretel climb into the oven see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Gretel climb into the oven see if
+it's warm because we're baking bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's warm because we're baking bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's warm because we're baking bread
+haha climb in the oven and and Gretel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haha climb in the oven and and Gretel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haha climb in the oven and and Gretel
+who's on to this says I don't think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's on to this says I don't think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's on to this says I don't think I
+can do that can you show me how and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that can you show me how and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that can you show me how and the
+witch says something like you silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witch says something like you silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witch says something like you silly
+goose anybody can do that she climbs up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goose anybody can do that she climbs up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goose anybody can do that she climbs up
+to the oven and Gretel slams the door on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the oven and Gretel slams the door on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the oven and Gretel slams the door on
+her and she perishes horribly making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and she perishes horribly making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and she perishes horribly making
+loud screams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud screams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud screams
+um which you know not much better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you know not much better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you know not much better than
+blinding yourself and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinding yourself and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinding yourself and things like that
+but it's deeply satisfying in this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's deeply satisfying in this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's deeply satisfying in this story
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+now you've done some so so now they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've done some so so now they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've done some so so now they've
+killed off this symbol of orality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed off this symbol of orality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed off this symbol of orality and
+there are two important things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two important things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two important things that
+happen thereafter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen thereafter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen thereafter
+um first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all
+what they now discover is that the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they now discover is that the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they now discover is that the house
+is full of golden jewels and they stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full of golden jewels and they stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full of golden jewels and they stuff
+their little more looting going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their little more looting going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their little more looting going on here
+but they they stuffed their pockets not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they they stuffed their pockets not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they they stuffed their pockets not
+with candy not with more oral solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with candy not with more oral solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with candy not with more oral solution
+kind of stuff but now with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff but now with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff but now with something
+that allows them to go home and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows them to go home and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows them to go home and have
+moved to a different stage a stage where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to a different stage a stage where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to a different stage a stage where
+in principle they can be contributors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle they can be contributors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle they can be contributors
+not just consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just consumers
+right this isn't supposed to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this isn't supposed to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this isn't supposed to be an
+accurate model of what happens to in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate model of what happens to in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate model of what happens to in a
+one-year-old kid moving out of the oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year-old kid moving out of the oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year-old kid moving out of the oral
+stage oral stage kid doesn't suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage oral stage kid doesn't suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage oral stage kid doesn't suddenly
+say at the end of the year okay look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at the end of the year okay look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at the end of the year okay look
+like I'm weaned and now I'm gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm weaned and now I'm gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm weaned and now I'm gonna go
+through the shores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the shores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the shores
+um you gotta understand this in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you gotta understand this in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you gotta understand this in a little
+more symbolic way but but the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more symbolic way but but the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more symbolic way but but the notion
+that you that the oral rather than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that the oral rather than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that the oral rather than an
+oral solution we've got a different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral solution we've got a different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral solution we've got a different kind
+of solution the other thing that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solution the other thing that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solution the other thing that's very
+emblematic here is what do the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emblematic here is what do the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emblematic here is what do the children
+find when they get home anybody remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find when they get home anybody remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find when they get home anybody remember
+the stepmother is dead presumably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stepmother is dead presumably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stepmother is dead presumably the
+stepmother is dead at the instant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepmother is dead at the instant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepmother is dead at the instant that
+the witch is killed because they're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witch is killed because they're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witch is killed because they're in a
+sense one in the same character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense one in the same character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense one in the same character
+right there there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there there they
+they are the problem they are the emblem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the problem they are the emblem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the problem they are the emblem
+of this this oral stage problem it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this oral stage problem it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this oral stage problem it gets
+killed off and and and and everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed off and and and and everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed off and and and and everybody's
+uh everybody's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everybody's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everybody's good
+um well I think before the break what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I think before the break what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I think before the break what I
+will I'm gonna skip the anal stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I'm gonna skip the anal stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I'm gonna skip the anal stage
+um for the present I promise to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the present I promise to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the present I promise to come
+back with an anal stage fairy tale but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with an anal stage fairy tale but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with an anal stage fairy tale but
+what I'm going to do before the break is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do before the break is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do before the break is
+I'm gonna skip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna skip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna skip to
+um and there are lots of edible stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are lots of edible stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there are lots of edible stage
+fairy tales and I'm going to use Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tales and I'm going to use Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tales and I'm going to use Jack
+and the Beanstalk as an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Beanstalk as an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Beanstalk as an example of an
+early edible stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early edible stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early edible stage
+fairy tale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tale
+um Jack and the Beanstalk all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Jack and the Beanstalk all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Jack and the Beanstalk all right
+let's let's do Jack and the Beanstalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do Jack and the Beanstalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do Jack and the Beanstalk
+quickly Jack and the Beanstalk what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly Jack and the Beanstalk what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly Jack and the Beanstalk what's
+what's the crisis at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the crisis at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the crisis at the beginning
+what what what what what's Jack sent off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what what's Jack sent off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what what's Jack sent off
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+sell the cow why are you selling the cow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the cow why are you selling the cow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the cow why are you selling the cow
+it's not giving milk anymore if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not giving milk anymore if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not giving milk anymore if you want
+a nice clear image that you're out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice clear image that you're out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice clear image that you're out of
+the oral stage the cow having run dry on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oral stage the cow having run dry on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oral stage the cow having run dry on
+you is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is pretty good
+right so Jack's supposed to go off he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Jack's supposed to go off he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Jack's supposed to go off he's
+supposed to do the Hansel and Gretel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do the Hansel and Gretel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do the Hansel and Gretel
+thing right he's supposed to go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right he's supposed to go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right he's supposed to go from the
+the the dried up cow thing and get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dried up cow thing and get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dried up cow thing and get some
+money so we can go do the the food thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so we can go do the the food thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so we can go do the the food thing
+the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way
+um but what's he do he trades it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what's he do he trades it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what's he do he trades it for
+magic beans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic beans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic beans
+yeah all right he comes home is Mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right he comes home is Mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right he comes home is Mom
+happy about this no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about this no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about this no
+so what oh what happens to Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what oh what happens to Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what oh what happens to Jack
+he gets sent to bed without any supper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets sent to bed without any supper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets sent to bed without any supper
+another sort of end of oral stage kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of end of oral stage kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of end of oral stage kind
+of uh of image and Mom does what with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of image and Mom does what with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of image and Mom does what with
+the beans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beans
+throws him out the window or sews his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws him out the window or sews his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws him out the window or sews his
+Wild Oats or something like that in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wild Oats or something like that in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wild Oats or something like that in any
+case something grows really big at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case something grows really big at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case something grows really big at night
+in this story right and it you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this story right and it you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this story right and it you don't
+have to be a vastly Freudian imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a vastly Freudian imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a vastly Freudian imagination
+to think that you know this looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that you know this looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that you know this looks a
+little phallic here maybe anyway you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little phallic here maybe anyway you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little phallic here maybe anyway you
+wake up in the morning and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up in the morning and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up in the morning and there's this
+giant beanstalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant beanstalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant beanstalk
+climbs up the Beanstalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbs up the Beanstalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbs up the Beanstalk
+you climb up the Beanstalk what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you climb up the Beanstalk what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you climb up the Beanstalk what do you
+find at the top of the Beanstalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find at the top of the Beanstalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find at the top of the Beanstalk
+you find another just like in Hansel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find another just like in Hansel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find another just like in Hansel and
+Gretel you find a cartoon version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gretel you find a cartoon version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gretel you find a cartoon version of
+what was at home you find so you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was at home you find so you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was at home you find so you find
+the castle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the castle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the castle
+which is just the house and who lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the house and who lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the house and who lives
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+well who does he find when he gets there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who does he find when he gets there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who does he find when he gets there
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+the Giant's wife or the ogurus's wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Giant's wife or the ogurus's wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Giant's wife or the ogurus's wife
+who's the stand-in for mom is she bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the stand-in for mom is she bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the stand-in for mom is she bad
+no she's really very nice they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no she's really very nice they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no she's really very nice they have a
+very nice relationship they're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice relationship they're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice relationship they're playing
+all day the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fee-fi-fo-fum I smell the blood of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee-fi-fo-fum I smell the blood of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee-fi-fo-fum I smell the blood of an
+Englishman be he alive or be he dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Englishman be he alive or be he dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Englishman be he alive or be he dead
+I'll grind his bones to make my bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll grind his bones to make my bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll grind his bones to make my bread
+otherwise known as dad has come home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a sort of a mod one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of a mod one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of a mod one of the
+things that's sort of interesting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's sort of interesting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's sort of interesting here
+is that this models a classic sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this models a classic sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this models a classic sort of
+nuclear family with Mom a stay-at-home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear family with Mom a stay-at-home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear family with Mom a stay-at-home
+mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom
+that um that and and you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that and and you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that and and you can sort of
+imagine you know in the context of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know in the context of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know in the context of this
+eatable con conflict so here's the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eatable con conflict so here's the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eatable con conflict so here's the sun
+all day long he gets to play with Mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day long he gets to play with Mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day long he gets to play with Mom
+you know mom's cool mom's great and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mom's cool mom's great and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mom's cool mom's great and then
+this ogre big dad comes home and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ogre big dad comes home and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ogre big dad comes home and and and
+uh uh you know he wants mom and he wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know he wants mom and he wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know he wants mom and he wants
+dinner and he wants he wants to grind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and he wants he wants to grind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and he wants he wants to grind up
+little kids and stuff like that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kids and stuff like that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kids and stuff like that with a
+little strange but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange but
+um you know it it is an image of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it it is an image of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it it is an image of the
+situation that a young child might find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that a young child might find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that a young child might find
+himself in now you might wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in now you might wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in now you might wonder
+weather in a few more Generations our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather in a few more Generations our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather in a few more Generations our
+fairy tales will have to change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tales will have to change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tales will have to change in
+response to the uh um you know in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the uh um you know in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the uh um you know in in in
+my family uh you know but both of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family uh you know but both of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family uh you know but both of us
+were out of the house working I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were out of the house working I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were out of the house working I mean so
+that the the you know nice nice giantess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the you know nice nice giantess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the you know nice nice giantess
+at home model isn't gonna quite work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home model isn't gonna quite work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home model isn't gonna quite work you
+sort of wonder whether or not in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wonder whether or not in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wonder whether or not in a few
+days a few years the the uh a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days a few years the the uh a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days a few years the the uh a few
+Generations or something you know Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations or something you know Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations or something you know Jack
+will be there with the with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be there with the with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be there with the with with the
+nice day care provider or or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice day care provider or or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice day care provider or or something
+like that and the mom and dad Giants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and the mom and dad Giants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and the mom and dad Giants
+will come home at the end of the day you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come home at the end of the day you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come home at the end of the day you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+fee bye Bo bum let's microwave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee bye Bo bum let's microwave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee bye Bo bum let's microwave the
+little bum or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bum or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bum or something like that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+but in this in this version in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this in this version in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this in this version in this
+version you got Daddy comes home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you got Daddy comes home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you got Daddy comes home
+and and there's so the the dad standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's so the the dad standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's so the the dad standing
+and so what does Jack do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what does Jack do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what does Jack do
+well first of all the the mother hides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all the the mother hides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all the the mother hides
+him in in in in the oven which is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in in in in the oven which is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in in in in the oven which is a sort
+of a womb-like symbol which is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a womb-like symbol which is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a womb-like symbol which is rather
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+um but he goes off and steals stuff from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but he goes off and steals stuff from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but he goes off and steals stuff from
+Dad from the giant he spends all of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dad from the giant he spends all of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dad from the giant he spends all of his
+time ripping Dad off here and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ripping Dad off here and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ripping Dad off here and basically
+being in Conflict eventually he strives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in Conflict eventually he strives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in Conflict eventually he strives
+to steal dad's Golden Harp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to steal dad's Golden Harp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to steal dad's Golden Harp
+um which is bad because the thing makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is bad because the thing makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is bad because the thing makes
+a racket we've got the goose out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a racket we've got the goose out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a racket we've got the goose out of
+there without the problem Goose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without the problem Goose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without the problem Goose that
+lays the golden eggs good thing to steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays the golden eggs good thing to steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays the golden eggs good thing to steal
+um kept the goose quiet but the harp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kept the goose quiet but the harp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kept the goose quiet but the harp
+made him though anyway the giant catches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made him though anyway the giant catches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made him though anyway the giant catches
+onto this and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this and and
+um what's he do what's Jack do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+didn't understand a word of that where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand a word of that where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand a word of that where's
+Jack go back down the Beanstalk what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack go back down the Beanstalk what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack go back down the Beanstalk what's
+he do with the Beanstalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he do with the Beanstalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he do with the Beanstalk
+he chops it down and either depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he chops it down and either depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he chops it down and either depends on
+the either dad crashes or the giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the either dad crashes or the giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the either dad crashes or the giant
+crashes or not but in any case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes or not but in any case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes or not but in any case it's
+um what if if this was a full glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what if if this was a full glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what if if this was a full glass
+edible story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edible story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edible story
+right you'd be going yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd be going yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd be going yeah
+and and get to the point where you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and get to the point where you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and get to the point where you go
+off and for instance marry the princess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and for instance marry the princess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and for instance marry the princess
+or something like that this is a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that this is a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that this is a part
+way edible you know not all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way edible you know not all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way edible you know not all the way
+through the story thing you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the story thing you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the story thing you get that
+Beanstalk and you get rid of it man I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beanstalk and you get rid of it man I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beanstalk and you get rid of it man I'm
+either it's sort of a reversion back or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's sort of a reversion back or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's sort of a reversion back or
+it's going into a latent period none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going into a latent period none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going into a latent period none of
+this stuff that grows in the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff that grows in the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff that grows in the night
+nothing man we're done with that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing man we're done with that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing man we're done with that for the
+time being nothing good happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being nothing good happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being nothing good happens here
+large big guys chase me around when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large big guys chase me around when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large big guys chase me around when I do
+anything of that and forget it so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything of that and forget it so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything of that and forget it so it's a
+story that doesn't get all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that doesn't get all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that doesn't get all the way
+through to the end of this um this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the end of this um this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the end of this um this whole
+psychosexual story that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychosexual story that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychosexual story that that that
+Freud's weaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's weaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's weaving
+um so let's see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's see here
+classic man all right well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic man all right well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic man all right well I
+I've already given you a hint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already given you a hint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already given you a hint that
+classic male edible stories are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic male edible stories are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic male edible stories are those
+stories where you do end up marrying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories where you do end up marrying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories where you do end up marrying the
+princess I'll say a bit more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princess I'll say a bit more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princess I'll say a bit more about that
+in in a minute but let's take a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a minute but let's take a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a minute but let's take a short
+break because otherwise I'll never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break because otherwise I'll never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break because otherwise I'll never get
+to the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+book is a lot of fun to read I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is a lot of fun to read I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is a lot of fun to read I keep
+looking for I mean it's it's now how old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for I mean it's it's now how old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for I mean it's it's now how old
+is it God is 25 years old I read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it God is 25 years old I read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it God is 25 years old I read that
+sucker when it came out the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucker when it came out the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucker when it came out the first time
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+um I keep looking for new stuff to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I keep looking for new stuff to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I keep looking for new stuff to read
+on it and there's nothing as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and there's nothing as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and there's nothing as good
+it's fun to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun to read
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in the full blast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the full blast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the full blast
+in the full blast male version edible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the full blast male version edible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the full blast male version edible
+stay edible fairy tales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay edible fairy tales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay edible fairy tales
+there are endless ones of these and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are endless ones of these and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are endless ones of these and they
+are of the form they're very typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the form they're very typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the form they're very typically
+of the form not the the the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form not the the the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form not the the the lead
+character is typically somewhat older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is typically somewhat older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is typically somewhat older
+often described as a prince rather now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often described as a prince rather now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often described as a prince rather now
+than as a boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as a boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as a boy
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+um rather than being like abandoned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rather than being like abandoned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rather than being like abandoned in
+the woods he is now Thrust out of doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woods he is now Thrust out of doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woods he is now Thrust out of doors
+by his father for some crime or other he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by his father for some crime or other he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by his father for some crime or other he
+has to go out into the world he's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go out into the world he's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go out into the world he's at
+home in this edible conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home in this edible conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home in this edible conflict
+um they they reach the crisis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they they reach the crisis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they they reach the crisis in the
+conflict and Dad literally says I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and Dad literally says I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and Dad literally says I'm
+gonna kill you the king says I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna kill you the king says I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna kill you the king says I'm gonna
+kill you or something and he's got to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill you or something and he's got to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill you or something and he's got to go
+out into the world and he goes out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the world and he goes out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the world and he goes out in
+the world and has Adventures what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and has Adventures what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and has Adventures what he
+does out in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does out in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does out in the world
+um in these stories is very typically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in these stories is very typically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in these stories is very typically to
+kill a stand-in for the father in Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill a stand-in for the father in Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill a stand-in for the father in Greek
+tragedy you may kill your father in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy you may kill your father in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy you may kill your father in a
+fairy tale you killed the ogre the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tale you killed the ogre the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy tale you killed the ogre the
+dragon the giant something that stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon the giant something that stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon the giant something that stands
+in for the father and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for the father and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for the father and
+um the reason you're doing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reason you're doing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reason you're doing this is
+because the ogre the giant or the dragon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ogre the giant or the dragon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ogre the giant or the dragon
+has in his possession what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in his possession what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in his possession what
+a princess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a princess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a princess
+she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's a
+almost always a princess who thinks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always a princess who thinks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always a princess who thinks that
+the prince is really quite nice and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prince is really quite nice and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prince is really quite nice and and
+and and all that so and not mother you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all that so and not mother you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all that so and not mother you
+don't go out and rescue your mother from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go out and rescue your mother from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go out and rescue your mother from
+the dragon it just it just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dragon it just it just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dragon it just it just doesn't
+happen right what you're gonna go out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right what you're gonna go out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right what you're gonna go out in
+one of these stories and do is find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these stories and do is find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these stories and do is find an
+appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate
+meant not the inappropriate edible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant not the inappropriate edible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant not the inappropriate edible
+conflict stage mate you're gonna go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict stage mate you're gonna go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict stage mate you're gonna go out
+and find the princess uh kill the dragon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the princess uh kill the dragon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the princess uh kill the dragon
+you're gonna then bring her home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna then bring her home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna then bring her home
+and everything's going to be good and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything's going to be good and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything's going to be good and in
+fact at this point typically in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact at this point typically in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact at this point typically in one of
+these stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stories
+um the king will not die but will retire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the king will not die but will retire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the king will not die but will retire
+and and Prince Charles in England's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Prince Charles in England's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Prince Charles in England's been
+waiting for this for years but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for this for years but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for this for years but it's
+never worked out for him but but uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never worked out for him but but uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never worked out for him but but uh um
+but you know the print you you come home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the print you you come home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the print you you come home
+with the right the right princess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the right the right princess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the right the right princess and
+and and the King retires and you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the King retires and you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the King retires and you get to
+rule the roots that that's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the roots that that's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the roots that that's getting
+through all the way to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the way to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the way to the end of the
+story now female edible stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story now female edible stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story now female edible stories
+are different in interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different in interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different in interesting
+uh in interesting ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in interesting ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in interesting ways
+um because of the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because of the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because of the difference in the
+traditional family structure right if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional family structure right if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional family structure right if in
+the male structure you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male structure you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male structure you've got
+um the the Giant and Jack and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the Giant and Jack and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the Giant and Jack and the
+Beanstalk who comes in uh only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beanstalk who comes in uh only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beanstalk who comes in uh only
+intermittently because the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittently because the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittently because the primary
+caregiver is the mother if you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caregiver is the mother if you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caregiver is the mother if you the
+females got the conflict with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females got the conflict with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females got the conflict with the
+primary caregiver so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary caregiver so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary caregiver so you have
+um in in these sort of Stories the girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in these sort of Stories the girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in these sort of Stories the girls
+who are captives of nasty older women in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are captives of nasty older women in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are captives of nasty older women in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+in some fashion or other so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some fashion or other so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some fashion or other so let's look
+for instance at Snow White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance at Snow White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance at Snow White
+Snow White another one of these names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snow White another one of these names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snow White another one of these names
+where the name that is just a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the name that is just a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the name that is just a generic
+term right she's white as snow and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term right she's white as snow and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term right she's white as snow and got
+hair as black as a coal or something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair as black as a coal or something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair as black as a coal or something I
+don't remember anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember anyway
+lovely mother lovely mother dies uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely mother lovely mother dies uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely mother lovely mother dies uh the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+husband the king remarries uh remarries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband the king remarries uh remarries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband the king remarries uh remarries
+a uh another lovely woman but a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh another lovely woman but a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh another lovely woman but a very
+jealous one the jealous stepmother has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealous one the jealous stepmother has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealous one the jealous stepmother has
+what cool device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cool device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cool device
+the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror
+made famous most recently in Shrek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made famous most recently in Shrek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made famous most recently in Shrek
+endlessly but in in um the cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endlessly but in in um the cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endlessly but in in um the cool thing
+about the mirror in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mirror in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mirror in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh and Snow White is it speaks not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Snow White is it speaks not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Snow White is it speaks not
+literally but figuratively with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally but figuratively with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally but figuratively with the
+voice of the little girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice of the little girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice of the little girl
+initially when the stepmother asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially when the stepmother asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially when the stepmother asks
+mirror mirror on the wall who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror mirror on the wall who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror mirror on the wall who's the
+fairest of us all the mirror says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairest of us all the mirror says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairest of us all the mirror says you
+it's you the voice of the little girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you the voice of the little girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you the voice of the little girl
+saying look I idealized you you're my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look I idealized you you're my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look I idealized you you're my
+mother you're the greatest thing since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother you're the greatest thing since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother you're the greatest thing since
+sliced bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliced bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliced bread
+a little later mirror mirror on the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little later mirror mirror on the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little later mirror mirror on the wall
+who's in who fairest of us oh well look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in who fairest of us oh well look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in who fairest of us oh well look
+Queenie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queenie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queenie
+you'll look pretty good for a woman of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll look pretty good for a woman of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll look pretty good for a woman of
+your age but have you seen snow white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your age but have you seen snow white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your age but have you seen snow white
+you know she is a blossoming young woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she is a blossoming young woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she is a blossoming young woman
+here and anyway this drives this drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and anyway this drives this drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and anyway this drives this drives
+this the nasty old stepmother nuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the nasty old stepmother nuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the nasty old stepmother nuts and
+in the best tradition of edible stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the best tradition of edible stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the best tradition of edible stories
+she decides to do what with Snow White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she decides to do what with Snow White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she decides to do what with Snow White
+killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer
+um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+oh another characteristic of female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh another characteristic of female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh another characteristic of female
+edible stories is that the dad tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edible stories is that the dad tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edible stories is that the dad tends to
+either be absent or useless the king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be absent or useless the king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be absent or useless the king
+does nothing here the other dad standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does nothing here the other dad standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does nothing here the other dad standing
+who's the Huntsman who the queen gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the Huntsman who the queen gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the Huntsman who the queen gives
+to um gets snow white too to have him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um gets snow white too to have him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um gets snow white too to have him
+have her killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have her killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have her killed
+um the the Huntsman fails both the queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the Huntsman fails both the queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the Huntsman fails both the queen
+and Snow White Disney's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Snow White Disney's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Snow White Disney's actually quite
+close to the original story in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the original story in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the original story in this one
+um the Huntsman takes her out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Huntsman takes her out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Huntsman takes her out into the
+woods doesn't have the hearts to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods doesn't have the hearts to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods doesn't have the hearts to kill
+her but also doesn't have the guts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her but also doesn't have the guts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her but also doesn't have the guts to
+save her so throws loses her out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save her so throws loses her out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save her so throws loses her out in the
+woods basically he goes off and kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods basically he goes off and kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods basically he goes off and kills
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+a deer does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deer does what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deer does what
+cuts out his heart it's heart brings it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts out his heart it's heart brings it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts out his heart it's heart brings it
+home the queen does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home the queen does what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home the queen does what
+she eats it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she eats it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she eats it
+nice woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um anyway so she goes off into the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so she goes off into the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so she goes off into the um
+she goes off into the woods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she goes off into the woods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she goes off into the woods
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in uh and and what does she find out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and and what does she find out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and and what does she find out in
+the woods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she finds a lovely little encapsulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she finds a lovely little encapsulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she finds a lovely little encapsulated
+anal stage fairy tale is what she finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal stage fairy tale is what she finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal stage fairy tale is what she finds
+she finds look you know if you asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she finds look you know if you asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she finds look you know if you asked
+the women will it will have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women will it will have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women will it will have some
+intuition about this if you told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about this if you told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about this if you told
+your mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mother
+Mom I found this really great housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mom I found this really great housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mom I found this really great housing
+Arrangement at MIT I'm gonna go and live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement at MIT I'm gonna go and live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement at MIT I'm gonna go and live
+with seven hairy guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with seven hairy guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with seven hairy guys
+would mom be thrilled no she would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mom be thrilled no she would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mom be thrilled no she would not
+be if however they're the dwarves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if however they're the dwarves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if however they're the dwarves from
+from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+um Snow White even though the ones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Snow White even though the ones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Snow White even though the ones in
+Grim aren't aren't sleepy and Dopey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grim aren't aren't sleepy and Dopey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grim aren't aren't sleepy and Dopey and
+witty and whoppy or whatever they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witty and whoppy or whatever they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witty and whoppy or whatever they are in
+Disney you wouldn't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney you wouldn't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney you wouldn't worry about it
+because these guys are are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these guys are are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these guys are are you know
+they're they're little asexual guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're little asexual guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're little asexual guys
+there is no sense of threat here at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no sense of threat here at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no sense of threat here at all
+and and what they what do they like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what they what do they like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what they what do they like to
+do they like to dig stuff out of dirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they like to dig stuff out of dirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they like to dig stuff out of dirt
+and put stuff back in the dark stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put stuff back in the dark stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put stuff back in the dark stuff
+back and they're devoted to Snow White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and they're devoted to Snow White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and they're devoted to Snow White
+they think she's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think she's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think she's great
+um but they're they're a little anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're they're a little anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're they're a little anal
+stage fairy tale tucked in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage fairy tale tucked in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage fairy tale tucked in there
+um and and so the problem is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so the problem is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so the problem is that the
+mirror uh rats out Snow White right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror uh rats out Snow White right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror uh rats out Snow White right you
+know mirror mirror on the wall who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mirror mirror on the wall who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mirror mirror on the wall who's the
+fairest of us all yeah yeah Queen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairest of us all yeah yeah Queen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairest of us all yeah yeah Queen you
+look great guess who's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look great guess who's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look great guess who's you know
+blossoming down in the woods with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blossoming down in the woods with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blossoming down in the woods with a
+bunch of little hairy asexual guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little hairy asexual guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little hairy asexual guys
+um so she disguises herself the queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so she disguises herself the queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so she disguises herself the queen
+disguises herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguises herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguises herself
+um and goes off in an effort to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and goes off in an effort to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and goes off in an effort to kill
+Snow White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snow White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snow White
+um she tries three different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she tries three different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she tries three different times
+um and they are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they are interested
+emblematic of an effort to keep a girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emblematic of an effort to keep a girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emblematic of an effort to keep a girl
+from turning into a woman the clearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from turning into a woman the clearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from turning into a woman the clearest
+one of these is the corset that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these is the corset that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these is the corset that she
+sells she goes as a peddler woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sells she goes as a peddler woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sells she goes as a peddler woman
+um and and sells Snow White a corset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and sells Snow White a corset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and sells Snow White a corset
+that that restricts Earth so squeezes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that restricts Earth so squeezes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that restricts Earth so squeezes
+her body back into a little girl's body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her body back into a little girl's body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her body back into a little girl's body
+so hard that she can't read it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard that she can't read it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard that she can't read it falls
+over dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over dead
+um and or semi dead and and always at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and or semi dead and and always at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and or semi dead and and always at
+the last minute oh and his warts come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last minute oh and his warts come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last minute oh and his warts come
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and she's she's dim you know after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and she's she's dim you know after
+the you know it's one of these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know it's one of these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know it's one of these sort of
+fool me once shame on me things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool me once shame on me things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool me once shame on me things but
+three times she goes and falls for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times she goes and falls for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times she goes and falls for the
+you know old lady thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know old lady thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know old lady thing
+um and the last time it's with this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the last time it's with this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the last time it's with this um
+Adam and Eve kind of Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam and Eve kind of Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam and Eve kind of Apple
+right she eats the Apple the dwarves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right she eats the Apple the dwarves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right she eats the Apple the dwarves
+come home and she's dead and they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come home and she's dead and they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come home and she's dead and they can't
+do anything about it now what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything about it now what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything about it now what would the
+natural thing be to do under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing be to do under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing be to do under those
+circumstances barrier right or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances barrier right or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances barrier right or something
+yeah she's dead what do they do they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah she's dead what do they do they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah she's dead what do they do they put
+her in a glass coffin they can't it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in a glass coffin they can't it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in a glass coffin they can't it says
+they can't bear the barrier they put her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't bear the barrier they put her
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't bear the barrier they put her
+in a glass coffin and uh put her in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a glass coffin and uh put her in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a glass coffin and uh put her in in a
+clearing in the woods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing in the woods
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing in the woods
+um which
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+ align:start position:0%
+um which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and it says in the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and it says in the story
+that she continues to grow into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she continues to grow into a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she continues to grow into a
+beautiful young woman which is a lovely
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+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful young woman which is a lovely
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful young woman which is a lovely
+image of a latency stage right nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a latency stage right nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a latency stage right nothing's
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+ align:start position:0%
+happening but she's turning into a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually mature woman is what's going on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually mature woman is what's going on
+here you would think that the dwarves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would think that the dwarves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would think that the dwarves
+might catch on right there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might catch on right there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might catch on right there's something
+weird here guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird here guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird here guys
+um that that you know normal age it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that you know normal age it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that you know normal age it's a
+dead body thing you know it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead body thing you know it doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead body thing you know it doesn't work
+like this but anyway the dwarves don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but anyway the dwarves don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but anyway the dwarves don't
+she's getting beautiful and and through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's getting beautiful and and through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's getting beautiful and and through
+the woods comes the prince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woods comes the prince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woods comes the prince
+um the prince does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nah Prince doesn't kiss her none of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah Prince doesn't kiss her none of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah Prince doesn't kiss her none of that
+stuff what the prince does and I I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff what the prince does and I I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff what the prince does and I I can't
+remember if he does this in in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if he does this in in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if he does this in in the in
+the Disney version but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Disney version but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Disney version but in the
+traditional version the prince orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional version the prince orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional version the prince orders
+the dwarves to bring the coffin to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dwarves to bring the coffin to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dwarves to bring the coffin to his
+castle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle
+what is he thinking you know this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he thinking you know this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he thinking you know this would
+be a really cool coffee table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's very weird stuff but what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very weird stuff but what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very weird stuff but what happens
+is the dwarves who have been extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dwarves who have been extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dwarves who have been extremely
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful all along the dwarves trip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful all along the dwarves trip the
+castle of the castle the the coffin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle of the castle the the coffin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle of the castle the the coffin
+shatters and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shatters and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shatters and and
+um the Apple pops out of her throat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Apple pops out of her throat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Apple pops out of her throat and
+she she she's alive she's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she she's alive she's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she she's alive she's fine
+um this is a story that doesn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a story that doesn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a story that doesn't quite
+get all the way through to adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the way through to adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the way through to adult
+sexuality in the sense that the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality in the sense that the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality in the sense that the story
+ends without her saying that she loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends without her saying that she loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends without her saying that she loves
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prince or anything like that it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prince or anything like that it says
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was nice and so she went with him it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was nice and so she went with him it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite get you all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite get you all the way
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+um the classic stories that get you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the classic stories that get you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the classic stories that get you all
+the way through to the end of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through to the end of the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through to the end of the story
+are the so-called on the female side are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the so-called on the female side are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the so-called on the female side are
+the so-called animal groom stories I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called animal groom stories I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called animal groom stories I
+don't have time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to do
+um a Little Red Riding Hood really but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a Little Red Riding Hood really but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a Little Red Riding Hood really but
+Little Red Riding Hood is a story where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Red Riding Hood is a story where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Red Riding Hood is a story where
+all men are beasts and they stay beasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all men are beasts and they stay beasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all men are beasts and they stay beasts
+um the classic versions of female edible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the classic versions of female edible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the classic versions of female edible
+stories that get you all the way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that get you all the way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that get you all the way through
+to the end of the story are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the story are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the story are the ones
+where the Beast is Redeemed by the love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Beast is Redeemed by the love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Beast is Redeemed by the love
+of a good woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good woman
+the sit you know one class of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sit you know one class of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sit you know one class of these is
+kiss the Frog and it turns into a prince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiss the Frog and it turns into a prince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiss the Frog and it turns into a prince
+but let's do Beauty and the Beast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's do Beauty and the Beast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's do Beauty and the Beast
+um now Beauty and the Beast in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now Beauty and the Beast in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now Beauty and the Beast in the
+Disney version is a wonderful movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney version is a wonderful movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney version is a wonderful movie
+about female empowerment or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about female empowerment or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about female empowerment or something
+like that but it's a long long way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but it's a long long way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but it's a long long way from
+the original folk tale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original folk tale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original folk tale
+version of it unlike the Disney Snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it unlike the Disney Snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it unlike the Disney Snow
+White so let me tell you a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White so let me tell you a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White so let me tell you a little more
+about the uh the the version that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh the the version that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh the the version that um
+is in uh in in Grimm's Fairy Tales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in uh in in Grimm's Fairy Tales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in uh in in Grimm's Fairy Tales
+um if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if uh
+um if you if you aren't familiar with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you aren't familiar with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you aren't familiar with it
+so in in Grimm's Fairy Tales or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in Grimm's Fairy Tales or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in Grimm's Fairy Tales or in the
+classic uh Beauty and the Beast story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic uh Beauty and the Beast story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic uh Beauty and the Beast story
+um uh there's no no for starters there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there's no no for starters there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there's no no for starters there's
+no reason why the Beast is a beast he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason why the Beast is a beast he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason why the Beast is a beast he's
+been and in in these stories typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been and in in these stories typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been and in in these stories typically
+the beast in in the Disney version is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beast in in the Disney version is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beast in in the Disney version is a
+beast because he's got no love and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beast because he's got no love and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beast because he's got no love and he's
+you know he he was a he was nasty to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he he was a he was nasty to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he he was a he was nasty to the
+to the whatever she was who showed up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whatever she was who showed up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whatever she was who showed up at
+the door and stuff like that none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door and stuff like that none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door and stuff like that none of
+that in the traditional version he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the traditional version he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the traditional version he's a
+beast because some older woman said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beast because some older woman said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beast because some older woman said
+you're a beast yeah in the all men are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a beast yeah in the all men are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a beast yeah in the all men are
+beasts School of beastood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beasts School of beastood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beasts School of beastood
+um and so when we when we start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so when we when we start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so when we when we start out with
+with Beauty and the Beast Beauty is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Beauty and the Beast Beauty is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Beauty and the Beast Beauty is at
+home with her two sisters uh no Mom on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home with her two sisters uh no Mom on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home with her two sisters uh no Mom on
+site at all in this one but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site at all in this one but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site at all in this one but there's
+there's Dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Dad
+um and Dad's going off on a trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Dad's going off on a trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Dad's going off on a trip
+not because he's got some wacko cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because he's got some wacko cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because he's got some wacko cool
+invention he's just going on a trip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention he's just going on a trip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention he's just going on a trip and
+he says what do you want me to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says what do you want me to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says what do you want me to bring
+back and you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you know one
+greedy old sister says oh bring me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy old sister says oh bring me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy old sister says oh bring me you
+know a Mercedes and the other one says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a Mercedes and the other one says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a Mercedes and the other one says
+you know bring me a fur coat and Beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bring me a fur coat and Beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bring me a fur coat and Beauty
+who's a bit of a sap says oh just bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a bit of a sap says oh just bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a bit of a sap says oh just bring
+me one rose so anyway it does well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one rose so anyway it does well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one rose so anyway it does well on
+the trip and he gets the Mercedes and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trip and he gets the Mercedes and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trip and he gets the Mercedes and he
+gets the fur coat and forgets The Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the fur coat and forgets The Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the fur coat and forgets The Rose
+right so he's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he's um
+coming home and he passes this ruinous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming home and he passes this ruinous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming home and he passes this ruinous
+castle and there's a rose bush of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle and there's a rose bush of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle and there's a rose bush of course
+and he says nobody's gonna miss one rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says nobody's gonna miss one rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says nobody's gonna miss one rose
+right so he goes and picks the rose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he goes and picks the rose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he goes and picks the rose so
+bad move because out comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and and you know you picked my Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you know you picked my Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you know you picked my Rose
+now I'm gonna kill you which seems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm gonna kill you which seems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm gonna kill you which seems a
+little disproportionate but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little disproportionate but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little disproportionate but you know
+he's a beast after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a beast after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a beast after all
+um and and and so the daddy explains way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and so the daddy explains way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and so the daddy explains way
+more than he should be under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than he should be under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than he should be under the
+circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+picking one for my daughter who lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking one for my daughter who lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking one for my daughter who lives
+over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there
+the Beast says okay fine I won't kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Beast says okay fine I won't kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Beast says okay fine I won't kill
+you send me the daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send me the daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send me the daughter
+dad says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad says okay
+now to give that there's two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to give that there's two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to give that there's two ways of
+looking at this one of them is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this one of them is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this one of them is is that
+Dads very traditionally in animal groom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dads very traditionally in animal groom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dads very traditionally in animal groom
+stories are the person who in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories are the person who in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories are the person who in a sense
+walks the daughter down the aisle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks the daughter down the aisle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks the daughter down the aisle here
+the other way of thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way of thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way of thinking about this
+more charitably about Dad is the dad's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more charitably about Dad is the dad's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more charitably about Dad is the dad's
+thinking I'm just getting out of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I'm just getting out of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I'm just getting out of here
+man I'm not gonna send my daughter back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man I'm not gonna send my daughter back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man I'm not gonna send my daughter back
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um he goes home he tells the story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he goes home he tells the story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he goes home he tells the story and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and very much like in in the Disney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very much like in in the Disney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very much like in in the Disney
+version Beauty says hey you gave your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version Beauty says hey you gave your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version Beauty says hey you gave your
+word I gotta go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I gotta go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I gotta go
+and so she goes off to uh to live with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she goes off to uh to live with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she goes off to uh to live with
+the Beast now the Beast Boy he's a beast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Beast now the Beast Boy he's a beast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Beast now the Beast Boy he's a beast
+but he he's kind of like a gentleman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he's kind of like a gentleman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he's kind of like a gentleman
+um he's not really a bad Beast as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's not really a bad Beast as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's not really a bad Beast as these
+things go they live a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go they live a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go they live a perfectly
+reasonable life there in this scrunchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable life there in this scrunchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable life there in this scrunchy
+Castle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castle
+um every night after dinner uh he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every night after dinner uh he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every night after dinner uh he says
+will you kiss me and she says oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you kiss me and she says oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you kiss me and she says oh yeah
+you're a beast and he doesn't press the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a beast and he doesn't press the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a beast and he doesn't press the
+issue right and they just go on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue right and they just go on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue right and they just go on like
+this for a long long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a long long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a long long time
+and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually
+um she gets a postcard or something oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she gets a postcard or something oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she gets a postcard or something oh
+no I guess you just guess you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I guess you just guess you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I guess you just guess you have the
+wedding invitation she gets an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedding invitation she gets an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedding invitation she gets an
+invitation that says your sister's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation that says your sister's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation that says your sister's
+getting married why don't you come home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting married why don't you come home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting married why don't you come home
+to the wedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the wedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the wedding
+um and the Beast is reluctant to let her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the Beast is reluctant to let her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the Beast is reluctant to let her
+go but says you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but says you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but says you go
+um as long as you come back within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as long as you come back within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as long as you come back within a
+month or I'll die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or I'll die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or I'll die
+um so she goes home and the big long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so she goes home and the big long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so she goes home and the big long
+party I guess because she forgets all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party I guess because she forgets all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party I guess because she forgets all
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+and in various verse there's the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in various verse there's the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in various verse there's the magic
+mirror in some versions of Atlanta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror in some versions of Atlanta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror in some versions of Atlanta in
+any case at on the 31st day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case at on the 31st day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case at on the 31st day
+she either looks in the mirror or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she either looks in the mirror or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she either looks in the mirror or
+realizes in a dream or something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes in a dream or something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes in a dream or something that
+the Beast is dying the castle is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Beast is dying the castle is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Beast is dying the castle is in
+ruins the Beast is dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruins the Beast is dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruins the Beast is dying
+um and she wishes herself back there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and she wishes herself back there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and she wishes herself back there
+she's magically transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's magically transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's magically transported
+um back there nobody gets to get killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back there nobody gets to get killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back there nobody gets to get killed
+on the roof in the rain or anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the roof in the rain or anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the roof in the rain or anything like
+that she um she realizes that she does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she um she realizes that she does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she um she realizes that she does
+love this uh this beast and kisses him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this uh this beast and kisses him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this uh this beast and kisses him
+and kaboof now he's you know he's he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kaboof now he's you know he's he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kaboof now he's you know he's he has
+been redeemed by the love of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been redeemed by the love of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been redeemed by the love of a good
+woman and he's no longer a beast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and he's no longer a beast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and he's no longer a beast and
+you've gotten through all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten through all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten through all the way to the
+um uh to the end of the story so Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to the end of the story so Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to the end of the story so Little
+Red Riding Hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Riding Hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Riding Hood
+there's no sense that she's gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sense that she's gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sense that she's gonna go
+marry the Beast A Little Red Riding Hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry the Beast A Little Red Riding Hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry the Beast A Little Red Riding Hood
+what you've got is the situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got is the situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got is the situation where
+um Little Red Riding Hood says to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Little Red Riding Hood says to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Little Red Riding Hood says to the to
+the um uh when confronted by the beast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um uh when confronted by the beast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um uh when confronted by the beast
+on the road in effect she says I'm much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the road in effect she says I'm much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the road in effect she says I'm much
+too young for you I'm an inappropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too young for you I'm an inappropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too young for you I'm an inappropriate
+uh sexual object why don't you go see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sexual object why don't you go see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sexual object why don't you go see
+Grandma she's a much more experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grandma she's a much more experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grandma she's a much more experienced
+woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go read your Little Red Riding Hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go read your Little Red Riding Hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go read your Little Red Riding Hood
+again Little Red Riding Hood gets way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Little Red Riding Hood gets way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Little Red Riding Hood gets way
+too much you know if you go and meet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much you know if you go and meet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much you know if you go and meet a
+stranger a bad scary stranger and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranger a bad scary stranger and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranger a bad scary stranger and he
+asks a bunch of questions you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks a bunch of questions you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks a bunch of questions you're not
+supposed to say I live or Graham I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to say I live or Graham I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to say I live or Graham I'm
+going to Grandma she lives at 400 Shady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Grandma she lives at 400 Shady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Grandma she lives at 400 Shady
+Brook Lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brook Lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brook Lane
+um and I think she leaves the back door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think she leaves the back door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think she leaves the back door
+unlocked yeah that's more or less what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlocked yeah that's more or less what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlocked yeah that's more or less what
+Red Riding Hood does and then um so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Riding Hood does and then um so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Riding Hood does and then um so and
+and so what's the what does the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's the what does the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's the what does the the
+um the the wolf does it goes goes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the wolf does it goes goes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the wolf does it goes goes there
+and gobbles up grandma gets into bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gobbles up grandma gets into bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gobbles up grandma gets into bed
+um and then uh and and then gobbles up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then uh and and then gobbles up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then uh and and then gobbles up
+Little Red Riding Hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Red Riding Hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Red Riding Hood
+um who is later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who is later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who is later
+delivered by cesarean section more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered by cesarean section more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered by cesarean section more or
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+um and describes the whole experience as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and describes the whole experience as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and describes the whole experience as
+yucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yucky
+you know it's not not scarier and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not not scarier and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not not scarier and it was
+just all sort of grubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all sort of grubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all sort of grubs
+um and and uh oh and and when when the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and uh oh and and when when the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and uh oh and and when when the B
+when the wolf is uh is is captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the wolf is uh is is captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the wolf is uh is is captured by
+the Huntsman daddy he's just the wolf is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Huntsman daddy he's just the wolf is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Huntsman daddy he's just the wolf is
+described as you old sinner you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as you old sinner you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as you old sinner you know
+what's that about anyway it's the Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that about anyway it's the Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that about anyway it's the Little
+Red Riding Hood ends with Little Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Riding Hood ends with Little Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Riding Hood ends with Little Red
+Riding Hood say I will never go off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riding Hood say I will never go off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riding Hood say I will never go off the
+straight and narrow again because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and narrow again because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and narrow again because the
+wolf's been saying you know go smell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf's been saying you know go smell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf's been saying you know go smell the
+flowers go off the track and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers go off the track and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers go off the track and stuff like
+that so that's a story where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's a story where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's a story where you don't
+get through the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through the whole thing
+if you if you wanted to write a Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you wanted to write a Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you wanted to write a Little
+Red Riding Hood story you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Riding Hood story you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Riding Hood story you know you
+wanted to morph it into a full-blast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to morph it into a full-blast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to morph it into a full-blast
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+um I suppose it'd be a little crass if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I suppose it'd be a little crass if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I suppose it'd be a little crass if
+Little Red Riding Hood had to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Red Riding Hood had to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Red Riding Hood had to go and
+marry the guy who killed grandma that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry the guy who killed grandma that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry the guy who killed grandma that's
+a little gross but he'd end up she'd end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little gross but he'd end up she'd end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little gross but he'd end up she'd end
+up kissing the wolf at the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up kissing the wolf at the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up kissing the wolf at the end and
+though and the Wolf would turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and the Wolf would turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and the Wolf would turn into
+um into something nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into something nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into something nice
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's a great MIT fairy tale the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great MIT fairy tale the tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great MIT fairy tale the tool
+and die fairy tale but you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and die fairy tale but you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and die fairy tale but you'll have to
+ask me about it some other time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5ZhLLCQWjWQ.txt b/5ZhLLCQWjWQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..938c3ef5efaa4975fc0175de8aeef5033a0c4ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5ZhLLCQWjWQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3803 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+your support will help mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit open courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the probability between heads is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you flip it a few times so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you flip it a few times so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you flip it a few times so you
+get heads tails heads heads in a row you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get heads tails heads heads in a row you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get heads tails heads heads in a row you
+can convert that you can convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert that you can convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert that you can convert that
+into a binary number um 0.01011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a binary number um 0.01011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a binary number um 0.01011
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um say that heads tails heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say that heads tails heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say that heads tails heads
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+goes to 0.131
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 0.131
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 0.131
+and for any flip any like infinite flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for any flip any like infinite flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for any flip any like infinite flip
+of these you can get some binary number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these you can get some binary number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these you can get some binary number
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we defined the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we defined the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we defined the function
+or we were told to find the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we were told to find the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we were told to find the function
+f p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f p
+given the probability category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the probability category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the probability category
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some number between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um would be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would be equal to
+the probability that a random infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a random infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a random infinite
+flip of this unfair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip of this unfair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip of this unfair coin
+will give you a binary number less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a binary number less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a binary number less than
+x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so our we went in and proved things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our we went in and proved things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our we went in and proved things
+about this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this function
+so in the case where f for p equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case where f for p equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case where f for p equals one
+half the function is really easy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the function is really easy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the function is really easy it's
+just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the x equals y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but for p not equals one half um we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for p not equals one half um we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for p not equals one half um we have
+this wacky function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wacky function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wacky function which
+we know it's increasing everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's increasing everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's increasing everywhere
+this is pretty easy to see just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty easy to see just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty easy to see just because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if x is greater than y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is greater than y then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is greater than y then
+you're more likely to get a flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more likely to get a flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more likely to get a flip
+that's less than y the less than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than y the less than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than y the less than x
+this is an x and less than y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an x and less than y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an x and less than y
+right so it's going to be increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's going to be increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's going to be increasing
+and we show that we can take we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we show that we can take we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we show that we can take we should
+be continuous but we also showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continuous but we also showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continuous but we also showed that
+whenever is differentiable derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever is differentiable derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever is differentiable derivative
+would be zero we showed that the arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero we showed that the arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero we showed that the arc
+length of the function would be one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the function would be one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the function would be one or
+so it would be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be two
+again unless p was one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again unless p was one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again unless p was one half
+so it's gonna do this really weird if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's gonna do this really weird if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's gonna do this really weird if
+you fractal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fractal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fractal
+which will look something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will look something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will look something like this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+drives as hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives as hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives as hard
+you can kind of approximate it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of approximate it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of approximate it it's
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+you can have some lumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have some lumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have some lumps
+peeking in the middle and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeking in the middle and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeking in the middle and then
+smaller lumps peaking at three quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller lumps peaking at three quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller lumps peaking at three quarters
+and one quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one quarter
+and then more and more smaller ones at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then more and more smaller ones at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then more and more smaller ones at
+all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the
+rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers
+where the denominator is a power of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the denominator is a power of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the denominator is a power of two
+wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and when you keep ending this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you keep ending this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you keep ending this and you
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you get the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so your results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your results are
+it's continuous yeah no matter what p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuous yeah no matter what p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuous yeah no matter what p is
+i guess p better not be zero or one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess p better not be zero or one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess p better not be zero or one yeah
+for p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p and
+zero one non-inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one non-inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one non-inclusive
+p not equal to one half um we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p not equal to one half um we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p not equal to one half um we have
+f of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of p
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know that it's not differentiable at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it's not differentiable at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it's not differentiable at
+the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+these are it'll always take gems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are it'll always take gems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are it'll always take gems of
+diatic so it'll be continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatic so it'll be continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatic so it'll be continuous
+fruit and more rigor in our paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it is differentiable derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is differentiable derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is differentiable derivative is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of one minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of one minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of one minus p
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+a rotation of f p by 180 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we know that the arc length is 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know that it is differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it is differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it is differentiable
+somewhere in particular differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in particular differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in particular differentiable
+at the point one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point one third
+among many others but this is like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among many others but this is like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among many others but this is like we
+can show that it is for sure at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that it is for sure at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that it is for sure at this one
+point differentiable yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point differentiable yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point differentiable yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so chad be proving things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chad be proving things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chad be proving things
+oh yeah this is great this is a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah this is great this is a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah this is great this is a that's
+just just the the debriefing that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just the the debriefing that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just the the debriefing that's just
+what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i
+wanted to hear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to hear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to hear about
+it's it's actually um so i have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually um so i have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually um so i have the
+advantage that i worked with you on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that i worked with you on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that i worked with you on this
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh one more thing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one more thing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one more thing and the
+integral from zero to one of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from zero to one of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from zero to one of f
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+one minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus p
+it's a pretty weird function uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty weird function uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty weird function uh when
+you first plotted it didn't you you came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first plotted it didn't you you came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first plotted it didn't you you came
+up with that yeah we have pictures of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with that yeah we have pictures of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with that yeah we have pictures of it
+there's a picture of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a picture of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a picture of it
+uh were you surprised to see it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were you surprised to see it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were you surprised to see it was
+different it was smooth i mean that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it was smooth i mean that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it was smooth i mean that it
+was continuous when you plotted it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was continuous when you plotted it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was continuous when you plotted it um
+no i think the ird had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i think the ird had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i think the ird had
+proven that when we applied it somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that when we applied it somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that when we applied it somewhere
+so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how
+this helped at least it helped me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helped at least it helped me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helped at least it helped me
+thinking about differentiability a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about differentiability a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about differentiability a lot
+because you could really see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could really see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could really see that it
+made these jumps at the diatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it helped me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it helped me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it helped me
+see just kind of how it changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just kind of how it changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just kind of how it changed
+different values of p because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of p because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of p because you can
+we saw that when p got smaller it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that when p got smaller it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that when p got smaller it did
+the same type of thing but getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of thing but getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of thing but getting
+closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+one and it had to jump to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it had to jump to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it had to jump to the same
+places which is really good to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places which is really good to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places which is really good to see
+but you can see it getting bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see it getting bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see it getting bigger
+but also i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also i guess
+yeah and you could also see really messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and you could also see really messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and you could also see really messy
+the rotational symmetry of p1 minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational symmetry of p1 minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational symmetry of p1 minus p
+which could be written as a formula in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be written as a formula in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be written as a formula in
+terms of uh like yeah like it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh like yeah like it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh like yeah like it's one
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+uh yeah you can probably say times p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you can probably say times p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you can probably say times p is
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+minus f p of 1 minus x is this separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f p of 1 minus x is this separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f p of 1 minus x is this separate
+yeah i guess so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i guess so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i guess so
+so actually not everything that you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually not everything that you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually not everything that you uh
+said here on the board is in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here on the board is in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here on the board is in the paper
+well we should probably fix that one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should probably fix that one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should probably fix that one and
+yeah i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i would
+so now there's begins a process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's begins a process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's begins a process of
+revision of the paper and i think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision of the paper and i think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision of the paper and i think it
+would be great if you could add some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great if you could add some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great if you could add some of
+this to to the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to to the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to to the paper
+um like the integral thing isn't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like the integral thing isn't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like the integral thing isn't there
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+that the statement that if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the statement that if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the statement that if it's
+differentiable the derivative is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable the derivative is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable the derivative is zero
+isn't it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it right
+and also that it's not differentiable at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also that it's not differentiable at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also that it's not differentiable at
+the diameter yeah and even that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter yeah and even that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter yeah and even that's a
+right right exactly that's even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right exactly that's even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right exactly that's even more
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+yeah they're both important yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're both important yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're both important yeah
+but maybe we should talk about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe we should talk about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe we should talk about a little
+bit of it now as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of it now as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of it now as well
+of the comments you guys have to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the comments you guys have to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the comments you guys have to choose
+between digit and bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between digit and bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between digit and bit
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+okay that's probably my fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's probably my fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's probably my fault
+because i was using bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i was using bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i was using bit
+sometimes so digit refers to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so digit refers to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so digit refers to your
+fingers and there are 10 of them for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and there are 10 of them for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and there are 10 of them for me
+bit is a little is more natural but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is a little is more natural but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is a little is more natural but you
+can choose either one but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose either one but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose either one but you should
+stick to it through the paper i have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to it through the paper i have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to it through the paper i have no
+preference i'm fine with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of the same with an introduction i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the same with an introduction i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the same with an introduction i
+think it's great to put these pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's great to put these pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's great to put these pictures
+in an introduction and there's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an introduction and there's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an introduction and there's a nice
+argument for for putting a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for for putting a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for for putting a specific
+calculation in there i'm a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in there i'm a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in there i'm a little bit of
+two minds about that because it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minds about that because it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minds about that because it gets
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+into the detail a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the detail a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the detail a little bit more
+there's a parenthesis missing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a parenthesis missing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a parenthesis missing here
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but just giving a sense of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just giving a sense of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just giving a sense of how you
+compute these things early on when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these things early on when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these things early on when i
+first saw this function i thought what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saw this function i thought what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saw this function i thought what
+in the world but then actually seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world but then actually seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world but then actually seeing
+the computation makes it much clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation makes it much clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation makes it much clearer
+what the function really is yeah i agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function really is yeah i agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function really is yeah i agree
+um and seeing that it comes out as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and seeing that it comes out as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and seeing that it comes out as a
+rational function of p is kind of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function of p is kind of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function of p is kind of kind
+of cool as well i guess it's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool as well i guess it's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool as well i guess it's always a
+rational function of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function of p
+so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get
+some strange collection of rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some strange collection of rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some strange collection of rational
+functions that appear as the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that appear as the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that appear as the values
+of this function depending on p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function depending on p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function depending on p
+and odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and odd
+interesting family of integer integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting family of integer integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting family of integer integer
+coefficients rational functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients rational functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients rational functions
+is it always going to be irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it always going to be irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it always going to be irrational
+yeah i think so just the i mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think so just the i mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think so just the i mean that's
+what the the functional equations tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the functional equations tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the functional equations tell
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's this or if that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this or if that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this or if that's for
+rational numbers for diatic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers for diatic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers for diatic for
+diabetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetics
+yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think of having an aka in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think of having an aka in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think of having an aka in
+the math text what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math text what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math text what is that
+it's kind of it makes me think of crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of it makes me think of crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of it makes me think of crime
+dramas or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramas or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramas or something
+well i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i was
+also having that picture in our mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also having that picture in our mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also having that picture in our mind
+when i wrote aka my staircase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stylistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylistic
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+it didn't bother me when i read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't bother me when i read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't bother me when i read it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think that sometimes i think that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that sometimes i think that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that sometimes i think that if
+the math is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math is
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+then there is some leeway to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is some leeway to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is some leeway to be a little
+bit informal in the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this i think aka occurs once and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i think aka occurs once and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i think aka occurs once and maybe
+twice more in the paper um at least once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice more in the paper um at least once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice more in the paper um at least once
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes or which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or which we
+i'm not sure how standard it is but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure how standard it is but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure how standard it is but you
+could say which we will call dyadic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say which we will call dyadic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say which we will call dyadic
+rationals or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals or something like that
+make it clear that in your in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it clear that in your in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it clear that in your in this paper
+that's what the work terminology will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the work terminology will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the work terminology will be
+i really liked how the example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really liked how the example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really liked how the example in the
+introduction was carefully chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction was carefully chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction was carefully chosen to
+work well later in sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um so you'll see a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so you'll see a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so you'll see a lot of uh
+commentary about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary about this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+times when i read these papers what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when i read these papers what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when i read these papers what i
+get is the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is the sense of
+uh the author working his way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the author working his way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the author working his way through
+the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and that's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's there's
+there's a certain attraction to that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain attraction to that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain attraction to that as
+a sort of journal it's almost a journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of journal it's almost a journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of journal it's almost a journal
+it's not actually the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually the way
+math papers in german in math research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math papers in german in math research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math papers in german in math research
+journals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals
+appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear
+there's it's a it's very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's a it's very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's a it's very interesting
+it's especially true in michael section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's especially true in michael section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's especially true in michael section
+of the of the write-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the write-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the write-up
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+uh the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the word
+then occurs quite often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then occurs quite often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then occurs quite often
+like you're going along then you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're going along then you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're going along then you do this
+then you do that there's a sense of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do that there's a sense of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do that there's a sense of a
+temporal progression somehow through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal progression somehow through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal progression somehow through the
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+whereas in the math journal those thens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the math journal those thens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the math journal those thens
+would typically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would typically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would typically be
+replaced by thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by thus
+do you see that do you see the tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that do you see the tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that do you see the tone
+difference in tone it's more of a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in tone it's more of a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in tone it's more of a sense
+that there's this piece of mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this piece of mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this piece of mathematics
+that's there and you're going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there and you're going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there and you're going through
+describing it you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it you're not
+it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+time it's there permanently and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's there permanently and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's there permanently and you're
+describing it whereas when you say then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it whereas when you say then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it whereas when you say then
+you there's a sense of progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's a sense of progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's a sense of progression
+through it you see the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it you see the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it you see the difference in
+tone yeah it's very it's quite subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone yeah it's very it's quite subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone yeah it's very it's quite subtle
+but um but i'm very struck by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but i'm very struck by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but i'm very struck by it
+especially in microsection but it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in microsection but it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in microsection but it's true
+uh in in other parts as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in other parts as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in other parts as well
+to a certain extent i i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain extent i i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain extent i i think it's
+attractive to have that sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to have that sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to have that sense of
+movement it's just a little non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement it's just a little non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement it's just a little non-standard
+what do you think about that did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about that did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about that did you
+pick that up all set well um that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick that up all set well um that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick that up all set well um that's very
+similar to uh the use of future tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to uh the use of future tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to uh the use of future tense
+will and present tense present tense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and present tense present tense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and present tense present tense is
+much more common in mathematical writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more common in mathematical writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more common in mathematical writing
+for the same reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same reasons
+so it's risky to uh to do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's risky to uh to do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's risky to uh to do that because
+it's harder to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder to keep the
+reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader
+situated if you if you have the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated if you if you have the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated if you if you have the sense of
+progress then there's a sense of mystery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress then there's a sense of mystery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress then there's a sense of mystery
+about what's going to happen next and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going to happen next and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going to happen next and
+sort of where you're going whereas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where you're going whereas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where you're going whereas if
+you have the the more static perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the the more static perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the the more static perspective
+it's easier to situate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to situate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to situate
+it's easier to give guiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to give guiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to give guiding
+guiding phrases to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding phrases to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding phrases to
+to say where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say where you are
+and that makes it easier for the reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes it easier for the reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes it easier for the reader
+to follow and that makes it much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow and that makes it much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow and that makes it much easier
+that makes it all the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it all the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it all the difference in
+reading a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a paper
+or for that matter giving a lecture if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for that matter giving a lecture if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for that matter giving a lecture if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+give a presentation and you just head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a presentation and you just head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a presentation and you just head
+off in some direction without telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in some direction without telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in some direction without telling
+the listeners where you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the listeners where you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the listeners where you're going
+uh it's quite uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's quite uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's quite uncomfortable
+so so that this occurs here uh as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that this occurs here uh as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that this occurs here uh as well
+in in other places in this paper like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in other places in this paper like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in other places in this paper like
+for example in the differentiability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the differentiability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the differentiability
+section differentiability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section differentiability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section differentiability
+it begins by saying characterization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins by saying characterization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins by saying characterization of
+sets on which fp is differentiable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets on which fp is differentiable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets on which fp is differentiable it's
+not available yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available yet
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+i mean maybe somebody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean maybe somebody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean maybe somebody knows
+uh not available to you yet i guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not available to you yet i guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not available to you yet i guess you
+could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say
+uh but it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's a different
+different feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different feel
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+i felt what i'd really like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i felt what i'd really like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i felt what i'd really like to do
+uh i felt that this is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i felt that this is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i felt that this is about the
+fact that it is differentiable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it is differentiable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it is differentiable in the
+third and that and and that's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and that and and that's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and that and and that's the thing
+to lead with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead with
+rather than than what we don't know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than than what we don't know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than than what we don't know yeah
+so actually perhaps the thing to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually perhaps the thing to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually perhaps the thing to lead
+with would be the fact that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with would be the fact that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with would be the fact that it's not
+differentiable the dyadics and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable the dyadics and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable the dyadics and then you
+could leave that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave that's great
+so some that would be a good place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some that would be a good place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some that would be a good place to
+that's a more complete result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more complete result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more complete result
+and that would be a good thing to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be a good thing to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be a good thing to leave
+with that might be a different section i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that might be a different section i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that might be a different section i
+wonder in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder in fact
+later on here in the section on arklank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on here in the section on arklank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on here in the section on arklank
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's this amazing formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this amazing formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this amazing formula
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+so so he has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so he has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so he has these
+i'm looking at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at you know
+formula 9.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula 9.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula 9.
+he has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has this
+this is michael writing he has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is michael writing he has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is michael writing he has this
+formula for the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the difference between the
+value of f at two successive dyadics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a specific
+two to the minus n in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the minus n in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the minus n in mind
+and it's given by this cool product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's given by this cool product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's given by this cool product
+uh that formula might be useful in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that formula might be useful in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that formula might be useful in other
+things yeah that's how i would do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah that's how i would do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah that's how i would do that
+and so and so one could break off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and so one could break off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and so one could break off this
+the derivation of this formula up on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of this formula up on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation of this formula up on top
+and the first thing that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing that happens
+put it earlier and then have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it earlier and then have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it earlier and then have different
+have that available and have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that available and have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that available and have this
+section just refer to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section just refer to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section just refer to it
+because there's plenty more i mean he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's plenty more i mean he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's plenty more i mean he
+uses chebyshev and thinks there's plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses chebyshev and thinks there's plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses chebyshev and thinks there's plenty
+more in this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in this section
+and it would make sense to me this i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would make sense to me this i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would make sense to me this i
+think this is a very cool formula yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a very cool formula yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a very cool formula yeah
+and it's useful it'll be i think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's useful it'll be i think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's useful it'll be i think it
+might be useful improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be useful improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be useful improving
+non-differentiability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-differentiability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-differentiability
+i think i suggest that you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i suggest that you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i suggest that you might have a
+section after the introduction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section after the introduction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section after the introduction which
+sets up some of the simple properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets up some of the simple properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets up some of the simple properties of
+these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like give more give of an account of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like give more give of an account of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like give more give of an account of the
+functional equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional equation
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and you and the and then as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you and the and then as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you and the and then as an
+application of the functional equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the functional equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the functional equation
+you have that integral that comes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that integral that comes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that integral that comes right
+out of it that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it that might
+if there's you know if you see it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's you know if you see it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's you know if you see it at
+this point it's nice the ones that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point it's nice the ones that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point it's nice the ones that were
+in the continuity yeah i think i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuity yeah i think i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuity yeah i think i think
+some of that could be pulled out as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that could be pulled out as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that could be pulled out as a
+separate i can't remember what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate i can't remember what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate i can't remember what i
+suggested here but maybe that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested here but maybe that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested here but maybe that's that's
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+good and then there's the end thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then there's the end thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then there's the end thing
+where you talk about three headed coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you talk about three headed coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you talk about three headed coins
+i think that's pretty cool and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's pretty cool and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's pretty cool and i
+definitely think the devil star case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it needs a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it needs a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it needs a reference
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the pilots isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the pilots isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the pilots isn't it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+just uh to go back to emphasize um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh to go back to emphasize um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh to go back to emphasize um for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the way that you present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you present
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the way that you present the proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you present the proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you present the proofs
+currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently
+you're sort of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of having a
+logical flow and then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical flow and then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical flow and then you have the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+that can be difficult for the reader to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be difficult for the reader to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be difficult for the reader to
+follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i suggest using theorem proof format so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suggest using theorem proof format so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suggest using theorem proof format so
+people know what you're proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know what you're proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know what you're proving
+as you're proving it and even within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're proving it and even within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're proving it and even within the
+proofs if you have sub claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs if you have sub claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs if you have sub claims
+say what it is you're proving before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what it is you're proving before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what it is you're proving before you
+give the reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the reasoning
+so that people know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people know what it is
+when you're giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're giving the
+statement to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement to you
+if it's really straightforward like only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's really straightforward like only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's really straightforward like only
+a sentence or two you might not need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence or two you might not need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence or two you might not need to
+do that but if it's more than that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but if it's more than that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but if it's more than that it
+can be wait what if what's a sentence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be wait what if what's a sentence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be wait what if what's a sentence or
+two a sub claim the reason for herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a sub claim the reason for herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a sub claim the reason for herself
+yeah did you know we tried involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did you know we tried involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did you know we tried involved
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+did you know michael no did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know michael no did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know michael no did you
+i think you guys have done a great job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you guys have done a great job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you guys have done a great job
+in forming a team from from scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in forming a team from from scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in forming a team from from scratch
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+if we keep it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we keep it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we keep it up
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i thought that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought that uh
+that pulling this together like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pulling this together like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pulling this together like this
+it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+i'm impressed by newspaper i'm impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm impressed by newspaper i'm impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm impressed by newspaper i'm impressed
+by how well it works as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it almost looks like it was written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost looks like it was written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost looks like it was written by
+one person which is the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and i think each of you supports the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i think each of you supports the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i think each of you supports the
+project in different ways so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in different ways so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in different ways so it's
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+interesting collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting collaboration
+every collaboration has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every collaboration has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every collaboration has has
+different aspects to it that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects to it that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects to it that's one of
+the fun things about giving this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fun things about giving this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fun things about giving this course
+is you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you see
+nine completely different forms
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6rn4q9mv4jQ.txt b/6rn4q9mv4jQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e35c2e91e8ff92d5ee6c25747e24fd557ddfa3b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6rn4q9mv4jQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3195 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Last time, we looked
+at the case of a Bose gas,
+
+and we found that there
+was this condensation
+
+phenomena into the ground state.
+
+Let's go over it one more time.
+
+So the idea was
+that when you have
+
+a Bose system, the occupation
+of the different one-particle
+
+states, which you can specify
+for a non-interacting system
+
+in the grand canonical
+ensemble, these entities
+
+are independent for each one
+of the one-particle states
+
+and have a form that is related
+to the chemical potential
+
+and the energy of these states
+through this form, epsilon
+
+[? kd ?] in the
+one-particle state,
+
+and z standing for e to the
+beta mu, chemical potential
+
+divided by temperature.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, if we go and look
+at this in the limit
+
+where z is much
+less than 1, which
+
+is appropriate to
+high temperatures
+
+or when the case where the
+gas is mostly classical,
+
+you can expand this.
+
+You can see that in
+the lowest order,
+
+it is z e to the minus
+beta epsilon of k.
+
+So it looks like a
+standard Boltzmann weight
+
+that we would use in classical
+statistical mechanics.
+
+But then there are
+higher order terms.
+
+And in particular there
+would be a correction
+
+that is e to the minus
+beta epsilon of k squared
+
+and so forth that would
+modify this result.
+
+But I think this is
+something that I mentioned.
+
+If you look at a form such
+as this at high temperatures,
+
+it's like a Boltzmann weight.
+
+So the state that has
+this lowest energy,
+
+in this case if we
+say epsilon of k
+
+is h bar squared k squared
+over 2m corresponding to k
+
+equals to 0 for
+the lowest energy,
+
+has the highest mean
+occupation number of weight.
+
+OK?
+
+Now that is always the case.
+
+This is a function
+that, as epsilon of k
+
+becomes larger, no matter
+whether you expand it or not,
+
+becomes less and less.
+
+The other limit that
+is of interest to us
+
+is how big can z be?
+
+We said that the largest it
+can be is when it approaches 1.
+
+And when it is 1, this
+quantity, the occupation number,
+
+is e to the beta
+epsilon of k minus 1.
+
+Again, something that is
+largest as k becomes smaller,
+
+and you go to the lowest energy.
+
+But there is the difficulty that
+the one energy that corresponds
+
+to k equals to 0, if I
+look at this formula,
+
+it is 1 divided by 0.
+
+It just doesn't
+make too much sense.
+
+Now, of course, we
+said that typically we
+
+don't want to work
+in this variable.
+
+We want to figure out
+things as a function
+
+of the number of particles or
+the number of particles divided
+
+by volume density, which is
+a nice intensive quantity.
+
+OK?
+
+So typically, what should we do?
+
+We said that in the
+grand canonical ensemble,
+
+N is the sum over k
+these expectation values.
+
+I should really put
+an average here,
+
+but we said that in the
+thermodynamic sense,
+
+fluctuations being of the
+order of square root of N,
+
+we are going to ignore.
+
+So this is what
+you would normally
+
+call the number that
+we have in the system.
+
+And then you have to replace
+this sum in the limit
+
+where we have a large
+system with an integral.
+
+So we have the integral
+d cubed k 2 pi cubed V.
+
+And then we have this N of k,
+which is 1 over z inverse e
+
+to the beta epsilon
+of k minus 1.
+
+Now if I go like I did in
+the line above to the limit
+
+where z is much less
+than 1, then the integral
+
+that I have to do is
+simply the integral of z e
+
+to the minus beta epsilon k
+h bar squared k squared 2m.
+
+We know what this is.
+
+This is simply, up
+to a factor of z,
+
+these are the integrals
+that have given me
+
+these factors of 1
+over lambda cubed.
+
+Actually, there's
+the factor of V
+
+here, so it is V
+over lambda cubed.
+
+So normally, you would
+then solve for z,
+
+and you would find that z is
+the density times lambda cubed.
+
+And this is a formula that we
+have seen a number of times,
+
+that the chemical potential
+is kt log of n lambda cubed.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+But now we are interested
+in the other limit.
+
+Now in the other limit,
+we have this difficulty
+
+that this quantity, if I look
+at it as a function of z,
+
+this is the quantity
+that we would
+
+call f-- it is
+related to f 3/2 of z.
+
+So this is going to be 1 over
+lambda cubed f 3/2 plus of z.
+
+It's a function that increases
+with z up to the limiting value
+
+that we are allowed to have,
+which is at z equals to 1.
+
+It's a function that starts
+linearly, as we have discussed,
+
+but then up here, it comes to
+a finite value of zeta 3/2.
+
+OK?
+
+So basically, we know that when
+I evaluate this for finite z,
+
+I'm less than where I was here.
+
+So this is certainly less
+than 1 over lambda cubed zeta
+
+of 3/2, the limiting value
+that we have over here.
+
+So now I have a difficulty.
+
+This function over here,
+I can only make it so big.
+
+But I need to make
+it big enough so
+
+that I can put enough particles,
+the total number of particles
+
+that I have in the system.
+
+So what is happening over here?
+
+What is happening is that when
+I make this density larger
+
+and larger, ultimately
+when I hit this point at z
+
+equals to 1, as
+we have discussed
+
+there is an uncertainty as to
+what happens to this expression
+
+when z is equal to 1,
+and you are at this state
+
+that corresponds
+to k equals to 0.
+
+Right?
+
+I don't know how many
+things are over there.
+
+So I can have, in
+principle, the freedom
+
+to take advantage of the fact
+that I don't know what 1 over 0
+
+is to call that the number
+that I need to make up
+
+the difference between
+here and there.
+
+OK?
+
+And so, in principle,
+when z goes to 1,
+
+then this becomes 1 over lambda
+cubed, or V over lambda cubed,
+
+zeta of 3/2, obtained
+by essentially
+
+doing the integration
+with z equals to 1,
+
+evaluating it at
+this possible limit.
+
+And then whatever
+is left, I will
+
+put in the k equals to 0 state.
+
+OK?
+
+And you will say, well, what
+does that explicitly mean?
+
+Well, what it means is that
+I'm really evaluating things
+
+at the value of z that
+is extremely close to 1
+
+so that in the thermodynamic
+limit where N goes to infinity
+
+I wouldn't know the difference.
+
+But it is really something
+that vanishes only
+
+in that thermodynamic limit
+of N going to infinity.
+
+And we saw that if I kind
+of look at the occupation
+
+number of the k equals
+to 0 state, what it is
+
+is z inverse, which is e to
+the minus beta mu minus 1.
+
+And if I'm in the limit
+where z is very small,
+
+or beta mu is-- sorry, z
+is very much close to 1
+
+or beta mu is very small,
+then I can expand this.
+
+And this becomes approximately,
+when mu goes to 0,
+
+minus 1 over beta mu.
+
+OK?
+
+And I want this
+to be the N0, what
+
+is left over when I subtract
+from the total number
+
+the amount that I can put
+in to the ground state.
+
+OK?
+
+And so you can see that this is
+a quantity that is extensive.
+
+It is proportional to
+the number of particles.
+
+And mu is the inverse of
+that, so it is infinitesimal.
+
+And if I choose that value
+of mu that is, essentially,
+
+pushing z infinitesimally
+close to 1,
+
+then I can ensure that I have
+a finite occupation over there.
+
+OK?
+
+So what does it mean?
+
+If I could actually look at
+these occupation numbers,
+
+then I am at temperatures
+less than Tc of n.
+
+And we saw that
+basically we could
+
+get what the temperature
+is when this happens
+
+by equating this combination
+g over lambda cubed,
+
+in principle, over-- I
+had said g equals to 1.
+
+I could repeat it
+with g not equal to 1.
+
+And n, which is g over
+lambda cubed zeta of 3/2,
+
+rather than f 3/2 plus,
+this defines for me
+
+this temperature Tc of n.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, if I could look at
+the occupation numbers
+
+when I was at temperature less
+than Tc, what would I see?
+
+I would see that the occupation
+number as a function of k
+
+is exactly the form that we
+have over here with z equals
+
+to 1, 1 over e to the
+beta epsilon of k minus 1.
+
+But then at k
+equals to 0, which I
+
+can indicate by some
+kind of delta function,
+
+I have everybody else,
+which is this N minus
+
+V over lambda cubed zeta of 3/2.
+
+OK?
+
+Actually, let's remember
+that our k and momentum
+
+are related to each other.
+
+So rather than asking
+what the density is
+
+as a function of this
+label k, I can maybe
+
+ask what the density
+is for things
+
+that have different momentum P.
+
+And according to
+this formula, it
+
+is going to be beta P squared
+over 2m, this kind of modified
+
+version of the Boltzmann weight,
+and a delta function at P
+
+equals to 0 there.
+
+The rest of the
+particles are up here.
+
+Now, when people
+saw the signature
+
+of Bose-Einstein condensation,
+it was precisely this.
+
+So this is the figure
+that shows this
+
+from the experiment of
+Eric Cornell and group,
+
+and you see two thermometers.
+
+They are cooling the
+temperature of this gas
+
+of atoms that is
+confined in a trap.
+
+The way that they
+are cooling it is
+
+that they are evaporating away
+the high energy particles.
+
+And then the rest
+of the particles
+
+are cooled down because they
+thermalize, and the highest
+
+energy is always removed.
+
+But in the process,
+the density in the trap
+
+is also being reduced.
+
+And if the density goes down,
+then Tc of n will also go down.
+
+So what is plotted over here
+on the right thermometer
+
+is the Tc of n that you would
+calculate from that formula.
+
+And on the right
+thermometer is actually
+
+the temperature of the
+particles in the gas.
+
+And you can see that
+right at some point, then
+
+the Tc of the particles in
+the gas goes below Tc of n.
+
+And what is being plotted
+over here is as follows.
+
+So you have the
+particles that are
+
+in the trap at some temperature.
+
+We remove the trap, and then the
+particles are going to escape.
+
+The particles that
+have zero momentum
+
+are going to stay
+where they are.
+
+The particles that
+have large momentum
+
+are going to go further away.
+
+So let's say after one
+second you take a picture.
+
+And what you see over
+here from the picture
+
+is over here there
+are the particles that
+
+had most momentum
+and ran further away.
+
+While at the center,
+you see the particles
+
+that had small momentum.
+
+You can see that always,
+even at high temperature,
+
+the zero momentum is the peak.
+
+But once you go below
+this condition of Tc of n,
+
+in addition to the normal
+peak that is over here,
+
+you get some additional
+peak that is appearing at P
+
+equals to 0, which is
+the condensation that you
+
+have into that one single state.
+
+OK?
+
+The other thing that I started
+to do last time but let's
+
+complete and finish
+today is I wanted
+
+to show you the heat
+capacity of this system.
+
+OK.
+
+So how do we do that?
+
+So the first
+formula that we had,
+
+the one that I used over here
+if I were to divide by V,
+
+is that the density, in general,
+is given by g over lambda
+
+cubed f 3/2 plus of z.
+
+OK?
+
+And we said that if
+z goes to 1, then I
+
+have to interpret that
+appropriately that this
+
+is really just excited
+states, and there's
+
+going to be a separation
+into the ground
+
+state and the excited states.
+
+So there is really two portions
+of n when we are below Tc.
+
+OK?
+
+But then there is also
+a formula for pressure.
+
+Beta P was g over
+lambda cubed f 5/2 of z.
+
+Again, these f's we had
+defined-- f plus m minus 1 of z
+
+was 1 over m minus 1
+factorial integral 0
+
+to infinity dx x to the m
+minus 1 z inverse e to the x
+
+plus 1-- minus 1.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+But in order to calculate
+the heat capacity,
+
+I need to work with the energy.
+
+And we said that,
+quite generally,
+
+whether you have
+classical system,
+
+quantum gas, bosons, fermions,
+the energy and pressure
+
+are related simply by this
+formula, which is ultimately
+
+a consequence of the scaling of
+the energy being proportional
+
+to momentum squared
+that we have over there.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's look at this formula.
+
+What do I have?
+
+For T that is less than Tc
+of n, my z is equal to 1.
+
+Pressure comes
+entirely from particles
+
+that are moving around.
+
+So although the density
+breaks into two components,
+
+in principle I guess I would
+say that the pressure also
+
+breaks into two components.
+
+But the component that
+is at k equals to 0
+
+is not moving around.
+
+It is not giving you any
+contribution to the pressure.
+
+So what do we?
+
+We have P is kt, taking
+the beta to the other side.
+
+I have g over lambda cubed, and
+then this f plus evaluated at z
+
+equals to 1, which is
+this zeta function of 5/2.
+
+OK?
+
+So fine.
+
+So what do I have for energy?
+
+Energy is going to be at
+3/2 V times this formula,
+
+kd T g over lambda
+cubed zeta 5/2.
+
+And I noticed that lambda, being
+h square root of 2 pi mk T,
+
+scales like T to the minus 1/2.
+
+So 1 over lambda cubed
+scales like T to the 3/2 plus
+
+this is something that's
+scaling like T to the 5/2.
+
+And this is simply proportional
+to the volume and temperature
+
+to the [INAUDIBLE] fifth power.
+
+It knows nothing
+about the density.
+
+Why?
+
+Because if you were at the
+same temperature and volume,
+
+put more particle
+in the system, all
+
+of those additional
+particles would go over here,
+
+would make no contribution
+to pressure or to energy.
+
+You wouldn't see them.
+
+So once you have this, the heat
+capacity at constant volume,
+
+dE by dT, is simply 5 over
+2T of whatever energy is.
+
+And there is a reason that
+I write it in this fashion.
+
+So what you would
+say is that if I
+
+were to plot the heat
+capacity at constant volume
+
+as a function of
+temperature, well,
+
+it's natural units are
+of the order of kB.
+
+You can see that this T and
+this T I can cancel out.
+
+So I have something
+that has units of kB.
+
+It is extensive
+proportional to volume.
+
+I can really certainly
+write it in this fashion.
+
+And what I have
+is that the curve
+
+behaves like T to the 3/2.
+
+So this is proportional
+to T to the 3/2.
+
+And presumably, this behavior
+continues all the way
+
+until the temperature at
+which this system ceases
+
+to be a Bose-Einstein
+condensate.
+
+So the low temperature form of
+the heat capacity's calculation
+
+is very simple.
+
+Now, at very high
+temperatures, we
+
+know that the heat capacity is
+going to be 3/2 N kT, right?
+
+So ultimately, I know that if
+I go to very high temperatures,
+
+my heat capacity is
+going to be 3/2 N,
+
+if I divide it by [? kB. ?] OK?
+
+Now, there is a reason
+that I drew this line
+
+over here less
+than the peak here.
+
+Well, in order to calculate
+the heat capacity on this side,
+
+we'll have to do a
+little bit more work.
+
+You can no longer assume
+that z equals to 1.
+
+z is something
+that is less than 1
+
+that is obtained by
+solving N equals to g over
+
+lambda cubed f 3/2 plus of z.
+
+OK?
+
+But I can still presumably
+use these formulae.
+
+I have that the
+energy is 3/2 PV.
+
+So I have V kT times--
+what is the thing
+
+that I have on the
+right-hand side?
+
+It is g over lambda cubed,
+just as I have over here
+
+except that I have to
+put f 5/2 plus of z.
+
+OK?
+
+And if I want to calculate
+the heat capacity, what
+
+I need to do is to
+take a derivative
+
+of the energy with
+respect to temperature.
+
+And then I notice, well,
+again, right like I had before,
+
+whatever appears here is
+proportional to T to the 5/2.
+
+So when I take a derivative
+with respect to temperature,
+
+I essentially get 5/2 this
+whole quantity divided by T.
+
+So just like I had over
+here, I will write the result
+
+as 3/2 V kT g over lambda cubed.
+
+And then I have the 5/2 1
+over T of f 5/2 plus of z.
+
+But you say that's the
+wrong way of doing things
+
+because in addition to this
+combination out front be
+
+explicitly proportional
+to T to the 5/2 power,
+
+this factor z here is implicitly
+a function of temperature
+
+because it is related to density
+through that formula N equals
+
+to g over lambda
+cubed f 5/2 plus of z.
+
+So you should not forget to
+take the derivative of what
+
+is over here with
+respect to T. OK?
+
+So what do I get when I take a
+derivative of this with respect
+
+to T?
+
+Well, the argument
+is not T, it is z.
+
+So I will have to
+take a dz by dT,
+
+and then the derivative of
+f 5/2 with respect to z.
+
+And we saw that one
+of the characteristics
+
+of these functions
+was that when we
+
+took the derivative
+of each one of them,
+
+we generated one with
+a lower argument.
+
+So the derivative would
+be f 3/2 plus of z.
+
+But in order to have this
+[? latter ?] property,
+
+I had to do a z d by
+dz, and so I essentially
+
+need to restore
+this 1 over z here.
+
+So you can see that, really,
+the difference between what
+
+I had at low temperatures
+and high temperatures,
+
+at low temperatures this was
+just a number that I was using
+
+over here, zeta of
+5/2, and I didn't
+
+have to bother about
+this other term.
+
+Now, we can figure out what
+the behavior of this term
+
+is certainly at
+small z because we
+
+have the expansion of
+these functions at small z.
+
+And if you do sufficient
+work, you will find-- well,
+
+first of all, at the
+largest values of z-- sorry,
+
+at the smallest
+value, z going to 0,
+
+you can confirm that the heat
+capacity in units of N kB
+
+is simply 3/2.
+
+So you will come to
+this line over here,
+
+and then the first correction
+that you calculate you'll find
+
+is going to take you
+in that direction.
+
+Actually, if you do the
+calculation for bosons
+
+and fermions at
+high temperatures,
+
+you can convince yourself
+that while bosons
+
+will go in this direction,
+fermions, the heat capacity,
+
+will start to go in
+the other direction.
+
+But OK, so you
+have this behavior.
+
+And then what we
+haven't established
+
+and the reason that I'm still
+doing all of this algebra
+
+is that, OK, this
+curve is going up,
+
+where is it going to end up?
+
+Is it going to
+end up here, here,
+
+or right where this curve hits?
+
+OK?
+
+And what I will show
+you is that this
+
+has to end up right
+at this point.
+
+And actually, in order to
+show that, all we need to do
+
+is to figure out what these
+terms do when I evaluate them
+
+at z equals to 1.
+
+And because these
+things are telling
+
+me what is happening as I am
+approaching to this point,
+
+the question that I ask is,
+what is the limiting behavior
+
+of this function as I
+get to z equals to 1?
+
+But the limiting value
+of this one I know.
+
+It is precisely what
+I want over here.
+
+It is zeta of 5/2.
+
+So I have to somehow show
+you that this next term is 0.
+
+Well, this next term,
+however, depends on dz by dT.
+
+How can I get that?
+
+Well, all of these things
+are done under the conditions
+
+where the volume is fixed,
+or the number of particles
+
+is fixed, if the
+density is fixed.
+
+So z and T are related
+through the formula that
+
+says N over V, which
+is the density,
+
+is g over lambda
+cubed f 3/2 plus of z.
+
+OK?
+
+So if I take the system and
+I change its temperature,
+
+while keeping the number
+of particles, volume,
+
+fixed so that the
+density is fixed,
+
+if I take d by dT on both
+sides, on the other side
+
+I'm assuming that I'm doing the
+calculations under conditions
+
+where the density
+does not change.
+
+And then what do
+I have over here?
+
+I have to take the temperature
+derivative of this.
+
+There's an implicit
+derivative here
+
+since this is T to the
+3/2 proportionately.
+
+So when I take a derivative,
+I will get 3 over 2T,
+
+and then I will have
+f 3/2 plus of z.
+
+But then I have to take
+the derivative that
+
+is implicit in the
+dependence on z here.
+
+And that's going to
+be identical to this,
+
+except that when I take
+a derivative of f 3/2,
+
+I will generate f 1/2 of z.
+
+OK?
+
+So since the left-hand
+side is equal to 0,
+
+I can immediately
+solve for this,
+
+and I find that T
+dz by dT 1 over z
+
+is minus 3/2 f 3/2 plus of z
+divided by f 1/2 plus of z.
+
+OK?
+
+So essentially, what I can do
+is I can multiply through by T.
+
+So this T will get rid of this
+T. I can bring a T, therefore,
+
+here.
+
+And this combination
+over here I can
+
+replace from what I have there
+with minus 3/2 f 3/2 plus of z
+
+divided by f 1/2 half plus of z.
+
+Why is any of this useful?
+
+Well, it immediately gives
+the answer that I need.
+
+Why?
+
+Because f 1/2 is the
+derivative of this function.
+
+And you can see that
+I drew it so that it
+
+has infinite derivative
+when z hits 1.
+
+And we had indeed said that
+this function zeta of m, which
+
+is the limit of this
+when z goes to 1,
+
+only exists for m
+that is larger than 1,
+
+and it is divergent for
+m that is less than 1.
+
+So when z hits 1, this
+thing goes to infinity,
+
+and the fraction disappears.
+
+And so basically, the
+additional correction
+
+that you have beyond this
+becoming zeta of 5/2,
+
+which is what we have
+over here, vanishes.
+
+So I have shown that, indeed,
+whatever this curve is doing,
+
+it will hit that point
+exactly at Tc of n
+
+at the same height as the
+low temperature curve.
+
+And you can do a certain
+amount of work and algebra
+
+to show that it goes
+there with a finite slope.
+
+So that's the shape
+of the heat capacity
+
+curve for the
+Bose-Einstein condensate.
+
+AUDIENCE: Professor?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So it seems that
+f 1/2 goes to infinity,
+
+but it's [? on ?] the
+half, so it is half
+
+comes from the [INAUDIBLE] 3.
+
+So--
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+AUDIENCE: --you have higher
+dimensional system, then
+
+it seems that [INAUDIBLE] won't
+vanish there. [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So if you have a
+higher dimensional system,
+
+indeed the situation
+would be different.
+
+And I guess the borderline
+dimension would need to be--
+
+since this is a V
+over 2 minus 1--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: V over
+2 minus 1 being 1,
+
+which is the borderline,
+will give you a dc of 4.
+
+So something else
+happens above 4.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So it seems that
+the nature of this phase
+
+transition, indeed it
+changes with the dimension.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly, yes.
+
+The nature of this
+phase transition
+
+does depend on [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Good.
+
+OK?
+
+So we will come back to
+this heat capacity curve
+
+a little bit later
+because I want
+
+to now change directions
+and not talk about
+
+Bose-Einstein condensation
+anymore, but about a phenomena
+
+that is much more
+miraculous in my view,
+
+and that is superfluidity.
+
+So the first thing that is
+very interesting about helium
+
+is its phase diagram.
+
+So we are used to
+drawing phase diagrams
+
+as a function of
+pressure and temperature,
+
+which have a separation
+between a liquid and a gas
+
+that terminates at
+a critical point.
+
+So we have seen something
+like this many times, where
+
+you have on the low
+pressure/high temperature
+
+side a gas.
+
+On the higher pressure/lower
+temperature side,
+
+you have a liquid.
+
+And they terminate, this line
+of coexistence between the two
+
+of them, at a critical point.
+
+And for the case of
+helium, the critical point
+
+occurs roughly at
+5.2 degrees Kelvin
+
+and something like
+2.6 atmospheres.
+
+OK?
+
+So far, nothing different from,
+say, liquid water, for example,
+
+and steam, except that
+for all other substances,
+
+when we cool it at the
+low enough temperatures,
+
+we go past the triple point,
+and then we have a solid phase.
+
+For the case of
+helium, it stays liquid
+
+all the way down
+to 0 temperature.
+
+If you put sufficiently
+high pressure on it,
+
+ultimately it will
+become a solid.
+
+But at normal pressures--
+so this maximal pressure
+
+is something of the
+order of 26 atmosphere.
+
+For pressures that are
+less than 26 atmosphere,
+
+you can cool the liquid all
+the way down to 0 temperature,
+
+and it stays happily a liquid.
+
+So let's think about
+why that is the case.
+
+Well, why do things typically
+become solids anyway?
+
+The reason is that if I
+think about the interaction
+
+that I have between two objects,
+two atoms and molecules,
+
+we have discussed
+this in connection
+
+with condensation
+before that what
+
+we have is that at
+very large separations
+
+there is a van der
+Waals' attraction.
+
+Typically, the dipole
+moments of these atoms
+
+would be fluctuating, and the
+fluctuations would somehow
+
+align them temporarily
+in the manner
+
+that the energy can be reduced.
+
+At very short distances, the
+electronic clouds will overlap,
+
+and so you would have
+something such as this.
+
+And then, typically, you
+will have the function that
+
+joins them and look
+something like this.
+
+OK?
+
+And this is no different
+for the case of helium.
+
+You have here essentially
+a hard core appearing
+
+at the distance that is of
+the order of 2.6 angstroms.
+
+There is a minimum that is
+of the order of 3 angstroms.
+
+Now, the depth of this potential
+is not very big for helium.
+
+It is only of the order
+of, say, 9 degrees Kelvin.
+
+And the reason is that the
+strength of this van der Waals'
+
+attraction is proportional
+to the polarizability that
+
+scales typically with
+the number of electrons
+
+that you have in your atom.
+
+And so it is, in
+fact, proportional
+
+to your atomic number squared.
+
+And with the
+exception of hydrogen,
+
+this is going to be
+the smallest value
+
+that you are going to get for
+the van der Waals' attraction.
+
+And hydrogen does not count
+because it forms a molecule.
+
+So helium does not
+form a molecule.
+
+You have these [? balls. ?]
+They have these attractions.
+
+Now, typically
+things become solid
+
+as you go to 0
+temperature is because you
+
+can find the minimum energy
+in which you put everybody
+
+at the minimum
+energy separation.
+
+So you form a lattice.
+
+Everybody is around
+this separation,
+
+and they're all happy and that
+solid minimizes the energy.
+
+So why doesn't helium
+do the same thing?
+
+Maybe it should just do
+it at a lower temperature
+
+because the scale
+of this is lower.
+
+Again, the reason
+it doesn't do that
+
+is because of quantum mechanics.
+
+Because you can
+say that, really,
+
+I cannot specify exactly where
+the particle are because that
+
+would violate quantum mechanics.
+
+There has to be some
+uncertainty delta x.
+
+And associated
+with delta x there
+
+is going to be some kind of
+a typical momentum, which
+
+is h bar over delta x.
+
+And there will be
+some contribution
+
+to the kinetic
+energy of particles
+
+due to this uncertainty in
+delta x that is of this form.
+
+And if I make the
+localization more precise,
+
+I have to pay a higher
+cost in kinetic energy.
+
+Well, presumably the
+scale of the energies
+
+that I can tolerate and still
+keep these things localized
+
+is of the order of this
+binding energy, which
+
+is of the order of, as we
+said, 9 or 10 degrees Kelvin.
+
+Let's say 10 degrees Kelvin.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, the other property
+that distinguishes helium
+
+from krypton and, let's say,
+all the other noble gases
+
+is that its mass is very small.
+
+So because this mass is small,
+this uncertainty in energy
+
+becomes comparatively larger.
+
+OK?
+
+And so if you put the
+mass of the helium here
+
+and you use this
+value of 10 degrees
+
+K converted to the
+appropriate energy units,
+
+you ask what kind
+of a delta x would
+
+be compatible with this
+kind of binding energy,
+
+you find that the
+delta x that you get
+
+is of the order
+of 0.5 angstroms.
+
+OK?
+
+So basically, you cannot
+keep this in the bottom
+
+of the potential if you have
+uncertainty that is of this
+
+order.
+
+So the atoms of helium cannot
+form a nice lattice and stay
+
+in order because that registry
+would violate the quantum
+
+uncertainty principle.
+
+They are moving around.
+
+And so you have
+a system that has
+
+been [? melted ?] due
+to quantum fluctuations
+
+rather than thermal
+fluctuations.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's all nice,
+except that something
+
+does happen when
+you cool helium.
+
+And actually, it is interesting
+that helium provides us
+
+not only with one liquid that
+persists all the way to 0
+
+temperature, but two
+liquids because helium
+
+has two isotopes.
+
+There is helium-4, which
+is the abundant one,
+
+and there is helium-3, which is
+a much less available isotope.
+
+But the number of
+protons being different
+
+in the nucleus of these means
+that helium-4 is a boson,
+
+while helium-3 is fermion.
+
+So we have the opportunity to
+observe both a Bose system that
+
+is liquid at low
+temperature and a Fermi
+
+liquid at [INAUDIBLE]
+temperatures.
+
+Now, the case of
+the Fermi liquid
+
+is not really that
+different in principle
+
+from the Fermi liquid of
+the electrons in copper
+
+that we already discussed.
+
+There are some subtleties.
+
+In the case of the
+bosons, [? well, ?]
+
+we saw that for bosons
+there is potentially
+
+this kind of phase transition.
+
+In reality, what
+happens is that helium
+
+has a transition
+between two forms
+
+of the liquid at
+a temperature that
+
+is of the order of
+2.18 degrees Kelvin.
+
+So we can call this helium
+I and this helium II,
+
+OK, two different forms of the
+helium-4 liquid that you have.
+
+So how was this
+seen experimentally?
+
+I kind of told you how
+in these experiments
+
+of the Bose-Einstein
+condensation,
+
+part of the way that
+they cooled the system
+
+was to remove the
+high-energy particles,
+
+and the remaining
+particles cooled down.
+
+So that's the common
+method that actually people
+
+use for cooling various things.
+
+It's called evaporative--
+evaporative cooling.
+
+And for the case of helium, it
+is actually reasonably simple
+
+to draw what it is.
+
+You have a bath that is full
+of helium that is reasonably
+
+nicely thermally isolated
+from the environment.
+
+So you want to cool it,
+remove the energy from it.
+
+And the thing that you do
+is you pump out the gas.
+
+OK?
+
+So this is a coexistence
+because this part
+
+up here on top of the
+liquid helium is not vacuum.
+
+What happens is that there
+is evaporation of helium,
+
+leaving the liquid and
+going into the gas.
+
+And once they are in the
+gas, they are pumped out.
+
+But every time you
+grab a helium from here
+
+to put it into the gas,
+you've essentially taken it
+
+from down here and
+moved it to infinity,
+
+so you lose this amount
+of binding energy.
+
+It's called latent heat.
+
+Essentially, this
+is the latent heat,
+
+and it is actually of
+the order of 7 degrees
+
+Kelvin because
+typically it has to be
+
+the depth of the typical
+positions of these particles.
+
+OK?
+
+So for each atom
+that you pump out,
+
+you have reduced
+the total energy
+
+that you have in the liquid,
+and the liquid cools down.
+
+And what is the trajectory?
+
+You always actually remain
+on this coexistence line.
+
+The pressure is changing.
+
+The temperature is lowering.
+
+But you're always remaining
+on the coexistence
+
+of the gas and liquid line.
+
+So you follow what is
+happening over here,
+
+and you find that as you
+are approaching here,
+
+suddenly this system
+starts to bubble up.
+
+It is just like having a
+kettle that is boiling.
+
+Indeed, it is, again, in
+like the case of kettle,
+
+there are these bubbles that
+are carrying the steam that
+
+is going to go over here
+and being pulled out,
+
+and so it is bubbling.
+
+And then suddenly, [INAUDIBLE]
+heat 2.18 degrees Kelvin,
+
+and the whole thing quiets down.
+
+And below that, it stays quiet.
+
+And so let's see if
+we can show that.
+
+We saw the phase diagram.
+
+So this is the liquid.
+
+Let's see if we can
+get the sound also.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-[INAUDIBLE].
+
+This rapid [INAUDIBLE]
+evaporates [INAUDIBLE]
+
+helium cools, until at 2
+degrees above absolute 0,
+
+a dramatic transformation
+takes place.
+
+Suddenly, we see--
+
+PROFESSOR: Everything quiets.
+
+--[INAUDIBLE] stops and that the
+surface of the liquid helium is
+
+completely still.
+
+The temperature is actually
+being lowered even further now,
+
+but nothing is happening.
+
+Well, this is really one
+of the great phenomenon
+
+in 20th-century physics.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I'll show you this movie
+at the next lecture.
+
+But this is just a
+segment of it that
+
+shows the important property
+of this fluid, helium II, which
+
+is the superfluid.
+
+So now you're above the
+temperature it was boiling,
+
+but it quieted down.
+
+You can see that
+the fluid started
+
+to go through the
+capillaries that
+
+were at the bottom of this.
+
+So at the bottom of this glass
+there were fine capillaries.
+
+As long as you were up
+here, the capillaries
+
+were sufficient to
+keep the fluid above.
+
+Once you went below,
+the fluid went through
+
+as if there is no resistance.
+
+And that's the
+superfluid property.
+
+-Superfluidity and
+superconductivity were baffling
+
+concepts for scien--
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, we'll
+go back to that later.
+
+So let's list some
+of the properties
+
+of this superfluid state.
+
+OK.
+
+So what this last
+experiment showed
+
+is that it appears to
+have zero viscosity.
+
+So what's the way that
+you would calculate
+
+the viscosity of a fluid?
+
+And one way to sort
+of do that relies on
+
+like what we had over
+here, passing the fluid
+
+through some pore or capillary.
+
+In the case of this
+experiment, you
+
+have to really make this
+capillary extremely fine
+
+so that practically
+nothing will go through it.
+
+But this could be
+a quite general way
+
+of measuring viscosity
+of some fluid.
+
+So you have some fluid.
+
+You can measure its
+viscosity by trying
+
+to pass it through a
+capillary by exerting pressure
+
+on one side and measuring,
+in essence, the difference
+
+between the two pressures
+that you have on the two sides
+
+as a measure of the force
+that you are exerting on this.
+
+And once you do that,
+then these pistons enhance
+
+the velocity--
+sorry, the fluid, are
+
+moving through with
+some kind of velocity.
+
+And some measure of
+viscosity, after you
+
+divide by various things that
+have dimensions of length
+
+and pressure, et
+cetera, would be related
+
+to the velocity
+divided by delta P--
+
+is to achieve the same velocity,
+how much pressure difference
+
+you have to put.
+
+Now, for this experiment
+of superfluid helium,
+
+you'll find that essentially
+you can get a finite velocity
+
+by typically infinitesimal
+pressure difference.
+
+So when you try to use this
+method to calculate viscosity,
+
+you find that, to whatever
+precision you can measure,
+
+essentially this value of eta
+is not distinguishable from 0.
+
+OK?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: The way you defined
+it, it would be infinity?
+
+PROFESSOR: Then I
+probably defined it--
+
+[? no? ?] Delta P goes to 0 for
+a finite V. Yes, so viscosity--
+
+AUDIENCE: So what
+you're essentially
+
+writing is the
+Reynolds number, yeah?
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right?
+
+But there is another
+experiment that
+
+appears to indicate that
+there is a finite viscosity,
+
+and that is a famous experiment
+due to Andronikashvili.
+
+And basically, this is
+the other experiment.
+
+You imagine that you put your
+fluid inside a container.
+
+And then you insert in this
+container a set of plates,
+
+could be copper plates
+or something else,
+
+that are stacked on
+top of each other.
+
+So essentially, you have a
+stack of these plates that
+
+have a common axis,
+and there's a rod
+
+that is going through them.
+
+And what you created here
+is a torsional oscillator
+
+in the sense that this rod
+that holds all of these things
+
+together has a particular
+preferred orientation.
+
+And if you start, let's
+say-- well, it may or may not
+
+have a particular orientation--
+but if you start to rotate it,
+
+it will certainly have
+a moment of inertia that
+
+resists the rotation that is
+coming from all of the plates
+
+if it was in vacuum.
+
+So if I could measure the moment
+of inertia of these objects,
+
+either through torsion
+or some other mechanism,
+
+if it is a torsional
+oscillator I
+
+could figure out what
+the frequency is.
+
+If I knew the
+[? spinning ?] constant
+
+that wants to bring the angle
+to some particular value,
+
+I would divide that by
+the moment of inertia.
+
+The square root of that
+would give me the frequency.
+
+So the frequency is a measure
+of the moment of inertia.
+
+So if I had this
+thing in vacuum,
+
+I could figure out
+what the moment
+
+of inertia of all
+of the plates was.
+
+Now, if I add the fluid to this,
+then as I start to rotate this,
+
+some of the fluid will
+certainly move with the plates.
+
+And so the moment of inertia
+that you would measure
+
+in the presence of
+the fluid is larger
+
+than it is in the
+absence of fluid.
+
+And that additional
+moment of inertia
+
+tells you about how much of
+the fluid is, in some sense,
+
+stuck to the plates, and that's
+another different measure
+
+of the viscosity.
+
+OK?
+
+So if we sort of look
+at this experiment,
+
+we would imagine that if I
+measure the moment of inertia
+
+as a function of
+temperature, something
+
+should happen when I hit Tc.
+
+Above Tc, I'm getting some value
+that is measuring, essentially,
+
+the moment of inertia of
+the plates plus the fluid
+
+that is moving
+around, [? we do. ?]
+
+But what happens
+when you hit Tc?
+
+If the superfluid doesn't
+care about things around it,
+
+you would imagine that this
+would drop down to the value
+
+that it has in vacuum.
+
+In reality, what it does
+is something like this.
+
+So it does go to
+the value that you
+
+would have in vacuum but
+only at 0 temperature.
+
+So at any finite
+temperature we know Tc.
+
+There is indeed some
+fraction of the superfluid
+
+that is trapped by these plates.
+
+So what's happening?
+
+OK, so this is one [INAUDIBLE].
+
+The other property-- maybe I
+will squeeze it somewhere here.
+
+There are a whole
+bunch of things
+
+that indicate that there is a
+coupling between temperature
+
+and mechanical properties,
+so-called thermo-mechanical
+
+couplings.
+
+What you find in this
+experiment, where
+
+the fluid spontaneously
+goes, let's
+
+say, from this
+side to this side,
+
+so the direction
+is like this, is
+
+that when you measure
+the temperatures
+
+you will find that the
+temperature of this one
+
+goes up, and the temperature
+of this one goes down.
+
+So somehow the motion led to
+some temperature differences.
+
+A dramatic one that, again,
+maybe we'll show in the movie
+
+next time is the
+fountain effect.
+
+What you do is you--
+let's imagine that,
+
+again, you have a vat of
+helium, and inside of it
+
+you put a tube that is,
+let's say, shaped like this.
+
+And you have the fluid that
+is occupying everything here.
+
+Then inside this tube,
+you put some material
+
+that is a good absorber of
+heat, such as, let's say,
+
+a piece of carbon, and
+then you shine laser
+
+on it so that this
+thing becomes hot.
+
+So in this case, the
+temperature goes up,
+
+and what you find happens
+is that the fluid will
+
+start to shoot up
+here like a fountain.
+
+It's called the fountain
+effect because of that.
+
+And essentially, whereas
+here pressure was converted
+
+to temperature, here
+temperature, the heating,
+
+gets converted to pressure.
+
+So this is like-- I
+don't know if you've ever
+
+done this, where you put
+your hand under water,
+
+and if you squeeze your hand
+and the water shoots up.
+
+So it's kind of putting pressure
+here, causing a fountain that
+
+is shooting up like that.
+
+OK?
+
+So there is this coupling
+between temperature
+
+and-- actually, this issue
+of boiling-not boiling
+
+is also a manifestation of a
+coupling between temperature
+
+and mechanical properties, which
+is whether the fluid is boiling
+
+or not boiling.
+
+OK?
+
+So given everything that we
+have been talking about so far,
+
+it is tempting to
+imagine that there
+
+is a connection
+between all of this
+
+and the Bose-Einstein
+condensation.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do superfluids have
+no vorticity or can they?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, they
+can have vorticity,
+
+but it is of a special kind.
+
+It is quantized vorticity.
+
+And so what you can certainly do
+is you can take a vat of helium
+
+and set it into
+rotation, and then you
+
+will create vortex lines
+inside this superfluid.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+I was wondering if
+there was an analogy
+
+to superconductivity
+and magnetic fields.
+
+PROFESSOR: The analog of the
+magnetic field is the rotation.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So in
+that sense, yes.
+
+OK?
+
+OK.
+
+So similarities between BEC,
+Bose-Einstein Condensation,
+
+and superfluidity.
+
+I would say that perhaps the
+most important one, although I
+
+guess at the beginning of
+the story they didn't know
+
+this one, is that helium-3,
+which is a fermion,
+
+does not become superfluid
+around this same temperature
+
+of 2 degrees Kelvin,
+which is where
+
+helium-4 becomes superfluid.
+
+What is special about
+this is, well, you
+
+would say that once you
+have mass and density,
+
+you can figure out what the
+Bose-Einstein temperature is.
+
+You had this formula
+that was n lambda
+
+cubed is equal to zeta of 3/2.
+
+So that gives you some
+value of kB Tc being h
+
+squared 2 pi mass of helium,
+and then you have a zeta of 3/2
+
+and n somewhere.
+
+3-- I guess this n-- oops,
+n-- yeah, it's correct-- n h
+
+cubed 2 pi m kB Tc to the
+3/2 being zeta of 3/2.
+
+So 2 pi m kB Tc is
+proportional to n zeta of 3/2
+
+to the 2/3 power.
+
+OK.
+
+So I had a picture here, which
+was the typical attraction
+
+potential.
+
+The typical separation
+of helium atoms
+
+is something like 3.6 angstroms.
+
+How do I know that is because
+the density I can figure out
+
+is typically 1 over the
+volume per particle,
+
+and this volume per particle
+is roughly 3.6 angstroms cubed.
+
+It's something like
+46.2 angstrom cubed.
+
+So I can put that
+value of n over here.
+
+I know what the
+mass of helium is.
+
+And I can figure
+out what this Tc is,
+
+and I find that Tc is 3.13
+degrees K. You say, well, it's
+
+not exactly the 2 pi and
+something that we had.
+
+But given that we completely
+ignored the interactions
+
+that we have between this,
+and this is the result
+
+that we have for
+[? point ?] particles
+
+of mass m with no interactions,
+this is actually very good.
+
+You would say, OK, this is
+roughly in the right range.
+
+And presumably if
+I were to include
+
+the effects of
+interactions, potentially I
+
+will get an interaction,
+temperature,
+
+that is roughly correct.
+
+So this is another reason.
+
+The third reason is that
+you have automatically,
+
+when you are talking about the
+Bose-Einstein condensation,
+
+a relationship between
+pressure and temperature.
+
+So remember the
+formula that we had
+
+for the Bose-Einstein
+condensation,
+
+beta P was something,
+where P is kT
+
+1 over lambda cubed
+zeta of 5/2, right?
+
+So once you specify
+the temperature,
+
+you've also specified
+the pressure.
+
+They go hand in hand.
+
+So then you can start to explain
+a lot of these phenomena,
+
+such as here you
+increase the temperature,
+
+pressure had to go up, and
+it was the increased pressure
+
+than did that.
+
+It kind of tells you
+something about what
+
+is going on in this
+experiment over here,
+
+where the temperature goes up
+where you have higher pressure.
+
+It actually also
+explains why things
+
+stop bubbling when you
+go into the superfluid.
+
+Because let's back
+out and think of why
+
+things are bubbling when you put
+your kettle on top of the oven.
+
+And the reason is that there
+are variations in temperature.
+
+There could be a local
+hotspot over here,
+
+and in this local
+hotspot, eventually there
+
+will a bubble that forms,
+and the bubble goes away.
+
+Why is it that it forms here
+is because heat gets spread out
+
+through diffusion.
+
+If I strike a match or even
+if I have a blow torch here,
+
+you won't feel the
+heat for some time.
+
+But if I do this, you
+hear my hand clapping
+
+much more rapidly.
+
+So pressure gets transmitted
+very efficiently through sound,
+
+whereas heat goes very
+slowly through diffusion.
+
+And that's why when you
+boil something, essentially
+
+you will have the diffusion of
+heat, local hotspots, bubbles.
+
+But if temperature changes are
+connected to pressure changes,
+
+then for the superfluid,
+having a local hotspot
+
+is like doing this.
+
+It creates immediately
+a pressure change,
+
+and pressure changes
+are rapidly taken away.
+
+And that's why this
+could also explain
+
+what's going on over here.
+
+So I think this number two was
+first noted by Fritz London.
+
+Maybe we'll talk about that
+a bit more next time around.
+
+Based on all of
+these similarities,
+
+Laszlo Tisza, who
+spent many years at MIT
+
+after being in Europe,
+proposed the two-fluid model.
+
+So again, roughly
+inspired by what
+
+we saw for the case of the
+Bose-Einstein condensate,
+
+we saw that for the
+Bose-Einstein condensate,
+
+below Tc you had to
+make a separation
+
+for the number of things that
+were in the ground state,
+
+k equals to 0, and
+all of the others
+
+that were in the
+higher excited states.
+
+Pressure, heat
+capacity, everything
+
+came from the excited component,
+whereas the component that
+
+was at the k equals to 0 state
+was not making any contribution
+
+to these phenomena.
+
+So what he proposed
+was that somehow,
+
+again, similarly when you
+are in the superfluid,
+
+you really have two
+components, two fluids
+
+that are in coexistence.
+
+There is a superfluid
+component, and there
+
+is a normal component.
+
+And as you change temperature,
+these two components
+
+get converted to each other.
+
+So just like the case of the
+Bose-Einstein condensate,
+
+it is not like you have
+so many of this fluid, so
+
+many of that fluid.
+
+These two things are
+always interchanging.
+
+And then what is happening
+in this experiment,
+
+presumably, is that the
+superfluid component
+
+goes through, the normal
+component leaves behind.
+
+The superfluid component is the
+component that, in some sense,
+
+has less entropy, is
+at lower temperature.
+
+So when it goes here,
+it cools down this part.
+
+This part then goes
+up in temperature.
+
+Again, there is no way that you
+can push all of the superfluid
+
+here and have normal here
+because these things get
+
+converted.
+
+So some amount of superfluid
+goes through here.
+
+Some amount gets converted
+from the normal back
+
+to the superfluid.
+
+So there is this exchange
+that is constantly
+
+taking place in the system.
+
+And so on the basis of
+this model and having
+
+different velocities for
+the normal and superfluid
+
+component, Tisza could explain
+a number of these things.
+
+OK?
+
+So I will mention some
+important differences
+
+at the end of this lecture
+and leave their resolution
+
+for next.
+
+So while those were similarities
+between BEC and superfluidity,
+
+there are very
+important differences.
+
+One important
+observation immediately
+
+is that if I try to compress
+superfluid helium or normal
+
+helium, it doesn't matter.
+
+It is just like
+trying to compress
+
+any other fluid such as water.
+
+It does not like to be squeezed.
+
+So helium liquid is
+approximately, of course
+
+not entirely,
+incompressible, while BEC, we
+
+saw that the pressure is only
+a function of temperature.
+
+It doesn't know anything
+about the density.
+
+So you can change the density.
+
+All of the additional
+particles will
+
+go to go to the k
+equals to 0 state.
+
+It doesn't really care.
+
+So BEC is infinitely
+compressible.
+
+And of course,
+this is immediately
+
+a manifestation of
+the interactions.
+
+In the case of the BEC, we
+didn't put any interactions
+
+among the particles.
+
+We can put as many of them as
+we like into the single state k
+
+equals to 0.
+
+Of course, real heliums,
+they have the self-avoiding--
+
+the interaction between them.
+
+They cannot go
+[? through ?] each other.
+
+So that's an
+important difference.
+
+Number 2 is that detailed
+shapes/ T dependences of heat
+
+capacity and density of the
+superfluid part are different.
+
+OK.
+
+So I have up there what
+the heat capacity of a BEC
+
+should look like.
+
+Now, people have measured
+the heat capacity of helium
+
+as a function of temperature,
+and something does indeed
+
+happen at Tc.
+
+And what you find the shape
+is is something like this.
+
+It goes to 0, and then it
+does something like this.
+
+And so while it doesn't look
+that different from what
+
+I have up there, except that
+when you look at the behavior
+
+down here, at the
+transition, over there
+
+it went to a finite value.
+
+Here it diverges as a log.
+
+So when you go to Tc, it
+actually goes to infinity.
+
+And because of the
+shape that this has,
+
+this is sometimes called
+the lambda transition.
+
+Now, there's lots of issues
+about interesting things
+
+happening at the
+transition, and we
+
+won't be able to resolve that.
+
+But one thing that we should
+be able to figure out,
+
+based on what we know
+already, is the behavior
+
+as things go to 0 temperature.
+
+And I said that for the
+Bose-Einstein condensate,
+
+the temperature dependence
+is T to the 3/2.
+
+What is important is
+that for the superfluid,
+
+it is actually
+proportional to T cubed.
+
+And T cubed, if you
+go back in the course,
+
+is a signature of what
+was happening for phonons.
+
+So Landau looked
+at this and said
+
+there must be some kind of a
+phonon-like excitation going
+
+on, which is different from this
+case [INAUDIBLE] excitations
+
+that we have.
+
+The other thing that
+we had was that if we
+
+look at the fraction that is
+in-- let's say the density that
+
+is in the k equals to 0 state as
+a function of temperature, what
+
+happens for the
+superfluid-- sorry,
+
+what happens for the
+Bose-Einstein condensate--
+
+for the Bose-Einstein
+condensate,
+
+let's use the
+green-- essentially,
+
+the curve will come down to Tc
+linearly, and then it goes up,
+
+and it reaches its
+asymptotic value.
+
+From this result, the
+fraction that is excited,
+
+the difference to 1
+is proportional to 1
+
+over lambda cubed.
+
+So this goes like T to the 3/2.
+
+You can ask whether what was
+observed in the Andronikashvili
+
+experiment, eventually
+this measure
+
+also, the fraction that is
+in the superfluid component
+
+or excited states, does
+this curve match that curve?
+
+But if I take this curve and
+put it over here, first of all,
+
+down here it is different.
+
+It goes like Tc minus T to the
+2/3 power rather than linear
+
+that you have over here.
+
+That, again, is less
+[? worry ?] than the fact
+
+that over here it goes
+to 0 proportional to T
+
+to the fourth.
+
+Again, something that
+needs explanation.
+
+And finally, I will
+write down one statement,
+
+and then maybe we'll
+explain next time,
+
+is that BEC with the
+spectrum of excitations,
+
+which is k squared over
+2m, cannot be superfluid.
+
+There is an interesting reason
+for that that we will explain.
+
+And indeed, we'll see
+that having excitations
+
+that are [INAUDIBLE] like is
+compatible with superfluidity.
+
+This kind of excitation is not.
+
+So why is that, et cetera,
+we'll talk about next time.
\ No newline at end of file
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5186295c053ce1e30e3fda4f0ce616fd3dcddd80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/76O3rulk844.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3695 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's talk about
+memory today and the fragile
+
+power of memory.
+
+If memory didn't work, we
+wouldn't remember anything.
+
+We wouldn't learn anything.
+
+So we know it has to
+work reasonably.
+
+But it has a number of fragile
+aspects we'll talk about
+
+where, of course, we
+forget things.
+
+But on top of that, it turns out
+there's ways in which our
+
+memories get less accurate and
+distorted, are not actual
+
+records of our experience but
+rather interpretations or our
+
+memory of our memory.
+
+And we'll talk about experiments
+that reveal that.
+
+So to a large extent, we'll
+talk about what do we know
+
+from scientific research about
+why we remember some of our
+
+lives and why we forget so
+many other things that we
+
+experience.
+
+And a version of the way people
+sometimes think about
+
+it is in what sense is memory
+like a camera, that every
+
+experience you have is stored
+in your mind somewhere?
+
+We all have the experience,
+perhaps, that something will
+
+remind you of something you
+haven't thought about for
+
+days, weeks, or years.
+
+And you go, oh, well they must
+be all stored there.
+
+I just need the right
+cue or the right
+
+path to get that memory.
+
+So that's one version
+of memory,
+
+everything is in us recorded.
+
+Sometimes we can get to it.
+
+Sometimes we can't.
+
+Another version is the way to
+think about your memory.
+
+It's kind of like
+a punch bowl.
+
+You put in some milk.
+
+And then you put in
+some orange juice
+
+and swirl it around.
+
+And then you put in some
+Coca-Cola and swirl it around.
+
+And it's not a desirable drink
+that you have in your bowl.
+
+But you can no more get the
+specific milk, or the specific
+
+orange juice, or the
+specific Coke.
+
+Because they're all
+mixed together.
+
+And is memory more like that?
+
+As life goes on, things
+get mixed in.
+
+And the raw memory is never
+recoverable from the mixture
+
+of subsequent experiences,
+thoughts, and feelings.
+
+So we'll bring the same
+perspective a little bit.
+
+Bottom-up memory might be really
+the video camera if we
+
+had it, an actual recording of
+what we hear, what we see,
+
+what we experience out
+there in the world.
+
+Top-down processes are the
+mental things we have in our
+
+minds that let us interpret
+what's out there, concepts,
+
+expectations.
+
+Also, it turns out, you'll see
+that subsequent experiences go
+
+back and change memories
+from prior times.
+
+And which of these things, the
+bottom-up original experience,
+
+or the top-down interpretation
+grows over time to constitute
+
+your memory?
+
+So we can have a very simple
+model of memory,
+
+a flash for a moment.
+
+I'll give you an example of
+how people test this, a
+
+sensory memory, very
+tiny moments only.
+
+Short-term memory that you can
+rehearse in some cases.
+
+Somebody tells you a number, And
+you can repeat it over and
+
+over again.
+
+You have that capacity.
+
+And then long-term memory,
+things that
+
+last for a long time.
+
+You can define these things
+many different ways.
+
+When we talk about the brain
+organization of human memory,
+
+we'll say that short-term
+memory is
+
+probably, lasts seconds.
+
+And everything after that
+is long-term memory.
+
+Now, of course, if you just
+experienced something, you'd
+
+remember it better.
+
+If it's a week, a month, a year,
+five years from now,
+
+most likely less better.
+
+So time passes.
+
+But we think almost all of
+that is in the context of
+
+long-term memory capacities
+of your mind.
+
+So here's a kind
+of experiment.
+
+We'll do a couple of exercises
+at your seat.
+
+But this I'm just going
+to give you a feeling.
+
+Because this would require
+millisecond
+
+timing to do correctly.
+
+But the way they approached this
+sensory memory, the flash
+
+of memory, just capturing for a
+moment what's out there, is
+
+something like this.
+
+So imagine your job is
+to report back the
+
+letters that you see.
+
+OK.
+
+Yeah, you're getting
+a number of them.
+
+So you just did what's called
+a whole report method.
+
+Tell me everything you saw.
+
+They did another approach,
+which is present letters.
+
+And then just as it disappeared
+did we get a tone,
+
+a high, medium, or low tone.
+
+And that would tell them which
+row to report, the top row,
+
+the middle row, or the bottom
+row depending on the tone they
+
+heard just after the flash,
+immediately after the flash.
+
+Does make sense?
+
+OK.
+
+It's gone.
+
+But the tone is telling you
+which one to report.
+
+And the striking finding
+in this was this.
+
+If they showed you 12 letters
+like you just saw, and said,
+
+tell me everything you see,
+people could give you about
+
+four letters back.
+
+Maybe you had that experience,
+about four letters accurately.
+
+If they gave you the letters,
+they flashed them, then you've
+
+got the tone.
+
+For one row only, you've got
+about three letters correct.
+
+Now this is interesting.
+
+The letters are gone.
+
+But it's kind of like as
+if the photograph of
+
+your memory is fading.
+
+But if you put your attention
+somewhere, you can still pull
+
+it back, but just a
+little bit of it.
+
+Because here you get
+four out of 12.
+
+Here you get three out of 12.
+
+Almost the same because your
+attention can zoom in on that
+
+fading mental image of
+what you just saw.
+
+So much is sensed.
+
+But attention only selects a
+little bit to be remembered.
+
+So that's this very first
+moment of memory.
+
+One of the more impressive lines
+of research is the next
+
+moment, short-term memory,
+keeping in mind something in
+
+your mind briefly.
+
+And one of the most striking
+aspects of human short-term
+
+memory is limited in how
+much it can hold.
+
+And across a tremendous range of
+materials, words, letters,
+
+shapes, tones, and so on, you
+can hold approximately 7 plus
+
+or minus 2 chunks of
+information, limited
+
+short-term memory.
+
+So now I need somebody who's
+willing, at their
+
+chair, to do something.
+
+I'm going to read to you
+numbers, and ask you
+
+to repeat them back.
+
+But your eyes will need
+to be closed.
+
+And it'll be fairly
+challenging.
+
+All right, thank
+you very much.
+
+OK.
+
+Close your eyes.
+
+And here we go.
+
+Ready?
+
+Keep your eyes closed
+until we're done.
+
+Repeat after me.
+
+6, 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: We're repeating
+as you say it or after?
+
+PROFESSOR: When I'm done.
+
+I'm sorry, yeah.
+
+Ready?
+
+6, 1, 9.
+
+4.
+
+Repeat.
+
+AUDIENCE: 6, 1, 9, 4.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Ready?
+
+3, 7, 8, 5, 2, repeat.
+
+AUDIENCE: 3, 7, 8, 5, 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Great.
+
+Ready?
+
+9, 6, 5, 2, 8, 3, repeat.
+
+AUDIENCE: 9, 6, 5, 2, 8, 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: Great.
+
+Ready?
+
+4, 2, 6, 9, 8, 5, 1.
+
+repeat.
+
+AUDIENCE: 4, 2, 6, 9, 8, 5, 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good.
+
+Ready?
+
+8, 1, 6, 3, 7, 2, 4, 9.
+
+Repeat.
+
+AUDIENCE: 8, 1, 6,
+7, 4, 2, 1, 9.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, perfect.
+
+OK your eyes.
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+You did terrific.
+
+You got four right, five right,
+six right, seven right,
+
+eight right, you got
+them mostly right.
+
+You just reversed one or two.
+
+Seven plus or minus two, it
+doesn't matter how smart you
+
+are, how advanced you are.
+
+There used to be some confusions
+about this.
+
+Because they would say kids in
+different countries have
+
+different limits.
+
+And they'd say our country is
+smarter than your country, or
+
+our educational system
+is better than
+
+your educational system.
+
+It turned out that all of that
+got equated around the world
+
+if you counted up the
+number of syllables
+
+that are in the digits.
+
+The real unit of memory
+here are syllables.
+
+So in English, most of the
+numbers are one syllable.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are
+all one syllable.
+
+7 gets two.
+
+8 is one syllable.
+
+9 is one syllable.
+
+In some other languages, the
+words that go with the digits
+
+are two syllables.
+
+So countries that have two
+syllables, they have lower
+
+spans not because they were
+dumber or had a worse
+
+education system.
+
+It's because the real unit
+is number of syllables.
+
+Because you're hearing it.
+
+It's language.
+
+So around the world, it's the
+fundamental capacity of the
+
+human mind is that
+you're limited to
+
+these kinds of stuff.
+
+So how do we get around that?
+
+Why are we not always barely
+able to do anything with very
+
+small amounts of information?
+
+So it's just a constraint
+of our minds.
+
+It's because background prior
+knowledge, things you know
+
+before you have to learn
+something, has a
+
+very powerful effect.
+
+It allows you for the
+information to
+
+be retained in memory.
+
+But it has a double-edged sword,
+which is kind of a
+
+theme a lot today.
+
+As much as it helps you remember
+things, it can fool
+
+you into misremembering
+things.
+
+And let me give you a
+concrete example.
+
+So you can put chess displays
+in front of people who are
+
+either beginning chess players,
+have played for a
+
+while, or are masters.
+
+And they're not going to play.
+
+They're going to look at it.
+
+The pieces will be swept
+to the side.
+
+And then they have to put all
+the pieces back out of memory
+
+into the same location where
+they just saw it.
+
+They know that's going
+to happen.
+
+So it's a memory test.
+
+Here's the pieces.
+
+Take a look.
+
+The examiner sweeps the
+pieces to the site.
+
+And you put them back
+as well as you can.
+
+You see it.
+
+It gets swept to the side.
+
+And you reproduce it from memory
+what you just saw.
+
+And here's the performance of
+master players and beginner
+
+players in this case, so people
+who have played a lot
+
+of chess and people who have
+played very little chess.
+
+It's better to be high, the
+number of correct pieces.
+
+And there's two kinds
+of displays.
+
+In one kind of displays
+is what we
+
+call the normal displays.
+
+Those are ones that
+could really have
+
+happened in the game.
+
+They were kind of reasonable
+configurations of pieces.
+
+The random displays are pieces
+all over the place in a
+
+configuration that you're not
+likely to see in a real game
+
+of chess, equal number
+of pieces.
+
+And look what happens.
+
+The best performance are master
+players who see a real
+
+normal chess configuration.
+
+Here are the players
+who are beginners.
+
+And look at the worst
+performances, the chess
+
+masters who see a
+random set up.
+
+So what do you guess
+is happening?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: People who
+play chess a lot
+
+memorize games and positions.
+
+So they're used to seeing
+those patterns.
+
+And when they see a random
+configuration, they can't
+
+recreate it as well.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So the people who have played
+chess a lot have a lot of
+
+configurations in their mind,
+background knowledge.
+
+They use that background
+knowledge of what a chess
+
+array means.
+
+Somebody's in trouble,
+somebody's winning, something
+
+interesting is happening
+in this corner.
+
+That knowledge helps them escape
+the boundaries of seven
+
+plus or minus two.
+
+And they do a lot better than
+the beginners for whom it
+
+doesn't mean much.
+
+It's just a bunch of stuff out
+there hard to remember.
+
+But what happens here when
+the pieces are random?
+
+The chess masters are making
+mistakes because they're
+
+putting the pieces in the places
+they ought to be rather
+
+than the places they perversely
+
+were randomly located.
+
+If you're a chess player, you
+don't like that random board.
+
+It doesn't feel right.
+
+But they're trying
+to be accurate.
+
+But now they're misplacing their
+memory for what they
+
+actually saw with their
+mental model of what
+
+ought to be out there.
+
+Now the players who are not so
+good, you don't see much of a
+
+difference between
+these lines.
+
+They don't understand
+when it's random.
+
+They don't understand
+when it's organized.
+
+It's just a bunch of pieces.
+
+So the double-edge of background
+knowledge.
+
+Background knowledge lets you
+escape the bounds of limited
+
+short-term memory but at a cost
+of sometimes substituting
+
+in for the actual experience
+you have.
+
+So we'll try this.
+
+And people use the word
+"chunking" as the way in which
+
+you use your background
+knowledge to get big pieces of
+
+information stored that are
+better than you think for
+
+short-term memory limits.
+
+So here's a quick one.
+
+I need a volunteer actually.
+
+It's not too bad.
+
+Wow, tough volunteer day.
+
+You're mad at me
+about the exam.
+
+OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+OK, ready?
+
+What were the letters?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+How about these ones?
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: The same letters,
+it's just that
+
+now you see the chunks.
+
+And you can map them onto
+long-term memory more easily.
+
+Plus I showed them longer.
+
+Anybody else want to try
+something like this?
+
+Thank you.
+
+Here we go.
+
+What letters do you see?
+
+Ready?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Now I'm going to let your
+background knowledge triumph.
+
+Ready?
+
+It's the same letters.
+
+Same letters, all it is, is your
+background knowledge is
+
+useless, your knowledge of
+words, your knowledge of the
+
+alphabet, useless.
+
+It's the same information in a
+sense, same number of letters,
+
+same identity of letters.
+
+But now your background
+knowledge is powerful.
+
+I need somebody else,
+one more volunteer.
+
+Thank you.
+
+I'm going to show
+you a sentence.
+
+This is meant to be hard,
+the first one.
+
+Don't worry about it.
+
+OK?
+
+Here we go.
+
+Can you tell me what
+they were?
+
+AUDIENCE: Leaf, paper,
+steer, car, beach.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's pretty good.
+
+Let me show you another
+equal number of words.
+
+Ready?
+
+Go OK, what is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: While I was walking
+around-- while I was walking--
+
+PROFESSOR: You would
+do better.
+
+OK It's hard to pull
+these things off.
+
+So 13 words, people would
+do pretty miserably.
+
+Although you did very well,
+a lot better at this.
+
+Because, again, you can use your
+background knowledge of
+
+what does a sentence mean?
+
+What's the ergative syntax?
+
+All your background knowledge
+can be applied.
+
+Again, the power of background
+knowledge is immense.
+
+I can tell you that if you go
+work somewhere, or if you're
+
+working in a lab now, or if
+you're working in any place,
+
+you might be impressed by people
+who are older than you,
+
+and what they know, and what
+they can learn and pick up.
+
+It's background knowledge,
+background knowledge,
+
+background knowledge.
+
+It lets you quickly understand
+an idea, because you can
+
+interpret it from prior ideas
+that you know, quickly read a
+
+paper, because you can slot it
+into prior things you know.
+
+Background knowledge is
+incredibly powerful to let you
+
+discover the signal and get
+a lot of the specific
+
+information in any kind of
+information out there.
+
+Tyler, I left with
+you this time.
+
+Sorry.
+
+So we're going to do a
+quick memory test.
+
+You will do it at
+your own seat.
+
+It's voluntary.
+
+But I will ask you to share a
+little bit of information.
+
+This is for everybody now,
+not for one person to
+
+be put on the spot.
+
+So what I'm going to do is read
+you a list of words, wait
+
+until the end.
+
+And when I say, recall,
+write down the
+
+words from your memory.
+
+So I'll wait for a moment
+for you to get a
+
+pencil or pen or something.
+
+OK.
+
+I see a few people still
+getting stuff.
+
+OK, ready?
+
+Here comes the word.
+
+Just listen, don't write.
+
+That would be too easy.
+
+I'll say recall, and then
+write them down.
+
+Here we go.
+
+Mailbox, sardine, shotgun,
+peacock, credit, detail,
+
+flicker, airline, spinach,
+clarinet.
+
+Recall.
+
+OK.
+
+Here are the answers.
+
+As you look at this list, put
+your hand up if you've got all
+
+10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2.
+
+Thank you.
+
+All right.
+
+So think about this
+for a moment.
+
+We said seven plus
+or minus two.
+
+When the words are presented in
+a random, unorganized list
+
+like this, you're pretty much
+back to short-term memory
+
+limits in many senses, not
+completely, but in many ways.
+
+So if you were to tell a person
+on the street, I mean,
+
+I have to say two things about
+you guys, which is certainly
+
+true and complimentary.
+
+Most of you, if you're somewhere
+between 18 and 25,
+
+you're at your peak memory
+capacity for the
+
+rest of your life.
+
+You will never do better
+for rote learning then
+
+you are right now.
+
+There's a ton of research
+that shows that.
+
+You will never do better
+for rote learning
+
+than about 18 to 25.
+
+After that it's downhill.
+
+You get other benefits.
+
+Salaries go up a little bit.
+
+You get authority.
+
+That's a nice one.
+
+But rote memory, you're
+at the top.
+
+Not only are you at the top,
+but you are an incredibly
+
+selected academically
+achieving group.
+
+You're MIT undergraduates.
+
+You're incredibly selected to be
+the top of the top, in many
+
+senses, for learning between 18
+to 25 as far as MIT could
+
+possibly figure this out.
+
+You are our hope
+for the future.
+
+If you guys can't fix global
+warming, we're in trouble.
+
+So you can't get 10 words?
+
+Come on.
+
+We have big problems to solve.
+
+It's a capacity of the human
+mind that we just can't do
+
+about more than this.
+
+It's just amazing how limited
+rote memory is
+
+without other things.
+
+But there's a little bit
+more than we can tell.
+
+How many of you got mailbox
+and sardine?
+
+A fair number of hands.
+
+OK.
+
+How many of you got spinach
+and clarinet,
+
+the last two words?
+
+How many of you got
+credit and detail?
+
+Way fewer hands.
+
+And that's what happens under a
+well-controlled experiment.
+
+So this is correct.
+
+High is correct.
+
+This is what order the word
+was in the first word you
+
+heard, say the fifth.
+
+This experiment is 15 words.
+
+You can see that.
+
+Here's their performance.
+
+Two things are noteworthy.
+
+People do best for the first
+couple of words.
+
+And sometimes they did best for
+the last couple of words.
+
+So here's three delays.
+
+These delays are zero
+seconds what we did.
+
+You get the list, you
+immediately write them down
+
+and recall them verbally.
+
+That's zero, immediate.
+
+Or I wait 10 seconds and
+then say, now recall.
+
+Or I wait 1/2 minute and
+say, now recall.
+
+Now memory for the first two
+items is what's called a
+
+primacy effect.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+In all three conditions, those
+are the best two remembered
+
+words, on average, for most
+of the experiment.
+
+And people think that's a
+signature of long-term memory.
+
+You can get those one
+or two words.
+
+And then you start to
+get overwhelmed
+
+in long-term memory.
+
+Here, you only get the boost for
+the last couple of words
+
+if there's zero second delay.
+
+If there's 10 seconds or 30
+seconds delay, no boost.
+
+So people interpret this recency
+effect, superior
+
+memory for the last couple of
+words, as a signature of
+
+short-term memory that
+lasts only seconds.
+
+And so in that simple
+experiment, you can see
+
+long-term memory influences,
+short-term memory influences.
+
+And short-term is
+very short-term.
+
+It's just seconds.
+
+Now Ebbinghaus is one of the
+founders of experimental
+
+studies of memory.
+
+And he was heroic.
+
+He would just train himself.
+
+He would use nonsense syllables,
+because he wanted
+
+to get rid of a lot of
+background stuff, rote memory.
+
+And he would learn thousands of
+these and then test himself
+
+and score himself honestly.
+
+He did the bulk of the
+work on himself.
+
+And he discovered something
+that's pretty simple, but that
+
+has had a huge effect.
+
+So how well do you do since you
+learned something all in
+
+long-term memory if you're
+tested immediately?
+
+100% if it's small list
+and you studied a lot.
+
+20 minutes later, an hour later,
+nine hours later, you
+
+can see the steep forgetting
+up until about 10 hours.
+
+And then it sort of
+hangs in there.
+
+The forgetting curve of
+long-term memory, immediately
+
+afterwards, we're pretty good.
+
+Then there's a lot of forgetting
+in 20 minutes, and
+
+for a day, and then things
+hang in there.
+
+This is a shaped asymptotic
+curve of forgetting.
+
+OK now here's another
+mission for you.
+
+You need a pencil.
+
+Or just your fingers will
+work fine either way.
+
+You're going to see
+a list of words.
+
+Some will be in uppercase.
+
+Some will be in lowercase.
+
+Capital letters, uppercase.
+
+All right.
+
+Your job as you see them from
+top to bottom is to tap your
+
+left hand for each word that's
+in the capital letter and your
+
+right hand for each word that's
+a lowercase letter.
+
+Is that OK?
+
+So if the first work is capital,
+you tap left. if the
+
+second word is lowercase,
+you tap right.
+
+So you just tap, tap, tap until
+you get to the bottom.
+
+And then it will go.
+
+You already?
+
+You ready to help me out?
+
+Here we go.
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+Here we go.
+
+Excellent.
+
+All right.
+
+What were words?
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: You might be
+impressed that even though
+
+they were right in front of you,
+and even though you were
+
+looking whether they were upper
+and lowercase case so
+
+you really saw them, if you
+don't bring the relevant
+
+background knowledge to
+remembering it, which is the
+
+meaning of words most
+the time, our
+
+memory is pretty hideous.
+
+All right.
+
+try another one.
+
+Now the trick is gone
+a little bit.
+
+This is a little bit
+of a set up.
+
+But I can tell you it's
+scientifically true.
+
+So now it's the same idea.
+
+You can see words.
+
+You can read the word, if it's a
+living thing like a dog, tap
+
+the left hand.
+
+If it's a nonliving thing like
+a chair, the right hand.
+
+Ready?
+
+You did awesome.
+
+Thanks.
+
+Here we go.
+
+OK.
+
+Does it feel like you would
+remember the words better?
+
+Does it feel like you would?
+
+OK.
+
+So here's what we did.
+
+The first list, is you
+thought about the
+
+appearance of the word.
+
+In memory, that's called shallow
+encoding, just if it's
+
+upper and lowercase.
+
+And typically, that leads
+to pretty poor memory.
+
+If you think about the meaning
+of the word, we think that
+
+optimizes memory.
+
+People would call it
+deep encoding.
+
+And it leads to better memory.
+
+And in a well-controlled
+experiment, now here we had a
+
+certain order.
+
+And you knew there
+was a trick.
+
+But if you had a well-controlled
+experiment,
+
+here's what you'd find.
+
+If you just think about the
+appearance of the word, here's
+
+how well you do, pretty
+low if you see the
+
+word once or twice.
+
+And if we look over here at the
+meaning of the word you,
+
+can see one thought about the
+meaning of the word is better
+
+than two presentations thinking
+about the appearance.
+
+And two thoughts about the
+meaning of the word, and your
+
+memory's really excellent.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So if you're forced
+to think about--
+
+get confused by the uppercase
+and the lowercase and the
+
+living versus the non-living--
+
+PROFESSOR: Were they confusing
+to do one then the other?
+
+It was a little bit, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that supposed to
+make you remember it better?
+
+You have to think that
+hard about it?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+The question is, is the
+confusion of doing two
+
+different tests help you out?
+
+So, roughly speaking, the answer
+is to the extent it
+
+draws your attention more
+to the word, yes.
+
+To the extent you're
+sitting there
+
+going, OK, was it uppercase?
+
+Or was it living?
+
+This is weirding me out.
+
+It's going to hurt you, because
+your mind is filled
+
+with those thoughts
+not looking at
+
+what's in front of you.
+
+In these demonstrations, they're
+a little cloogy.
+
+Here's a fun one, the
+effective context.
+
+So this is how they did
+the experiment.
+
+You can do it different ways.
+
+But this is a fun one.
+
+They actually went
+in the United
+
+Kingdom to the shoreline.
+
+And they had people put on
+these old style diving
+
+helmets, the old big helmets.
+
+And you go under the water with
+the big hose in front of
+
+you to your air source.
+
+And they had them learn word
+lists, like you were looking
+
+at word lists, on the
+land or underwater.
+
+And then they were tested
+for this on the
+
+land or in the water.
+
+And the core message was, you
+do better remembering
+
+information if you're tested in
+the same situation in which
+
+you learned it.
+
+So what we see here is here's
+the words learned underwater.
+
+You're better if you're tested
+underwater instead of
+
+going on the land.
+
+If you learned the word on the
+land, you're better off if you
+
+test on the land than if
+you go underwater.
+
+The context in which you learned
+something helps you.
+
+Studying underwater and tested
+under water, you do better
+
+than studying underwater and
+going on land or vice versa.
+
+Being in the same room, same
+time of day, all those things
+
+help you a little bit to
+bring a memory back.
+
+Because those are parts of the
+memory in the context in which
+
+you experience it.
+
+Another approach that people
+have taken, this is about
+
+organization.
+
+They'll present a set of words
+like this and ask people to
+
+try and remember them.
+
+It's a pretty big list.
+
+But if you take the same words
+and do that, same words people
+
+remember a lot better,
+because there's an
+
+organization that helps you.
+
+Your background knowledge of
+what is a career, what is
+
+housework, what is a food all
+contribute to helping your
+
+memory for these items
+be better.
+
+So let's think about
+forgetting.
+
+We know something
+from last year.
+
+We forgot it.
+
+There's a least two ideas that
+people have said, what's the
+
+core reason we forget things?
+
+One of them is like passive.
+
+Well, I haven't used
+it in a while.
+
+It's just not available
+anymore.
+
+Because time has passed.
+
+It's not been used.
+
+It's not available.
+
+That's passive forgetting.
+
+The other way to think about why
+we forget is not that it's
+
+a passive loss of knowledge.
+
+But that experiences you have
+after that moment when you
+
+learned something, will go
+back and write over, and
+
+muddy, and confuse your memory
+for the original event.
+
+It's active interference of
+subsequent experience.
+
+It's not passive withering.
+
+Other stuff is getting in your
+head that's writing over and
+
+modifying the original memory.
+
+And the original memory
+is never there again.
+
+And people have talked about it
+in two different directions
+
+that you can think about this.
+
+One of them is what you call
+proactive interference where
+
+things from before mess up your
+learning on something.
+
+Or retroactive interference, you
+already have the memory.
+
+And now new things mess you up
+and write over the memory.
+
+So memory is threatened by
+what came before they
+
+experience or what happens after
+the experience In the
+
+way that it interferes with
+accuracy of memory.
+
+So here's a fun experiment.
+
+It's just two subjects.
+
+But there's a lot of other
+studies that looked at this.
+
+This is the original
+demonstration where people had
+
+to remember syllables.
+
+And they taught them the
+syllables just before they
+
+went to sleep or as
+they woke up.
+
+And in each case, they were
+tested, for example, some
+
+number of hours later.
+
+Let's say eight hours later.
+
+And their idea in the study--
+and there's one wrinkle I'll
+
+mention now that we
+know things--
+
+their idea was when you go to
+sleep, there's no retroactive
+
+interference.
+
+Because you're not learning
+anything else.
+
+You're not experiencing.
+
+You're not talking.
+
+You're not reading.
+
+So when you wake up in the
+morning, nothing has messed up
+
+your memory from when you
+just went to sleep.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+If you study in the morning,
+now you go and
+
+you have your day.
+
+You go to classes you
+talk to people.
+
+You read things.
+
+All those new experiences can go
+back and mess up the memory
+
+you acquired to start with.
+
+So in both cases, you get the
+memory to start with.
+
+But in one case, you're sleeping
+for eight hours.
+
+It's not messed up.
+
+In the other case, you were
+out in the world.
+
+Lots of new things are
+happening that are
+
+retroactively messing
+up the memory.
+
+And you can see the people who
+slept after who slept after
+
+they learned, when they woke up,
+did a lot better than the
+
+people who walked around
+during the day.
+
+And that thought can be one of a
+huge line of research saying
+
+that one of the reasons that
+memories become available to
+
+us is not simply passive
+withering, but active other
+
+mental experiences that block
+right over and change the
+
+original memory.
+
+Question, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Studying at night, and
+they going to sleep, does
+
+just having those memories
+hanging around in your brain
+
+strengthen them?
+
+Because you're going to
+wake up and do stuff--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So now there's a second thing.
+
+The question is, is there
+something good about going to
+
+sleep after studying?
+
+And the answer is, there's
+a lot of evidence now in
+
+animals, and increasingly in
+humans, that sleep is a period
+
+that fixes memories from
+the prior day.
+
+And if you don't get the right
+kind of sleep or something
+
+like that, those memories from
+the prior day don't seem to
+
+get as well fixed into
+long-term memory.
+
+So this is mixing those
+two issues.
+
+These people have two advantages
+now we think.
+
+One advantage they have is
+they're not having new
+
+experiences during the night
+that are messing up
+
+the memory they got.
+
+And they're having this
+consolidation
+
+period during sleep.
+
+People have long studied
+what's the use of sleep
+
+besides making you not sleepy?
+
+And one of the most fascinating
+things-- and
+
+there's just more and more
+evidence for this--
+
+it's a period where because our
+brain is kind of quiet in
+
+many ways, it seems to work a
+lot on fixing memories from
+
+that day into a better
+long-term unit.
+
+So those people have two
+advantages by our current
+
+understanding.
+
+So that's retroactive
+interference.
+
+Let me give you an example of
+proactive interference.
+
+And here's how they study it.
+
+We won't to try it.
+
+But let me give you
+an example.
+
+They would have you hear
+three words like
+
+banana, peach, and apple.
+
+They're all related.
+
+Then they'd have you count aloud
+from 138 backward by
+
+sevens for a few moments.
+
+They say, what were the words?
+
+And you give what you can.
+
+Then they give you a plum,
+apricot, and lime, count
+
+backwards by sevens.
+
+Melon, lemon, we can see
+all of these are
+
+from the same category.
+
+And then they switch
+the category.
+
+So we said, typically,
+background knowledge helps.
+
+But here's the way it can
+get weirdly not helpful.
+
+So here's the performance
+of healthy young
+
+people doing this.
+
+So this is percent correct.
+
+Good is high.
+
+The first list, they're
+really good.
+
+Occasionally they forget
+one of the three words.
+
+But looks what's happening as
+they go along for the second
+
+list and the third list.
+
+They're getting worse
+and worse.
+
+That's proactive interference.
+
+The experience in the first
+list is messing you up to
+
+learn the new information
+in the second list.
+
+And most of the errors people
+make are substitutions.
+
+They go plum, apricot, apple.
+
+By the third list, they're
+going melon, lime, apple.
+
+Do you see what's happening?
+
+Because they're related, because
+they're related, now
+
+you're getting confused.
+
+If I heard the word grape
+recently, was that in the
+
+first group?
+
+I'm not reporting that
+one right now.
+
+Was it in the one before that
+or the one I'm supposed to
+
+report right now?
+
+The relations among them mess
+you up because it's hard to
+
+tell when you heard them.
+
+And they're all related.
+
+And just to convince you that
+it's true, because you might
+
+say well, maybe you're just
+getting tired like list, and
+
+list, and counting.
+
+Then they give you a new list.
+
+And look what happens.
+
+If it's fruits, still fruits,
+you're still stuck.
+
+But if it's another list like
+vegetables, flowers, and
+
+meats, or professions,
+very different.
+
+Your memory zooms
+right back up.
+
+Because all the interference you
+had here about fruits is
+
+no longer relevant for learning
+a set of professions.
+
+And it's kind of
+graded, right?
+
+We think the flowers as more
+related to fruits kind of.
+
+And professions is very
+unrelated, doctor, lawyer,
+
+programmer.
+
+The more unrelated it is, the
+more your memory goes right
+
+back to where it was.
+
+Because the proactive
+interference
+
+is no longer happening.
+
+Another thing that researchers
+have focused on as we read
+
+things, what do we focus on?
+
+So here's an example where they
+read people sentences.
+
+And then they tested them either
+for the meaning or for
+
+the style of the sentence.
+
+Usually when we read stuff,
+we're focused on the meaning,
+
+not the style.
+
+Style, we might notice it.
+
+But usually, what
+am I reading?
+
+What's the point?
+
+If they weren't unwarned,
+they read the sentence.
+
+Then you're tested.
+
+It's much better for meaning
+than for style.
+
+Because we automatically
+go for meaning.
+
+That's what we go for when
+we read by and large.
+
+When we think about poetry
+or something,
+
+that might be different.
+
+But reading typical text,
+what's the meaning?
+
+We strip away, almost,
+the style.
+
+We want to get to the content.
+
+And they're terrible if they're
+asked about the style
+
+or the specific organization of
+the sentence, the word by
+
+word organization.
+
+But, of course, if they
+focus on it, they
+
+can do a lot better.
+
+So this is just saying
+that we naturally go
+
+for gist and meaning.
+
+And we try to throw away a lot
+of the specific particulars
+
+like the way the sentence
+was organized, the
+
+style of the writing.
+
+OK.
+
+So now I'd like to do a
+demonstration that will work
+
+better for some than others.
+
+But here we go.
+
+So here we go.
+
+I'm going to read you
+a list of words.
+
+And then I'm going to ask you
+for a couple different words
+
+and ask you if they
+were on the list.
+
+OK.
+
+Here we go.
+
+Ready?
+
+Door, glass, pane, shade, ledge,
+sill, house, open,
+
+curtain, frame, view, breeze,
+sash, screen, shutter.
+
+OK, was the word glass?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Was the word
+potato on the list?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: Was the word
+shade on the list?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Was the word
+car on the list?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: Was the word
+window on the list?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+No.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+How many people said window?
+
+Put your hands up.
+
+I heard a lot of window.
+
+All right.
+
+You're not helping
+me out here.
+
+Smart undergraduates like you,
+at the peak of your memory,
+
+will about half the time
+say yes to window.
+
+You saw this demonstration
+before, or
+
+you heard it before.
+
+The way they compose these lists
+is they ask students to
+
+say what's the first word you
+think of that goes with door?
+
+The second word?
+
+And the first word that goes
+with door, the most common
+
+one, they'll put over here.
+
+That's the trick word,
+the lure word.
+
+And then these are other words
+that people think kind of goes
+
+with the word door.
+
+So if you hear this list, and
+you're tested for did you hear
+
+the word window or see the
+word window-- it doesn't
+
+matter whether you see
+it or hear it--
+
+about half the time
+undergraduates will say yes, I
+
+heard it or saw it.
+
+Because they're getting
+the gist of the list.
+
+This is all about door
+and window stuff.
+
+So when the word window appears,
+they have a false or
+
+illusory memory.
+
+The rate of false or illusory
+memories goes
+
+up with age as well.
+
+For every decade that will
+pass, you'll add
+
+a few more of those.
+
+But even undergraduates,
+typically, about half the time
+
+they'll falsely recall they
+heard the word window.
+
+Again, the idea is here's
+this double-edged sword.
+
+It's about words that go
+with doors and windows.
+
+That's the gist.
+
+That's the main idea.
+
+When you get the word window,
+you falsely believe that you
+
+saw it or heard it.
+
+So that's the way that people
+try in the laboratory to
+
+create false memories that are
+experimentally testable.
+
+We'll talk about real life
+ones in a moment.
+
+So we said all these things make
+it feel like memory is
+
+more the punch bowl metaphor
+than the camera.
+
+Because it's all swished
+together, the proactive stuff,
+
+the interpretation, the
+retroactive changes that are
+
+created in memory are all
+altering the memory based on
+
+the interpretation or based
+on subsequent experience.
+
+So let me stop for one moment
+to tell you, OK,
+
+so memory is shaky.
+
+Wouldn't it be cool to have
+truly photographic memory?
+
+I mean, that would be awesome
+as a student.
+
+It wouldn't be bad in life.
+
+There's only been one
+well-described case of a
+
+person who seems to have truly
+photographic memory.
+
+You hear various stories.
+
+Most of the people who are
+things like memory performers,
+
+or there's memory Olympics and
+things like that, they train
+
+the heck out of themselves to
+use different methods that can
+
+enhance your memory.
+
+And they can do amazing
+things.
+
+But it's all hard work.
+
+It's all hard work as far
+as we understand.
+
+But here's a guy who was
+different, studied by Luria, a
+
+psychologist in Russia,
+about 100 years ago.
+
+So this is a guy who was a
+reporter at a newspaper.
+
+And he would go out and come
+back and type up the report of
+
+what he had seen at some event
+for the newspaper.
+
+And the editor noticed that
+this guy never took notes.
+
+He came back and just
+started typing.
+
+And the editor said, you've
+got to take notes.
+
+Because you won't know exactly
+what happened,
+
+who said what exactly.
+
+You'll make mistakes.
+
+The guy said, no.
+
+I'm always perfect.
+
+The editor said, OK.
+
+We're going to teach you
+a lesson about this
+
+just to show you.
+
+He got some material.
+
+He said, everybody
+come around.
+
+He's going to embarrass
+the guy.
+
+I'm going to read
+you something.
+
+You tell me every word I said.
+
+He read him some gibberish.
+
+And the guy repeated every
+word perfectly.
+
+This guy truly had photographic
+memory.
+
+And kind of interestingly, when
+they said, wow, you have
+
+photographic memory.
+
+He didn't go, yes.
+
+I'm awesome.
+
+I'm a superhero.
+
+He said, doesn't everybody?
+
+He was not aware that most of us
+don't remember every single
+
+thing that we study easily and
+for the rest of our lives.
+
+So he would be presented rows
+of digits like these, study
+
+them for three minutes, and he
+could recall them days, weeks,
+
+and months later perfectly.
+
+This is almost the only case
+we have well-described and
+
+well-analyzed.
+
+So it's really rare.
+
+He would say when he had to
+think back at a particular
+
+list, like tell me the one from
+last year, or tell me the
+
+one from two years ago, he would
+have to think where he
+
+was and reinstate.
+
+So that in his mind's eye, he
+would see the room or hear the
+
+voice of the person
+reading it to him.
+
+But even 15 years later,
+perfect memory
+
+for a list like this.
+
+Wouldn't you like to have
+that right now?
+
+I wouldn't mind it either.
+
+He also was synesthetic.
+
+That is, when he heard things in
+one modality, it triggered
+
+perception like experience
+is another modality.
+
+He could change his resting
+pulse from 70 to 100.
+
+He could change his temperature
+by two degrees by
+
+force of will.
+
+He's an unusual person.
+
+We would love to discover
+another person like this in
+
+the place of the planet.
+
+We have not seen another
+one well-documented.
+
+Probably there is.
+
+But they're sitting somewhere
+in some village remembering
+
+everything perfectly going, I
+thought you all remembered
+
+everything perfectly.
+
+So you could think, wow,
+that's awesome.
+
+That's a nice superpower
+to have.
+
+But he was not a happy person.
+
+This is kind of an interesting
+question.
+
+Because he complained that when
+somebody spoke to him
+
+like a family member, what would
+happen was he would be
+
+flooded by a word with some
+memory for some list or some
+
+event last week, last month,
+or 10 years ago.
+
+His family members said, you're
+not listening to me.
+
+Yeah, because every word
+triggered back or brought back
+
+a flood of memory.
+
+He got so miserable that things
+in his environment
+
+would trigger perfect floods
+of memory into his mind--
+
+and this is truly
+like a novel--
+
+at one point, in order to get
+rid of memories-- and this did
+
+not work-- he wrote them down on
+a piece of paper and threw
+
+them into the fire thinking
+somehow that would work.
+
+So this is one of these Twilight
+Zone, O. Henry kinds
+
+of stories where you think
+it's awesome to have
+
+photographic-like memory.
+
+But, in fact, it seems to have
+blocked, in many ways, his
+
+development as a person.
+
+Once he realized he had such
+a rare memory, he became a
+
+professional memory performer.
+
+And then all kinds of jobs and
+finally retreated into a
+
+countryside kind of unhappy,
+treating people with herbs
+
+with his wife and son.
+
+He did not have a happy,
+awesome life.
+
+I don't know if in this world
+he would do better?
+
+Because you could get on TV
+shows and become a celebrity
+
+or something if you
+could do this.
+
+So what's the problem with
+photographic-like
+
+memory do you think?
+
+Why is it that we kind of wish
+we had it at certain moments?
+
+But what's the drawback?
+
+Well the drawback seems to be,
+imagine if you had in your
+
+head a photograph
+of everything.
+
+You would have so much stuff
+that you wouldn't be analyzing
+
+it for the basic point
+of what it's about.
+
+So we just said, the risk of
+analyzing things for their
+
+basic point, their basic gist,
+is that we want to get the
+
+bottom message.
+
+And we give up a lot
+of the particulars.
+
+It's not like a photograph.
+
+It's like a very small abstract
+or a note about a
+
+photograph that's
+in your mind.
+
+But that's a very powerful way
+to approach the world.
+
+Because then all your background
+knowledge is
+
+instantly available to help you
+interpret what's going on.
+
+Because you're using lots of
+connections and very few
+
+particulars.
+
+Too many particulars are as
+burdensome as probably having
+
+too many generalities.
+
+Let me talk a minute about
+flashbulb memories.
+
+So this is a kind
+of funny thing.
+
+You might have the experience
+in your own life of very
+
+salient moments, big moments in
+your life with your family,
+
+other things you're doing in
+your life, where you say, I'll
+
+never forget this moment.
+
+Because just everything
+is so vivid for me.
+
+People call this flashbulb.
+
+We can never know how accurate
+your flashbulb memory is.
+
+I'll never forget when I got
+into MIT, the moment.
+
+Because I was wearing
+my lucky socks.
+
+And it was sunny outside.
+
+And you might be right,
+or you might be wrong.
+
+So there's a slightly gruesome
+research enterprise which
+
+takes public events that are
+very emotional for people.
+
+So some of them will be very
+historical for you somewhere
+
+in your lifetime.
+
+John F. Kennedy's assassination,
+the Challenger
+
+blowing up as a high school
+teacher was going up to be the
+
+first high school teacher
+to do that.
+
+The O.J. Simpson verdict, were
+you even alive for this?
+
+I can tell you that got an
+
+unbelievable amount of interest.
+
+Because I'm from Buffalo.
+
+That's where O.J. Simpson
+played football.
+
+So I have a particular
+interest.
+
+It was like everything you
+wanted in a TV show.
+
+Tragically, two people died.
+
+Because O.J. Simpson is a super
+famous football player,
+
+there was huge debate about
+whether he had murdered his
+
+wife and another person
+in the house.
+
+And there was an exact
+moment when they
+
+said, get on your TVs.
+
+Here comes a verdict.
+
+Or the 9/11 attack.
+
+So here's this funny
+research business.
+
+What people do is they go.
+
+And as soon as these horrible
+things happened, they ask
+
+people to write down where were
+you, what were you doing,
+
+how did you learn about it, what
+were your feelings, what
+
+were the feelings of the people
+around you, and what
+
+did you do in the next hour?
+
+You can't be prepared for
+this other than wait
+
+for something horrible.
+
+Everybody says, I'll never
+forget where I was when 9/11
+
+happened or things like that.
+
+People feel that way.
+
+And they certainly remember that
+day more in some sense
+
+than a typical quiet day.
+
+But here's what they do.
+
+They test them on their
+own answers.
+
+So you gave the information
+just a little bit after.
+
+Presumably, it's roughly
+correct.
+
+If you're tested a year later,
+yes, you remember that day
+
+better than other days.
+
+But it's full of errors.
+
+It's full of errors.
+
+And people are way
+overconfident.
+
+They say, I know where
+I was a year later.
+
+And I know I was with
+my friends.
+
+And you say, a year
+ago, you wrote
+
+down you were by yourself.
+
+Oops.
+
+But I'm pretty sure I was
+wearing my raincoat.
+
+And you go, oops, you
+wrote down you
+
+were wearing a sweater.
+
+Oops.
+
+Your memory is way higher.
+
+But it's full of inaccuracies,
+even though people
+
+are sure it's not.
+
+They're sure that's
+not a inaccurate.
+
+So the next horrible public
+event that happens, there will
+
+be a bunch of memory researchers
+running around.
+
+And they'll be saying,
+where were you?
+
+What were you doing?
+
+What were you feeling?
+
+Because we need that to be able
+to verify whether your
+
+memory for emotionally intense
+experience is accurate or not
+
+and how long it lasts.
+
+A couple of experiments
+and then a video.
+
+So here's eyewitness
+testimony.
+
+There's nothing more dramatic in
+court on the TV shows or in
+
+real life, if you have to
+be around these things.
+
+Where the person says,
+who was a person who
+
+murdered your neighbor?
+
+And you go, that's the woman.
+
+That's the man.
+
+And the jury's looking.
+
+So how accurate is eyewitness
+testimony?
+
+Of course it has to be
+somewhat accurate.
+
+We're not living in a crazy
+world where people are
+
+randomly imagining things.
+
+But how accurate is it really?
+
+So here's a kind of an
+experiment they did.
+
+This is work from Elizabeth
+Loftus who's a
+
+leader in this area.
+
+She would have people
+just see slides--
+
+this is before computers,
+basically--
+
+where a sports car would come
+to an intersection, would
+
+turn, and would hit a pedestrian
+in the slides.
+
+So it's not the drama
+of really seeing it.
+
+It's a stage thing.
+
+And it would be either a yield
+sign or a stop sign just
+
+before the car turns that
+you would clearly see.
+
+And let's pretend you were in a
+condition where you saw the
+
+yield sign.
+
+Then afterwards, they would say,
+did another car pass the
+
+red Datsun while it was stopped
+at the yield sign?
+
+That's consistent,
+the world yield.
+
+Or did another car pass the
+Datsun while it was stopped at
+
+the stop sign?
+
+See you slipped in
+the word stopped?
+
+Or in neutral, you don't
+say anything.
+
+And now you say, which
+slide did you see?
+
+You show them the actual
+slide with a stop
+
+sign or a yield sign.
+
+You saw the yield sign.
+
+But here's what happens.
+
+If you saw the yield sign, and
+you are shown this yield sign,
+
+you do pretty well,
+consistent.
+
+Look what happens if you
+saw the yield sign.
+
+You've got the question, did
+you see a stop sign?
+
+And now you're tested, what
+did you actually see?
+
+You're pretty much wrong.
+
+You're pretty much saying,
+I saw a stop sign.
+
+That's retroactive
+interference.
+
+You saw the yield sign.
+
+You were asked about
+a stop sign.
+
+And now you believe you
+saw a stop sign.
+
+That's why it's so important
+how police or other people
+
+interrogate witnesses.
+
+Because if they slip in certain
+words, people have a
+
+hard time going back to
+the original memory.
+
+They'll have a memory that's
+a mixture of the original
+
+experience and the questions
+asked about that experience.
+
+So people say, oh that's just
+a laboratory experiment.
+
+In real life, that
+wouldn't happen.
+
+So they did this experiment.
+
+Jim, a graduate student,
+reminded his younger brother
+
+Chris that they lost Chris in
+a mall when Chris was five,
+
+and an older tallish man
+brought him back.
+
+So that would be a pretty
+traumatic thing for a
+
+five-year-old to be lost in
+a mall and have an old
+
+man take you back.
+
+Certainly for the parents,
+you're going where's the kid?
+
+Where's the kid?
+
+So two days later, Chris says,
+the younger kid, yeah.
+
+I was with you guys
+for a second.
+
+And then I went over to look at
+the toy store, the KB Toys.
+
+And then we got lost.
+
+And I was looking around.
+
+I thought, I'm in trouble now.
+
+And then I thought it
+was never going to
+
+see my family again.
+
+I was really scared.
+
+And this old man, I think he
+was wearing a blue flannel,
+
+came up to me.
+
+He was kind of old.
+
+He was kind of bald.
+
+Chris was never lost.
+
+Jim, the graduate student,
+being mean to his younger
+
+brother, but for good science
+reasons, told
+
+him this slight story.
+
+He didn't give him any
+of these details.
+
+He just said remember when you
+were five years old and got
+
+lost in the mall, and the old
+tall man brought you back?
+
+But what's happening is our
+memories of when we're kids
+
+are pretty vague.
+
+Chris is sort of mixing in some
+real things that happened
+
+in the story.
+
+And he's fabricating.
+
+He's not trying to get
+away with anything.
+
+He's just creating this
+false memory.
+
+And he said, oh no.
+
+We want it even more
+lifelike than that.
+
+So here's the experiment
+they did.
+
+They had 120 students see
+an ad for Bugs Bunny at
+
+Disneyland to evaluate the ad.
+
+So you're brought into a room.
+
+They say, we want to market test
+whether this is a good ad
+
+for Disneyland.
+
+All these people had been to
+Disneyland some years ago with
+
+kids in real life.
+
+Then they said, by
+the way we're
+
+thinking about Bugs Bunny.
+
+When you were there,
+did you meet him?
+
+Did you shake his hand?
+
+Now, what's the big trick
+about Bugs Bunny and
+
+Disneyland?
+
+I saw some smiles right away.
+
+Bugs Bunny is one of the few
+cartoon characters that many
+
+kids know that's not a Disney
+character and, by law, cannot
+
+be found at Disneyland
+or Disney World.
+
+But one out of three college
+students remembered seeing
+
+Bugs Bunny at Disney World or
+Disneyland when they were a
+
+kid after they had just seen
+some promotional material
+
+showing Bugs Bunny
+shaking hands.
+
+Because they had been there.
+
+They don't remember stuff.
+
+OK.
+
+Bugs Bunny, sure.
+
+How potent is this way that we
+mix up new information with
+
+the original experience.
+
+So we can't tell apart the
+original memory from the mixed
+
+up new relevant information.
+
+I mean, this would not have
+worked, of course, if they
+
+show you King Kong.
+
+You'd be like, there's no
+way I saw King Kong.
+
+It has to be slightly
+credible.
+
+But it's a pretty big difference
+in some cases.
+
+So here's one example
+in real life.
+
+This is a real case.
+
+In a dark, October night, a
+man picks up on Pacific
+
+Highway, south of Seattle,
+hitchhiker.
+
+It turns into an
+isolated road.
+
+The man brutally rapes
+her and leaves her by
+
+the side of the road.
+
+24 hours later, she looks at
+an array of photos, and she
+
+picks out a man who
+was convicted.
+
+Because she says, that's the
+man who brutally raped me.
+
+A few months later, another
+man was arrested
+
+for a series of rapes.
+
+She sees his picture in
+the newspaper, and
+
+she realizes oops.
+
+Sadly, this is the man who
+attacked and raped me.
+
+He's released from jail.
+
+By then, he's lost his money,
+his job, his fiance, his
+
+reputation.
+
+He spends four years
+pursuing a lawsuit.
+
+He dies 11 days prior
+to the trial.
+
+10 months later, his estate gets
+$2.8 million because the
+
+police weren't very careful how
+they did the photo lineup.
+
+It turns out if you look at the
+photo lineup, his was a
+
+slightly outlier picture
+of the six pictures.
+
+So the woman went
+for that guy.
+
+So when she's accusing
+him in court, she's
+
+not trying to lie.
+
+what's she mixing up?
+
+Her memory for the photo array
+versus for memory for the
+
+original event.
+
+Those two have gotten
+blended in the
+
+punch bowl of her memory.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+Perfectly with good intention.
+
+And there's 80,000 trials
+you estimate the rely on
+
+eyewitness testimony.
+
+And many, many of those
+are mistaken.
+
+It's just human nature to
+mistake them, especially
+
+because trials are not boom
+one minute later.
+
+There's lots of discussion,
+lots of interviews with
+
+policeman, or prosecutors,
+or lawyers.
+
+Lots of things happen from the
+original crime moment until
+
+that moment in court.
+
+Every discussion, and thought,
+and feeling you have from the
+
+original experience blends in
+with the original experience.
+
+And it can be hard to
+pull those apart.
+
+Here's another sort
+of weird example.
+
+A woman at home in Australia,
+she's brutally
+
+raped in her home.
+
+She identifies Donald Thompson--
+now you'll see why
+
+this is a bit ironic
+and a weird story--
+
+a renowned Australian
+psychologist who studies
+
+eyewitness memory problems.
+
+It turns out he was on
+television at the moment that
+
+she was being raped.
+
+And, obviously, she's in a very
+
+disturbed difficult moment.
+
+And so she conflates the face on
+the TV with the face of the
+
+actual horrible perpetrator.
+
+So he has a good alibi.
+
+He's on TV somewhere.
+
+But in a perfectly good way,
+she's trying to be correct.
+
+These things get jumbled
+together.
+
+So you're going to see
+it in one minute, a
+
+film of Susan Nason.
+
+This is an amazing story.
+
+Sorry.
+
+You'll see the film of
+Eileen Franklin.
+
+But Susan Nason was an
+eight-year-old girl.
+
+She was missing and found
+murdered in October 31, 1969.
+
+20 years later, Eileen
+Franklin-- you'll see later--
+
+remembers that her father
+murdered Susan Nason.
+
+She testifies against him,
+and he's found guilty.
+
+And he goes to jail.
+
+He's been subsequently
+released.
+
+Because she says I was
+with him when he
+
+murdered my little friend.
+
+But she doesn't remember
+continuously.
+
+She remembers it because a
+therapist has had her think
+
+about her past.
+
+And all of a sudden, what she
+feels like was a repressed
+
+memory comes back.
+
+So we're going to show a
+movie about this topic.
+
+It's your next paper topic.
+
+What's the status of memory?
+
+So let's separate two things,
+because it's really important.
+
+Cases where women or men--
+more often women--
+
+remember being abused, sexually
+abused, remember it
+
+all the way through.
+
+That may not like to
+think about it.
+
+But they remember it all
+the way through.
+
+That's not what we're
+talking about.
+
+What we're talking about are the
+rare cases where a man or
+
+a woman says, I haven't
+thought about this.
+
+I feel like I've repressed
+this for 20,
+
+or 30, or 40 years.
+
+And now, more often than not
+because of working with maybe
+
+a psychologist or clinical
+psychologist to help me with
+
+problems I have, I recover
+my repressed memory.
+
+And it's a brutal thing.
+
+Because you can imagine on the
+one hand, you have a young
+
+woman accusing her father, or
+uncle, or the father we'll
+
+say, of doing something that we
+think is terrible, which is
+
+sexually abusing her, the
+biggest failure of trust you
+
+can have in a father,
+a huge violation.
+
+So he's horrible
+if she's right.
+
+But if her memory's inaccurate,
+what's more
+
+horrible than an innocent man
+being accused by his own
+
+daughter of sexually
+abusing her because
+
+her memory's incorrect.
+
+So what we'll show you
+two films briefly.
+
+So the father went to jail.
+
+The lawyers who were defending
+the father wanted to tell the
+
+jurors the following thing,
+which in every account you
+
+read is accurate.
+
+That everything that she
+described about the death of
+
+that girl, Susan Nason, every
+detail she described was in
+
+the newspaper accounts
+of the time.
+
+And that no detail that she
+provided was verifiable and
+
+different than newspapers had
+reported at the time.
+
+One of the things that people
+like to do, investigators, is
+
+have the person know something
+that wasn't publicly released.
+
+And everything that she spoke
+about in regards to the little
+
+girl's murder, Susan Nason's
+was publicly available
+
+information that had been on
+television or in newspapers.
+
+And the judge originally
+ruled that the jurors
+
+could not be told that.
+
+And then later on, they
+retried the father.
+
+And the jurors were told that.
+
+And the Father was
+let go from jail.
+
+So there was this huge
+pendulum swing.
+
+Because, originally, as these
+repressed memory cases were
+
+brought, people wondered, well,
+why would the woman lie
+
+about such a horrible thing?
+
+It's so horrible.
+
+Of course she must be
+telling the truth.
+
+And of course the father must
+be lying to protect himself.
+
+But now, especially in the
+context of repressed
+
+memories-- again, very different
+than continuing
+
+memories, the ones that are
+recovered after decades--
+
+there's a suspicion that some
+of them might be inaccurate.
+
+And some psychologists working
+with some patients might be
+
+having patients think about
+possible sources of their
+
+difficulty.
+
+And these memories get
+falsely constructed.
+
+And the hard part, and the part
+that you'll write your
+
+paper about, is knowing
+which is which.
+
+Because it's heartrending.
+
+It's heartrending to have
+a woman who was
+
+abused be not believed.
+
+It's heartrending for a father
+who was not an abuser to be
+
+accused of being an abuser.
+
+And it's incredibly hard to
+have direct evidence about
+
+who's telling the truth and
+who's not in these kinds of
+
+cases that are so far from when
+the crime occurred or
+
+might have occurred, and where
+there's such a long period of
+
+nondiscussion about it
+because it's been
+
+repressed for decades.
+
+So you'll look at that.
+
+It's a big task.
+
+It takes you into courts.
+
+It takes you into clinical
+complexities of people.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7rm5sVtj-hs.txt b/7rm5sVtj-hs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a553c70003febf313ce2303d01c0455ffd4e4be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7rm5sVtj-hs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2110 @@
+PROFESSOR: I think it's time
+that we got started.
+
+I haven't given a problem set
+out for a couple of days.
+
+So I have one that will cover
+some material that we'll go
+
+over with and develop today
+and some new material that
+
+we're not going to introduce
+for a while.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, this
+is Thursday.
+
+And this is for the
+near future.
+
+I've given you two--
+two a week before.
+
+So it's the adjective you're
+objecting to not the problem
+
+set, of course.
+
+Today we're going undertake
+another major step in our
+
+development of three dimensional
+crystallographic
+
+symmetries.
+
+We have just completed
+derivation of the
+
+crystallographic point groups,
+so these are the macroscopic
+
+symmetries that crystals
+can have.
+
+And then, by analogy, to what we
+did in two dimensions, the
+
+next step would be to take each
+of these point groups and
+
+hang it at a lattice point of
+some three dimensional lattice
+
+that can accommodate them.
+
+We have not as yet developed
+the three dimensional
+
+lattices, and that will be
+our agenda for today.
+
+Seems like we've already
+done that, haven't we?
+
+We showed that in two
+dimensions, a cell can be
+
+oblique, it can be rectangular,
+it can be
+
+centered rectangular,
+it can be square,
+
+or it can be hexagonal.
+
+So these are the different kinds
+of bases that one can
+
+have for the cell, right?
+
+So there should be the same
+number of space lattices.
+
+Actually it's more complicated
+than that.
+
+And let me remind you by another
+handout what the two
+
+dimensional space groups, the
+plane groups, look like
+
+assembled in all of their
+glory on one sheet.
+
+And there you see the different
+ways symmetry can be
+
+placed in these five different
+kinds of lattices--
+
+oblique, rectangular, centered
+
+rectangular, square, and hexagonal.
+
+Now a lattice in two dimensions,
+a potential base
+
+for a unit cell, can be
+rectangular if and only if
+
+there is symmetry
+within that net.
+
+That demands that it be
+exactly rectangular.
+
+In other words, if a lattice
+is to be rectangular in the
+
+base of the cell, it has to
+have in it one of the
+
+symmetries that correspond to
+those in the plane groups that
+
+give and require, indeed demand,
+a rectangular lattice.
+
+Similarly a lattice can be
+truly square, identically
+
+square, only if there's
+a fourfold axis in it.
+
+That demands that
+it be square.
+
+The same could be
+said for either
+
+threefold or sixfold symmetry.
+
+One of the groups,
+P3, [? P3, ?]
+
+mP3, 1m, P6, and P6mm, has to be
+in the base of the cell if
+
+that cell is to have
+the specialization.
+
+So let's give an example
+with a twofold axis.
+
+Let's suppose we have a base
+of the cell that has an
+
+unspecialized shape--
+
+two translations that are
+unequal in length and an angle
+
+between them which is a
+general obtuse angle.
+
+That's about as general
+as you can get.
+
+But suppose that this net has as
+well a two dimensional-- a
+
+twofold axis in it.
+
+And suppose we pick our third
+translation such that it picks
+
+up this net which is going to
+be the base of our three
+
+dimensional lattice and
+translates it over to this
+
+point in the base.
+
+Well that translation
+picks up everything.
+
+It picks up not only the two
+translations that we've been
+
+calling T1 and T2 to this point,
+but it also picks up
+
+all the twofold axes
+that are hanging on
+
+these lattice points.
+
+So if this is the terminus of
+T3 and projection, it will
+
+have picked up a twofold axis
+and plopped down a twofold
+
+axis here where no twofold
+axis exists.
+
+And we can take one of the
+theorems that we've seen,
+
+namely that the operation A pi,
+followed by translation,
+
+is equal to a new rotation
+operation through pi located
+
+halfway along the translation.
+
+And turn this around and ask
+what happens when we combine
+
+two rotations through
+180 degrees
+
+about different points.
+
+And let's just draw it out
+to see what happens.
+
+Let's say there's a
+twofold axis here.
+
+It takes motif number 1,
+moves it to number 2.
+
+And then here's a second twofold
+axis and this takes
+
+number 2, rotates it over
+here to number 3.
+
+I is number 1 related to 3?
+
+But in terms of this first
+theorem, not surprisingly, we
+
+have introduced a translation
+into the space which is equal
+
+to twice the spacing between the
+twofold axes, which I"ll
+
+label as delta.
+
+So in other words, if we put
+a twofold axis down in this
+
+place in addition to the ones
+that we already have, we have
+
+created, in the base of the
+cell, a new twofold axis in
+
+this location.
+
+That just mucks everything up
+because it's going to rotate
+
+the translations that we have,
+it's going to rotate the
+
+twofold axes that we have.
+
+And we will not any longer
+have a group.
+
+We will not have a
+set of operations
+
+that closes upon itself.
+
+So the conclusion then is that
+if we're going to safely pick
+
+a third translation, T3, and
+combine it with a net that has
+
+twofold axes in it, in order to
+get a group, we are going
+
+to have to ensure that the
+twofold axes line up in every
+
+net in the stack.
+
+And there could be several
+ways of doing that.
+
+We could pick T3 so that
+it goes straight up.
+
+And then the twofold axes are
+just all slit up parallel to
+
+themselves, and they remain
+in coincidence.
+
+Or we could pick T3 so that it
+terminates over the point
+
+that's halfway along T2.
+
+And then this twofold axis gets
+picked up and put down
+
+over one that's already there.
+
+This one gets picked up and
+put down over one that's
+
+already there and so on.
+
+So that's an OK choice.
+
+That's a safe choice as well.
+
+Similarly we could pick T3 such
+that, within the plane of
+
+the net, it had a component that
+was one half of T1, so
+
+that it picked up this net and
+slid it over to this location.
+
+So once again all the twofold
+axes lined up.
+
+Or, in the same fashion, let it
+terminate over the center
+
+of the cell.
+
+So those are the four ways we
+can combine an oblique net
+
+that contains a twofold axis in
+such a way that the lattice
+
+points in the existing twofold
+axes remain invariant and are
+
+not moved into locations that
+create new twofold axes.
+
+OK so let's back off a
+little bit and start
+
+with plane group P1--
+
+no symmetry at all.
+
+So this is T1 and T2.
+
+If there's no symmetry
+whatsoever in the base of the
+
+cell, we are free to pick the
+third translation in any
+
+orientation that we choose.
+
+So trying to sketch it
+in three dimensions.
+
+If this is T1, and this is T2,
+T3 can be in any orientation
+
+such that not only is this angle
+general, but this angle
+
+is general, and this angle
+general as well.
+
+And if I would try to carefully
+complete the
+
+parallelepiped so that its
+geometry looks reasonable.
+
+This is going to be the general
+oblique parallelepiped
+
+with three translations that are
+unequal in magnitude, and
+
+three angles between
+these translations.
+
+Let me write them as the angle
+between T1 and T2--
+
+not equal to the angle between
+T2 and T3 necessarily, not
+
+equal to the angle between
+T3 and T1.
+
+And all of these angles are
+completely general and can
+
+assume any values
+that they like.
+
+So this then is the lowest
+common denominator.
+
+This is a totally unspecialized
+space lattice.
+
+It has the shape of the general
+parallelepiped--
+
+no special relations between
+any of the translations
+
+whatsoever.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I say they're--
+
+Oh I'm sorry, magnitude
+are not equal.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+I meant to put not equal
+signs there.
+
+Yeah, they can have any
+length they wish.
+
+They're not equivalent.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK let's go back then to the
+case of an oblique net to
+
+which we've decided to
+add a twofold axis.
+
+And that gives twofold axes in
+the locations that we've
+
+become familiar with
+in the plane group.
+
+And if I pick the translation
+so that it goes directly
+
+normal to the base of the cell,
+I'm going to have a new
+
+kind of lattice.
+
+The lattice is going to have two
+angles between axes that
+
+are exactly 90 degrees, not
+approximately so, but exactly
+
+so, because only if that
+translation, T3, is exactly
+
+normal to the base of the cell
+will the twofold axes in all
+
+of these nets lineup exactly.
+
+So here we have a degree
+of specialization.
+
+The translations remain
+unequal in magnitude.
+
+They can be any length they wish
+and not change things,
+
+but two of the angles--
+
+axial angles, T1 to T2, is
+identically 90 degrees.
+
+The angle between T2 and T3
+is identically 90 degrees.
+
+And the third angle,
+the angle--
+
+I'm sorry, T1 and T2 is
+my general angle.
+
+So this can be anything.
+
+So that can be any
+general angle.
+
+T2 and T3 and T1 and T3, want
+to be exactly 90 degrees.
+
+So we're getting space lattices
+that have a degree of
+
+precise specialization.
+
+And the reason is that the
+geometry of the base of the
+
+cell is inseparable from
+symmetry in the base of the
+
+cell that demands the degree of
+specialization that makes
+
+the space lattice unique.
+
+So let us look at a couple of
+the other choices for the
+
+third translation that will
+leave the twofold axes in
+
+coincidence.
+
+Another choice would be to pick
+the third translation
+
+such that it terminated
+exactly over
+
+the midpoint of T2.
+
+So here's T1.
+
+Here's T2.
+
+Now what I'm going to do is
+something I have not done to
+
+this point.
+
+Having this translation T3
+terminate exactly over the
+
+midpoint of a translation
+[INAUDIBLE] was clearly a
+
+specialization.
+
+If I were to go up two
+translations, T3, I would be
+
+directly over the end of T2,
+and that is a much more
+
+convenient way of demonstrating
+
+that special feature.
+
+So let me pick a new T3 prime.
+
+It goes up exactly normal to the
+base of the cell, and in
+
+so doing, I will have defined a
+cell which is a double cell.
+
+And the catch is an extra
+lattice point in the middle of
+
+one of the pair of faces.
+
+So I'll refer to this general
+sort of situation--
+
+this is a double cell.
+
+And I'll call this, in words,
+a side-centered cell.
+
+And it has, with this
+redefinition of translations,
+
+exactly the same degree of
+specialization as before--
+
+magnitude of T1 not equal to the
+magnitude of T2, not equal
+
+to the magnitude of T3.
+
+And it has the same
+specialization of the angles.
+
+The angle between T1 and T3
+is exactly 90 degrees.
+
+The angle between T2 and T3
+is exactly 90 degrees.
+
+And the angle between T1
+and T2 is general.
+
+General, but by convention we
+will assume the obtuse angle
+
+rather than the acute angle.
+
+OK so by picking this double
+cell, we've defined a cell
+
+that has a twofold redundancy.
+
+But in doing so, we have
+gained the advantage of
+
+showing that this specialized
+geometry is exactly the same
+
+as this one--
+
+in the same sense that in two
+dimensions, the primitive
+
+rectangular cell and the
+centered rectangular cell were
+
+both cousins.
+
+They were both had orthogonal
+translations.
+
+But the other thing that we gain
+is that even though we
+
+can't have an orthogonal
+coordinate system, if we use
+
+the three translations as the
+basis of a coordinate system,
+
+at least we have two
+90 degree angles on
+
+our coordinate system.
+
+And operationally,
+that is going to
+
+be an enormous advantage.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+AUDIENCE: So is T3 [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: T3 was selected so
+that we picked it as 2 T2.
+
+I'm sorry, 2 T3 minus T2.
+
+That was my new T3 prime.
+
+I went up two translations in T2
+and then back T2, and that
+
+put me directly over the lattice
+point from which my
+
+translations emanate.
+
+AUDIENCE: So your T3 is
+actually [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It goes to the next
+level up in the stack of nets.
+
+If I would draw this in
+projection, which is not
+
+nearly as clear in some
+respects, this would be the
+
+base of the cell.
+
+Let me use x's for the
+next level up.
+
+So here's the net offset
+by half of T2.
+
+And then if I go up two of these
+T3's and then back by
+
+T2, my next layer up is directly
+over the first one--
+
+the third layer up is directly
+over the first.
+
+AUDIENCE: Shouldn't it
+be T3 prime then?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes if I were to be
+consistent, I should call this
+
+T3 prime, which I did here.
+
+But now I should call
+that T3 as well.
+
+I got a little bit careless
+because we're going to forget
+
+that we ever had this T3-- to
+find this selected as a
+
+stacking vector.
+
+OK well in P2 there
+are four different
+
+kinds of twofold axes.
+
+So we could have the third
+translation terminate over
+
+either of the remaining pair
+of twofold axes as well.
+
+I think that it's apparent
+that if I pick T3, the
+
+original T3, as one half of T1,
+so that the next layer up
+
+terminates in lattice points
+in this orientation.
+
+And then I pick a T3 prime,
+which is equal to 2 T1 minus--
+
+2 T3 minus T1, I will
+have gotten again a
+
+side-centered lattice.
+
+The only difference is that it's
+going to be a different
+
+pair of faces.
+
+It's going to be the O1Oa faces
+that have the extra
+
+lattice point.
+
+So that is not fundamentally a
+different sort of lattice.
+
+It is also side-centered.
+
+And differs from our second
+result only in whether it is
+
+the side face with the shortest
+translation or the
+
+longest translations of the
+base that bears the extra
+
+lattice point.
+
+One final choice though does
+result in a new lattice with
+
+special features.
+
+And this would be one where I
+pick the third translation
+
+such that it terminates over the
+center of the net below.
+
+So let's let this be T1, this be
+T2, and pick T3 so that it
+
+moves the origin lattice point
+directly over the center of
+
+the parallelogram face below.
+
+And then if I go up two
+translations, T3, and then
+
+subtract off T1, and subtract
+off T2, I will again have a T3
+
+prime, which is exactly normal
+to the base of the cell.
+
+OK this is a type of
+lattice that you've
+
+come to know and love.
+
+In the cubic system, this
+is referred to as a
+
+body-centered lattice.
+
+AUDIENCE: So then, T3
+is just [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: T3, the original
+choice, would pick this
+
+original net up and move it so
+that that net was moved--
+
+such that it's corner was
+over the center of
+
+the original net.
+
+So if we go up two translations,
+we have lattice
+
+point over lattice point, and we
+redefine T3 by going back 1
+
+T1 and minus 1 T2.
+
+And that makes it exactly
+normal to the base.
+
+AUDIENCE: Not on the sides?
+
+PROFESSOR: Nothing
+on the sides .
+
+Now in fact, if we try to do
+that, we would have something
+
+that's not a lattice.
+
+If we tried to have some
+additional lattice points in
+
+the center and the edges of
+this upper level, we would
+
+have destroyed the original
+T1 and T2 in
+
+the base of the cell.
+
+Let me do one or two more and
+then I think the way in which
+
+one proceeds should
+be quite clear.
+
+If you take this list of all
+of the plane groups, if we
+
+would like to have a three
+dimensional cell that has a
+
+rectangular base, the base can
+be rectangular only if there
+
+is a mirror plane in that net
+or a twofold axis with the
+
+mirror plane.
+
+The two situations
+are different.
+
+So let's examine first the case
+of a rectangular net that
+
+has either a mirror plane
+or a glide plane in it.
+
+And they're both going to have
+the same sort of constraint.
+
+If I have a mirror plane, that--
+let me use a slightly
+
+wiggly line so the mirror line
+is not confused with the edges
+
+of the cell.
+
+So here are two translations,
+T1 and T2.
+
+And if I pick a T3 that moves
+this rectangular net up and
+
+over itself, we have to do so in
+such a way that the mirror
+
+planes coincide.
+
+Because if I have a mirror plane
+in space that passes in
+
+proximity to a lattice point,
+I can turn my theorem around
+
+and say that a translation,
+T1, combined with a mirror
+
+plane that is a reflection
+operation that's removed from
+
+the lattice point, I would
+have to introduce a new
+
+translation to delta which
+is going to be
+
+incommensurate with T1.
+
+So I have to pick my
+third translation
+
+in one of two ways.
+
+Let me indicate that by
+drawing a circle.
+
+T3 can terminate anywhere
+over this mirror plane.
+
+I could pick this net up, slide
+it parallel to T2, and
+
+as long as I put it down so that
+this is the lattice point
+
+in the next layer up, that will
+be a legitimate placement
+
+of the net.
+
+Because all the mirror planes
+are simply slid into
+
+coincidence with one another.
+
+So if I sketch that thing
+in three dimensions--
+
+this is the base of the
+cell and it has
+
+a rectangular shape.
+
+And the third translation
+goes up at an angle.
+
+That's going to be
+exactly something
+
+that I've made before.
+
+And the only difference is that
+the oblique angle is now
+
+on the vertical plane but
+that's a right angle.
+
+And this stays a right angle.
+
+So that's exactly a lattice of
+the shape that we had last
+
+time with twofold axes, except
+this cell is sitting on one of
+
+its rectangular sides
+rather than sitting
+
+on its oblique base.
+
+So that is something
+that's not new.
+
+And if I would pick the
+translations so that T3 had a
+
+component that was one half of
+T1, plus some amount z that is
+
+perpendicular to the base, I can
+redefine that in terms of
+
+a cell that has one pair of
+faces inclined to one another.
+
+And the difference is going to
+be that the lattice point
+
+would be caught in the
+center of the cell.
+
+This would be my original
+translation T3 and I'll
+
+redefine that as a T3 prime.
+
+And that gives me two right
+angles and one general angle.
+
+So those are exactly the same
+lattices that I obtained from
+
+stacking a net with a
+twofold axis in it.
+
+Let me introduce now
+another piece of
+
+jargon as we go along.
+
+The relative angles between the
+translations are going to
+
+determine the shape of the
+coordinate system that we pick
+
+along those translations to
+specify the geometry of
+
+features within the lattice.
+
+So we've had a first case, and
+this was just a general
+
+oblique net.
+
+So we had a T1 not equal to a
+T2, not equal to T3, and all
+
+three angles were general.
+
+All three pair of axes
+are inclined.
+
+And this coordinate system, if
+we want to refer to it in
+
+terms of words, is called
+a triclinic.
+
+This is the triclinic system.
+
+And the triclinic system is
+short for coordinate system.
+
+So this is as general
+as things get.
+
+And if this is the shape of the
+
+lattice there is no symmetry.
+
+Which is the same as saying that
+the point group, the only
+
+point group that can fit
+into such a lattice,
+
+is point group 1.
+
+And then we hit another
+sort of geometry.
+
+And that is where the
+three translations
+
+had a general angle--
+
+a third translation that was
+exactly normal to the plane of
+
+the first two.
+
+And one pair of axes
+is inclined.
+
+And you can see that this
+notation is a little strange,
+
+perhaps, but consistent.
+
+And it says something about the
+nature of the arrangement
+
+of cell edges.
+
+So one pair of axes
+inclined is called
+
+the monoclinic system.
+
+And this can contain lattices
+that are either primitive,
+
+side-centered--
+
+with either the longest or
+shortest translation in the
+
+parallelogram that's
+coming out of
+
+the face that's centered.
+
+Or we saw there was one
+final possibility.
+
+And that was body-centered.
+
+So we'll refer to these lattices
+subsequently as
+
+monoclinic primitive, monoclinic
+side-centered, or
+
+monoclinic body-centered.
+
+These lattices were compatible
+with point group 2
+
+or point group m.
+
+We obtained a lattice of the
+same shape with point group m
+
+or with point group 2.
+
+If it works for 2 and it
+works for m, why not
+
+both at the same time.
+
+It would also work
+for 2 over m--
+
+twofold axis perpendicular
+to a mirror plane.
+
+Any question at this point?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Also 2m, right?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+Yeah
+
+PROFESSOR: No,because as soon
+as you got a mirror plane,
+
+then you have to have
+a rectangular net.
+
+So it's going to be--
+it's going to
+
+fall into this family.
+
+You're right, a mirror
+plane by itself and
+
+we've got that here.
+
+That's where the mirror
+plane falls in
+
+the side of the thing.
+
+You're right.
+
+But if it has a rectangular
+shape, then we have to have
+
+either orthogonal mirror planes
+and a twofold axis.
+
+The base, if the base-- yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+Part of the amusing part of
+this game is that you can,
+
+upon appropriate redefinition of
+cells, come up with a given
+
+coordinate system that defines
+more than one lattice.
+
+And I'll give you--
+
+because you get a little
+space doing this--
+
+I'll give you a two dimensional
+example.
+
+Here is one cell.
+
+This is T1, this is T2.
+
+This is a primitive cell.
+
+Nobody should bother
+to write this down.
+
+Here's a T1, here's a T2.
+
+So anybody know what that is?
+
+This is a primitive cell.
+
+This is a jail cell.
+
+Couple sniggers, thank you.
+
+Still another one--
+
+this is T1, this is T2.
+
+Anybody guess what that is?
+
+That's a soft sell.
+
+I got a million of them.
+
+Know what that is?
+
+It's an underground cell.
+
+Here's one that's
+kind of dated--
+
+I don't think anybody
+will get this one.
+
+Does anybody know
+what that is?
+
+That was a misadventure of the
+Ford Motor Company that was
+
+named the Ed cell.
+
+Well, I'll give you
+equal time.
+
+Anybody who, after intermission,
+wants to respond
+
+in kind, I'll let you have
+an opportunity to do so.
+
+But obviously these are not
+standard crystallographic
+
+cells, but they make
+for a smile in an
+
+otherwise dreary business.
+
+I don't know how to
+proceed from here.
+
+I have a set of notes for you
+which carries all this out in
+
+incredible thoroughness.
+
+So let me pass this around.
+
+Let you take a copy of this
+and we won't go over every
+
+single thing, but I think just
+to outline quickly the sort of
+
+choices that we have.
+
+We haven't yet finished with the
+rectangular cell, but if
+
+it's got something
+like 2mm in it.
+
+with twofold axes here
+and mirror planes
+
+running this way--
+
+P2mm in the base, P2gm, P2gg,
+can be stacked only in such a
+
+fashion that T3 brings twofold
+axes and mirror planes into
+
+coincidence with one another.
+
+So T3 could be 0T1 plus 0T2 plus
+some amount z which is
+
+straight up.
+
+Or it could be equal to one
+half of T1, 0T2, plus z.
+
+That would be making the origin
+twofold axis fall over
+
+this location.
+
+Or T3 could be equal to 0 plus
+one half of T2 plus z.
+
+And they're both going to, upon
+redefinition, give the
+
+same result.
+
+Or T2 could be equal to one half
+of T1 plus one half of T2
+
+plus z straight up.
+
+And upon redefinition, the
+first one that would be a
+
+brick-shaped unit cell.
+
+That's going to be
+a primitive cell.
+
+Picking T3 with a component of
+either one half of T1 or one
+
+half of T2 is going to be
+something that gives us a
+
+cell, which can again
+be redefined.
+
+This was the original T3 in
+terms of a T3 prime, which is
+
+equal to 2T1 or 2T2
+minus [? 2T3 ?]
+
+minus T1 or T2.
+
+This is going to be
+side-centered.
+
+And the final choice where it is
+a T3 that's one half of T1
+
+plus one half of T2 can once
+again be defined in terms of--
+
+redefined in terms of a
+body-centered lattice.
+
+OK this is a coordinate system
+where all interaxial angles
+
+are 90 degrees.
+
+The translations, however, have
+arbitrary magnitude with
+
+respect to one another.
+
+All of these cells could be
+described as rhombuses.
+
+In this case all angles in the
+rhombus are 90 degrees, so
+
+this is called the orthorhombic
+system--
+
+orthorhombic coordinate
+system.
+
+All the angles between the
+axes are 90 degrees.
+
+So we can get that out of any
+one of the rectangular groups
+
+that has twofold axes and
+symmetry planes in it.
+
+And conversely, take one of
+these lattices and let the
+
+symmetry elements that we
+found in the plane group
+
+extend through them and
+you've got a three
+
+dimensional space group.
+
+So without emphasizing the fact
+is we go along, we're
+
+picking up a healthy number of
+three dimensional space groups
+
+as we go along.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: This is primitive.
+
+It's also orthorhombic --
+
+same dimensionality, three
+translations, and they're all
+
+mutually orthogonal.
+
+That's true of these other cells
+except they're double
+
+cells in the case of the
+side-centered and double as
+
+well for the case of
+the body-centered.
+
+It's time we introduced some
+other conventions for notation
+
+in describing lattices.
+
+We've been using T1, T2, and
+T3 to designate the three
+
+translations that are used
+to define the cell.
+
+One has to have some sort of
+rules for picking a standard
+
+unit cell so that two people
+can do an x-ray diffraction
+
+experiment, let's say, on a
+particular material and end up
+
+defining the lattice in
+exactly the same way.
+
+So let me now list, so that we
+can use these labels as we go
+
+along further, conventions
+for selecting cell edges.
+
+OK one convention is that one
+should select the shortest
+
+translations in the lattice.
+
+And these shortest translations,
+if there's no
+
+symmetry, will be
+[? dignified ?]
+
+by calling them a, b and, c--
+
+standing for the x, y,
+and z directions.
+
+One picks always, if there's
+nothing special about the
+
+translations in the triclinic
+system, the magnitude of b
+
+greater than a.
+
+And in a rational world--
+
+every so often you come to a
+point like this and it feels
+
+almost the silliest talking
+about underground cells and
+
+jail cells--
+
+in a logical, rational
+thinking world,
+
+you would do this.
+
+This is not what one does--
+
+for reasons that have
+to do with the
+
+perverse nature of crystals.
+
+Take b greater than a, one does
+that always, but you pick
+
+c as the shortest translation.
+
+Why?
+
+It has something to do with the
+
+peculiar behavior of crystals.
+
+If you were working with a
+crystal that had the shape of
+
+a needle, in other words,
+greatly elongated in one
+
+direction so that the crystal
+looks something like this.
+
+How would you draw a
+picture of that?
+
+Would you put it straight up
+and down like this or would
+
+you put it on its side.
+
+Takes up a lot of
+room this way.
+
+You'd almost certainly
+instinctively put it this way.
+
+Now if you didn't know
+anything about the
+
+translations down inside the
+innards of that crystal-- and
+
+this was the position that the
+people who did crystallography
+
+solely on the basis of crystal
+shape and morphology--
+
+and had no idea if there was
+even a lattice inside of the
+
+crystal that caused this
+regular shape.
+
+When you draw a coordinate
+system x, y, z,
+
+z always goes up.
+
+Who draws a Cartesian coordinate
+system with z going
+
+this way, x going this way,
+and y going this way?
+
+It's obscene.
+
+We always put z going straight
+up and down.
+
+You do the same if you don't
+know what the lattice
+
+translations are with
+the labels on
+
+the axes of the crystal.
+
+So this is a, this is
+b, and this is c.
+
+And there were tons of pages
+published with drawings of
+
+crystal morphology on them.
+
+And then along came x-rays.
+
+And when they begin to determine
+lattice constants of
+
+a the material that looked like
+this, almost invariably
+
+they found the translations
+inside of a needle-like
+
+crystal corresponded to
+a unit cell in the
+
+shape of the pancake.
+
+Crystals, when they have a
+very, very short lattice
+
+vector, almost always grow most
+
+rapidly in that direction.
+
+So this is a terrible pickle.
+
+Here are reams of books that
+published descriptions of
+
+crystals that had
+a needle-like--
+
+an acicular shape, if you want
+to use a fancy term, which had
+
+c as a direction which
+corresponded to the shortest
+
+translation in the crystal.
+
+So what do you do?
+
+You don't want to have to redraw
+all these figures and
+
+redefine all these directions
+in the crystal.
+
+So what you do is cop out.
+
+And you make c the shortest
+direction in the crystal.
+
+You think this field is rigorous
+but people wimp out
+
+and they do something that's
+contrary to the
+
+logical thing to do.
+
+Interesting question is why
+crystals should grow most
+
+rapidly in the direction of the
+shortest lattice vector.
+
+And I think I know the
+answer to that--
+
+I've never seen anybody express
+it in the writing.
+
+The clue comes from some early
+work that looked at the growth
+
+of the crystal from solution.
+
+And this was done first with--
+
+I think it was some
+sort of iodide.
+
+I can look it up-- something
+like cadmium iodide.
+
+And this material in solution
+grew very, very slowly in the
+
+form of hexagonal plates.
+
+And continued to grow most
+rapidly in this direction.
+
+This was the direction of the
+shortest lattice translation.
+
+Then all a sudden something
+happened.
+
+And suddenly the rate of growth
+and the nature of the
+
+morphology changed.
+
+The crystal took off like a bat
+in these directions and
+
+finally ended up in a
+needle-like fashion like this.
+
+This was an observation that led
+to the dislocation theory
+
+of crystal growth.
+
+The interpretation was that in
+the early stages of growth,
+
+the crystal is growing by
+accretion of atoms on to these
+
+planar surfaces.
+
+And the probability of an atom
+sticking is less high when the
+
+atom is on the flat surface than
+when an atom is on the
+
+surface that might have a little
+crevice in it so it can
+
+bind to two planes at once.
+
+So the original postulate--
+
+and now we all take
+this for granted--
+
+is that if there was a flaw
+such that the crystal
+
+developed a dislocation on this
+surface, and an exposed
+
+ledge, atoms would accrete and
+stick more tenaciously to this
+
+exposed ledge of the
+dislocation.
+
+And this is the so-called
+dislocation--
+
+screw dislocation mechanism--
+
+for crystal growth.
+
+And after the crystal has grown
+for a while, you can see
+
+spiral steps on the surface of
+the crystal that correspond to
+
+this dislocation
+winding around.
+
+OK so why should crystals grow
+most rapidly along the
+
+direction of the shortest
+translation?
+
+It's going to be a lot easier to
+create a screw dislocation
+
+with a Burgers vector for a
+translation that is short,
+
+rather than the translation
+that's 10 or 20 angstroms that
+
+the Burgers vector would
+have to involve--
+
+many, many layers of atoms.
+
+If the translation is very
+small, just two or three
+
+atoms, it doesn't cost you
+much work to make a screw
+
+dislocation.
+
+So I think that is the reason
+why crystals with very short
+
+lattice translations grow most
+rapidly in that direction,
+
+because it's easier to make the
+screw dislocation with a
+
+Burgers vector that's parallel
+to that translation.
+
+So here's the first flagrant
+bit of logic that
+
+flies in our face.
+
+Let me give a few more
+definitions and then we'll
+
+return to this.
+
+If we have a crystal in which
+two translations are
+
+equivalent by symmetry--
+
+and we would have such a
+situation if we picked a
+
+translation that was
+perpendicular to a square net.
+
+And would we call the base of
+the cell something defined by
+
+translations a and b?
+
+If this is a fourfold axis, what
+goes on in this direction
+
+is identical to what goes on in
+this direction by symmetry.
+
+And if these two directions are
+identical, why call one of
+
+them a and one of them b?
+
+So if two directions are
+equivalent, and this is true
+
+of the square net, what you
+do is call one a1 and
+
+you call one a2--
+
+because they're the
+same thing.
+
+So let's call them both a.
+
+And the third direction
+then is c.
+
+And in such a situation here,
+c is always defined as the
+
+unique direction.
+
+What do I mean by a
+unique direction?
+
+This is the direction of high
+symmetry in crystals that are
+
+based on square bases
+and hexagonal bases.
+
+Yes sir?
+
+AUDIENCE: You pretty much
+contradict yourself if c is
+
+the longest [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Not always,
+not always.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, I mean
+in that picture.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well I drew
+it that way.
+
+You know why?
+
+Because if I draw it like
+this, the top of my cell
+
+doesn't get in the way of
+the bottom of my cell.
+
+And if I want to draw a small c
+translation, then I get into
+
+geometrical complications that
+doesn't look nearly as nice.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, then I'm just
+saying two [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no, no.
+
+It's different for different
+systems.
+
+This is what is true for
+a triclinic system.
+
+And in the case of a
+brick-shaped unit cell--
+
+orthorhombic.
+
+So this is done for triclinic.
+
+It's also done for
+orthorhombic.
+
+Not for monoclinic.
+
+For monoclinic, there is a
+special direction because
+
+there is a direction of a
+twofold axis or maybe a
+
+twofold axis perpendicular
+to a mirror plane.
+
+In that case, if we were
+rational, we'd call that 1c.
+
+OK
+
+I'll close with an
+opinion poll.
+
+I will invariably, and I'm sure
+most people do, draw a
+
+crystal with a square base, with
+the c axis the longest.
+
+And if we have someone drawing
+a sketch of a cell in which
+
+the base of the cell is a
+hexagonal net, we'd again call
+
+one a1, one a2.
+
+And perpendicular to that would
+be the same direction.
+
+Say look, there I
+did it again.
+
+I made c longer than
+a1 and a2.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's look at hexagonal
+crystals.
+
+Let me ask for a poll.
+
+What percent of all crystals
+with threefold and sixfold
+
+axes do in fact have the length
+of c greater than the
+
+length of a?
+
+50/50?
+
+How many would say equally
+probable to have it the
+
+longest or the shortest?
+
+No opinion.
+
+Let me tell you the
+astounding fact.
+
+Seventy percent of all hexagonal
+crystals have c
+
+greater than a.
+
+Astounding.
+
+Let's look at the next--
+
+haven't really defined these
+terms-- tetragonal crystals.
+
+These are crystals that have
+a fourfold axis in them.
+
+What percentage have
+c greater than a?
+
+This is almost a first cousin
+of the cubic crystal or all
+
+three translations are equal.
+
+How many would say more have c
+greater than a, fewer have c
+
+greater than a?
+
+One vote.
+
+More?
+
+That's a good answer, but it's
+only about 60 some percent.
+
+So let's go down to orthorhombic
+crystals.
+
+And orthorhombic crystals
+are the ones that have a
+
+brick-shaped unit cell.
+
+How many have c greater
+than a?
+
+It's declining.
+
+So if you extrapolate 50/50?
+
+AUDIENCE: Zero?
+
+PROFESSOR: Who said that?
+
+Are you a wise guy?
+
+You weren't supposed to
+give the right answer.
+
+It's 0 percent.
+
+It's 0 percent because there's
+nothing that makes one
+
+direction more special
+than any other.
+
+So you decide on the labelling
+of axes on the basis of their
+
+relative lengths.
+
+And you, by definition, make
+c the smallest axis.
+
+Congratulations.
+
+To the rest of you, gotcha.
+
+So that's a good note
+on which to quit.
+
+And a few remaining mysteries
+of coordinate systems and
+
+lattices will be expounded
+in the
+
+second half of our lecture.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8djXBVSrDRw.txt b/8djXBVSrDRw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84cc837cadba0b171a62e5b9c82a92a39c7205e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8djXBVSrDRw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volumetric Tech techniques measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumetric Tech techniques measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumetric Tech techniques measuring
+essentially have you ever added too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have you ever added too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have you ever added too much
+pepper to a recipe I know it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepper to a recipe I know it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepper to a recipe I know it's not so
+great afterwards but it's an innocent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great afterwards but it's an innocent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great afterwards but it's an innocent
+mistake but in the lab you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake but in the lab you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake but in the lab you have to be
+sure to have precise measurements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to have precise measurements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to have precise measurements so
+we're going to learn how to get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn how to get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn how to get those
+now we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll be
+using the volumetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the volumetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the volumetric
+pipet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet the
+buet the volumetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet the volumetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet the volumetric
+flask and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask and the
+syringe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syringe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syringe
+now for some basic rules first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for some basic rules first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for some basic rules first and
+foremost keep all glasswar clean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foremost keep all glasswar clean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foremost keep all glasswar clean you
+want to be able to clearly read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to clearly read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to clearly read the
+markings on all your equipment therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings on all your equipment therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings on all your equipment therefore
+keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it
+clean also you always need to read at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean also you always need to read at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean also you always need to read at
+the bottom of the meniscus the meniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the meniscus the meniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the meniscus the meniscus
+is the curved interface between the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the curved interface between the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the curved interface between the air
+and the liquid you need to read at eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the liquid you need to read at eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the liquid you need to read at eye
+level and at the bottom of the meniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and at the bottom of the meniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and at the bottom of the meniscus
+in order to get a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get a correct
+reading now now for the basics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading now now for the basics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading now now for the basics of
+washing your equipment first use soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing your equipment first use soap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing your equipment first use soap
+solution to clean it then rinse with tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to clean it then rinse with tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to clean it then rinse with tap
+water then rinse with distilled water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water then rinse with distilled water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water then rinse with distilled water
+rinsing thoroughly each time finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinsing thoroughly each time finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinsing thoroughly each time finally
+rinse with solvent if appropriate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse with solvent if appropriate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse with solvent if appropriate and
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+dry now let's cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry now let's cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry now let's cover the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+equipment pipets are used to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment pipets are used to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment pipets are used to measure
+small quantities of volume usually up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small quantities of volume usually up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small quantities of volume usually up to
+10 milliliters they work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 milliliters they work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 milliliters they work on the
+principle of creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of creating a
+vacuum notice the pipet gradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum notice the pipet gradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum notice the pipet gradation
+marks now let's learn all about the bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks now let's learn all about the bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks now let's learn all about the bulb
+here is the bulb of a volumetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the bulb of a volumetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the bulb of a volumetric
+pipet squeeze a and then squeeze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet squeeze a and then squeeze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet squeeze a and then squeeze this
+section of the bulb and you'll create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the bulb and you'll create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the bulb and you'll create a
+vacuum if you want to suction up Liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum if you want to suction up Liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum if you want to suction up Liquid
+squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze
+s if you want to expel liquid squeeze e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if you want to expel liquid squeeze e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if you want to expel liquid squeeze e
+here's a demonstration of creating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a demonstration of creating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a demonstration of creating and
+then releasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum caution never use your mouth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum caution never use your mouth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum caution never use your mouth to
+suction up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suction up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suction up
+liquids now for some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pipetting first you need to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipetting first you need to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipetting first you need to create a
+vacuum squeeze a and push in the bulb to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum squeeze a and push in the bulb to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum squeeze a and push in the bulb to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+this to draw up liquid squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to draw up liquid squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to draw up liquid squeeze
+s there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes and to expel your liquid you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and to expel your liquid you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and to expel your liquid you then
+want to squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to squeeze
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+down it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it
+goes when you're all done squeeze a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes when you're all done squeeze a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes when you're all done squeeze a
+again to release the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum now for filling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum now for filling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum now for filling a
+pipet first create a vacuum then draw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet first create a vacuum then draw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet first create a vacuum then draw up
+past the zero mark this is to coat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the zero mark this is to coat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the zero mark this is to coat the
+interior walls then expel all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior walls then expel all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior walls then expel all your
+liquid draw up past the zero Mark once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid draw up past the zero Mark once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid draw up past the zero Mark once
+again but this time slowly release to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but this time slowly release to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but this time slowly release to
+the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero
+Mark or you may choose to slowly draw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark or you may choose to slowly draw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark or you may choose to slowly draw up
+to the zero Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead caution never allow any liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead caution never allow any liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead caution never allow any liquid
+to enter the bulb finally cleaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the bulb finally cleaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the bulb finally cleaning the
+pipet you want to rinse with soap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet you want to rinse with soap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet you want to rinse with soap and
+water and solvent as usual but remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and solvent as usual but remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and solvent as usual but remember
+don't get anything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get anything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get anything in the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+bulb volumetric flasks are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb volumetric flasks are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb volumetric flasks are used to
+dilute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute
+Solutions what would we need for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions what would we need for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions what would we need for this
+process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the
+flask powder or concentrated solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask powder or concentrated solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask powder or concentrated solution
+instead a funnel and stirring rod for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead a funnel and stirring rod for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead a funnel and stirring rod for
+guiding in the solution solvent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding in the solution solvent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guiding in the solution solvent for
+rinsing solvent for pouring in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinsing solvent for pouring in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinsing solvent for pouring in and
+diluting and finally a pipet to add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluting and finally a pipet to add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluting and finally a pipet to add the
+last drops up to the gradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last drops up to the gradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last drops up to the gradation
+Mark if you're going to make a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark if you're going to make a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark if you're going to make a solution
+from Powder uncap the flask and add your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Powder uncap the flask and add your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Powder uncap the flask and add your
+weighed powder into the flask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carefully alternatively you may choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully alternatively you may choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully alternatively you may choose
+to use concentrated solution instead use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use concentrated solution instead use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use concentrated solution instead use
+a funnel and possibly a stirring Rod to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a funnel and possibly a stirring Rod to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a funnel and possibly a stirring Rod to
+guide the solution into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flask now it's very important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask now it's very important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask now it's very important that you
+rinse with the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse with the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse with the appropriate
+solvent in our case we're diluting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent in our case we're diluting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent in our case we're diluting with
+water but you may be using something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but you may be using something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but you may be using something
+else be sure to rinse the beaker the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else be sure to rinse the beaker the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else be sure to rinse the beaker the
+stiring rod and the funnel three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiring rod and the funnel three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiring rod and the funnel three times
+each add these Washings directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flask now for adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solvent take your solvent and fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent take your solvent and fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent take your solvent and fill the
+flask half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+full swirl or invert to facilitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full swirl or invert to facilitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full swirl or invert to facilitate
+dissolution then add more solvent But be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolution then add more solvent But be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolution then add more solvent But be
+sure not to fill to the gradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark
+notice here how we didn't fill it up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here how we didn't fill it up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here how we didn't fill it up to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mark let the flask sit to allow drainage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark let the flask sit to allow drainage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark let the flask sit to allow drainage
+from the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls
+important make sure your solute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important make sure your solute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important make sure your solute is
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+dissolved here is some undissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved here is some undissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved here is some undissolved
+solute make sure you swirl and invert to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute make sure you swirl and invert to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute make sure you swirl and invert to
+dissolve this before you continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve this before you continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve this before you continue with
+your dilution after you know all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dilution after you know all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dilution after you know all is
+dissolved and you've allowed one minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved and you've allowed one minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved and you've allowed one minute
+for drainage use a pipet to add the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drainage use a pipet to add the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drainage use a pipet to add the last
+few drops of solvent up to the gradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mark and finally be sure to swirl or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark and finally be sure to swirl or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark and finally be sure to swirl or
+invert you'll notice that the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert you'll notice that the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert you'll notice that the bottom of
+the meniscus lines up with the gradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meniscus lines up with the gradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meniscus lines up with the gradation
+mark now for storage use a clean dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark now for storage use a clean dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark now for storage use a clean dry
+storage bottle you may choose to rinse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage bottle you may choose to rinse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage bottle you may choose to rinse
+it with a small amount from the flask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a small amount from the flask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a small amount from the flask
+swirl and invert the flask to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirl and invert the flask to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirl and invert the flask to make sure
+it's all dissolved then pour it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all dissolved then pour it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all dissolved then pour it into the
+storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottle be sure to cap firmly before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle be sure to cap firmly before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle be sure to cap firmly before
+setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+aside finally cleaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flask wash with soap and water as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask wash with soap and water as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask wash with soap and water as usual
+and if desired clamp upside down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if desired clamp upside down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if desired clamp upside down to
+facilitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drying burettes are used to measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying burettes are used to measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying burettes are used to measure and
+precise L dispense small quantities as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise L dispense small quantities as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise L dispense small quantities as
+seen here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+titrations let's address the proper hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations let's address the proper hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations let's address the proper hand
+position wrap your hand around the buet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position wrap your hand around the buet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position wrap your hand around the buet
+as shown gently pushing forward the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown gently pushing forward the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown gently pushing forward the top
+portion with your forefinger allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion with your forefinger allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion with your forefinger allows
+titrant to flow gently pushing forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant to flow gently pushing forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant to flow gently pushing forward
+the bottom portion with your middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom portion with your middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom portion with your middle
+finger ceases the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger ceases the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger ceases the flow of
+titrant now for filling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet
+here is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your
+titrant take your buet and add a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant take your buet and add a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant take your buet and add a few
+milliliters of titrant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it then tilt and rotate your buet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then tilt and rotate your buet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then tilt and rotate your buet to
+coat the interior walls with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat the interior walls with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat the interior walls with
+titrant allow all the titrant to drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out then fill your buet to above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then fill your buet to above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then fill your buet to above the
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mark but wait we need to get rid of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bubbles so what's wrong with this buet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles so what's wrong with this buet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles so what's wrong with this buet
+well you guessed it there are air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you guessed it there are air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you guessed it there are air
+bubbles in the tip this could be a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles in the tip this could be a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles in the tip this could be a major
+problem to get rid of air bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to get rid of air bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to get rid of air bubbles
+quickly rotate the valve back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly rotate the valve back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly rotate the valve back and forth
+allowing small amounts of liquid to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing small amounts of liquid to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing small amounts of liquid to pass
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+intermittently look no more air bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittently look no more air bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittently look no more air bubbles
+now that they're gone we can proceed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that they're gone we can proceed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that they're gone we can proceed to
+drain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain the
+buet remember you filled it to a o the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet remember you filled it to a o the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet remember you filled it to a o the
+zero Mark now you'll slowly drain it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Mark now you'll slowly drain it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Mark now you'll slowly drain it to
+the zero Mark but you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Mark but you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Mark but you don't have to
+reach it exactly just make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach it exactly just make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach it exactly just make sure you
+record the starting value regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the starting value regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the starting value regardless of
+where it is before you do anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is before you do anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is before you do anything else
+now let's learn about proper meniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's learn about proper meniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's learn about proper meniscus
+reading remember to read at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading remember to read at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading remember to read at the bottom
+of the meniscus and to avoid Parallax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the meniscus and to avoid Parallax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the meniscus and to avoid Parallax
+which is inaccurate reading always read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is inaccurate reading always read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is inaccurate reading always read
+at ey level here the buet can easily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ey level here the buet can easily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ey level here the buet can easily be
+read as three 3.50 M but what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read as three 3.50 M but what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read as three 3.50 M but what happens if
+you read from below well it's 3.55 ml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read from below well it's 3.55 ml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read from below well it's 3.55 ml
+more than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amount and if we read from above it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and if we read from above it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and if we read from above it
+appears as 3.45 ml less than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears as 3.45 ml less than the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears as 3.45 ml less than the actual
+amount moral of the story avoid parallx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount moral of the story avoid parallx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount moral of the story avoid parallx
+and read at eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read at eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read at eye
+level now cleaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level now cleaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level now cleaning the
+buet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buet
+use a long buet brush as shown here wash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a long buet brush as shown here wash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a long buet brush as shown here wash
+with soap and water as usual and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with soap and water as usual and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with soap and water as usual and make
+sure that you wash through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tip syringes are used to measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip syringes are used to measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip syringes are used to measure and
+transfer very small quantities such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer very small quantities such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer very small quantities such as
+those in microl lers so let's explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in microl lers so let's explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in microl lers so let's explore
+transfer via the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+syringe take your syringe and with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syringe take your syringe and with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syringe take your syringe and with a
+curved needle as shown here draw up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved needle as shown here draw up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved needle as shown here draw up more
+solution than you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution than you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution than you actually
+need you have an air bubble in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you have an air bubble in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you have an air bubble in your
+Barrel tap it until it reaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top there's the air bubble at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top there's the air bubble at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top there's the air bubble at the top
+now expel some solution until you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now expel some solution until you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now expel some solution until you get to
+the amount that you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that you actually
+need after you expel some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need after you expel some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need after you expel some of the
+solution you've pushed out the air so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you've pushed out the air so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you've pushed out the air so
+your needle is entirely full of solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your needle is entirely full of solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your needle is entirely full of solution
+and there should be a little drop at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there should be a little drop at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there should be a little drop at the
+end in order not to lose anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in order not to lose anything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in order not to lose anything from
+the needle you need to withdraw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle you need to withdraw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle you need to withdraw a
+cushion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion of
+air now you're ready for transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air now you're ready for transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air now you're ready for transfer
+transfer the solution to the receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vessel but wait even though you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel but wait even though you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel but wait even though you think
+you've transferred it all you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've transferred it all you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've transferred it all you still have
+liquid in your needle you need to expel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in your needle you need to expel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in your needle you need to expel
+this excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this excess
+liquid invert your syringe and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid invert your syringe and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid invert your syringe and by
+withdrawing and releasing the plunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawing and releasing the plunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawing and releasing the plunger
+get rid of the excess liquid by pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the excess liquid by pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the excess liquid by pushing
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+out finally cleaning the syringe before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out finally cleaning the syringe before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out finally cleaning the syringe before
+washing disassemble the syringe into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing disassemble the syringe into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing disassemble the syringe into its
+components needle barrel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components needle barrel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components needle barrel and
+plunger wash with soap and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunger wash with soap and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunger wash with soap and water
+separately rinse with solvent and allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately rinse with solvent and allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately rinse with solvent and allow
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+dry now that you have the skills go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry now that you have the skills go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry now that you have the skills go
+forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and
+measure remember remember this video is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure remember remember this video is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure remember remember this video is
+intended to help you prepare for lab by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to help you prepare for lab by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to help you prepare for lab by
+providing a demonstration of the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a demonstration of the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a demonstration of the proper
+experimental technique it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental technique it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental technique it is not
+intended as a replacement for reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended as a replacement for reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended as a replacement for reading
+your lab manual or the supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab manual or the supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab manual or the supplementary
+material in order to become a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in order to become a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in order to become a great
+experimentalist it is important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist it is important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist it is important that you
+understand both Theory and technique now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand both Theory and technique now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand both Theory and technique now
+it's your turn good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8eOshgFmmgA.txt b/8eOshgFmmgA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d78c3bef6a881bde9dd5a805081364085b65f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8eOshgFmmgA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+advice for students I would say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice for students I would say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice for students I would say that the
+most important thing for this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing for this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing for this class is
+knowing that things will go wrong but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that things will go wrong but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that things will go wrong but
+that you can work through it and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can work through it and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can work through it and things
+will often resolve themselves certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often resolve themselves certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often resolve themselves certainly
+for one experiment we were working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one experiment we were working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one experiment we were working on
+for the spring break onion experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the spring break onion experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the spring break onion experiment
+things the numbers weren't working out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the numbers weren't working out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the numbers weren't working out
+and after about 30 hours of work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after about 30 hours of work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after about 30 hours of work I
+finally found this one trivial error I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally found this one trivial error I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally found this one trivial error I
+had made at the beginning and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had made at the beginning and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had made at the beginning and everything
+started working out and it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working out and it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working out and it was just
+putting in the hours and knowing there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in the hours and knowing there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in the hours and knowing there's
+something there you just have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there you just have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there you just have to keep
+persisting through it and it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persisting through it and it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persisting through it and it's not an
+easy thing to learn to do but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy thing to learn to do but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy thing to learn to do but it's very
+important
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9IaCINjMWrI.txt b/9IaCINjMWrI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0eaf11d810e5d7e4d2637ded72004b0b9452d114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9IaCINjMWrI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+One of the things I'm focusing on over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the things I'm focusing on over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the things I'm focusing on over
+these conversations is what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conversations is what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conversations is what I call
+facilitative leadership. I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leadership. I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leadership. I'm talking
+about facilitative leadership in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about facilitative leadership in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about facilitative leadership in the
+broad sense of skills and attitudes. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad sense of skills and attitudes. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad sense of skills and attitudes. A
+facilitative leader helps parties focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leader helps parties focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitative leader helps parties focus
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+issues, not their stand on the issues.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues, not their stand on the issues.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues, not their stand on the issues.
+Issues, not positions. Credibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Issues, not positions. Credibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Issues, not positions. Credibility and
+authority for a facilitative leader.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority for a facilitative leader.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority for a facilitative leader.
+Credibility and authority derive from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Credibility and authority derive from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Credibility and authority derive from
+performance, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance, not
+from entitlements bestowed by those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from entitlements bestowed by those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from entitlements bestowed by those in
+top positions. Your credibility and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top positions. Your credibility and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top positions. Your credibility and your
+authority as a facilitative leader are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority as a facilitative leader are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority as a facilitative leader are
+not given to you. They are earned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not given to you. They are earned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not given to you. They are earned in the
+face of the people you are working with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of the people you are working with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of the people you are working with.
+The goal is to look at a series of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The goal is to look at a series of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The goal is to look at a series of 10
+micro skills that I'm going to assert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro skills that I'm going to assert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro skills that I'm going to assert
+and that you will see are at the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you will see are at the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you will see are at the heart
+of facilitative leadership in the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of facilitative leadership in the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of facilitative leadership in the public
+sector. Micro skills like stakeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector. Micro skills like stakeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector. Micro skills like stakeholder
+assessment. How do you decide who should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment. How do you decide who should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment. How do you decide who should
+be involved in some effort at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in some effort at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in some effort at
+collaborative decision making? Agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative decision making? Agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative decision making? Agenda
+setting. You've got a group, you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting. You've got a group, you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting. You've got a group, you've got
+a problem, but now you've got to lay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem, but now you've got to lay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem, but now you've got to lay out
+the work for the group. Ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work for the group. Ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work for the group. Ground
+rules. How do you help a group work when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules. How do you help a group work when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules. How do you help a group work when
+it's not it's not a corporation? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not a corporation? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not a corporation? It's
+not an organization where everyone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an organization where everyone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an organization where everyone has
+internalized the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized the same set of
+understandings. It's an ad hoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings. It's an ad hoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings. It's an ad hoc
+collaboration that the public sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration that the public sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration that the public sector
+generates causes to have happen all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates causes to have happen all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates causes to have happen all the
+time. And we're imagining you're either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And we're imagining you're either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And we're imagining you're either
+the person creating that context or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person creating that context or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person creating that context or
+you're in it and you're trying to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in it and you're trying to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in it and you're trying to help
+manage some ad hoc assembly toward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage some ad hoc assembly toward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage some ad hoc assembly toward a
+solution to a problem. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a problem. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a problem. You
+need ground rules. What do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ground rules. What do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ground rules. What do you know
+about formulating ground rules for such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about formulating ground rules for such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about formulating ground rules for such
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+context? Joint factf finding. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context? Joint factf finding. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context? Joint factf finding. How do you
+get people with very different views of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people with very different views of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people with very different views of
+things, very different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, very different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, very different levels of
+capability to engage together at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to engage together at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to engage together at
+analyzing, understanding before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing, understanding before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing, understanding before they
+seek to reach agreement on something?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek to reach agreement on something?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek to reach agreement on something?
+mediation. You're either being mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation. You're either being mediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation. You're either being mediated
+upon or maybe you be a mediator. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon or maybe you be a mediator. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon or maybe you be a mediator. Maybe
+you be formally appointed the mediator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be formally appointed the mediator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be formally appointed the mediator.
+Maybe you're just the person who takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe you're just the person who takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe you're just the person who takes
+on the mediating function within a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mediating function within a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mediating function within a group
+because there isn't one and nobody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there isn't one and nobody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there isn't one and nobody else
+is doing it. And somebody needs to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing it. And somebody needs to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing it. And somebody needs to help
+the group deal with the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group deal with the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group deal with the internal
+difficulties of a lot of people talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of a lot of people talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of a lot of people talking
+at the same time with very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time with very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time with very different
+ideas about what to do. Generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about what to do. Generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about what to do. Generating
+options for mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options for mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options for mutual
+gain. Anybody in a group can help a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain. Anybody in a group can help a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain. Anybody in a group can help a
+group when they're trying to problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group when they're trying to problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group when they're trying to problem
+solve generate proposals or options.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve generate proposals or options.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve generate proposals or options.
+Creating value in a problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creating value in a problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creating value in a problem solving
+context. What does that mean? How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context. What does that mean? How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context. What does that mean? How do you
+do that? using objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that? using objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that? using objective
+criteria. It's a very specific idea for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. It's a very specific idea for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. It's a very specific idea for
+how to help people when they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to help people when they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to help people when they have a
+bunch of options and they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of options and they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of options and they're trying to
+choose amongst them and they all want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose amongst them and they all want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose amongst them and they all want
+different things. How can you help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things. How can you help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things. How can you help them
+argue for their view in a way that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue for their view in a way that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue for their view in a way that helps
+the group toward agreement and doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group toward agreement and doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group toward agreement and doesn't
+just make the discussion less difficult?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make the discussion less difficult?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make the discussion less difficult?
+Building consensus. What does it mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building consensus. What does it mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building consensus. What does it mean to
+generate consensus which is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate consensus which is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate consensus which is not the
+least common denominator acceptable bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least common denominator acceptable bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least common denominator acceptable bad
+alternative but rather an agreement on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative but rather an agreement on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative but rather an agreement on
+the best way of dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way of dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way of dealing with the
+differences that the group has helping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that the group has helping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that the group has helping a
+group learn from its mistakes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group learn from its mistakes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group learn from its mistakes or
+organizational learning. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational learning. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational learning. I'm going to
+argue these are 10 micro skills that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue these are 10 micro skills that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue these are 10 micro skills that
+somebody trying to facilitate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody trying to facilitate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody trying to facilitate in a
+leaderly way in a public sector context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaderly way in a public sector context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaderly way in a public sector context
+needs to have. So that's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have. So that's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have. So that's a set of
+general ideas, key concepts and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general ideas, key concepts and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general ideas, key concepts and what I
+wanted to move to this evening. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to move to this evening. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to move to this evening. I'm
+suggesting there's a series of micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting there's a series of micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting there's a series of micro
+skills that you can use, draw on, build.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that you can use, draw on, build.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that you can use, draw on, build.
+When we think about what's taught in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we think about what's taught in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we think about what's taught in
+planning schools in general and planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning schools in general and planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning schools in general and planning
+department here in particular, um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department here in particular, um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department here in particular, um I'm
+afraid we're not naming these as skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid we're not naming these as skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid we're not naming these as skills
+that planners need. So, I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that planners need. So, I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that planners need. So, I'm trying to
+fill a gap because I mean, you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill a gap because I mean, you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill a gap because I mean, you may have
+picked these skills up in your own work,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked these skills up in your own work,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked these skills up in your own work,
+in your education, because people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your education, because people here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your education, because people here
+come from many different backgrounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from many different backgrounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from many different backgrounds and
+areas. But I want to say a word or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas. But I want to say a word or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas. But I want to say a word or two
+about each of these. And then I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each of these. And then I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each of these. And then I want to
+throw you into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw you into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw you into
+a situation, a roleplay simulation. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation, a roleplay simulation. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation, a roleplay simulation. When
+the negotiation starts, you will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiation starts, you will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiation starts, you will have a
+role assigned to you. I'll give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role assigned to you. I'll give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role assigned to you. I'll give you some
+general uh background about this, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh background about this, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh background about this, but
+the material you have in front of you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material you have in front of you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material you have in front of you is
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+confidential instructions for the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidential instructions for the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidential instructions for the role
+that you've drawn that you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've drawn that you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've drawn that you'll be
+playing. Every trio will be playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing. Every trio will be playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing. Every trio will be playing
+exactly the same game. And when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same game. And when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same game. And when we
+start, I will encourage you to take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start, I will encourage you to take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start, I will encourage you to take your
+chairs and find space for yourself out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs and find space for yourself out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs and find space for yourself out
+of your shot of the other trios. give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your shot of the other trios. give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your shot of the other trios. give
+you roughly half an hour to see if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you roughly half an hour to see if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you roughly half an hour to see if your
+three people can agree on three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people can agree on three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people can agree on three things
+and then we will stop. Everyone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will stop. Everyone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will stop. Everyone will
+stop at the same time whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at the same time whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at the same time whether you have
+reached the satisfactory conclusion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the satisfactory conclusion from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the satisfactory conclusion from
+your standpoint or not. You need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your standpoint or not. You need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your standpoint or not. You need to get
+to a minimum score for there to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a minimum score for there to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a minimum score for there to be an
+agreement. So the idea is you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement. So the idea is you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement. So the idea is you can use
+these micro skills in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these micro skills in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these micro skills in this
+negotiation. The goal is to get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation. The goal is to get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation. The goal is to get a good
+result for yourself. There's no total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for yourself. There's no total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for yourself. There's no total
+score for the trio. There's a score for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score for the trio. There's a score for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score for the trio. There's a score for
+each person. We want to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person. We want to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person. We want to see what
+strategies people used who got a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies people used who got a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies people used who got a good
+outcome. I want to give credit to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome. I want to give credit to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome. I want to give credit to my
+friend, my very dear friend John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend, my very dear friend John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend, my very dear friend John
+Forester who invented this with Bruce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forester who invented this with Bruce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forester who invented this with Bruce
+Stiffel. Okay. stakeholder assessment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stiffel. Okay. stakeholder assessment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stiffel. Okay. stakeholder assessment.
+There's a technique for getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a technique for getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a technique for getting the
+right people to the table when it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people to the table when it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people to the table when it is
+your job to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job to
+convene stakeholders. City says, "Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convene stakeholders. City says, "Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convene stakeholders. City says, "Oh,
+we're thinking of changing policy. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking of changing policy. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking of changing policy. We
+want to have a public meeting. Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a public meeting. Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a public meeting. Uh we
+want stakeholder engagement."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want stakeholder engagement."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want stakeholder engagement."
+Who? How? How do you assess who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who? How? How do you assess who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who? How? How do you assess who the
+relevant stakeholders are and how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant stakeholders are and how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant stakeholders are and how do you
+get them to participate? Those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to participate? Those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to participate? Those of you
+who are involved in the renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are involved in the renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are involved in the renewable energy
+facility sighting task force know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility sighting task force know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility sighting task force know that
+we have teams working with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have teams working with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have teams working with different
+communities trying to bring together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities trying to bring together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities trying to bring together the
+relevant stakeholders who are fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant stakeholders who are fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant stakeholders who are fighting
+about whether a renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether a renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether a renewable energy
+facility should or shouldn't be built.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility should or shouldn't be built.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility should or shouldn't be built.
+There's no point convening a process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no point convening a process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no point convening a process to
+build a consensus if you can't figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a consensus if you can't figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a consensus if you can't figure
+out who the stakeholders are and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who the stakeholders are and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who the stakeholders are and get
+them to be present and then figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be present and then figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be present and then figure out
+how to engage them in ways that uh take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to engage them in ways that uh take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to engage them in ways that uh take
+account of differences amongst them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of differences amongst them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of differences amongst them uh
+effectively. So stakeholder assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively. So stakeholder assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively. So stakeholder assessment
+is a process and it's a product. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process and it's a product. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process and it's a product. It
+generates the agenda when you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates the agenda when you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates the agenda when you do it
+right. It generates the agenda with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. It generates the agenda with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. It generates the agenda with
+everybody's participation in setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's participation in setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's participation in setting the
+agenda. It also helps to set and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda. It also helps to set and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda. It also helps to set and uh
+legitimize ground rules for the group if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimize ground rules for the group if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimize ground rules for the group if
+the process is run properly. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process is run properly. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process is run properly. But the
+product of a stakeholder assessment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a stakeholder assessment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a stakeholder assessment is
+uh basically a matrix of actors down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically a matrix of actors down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically a matrix of actors down the
+side, stakeholder groups and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, stakeholder groups and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, stakeholder groups and their
+interests across the top. And you fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests across the top. And you fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests across the top. And you fill
+in all of those cells in that matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of those cells in that matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of those cells in that matrix.
+And the only way to do that is to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the only way to do that is to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the only way to do that is to talk
+to lots of people. I'm arguing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of people. I'm arguing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of people. I'm arguing that
+stakeholder assessment is a skill. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder assessment is a skill. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder assessment is a skill. It
+can be learned. I hope that hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be learned. I hope that hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be learned. I hope that hearing
+about this this evening will encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this evening will encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this evening will encourage
+you to at least read about it. if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to at least read about it. if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to at least read about it. if not
+find a way to study it uh while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way to study it uh while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way to study it uh while you're
+here because planners are constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because planners are constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because planners are constantly
+asked to organize opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to organize opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to organize opportunities for
+stakeholder engagement and nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder engagement and nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholder engagement and nobody's
+talking about how you know whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how you know whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how you know whether you
+have the right people there. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right people there. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right people there. What's the
+point if you can't have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if you can't have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if you can't have a way of
+identifying the relevant stakeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the relevant stakeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the relevant stakeholder
+groups and who can speak either like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and who can speak either like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and who can speak either like
+them or for them? generating options for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or for them? generating options for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or for them? generating options for
+mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual
+gain. Uh you're going to be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain. Uh you're going to be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain. Uh you're going to be in a
+situation there's three issues. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation there's three issues. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation there's three issues. Uh
+there's specific options under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's specific options under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's specific options under those
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+issues. Those options were generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. Those options were generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. Those options were generated by
+earlier conversations amongst these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier conversations amongst these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier conversations amongst these
+parties and others in the city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties and others in the city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties and others in the city.
+Generating options in real life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generating options in real life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generating options in real life is
+getting people to have the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to have the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting people to have the equivalent of
+that score sheet. You say, "Come to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that score sheet. You say, "Come to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that score sheet. You say, "Come to an
+event or a task force." Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event or a task force." Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event or a task force." Okay,
+participate. Okay, we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate. Okay, we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate. Okay, we're talking about
+X. Okay, I like it or I don't like it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. Okay, I like it or I don't like it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. Okay, I like it or I don't like it.
+But what you really want is for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what you really want is for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what you really want is for them to
+have what you have in your scoreeet,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what you have in your scoreeet,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what you have in your scoreeet,
+which is here are the issues we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here are the issues we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here are the issues we're going
+to try to get agreement on. Here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get agreement on. Here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get agreement on. Here are the
+options under each issue that have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options under each issue that have in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options under each issue that have in a
+sense been vetted for technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense been vetted for technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense been vetted for technical
+feasibility or plausibility, and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility or plausibility, and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility or plausibility, and here's
+where I stand on each option. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I stand on each option. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I stand on each option. If
+everybody comes with that, you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody comes with that, you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody comes with that, you have a
+chance of negotiating an agreement. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of negotiating an agreement. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of negotiating an agreement. It's
+when people show up, they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people show up, they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people show up, they don't know
+what their score sheet is. They haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their score sheet is. They haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their score sheet is. They haven't
+talked to their people. They don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to their people. They don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to their people. They don't know
+what the agenda sub items are. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the agenda sub items are. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the agenda sub items are. They
+don't know the options under it. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the options under it. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the options under it. If
+you're at the beginning of such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at the beginning of such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at the beginning of such a
+process, you want to try to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, you want to try to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, you want to try to help
+generate options for mutual gain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate options for mutual gain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate options for mutual gain.
+Knowing how to do that is a skill.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knowing how to do that is a skill.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knowing how to do that is a skill.
+creating value. You're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating value. You're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating value. You're going to be
+talking with three people about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with three people about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with three people about three
+issues for 30 minutes. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for 30 minutes. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for 30 minutes. There are
+actually ways of framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ways of framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ways of framing
+packages of the three issues that create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages of the three issues that create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages of the three issues that create
+value. And either you know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. And either you know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. And either you know how to do
+that or you don't. The good news is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or you don't. The good news is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or you don't. The good news is I
+can teach you how to do that. The good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can teach you how to do that. The good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can teach you how to do that. The good
+news is you'll probably infer it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is you'll probably infer it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is you'll probably infer it from
+the result of this halfhour exercise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of this halfhour exercise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of this halfhour exercise.
+But it is a skill to create value by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it is a skill to create value by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it is a skill to create value by
+helping multiple parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping multiple parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping multiple parties
+package multiple options under multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package multiple options under multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package multiple options under multiple
+issues in the right way. Make the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the right way. Make the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the right way. Make the power
+larger through value creation. Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger through value creation. Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger through value creation. Building
+consensus comes off of that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus comes off of that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus comes off of that which is
+you've got three people. They come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got three people. They come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got three people. They come with
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+explicit priorities and directions. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit priorities and directions. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit priorities and directions. You
+start with in many cases angry parties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with in many cases angry parties.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with in many cases angry parties.
+You got people who are there to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You got people who are there to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You got people who are there to protect
+their interests. You got people there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interests. You got people there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interests. You got people there
+who are there to advance their interest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are there to advance their interest.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are there to advance their interest.
+You have people who are there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have people who are there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have people who are there to
+sabotage the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabotage the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabotage the whole
+effort almost always. And you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort almost always. And you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort almost always. And you're trying
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+agreement because if you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement because if you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement because if you can get
+agreement, you can guarantee everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement, you can guarantee everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement, you can guarantee everyone
+that's what's going to happen. You were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to happen. You were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going to happen. You were
+empowering everyone there by saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowering everyone there by saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowering everyone there by saying that
+the decision rules a consensus. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision rules a consensus. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision rules a consensus. In this
+case, this is an advisory process. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, this is an advisory process. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, this is an advisory process. Well,
+you want to have an effect as somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have an effect as somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have an effect as somebody
+in an advisory process. Get unonymity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an advisory process. Get unonymity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an advisory process. Get unonymity
+amongst all the adviserss and then hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst all the adviserss and then hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst all the adviserss and then hand
+that to whoever the elected official was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to whoever the elected official was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to whoever the elected official was
+who said I'm creating this advisory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said I'm creating this advisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said I'm creating this advisory
+process and say we reached unanimous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and say we reached unanimous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and say we reached unanimous
+agreement. We hope you'll go along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement. We hope you'll go along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement. We hope you'll go along with
+it. But we are your constituents, all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But we are your constituents, all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But we are your constituents, all of
+us, and we have reached an agreement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us, and we have reached an agreement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us, and we have reached an agreement.
+You want to empower people, help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to empower people, help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to empower people, help them
+reach a consensus. When a process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a consensus. When a process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a consensus. When a process of
+public engagement is organized by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public engagement is organized by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public engagement is organized by some
+elected or appointed official or entity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected or appointed official or entity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected or appointed official or entity,
+they're trying to get ideas about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to get ideas about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to get ideas about what
+they can go forward with that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can go forward with that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can go forward with that people
+won't vote against them, won't fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't vote against them, won't fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't vote against them, won't fight
+them, won't bring litigation. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, won't bring litigation. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, won't bring litigation. That's a
+way to empower people through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to empower people through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to empower people through
+consensus using objective criteria in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus using objective criteria in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus using objective criteria in
+distributive negotiation. Whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive negotiation. Whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive negotiation. Whatever
+agreements you get are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements you get are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements you get are going to get
+different scores for each person. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scores for each person. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scores for each person. You're
+talking about an agreement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about an agreement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about an agreement that
+distributes value across the three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes value across the three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes value across the three of
+you. You each have some minimum you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. You each have some minimum you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. You each have some minimum you have
+to get. You have some goal you desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get. You have some goal you desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get. You have some goal you desire
+and you have time limits. And if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have time limits. And if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have time limits. And if you get
+an agreement, it distributes value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agreement, it distributes value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agreement, it distributes value
+across the three parties. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the three parties. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the three parties. How do you
+make a case for the package that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a case for the package that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a case for the package that
+distributes the most value to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes the most value to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes the most value to you that
+you most want? You can't say, "I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you most want? You can't say, "I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you most want? You can't say, "I like
+this one best because it's best for me."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one best because it's best for me."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one best because it's best for me."
+And expect that to carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And expect that to carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And expect that to carry the
+day. Well, what else should you say? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. Well, what else should you say? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. Well, what else should you say? So
+and so likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so likes
+it. You could say that. Maybe some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. You could say that. Maybe some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. You could say that. Maybe some of
+the people would say, "Well, then okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people would say, "Well, then okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people would say, "Well, then okay,
+I'll go with what you want because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go with what you want because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go with what you want because so
+and so likes it." That's a pretty weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so likes it." That's a pretty weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so likes it." That's a pretty weak
+way forward. If I had an hour, I'd ask,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way forward. If I had an hour, I'd ask,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way forward. If I had an hour, I'd ask,
+"What's your theory of practice at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"What's your theory of practice at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"What's your theory of practice at the
+moment?" and ask people to tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment?" and ask people to tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment?" and ask people to tell me what
+you would say when you present the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say when you present the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say when you present the
+package that's best for you and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package that's best for you and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package that's best for you and you're
+trying to get the others to agree to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get the others to agree to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get the others to agree to it.
+One of the things that you can learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the things that you can learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the things that you can learn how
+to do is to argue on the merits for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to argue on the merits for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to argue on the merits for the
+option that's best for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that's best for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that's best for
+you by not making it a test of will with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by not making it a test of will with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by not making it a test of will with
+the other two parties, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two parties, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two parties, but
+rather trying to focus on what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather trying to focus on what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather trying to focus on what the other
+two parties would agree. any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parties would agree. any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parties would agree. any other
+neutral observer who knew everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral observer who knew everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral observer who knew everything
+that was going on would agree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going on would agree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going on would agree that
+that's the best option. That's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best option. That's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best option. That's an
+objective measure. It doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective measure. It doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective measure. It doesn't mean
+correct in the sense of objective. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct in the sense of objective. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct in the sense of objective. It
+means what would any neutral or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what would any neutral or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what would any neutral or
+independent party say is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent party say is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent party say is the best
+outcome hearing everything. And I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome hearing everything. And I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome hearing everything. And I want
+to be able to refer to the prevailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to refer to the prevailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to refer to the prevailing
+norms or the past precedent that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms or the past precedent that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms or the past precedent that the
+same communities use. Something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same communities use. Something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same communities use. Something that's
+not about it's best for me, that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about it's best for me, that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about it's best for me, that's why
+you should go along with it. Something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go along with it. Something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go along with it. Something
+that refers to an objective standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refers to an objective standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refers to an objective standard
+independent of your interest. Mediation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of your interest. Mediation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of your interest. Mediation
+you're going to see practice because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see practice because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see practice because one
+of you is a mediator in this exercise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you is a mediator in this exercise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you is a mediator in this exercise.
+One of you represents the homelessness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of you represents the homelessness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of you represents the homelessness
+task force appointed by the city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task force appointed by the city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task force appointed by the city.
+There's a task force, but only the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a task force, but only the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a task force, but only the head
+of the task force is coming. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the task force is coming. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the task force is coming. There's a
+group of neighbors in this area who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of neighbors in this area who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of neighbors in this area who are
+very, very concerned about the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very, very concerned about the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very, very concerned about the idea that
+there would be a homeless shelter down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a homeless shelter down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a homeless shelter down
+the street where they live. Part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street where they live. Part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street where they live. Part of the
+concern of the neighbors is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern of the neighbors is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern of the neighbors is what they
+think will happen in this shelter. Will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will happen in this shelter. Will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will happen in this shelter. Will
+people just have a place to sleep at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just have a place to sleep at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just have a place to sleep at
+night? Will it provide job training for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night? Will it provide job training for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night? Will it provide job training for
+people so they could go from the shelter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so they could go from the shelter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so they could go from the shelter
+if they're staying there to a job or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're staying there to a job or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're staying there to a job or at
+least a job interview? How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a job interview? How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a job interview? How many
+beds? What mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beds? What mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beds? What mix of
+activities will go on in this shelter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities will go on in this shelter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities will go on in this shelter if
+it's built? You also have to decide when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's built? You also have to decide when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's built? You also have to decide when
+this shelter is going to open. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shelter is going to open. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shelter is going to open. It's
+perfectly usable in its current form,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly usable in its current form,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly usable in its current form,
+although a lot of people would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a lot of people would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a lot of people would like to
+fix it up in a variety of ways depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it up in a variety of ways depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it up in a variety of ways depending
+on their idea of what the shelter's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their idea of what the shelter's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their idea of what the shelter's for
+and who it's for and how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who it's for and how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who it's for and how many people
+it's going to serve. But some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to serve. But some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to serve. But some people are
+really keen to get this thing to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really keen to get this thing to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really keen to get this thing to open
+right away, and other people wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away, and other people wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away, and other people wouldn't
+mind if it didn't open for a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind if it didn't open for a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind if it didn't open for a very long
+time. You have to agree on an opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. You have to agree on an opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. You have to agree on an opening
+date. You have to agree on how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date. You have to agree on how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date. You have to agree on how many
+beds, what's the mix of uses, and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beds, what's the mix of uses, and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beds, what's the mix of uses, and you
+all come with very strong views from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all come with very strong views from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all come with very strong views from the
+homeless task force or from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless task force or from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless task force or from the
+neighborhood about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood about these
+issues. The third person there works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. The third person there works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues. The third person there works is
+the city planning assistant director,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city planning assistant director,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city planning assistant director,
+works for the mayor directly. The mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for the mayor directly. The mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for the mayor directly. The mayor
+has a huge stake in this getting solved,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a huge stake in this getting solved,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a huge stake in this getting solved,
+but the city council has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the city council has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the city council has a very
+different idea from the mayor of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different idea from the mayor of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different idea from the mayor of what
+this should be and who it should serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be and who it should serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be and who it should serve
+and how it should be funded and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it should be funded and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it should be funded and all
+kinds of stuff. The mayor would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of stuff. The mayor would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of stuff. The mayor would like
+credit for settling this and avoiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for settling this and avoiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for settling this and avoiding
+giving it to the council to decide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it to the council to decide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it to the council to decide.
+The person there for the mayor is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The person there for the mayor is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The person there for the mayor is the
+planning director and the mayor has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning director and the mayor has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning director and the mayor has
+said, "You be a mediator and help these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "You be a mediator and help these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "You be a mediator and help these
+two who initially seem to be at odds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two who initially seem to be at odds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two who initially seem to be at odds and
+get an agreement because I want there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an agreement because I want there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an agreement because I want there to
+be an agreement." So, you'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an agreement." So, you'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an agreement." So, you'll see some
+form of mediation in action. Uh I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of mediation in action. Uh I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of mediation in action. Uh I can't
+guarantee anything about the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee anything about the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee anything about the way the
+mediation will play out, but we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation will play out, but we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation will play out, but we'll talk
+about that especially afterwards. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that especially afterwards. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that especially afterwards. The
+last two are not a big deal for us. this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two are not a big deal for us. this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two are not a big deal for us. this
+evening, but I'm arguing they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening, but I'm arguing they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening, but I'm arguing they're really
+important skills. If you're in a setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important skills. If you're in a setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important skills. If you're in a setting
+where something goes on for a while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something goes on for a while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something goes on for a while and
+you don't help the people that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't help the people that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't help the people that you're
+trying to involve in this understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to involve in this understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to involve in this understand
+what's happening as it's happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening as it's happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening as it's happening so
+that they can learn from and modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can learn from and modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can learn from and modify
+their way of working together, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way of working together, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way of working together, you
+failed as a leader. Organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed as a leader. Organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed as a leader. Organizational
+learning, encouraging it is a leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, encouraging it is a leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, encouraging it is a leadership
+skill. Similarly, at the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill. Similarly, at the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill. Similarly, at the individual
+level, people engaged in some practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level, people engaged in some practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level, people engaged in some practice
+should take some time to reflect. Even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take some time to reflect. Even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take some time to reflect. Even
+if they're angry at each other, even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're angry at each other, even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're angry at each other, even if
+they haven't reached agreement, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't reached agreement, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't reached agreement, they
+should try to learn something about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to learn something about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to learn something about how
+the way they're approaching things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they're approaching things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they're approaching things is
+working. People should be encouraged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. People should be encouraged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. People should be encouraged to
+reflect on their engagement in processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on their engagement in processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on their engagement in processes
+like this. and you as the leader need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. and you as the leader need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. and you as the leader need to
+encourage them to reflect either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage them to reflect either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage them to reflect either
+together or small groups or separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or small groups or separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or small groups or separately
+so they get to be more effective. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get to be more effective. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get to be more effective. I
+would argue that's a leadership skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that's a leadership skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that's a leadership skill
+helping people improve modify their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people improve modify their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people improve modify their
+personal theory of practice. So each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal theory of practice. So each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal theory of practice. So each
+group has a number on your confidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group has a number on your confidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group has a number on your confidential
+instructions. So all three people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions. So all three people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions. So all three people in the
+group should have the same number. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group should have the same number. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group should have the same number. It
+will work better if you're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work better if you're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work better if you're not in
+earshot of each other doing exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earshot of each other doing exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earshot of each other doing exactly the
+same thing in a different way next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in a different way next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in a different way next to
+each other. So, um I want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So, um I want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So, um I want to give you
+half an hour, 30 minutes. You are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour, 30 minutes. You are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour, 30 minutes. You are the
+role you're assigned. Confidential means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role you're assigned. Confidential means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role you're assigned. Confidential means
+confidential. You can't show your piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidential. You can't show your piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidential. You can't show your piece
+of paper to the other person across you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper to the other person across you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper to the other person across you
+says, "Sure, I believe it. It says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Sure, I believe it. It says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Sure, I believe it. It says it
+right here." You you can't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here." You you can't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here." You you can't prove
+something is the truth by pointing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is the truth by pointing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is the truth by pointing to a
+piece of paper. You can in a game, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper. You can in a game, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper. You can in a game, but
+you can't do it in real life. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do it in real life. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do it in real life. When
+you're done, if you want to share your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done, if you want to share your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done, if you want to share your
+confidential instructions, I'm fine with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidential instructions, I'm fine with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidential instructions, I'm fine with
+that. But that's when you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But that's when you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But that's when you're really
+done. Okay? It's in your hands. Find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. Okay? It's in your hands. Find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. Okay? It's in your hands. Find a
+comfortable place for your trio to be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable place for your trio to be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable place for your trio to be.
+We're trying to get to a position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're trying to get to a position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're trying to get to a position of
+whether or not we can come to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not we can come to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not we can come to an
+agreement on getting a shelter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement on getting a shelter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement on getting a shelter
+developed. I am Mr. Goldmith, uh, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed. I am Mr. Goldmith, uh, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed. I am Mr. Goldmith, uh, the
+planning director. I've been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning director. I've been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning director. I've been around
+Westfield for 20 years. I remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westfield for 20 years. I remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westfield for 20 years. I remember the
+old social service center that's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old social service center that's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old social service center that's now
+unused. We are looking at how uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unused. We are looking at how uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unused. We are looking at how uh we
+could make sure that we agree to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make sure that we agree to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make sure that we agree to uh
+reopen this social center service to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reopen this social center service to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reopen this social center service to a
+shelter job counseling a kitchen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter job counseling a kitchen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter job counseling a kitchen and
+medical care along with housing or beds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical care along with housing or beds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical care along with housing or beds
+for people who would otherwise be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who would otherwise be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who would otherwise be in the
+street. Now it's uh already December. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street. Now it's uh already December. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street. Now it's uh already December. It
+will take 6 months, we understand, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take 6 months, we understand, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take 6 months, we understand, to
+rehabilitate the center to get it ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitate the center to get it ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitate the center to get it ready
+to happen, but we would like this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen, but we would like this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen, but we would like this to be
+open as soon as it is possible. I'm Jay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open as soon as it is possible. I'm Jay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open as soon as it is possible. I'm Jay
+Woods. I'm part of Neighbors Together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woods. I'm part of Neighbors Together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woods. I'm part of Neighbors Together.
+We're really glad that we were here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're really glad that we were here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're really glad that we were here
+having this meeting. I've been living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this meeting. I've been living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this meeting. I've been living
+here in the same house for 18 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the same house for 18 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the same house for 18 years and
+so I understand the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I understand the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I understand the history of the
+multi-ervice social center. Previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-ervice social center. Previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-ervice social center. Previously
+was a daycare, before that a teen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a daycare, before that a teen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a daycare, before that a teen
+counseling center. Many of those stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counseling center. Many of those stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counseling center. Many of those stayed
+in the area. My concern is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the area. My concern is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the area. My concern is that
+homelessness is just a systemic national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homelessness is just a systemic national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homelessness is just a systemic national
+problem. It's a big problem, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. It's a big problem, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. It's a big problem, but it's
+not clear that turning buildings into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear that turning buildings into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear that turning buildings into
+shelters would do anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelters would do anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelters would do anything about the
+problem itself. It's addressing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem itself. It's addressing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem itself. It's addressing a
+symptom, not the cause. So my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom, not the cause. So my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom, not the cause. So my question
+is, did the task force consider job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, did the task force consider job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, did the task force consider job
+creation strategies that help these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation strategies that help these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation strategies that help these
+people earn income? The homeless task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people earn income? The homeless task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people earn income? The homeless task
+force claims to have reviewed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force claims to have reviewed all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force claims to have reviewed all the
+available sites in our city, but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available sites in our city, but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available sites in our city, but it has
+only taken 6 months to do so. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only taken 6 months to do so. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only taken 6 months to do so. So I'm
+just slightly confused as to how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly confused as to how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly confused as to how you can
+have such a confidence in such a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have such a confidence in such a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have such a confidence in such a short
+period of time. I think it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time. I think it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time. I think it'd be
+fantastic to set some complete grounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic to set some complete grounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic to set some complete grounds
+for the world in this discussion. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the world in this discussion. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the world in this discussion. Thank
+you both for your introduction. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both for your introduction. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both for your introduction. I think
+it's going to be really important for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really important for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be really important for us
+to just recognize that we are uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just recognize that we are uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just recognize that we are uh all
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+interest. The neighborhood association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. The neighborhood association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. The neighborhood association
+does not have a problem with opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a problem with opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a problem with opening
+beds. The problem is with the services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beds. The problem is with the services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beds. The problem is with the services
+so as to make sure that people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to make sure that people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to make sure that people are not
+going to stay here for a long time so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stay here for a long time so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stay here for a long time so we
+address their homelessness issues right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address their homelessness issues right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address their homelessness issues right
+now. We want a limited space but limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. We want a limited space but limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. We want a limited space but limited
+amount before we continue maybe can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount before we continue maybe can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount before we continue maybe can
+spend some time recapping your timeline.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time recapping your timeline.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time recapping your timeline.
+We were told that it will take until May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We were told that it will take until May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We were told that it will take until May
+and I think if we work together along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think if we work together along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think if we work together along
+with the resident try to help them get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the resident try to help them get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the resident try to help them get
+jobs. So we want to make sure that a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs. So we want to make sure that a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs. So we want to make sure that a we
+do some work together to try and reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some work together to try and reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some work together to try and reduce
+homelessness and that's my body control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homelessness and that's my body control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homelessness and that's my body control
+but b we also have the capacity next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but b we also have the capacity next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but b we also have the capacity next
+year to make sure no one has we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to make sure no one has we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to make sure no one has we're
+concerned about the long-term impacts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the long-term impacts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the long-term impacts it
+has on the people in the neighborhood um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on the people in the neighborhood um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on the people in the neighborhood um
+property values and why can't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property values and why can't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property values and why can't this
+energy be poured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy be poured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy be poured
+into creating more affordable housing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into creating more affordable housing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into creating more affordable housing in
+the city? Why are we not exploring these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city? Why are we not exploring these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city? Why are we not exploring these
+options and have this more comprehensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and have this more comprehensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and have this more comprehensive
+like official probing to what sites are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like official probing to what sites are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like official probing to what sites are
+better as well as accompanied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as well as accompanied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as well as accompanied by
+employment creation opportunities and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment creation opportunities and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment creation opportunities and uh
+relying on already existing medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on already existing medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on already existing medical
+facilities instead of building something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities instead of building something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities instead of building something
+new wasting all of that time. It would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new wasting all of that time. It would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new wasting all of that time. It would
+be helpful for me to do some mirroring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helpful for me to do some mirroring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helpful for me to do some mirroring
+so that we are all on the same page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we are all on the same page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we are all on the same page of
+what was stated so that we can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was stated so that we can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was stated so that we can identify
+where there are key tension points um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are key tension points um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are key tension points um
+between each other and how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each other and how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each other and how we can
+address some of those tension points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address some of those tension points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address some of those tension points.
+Thankfully, we're all on the same page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thankfully, we're all on the same page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thankfully, we're all on the same page
+that we want to find a solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to find a solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to find a solution for
+homelessness. A point that Miss Woods is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homelessness. A point that Miss Woods is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homelessness. A point that Miss Woods is
+bringing up is there hasn't been enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up is there hasn't been enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up is there hasn't been enough
+community engagement. Their request also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community engagement. Their request also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community engagement. Their request also
+is that um can they get some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um can they get some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um can they get some more
+statistics on what the exact need is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics on what the exact need is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics on what the exact need is if
+we have a capacity of 60 an addition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a capacity of 60 an addition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a capacity of 60 an addition of
+60 people into a neighborhood that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 people into a neighborhood that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 people into a neighborhood that just
+found out about this one seems so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out about this one seems so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out about this one seems so we are
+very concerned about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concerned about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concerned about what
+this are as well agrees to conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are as well agrees to conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are as well agrees to conduct
+additional engagements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional engagements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional engagements of the
+communities over the next uh grace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities over the next uh grace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities over the next uh grace and
+we will be providing the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be providing the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be providing the support
+necessary to make sure this consultation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to make sure this consultation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to make sure this consultation
+happens as soon as possible. We're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as soon as possible. We're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as soon as possible. We're just
+concerned about what this will mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about what this will mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about what this will mean for
+us as well. We want to support our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as well. We want to support our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as well. We want to support our
+homeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless
+outside make sure that we're okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside make sure that we're okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside make sure that we're okay with
+the city work to try and address the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city work to try and address the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city work to try and address the
+issues of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+post. it would be worthwhile discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post. it would be worthwhile discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post. it would be worthwhile discussing
+whether or not additional services were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not additional services were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not additional services were
+um communities um concerned about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um communities um concerned about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um communities um concerned about the
+home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home.
+We agreed to an engagement process to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We agreed to an engagement process to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We agreed to an engagement process to be
+conducted until next spring and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted until next spring and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted until next spring and we
+agreed that we can start at a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed that we can start at a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed that we can start at a discussion
+of 20 beds with additional services of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 beds with additional services of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 beds with additional services of
+workforce programming um and agreed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce programming um and agreed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce programming um and agreed that
+this facility can be used and should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this facility can be used and should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this facility can be used and should be
+used for um services to support um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for um services to support um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for um services to support um
+homeless. We also agreed that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless. We also agreed that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless. We also agreed that we would
+engage very soon. We'll pick this up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Great. All right. Excellent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is a scatteragramgram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a scatteragramgram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a scatteragramgram of the
+possible agreements when people follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible agreements when people follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible agreements when people follow
+the rules. The numbers are just a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules. The numbers are just a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules. The numbers are just a list
+of the possible agreements. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possible agreements. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possible agreements. This is
+Hutter's score along the bottom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hutter's score along the bottom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hutter's score along the bottom and
+would score this way. The mediated score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would score this way. The mediated score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would score this way. The mediated score
+isn't plotted here. You can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't plotted here. You can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't plotted here. You can see that the
+high score is 157 for wood. Hutter gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high score is 157 for wood. Hutter gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high score is 157 for wood. Hutter gets
+105 and the high score for Hutter 165
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 and the high score for Hutter 165
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 and the high score for Hutter 165
+when Wood gets 120. And then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Wood gets 120. And then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Wood gets 120. And then there's a
+bunch of other possible agreements. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other possible agreements. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other possible agreements. So
+all all eight groups got agreement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all eight groups got agreement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all eight groups got agreement in
+the limited time available but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limited time available but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limited time available but the
+agreements were different. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements were different. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements were different. This
+scatagram is designed to show that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatagram is designed to show that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatagram is designed to show that it's
+possible to create different amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to create different amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to create different amounts of
+value and distribute them differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and distribute them differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and distribute them differently
+all within the same frame of allowable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all within the same frame of allowable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all within the same frame of allowable
+agreements. All of these are legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements. All of these are legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements. All of these are legitimate
+given the minimum that each party had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the minimum that each party had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the minimum that each party had to
+have. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. And
+yet some pairs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet some pairs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet some pairs were
+able to generate a high score and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to generate a high score and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to generate a high score and some
+only were able to get a low score or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only were able to get a low score or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only were able to get a low score or all
+legitimate agreements following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate agreements following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate agreements following the
+rules. I'm showing you what the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules. I'm showing you what the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules. I'm showing you what the maximum
+is in your role that you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in your role that you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in your role that you could have
+gotten while your counterpart got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten while your counterpart got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten while your counterpart got an
+acceptable amount for them. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable amount for them. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable amount for them. And so the
+question is, were you just satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is, were you just satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is, were you just satisfied
+with less or was the way you approached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less or was the way you approached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less or was the way you approached
+it destined to get you less than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it destined to get you less than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it destined to get you less than what
+the maximum is you could have gotten?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum is you could have gotten?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum is you could have gotten?
+There's no way to really compare it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no way to really compare it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no way to really compare it to
+anybody else unless you have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else unless you have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else unless you have all the
+score sheets and all of the confidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score sheets and all of the confidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score sheets and all of the confidential
+instructions. There are um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions. There are um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions. There are um a lot of
+possible agreements in this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible agreements in this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible agreements in this same
+context. Almost all of the Goldsmith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context. Almost all of the Goldsmith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context. Almost all of the Goldsmith
+roles got over a 100 points. I overheard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles got over a 100 points. I overheard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles got over a 100 points. I overheard
+one group where both the parties said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group where both the parties said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group where both the parties said,
+"Yeah, sure. We'll give you 20 points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Yeah, sure. We'll give you 20 points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Yeah, sure. We'll give you 20 points
+each." And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each." And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each." And
+then the person in the Goldsmith role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person in the Goldsmith role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person in the Goldsmith role
+said, "Well, I do have to tell you I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Well, I do have to tell you I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Well, I do have to tell you I had
+a hidden agenda." I was working for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hidden agenda." I was working for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hidden agenda." I was working for the
+mayor. The mayor insists that this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor. The mayor insists that this not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor. The mayor insists that this not
+open until next winter. Now, this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open until next winter. Now, this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open until next winter. Now, this person
+is passing themselves off as a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passing themselves off as a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passing themselves off as a neutral
+mediator, but the fact of the matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediator, but the fact of the matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediator, but the fact of the matter is
+they have an agenda. They also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an agenda. They also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an agenda. They also have a
+personal agenda of wanting one group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal agenda of wanting one group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal agenda of wanting one group to
+to do better, do as best as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do better, do as best as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do better, do as best as possible
+even at the expense of the other group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the expense of the other group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the expense of the other group.
+That's not neutrality. We typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not neutrality. We typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not neutrality. We typically
+define mediation as neutral or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define mediation as neutral or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define mediation as neutral or
+nonpartisan assistance to parties in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpartisan assistance to parties in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpartisan assistance to parties in a
+conflict. Mediation is a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict. Mediation is a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict. Mediation is a and
+facilitation are functions. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation are functions. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation are functions. They're
+tasks. They're services that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks. They're services that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks. They're services that can be
+provided. We happen to have this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided. We happen to have this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided. We happen to have this sort of
+analytic backdrop where we can see, oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic backdrop where we can see, oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic backdrop where we can see, oh,
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mediator had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediator had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediator had a
+bias. The source of the bias in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias. The source of the bias in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias. The source of the bias in this
+case was they worked for the mayor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case was they worked for the mayor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case was they worked for the mayor and
+the mayor said, "You're my person at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mayor said, "You're my person at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mayor said, "You're my person at
+this thing. I don't want this to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. I don't want this to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. I don't want this to fail
+because I don't want to give my city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to give my city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to give my city
+council counterpart the opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+council counterpart the opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+council counterpart the opportunity to
+take over this issue and run it the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over this issue and run it the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over this issue and run it the way
+he wants to run it. On the other hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to run it. On the other hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to run it. On the other hand,
+uh you should help the parties reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should help the parties reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should help the parties reach
+agreement."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement."
+So the mediator had to struggle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the mediator had to struggle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the mediator had to struggle with
+their mandate and their personal beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mandate and their personal beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mandate and their personal beliefs
+and the perceptions of the parties. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the perceptions of the parties. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the perceptions of the parties. So
+Claudia, um you you got the the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia, um you you got the the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia, um you you got the the high
+score. Um, I'm curious what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score. Um, I'm curious what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score. Um, I'm curious what your
+counterparts have to say about uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparts have to say about uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparts have to say about uh your
+way of working with them since uh you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of working with them since uh you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of working with them since uh you've
+got the the highest score substantially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the the highest score substantially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the the highest score substantially
+higher 157. Did she seem to be pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher 157. Did she seem to be pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher 157. Did she seem to be pushing
+you around? She she did something to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you around? She she did something to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you around? She she did something to end
+up with the highest possible score in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the highest possible score in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the highest possible score in
+that role.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that role.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that role.
+Same information, same cards dealt,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same information, same cards dealt,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same information, same cards dealt,
+different result as a mediator also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different result as a mediator also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different result as a mediator also just
+yeah need to adjust those numbers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah need to adjust those numbers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah need to adjust those numbers on
+mine. Just what should it be? 68. Ah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine. Just what should it be? 68. Ah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine. Just what should it be? 68. Ah,
+okay. Now I understand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Now I understand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Now I understand.
+Jennifer was was great to speak with. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jennifer was was great to speak with. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jennifer was was great to speak with. I
+think she had really clear goals and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think she had really clear goals and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think she had really clear goals and was
+also really amendable to to working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really amendable to to working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really amendable to to working with
+the housing task force. Yeah, she's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housing task force. Yeah, she's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housing task force. Yeah, she's very
+firm advocating for the residents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm advocating for the residents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm advocating for the residents and
+she also is very clear about coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she also is very clear about coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she also is very clear about coming to
+an agreement like I kind of feel I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agreement like I kind of feel I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agreement like I kind of feel I need
+to giving some like the things I want in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to giving some like the things I want in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to giving some like the things I want in
+order to reach. Yeah. I mean your score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to reach. Yeah. I mean your score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to reach. Yeah. I mean your score
+is perfectly fine. It just happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfectly fine. It just happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfectly fine. It just happens to be
+less than it could have been. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than it could have been. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than it could have been. Yeah.
+because your counterpart uh got the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your counterpart uh got the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your counterpart uh got the most
+possible. Yeah. And I'm trying to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Yeah. And I'm trying to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Yeah. And I'm trying to see
+whether there was anything that she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there was anything that she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there was anything that she said
+did that made you feel like you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that made you feel like you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that made you feel like you should
+lower your expectations or do you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower your expectations or do you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower your expectations or do you feel
+like your expectations were met? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your expectations were met? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your expectations were met? So
+fine. So she got a high score. So what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. So she got a high score. So what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. So she got a high score. So what?
+I feel like the way she said is helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like the way she said is helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like the way she said is helps us
+to like empathize a lot with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like empathize a lot with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like empathize a lot with the
+residents. I think that's why Yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents. I think that's why Yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents. I think that's why Yeah, I
+think Jennifer was really clear on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Jennifer was really clear on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Jennifer was really clear on the
+fact that it sounded like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it sounded like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it sounded like the
+neighborhood that you were part of had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood that you were part of had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood that you were part of had
+had frustrations in the past and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had frustrations in the past and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had frustrations in the past and that
+like you didn't want this this to recur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you didn't want this this to recur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you didn't want this this to recur
+and you were I think really clear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you were I think really clear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you were I think really clear about
+the impact that that had on you and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact that that had on you and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact that that had on you and and
+your constituents.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your constituents.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your constituents.
+So, you've got the high score at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you've got the high score at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you've got the high score at the
+other end of the 150. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the 150. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the 150. What's the
+reaction of your partners to hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of your partners to hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of your partners to hearing
+that whatever it was you said or did got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever it was you said or did got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever it was you said or did got
+you the highest possible score? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the highest possible score? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the highest possible score? You
+didn't get a bad score. It's just a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get a bad score. It's just a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get a bad score. It's just a low
+score. I think we maximized the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score. I think we maximized the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score. I think we maximized the winning
+of the both parties or the three parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the both parties or the three parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the both parties or the three parties
+even. I appreciate the point. I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even. I appreciate the point. I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even. I appreciate the point. I mean it
+you in this context people have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in this context people have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in this context people have a
+minimum score. If they get the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum score. If they get the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum score. If they get the minimum
+score they can go back to their group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score they can go back to their group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score they can go back to their group
+and say we got a we got what we wanted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say we got a we got what we wanted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say we got a we got what we wanted.
+But you can create more value than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you can create more value than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you can create more value than just
+the minimum for each side depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum for each side depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum for each side depending on
+how you proceed. If you presume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you proceed. If you presume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you proceed. If you presume that
+your goal is your minimum, then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal is your minimum, then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal is your minimum, then you're
+not going to look for possible trades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to look for possible trades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to look for possible trades
+that will create more value for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will create more value for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will create more value for both
+sides and the other person isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and the other person isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and the other person isn't going
+to say no because you're offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say no because you're offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say no because you're offering
+something better than what they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better than what they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better than what they would
+otherwise get and you're getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise get and you're getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise get and you're getting more
+for yourself. This is about creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself. This is about creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself. This is about creating
+trades for mutual gain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades for mutual gain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades for mutual gain.
+And the only way to do that is to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the only way to do that is to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the only way to do that is to play
+the game of what if. And I didn't listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game of what if. And I didn't listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game of what if. And I didn't listen
+in uh to your tables, but usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh to your tables, but usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh to your tables, but usually the
+way you find your way, if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you find your way, if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you find your way, if you imagine
+that everybody's starting down here at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody's starting down here at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody's starting down here at a
+bare minimum and you want to go as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare minimum and you want to go as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare minimum and you want to go as far
+to the northeast, you can presume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the northeast, you can presume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the northeast, you can presume
+there's a paro curve, which is the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paro curve, which is the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paro curve, which is the list
+of options that go across the top. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options that go across the top. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options that go across the top. So,
+you're starting down here and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting down here and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting down here and you want
+to move as far as you possibly can to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move as far as you possibly can to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move as far as you possibly can to
+the northeast. You don't know how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northeast. You don't know how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northeast. You don't know how far
+you can get because you don't have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get because you don't have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get because you don't have all
+the scores ahead of time, but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scores ahead of time, but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scores ahead of time, but you know
+you want to move that way. So, if I say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to move that way. So, if I say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to move that way. So, if I say,
+"Well, if you offer me seven, agreement,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, if you offer me seven, agreement,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, if you offer me seven, agreement,
+seven down at the bottom, it's barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven down at the bottom, it's barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven down at the bottom, it's barely
+acceptable. 100 107 for wood, 105
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable. 100 107 for wood, 105
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable. 100 107 for wood, 105
+uh for for Hutter." And then I say back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for Hutter." And then I say back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for Hutter." And then I say back
+to you, if I'm would, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you, if I'm would, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you, if I'm would, how
+about if we go to 13, you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we go to 13, you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we go to 13, you get
+more. I do too, but you get more. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. I do too, but you get more. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. I do too, but you get more. I'm
+moving from seven to 13. And I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from seven to 13. And I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from seven to 13. And I'm looking
+for a package where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a package where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a package where
+I offer you more by making a change on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I offer you more by making a change on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I offer you more by making a change on
+the list of which option I'm agreeing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of which option I'm agreeing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of which option I'm agreeing to
+under one of the issues that seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under one of the issues that seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under one of the issues that seemed
+important to you. if you will move to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to you. if you will move to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to you. if you will move to a
+different option on another issue that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different option on another issue that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different option on another issue that's
+most important to me. The two parties do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important to me. The two parties do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important to me. The two parties do
+not value the three issues the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not value the three issues the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not value the three issues the same.
+They have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have different
+priorities. If you can't discover that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities. If you can't discover that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities. If you can't discover that,
+then you can't offer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't offer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't offer a
+whatif. So, understanding the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatif. So, understanding the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatif. So, understanding the other
+side's interest is the first step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side's interest is the first step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side's interest is the first step in
+creating value for mutual gain. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating value for mutual gain. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating value for mutual gain. That's a
+what if. It's a trade. It's a package.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if. It's a trade. It's a package.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if. It's a trade. It's a package.
+And I don't know what to offer until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I don't know what to offer until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I don't know what to offer until I
+know what's important to the other side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's important to the other side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's important to the other side.
+I won't know that if I don't ask. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't know that if I don't ask. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't know that if I don't ask. And
+I'm exploring all the possible whatifs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm exploring all the possible whatifs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm exploring all the possible whatifs
+until I get to the puditive, but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I get to the puditive, but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I get to the puditive, but I don't
+know where it is exactly paro frontier,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it is exactly paro frontier,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it is exactly paro frontier,
+which is this outer edge from top to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this outer edge from top to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this outer edge from top to
+bottom of scores. Now you can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of scores. Now you can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of scores. Now you can be in
+economic terms at the outer edge. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic terms at the outer edge. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic terms at the outer edge. You're
+superefficient. You've used up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superefficient. You've used up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superefficient. You've used up all the
+value because that you've moved out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because that you've moved out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because that you've moved out to
+this frontier, this surface across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frontier, this surface across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frontier, this surface across the
+top. But there's a lot of places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top. But there's a lot of places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top. But there's a lot of places that
+you could be that that curve goes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be that that curve goes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be that that curve goes all
+across the whole spectrum. It's no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole spectrum. It's no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole spectrum. It's no more
+about efficiency. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about efficiency. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about efficiency. It's
+about equity. Anything on that curve,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about equity. Anything on that curve,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about equity. Anything on that curve,
+it's no more value left to split.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no more value left to split.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no more value left to split.
+But I can move along the curve where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I can move along the curve where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I can move along the curve where I
+do better, you will do worse. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better, you will do worse. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better, you will do worse. When
+you're talking about a a paro efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a a paro efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a a paro efficient
+curve, you are talking about a zero- sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve, you are talking about a zero- sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve, you are talking about a zero- sum
+situation. There's a maximum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. There's a maximum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. There's a maximum amount of
+value. And as long as I go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. And as long as I go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. And as long as I go to the
+northeast and hit that curve, I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northeast and hit that curve, I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northeast and hit that curve, I haven't
+wasted any possible value. I've explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted any possible value. I've explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted any possible value. I've explored
+enough whatifs, understood enough about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough whatifs, understood enough about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough whatifs, understood enough about
+our differing interest that I can move.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our differing interest that I can move.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our differing interest that I can move.
+But where on that curve I end up, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But where on that curve I end up, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But where on that curve I end up, that's
+not about using all the value. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about using all the value. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about using all the value. That's
+about who gets what. In the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who gets what. In the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who gets what. In the process of
+building consensus, in any effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building consensus, in any effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building consensus, in any effort to
+create value, in any effort to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create value, in any effort to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create value, in any effort to generate
+new options, packages for mutual gain,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new options, packages for mutual gain,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new options, packages for mutual gain,
+but we're both advantaged by the more we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're both advantaged by the more we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're both advantaged by the more we
+move out to that surface. So for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move out to that surface. So for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move out to that surface. So for people
+who read books about win-win, it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who read books about win-win, it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who read books about win-win, it's an
+illusion because there are constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion because there are constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion because there are constraints
+on both sides relative to what issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides relative to what issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides relative to what issues
+they can agree to or can't or there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can agree to or can't or there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can agree to or can't or there are
+legal limits or there are time limits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal limits or there are time limits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal limits or there are time limits.
+You can see how you did relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see how you did relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can see how you did relative to the
+extremes. First of all, you got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes. First of all, you got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes. First of all, you got an
+agreement though that was good. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement though that was good. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement though that was good. Now,
+within the frame of agreement, did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the frame of agreement, did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the frame of agreement, did you
+set your goals too low and thus accept a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set your goals too low and thus accept a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set your goals too low and thus accept a
+deal that was fine but not the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal that was fine but not the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal that was fine but not the maximum
+you could have gotten if you had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have gotten if you had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have gotten if you had been
+more aggressive? Did you set your goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aggressive? Did you set your goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aggressive? Did you set your goals
+too high, hit a wall with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high, hit a wall with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high, hit a wall with the other
+side, and collapse down to a barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, and collapse down to a barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, and collapse down to a barely
+acceptable agreement from both of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable agreement from both of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable agreement from both of you
+because there was no more time to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was no more time to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was no more time to create
+value? I'm talking about the context in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value? I'm talking about the context in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value? I'm talking about the context in
+which these kinds of micro skills come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these kinds of micro skills come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these kinds of micro skills come
+into play. The more confident you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play. The more confident you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play. The more confident you are in
+what you're doing when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing when you're doing
+these, the more you will feel yes, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, the more you will feel yes, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, the more you will feel yes, I
+should keep posing more questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep posing more questions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep posing more questions to
+understand their interests better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand their interests better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand their interests better
+because if I don't understand their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I don't understand their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I don't understand their
+interests, I'm never going to propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests, I'm never going to propose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests, I'm never going to propose
+something good for them and great for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something good for them and great for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something good for them and great for me
+because I don't I can't do the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't I can't do the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't I can't do the first
+part because I haven't asked enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because I haven't asked enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because I haven't asked enough
+questions. So the more confident you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. So the more confident you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. So the more confident you are
+about the search for value creation, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the search for value creation, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the search for value creation, the
+more you're going to ask questions. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you're going to ask questions. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you're going to ask questions. Not
+just for the sake of counting how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the sake of counting how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the sake of counting how many
+questions, but for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions, but for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions, but for the sake of
+understanding the other side's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the other side's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the other side's
+interests. And the more confident you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests. And the more confident you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests. And the more confident you
+are, the more you'll search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are, the more you'll search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are, the more you'll search for
+unexpected trades, unexpected whatifs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected trades, unexpected whatifs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected trades, unexpected whatifs.
+The more confident you are about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The more confident you are about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The more confident you are about this
+underlying structure, the more assertive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying structure, the more assertive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying structure, the more assertive
+you will be about your interests, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be about your interests, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be about your interests, the
+more focused you will be on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more focused you will be on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more focused you will be on the other
+side's interests, the more confident you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side's interests, the more confident you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side's interests, the more confident you
+will be about suggesting packages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be about suggesting packages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be about suggesting packages and
+options for mutual gain. So, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options for mutual gain. So, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options for mutual gain. So, it's not
+just about learning what these micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about learning what these micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about learning what these micro
+skills are. It's also about being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills are. It's also about being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills are. It's also about being able
+to use them with confidence. I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use them with confidence. I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use them with confidence. I want you
+to take away the sense that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away the sense that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away the sense that there's
+micro skills you can work on to advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro skills you can work on to advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro skills you can work on to advance
+your leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leadership
+capacities. Next time we meet, I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities. Next time we meet, I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities. Next time we meet, I want to
+be able to talk with you and get as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk with you and get as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk with you and get as many
+individuals as I can uh to say, "Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals as I can uh to say, "Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals as I can uh to say, "Oh,
+what do you see as your own strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see as your own strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see as your own strengths
+and weaknesses relative to facilitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weaknesses relative to facilitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weaknesses relative to facilitative
+leadership?" Because what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership?" Because what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership?" Because what I want to
+provoke is your plan for what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provoke is your plan for what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provoke is your plan for what you're
+going to do and I want to put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and I want to put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and I want to put that in
+the context of being here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of being here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of being here in the
+department and in the degree program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and in the degree program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and in the degree program
+you're in. How you going to enhance your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in. How you going to enhance your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in. How you going to enhance your
+capabilities? The answer is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities? The answer is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities? The answer is going to be
+personal and different. I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal and different. I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal and different. I'm also
+expecting some people to say, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting some people to say, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting some people to say, you know,
+I'm not so worried about being in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so worried about being in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so worried about being in a
+leadership role. I'm content to be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership role. I'm content to be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership role. I'm content to be part
+of a team and be working on something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a team and be working on something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a team and be working on something I
+believe in and the leadership doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in and the leadership doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in and the leadership doesn't
+appeal to me or I don't see myself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to me or I don't see myself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to me or I don't see myself that
+way. If that's how you think, I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. If that's how you think, I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. If that's how you think, I hope
+you'll say that. I want to be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say that. I want to be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say that. I want to be sure
+you've asked and answered it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've asked and answered it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've asked and answered it in a
+thoughtful way so that you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful way so that you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful way so that you can use the
+time you have here appropriately to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have here appropriately to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have here appropriately to the
+extent you want to take facilitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent you want to take facilitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent you want to take facilitative
+leadership roles. So, I'll see everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership roles. So, I'll see everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership roles. So, I'll see everybody
+next Thursday and dinner once again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9ayyzdIKaps.txt b/9ayyzdIKaps.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..090469d0cce229024e6c1841108eef67bfda0dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9ayyzdIKaps.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the other thing i didn't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing i didn't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing i didn't get to
+do on monday was my why this matters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on monday was my why this matters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on monday was my why this matters and
+so i want to do that now hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to do that now hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to do that now hair
+is very much affected by the softness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much affected by the softness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much affected by the softness of
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+and it's and and so but instead of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and and so but instead of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and and so but instead of you
+showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing
+instead of me showing you lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of me showing you lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of me showing you lots of
+pictures of hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of hair
+that i found randomly on the internet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i found randomly on the internet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i found randomly on the internet uh
+googling soft water hard water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+googling soft water hard water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+googling soft water hard water
+you know different forms of water hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know different forms of water hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know different forms of water hair
+i'm showing you pipes because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing you pipes because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing you pipes because that's
+much more actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more actually uh
+relevant in terms of like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant in terms of like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant in terms of like for example
+whether you can get water into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can get water into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can get water into your
+house at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house at all
+right and and this is a real problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and this is a real problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and this is a real problem
+if you have hard water what it means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have hard water what it means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have hard water what it means is
+you've got minerals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got minerals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got minerals
+in in the water right things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the water right things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the water right things like
+magnesium and calcium ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and calcium ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and calcium ions
+are in the water and what happens is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the water and what happens is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the water and what happens is if
+you run that through pipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run that through pipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run that through pipes
+they tend to react and form and deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to react and form and deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to react and form and deposit
+right and you get these deposits of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you get these deposits of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you get these deposits of very
+very hard mineral deposits around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard mineral deposits around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard mineral deposits around the
+edge that eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that eventually
+look like this that's not a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this that's not a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this that's not a good thing
+and so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you need to
+soften the water and that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soften the water and that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soften the water and that's something
+you may have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard of
+but now you really know how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you really know how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you really know how to think
+about it because you can think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because you can think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because you can think about it
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+all of the things that you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things that you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things that you've learned
+and just as as an example if you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as as an example if you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as as an example if you it
+you know if one of those minerals that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if one of those minerals that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if one of those minerals that's
+a problem is calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem is calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem is calcium
+oh it is right magnesium is another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it is right magnesium is another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it is right magnesium is another one
+uh that that can cause this in pipes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that can cause this in pipes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that can cause this in pipes you
+you gotta you gotta somehow take it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta you gotta somehow take it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta you gotta somehow take it out
+of the water or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water or at least
+make it into a form that uh that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a form that uh that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a form that uh that makes
+it like insoluble so it'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like insoluble so it'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like insoluble so it'll just
+flow and it won't have a chance to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and it won't have a chance to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and it won't have a chance to come
+around and and deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and and deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and and deposit
+on on in you know on the edge there of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on in you know on the edge there of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on in you know on the edge there of
+the pipe and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipe and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipe and so
+what do you do well you add for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do well you add for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do well you add for example
+oh we've done this before right what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we've done this before right what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we've done this before right what if
+i add soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i add soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i add soda
+something called soda ash well we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called soda ash well we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called soda ash well we know
+what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is
+that's na2co3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's na2co3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's na2co3
+and that will give me some ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will give me some ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will give me some ions
+it'll give me some n a pluses and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give me some n a pluses and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give me some n a pluses and it'll
+give me some co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me some co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me some co
+three two minuses and those are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two minuses and those are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two minuses and those are in
+aqueous solution you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous solution you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous solution you know
+this is this is all part of the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is all part of the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is all part of the stuff
+that we've been talking about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about right
+you're dissociating this to get ions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dissociating this to get ions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dissociating this to get ions in
+solution but why do i want these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but why do i want these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but why do i want these
+ions that's a water softener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions that's a water softener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions that's a water softener
+why because now you you can see it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because now you you can see it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because now you you can see it right
+because this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one here
+this one here is going to remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here is going to remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here is going to remove the
+calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium
+so if i've got these calcium these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i've got these calcium these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i've got these calcium these
+minerals in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals in the water
+making it hard water which leads to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it hard water which leads to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it hard water which leads to that
+and wreaks havoc on your hair then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wreaks havoc on your hair then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wreaks havoc on your hair then you
+you you get a little of this in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you get a little of this in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you get a little of this in there
+and you're gonna react with the calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna react with the calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna react with the calcium
+why but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but
+it's because of what we already saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because of what we already saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because of what we already saw
+right if i if i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i if i have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i if i have this
+this is something we've already looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we've already looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we've already looked
+at if i have calcium two plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if i have calcium two plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if i have calcium two plus
+and i have some bicarbonate in there co3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have some bicarbonate in there co3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have some bicarbonate in there co3
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+then we know that i can get precipitates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that i can get precipitates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that i can get precipitates
+ca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca
+this is just what we looked at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just what we looked at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just what we looked at in the
+goody bag right plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goody bag right plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goody bag right plus
+co2 and plus h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 and plus h2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 and plus h2o
+that's the same uh kind of reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same uh kind of reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same uh kind of reaction that
+we looked at already with calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at already with calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at already with calcium
+carbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonate
+right calcium carbonate why well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right calcium carbonate why well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right calcium carbonate why well because
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is going to give me these this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give me these this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give me these this is a
+source for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for those
+which then eats up some calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then eats up some calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then eats up some calcium
+and you say well now this can this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well now this can this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well now this can this can
+take the calcium ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the calcium ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the calcium ions
+out so that it runs through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that it runs through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that it runs through
+that's what you want to do here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to do here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to do here that's
+how you soften water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you soften water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you soften water
+well you can add lime which gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can add lime which gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can add lime which gives me a
+source of o h minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of o h minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of o h minus
+and that takes out the magnesium right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that takes out the magnesium right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that takes out the magnesium right
+and these are ways to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are ways to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are ways to change the
+chemistry of water so that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of water so that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of water so that you don't
+have as many ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as many ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as many ions
+mineral you know these calcium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mineral you know these calcium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mineral you know these calcium and
+magnesium ions floating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium ions floating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium ions floating around
+that cause problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AHS9nATdgdU.txt b/AHS9nATdgdU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bcd0a30aa425d49709a62728880ea5beb5348024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AHS9nATdgdU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+typically the first few days of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the first few days of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the first few days of class
+these guys ask you know what's the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys ask you know what's the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys ask you know what's the class
+average gonna be how are we gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average gonna be how are we gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average gonna be how are we gonna be
+graded I don't have any answers for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded I don't have any answers for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded I don't have any answers for that
+stuff so I say what is totally true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so I say what is totally true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so I say what is totally true that
+I don't feel my main job is to grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't feel my main job is to grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't feel my main job is to grade
+them my job is to teach them or learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them my job is to teach them or learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them my job is to teach them or learn
+with them that's what I continue to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them that's what I continue to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them that's what I continue to do
+and gradually they begin to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today on the podcast we're talking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on the podcast we're talking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on the podcast we're talking with
+teaching legend professor Gil Strang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching legend professor Gil Strang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching legend professor Gil Strang
+maybe the key point is to make it human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the key point is to make it human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the key point is to make it human
+you know you're you're you're a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're you're you're a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're you're you're a person
+like the student is a person the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the student is a person the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the student is a person the book
+isn't quite a person but it was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite a person but it was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite a person but it was written
+by a person welcome to talk radio a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a person welcome to talk radio a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a person welcome to talk radio a
+podcast about inspired teaching at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast about inspired teaching at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast about inspired teaching at MIT
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+OpenCourseWare one of o cw's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare one of o cw's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare one of o cw's most
+popular courses is Professor Strang's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular courses is Professor Strang's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular courses is Professor Strang's
+18:06 linear algebra a key foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18:06 linear algebra a key foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18:06 linear algebra a key foundation
+for his new course on machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his new course on machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his new course on machine learning
+in which he's teaching students to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he's teaching students to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which he's teaching students to teach
+computers professor Strang is known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers professor Strang is known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers professor Strang is known for
+inspiring students through his teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring students through his teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring students through his teaching
+one YouTube commenter sums it up well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one YouTube commenter sums it up well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one YouTube commenter sums it up well
+quote this is not lecture this is art we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote this is not lecture this is art we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote this is not lecture this is art we
+wanted to talk with professor Strang to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk with professor Strang to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk with professor Strang to
+see how he's been able to make complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how he's been able to make complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how he's been able to make complex
+math concepts engaging and accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math concepts engaging and accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math concepts engaging and accessible
+we'll pick up our conversation with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pick up our conversation with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pick up our conversation with his
+explanation of what is new course 1806
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of what is new course 1806
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of what is new course 1806
+five matrix methods and data analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five matrix methods and data analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five matrix methods and data analysis
+signal processing and machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing and machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing and machine learning
+is all about so this is my adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about so this is my adventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about so this is my adventure
+into a subject of deep learning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a subject of deep learning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a subject of deep learning for
+example recognizing an image recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example recognizing an image recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example recognizing an image recognizing
+a zip code a bunch of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zip code a bunch of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zip code a bunch of numbers
+translating languages or playing chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating languages or playing chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating languages or playing chess
+so that's what the course is about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the course is about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the course is about how
+does the machine learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially the idea is they take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the idea is they take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the idea is they take an
+image then the deep learning system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image then the deep learning system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image then the deep learning system
+leads the machine to look at examples we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads the machine to look at examples we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads the machine to look at examples we
+all learn from examples the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learn from examples the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learn from examples the machine
+learns from these inputs and buy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns from these inputs and buy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns from these inputs and buy from
+for many examples or many chess games of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many examples or many chess games of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many examples or many chess games of
+many pages of Chinese you learn what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pages of Chinese you learn what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pages of Chinese you learn what's
+happening and and what the the math part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and and what the the math part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and and what the the math part
+is is that the machine ultimately tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that the machine ultimately tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that the machine ultimately tries
+to assign a certain weight to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign a certain weight to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign a certain weight to a certain
+number big or small to each part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number big or small to each part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number big or small to each part of the
+image so perhaps if you're drawing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so perhaps if you're drawing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so perhaps if you're drawing a
+three the image the computer recognizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the image the computer recognizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the image the computer recognizes
+a three of course by the curves and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three of course by the curves and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three of course by the curves and and
+gives less weight or zero weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives less weight or zero weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives less weight or zero weight
+sometimes to the empty space around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to the empty space around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to the empty space around the
+three but picks out that three so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but picks out that three so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but picks out that three so that's
+the idea of deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of deep learning
+traditionally math courses have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally math courses have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally math courses have been
+defined by testing which honestly makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by testing which honestly makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by testing which honestly makes
+sense there's typically a right and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense there's typically a right and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense there's typically a right and a
+wrong answer in math if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer in math if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer in math if you know the
+operation if you do it right you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation if you do it right you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation if you do it right you should
+get the answer tests can be a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer tests can be a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer tests can be a great
+vehicle for strengthening and measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle for strengthening and measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle for strengthening and measuring
+students skills but professor Strang's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students skills but professor Strang's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students skills but professor Strang's
+approach is different so I ask everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is different so I ask everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is different so I ask everybody
+to do a project there is no final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a project there is no final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a project there is no final exam
+actually there's no exam at all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's no exam at all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's no exam at all I
+shouldn't like to say this but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't like to say this but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't like to say this but that's
+really what the subject is is having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what the subject is is having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what the subject is is having an
+idea of how okay I'll use deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how okay I'll use deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how okay I'll use deep learning
+for some things like the recent proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some things like the recent proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some things like the recent proposed
+project was can you identify what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was can you identify what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was can you identify what makes
+up an image or a picture attractive hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an image or a picture attractive hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an image or a picture attractive hmm
+so somebody has to say you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody has to say you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody has to say you know these
+pictures are attractive these are not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are attractive these are not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are attractive these are not we
+have to tell the computer or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell the computer or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell the computer or something
+what did that feel like to try something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did that feel like to try something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did that feel like to try something
+new pedagogically oh it's fun you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new pedagogically oh it's fun you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new pedagogically oh it's fun you know I
+I like teaching and this is a subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like teaching and this is a subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like teaching and this is a subject
+where students just come from everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students just come from everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students just come from everywhere
+because they know what stuff to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know what stuff to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know what stuff to learn
+and they've heard about it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've heard about it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've heard about it and they
+some of them know more than me but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them know more than me but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them know more than me but and
+then they those students write even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they those students write even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they those students write even
+better projects yeah it's just so I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better projects yeah it's just so I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better projects yeah it's just so I do
+the lectures for the first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures for the first three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures for the first three
+quarters of the course and then I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters of the course and then I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters of the course and then I try to
+get them to present which is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to present which is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to present which is a great
+experience for them so it takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for them so it takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for them so it takes a little
+purging to get them but yeah yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purging to get them but yeah yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purging to get them but yeah yeah it's
+really just wonderful what insights have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just wonderful what insights have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just wonderful what insights have
+you gained about having more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gained about having more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gained about having more of a
+student-led course in a project-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student-led course in a project-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student-led course in a project-based
+course any anything that you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course any anything that you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course any anything that you realize
+slowly but finally that that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly but finally that that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly but finally that that's how
+people learn by doing there that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learn by doing there that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learn by doing there that you
+couldn't give them a better way to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't give them a better way to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't give them a better way to learn
+than then create a project it usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than then create a project it usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than then create a project it usually
+it's on some topic they know about or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on some topic they know about or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on some topic they know about or
+they they're interested in like how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're interested in like how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're interested in like how do
+you find a criminal and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a criminal and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a criminal and a bunch of
+people yeah it's just it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah it's just it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah it's just it's a very
+effective way to learn and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way to learn and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way to learn and something
+it's something that gets remembered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that gets remembered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that gets remembered
+we're taking doing exam questions that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking doing exam questions that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking doing exam questions that I
+might make up sort of Massey questions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make up sort of Massey questions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make up sort of Massey questions I
+don't know if that's remembered ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's remembered ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's remembered ten
+years later but I think people projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later but I think people projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later but I think people projects
+are along with this new approach comes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are along with this new approach comes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are along with this new approach comes a
+new paradigm for measuring student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new paradigm for measuring student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new paradigm for measuring student
+learning projects involve more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning projects involve more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning projects involve more than
+right and wrong answers projects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and wrong answers projects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and wrong answers projects are
+subjective and bringing the subjectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective and bringing the subjectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective and bringing the subjectivity
+into a math course comes with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a math course comes with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a math course comes with some
+initial skepticism especially from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial skepticism especially from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial skepticism especially from
+students who are so used to the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are so used to the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are so used to the typical
+learn the subject perform on the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the subject perform on the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the subject perform on the test
+way of doing things one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing things one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing things one of the things
+that makes professor Strang in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes professor Strang in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes professor Strang in his
+courses so special is that he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses so special is that he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses so special is that he's not
+attached to these paradigms in 1806 five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to these paradigms in 1806 five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to these paradigms in 1806 five
+in one of the videos you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the videos you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the videos you talk about
+grading students work and you tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading students work and you tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading students work and you tell them
+that although this is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although this is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although this is important to
+create their work it's not your main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create their work it's not your main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create their work it's not your main
+concern that your main concern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern that your main concern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern that your main concern is
+actually learning with them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learning with them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learning with them right
+could you yeah that's right so typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you yeah that's right so typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you yeah that's right so typically
+the first few days of class these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few days of class these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few days of class these guys
+as you know what's the class average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know what's the class average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know what's the class average
+gonna be how are we gonna be graded I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be how are we gonna be graded I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be how are we gonna be graded I
+don't have any answers for that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any answers for that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any answers for that stuff
+so I say what is totally true that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I say what is totally true that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I say what is totally true that I'm
+not I don't feel my main job is to grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't feel my main job is to grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't feel my main job is to grade
+them my job is to teach them or learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them my job is to teach them or learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them my job is to teach them or learn
+with them and that's what I continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and that's what I continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and that's what I continue to
+do and gradually they begin to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and gradually they begin to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and gradually they begin to believe
+you know at the beginning it's they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the beginning it's they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the beginning it's they
+still think okay but he's got to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think okay but he's got to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think okay but he's got to give me
+a B or C or an A no but really that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B or C or an A no but really that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B or C or an A no but really that's
+not what 1806 5 is about a grade it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what 1806 5 is about a grade it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what 1806 5 is about a grade it's
+just not math is a something you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not math is a something you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not math is a something you do you
+don't just read you have to do it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just read you have to do it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just read you have to do it you
+have to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about it
+the way to learn math is they get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to learn math is they get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to learn math is they get into
+it and work on a thing which takes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and work on a thing which takes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and work on a thing which takes some
+thought it's not you don't say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it's not you don't say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it's not you don't say it
+immediately but you see it eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of my favorite takeaways from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite takeaways from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite takeaways from
+Professor Strang's approach is that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Strang's approach is that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Strang's approach is that he
+centers his lessons around the humans in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers his lessons around the humans in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers his lessons around the humans in
+his class for him it's about engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his class for him it's about engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his class for him it's about engaging
+with the students in his course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the students in his course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the students in his course as
+people and the learning is done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and the learning is done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and the learning is done by
+everyone well first I'd like students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone well first I'd like students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone well first I'd like students
+and I want to help and maybe the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to help and maybe the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to help and maybe the key
+point is to think with them not to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to think with them not to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to think with them not to just
+say ok here it is listen listen up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ok here it is listen listen up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ok here it is listen listen up I
+think through that the question all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through that the question all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through that the question all over
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+as they do but and it and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they do but and it and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they do but and it and you have to
+give time you can't zip through a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give time you can't zip through a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give time you can't zip through a proof
+because this class has to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this class has to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this class has to be sort of
+thinking with you and it happens that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking with you and it happens that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking with you and it happens that I
+lose the thread or I come up to a dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the thread or I come up to a dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the thread or I come up to a dead
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+where I don't know what I'm supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I don't know what I'm supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I don't know what I'm supposed to
+do next but well that's ok because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next but well that's ok because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next but well that's ok because
+students are gonna hit dead end so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are gonna hit dead end so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are gonna hit dead end so it's
+seems to me it's ok for me to get stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me it's ok for me to get stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me it's ok for me to get stuck
+too and then even they see oh ok maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and then even they see oh ok maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and then even they see oh ok maybe
+this this is the way to get out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the way to get out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the way to get out of that
+corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner
+I suppose I try to think it through once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose I try to think it through once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose I try to think it through once
+again and that then you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and that then you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and that then you sort of
+automatically see the word you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically see the word you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically see the word you we
+recognize what words you need to use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize what words you need to use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize what words you need to use and
+what step what the steps are yeah if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what step what the steps are yeah if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what step what the steps are yeah if you
+if you don't know if you're not thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know if you're not thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know if you're not thinking
+of yourself then you're probably going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yourself then you're probably going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yourself then you're probably going
+too fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast
+and not connecting with the thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not connecting with the thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not connecting with the thinking of
+the class and of course you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and of course you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and of course you don't know
+what everybody is thinking in that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what everybody is thinking in that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what everybody is thinking in that class
+but overall if if you say sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall if if you say sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but overall if if you say sort of
+conscious of the class conscious of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of the class conscious of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of the class conscious of
+where they are that's I think the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are that's I think the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are that's I think the same
+for any speaker is to be conscious of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any speaker is to be conscious of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any speaker is to be conscious of
+the audience units it may be the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience units it may be the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience units it may be the key
+point is to make it human you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to make it human you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to make it human you know your
+your your a person like for this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your a person like for this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your a person like for this do
+a person the book isn't quite a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person the book isn't quite a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person the book isn't quite a person
+but it was written by a person and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was written by a person and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was written by a person and to
+see that it's just like a natural thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's just like a natural thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's just like a natural thing
+to do yeah so essentially I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do yeah so essentially I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do yeah so essentially I think the
+thing is I like students I like math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is I like students I like math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is I like students I like math and
+putting them together is just the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them together is just the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them together is just the best
+job in the world professor Strang shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job in the world professor Strang shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job in the world professor Strang shares
+additional thoughts on teaching linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional thoughts on teaching linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional thoughts on teaching linear
+algebra and matrix methods and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and matrix methods and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and matrix methods and data
+analysis signal processing and machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis signal processing and machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis signal processing and machine
+learning in videos within the instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in videos within the instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in videos within the instructor
+insight sections of his OCW courses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight sections of his OCW courses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight sections of his OCW courses you
+can find them at ocw.mit.edu/donate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and watches lecture videos discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watches lecture videos discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watches lecture videos discover the
+magic of his teaching for yourself we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic of his teaching for yourself we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic of his teaching for yourself we're
+so happy to bring you conversations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happy to bring you conversations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happy to bring you conversations with
+MIT faculty who are passionate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT faculty who are passionate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT faculty who are passionate about
+impacting the world in positive ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting the world in positive ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting the world in positive ways
+write to us to share your story of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to us to share your story of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to us to share your story of how
+you're using OCW materials to shape your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using OCW materials to shape your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using OCW materials to shape your
+world or those of others until next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or those of others until next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or those of others until next time
+I'm Sarah Hansen from MIT OpenCourseWare
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ALn1McUXg-c.txt b/ALn1McUXg-c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03fcd09e9ae368377a3094264db74f5f4f277869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ALn1McUXg-c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the last lecture we spent time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we spent time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we spent time
+talking about the mean or expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the mean or expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the mean or expectation
+and its properties most important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its properties most important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its properties most important one
+being linearity but let's step back now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linearity but let's step back now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linearity but let's step back now
+and think about what is it that the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about what is it that the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about what is it that the mean
+means why do we care about it we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means why do we care about it we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means why do we care about it we have
+this intuitive idea that if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuitive idea that if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuitive idea that if you do
+things long enough uh if if you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things long enough uh if if you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things long enough uh if if you keep
+experimenting with the same uh random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with the same uh random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with the same uh random
+variable collecting its values its long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable collecting its values its long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable collecting its values its long
+run average will be about the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run average will be about the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run average will be about the same as
+its mean now we're going to try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean now we're going to try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean now we're going to try to make
+that more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more precise
+so we're going to talk about the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about the topic
+of deviation from the mean or is I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deviation from the mean or is I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deviation from the mean or is I like
+to say what does the mean really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what does the mean really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what does the mean really mean
+why do we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care about
+it well let's look at an example that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well let's look at an example that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well let's look at an example that's
+familiar to get a grip on the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to get a grip on the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to get a grip on the specific
+ideas that we're interested in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that we're interested in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that we're interested in so
+suppose I toss a Fair coin 101 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I toss a Fair coin 101 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I toss a Fair coin 101 times
+then I know that the expected number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know that the expected number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know that the expected number uh
+since the all the values from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the all the values from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the all the values from zero
+through uh 101 are possible and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh 101 are possible and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh 101 are possible and the
+middle value is the expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle value is the expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle value is the expect
+uh it's 50 and A2 heads now I'm never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's 50 and A2 heads now I'm never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's 50 and A2 heads now I'm never
+going to get exactly 50 and A2 heads the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get exactly 50 and A2 heads the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get exactly 50 and A2 heads the
+probability in 101 flips of getting 51
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in 101 flips of getting 51
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in 101 flips of getting 51
+50 and a half heads is zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and a half heads is zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and a half heads is zero because
+there's no way to flip half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to flip half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to flip half a
+head um so you don't expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head um so you don't expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head um so you don't expect the
+expectation in that sense no given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation in that sense no given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation in that sense no given
+measurement no given experiment is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement no given experiment is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement no given experiment is going
+to yield the expectation the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yield the expectation the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yield the expectation the expectation
+is this thing that we expect to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing that we expect to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing that we expect to come out
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+average well we can ask what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average well we can ask what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average well we can ask what's the
+probability of getting as close you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting as close you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting as close you
+could hope to get to the uh expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hope to get to the uh expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hope to get to the uh expectation
+namely what's the probability of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what's the probability of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what's the probability of getting
+exactly 50 heads uh and it's about 13th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 50 heads uh and it's about 13th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 50 heads uh and it's about 13th
+or if you ask what's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you ask what's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you ask what's the probability of
+getting either 50 or 51 heads but being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting either 50 or 51 heads but being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting either 50 or 51 heads but being
+within plus or minus one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within plus or minus one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within plus or minus one of the
+expectation it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation it's about
+17th okay let's flip more coins and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th okay let's flip more coins and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th okay let's flip more coins and see
+what happens this time I'm going to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens this time I'm going to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens this time I'm going to flip
+a th and one coins uh and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th and one coins uh and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th and one coins uh and again the
+expected number of heads is 500 a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of heads is 500 a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of heads is 500 a half
+which I'll never never get exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll never never get exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll never never get exactly the
+probability of getting exactly 500 heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting exactly 500 heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting exactly 500 heads
+is 139th and the probability of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 139th and the probability of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 139th and the probability of getting
+within one of the expectation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one of the expectation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one of the expectation that is
+either 500 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 500 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 500 or
+501 uh heads is about 119th now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+501 uh heads is about 119th now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+501 uh heads is about 119th now these
+numbers have gone down from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers have gone down from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers have gone down from the previous
+numbers remember it was about 17th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers remember it was about 17th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers remember it was about 17th and
+we've gone down to 119th so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone down to 119th so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone down to 119th so it's
+actually we're less likely to be within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're less likely to be within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're less likely to be within
+a fixed distance within one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed distance within one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed distance within one of the
+expectation when we flip more coins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation when we flip more coins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation when we flip more coins so
+as the number of tosses grows the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of tosses grows the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of tosses grows the number
+of heads gets Le gets less likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads gets Le gets less likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads gets Le gets less likely to be
+within any given fixed distance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within any given fixed distance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within any given fixed distance of the
+mean but things get better when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but things get better when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but things get better when we start
+looking at percentages so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at percentages so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at percentages so what's the
+probability of being within 1% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being within 1% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being within 1% of the
+mean if I toss a,1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I toss a,1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I toss a,1
+coins well 1% of a,1 is about 10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins well 1% of a,1 is about 10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins well 1% of a,1 is about 10 so
+we're talking about 1% of the Thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about 1% of the Thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about 1% of the Thousand
+And1 and the probability of being Within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And1 and the probability of being Within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And1 and the probability of being Within
+10 of 500 and5 that is to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of 500 and5 that is to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of 500 and5 that is to say the
+probability of being uh within 510 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being uh within 510 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being uh within 510 and
+490 is about 049 it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+490 is about 049 it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+490 is about 049 it's almost
+50/50 which is not really so bad so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 which is not really so bad so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 which is not really so bad so we
+have a 50/50 chance of actually being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 50/50 chance of actually being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 50/50 chance of actually being
+within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+1% of the expected number when I flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% of the expected number when I flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% of the expected number when I flip
+a,1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a,1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a,1
+coins so what we can start to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so what we can start to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so what we can start to say is
+that when we're trying to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we're trying to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we're trying to give the
+meaning to the mean if I let mu be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to the mean if I let mu be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to the mean if I let mu be the
+standard abbreviation for expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard abbreviation for expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard abbreviation for expectation of
+R I'm doing that just so it'll fit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I'm doing that just so it'll fit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I'm doing that just so it'll fit on
+the slide nicely in formulas so mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide nicely in formulas so mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide nicely in formulas so mu is
+the expectation of R the basic question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of R the basic question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of R the basic question
+we're asking is two two basic questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking is two two basic questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking is two two basic questions
+one is what's the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is what's the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is what's the probability that the
+random variable is far from its mean mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is far from its mean mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is far from its mean mu
+and and you could phrase that as what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you could phrase that as what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you could phrase that as what's
+the probability that the distance from R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the distance from R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the distance from R
+to Mu the absolute value of R minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mu the absolute value of R minus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mu the absolute value of R minus mu
+is greater than some amount X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than some amount X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than some amount X and the
+second question that we want to ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question that we want to ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question that we want to ask is
+what's the average deviation what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the average deviation what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the average deviation what's the
+expectation o of the distance between R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation o of the distance between R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation o of the distance between R
+minus mu what's the expected value of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu what's the expected value of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu what's the expected value of R
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+mu now of course we're trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu now of course we're trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu now of course we're trying to make
+sense of the meaning of the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the meaning of the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the meaning of the expectation
+in terms of the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the expectation of the
+distance between R and its expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between R and its expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between R and its expectation
+so there's a little bit of circularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little bit of circularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little bit of circularity
+there but let's live with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but let's live with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but let's live with it and
+proceed let's look at an example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed let's look at an example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed let's look at an example to
+crystallize the ideas a little let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize the ideas a little let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize the ideas a little let's
+look at two dice with the same mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two dice with the same mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two dice with the same mean of
+the green die is going to be a fair a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green die is going to be a fair a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green die is going to be a fair a
+standard Fair die in which uh each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Fair die in which uh each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Fair die in which uh each of
+the numbers 1 through six has an equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers 1 through six has an equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers 1 through six has an equal
+probability of showing up and its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of showing up and its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of showing up and its uh
+expect expected value is exactly going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect expected value is exactly going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect expected value is exactly going
+to be the midpoint between one and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the midpoint between one and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the midpoint between one and six
+um or three and a half now suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or three and a half now suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or three and a half now suppose I
+look at a loaded die die two um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a loaded die die two um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a loaded die die two um which
+only throws a one or a six but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only throws a one or a six but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only throws a one or a six but with
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+probability uh then its expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh then its expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh then its expectation is
+also 3 and 1/2 by the same reasoning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 3 and 1/2 by the same reasoning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 3 and 1/2 by the same reasoning so
+here are these two different die one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are these two different die one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are these two different die one
+takes the values 1 through six equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the values 1 through six equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the values 1 through six equally
+likely and the other takes only the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely and the other takes only the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely and the other takes only the two
+values one and six but they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values one and six but they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values one and six but they have the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+expectation so how do I capture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so how do I capture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so how do I capture the
+difference well if I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference well if I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference well if I look at the
+expected distance of the fair die to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected distance of the fair die to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected distance of the fair die to its
+mean uh I claim it's one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh I claim it's one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh I claim it's one and
+A2 but the expected distance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 but the expected distance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 but the expected distance of the
+loaded D from its mean same me remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded D from its mean same me remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded D from its mean same me remember
+3 and 1/2 is actually 2 and 1/2 in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and 1/2 is actually 2 and 1/2 in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and 1/2 is actually 2 and 1/2 in fact
+the second die is always exactly 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second die is always exactly 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second die is always exactly 2 and
+1/2 from its expected value uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 from its expected value uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 from its expected value uh let's
+look at the PDFs to get a grip on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the PDFs to get a grip on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the PDFs to get a grip on
+understanding what's going on so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what's going on so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what's going on so here's
+the PDF for the fair die um the uh the O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF for the fair die um the uh the O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF for the fair die um the uh the O
+over one through six the probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one through six the probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one through six the probability is
+one six so each of those green uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one six so each of those green uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one six so each of those green uh uh
+spikes is columns is 1 16th high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes is columns is 1 16th high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes is columns is 1 16th high and
+their total is the one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their total is the one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their total is the one is the
+probability that the fair die takes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the fair die takes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the fair die takes one
+of those values one through six with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those values one through six with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those values one through six with
+equally like with equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally like with equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally like with equal
+likelihood now the expected value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood now the expected value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood now the expected value is
+exactly in the middle at three and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in the middle at three and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in the middle at three and a
+half and the average distance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and the average distance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and the average distance of these
+points well you can see that a third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points well you can see that a third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points well you can see that a third of
+the time you're a distance a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you're a distance a half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you're a distance a half a
+third of the time that is when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the time that is when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the time that is when you take
+the values two and five you are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values two and five you are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values two and five you are at
+distance exactly 1 and A2 and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance exactly 1 and A2 and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance exactly 1 and A2 and another
+third of the time you're at distance 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the time you're at distance 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the time you're at distance 2
+and A2 when you take one and six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 when you take one and six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 when you take one and six and
+that averages out to the middle value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that averages out to the middle value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that averages out to the middle value of
+1 and A2 so the expected deviation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and A2 so the expected deviation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and A2 so the expected deviation the
+expected distance of the fair die from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected distance of the fair die from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected distance of the fair die from
+its mean is 1 and A2 on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean is 1 and A2 on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean is 1 and A2 on the other hand
+for the loaded die as we said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the loaded die as we said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the loaded die as we said it's
+always exactly 2 and A2 from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exactly 2 and A2 from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exactly 2 and A2 from its
+expected value which means its expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value which means its expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value which means its expected
+value is also 2 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is also 2 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is also 2 and a
+half so we can start to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so we can start to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so we can start to see the
+difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two
+distributions and these two kinds of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and these two kinds of d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and these two kinds of d
+by even though they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by even though they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by even though they have the same
+expectation one of them is more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation one of them is more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation one of them is more likely
+and has a a a greater expected distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a a a greater expected distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a a a greater expected distance
+from its mean and the moral of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its mean and the moral of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its mean and the moral of this
+short piece is that the mean alone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short piece is that the mean alone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short piece is that the mean alone is
+not a good predictor of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good predictor of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good predictor of a random
+variable's Behavior as you might suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable's Behavior as you might suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable's Behavior as you might suppose
+one parameter one number is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one parameter one number is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one parameter one number is not going to
+capture the shape of a PDF which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the shape of a PDF which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the shape of a PDF which gives
+you the more full information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the more full information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the more full information about the
+distribution of values of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of values of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of values of a random
+variable and we need some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we need some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we need some more
+information than just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than just the
+expectation uh an an especially valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh an an especially valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh an an especially valuable
+extra piece of information that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra piece of information that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra piece of information that's still
+well less than the overall shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well less than the overall shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well less than the overall shape of the
+PDF of the random variable is knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of the random variable is knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of the random variable is knowing
+its probable deviation from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its probable deviation from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its probable deviation from its
+mean
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AsSsGjaBbas.txt b/AsSsGjaBbas.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0de01f63670035e91f113c7e92fd4176abb2b1f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AsSsGjaBbas.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in the last lecture we considered some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we considered some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we considered some
+basic structures for infinite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic structures for infinite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic structures for infinite impulse
+response and actually also for finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and actually also for finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and actually also for finite
+impulse response system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response system
+in this lecture I would like to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture I would like to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture I would like to focus
+specifically on finite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on finite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on finite impulse response
+systems and indicate show that for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and indicate show that for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and indicate show that for that
+class of systems there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of systems there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of systems there are some
+structures that specifically exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that specifically exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that specifically exploit
+properties of firir or finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of firir or finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of firir or finite impulse
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+systems first of all let's consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems first of all let's consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems first of all let's consider the
+general form of a finite impulse ulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form of a finite impulse ulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form of a finite impulse ulse
+response system one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system one of the
+characteristics of a finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of a finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of a finite impulse
+response system of course is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system of course is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system of course is the fact
+that the impulse response is has only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the impulse response is has only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the impulse response is has only a
+finite number of nonzero samples or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of nonzero samples or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of nonzero samples or
+equivalently the system function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the system function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently the system function
+involves a sum only over a finite range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a sum only over a finite range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a sum only over a finite range
+so the system function in general for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the system function in general for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the system function in general for a
+finite impulse response system is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response system is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response system is of
+this form and the difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form and the difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form and the difference equation
+for the system is of the form of a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the system is of the form of a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the system is of the form of a sum
+from k equal 0 to capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equal 0 to capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k equal 0 to capital N
+minus1 of H of K the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 of H of K the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 of H of K the unit sample
+response X of n minus K we've stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response X of n minus K we've stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response X of n minus K we've stressed
+the fact of course in a variety of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact of course in a variety of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact of course in a variety of the
+earlier lectures that the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lectures that the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lectures that the difference
+equation for a finite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a finite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a finite impulse response
+system in fact corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in fact corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in fact corresponds to the
+convolution sum for finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution sum for finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution sum for finite impulse
+response systems or the coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response systems or the coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response systems or the coefficients in
+the difference equation are in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation are in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation are in fact the
+values of the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the unit sample
+response now for a finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response now for a finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response now for a finite impulse
+response system we can of course talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system we can of course talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system we can of course talk
+about the same types of structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same types of structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same types of structures that
+we talked about in the previous lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in the previous lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in the previous lecture
+for example we can generate a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we can generate a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we can generate a direct
+form structure from the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form structure from the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form structure from the difference
+equation or equivalently from the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or equivalently from the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or equivalently from the Z
+transform and we see that the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and we see that the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and we see that the direct
+form structure corresponds to generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form structure corresponds to generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form structure corresponds to generating
+a weighted combination of delayed inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weighted combination of delayed inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weighted combination of delayed inputs
+where the waiting coefficients are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the waiting coefficients are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the waiting coefficients are the
+values in the unit sample response h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the unit sample response h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the unit sample response h of
+n so for a general direct form structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so for a general direct form structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so for a general direct form structure
+we have X of n x of n minus1 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have X of n x of n minus1 at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have X of n x of n minus1 at the
+output of this delay X of n minus 2 Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of this delay X of n minus 2 Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of this delay X of n minus 2 Etc
+X of nus1 multiplied h of 1 x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of nus1 multiplied h of 1 x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of nus1 multiplied h of 1 x of n
+multiplied h of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied h of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied h of 0
+down through the chain the results added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down through the chain the results added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down through the chain the results added
+up at the output to produce the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the output to produce the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the output to produce the overall
+output y of n so this is what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output y of n so this is what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output y of n so this is what would
+correspond to applying the notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to applying the notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to applying the notion of a
+direct form structure to a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct form structure to a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct form structure to a finite
+impulse response system likewise we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response system likewise we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response system likewise we
+could talk about a transposed form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk about a transposed form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk about a transposed form of
+this network we could also talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network we could also talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network we could also talk about a
+Cascade form realization of a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade form realization of a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade form realization of a finite
+impulse response filter simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filter simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filter simply by
+factoring this into a product not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring this into a product not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring this into a product not of
+poles and zeros because of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and zeros because of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and zeros because of course there
+aren't poles for a finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't poles for a finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't poles for a finite impulse
+response system but as a Cascade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system but as a Cascade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system but as a Cascade of
+zeros either implemented as first or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros either implemented as first or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros either implemented as first or
+second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+sections something to give some thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections something to give some thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections something to give some thought
+to incidentally is whether for a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incidentally is whether for a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incidentally is whether for a finite
+impulse response system you can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response system you can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response system you can generate
+a parallel form structure like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel form structure like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel form structure like the
+parallel form structure that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel form structure that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel form structure that we talked
+about last time the answer to that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time the answer to that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time the answer to that in
+fact is no and it's tied to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is no and it's tied to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is no and it's tied to the fact
+that an firir system doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an firir system doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an firir system doesn't have any
+polls although as we'll see later on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls although as we'll see later on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls although as we'll see later on in
+this lecture there is a structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture there is a structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture there is a structure that
+is of the form of a parallel form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the form of a parallel form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the form of a parallel form for
+implementing fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing fi
+systems so the first point then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so the first point then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so the first point then is that
+we can apply many of the ideas of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can apply many of the ideas of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can apply many of the ideas of the
+previous lecture to firir systems but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture to firir systems but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture to firir systems but in
+addition there are some properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition there are some properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition there are some properties of
+some f systems that lead to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some f systems that lead to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some f systems that lead to some
+specific Network structures that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Network structures that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Network structures that in
+general can't be used for implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general can't be used for implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general can't be used for implementing
+iir or recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iir or recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iir or recursive
+systems the first of these that I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the first of these that I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the first of these that I'd like
+to talk about is directed specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is directed specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is directed specifically
+toward the implementation of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the implementation of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the implementation of linear
+phase firir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase firir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase firir
+systems now recall from several lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems now recall from several lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems now recall from several lectures
+ago and we've again raised this point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and we've again raised this point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and we've again raised this point a
+number of times that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times that one of the
+differences between iir and firir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between iir and firir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between iir and firir
+systems is that because of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that because of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that because of the fact that
+the impulse response of an firir system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse response of an firir system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse response of an firir system
+is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a finite
+length those systems can in fact be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length those systems can in fact be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length those systems can in fact be
+designed to have exactly linear phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to have exactly linear phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to have exactly linear phase
+whereas the corresponding statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the corresponding statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the corresponding statement of
+course is not true for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is not true for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is not true for the case of
+infinite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response
+systems in particular a linear phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in particular a linear phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in particular a linear phase
+finite impulse response system is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response system is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response system is one
+for which the values in the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the values in the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the values in the unit sample
+response satisfy a certain symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response satisfy a certain symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response satisfy a certain symmetry
+condition namely the Symmetry condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition namely the Symmetry condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition namely the Symmetry condition
+as I've indicated it here h of n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've indicated it here h of n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've indicated it here h of n equal
+to H of capital nus 1us little n where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H of capital nus 1us little n where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H of capital nus 1us little n where
+capital N is the length of the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N is the length of the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N is the length of the finite
+length impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length impulse
+response for example a finite a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for example a finite a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for example a finite a linear
+phase firir impulse response as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase firir impulse response as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase firir impulse response as one
+example might look as I've indicated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might look as I've indicated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might look as I've indicated it
+here where I've drawn it for capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where I've drawn it for capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where I've drawn it for capital N
+equal to 9 and this symmetry property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 9 and this symmetry property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 9 and this symmetry property
+says that h of 0 if I substitute n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that h of 0 if I substitute n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that h of 0 if I substitute n
+equals 0 is equal to H of capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is equal to H of capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is equal to H of capital N
+minus one or h of 8 and we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one or h of 8 and we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one or h of 8 and we can see that
+that's the Symmetry that we have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Symmetry that we have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Symmetry that we have and
+then likewise the linear phase property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then likewise the linear phase property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then likewise the linear phase property
+says that as I go through the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that as I go through the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that as I go through the impulse
+response from both ends I see identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response from both ends I see identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response from both ends I see identical
+values so that these values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so that these values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so that these values are
+identical then these values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical then these values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical then these values are
+identical then these values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical then these values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical then these values are
+identical these and of course this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical these and of course this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical these and of course this one
+is identical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identical to
+itself and that then is the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that then is the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that then is the general
+symmetry of a linear phase firir impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of a linear phase firir impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of a linear phase firir impulse
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well in fact to stress once again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact to stress once again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact to stress once again that
+the phase is indeed linear we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase is indeed linear we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase is indeed linear we can
+consider generating a unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider generating a unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider generating a unit sample
+response or impulse response H1 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response or impulse response H1 of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response or impulse response H1 of n
+which corresponds to this unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to this unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to this unit sample
+response shifted so that it's centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response shifted so that it's centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response shifted so that it's centered
+around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+origin in which case h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin in which case h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin in which case h of
+n is equal to H1 of n + capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to H1 of n + capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to H1 of n + capital n minus
+one or in this case it's h of n h of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or in this case it's h of n h of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or in this case it's h of n h of n
+is H1 of n shifted to the right by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H1 of n shifted to the right by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H1 of n shifted to the right by
+4 and consequently the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and consequently the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and consequently the frequency
+response for this system or the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for this system or the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for this system or the 4A
+transform of the unit sample response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the unit sample response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the unit sample response is
+the fora transform of the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform of the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform of the unit sample
+response of this system multiplied by e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of this system multiplied by e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of this system multiplied by e
+to the J Omega capital nus1 /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega capital nus1 /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega capital nus1 /2
+that is just due to the fact that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just due to the fact that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just due to the fact that these
+two unit sample responses are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unit sample responses are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unit sample responses are related to
+each other by a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other by a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other by a linear
+shift now this unit sample response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift now this unit sample response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift now this unit sample response is
+even that is it's even about n equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that is it's even about n equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that is it's even about n equals z
+and consequently its fora transform is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently its fora transform is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently its fora transform is a
+real function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real function of
+Omega so this is real and consequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so this is real and consequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so this is real and consequently
+the phase associated with the causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase associated with the causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase associated with the causal
+system h of of n is just simply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system h of of n is just simply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system h of of n is just simply this
+linear phase term e to the J Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase term e to the J Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase term e to the J Omega n
+minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1
+/2 so this is an argument again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 so this is an argument again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 so this is an argument again that
+stresses the fact that if the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses the fact that if the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses the fact that if the unit
+sample response has this symmetry then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response has this symmetry then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response has this symmetry then
+the phase of the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase of the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase of the system is
+linear now how can we exploit this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear now how can we exploit this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear now how can we exploit this in
+the implementation of linear of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of linear of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of linear of finite
+impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response
+systems well let's look first of all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems well let's look first of all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems well let's look first of all at
+the general expression for the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general expression for the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general expression for the Z
+transform of the system h of Z given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the system h of Z given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the system h of Z given by
+a sum of H of n z to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of H of n z to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of H of n z to the minus
+n and essentially the idea in exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and essentially the idea in exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and essentially the idea in exploiting
+this symmetry for the implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetry for the implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetry for the implementation of
+firir systems is to take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firir systems is to take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firir systems is to take advantage of
+the fact that because half roughly half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that because half roughly half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that because half roughly half
+of the values in h ofn are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values in h ofn are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values in h ofn are
+identical we should be able to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical we should be able to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical we should be able to implement
+the system with essentially only half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system with essentially only half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system with essentially only half
+the number of multiplies that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of multiplies that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of multiplies that would be
+required in a more general f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required in a more general f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required in a more general f
+system well to show how this works let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well to show how this works let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well to show how this works let's
+work through this for the case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through this for the case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through this for the case where we
+assume that capital N the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that capital N the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that capital N the number of
+nonzero points in the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero points in the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero points in the unit sample
+response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is
+even in the previous example we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the previous example we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the previous example we had
+considered capital N odd here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered capital N odd here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered capital N odd here and
+working through this let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working through this let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working through this let's assume that
+capital N is even and a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N is even and a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N is even and a similar
+derivation would apply and is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation would apply and is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation would apply and is gone
+through in the text for capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in the text for capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in the text for capital N
+odd okay well we can express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd okay well we can express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd okay well we can express the
+transfer function h of Z as a sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function h of Z as a sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function h of Z as a sum from
+Nal 0 to capital N / 2 minus1 of H of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 0 to capital N / 2 minus1 of H of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 0 to capital N / 2 minus1 of H of n
+z Theus n those are the first half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z Theus n those are the first half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z Theus n those are the first half
+points the first half of the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the first half of the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the first half of the non
+non-zero points plus a sum over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero points plus a sum over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero points plus a sum over the
+second half of the nonzero points from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the nonzero points from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the nonzero points from
+capital N /2 to capital N minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N /2 to capital N minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N /2 to capital N minus one and
+basically where we want to get to is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically where we want to get to is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically where we want to get to is to
+exploit the fact that these points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit the fact that these points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit the fact that these points are
+numerically equal to these except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically equal to these except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically equal to these except that
+the index runs in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index runs in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index runs in the other
+direction well to develop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction well to develop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction well to develop that
+formally let's manipulate this sum by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally let's manipulate this sum by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally let's manipulate this sum by
+using a substitution of variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a substitution of variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a substitution of variables in
+particular let's make the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's make the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's make the substitution
+of variables that R is equal to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables that R is equal to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables that R is equal to capital
+N -1 - little n or equivalently that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N -1 - little n or equivalently that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N -1 - little n or equivalently that
+little n is equal to capital N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is equal to capital N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is equal to capital N minus
+1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us
+r if we do that then changing this to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r if we do that then changing this to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r if we do that then changing this to a
+summation on R where we have that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation on R where we have that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation on R where we have that little
+n is equal to capital N / 2 little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to capital N / 2 little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to capital N / 2 little n
+equal to capital N / 2 R is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital N / 2 R is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital N / 2 R is equal to
+capital N / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N / 2
+-1 as I've indicated here and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 as I've indicated here and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 as I've indicated here and when
+little n is equal to capital N minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is equal to capital N minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is equal to capital N minus1
+little r is equal to zero so this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little r is equal to zero so this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little r is equal to zero so this gets
+converted to a sum from Ral 0 to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to a sum from Ral 0 to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to a sum from Ral 0 to capital
+N / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N / 2
+-1 h of what was n which is now capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 h of what was n which is now capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 h of what was n which is now capital
+N -1 - R substituted in here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N -1 - R substituted in here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N -1 - R substituted in here and then
+capital N -1 - R again substituted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N -1 - R again substituted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N -1 - R again substituted for
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+n basically what we've done is reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n basically what we've done is reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n basically what we've done is reduce
+this from to a sum over the same limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from to a sum over the same limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from to a sum over the same limits
+as we have here and with the indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have here and with the indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have here and with the indices
+running in the opposite direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in the opposite direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in the opposite direction and
+now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can
+recognize that because of the Symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that because of the Symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that because of the Symmetry
+property because of the fact that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property because of the fact that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property because of the fact that we're
+talking about a linear phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a linear phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a linear phase
+system h of capital N -1 - r is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H of
+R that's the Symmetry property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R that's the Symmetry property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R that's the Symmetry property that
+corresponds to stating that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to stating that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to stating that the system
+is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear
+phase all right well so here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase all right well so here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase all right well so here we have a
+sum from Nal 0 to n / 2us one some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from Nal 0 to n / 2us one some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from Nal 0 to n / 2us one some
+things involving h of n here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things involving h of n here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things involving h of n here we have a
+sum from Ral 0 to n / 2 minus1 some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from Ral 0 to n / 2 minus1 some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from Ral 0 to n / 2 minus1 some
+things involving h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things involving h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things involving h of
+R this index of some of course is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R this index of some of course is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R this index of some of course is just a
+dummy variable and we can change it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy variable and we can change it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy variable and we can change it back
+to n if we want to which we do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n if we want to which we do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n if we want to which we do so
+rewriting these two sums in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting these two sums in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting these two sums in particular
+rewriting this one in terms now of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting this one in terms now of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting this one in terms now of a
+summation on N this becomes the sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation on N this becomes the sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation on N this becomes the sum from
+Nal 0 to capital N / 2 -1 h of n zus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 0 to capital N / 2 -1 h of n zus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 0 to capital N / 2 -1 h of n zus
+capital nus1 minus little n this sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital nus1 minus little n this sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital nus1 minus little n this sum of
+course stays the same and now because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course stays the same and now because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course stays the same and now because we
+have H of n appearing in both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have H of n appearing in both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have H of n appearing in both of these
+sums we can combine this together into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums we can combine this together into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums we can combine this together into a
+single summation from 0 to n /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single summation from 0 to n /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single summation from 0 to n /2
+minus1 of H of n the values in the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 of H of n the values in the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 of H of n the values in the unit
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+response times zus n + zus capital N -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response times zus n + zus capital N -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response times zus n + zus capital N -1
+- little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- little
+n notice now that we only have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n notice now that we only have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n notice now that we only have in this
+summation half the terms that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation half the terms that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation half the terms that we had
+originally in other words there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally in other words there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally in other words there are
+capital N /2 different coefficients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N /2 different coefficients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N /2 different coefficients that
+we're using whereas in the direct form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using whereas in the direct form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using whereas in the direct form
+implementation there were capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation there were capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation there were capital N
+coefficients that we were using and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that we were using and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that we were using and here
+we're exploiting the Symmetry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're exploiting the Symmetry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're exploiting the Symmetry in the
+coefficients well let's see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients well let's see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients well let's see what this
+implies in terms of a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies in terms of a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies in terms of a filter
+structure here I've simply Rewritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here I've simply Rewritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here I've simply Rewritten
+again the general form for the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the general form for the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the general form for the transfer
+function assuming that the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function assuming that the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function assuming that the system is
+linear phase as we've just previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase as we've just previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase as we've just previously
+worked out this is just simply a rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out this is just simply a rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out this is just simply a rewrite
+of the previous expression and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the previous expression and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the previous expression and let's
+look at this for example I've assumed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this for example I've assumed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this for example I've assumed I
+had assumed that that capital N was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had assumed that that capital N was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had assumed that that capital N was
+equal was even so let's choose as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal was even so let's choose as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal was even so let's choose as an
+example capital N equal to 8 in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example capital N equal to 8 in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example capital N equal to 8 in which
+case this expression becomes a sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this expression becomes a sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this expression becomes a sum from
+Nal 0 to 3 h of n z Theus n+ Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 0 to 3 h of n z Theus n+ Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 0 to 3 h of n z Theus n+ Z
+Theus capital N - 1 is 7 so - 7 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n well how many delays are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well how many delays are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well how many delays are involved in
+implementing this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this system
+function apparently there are seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function apparently there are seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function apparently there are seven
+delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays
+involved whether or not the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved whether or not the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved whether or not the system is
+linear phase and that shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase and that shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase and that shouldn't be
+surprising because the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because the length of the
+impulse response is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response is still
+eight so seven delays in general are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so seven delays in general are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so seven delays in general are
+required but only four coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required but only four coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required but only four coefficients are
+required and to see what structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and to see what structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and to see what structure is
+implied by this we recognize that h of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied by this we recognize that h of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied by this we recognize that h of Z
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+constructed by summing a system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed by summing a system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed by summing a system which
+corresponds to a delay looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a delay looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a delay looking at this
+expression for n equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for n equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for n equals 0
+no delay n equal 0 substituted in gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no delay n equal 0 substituted in gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no delay n equal 0 substituted in gives
+us a transfer function of one plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a transfer function of one plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a transfer function of one plus a
+delay with n equal 0 substituted in of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay with n equal 0 substituted in of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay with n equal 0 substituted in of
+seven those two delays the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven those two delays the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven those two delays the output of
+those two delays added together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two delays added together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two delays added together and
+multiplied by h of Zer and consequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by h of Zer and consequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by h of Zer and consequently
+if we consider a chain of delays as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we consider a chain of delays as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we consider a chain of delays as I've
+drawn here we have the output put before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn here we have the output put before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn here we have the output put before
+we go through any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through any
+delays added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays added to the
+output from the seventh delay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from the seventh delay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from the seventh delay that's
+looking at this expression for n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this expression for n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this expression for n equals
+0 and the result of that summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and the result of that summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and the result of that summation
+multiplied by h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zer to form the first term in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer to form the first term in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer to form the first term in this
+sum to form the next term in this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to form the next term in this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to form the next term in this sum
+for n equal 1 we have the output of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n equal 1 we have the output of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n equal 1 we have the output of one
+delay plus the output from the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay plus the output from the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay plus the output from the seven
+minus oneth delay that is the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus oneth delay that is the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus oneth delay that is the sixth
+DeLay So we have this output the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeLay So we have this output the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeLay So we have this output the output
+from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first
+delay and this output the output from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and this output the output from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and this output the output from
+the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delay and now that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and now that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and now that is
+multiplied by h of one coefficient which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by h of one coefficient which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by h of one coefficient which
+is H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H of
+one to form the next term in the sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to form the next term in the sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to form the next term in the sum and
+if we go through the remaining terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go through the remaining terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go through the remaining terms in
+the sum we have the output from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum we have the output from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum we have the output from the
+second delay and the output from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second delay and the output from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second delay and the output from the
+fifth delay added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth delay added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth delay added
+together that multiplied by h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that multiplied by h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that multiplied by h of
+two the output from the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the output from the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the output from the third
+delay and the output from the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and the output from the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and the output from the fourth
+delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay
+added together and that multiplied by h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together and that multiplied by h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together and that multiplied by h
+of three that forms the individual terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three that forms the individual terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three that forms the individual terms
+in this sum and now we want finally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sum and now we want finally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sum and now we want finally to
+add those together so we can simply add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those together so we can simply add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those together so we can simply add
+those together at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outputs to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to form the
+output y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output y of
+n so here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so here is a
+structure with which implements a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure with which implements a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure with which implements a finite
+impulse response system of order eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response system of order eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response system of order eight
+or of length eight it involves seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of length eight it involves seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of length eight it involves seven
+delays which of course the direct form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays which of course the direct form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays which of course the direct form
+also involves but the important aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also involves but the important aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also involves but the important aspect
+of it is that it involves only half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is that it involves only half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is that it involves only half the
+number of multiplies that the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of multiplies that the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of multiplies that the direct
+form would normally require taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form would normally require taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form would normally require taking
+advantage of the fact that it's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that it's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that it's a linear
+phase system then were able to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase system then were able to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase system then were able to implement
+the system with half the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system with half the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system with half the number of
+multipliers than would be required in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers than would be required in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers than would be required in
+general all right so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general all right so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general all right so this is one
+structure I stress again that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I stress again that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I stress again that it's not
+the only structure for implementing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only structure for implementing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only structure for implementing a
+linear phase system clearly we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase system clearly we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase system clearly we can
+generate another structure linear phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate another structure linear phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate another structure linear phase
+structure by simply applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure by simply applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure by simply applying the
+transposition theorem to this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition theorem to this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition theorem to this structure
+and we would end up with a transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would end up with a transposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would end up with a transposed
+configuration and an example of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and an example of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and an example of that is
+shown in the text I won't bother going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the text I won't bother going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the text I won't bother going
+through it but the important aspect here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but the important aspect here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but the important aspect here
+is that we're able to exploit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're able to exploit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're able to exploit in the
+case of finite impulse response systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of finite impulse response systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of finite impulse response systems
+were're able to exploit the linear phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were're able to exploit the linear phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were're able to exploit the linear phase
+characteristics of the system if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the system if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the system if we're
+talking about a system that is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase a second structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase a second structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase a second structure that
+is peculiar to finite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is peculiar to finite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is peculiar to finite impulse response
+systems and in some instances has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and in some instances has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and in some instances has some
+advantages is a structure that is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages is a structure that is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages is a structure that is often
+referred to as a frequency sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as a frequency sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as a frequency sampling
+structure the reason for that being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the reason for that being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the reason for that being that
+the coefficients in the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients in the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients in the structure
+correspond to samples of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to samples of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to samples of the frequency
+response of the system and I'll indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the system and I'll indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the system and I'll indicate
+in a few minutes why that might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes why that might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes why that might be an
+advantage but first let's look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage but first let's look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage but first let's look at what
+the specific structure is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific structure is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific structure is that's
+involved a frequency sampling structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved a frequency sampling structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved a frequency sampling structure
+is derived by essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implementing the system or inquiring as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the system or inquiring as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the system or inquiring as
+to what the implementation would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what the implementation would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what the implementation would be if
+we specify the system in terms rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we specify the system in terms rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we specify the system in terms rather
+than of the unit sample response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than of the unit sample response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than of the unit sample response of the
+discrete 4A transform coefficients we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A transform coefficients we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A transform coefficients we
+recall and I hope that this is second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall and I hope that this is second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall and I hope that this is second
+nature to you by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature to you by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature to you by
+now in general we have a unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general we have a unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general we have a unit sample
+response this is a finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response this is a finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response this is a finite impulse
+response system so this is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system so this is a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response system so this is a finite
+length sequence so we can describe it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence so we can describe it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence so we can describe it in
+terms of its discrete forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its discrete forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its discrete forier transform
+and the discrete forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the discrete forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the discrete forier transform
+coefficients I'll refer to as h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I'll refer to as h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I'll refer to as h of
+K or we can describe it as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or we can describe it as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or we can describe it as we can
+describe almost all sequences in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe almost all sequences in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe almost all sequences in terms
+of its Z transform or the system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its Z transform or the system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its Z transform or the system in
+terms of its system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its system
+function the Z transform is the sum of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the Z transform is the sum of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the Z transform is the sum of H
+of n * Z the minus n as it always is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n * Z the minus n as it always is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n * Z the minus n as it always is and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+unit sample response can be expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response can be expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response can be expressed in
+terms of the discret fora transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the discret fora transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the discret fora transform
+coefficients in terms of the sum of H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in terms of the sum of H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in terms of the sum of H of
+k w subn to the minus n k we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k w subn to the minus n k we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k w subn to the minus n k we have the
+one over capital N out in front and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over capital N out in front and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over capital N out in front and uh
+again this term R sub capital N of n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this term R sub capital N of n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this term R sub capital N of n to
+just simply truncate h of n after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply truncate h of n after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply truncate h of n after
+capital N points that is to extract one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N points that is to extract one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N points that is to extract one
+period from the per periodic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from the per periodic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from the per periodic function
+that this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sum
+generates now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates now we can
+substitute h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute h of
+n expressed in terms of its discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n expressed in terms of its discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n expressed in terms of its discrete
+forier transform into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform into this
+expression the r subn of n will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the r subn of n will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the r subn of n will
+disappear because we're only summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear because we're only summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear because we're only summing
+from Nal 0 to capital N minus one and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Nal 0 to capital N minus one and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Nal 0 to capital N minus one and if
+we substitute this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we substitute this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we substitute this in
+here and interchange the order in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and interchange the order in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and interchange the order in which
+we evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we evaluate the
+sums then the resulting expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums then the resulting expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums then the resulting expression for
+the Z transform for the system function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform for the system function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform for the system function
+is the sum from k equal 0 to n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum from k equal 0 to n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum from k equal 0 to n minus one
+of the the DFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the DFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the DFT
+values and this term and this term are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and this term and this term are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and this term and this term are
+involved in the sum on n and they result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the sum on n and they result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the sum on n and they result
+in the sum from 0 to capital N minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sum from 0 to capital N minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sum from 0 to capital N minus one
+of z theus1 w sub capital N to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of z theus1 w sub capital N to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of z theus1 w sub capital N to the minus
+K that raised to the N power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that raised to the N power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that raised to the N power
+well this is the kind of summation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the kind of summation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is the kind of summation that
+we've been carrying out again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been carrying out again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been carrying out again and again
+particularly in talking about finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in talking about finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in talking about finite
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+sequences and hopefully this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and hopefully this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and hopefully this is another
+kind of summation that by now you carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of summation that by now you carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of summation that by now you carry
+around in your hip pocket it's the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in your hip pocket it's the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in your hip pocket it's the sum
+from 0 to capital N minus one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to capital N minus one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to capital N minus one of
+something of the form Alpha to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the form Alpha to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the form Alpha to the N
+where the alpha happens to be that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the alpha happens to be that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the alpha happens to be that and
+that sums up to 1 minus Z to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sums up to 1 minus Z to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sums up to 1 minus Z to the minus
+capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n
+times um see 1 minus Z to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um see 1 minus Z to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um see 1 minus Z to the minus
+capital n and actually W sub capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n and actually W sub capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n and actually W sub capital N
+to the minus K capital N that is it sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus K capital N that is it sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus K capital N that is it sums
+up to this Alpha raised to the capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this Alpha raised to the capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this Alpha raised to the capital N
+power divided by 1us W subn to Theus K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power divided by 1us W subn to Theus K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power divided by 1us W subn to Theus K *
+Z Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Theus
+one well what is w subn sub capital N to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well what is w subn sub capital N to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well what is w subn sub capital N to
+any integer multiple of capital N that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any integer multiple of capital N that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any integer multiple of capital N that's
+just simply equal to Unity so this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply equal to Unity so this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply equal to Unity so this term
+disappears and we end up simply with 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears and we end up simply with 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears and we end up simply with 1us
+Z Theus n divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Theus n divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Theus n divided by
+this all right so combining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so combining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so combining this
+together we can then Express h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we can then Express h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we can then Express h of
+Z as 1 minus Z to the minus capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as 1 minus Z to the minus capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as 1 minus Z to the minus capital
+N we have this one over n which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N we have this one over n which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N we have this one over n which we have
+to account for somehow and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for somehow and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for somehow and then finally
+a sum from 0 to n minus one of H of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum from 0 to n minus one of H of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum from 0 to n minus one of H of K
+divided by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by this
+factor and so this is an expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and so this is an expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and so this is an expression for
+the Z transform of the system or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform of the system or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform of the system or the
+transfer function of the system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function of the system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function of the system where
+the coefficients in that expression are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients in that expression are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients in that expression are
+the discrete fora transform values h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete fora transform values h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete fora transform values h of
+K the discrete 4A transform values as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the discrete 4A transform values as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the discrete 4A transform values as
+we've stressed several times in fact are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've stressed several times in fact are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've stressed several times in fact are
+samples on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples on the unit
+circle of the Z transform so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of the Z transform so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of the Z transform so these
+coefficients the H ofk are are in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the H ofk are are in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the H ofk are are in effect
+samples of the frequency response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of the frequency response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of the frequency response of the
+system in other words they are frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in other words they are frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in other words they are frequency
+samples and consequently the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and consequently the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and consequently the structure
+that this implies is usually referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this implies is usually referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this implies is usually referred to
+as a frequency sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a frequency sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a frequency sampling
+structure well let's look at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure well let's look at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure well let's look at what the
+specific structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific structure
+is we can view this as a Cascade of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can view this as a Cascade of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can view this as a Cascade of the
+system that implements this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that implements this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that implements this
+term in Cascade with the system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in Cascade with the system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in Cascade with the system that
+implements this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this
+summation this term is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation this term is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation this term is simply
+implemented by a gain of unity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented by a gain of unity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented by a gain of unity in the
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+Direction and then a gain of minus zus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and then a gain of minus zus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and then a gain of minus zus
+capital N I happen to have the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N I happen to have the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N I happen to have the arrow
+here in the reverse Direction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the reverse Direction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the reverse Direction which is
+wrong this is an arrow again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong this is an arrow again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong this is an arrow again in the
+forward direction that just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction that just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction that just simply
+implements the system 1 minus Z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements the system 1 minus Z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements the system 1 minus Z the
+minus capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus capital
+n and that I guess makes enough of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and that I guess makes enough of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and that I guess makes enough of a
+mess out of it so that uh hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess out of it so that uh hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess out of it so that uh hopefully you
+can at least see what direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least see what direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least see what direction that
+arrow goes in this then implements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow goes in this then implements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow goes in this then implements that
+piece to implement this sum well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to implement this sum well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to implement this sum well this
+sum implies a parallel combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum implies a parallel combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum implies a parallel combination of
+systems each system implementing one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems each system implementing one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems each system implementing one of
+these pieces so if we look at this say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces so if we look at this say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces so if we look at this say
+for k equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k equal
+to0 we have a coefficient h of zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to0 we have a coefficient h of zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to0 we have a coefficient h of zero as
+I've indicated here and a pole and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here and a pole and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here and a pole and where
+is the pole well the pole for k equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pole well the pole for k equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pole well the pole for k equal 0
+is at w subn Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at w subn Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at w subn Theus
+0 for k equal to 1 it's at w subn theus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 for k equal to 1 it's at w subn theus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 for k equal to 1 it's at w subn theus1
+and on through so the system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on through so the system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on through so the system that
+implements this sum is then a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this sum is then a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this sum is then a parallel
+combination of first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of first order
+poles where the coefficient in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles where the coefficient in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles where the coefficient in the
+feedback path is W subn to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path is W subn to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path is W subn to the minus
+K and the gain in the forward path which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and the gain in the forward path which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and the gain in the forward path which
+can be placed either before or after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be placed either before or after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be placed either before or after the
+pole are the frequency samples h of0 h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole are the frequency samples h of0 h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole are the frequency samples h of0 h
+of one down through h of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one down through h of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one down through h of n minus
+one and then of course we have the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then of course we have the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then of course we have the gain
+of 1 over capital N which has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over capital N which has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over capital N which has to go
+someplace and for now let's just leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace and for now let's just leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace and for now let's just leave
+it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the
+end I stress also that these of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I stress also that these of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I stress also that these of course
+are complex pole pairs uh complex poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complex pole pairs uh complex poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complex pole pairs uh complex poles
+because W subn to an integer power is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because W subn to an integer power is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because W subn to an integer power is in
+general complex we can of course redraw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general complex we can of course redraw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general complex we can of course redraw
+this structure by combining complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure by combining complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure by combining complex
+conjugate poles together and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate poles together and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate poles together and the
+structure that results is indicated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that results is indicated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that results is indicated in
+the text I won't bother to do that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text I won't bother to do that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text I won't bother to do that here
+but there are a couple of points about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a couple of points about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a couple of points about
+this structure that I'd like to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure that I'd like to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure that I'd like to draw
+your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention
+to first of all we started with a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first of all we started with a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first of all we started with a finite
+impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system obviously We've Ended up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system obviously We've Ended up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system obviously We've Ended up with a
+finite impulse response system but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response system but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response system but the
+system appears to have some poles in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system appears to have some poles in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system appears to have some poles in it
+that is it's a recursive structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's a recursive structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's a recursive structure and
+it has in fact capital N polls involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has in fact capital N polls involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has in fact capital N polls involved
+in the implementation although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the implementation although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the implementation although
+presumably the overall system function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the overall system function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the overall system function
+has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only
+zeros well how can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros well how can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros well how can that
+be very simply because if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very simply because if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very simply because if you look at
+this term this term has capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term this term has capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term this term has capital N
+zeros equally distributed around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros equally distributed around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros equally distributed around the
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+circle in angle and in fact a zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in angle and in fact a zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in angle and in fact a zero zero
+is occurring exactly at the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring exactly at the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring exactly at the location
+where each of these poles occur so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each of these poles occur so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each of these poles occur so that
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+this piece in Cascade with this cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece in Cascade with this cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece in Cascade with this cancels
+out this feedback loop or this pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this feedback loop or this pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this feedback loop or this pole
+simply cancels out one of the zeros from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply cancels out one of the zeros from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply cancels out one of the zeros from
+this term this one cancels out another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term this one cancels out another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term this one cancels out another
+zero and on down through the chain so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and on down through the chain so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and on down through the chain so in
+the overall system function there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall system function there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall system function there are no
+poles there are only zeros and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles there are only zeros and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles there are only zeros and what
+happens in effect is that these poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in effect is that these poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in effect is that these poles
+are used to cancel out different zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used to cancel out different zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used to cancel out different zeros
+appearing in this first path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in this first path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in this first path that
+suggests one of the problems in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests one of the problems in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests one of the problems in fact
+with a frequency sampling structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a frequency sampling structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a frequency sampling structure
+because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it
+requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+poles as I've drawn it here actually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles as I've drawn it here actually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles as I've drawn it here actually on
+the unit circle in an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle in an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle in an actual
+implementation obviously that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation obviously that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation obviously that would be
+slightly off the unit circle but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly off the unit circle but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly off the unit circle but it
+involves implementing poles to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves implementing poles to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves implementing poles to cancel
+out the zero appearing in this term 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the zero appearing in this term 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the zero appearing in this term 1
+minus cus n and that has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cus n and that has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cus n and that has some
+drawbacks uh from a number of points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawbacks uh from a number of points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawbacks uh from a number of points of
+view in fact it has some drawbacks uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view in fact it has some drawbacks uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view in fact it has some drawbacks uh we
+won't analyze this but it turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't analyze this but it turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't analyze this but it turns out to
+be true that due to finite register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true that due to finite register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true that due to finite register
+length effects there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length effects there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length effects there are some
+drawbacks but there are also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawbacks but there are also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawbacks but there are also some
+advantages to this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to this kind of
+structure and the advantages in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the advantages in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the advantages in some
+situations outweigh the disadvantage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations outweigh the disadvantage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations outweigh the disadvantage the
+main disadvantage of canceling out zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main disadvantage of canceling out zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main disadvantage of canceling out zeros
+with poles or poles with zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with poles or poles with zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with poles or poles with zeros
+one of the first advantages is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first advantages is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first advantages is that the
+coefficients that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that are
+involved involve frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved involve frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved involve frequency
+samples now in many situations what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples now in many situations what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples now in many situations what we
+would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to
+implement is a system in which perhaps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement is a system in which perhaps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement is a system in which perhaps a
+large number of the frequency samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of the frequency samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of the frequency samples
+happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be
+zero imagine for example implementing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero imagine for example implementing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero imagine for example implementing a
+very narrow band low pass or band pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very narrow band low pass or band pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very narrow band low pass or band pass
+filter and specifying the filter in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and specifying the filter in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and specifying the filter in such
+a way that the frequency samples in band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that the frequency samples in band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that the frequency samples in band
+are non zero and the frequency samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non zero and the frequency samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non zero and the frequency samples
+out of band are equal to zero in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of band are equal to zero in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of band are equal to zero in that
+case most of the coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case most of the coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case most of the coefficients are
+coefficients which are zero coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which are zero coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which are zero coefficients
+and consequently there will be only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently there will be only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently there will be only a
+few of these paths that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of these paths that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of these paths that we have to
+implement so that in that situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement so that in that situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement so that in that situation
+where perhaps a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where perhaps a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where perhaps a large number of
+frequency samples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency samples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency samples are
+zero in fact the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in fact the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in fact the number of
+multiplications involved in implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications involved in implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications involved in implementing
+the system and in fact the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and in fact the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and in fact the number of
+delays involved in implementing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays involved in implementing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays involved in implementing the
+system might be significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system might be significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system might be significantly
+reduced another advantage to a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced another advantage to a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced another advantage to a frequency
+sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+structure is the fact that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is the fact that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is the fact that it is
+basically a parallel form structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a parallel form structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a parallel form structure and
+that can be exploited in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be exploited in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be exploited in terms of
+implementation of a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a large number of
+filters or in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters or in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters or in terms of the
+implementation of a filter Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a filter Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a filter Bank
+let me State more specifically what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me State more specifically what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me State more specifically what I
+mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+that in this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this system
+function this piece and this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this piece and this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this piece and this piece
+except for the h of K's are tied only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the h of K's are tied only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the h of K's are tied only to
+the fact that the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the unit sample response
+of the system is of length capital N so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system is of length capital N so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system is of length capital N so
+that if I Implement a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I Implement a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I Implement a large number of
+systems whose impulse response is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems whose impulse response is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems whose impulse response is of
+length capital N the system will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length capital N the system will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length capital N the system will look
+identical from the input up to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical from the input up to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical from the input up to the point
+where I do the multiplication by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I do the multiplication by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I do the multiplication by the
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+samples consequently if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples consequently if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples consequently if I were to
+implement a large number of filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a large number of filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a large number of filters
+simultaneously I can use in common for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously I can use in common for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously I can use in common for
+all of those systems the part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those systems the part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those systems the part of this
+structure from the input to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from the input to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from the input to the output
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+poles and then simply draw off those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and then simply draw off those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and then simply draw off those
+outputs multiply by the required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs multiply by the required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs multiply by the required
+frequency samples sum the outputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency samples sum the outputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency samples sum the outputs and
+that implements the filter consequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implements the filter consequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implements the filter consequently
+I'm able to share among all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm able to share among all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm able to share among all of the
+filters in the filter Bank these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in the filter Bank these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in the filter Bank these
+delays these delays and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays these delays and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays these delays and the
+multiplications by powers of w and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications by powers of w and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications by powers of w and the
+only additional coefficients and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only additional coefficients and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only additional coefficients and the
+only additional pieces that come in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only additional pieces that come in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only additional pieces that come in that
+differ between the filters and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ between the filters and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ between the filters and the
+filter Bank are the coefficients that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter Bank are the coefficients that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter Bank are the coefficients that I
+mult mply these outputs by I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mult mply these outputs by I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mult mply these outputs by I need to
+multiply by the coefficients and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the coefficients and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the coefficients and then
+form the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the linear
+combination so that then are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so that then are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so that then are the two
+primary advantage to advantages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary advantage to advantages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary advantage to advantages to
+frequency sampling structures and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency sampling structures and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency sampling structures and in
+fact frequency sampling structures have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact frequency sampling structures have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact frequency sampling structures have
+found application primarily for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found application primarily for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found application primarily for those
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasons well there are lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons well there are lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons well there are lots of other
+structures that one can talk about both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that one can talk about both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that one can talk about both
+for finite impulse response and infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finite impulse response and infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finite impulse response and infinite
+impulse response systems and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response systems and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response systems and as I
+stressed at the end of the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed at the end of the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed at the end of the last lecture
+the discussion of structures in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of structures in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of structures in general
+and the kinds of structures that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kinds of structures that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kinds of structures that can be
+generated are is is very vast in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated are is is very vast in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated are is is very vast in fact it
+seems that structures new structures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that structures new structures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that structures new structures are
+generated faster than they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated faster than they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated faster than they can be
+evaluated and I would like to terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated and I would like to terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated and I would like to terminate
+the discussion of specific structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of specific structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of specific structures
+with just the ones that I've shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just the ones that I've shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just the ones that I've shown you
+in the previous lecture and the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture and the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture and the ones
+that I've shown for finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've shown for finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've shown for finite impulse
+response systems in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response systems in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response systems in this
+lecture to conclude the discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to conclude the discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to conclude the discussion of
+digital networks and digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital networks and digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital networks and digital filter
+structures I'd like to focus finally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures I'd like to focus finally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures I'd like to focus finally on
+just a few of the issues one primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few of the issues one primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few of the issues one primarily
+involved in the comparison of filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the comparison of filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the comparison of filter
+structures we've talked about different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we've talked about different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we've talked about different
+structur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structur
+one of the things that obviously is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that obviously is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that obviously is true
+is that from a strictly mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that from a strictly mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that from a strictly mathematical
+point of view all of these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view all of these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view all of these structures
+different ways of implementing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of implementing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of implementing the same
+transfer function obviously implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function obviously implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function obviously implement
+the same transfer function that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same transfer function that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same transfer function that is
+algebraically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically or
+theoretically the all of the structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically the all of the structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically the all of the structures
+from an input output point of view are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an input output point of view are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an input output point of view are
+indistinguishable in other words they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable in other words they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable in other words they
+generate the same transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the same transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the same transfer
+function on the other hand there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the other hand there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the other hand there are a
+variety of issues when one considers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of issues when one considers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of issues when one considers the
+Practical implementation of digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical implementation of digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical implementation of digital
+filters that have to be considered when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters that have to be considered when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters that have to be considered when
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+choosing different filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing different filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing different filter
+structures one of them I suggested last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures one of them I suggested last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures one of them I suggested last
+time to be the number of delays involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be the number of delays involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be the number of delays involved
+and we saw the difference between non-c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw the difference between non-c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw the difference between non-c
+canonic and canonic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic and canonic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic and canonic form
+structures delays mean registers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures delays mean registers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures delays mean registers and
+registers mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers mean
+Hardware in talking about linear phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware in talking about linear phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware in talking about linear phase
+filters we saw that if we exploit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters we saw that if we exploit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters we saw that if we exploit the
+linear phase property then we can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase property then we can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase property then we can reduce
+the number of multiplications involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of multiplications involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of multiplications involved
+by half and multiplications again mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by half and multiplications again mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by half and multiplications again mean
+Hardware or speed or something of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware or speed or something of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware or speed or something of that
+sort in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in terms of the
+implementation another common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation another common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation another common
+characteristic that can be focused on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that can be focused on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that can be focused on in
+comparing structures is what you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing structures is what you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing structures is what you could
+refer to as modularity it's particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as modularity it's particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as modularity it's particularly
+important in Hardware implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in Hardware implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in Hardware implementation of
+digital filters where perhaps you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filters where perhaps you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filters where perhaps you would
+like your structure to have stages in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your structure to have stages in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your structure to have stages in it
+that are identical so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are identical so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are identical so that the
+implications in terms of the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications in terms of the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications in terms of the hardware
+are that a section or sections can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that a section or sections can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that a section or sections can be
+multiplexed and there therefore used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexed and there therefore used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexed and there therefore used
+over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over
+again and another issue which is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and another issue which is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and another issue which is the one
+that I'd like to direct our attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to direct our attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to direct our attention to
+finally are the effect of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally are the effect of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally are the effect of finite
+register length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register length
+on the characteristics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the characteristics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the characteristics of the
+system and these characteristics or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and these characteristics or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and these characteristics or the
+finite register length effects in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite register length effects in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite register length effects in fact
+are very heavily dependent on the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very heavily dependent on the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very heavily dependent on the filter
+structures that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are
+used there are two kinds of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used there are two kinds of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used there are two kinds of finite
+register length effects one of them has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register length effects one of them has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register length effects one of them has
+to do with the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the fact
+that arithmetic in a digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arithmetic in a digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arithmetic in a digital filter
+specifically in a recursive digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in a recursive digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in a recursive digital
+filter has to be done of course with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter has to be done of course with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter has to be done of course with
+finite register length and it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite register length and it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite register length and it has to be
+truncated in other words multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated in other words multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated in other words multiplications
+the result of of B bits time B bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of of B bits time B bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of of B bits time B bits
+results in two B bits if this goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in two B bits if this goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in two B bits if this goes on
+indefinitely obviously the register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely obviously the register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely obviously the register
+length grows indefinitely and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length grows indefinitely and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length grows indefinitely and so the
+effects of of arithmetic the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of of arithmetic the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of of arithmetic the results of
+arithmetic have to be truncated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic have to be truncated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic have to be truncated or
+rounded and this generates Some Noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded and this generates Some Noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded and this generates Some Noise
+essentially noise in the filter output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially noise in the filter output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially noise in the filter output
+and and the second thing is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the second thing is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the second thing is the fact
+that coefficients have to be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coefficients have to be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coefficients have to be represented
+in finite register length that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finite register length that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finite register length that is
+coefficients or parameters have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or parameters have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or parameters have to be
+truncated what I would like to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated what I would like to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated what I would like to do in
+closing the lecture is just briefly give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the lecture is just briefly give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the lecture is just briefly give
+you a glimpse into some of the issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a glimpse into some of the issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a glimpse into some of the issues of
+the coefficient or parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient or parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient or parameter
+quantization and uh not delve any in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and uh not delve any in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and uh not delve any in any
+more detail into the relatively complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail into the relatively complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail into the relatively complex
+issue of finite register length effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of finite register length effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of finite register length effects
+but let's focus just a little bit just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's focus just a little bit just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's focus just a little bit just a
+little on the effects of parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantization in particular we have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization in particular we have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization in particular we have of
+course the general form for a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the general form for a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the general form for a system
+function as a ratio of pols in Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a ratio of pols in Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a ratio of pols in Z to the
+minus1 where the denominator polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 where the denominator polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 where the denominator polinomial
+as we've been writing it is of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've been writing it is of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've been writing it is of the form
+1 minus the sum of a sub K * zus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus the sum of a sub K * zus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus the sum of a sub K * zus
+K well let's imagine that what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well let's imagine that what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well let's imagine that what we would
+like to do or that it's reasonable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do or that it's reasonable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do or that it's reasonable to
+tie the investigation of H ofz in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie the investigation of H ofz in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie the investigation of H ofz in terms
+of parameter errors to the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameter errors to the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameter errors to the accuracy
+which with with which the poles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which with with which the poles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which with with which the poles of the
+transfer function can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function can be
+placed we can express this polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed we can express this polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed we can express this polinomial
+the denominator polinomial in factored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator polinomial in factored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator polinomial in factored
+form where of course each of the factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where of course each of the factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where of course each of the factors
+involves the poles of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the poles of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the poles of the system
+explicitly and now as we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and now as we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and now as we talk about
+implementing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the
+system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the
+coefficients in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in the denominator
+polinomial and in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and in the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and in the numerator
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+also have errors due to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have errors due to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have errors due to the fact that
+they have to be represented in a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be represented in a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be represented in a finite
+register length so we can represent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register length so we can represent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register length so we can represent that
+as theod coefficient that we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as theod coefficient that we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as theod coefficient that we actually
+arrive at is the coefficient that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at is the coefficient that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at is the coefficient that we
+really want plus some error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want plus some error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want plus some error and
+consequently the pole location the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the pole location the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the pole location the
+location of each of the poles the I pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of each of the poles the I pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of each of the poles the I pole
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+example is where we want it plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is where we want it plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is where we want it plus some
+deviation now we can examine what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation now we can examine what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation now we can examine what this
+deviation is by essentially assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is by essentially assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is by essentially assuming
+that the very variation in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the very variation in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the very variation in these
+parameters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is
+small and expressing this error in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and expressing this error in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and expressing this error in terms
+of the partial derivatives of the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partial derivatives of the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partial derivatives of the pole
+locations expressed in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations expressed in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations expressed in terms of the
+coefficients a subk in other words we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a subk in other words we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a subk in other words we
+can express the movement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express the movement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express the movement of the
+pole in terms of the movement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in terms of the movement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in terms of the movement of the
+coefficients as a sum of the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients as a sum of the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients as a sum of the partial
+derivative of the pole the I pole that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the pole the I pole that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the pole the I pole that's
+the one we're talking about here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we're talking about here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we're talking about here with
+respect to the Ki coefficient times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the Ki coefficient times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the Ki coefficient times the
+error in the Ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in the Ki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in the Ki
+coefficient well this can be tracked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient well this can be tracked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient well this can be tracked
+through and this is done in the text I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and this is done in the text I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and this is done in the text I
+won't go through the algebra but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through the algebra but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through the algebra but
+basically the result is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the result is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the result is that this
+partial derivative can be expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative can be expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative can be expressed in
+this form where the important thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form where the important thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form where the important thing to
+focus on is that what's involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on is that what's involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on is that what's involved in the
+denominator is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is the product of the
+difference in the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the pole
+locations let's assume for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations let's assume for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations let's assume for example that
+all of the poles are clustered inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the poles are clustered inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the poles are clustered inside a
+circle of radius Epsilon in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius Epsilon in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius Epsilon in other words
+the largest distance between the poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest distance between the poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest distance between the poles
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+Epsilon what that says then is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon what that says then is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon what that says then is that when
+we substitute that in for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we substitute that in for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we substitute that in for this
+expression the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the absolute value of the
+change in the pole location with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the pole location with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the pole location with respect
+to a change in the coefficient has in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a change in the coefficient has in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a change in the coefficient has in
+the denominator Epsilon raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator Epsilon raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator Epsilon raised to the
+nth power well what does that mean what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power well what does that mean what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power well what does that mean what
+it means is that if the poles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is that if the poles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is that if the poles are
+clustered within a radius within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered within a radius within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered within a radius within a
+circle of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius
+Epsilon for any given pole the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon for any given pole the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon for any given pole the higher
+the order of the polinomial that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the polinomial that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the polinomial that we use
+to implement the poll the greater the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement the poll the greater the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement the poll the greater the
+sensitivity ity of the pole location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity ity of the pole location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity ity of the pole location
+with respect to the coefficient so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the coefficient so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the coefficient so this
+says that if we implement the polls of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if we implement the polls of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if we implement the polls of
+the system or when we implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system or when we implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system or when we implement the
+poles of the system it obviously is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles of the system it obviously is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles of the system it obviously is
+better to implement the polls through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to implement the polls through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to implement the polls through a
+lower order polinomial rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order polinomial rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order polinomial rather than
+through a higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a higher order
+polinomial what does this mean in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what does this mean in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what does this mean in terms
+of the filter structures we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter structures we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter structures we've been
+talking about it means basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it means basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it means basically that
+the direct form structures are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct form structures are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct form structures are the most
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+sensitive that the Cascade form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive that the Cascade form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive that the Cascade form
+structures are certainly less sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are certainly less sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are certainly less sensitive
+than the direct form structure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the direct form structure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the direct form structure and the
+parallel form structure in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel form structure in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel form structure in terms of the
+implementation of the poles have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the poles have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the poles have the
+same type of sensitivity as the Cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of sensitivity as the Cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of sensitivity as the Cascade
+form and likewise are less sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and likewise are less sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and likewise are less sensitive
+than the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the direct
+form even in the Cascade form structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form even in the Cascade form structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form even in the Cascade form structure
+though there's some flexibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there's some flexibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there's some flexibility and
+there are some issues with regard to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some issues with regard to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some issues with regard to how
+the polls are implemented and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polls are implemented and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polls are implemented and let me
+close the lecture by just giving you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the lecture by just giving you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the lecture by just giving you uh
+some indication of what some of the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some indication of what some of the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some indication of what some of the in
+particular what two of the possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what two of the possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what two of the possibilities
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be based on the discussion that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be based on the discussion that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be based on the discussion that we've
+just gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gone
+through the indication is that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the indication is that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the indication is that we would
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+implement or might be advantageous from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement or might be advantageous from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement or might be advantageous from
+the point of view of parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of parameter
+quantization to implement a system as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization to implement a system as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization to implement a system as a
+Cascade or parallel combination of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade or parallel combination of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade or parallel combination of first
+or second order sections and let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or second order sections and let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or second order sections and let's make
+them second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them second order
+sections let's look once again at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections let's look once again at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections let's look once again at the
+implementation of a simple second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a simple second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a simple second order
+pole pair I've neglected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole pair I've neglected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole pair I've neglected the
+implementation of the zeros but clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the zeros but clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the zeros but clearly
+the point that I'm about to make extends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that I'm about to make extends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that I'm about to make extends
+also for the implementation of two poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the implementation of two poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the implementation of two poles
+and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+zeros here I have implemented in what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros here I have implemented in what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros here I have implemented in what we
+had referred to as direct form a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had referred to as direct form a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had referred to as direct form a second
+order section which we might use in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order section which we might use in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order section which we might use in a
+Cascade form or parallel form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade form or parallel form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade form or parallel form
+realization which implements the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization which implements the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization which implements the complex
+pole pair at radius R and angle plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole pair at radius R and angle plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole pair at radius R and angle plus and
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+Theta in the actual implementation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in the actual implementation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in the actual implementation of a
+Cascade or parallel form structure using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade or parallel form structure using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade or parallel form structure using
+a second order section of this form it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order section of this form it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order section of this form it
+is these coefficients that are quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these coefficients that are quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these coefficients that are quantized
+to fit within a finite register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit within a finite register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit within a finite register
+length we see then that the quantization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length we see then that the quantization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length we see then that the quantization
+of the coefficients for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coefficients for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coefficients for this particular
+Network form corresponds to quantizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network form corresponds to quantizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network form corresponds to quantizing
+the parameter R SAR and quantizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter R SAR and quantizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter R SAR and quantizing the
+parameter to our cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter to our cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter to our cosine
+Theta what this implies in the Z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta what this implies in the Z plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta what this implies in the Z plane
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+that for let's say a choice of register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for let's say a choice of register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for let's say a choice of register
+length for this particular case equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for this particular case equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for this particular case equal to
+three for a 3-bit register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for a 3-bit register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for a 3-bit register
+length the pole locations which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the pole locations which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the pole locations which can be
+implemented with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented with that
+system are restricted to fall at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are restricted to fall at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are restricted to fall at the
+intersection of the grid points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the grid points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the grid points that
+I've indicated here due to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here due to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here due to the fact that
+quantization of the parameter R cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of the parameter R cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of the parameter R cosine
+Theta implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta implies
+that we must lie along lines equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we must lie along lines equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we must lie along lines equally
+spaced along the horizontal axis recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced along the horizontal axis recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced along the horizontal axis recall
+that our cosign Theta is just the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our cosign Theta is just the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our cosign Theta is just the real
+part of the pole location and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the pole location and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the pole location and
+quantization of the parameter R SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of the parameter R SAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of the parameter R SAR
+corresponds to the requirement that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the requirement that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the requirement that the
+poles must lie along circles which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles must lie along circles which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles must lie along circles which are
+spaced according to the quantization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced according to the quantization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced according to the quantization of
+r s so the realizable pole positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r s so the realizable pole positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r s so the realizable pole positions
+with a second order section in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a second order section in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a second order section in the form
+that we I indicated on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we I indicated on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we I indicated on the previous
+slide are given by the constellation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide are given by the constellation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide are given by the constellation or
+by the intersection of the grid points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the intersection of the grid points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the intersection of the grid points
+that we have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have shown
+here another possible implementation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another possible implementation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another possible implementation for
+a second order pole pair is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order pole pair is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order pole pair is the
+so-called coupled form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called coupled form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called coupled form
+implementation I won't justify that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation I won't justify that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation I won't justify that in
+here by inspection that the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by inspection that the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by inspection that the transfer
+function is given by the same expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is given by the same expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is given by the same expression
+as for the direct form structure that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as for the direct form structure that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as for the direct form structure that I
+showed previously but in fact it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed previously but in fact it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed previously but in fact it is and
+the poles in this case fall at again r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles in this case fall at again r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles in this case fall at again r
+equal to re e to the J Theta and re e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to re e to the J Theta and re e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to re e to the J Theta and re e to
+the minus J Theta but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus J Theta but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus J Theta but now the
+coefficients we see are R cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients we see are R cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients we see are R cosine Theta
+and R sin Theta quantization of R cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R sin Theta quantization of R cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R sin Theta quantization of R cosine
+Theta implies as it did previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta implies as it did previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta implies as it did previously
+that the poles must lie along lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the poles must lie along lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the poles must lie along lines
+equally spaced along the horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally spaced along the horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally spaced along the horizontal axis
+quantization of R sin Theta implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of R sin Theta implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of R sin Theta implies that
+the poles must lie along lines equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles must lie along lines equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles must lie along lines equally
+spaced along the vertical or imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced along the vertical or imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced along the vertical or imaginary
+axis and so for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and so for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and so for that
+case the choice of realizable pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the choice of realizable pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the choice of realizable pole
+positions are governed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions are governed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions are governed by the
+constellation of grid points that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation of grid points that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation of grid points that I've
+indicated here so this is just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here so this is just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here so this is just simply
+this last issue is just simply an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last issue is just simply an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last issue is just simply an
+introduction to the fact that even given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the fact that even given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the fact that even given
+the notion that the Cascade form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that the Cascade form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that the Cascade form
+structure is better than the direct form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is better than the direct form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is better than the direct form
+structure there are additional issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there are additional issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there are additional issues
+involved in specifically how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in specifically how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in specifically how to
+implement a pole pair or a pole zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a pole pair or a pole zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a pole pair or a pole zero
+combination in order to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in order to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in order to account for
+parameter quantization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter quantization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter quantization
+effects there are lots of remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects there are lots of remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects there are lots of remaining
+issues as you'll see in the text related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues as you'll see in the text related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues as you'll see in the text related
+to both the issues of digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both the issues of digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both the issues of digital filter
+structures and the effects of parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and the effects of parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and the effects of parameter
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+arithmetic finite register length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic finite register length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic finite register length
+effects which we won't be going into in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects which we won't be going into in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects which we won't be going into in
+this set of lectures but you should at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of lectures but you should at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of lectures but you should at
+least be aware be aware of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least be aware be aware of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least be aware be aware of their
+existence in the next several lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence in the next several lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence in the next several lectures
+we'll begin on a new topic namely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll begin on a new topic namely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll begin on a new topic namely a
+discussion of some of the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of some of the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of some of the issues
+involved in the design of digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the design of digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the design of digital
+filters thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters thank you
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BNy84DCRxzo.txt b/BNy84DCRxzo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef63d689ab2b4fb49f56534fedc922a3f6e3e1c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BNy84DCRxzo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right why don't we get started we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why don't we get started we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why don't we get started we're
+gonna start by finishing up our lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start by finishing up our lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start by finishing up our lecture
+on costs with a concept I didn't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on costs with a concept I didn't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on costs with a concept I didn't get to
+cover last time then we'll move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover last time then we'll move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover last time then we'll move on to
+talking about competition so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about competition so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about competition so I want to
+start by talking about one concept on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by talking about one concept on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by talking about one concept on
+cost we didn't get to cover last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost we didn't get to cover last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost we didn't get to cover last time
+which is fixed versus sunk costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fixed versus sunk costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fixed versus sunk costs and
+sunk costs are an important term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunk costs are an important term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunk costs are an important term in
+economics so I want to make sure people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics so I want to make sure people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics so I want to make sure people
+understand what they are okay some costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they are okay some costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they are okay some costs
+are essentially costs that cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially costs that cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially costs that cannot be
+changed no matter what action you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed no matter what action you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed no matter what action you take
+from this date forward so in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this date forward so in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this date forward so in something
+some costs our long-run fixed costs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some costs our long-run fixed costs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some costs our long-run fixed costs I
+know we said in the long run nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we said in the long run nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we said in the long run nothing's
+fixed but a sunk cost is the idea of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed but a sunk cost is the idea of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed but a sunk cost is the idea of an
+investment that once made can never ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that once made can never ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that once made can never ever
+be changed okay so the thing is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changed okay so the thing is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changed okay so the thing is if we
+think about in the short run let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in the short run let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in the short run let's
+imagine your doctor in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine your doctor in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine your doctor in the short run
+your variable costs are how many hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your variable costs are how many hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your variable costs are how many hours
+you work or the nurses you employ or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work or the nurses you employ or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work or the nurses you employ or the
+physician assistants you employ in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician assistants you employ in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician assistants you employ in the
+long run your fixed costs are how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run your fixed costs are how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run your fixed costs are how big
+your office is you can get a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your office is you can get a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your office is you can get a bigger
+office or a smaller office but your sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office or a smaller office but your sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office or a smaller office but your sum
+cost is having gone to med school you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is having gone to med school you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is having gone to med school you
+can ever undo haven't gone to med school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ever undo haven't gone to med school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ever undo haven't gone to med school
+having paid that cost it is sunk it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having paid that cost it is sunk it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having paid that cost it is sunk it is
+gone you're never gonna now you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone you're never gonna now you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone you're never gonna now you could go
+to more med school you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more med school you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more med school you can take
+supplementary classes but you can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary classes but you can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary classes but you can never
+undo having gone to med school so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo having gone to med school so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo having gone to med school so that's
+the sense you which some things are sunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense you which some things are sunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense you which some things are sunk
+costs are investments that are made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are investments that are made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are investments that are made that
+can never essentially be undone okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never essentially be undone okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never essentially be undone okay and
+essentially we can think of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we can think of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we can think of these as
+long-run fixed costs which I know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run fixed costs which I know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run fixed costs which I know is
+really confusing because either the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really confusing because either the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really confusing because either the long
+run is when costs aren't fixed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run is when costs aren't fixed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run is when costs aren't fixed but
+that's essentially what they amount to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially what they amount to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially what they amount to
+now sunk costs or turn out to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sunk costs or turn out to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sunk costs or turn out to have a
+very important place in sort of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important place in sort of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important place in sort of economic
+lore because the thing about sunk costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lore because the thing about sunk costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lore because the thing about sunk costs
+is it's hard to think about them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's hard to think about them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's hard to think about them okay
+it's hard to remember the rule that sunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to remember the rule that sunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to remember the rule that sunk
+costs are always sunk so let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are always sunk so let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are always sunk so let me give you
+one examples in one of my videos for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one examples in one of my videos for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one examples in one of my videos for the
+1401 X videos that are supplement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 X videos that are supplement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 X videos that are supplement this
+course but if you've seen it I apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but if you've seen it I apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but if you've seen it I apologize
+to go through it again which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through it again which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through it again which is
+literally a case where I got this wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a case where I got this wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a case where I got this wrong
+two years ago okay so about two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years ago okay so about two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years ago okay so about two and a
+half years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half years ago
+I made the decision that I take my wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made the decision that I take my wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made the decision that I take my wife
+to go see the band Journey okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go see the band Journey okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go see the band Journey okay so I
+went and I bought tickets and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and I bought tickets and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and I bought tickets and the
+tickets were two hundred and forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets were two hundred and forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets were two hundred and forty
+dollars for the pair okay the pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars for the pair okay the pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars for the pair okay the pretty
+good tickets at a big stadium twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good tickets at a big stadium twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good tickets at a big stadium twenty
+four dollars for the pair then about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dollars for the pair then about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dollars for the pair then about a
+month before the show I was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month before the show I was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month before the show I was looking
+realized I didn't actually like journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I didn't actually like journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I didn't actually like journey
+that much I like I love a couple their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much I like I love a couple their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much I like I love a couple their
+songs oh the setlist I'm like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs oh the setlist I'm like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs oh the setlist I'm like I don't
+really like that many of their songs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like that many of their songs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like that many of their songs
+like there's a couple I love but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a couple I love but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a couple I love but I don't
+want to sit there it's a couple hours to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sit there it's a couple hours to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sit there it's a couple hours to
+get there I don't sit there all night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there I don't sit there all night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there I don't sit there all night
+for two songs that I like I want to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two songs that I like I want to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two songs that I like I want to sell
+them so you can sell tickets through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you can sell tickets through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you can sell tickets through
+StubHub or other secondary mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+StubHub or other secondary mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+StubHub or other secondary mechanisms
+and ice but you have to decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ice but you have to decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ice but you have to decide what
+price you're gonna ask and I said well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you're gonna ask and I said well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you're gonna ask and I said well I
+got at least make back my 240 that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got at least make back my 240 that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got at least make back my 240 that's my
+goal and then I realized I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and then I realized I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and then I realized I was thinking
+about it completely wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it completely wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it completely wrong
+I didn't realize immediately but I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't realize immediately but I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't realize immediately but I was
+after a little thing about completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a little thing about completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a little thing about completely
+wrong that the two hundred and forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong that the two hundred and forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong that the two hundred and forty
+dollars was already gone the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars was already gone the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars was already gone the fact that
+spent 240 given that I'd already spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent 240 given that I'd already spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent 240 given that I'd already spent
+it is irrelevant how should I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is irrelevant how should I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is irrelevant how should I think
+about it I should only ask how much am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I should only ask how much am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I should only ask how much am I
+still willing to pay to see journey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still willing to pay to see journey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still willing to pay to see journey and
+as long as someone else is willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as someone else is willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as someone else is willing to
+pay more than that I should sell them my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more than that I should sell them my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more than that I should sell them my
+tickets and if they're not I should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets and if they're not I should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets and if they're not I should go
+so let's say for example I decided look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say for example I decided look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say for example I decided look
+I'd still pay a hundred bucks for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd still pay a hundred bucks for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd still pay a hundred bucks for my
+wife and I go see journey then I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife and I go see journey then I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife and I go see journey then I should
+say as long as two tickets sell for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as long as two tickets sell for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as long as two tickets sell for more
+than a hundred I'll sell them but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a hundred I'll sell them but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a hundred I'll sell them but as
+less than hundred I won't and the fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than hundred I won't and the fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than hundred I won't and the fact I
+paid 240 is it relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid 240 is it relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid 240 is it relevant
+that's gone that is a sunk cost so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone that is a sunk cost so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone that is a sunk cost so a
+common cost accounts as a sunk cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common cost accounts as a sunk cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common cost accounts as a sunk cost
+fallacy the notion we pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy the notion we pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy the notion we pay attention to
+things that don't matter anymore having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't matter anymore having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't matter anymore having
+spent that money was irrelevant all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent that money was irrelevant all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent that money was irrelevant all that
+mattered was the decision looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered was the decision looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered was the decision looking
+forward which was do I want to go or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward which was do I want to go or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward which was do I want to go or do
+I want to sell the tickets and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to sell the tickets and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to sell the tickets and that
+simply depends on how much I was willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply depends on how much I was willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply depends on how much I was willing
+to pay now okay now that's confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay now okay now that's confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay now okay now that's confusing
+I've explained this if you guys get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've explained this if you guys get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've explained this if you guys get it
+you're a rare breed I've tried this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a rare breed I've tried this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a rare breed I've tried this
+story on many people and they're like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story on many people and they're like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story on many people and they're like no
+of course it matters how much you paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it matters how much you paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it matters how much you paid
+it doesn't yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Sun cost fallacy find its name very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun cost fallacy find its name very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun cost fallacy find its name very
+much in the housing market many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the housing market many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the housing market many
+homeowners set as a benchmark what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeowners set as a benchmark what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeowners set as a benchmark what they
+paid for their house they'll say don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for their house they'll say don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for their house they'll say don't
+want to sell less than what I paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sell less than what I paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sell less than what I paid
+that's silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's silly
+doesn't matter what you paid what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what you paid what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what you paid what
+matters is how much you can sell for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is how much you can sell for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is how much you can sell for and
+whether or not you want to sell at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you want to sell at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you want to sell at that
+price and what you paid is irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and what you paid is irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and what you paid is irrelevant
+now it might matter because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it might matter because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it might matter because there are
+borrowing constraints we'll get into you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing constraints we'll get into you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing constraints we'll get into you
+might have a mortgage you have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a mortgage you have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a mortgage you have to pay
+back and you can't afford to pay it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you can't afford to pay it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you can't afford to pay it back
+unless you sell for a certain price but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you sell for a certain price but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you sell for a certain price but
+aside from that let's imagine spot your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside from that let's imagine spot your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside from that let's imagine spot your
+house outright without a mortgage for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house outright without a mortgage for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house outright without a mortgage for a
+million dollars then that's irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars then that's irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars then that's irrelevant
+well they sell your house for $900,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they sell your house for $900,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they sell your house for $900,000
+just depends on whether it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on whether it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on whether it's worth
+$9,000 to you to stay there or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$9,000 to you to stay there or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$9,000 to you to stay there or not
+the million you paid is irrelevant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the million you paid is irrelevant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the million you paid is irrelevant okay
+except if you have a mortgage of bardet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if you have a mortgage of bardet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if you have a mortgage of bardet
+that can make it complicated okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can make it complicated okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can make it complicated okay so
+basically some costs are sunk nine up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically some costs are sunk nine up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically some costs are sunk nine up
+sell the tickets for $220 so I did okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the tickets for $220 so I did okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the tickets for $220 so I did okay
+okay but if I thought about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if I thought about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if I thought about it
+incorrectly I would have said that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly I would have said that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly I would have said that's a
+bummer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer
+I lost $20 and in the big picture is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I lost $20 and in the big picture is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I lost $20 and in the big picture is a
+bummer I never should have bought him in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer I never should have bought him in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer I never should have bought him in
+the first place okay but having made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place okay but having made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place okay but having made
+that decision to buy them the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision to buy them the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision to buy them the fact that
+I was only willing to pay about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was only willing to pay about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was only willing to pay about a
+hundred at that point to go and sold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred at that point to go and sold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred at that point to go and sold for
+220 meant I did well not badly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220 meant I did well not badly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220 meant I did well not badly okay
+questions about that it's a confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that it's a confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that it's a confusing
+example none of your friends understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example none of your friends understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example none of your friends understand
+this you could totally mess with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you could totally mess with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you could totally mess with your
+friends minds by explaining this to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends minds by explaining this to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends minds by explaining this to them
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I mean is um think of them I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is um think of them I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is um think of them I have a
+set of journey tickets I have a choice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of journey tickets I have a choice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of journey tickets I have a choice I
+can sell them or go so the only question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sell them or go so the only question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sell them or go so the only question
+is how much is it worth to me to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much is it worth to me to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much is it worth to me to go to
+journey it was where I decided I pay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey it was where I decided I pay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey it was where I decided I pay it
+was worth $100 to go to journey so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was worth $100 to go to journey so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was worth $100 to go to journey so I
+simply put them a stub up and said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply put them a stub up and said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply put them a stub up and said if
+they sell for more than a hundred I'm go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell for more than a hundred I'm go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell for more than a hundred I'm go
+I won't go with enough for less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't go with enough for less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't go with enough for less than
+hundred I'll go the fact that paid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred I'll go the fact that paid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred I'll go the fact that paid to
+forties are relevant yeah ex ante there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forties are relevant yeah ex ante there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forties are relevant yeah ex ante there
+was a mistake made but having made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mistake made but having made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a mistake made but having made the
+mistake that's irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake that's irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake that's irrelevant
+okay so let's so that's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's so that's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's so that's an important
+concept want to keep in mind is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept want to keep in mind is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept want to keep in mind is some
+cost let's go on now and move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost let's go on now and move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost let's go on now and move on to the
+next topic which is the focus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next topic which is the focus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next topic which is the focus of the
+next two lectures which is a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two lectures which is a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two lectures which is a perfect
+competition perfect competition okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition perfect competition okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition perfect competition okay now
+stepping back as we highlighted a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping back as we highlighted a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping back as we highlighted a lot of
+what we did for producer theory is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did for producer theory is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did for producer theory is the
+same as what we did for consumer Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as what we did for consumer Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as what we did for consumer Theory
+aiesec wants a nice a costs instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiesec wants a nice a costs instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiesec wants a nice a costs instead of
+indifference curves and budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves and budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves and budget
+constraints but the same damn exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but the same damn exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but the same damn exercise
+same math same graphics the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same math same graphics the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same math same graphics the difference
+was we have a theories of tangency z--
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we have a theories of tangency z--
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we have a theories of tangency z--
+between the ice ax costs and AIESEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ice ax costs and AIESEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ice ax costs and AIESEC
+wants and we didn't know which one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants and we didn't know which one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants and we didn't know which one was
+the right one to choose with consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right one to choose with consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right one to choose with consumer
+Theory pinned that down by the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory pinned that down by the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory pinned that down by the factor
+our parents gave a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parents gave a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parents gave a certain amount of
+money for a producer Theory there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for a producer Theory there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for a producer Theory there was
+nothing pinning down q there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing pinning down q there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing pinning down q there's nothing
+pinning down our total cost we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinning down our total cost we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinning down our total cost we could
+afford to spend what pins that down is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to spend what pins that down is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to spend what pins that down is
+an additional constraint we bringing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional constraint we bringing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional constraint we bringing to
+the system which is the market so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system which is the market so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system which is the market so now
+we're going to take that next step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that next step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that next step of
+actually deciding what a firm produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deciding what a firm produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deciding what a firm produces
+what a firm produces partly comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a firm produces partly comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a firm produces partly comes from
+all the math we did before developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math we did before developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math we did before developing
+the cost curve but it also comes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost curve but it also comes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost curve but it also comes to the
+fact that firm exists in a market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that firm exists in a market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that firm exists in a market and
+the me focused on the cost side now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the me focused on the cost side now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the me focused on the cost side now we
+turn to the revenue side the markets can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to the revenue side the markets can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to the revenue side the markets can
+determine what the firm can make from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the firm can make from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the firm can make from
+selling that good and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling that good and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling that good and that's going to
+pin down how much they produce now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin down how much they produce now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin down how much they produce now we're
+going to sit are three different market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sit are three different market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sit are three different market
+settings today we'll talk about perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings today we'll talk about perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings today we'll talk about perfect
+competition which is the market with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition which is the market with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition which is the market with
+many many firms competing to sell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many firms competing to sell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many firms competing to sell a
+homogenous good I'll talk about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenous good I'll talk about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenous good I'll talk about more
+precisely later then we're gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely later then we're gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely later then we're gonna talk
+that's one extreme that's extreme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one extreme that's extreme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one extreme that's extreme of
+markets that economists sort of dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets that economists sort of dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets that economists sort of dream
+about is a perfectly competitive market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is a perfectly competitive market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is a perfectly competitive market
+the other extreme is monopoly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other extreme is monopoly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other extreme is monopoly where
+there's one firm that only one firm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one firm that only one firm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one firm that only one firm that
+sells the good and then in between with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sells the good and then in between with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sells the good and then in between with
+my favorite word in economics oligopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite word in economics oligopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite word in economics oligopoly
+which is when there's several firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when there's several firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when there's several firms
+competing to sell a good not as many as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing to sell a good not as many as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing to sell a good not as many as
+perfect competition but more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect competition but more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect competition but more than one
+that turns out to be super complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be super complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be super complicated
+so we do is we start with the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do is we start with the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do is we start with the two
+extremes develop a set of intuitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes develop a set of intuitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes develop a set of intuitions and
+rules and then we sort of hand wave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and then we sort of hand wave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and then we sort of hand wave a
+bit around oligopoly and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit around oligopoly and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit around oligopoly and that's where
+introduced the notion of game theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the notion of game theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the notion of game theory
+which we'll talk about some in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about some in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about some in a couple
+lectures so today we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so today we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so today we're going to start
+with one extreme perfect competition ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one extreme perfect competition ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one extreme perfect competition ok
+what is perfect competition basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is perfect competition basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is perfect competition basically
+the tactical definition of a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tactical definition of a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tactical definition of a perfectly
+competitive market is where producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market is where producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market is where producers
+are price takers a perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are price takers a perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are price takers a perfectly competitive
+market is one where a producer doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is one where a producer doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is one where a producer doesn't
+have any influence over the price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any influence over the price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any influence over the price that
+they sell they're good at they are price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell they're good at they are price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell they're good at they are price
+takers so I'd I can't actually as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takers so I'd I can't actually as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takers so I'd I can't actually as one
+caruso market can't actually affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caruso market can't actually affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caruso market can't actually affect the
+market price the market price is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price the market price is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price the market price is given
+to me ok when will this be true this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me ok when will this be true this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me ok when will this be true this
+will be true when the demand for firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be true when the demand for firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be true when the demand for firms
+output is perfectly elastic when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is perfectly elastic when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is perfectly elastic when the
+demand for a given firms outlet little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for a given firms outlet little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for a given firms outlet little
+key output little Q not the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key output little Q not the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key output little Q not the market
+elasticity but the firm elasticity when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity but the firm elasticity when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity but the firm elasticity when
+the little Q it when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little Q it when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little Q it when you have an
+infinitely elastic little Q ok so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely elastic little Q ok so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely elastic little Q ok so let's
+think about that case let's turn to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that case let's turn to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that case let's turn to the
+first figure so we have a little q2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first figure so we have a little q2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first figure so we have a little q2 and
+little so we basically have little Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so we basically have little Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so we basically have little Q
+because it's the firm's output on the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the firm's output on the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the firm's output on the x
+axis the y axis is the market price the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the y axis is the market price the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the y axis is the market price the
+firm face is a perfectly elastic demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm face is a perfectly elastic demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm face is a perfectly elastic demand
+curve that means that they can't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that means that they can't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that means that they can't change
+the market price is charged so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market price is charged so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market price is charged so what does
+that mean that means that no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that means that no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that means that no matter what
+their cost function is whether their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cost function is whether their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cost function is whether their
+supply curve water supply curve - they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve water supply curve - they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve water supply curve - they
+always sell a price P so shifts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sell a price P so shifts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sell a price P so shifts in the
+cost function that is shifts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function that is shifts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function that is shifts in the
+supply curve only affect how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve only affect how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve only affect how much you
+sell not the price you get okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell not the price you get okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell not the price you get okay that
+would be true in a perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be true in a perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be true in a perfectly competitive
+market so what conditions make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so what conditions make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so what conditions make a
+perfectly competitive market well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive market well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive market well
+there's basically three conditions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically three conditions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically three conditions the
+first is identical products a market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is identical products a market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is identical products a market the
+only perfectly competitive if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only perfectly competitive if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only perfectly competitive if all the
+firm's are selling at least what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's are selling at least what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's are selling at least what
+consumers perceive to be identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers perceive to be identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers perceive to be identical
+products they don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products they don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products they don't have to be
+technologically identical but from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically identical but from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically identical but from a
+consumers perspective they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers perspective they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers perspective they have to be
+viewed as identical the second condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as identical the second condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as identical the second condition
+is there's full information about prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is consumers know what every farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is consumers know what every farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is consumers know what every farm
+is charging so I go to market and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is charging so I go to market and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is charging so I go to market and I know
+what every firm is charging I have full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what every firm is charging I have full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what every firm is charging I have full
+information okay and the third condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay and the third condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay and the third condition
+is that there's low transactions costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or what you might call search costs then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you might call search costs then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you might call search costs then
+it's very cost less for me to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very cost less for me to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very cost less for me to search
+across opportunities it's very cost less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across opportunities it's very cost less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across opportunities it's very cost less
+true for me to care everybody's price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for me to care everybody's price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for me to care everybody's price is
+perfectly posted and it's very cost less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly posted and it's very cost less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly posted and it's very cost less
+for me to search across them sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to search across them sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to search across them sort of two
+and three are kind of related okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three are kind of related okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three are kind of related okay so
+this is obviously never true much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is obviously never true much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is obviously never true much like
+many of our sums are never true but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of our sums are never true but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of our sums are never true but it's
+a useful benchmark for thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful benchmark for thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful benchmark for thinking about a
+lot of what we're gonna think about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we're gonna think about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we're gonna think about so
+markets you want to think about markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets you want to think about markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets you want to think about markets
+like this so for example the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so for example the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so for example the classic
+case you might think of Zee Bay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you might think of Zee Bay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you might think of Zee Bay if you
+go on eBay and you search you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on eBay and you search you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on eBay and you search you know
+seventy I just bought a pair of 72-inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy I just bought a pair of 72-inch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy I just bought a pair of 72-inch
+red shoelaces okay there's 72-inch red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red shoelaces okay there's 72-inch red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red shoelaces okay there's 72-inch red
+shoelace or 71 reg it turns out not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoelace or 71 reg it turns out not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoelace or 71 reg it turns out not
+quite some are flat and some are oval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some are flat and some are oval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some are flat and some are oval
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+within oval 72 inch red shoelaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within oval 72 inch red shoelaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within oval 72 inch red shoelaces
+there's literally no variation there 72
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's literally no variation there 72
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's literally no variation there 72
+inch red shoelaces now they could be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch red shoelaces now they could be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch red shoelaces now they could be of
+different quality and that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quality and that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quality and that might be
+unobservable that's why it's not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable that's why it's not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable that's why it's not perfect
+but it's pretty close to identical I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty close to identical I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty close to identical I go
+in eBay and all the prices are listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eBay and all the prices are listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eBay and all the prices are listed
+there okay so a full information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so a full information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so a full information about
+prices and they're easy to compare now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and they're easy to compare now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and they're easy to compare now
+it's not perfect because a there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not perfect because a there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not perfect because a there could
+be unobserved quality differences some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unobserved quality differences some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unobserved quality differences some
+chills may be made by cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chills may be made by cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chills may be made by cheaper
+manufacturers others are easy to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers others are easy to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers others are easy to break
+or fray okay and the second reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fray okay and the second reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fray okay and the second reason is
+that I might not have full information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I might not have full information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I might not have full information
+about prices because at least in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about prices because at least in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about prices because at least in the old
+days the base changes they you they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days the base changes they you they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days the base changes they you they come
+price compared on the non shipping cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price compared on the non shipping cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price compared on the non shipping cost
+price now he base fixed this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price now he base fixed this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price now he base fixed this you can
+price car in the shipping cost price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price car in the shipping cost price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price car in the shipping cost price
+including shipping costs so in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including shipping costs so in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including shipping costs so in the old
+days you could shop it to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you could shop it to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you could shop it to get the
+cheapest deal but it turned out when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest deal but it turned out when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest deal but it turned out when you
+had shipping costs it was it so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had shipping costs it was it so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had shipping costs it was it so there's
+even eBay which is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even eBay which is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even eBay which is sort of the
+economists dream platform doesn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists dream platform doesn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists dream platform doesn't quite
+meet these conditions but it's about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet these conditions but it's about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet these conditions but it's about as
+close as you can come now the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close as you can come now the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close as you can come now the other
+example I like to point to is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I like to point to is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I like to point to is like
+buying little knickknacks in a tourist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying little knickknacks in a tourist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying little knickknacks in a tourist
+area that basically if you ever gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that basically if you ever gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that basically if you ever gone to
+a to it to a tourist area and tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to it to a tourist area and tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to it to a tourist area and tried to
+buy a little knick-knack like a replica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a little knick-knack like a replica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a little knick-knack like a replica
+of the Eiffel Tower around the Eiffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Eiffel Tower around the Eiffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Eiffel Tower around the Eiffel
+Tower there's a bunch of guys a blanket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower there's a bunch of guys a blanket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower there's a bunch of guys a blanket
+out set blankets out selling them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out set blankets out selling them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out set blankets out selling them and
+it's pretty easy to get see they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to get see they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to get see they're all
+the same replicas and it's pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same replicas and it's pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same replicas and it's pretty easy
+to ask the guy what do you want for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the guy what do you want for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the guy what do you want for your
+Eiffel Tower replicas okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eiffel Tower replicas okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eiffel Tower replicas okay so that's
+another market now I taught this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another market now I taught this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another market now I taught this the
+casual example someone watch this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual example someone watch this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual example someone watch this video
+watch a videos from when I did this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a videos from when I did this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a videos from when I did this four
+years ago and went to the Eiffel Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and went to the Eiffel Tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and went to the Eiffel Tower
+some guy in France and actually did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guy in France and actually did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guy in France and actually did the
+exercise a marching for blanket -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise a marching for blanket -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise a marching for blanket -
+blanket and he found that when you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanket and he found that when you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanket and he found that when you got
+further from the Eiffel Tower they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further from the Eiffel Tower they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further from the Eiffel Tower they're
+more expensive because there weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive because there weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive because there weren't
+many people's change charts in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people's change charts in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people's change charts in them
+selling them but once you have close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling them but once you have close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling them but once you have close to
+a Eiffel Tower all this guy selling them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Eiffel Tower all this guy selling them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Eiffel Tower all this guy selling them
+he found that everyone charged identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found that everyone charged identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found that everyone charged identical
+price and he sent me a little package of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and he sent me a little package of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and he sent me a little package of
+24 little Eiffel Towers it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 little Eiffel Towers it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 little Eiffel Towers it was really
+cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute
+okay so that was sort of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was sort of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was sort of this this
+exercise in reality now the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise in reality now the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise in reality now the important
+thing to remember though is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember though is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember though is this is a
+perfectly elastic firm demand so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly elastic firm demand so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly elastic firm demand so I want
+to talk for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk for a second
+firm demand for a firm's good versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm demand for a firm's good versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm demand for a firm's good versus
+demand for markets good so firm versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for markets good so firm versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for markets good so firm versus
+market demand okay these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market demand okay these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market demand okay these are two
+different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+okay and the way to think about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the way to think about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the way to think about this is
+think about the concept of residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the concept of residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the concept of residual
+demand okay so you could think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay so you could think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay so you could think about the
+demand for a market demand function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for a market demand function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for a market demand function for
+a market as being some Q of P that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market as being some Q of P that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market as being some Q of P that's a
+demand function of the market that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand function of the market that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand function of the market that's
+this demand curve we've been looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demand curve we've been looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demand curve we've been looking at
+since lecture 1 it's a downward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since lecture 1 it's a downward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since lecture 1 it's a downward sloping
+function of the price and we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the price and we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the price and we can then
+think of any given firm little Q's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any given firm little Q's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any given firm little Q's
+demand Q of P as equal to big Q of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand Q of P as equal to big Q of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand Q of P as equal to big Q of P
+minus s 0 of P where s 0 of P we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s 0 of P where s 0 of P we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s 0 of P where s 0 of P we call
+residual demand s super 0 of P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual demand s super 0 of P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual demand s super 0 of P is
+residual demand it's what everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual demand it's what everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual demand it's what everyone else
+is supplying so the demand to my firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supplying so the demand to my firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supplying so the demand to my firm
+once again under these conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again under these conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again under these conditions
+perfectly competitive market the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive market the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive market the demand
+of my firm is simply the total market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my firm is simply the total market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my firm is simply the total market
+demand - what everyone else is selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand - what everyone else is selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand - what everyone else is selling
+so if I'm gonna set up my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm gonna set up my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm gonna set up my little
+tchotchke blanket by the eiffel tower my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tchotchke blanket by the eiffel tower my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tchotchke blanket by the eiffel tower my
+demand is going to be the total demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is going to be the total demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is going to be the total demand
+for a little Eiffel Towers - what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little Eiffel Towers - what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little Eiffel Towers - what
+everyone else is selling at the on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else is selling at the on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else is selling at the on their
+blanket ok the key point is even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanket ok the key point is even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanket ok the key point is even with
+fairly inelastic big queue you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly inelastic big queue you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly inelastic big queue you can get
+really elastic little queue so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really elastic little queue so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really elastic little queue so let's do
+an example let's first differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example let's first differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example let's first differentiate
+this if you do DQ DP what do you get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you do DQ DP what do you get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you do DQ DP what do you get you
+get D pink you DP minus D s 0 DP ok now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get D pink you DP minus D s 0 DP ok now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get D pink you DP minus D s 0 DP ok now
+the first term is negative because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term is negative because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term is negative because
+demand is downward sloping this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is downward sloping this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is downward sloping this term is
+positive DSCR DP the higher the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive DSCR DP the higher the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive DSCR DP the higher the price
+the more suppliers are going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more suppliers are going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more suppliers are going to be in
+the market ok so it's a positive minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market ok so it's a positive minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market ok so it's a positive minus a
+negative so already we see D little QD P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so already we see D little QD P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so already we see D little QD P
+is going to be a bigger in absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a bigger in absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a bigger in absolute
+value than D big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value than D big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value than D big
+DP because the SC or DP is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP because the SC or DP is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP because the SC or DP is positive and
+you're subtracting it but let's just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're subtracting it but let's just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're subtracting it but let's just we
+can actually go further if we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually go further if we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually go further if we assume
+firms are identical let's assume firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are identical let's assume firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are identical let's assume firms
+identical so that little Q equals big Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical so that little Q equals big Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical so that little Q equals big Q
+over N assume there's n identical firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what that means is that s 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what that means is that s 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what that means is that s 0
+equals n minus 1 times little Q the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n minus 1 times little Q the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n minus 1 times little Q the
+supply of everyone else is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of everyone else is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of everyone else is the number of
+firms in the market that's an N begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms in the market that's an N begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms in the market that's an N begin
+number of firms in the market minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms in the market minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms in the market minus 1
+because that's your firm times a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's your firm times a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's your firm times a little
+Q because you're all identical then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q because you're all identical then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q because you're all identical then we
+can rewrite this you can do the math at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite this you can do the math at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite this you can do the math at
+home we can rewrite this equation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home we can rewrite this equation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home we can rewrite this equation as
+under these conditions we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these conditions we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these conditions we can rewrite
+this as the elasticity of demand facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the elasticity of demand facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the elasticity of demand facing
+firm I is equal to the number of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm I is equal to the number of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm I is equal to the number of firms
+times the market elasticity okay minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the market elasticity okay minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the market elasticity okay minus n
+minus 1 times the market supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 times the market supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 times the market supply
+elasticity new is the market supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity new is the market supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity new is the market supply
+elasticity ADA is the market demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity ADA is the market demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity ADA is the market demand
+elasticity 8i is the firm and amount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity 8i is the firm and amount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity 8i is the firm and amount and
+demand elasticity so the firm demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand elasticity so the firm demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand elasticity so the firm demand
+elasticity is equal to and I'm keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity is equal to and I'm keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity is equal to and I'm keep
+mixing my little ends my begins it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing my little ends my begins it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing my little ends my begins it's all
+the same thing n times e n times so firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing n times e n times so firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing n times e n times so firm
+demand elasticity is equal to number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand elasticity is equal to number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand elasticity is equal to number of
+firms times market demand elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms times market demand elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms times market demand elasticity
+minus number of firms minus 1 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus number of firms minus 1 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus number of firms minus 1 times the
+market supply elasticity we know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market supply elasticity we know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market supply elasticity we know this is
+positive supply curve slope up we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive supply curve slope up we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive supply curve slope up we know
+this is negative ok so we know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is negative ok so we know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is negative ok so we know it's a
+negative number what's good about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number what's good about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number what's good about this
+formula is it gives us example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is it gives us example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is it gives us example of
+showing how much bigger firm alas cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how much bigger firm alas cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how much bigger firm alas cities
+can be the market elasticity so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the market elasticity so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the market elasticity so for
+example suppose as a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose as a simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose as a simple example
+suppose N equals 100 so there's 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose N equals 100 so there's 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose N equals 100 so there's 100
+people selling Eiffel Towers on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people selling Eiffel Towers on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people selling Eiffel Towers on their
+blankets around the Eiffel Tower okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blankets around the Eiffel Tower okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blankets around the Eiffel Tower okay
+and suppose that the market elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that the market elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that the market elasticity
+is minus 1 that is it's it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 1 that is it's it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 1 that is it's it's an
+elastically demanded good it's not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastically demanded good it's not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastically demanded good it's not super
+lastly Masbate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly Masbate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly Masbate
+we call that elastically demanded good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that elastically demanded good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that elastically demanded good
+minus one okay so it's sort of a 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one okay so it's sort of a 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one okay so it's sort of a 45
+degree line demand curve Oh 45 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line demand curve Oh 45 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line demand curve Oh 45 degree
+line demand curve sloping down and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line demand curve sloping down and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line demand curve sloping down and let's
+also imagine that the elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also imagine that the elasticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also imagine that the elasticity of
+supply is 1 that's a 45 degree line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is 1 that's a 45 degree line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is 1 that's a 45 degree line
+upward sloping supply curve these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward sloping supply curve these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward sloping supply curve these are
+pretty standard assumptions so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty standard assumptions so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty standard assumptions so what I
+drew in lecture 1 ok 45 degrees demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew in lecture 1 ok 45 degrees demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew in lecture 1 ok 45 degrees demand
+curve a 45 degree supply curve with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve a 45 degree supply curve with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve a 45 degree supply curve with a
+hundred firms that gives you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred firms that gives you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred firms that gives you that the
+firm specific elasticity is minus 199
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm specific elasticity is minus 199
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm specific elasticity is minus 199
+that is virtually flat okay that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is virtually flat okay that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is virtually flat okay that is
+approximately negative infinity as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately negative infinity as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately negative infinity as far
+as these things go ok so basically even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these things go ok so basically even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these things go ok so basically even
+with just a regular looking downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a regular looking downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a regular looking downward
+sloping demand curve if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping demand curve if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping demand curve if there's a
+hundred firms are really padded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred firms are really padded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred firms are really padded
+marketing at a virtually flat firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing at a virtually flat firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing at a virtually flat firm
+specific demand curve so it's not crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific demand curve so it's not crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific demand curve so it's not crazy
+that firms a really competitive market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firms a really competitive market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firms a really competitive market
+would face essentially perfectly elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would face essentially perfectly elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would face essentially perfectly elastic
+demand okay and that's the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay and that's the key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay and that's the key thing
+that's going on a perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on a perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on a perfectly competitive
+market its firms themselves not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market its firms themselves not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market its firms themselves not the
+market demand the market demand can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market demand the market demand can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market demand the market demand can be
+sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible
+but firms themselves face virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but firms themselves face virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but firms themselves face virtually
+perfectly elastic demand if you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly elastic demand if you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly elastic demand if you're all
+selling little Eiffel Towers next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling little Eiffel Towers next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling little Eiffel Towers next to
+each other then if you try to raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other then if you try to raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other then if you try to raise your
+price by one euro you're gone no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price by one euro you're gone no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price by one euro you're gone no one
+buys from you if you lower by one euro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys from you if you lower by one euro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buys from you if you lower by one euro
+everyone buys from you that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone buys from you that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone buys from you that sort of
+makes sense ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense ok
+questions about that yeah little hue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that yeah little hue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that yeah little hue is
+the firm and big queue is the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm and big queue is the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm and big queue is the market
+very important to remember always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to remember always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to remember always
+remembered I got a got a that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered I got a got a that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered I got a got a that's that's a
+middle the night thing when I wake you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the night thing when I wake you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the night thing when I wake you
+up in the middle of the night you gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the middle of the night you gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the middle of the night you gotta
+know that one ok little cues too firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that one ok little cues too firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that one ok little cues too firm
+big shoes to market now mock guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big shoes to market now mock guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big shoes to market now mock guarantee
+I'll always get that right on the border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll always get that right on the border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll always get that right on the border
+but I am guaranteeing if I get it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I am guaranteeing if I get it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I am guaranteeing if I get it wrong
+one of you guys will correct me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you guys will correct me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you guys will correct me
+ok so armed with this any other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so armed with this any other question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so armed with this any other question
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+armed with this we now turn to how firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed with this we now turn to how firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed with this we now turn to how firms
+maximize profits short run profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize profits short run profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize profits short run profit
+maximization this is what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization this is what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization this is what we've been
+heading for right with consumers our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading for right with consumers our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading for right with consumers our
+goal was to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was to model
+they maximize our utility with firms our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they maximize our utility with firms our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they maximize our utility with firms our
+goals to maximize its is to model how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals to maximize its is to model how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals to maximize its is to model how
+they maximize profit now what is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they maximize profit now what is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they maximize profit now what is the key
+thing in the short-run the fact I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the short-run the fact I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the short-run the fact I said
+short-run means we're gonna make we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run means we're gonna make we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run means we're gonna make we
+talked about short-run being capitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about short-run being capitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about short-run being capitals
+fixed but there's one other assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed but there's one other assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed but there's one other assumption
+going to make about the short-run we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make about the short-run we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make about the short-run we're
+gonna assume no firm entry or exit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume no firm entry or exit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume no firm entry or exit it's
+sort of a compliment of capital being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a compliment of capital being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a compliment of capital being
+fixed firms are eight you're in you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed firms are eight you're in you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed firms are eight you're in you make
+your capital investment and you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your capital investment and you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your capital investment and you're in
+okay you could stop producing but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you could stop producing but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you could stop producing but you
+still already made your capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still already made your capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still already made your capital
+investment or in other words in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment or in other words in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment or in other words in the
+short-run capitals a sunk cost in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run capitals a sunk cost in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run capitals a sunk cost in the
+short-run you're in okay and once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run you're in okay and once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run you're in okay and once the
+market starts no one news coming in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market starts no one news coming in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market starts no one news coming in so
+you sort of roll in this market people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of roll in this market people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of roll in this market people
+have announced to begin they set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have announced to begin they set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have announced to begin they set up
+their blankets no one else is coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their blankets no one else is coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their blankets no one else is coming to
+set up a blanket and no one's roll up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a blanket and no one's roll up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a blanket and no one's roll up
+their blanket and going home okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their blanket and going home okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their blanket and going home okay so now
+let's ask first question what is profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask first question what is profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask first question what is profit
+well if that seems sort of easy profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that seems sort of easy profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that seems sort of easy profit
+as I wrote down earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I wrote down earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I wrote down earlier
+it's just revenue minus costs and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just revenue minus costs and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just revenue minus costs and if
+you're taking one of those goddamn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking one of those goddamn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking one of those goddamn
+boring accounting courses in course 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring accounting courses in course 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring accounting courses in course 15
+that's where you'd stop okay but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you'd stop okay but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you'd stop okay but you're
+not you're taking an interesting course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you're taking an interesting course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you're taking an interesting course
+fourteen course instead where we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen course instead where we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen course instead where we tell
+you that while this may be the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that while this may be the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that while this may be the correct
+definition of accounting profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of accounting profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of accounting profits
+accountants use simply say you add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountants use simply say you add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountants use simply say you add up
+the revenues you make minus the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenues you make minus the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenues you make minus the costs
+you incur and that's the profit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you incur and that's the profit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you incur and that's the profit but
+economists say wait a second that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists say wait a second that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists say wait a second that's not
+right because we also have to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we also have to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we also have to account
+for opportunity costs as well as cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for opportunity costs as well as cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for opportunity costs as well as cash
+costs so let's do a simple example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs so let's do a simple example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs so let's do a simple example let's
+say you're going to start a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're going to start a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're going to start a website
+design firm when you graduate and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design firm when you graduate and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design firm when you graduate and all
+the firm's going to be is you some slave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm's going to be is you some slave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm's going to be is you some slave
+program you're gonna hire for $40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you're gonna hire for $40,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you're gonna hire for $40,000
+and the computer they're gonna use okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer they're gonna use okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer they're gonna use okay
+so now and moreover let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now and moreover let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now and moreover let's say you
+already have a computer sitting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a computer sitting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a computer sitting around
+that your computer it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your computer it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your computer it's a pretty
+shape so you can just have the slave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so you can just have the slave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so you can just have the slave
+work on that on that computer okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that on that computer okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that on that computer okay and
+you can just basically say look I'll pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just basically say look I'll pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just basically say look I'll pay
+this guy 40,000 I'll think up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy 40,000 I'll think up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy 40,000 I'll think up all the
+ideas that supervised them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that supervised them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that supervised them and then
+that's the way the firm's gonna work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way the firm's gonna work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way the firm's gonna work
+let's say you do that and the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you do that and the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you do that and the end of the
+first year you have you have sales of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year you have you have sales of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year you have you have sales of
+$60,000 then your accounting profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60,000 then your accounting profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60,000 then your accounting profits are
+the $60,000 that you earned minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the $60,000 that you earned minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the $60,000 that you earned minus the
+$40,000 you paid your employee so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$40,000 you paid your employee so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$40,000 you paid your employee so you've
+made a $20,000 accounting profit why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a $20,000 accounting profit why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a $20,000 accounting profit why
+does that make no sense in fact why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make no sense in fact why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make no sense in fact why are
+economic profits the true profit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic profits the true profit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic profits the true profit from
+this enterprise once you account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enterprise once you account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enterprise once you account for
+opportunity cost negative what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost negative what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost negative what are we
+counting Smith's the economists get ya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting Smith's the economists get ya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting Smith's the economists get ya
+the opportunity cost of your time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity cost of your time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity cost of your time you
+just spent a year doing this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spent a year doing this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spent a year doing this you
+could've been off making gazillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could've been off making gazillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could've been off making gazillions of
+dollars like you guys all well okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars like you guys all well okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars like you guys all well okay so
+we missed the opportunity cost of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we missed the opportunity cost of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we missed the opportunity cost of your
+time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+let's say you could have graduated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you could have graduated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you could have graduated and
+got in a job at $80,000 a year well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in a job at $80,000 a year well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in a job at $80,000 a year well then
+actually the cost of the years not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the cost of the years not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the cost of the years not just
+the 40,000 you paid the program at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 40,000 you paid the program at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 40,000 you paid the program at the
+80,000 that you for goat by working that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80,000 that you for goat by working that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80,000 that you for goat by working that
+year on your company what else what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on your company what else what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on your company what else what's
+the other opportunity cost much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other opportunity cost much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other opportunity cost much smaller
+but still relevant you could what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still relevant you could what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still relevant you could what could
+what could you've done with the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well right now use computers aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right now use computers aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right now use computers aren't
+worth that much but let's see he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth that much but let's see he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth that much but let's see he could
+have gotten a grand for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten a grand for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten a grand for it
+okay well that's an opportunity cost if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's an opportunity cost if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's an opportunity cost if
+you had just gone on and used your now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had just gone on and used your now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had just gone on and used your now
+you might get with utility for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get with utility for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get with utility for the
+computer whatever let's put that aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer whatever let's put that aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer whatever let's put that aside
+but you just gave it to this guy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you just gave it to this guy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you just gave it to this guy you
+never touched it literally got Riddick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never touched it literally got Riddick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never touched it literally got Riddick
+it was like you didn't have the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like you didn't have the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like you didn't have the computer
+that year okay well you could have sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year okay well you could have sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year okay well you could have sold
+it let's say could have sold it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's say could have sold it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's say could have sold it for
+another thousand dollars so now you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thousand dollars so now you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thousand dollars so now you've
+paid him 40,000 you've given up 80,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid him 40,000 you've given up 80,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid him 40,000 you've given up 80,000
+of earnings and a thousand on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of earnings and a thousand on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of earnings and a thousand on the
+computer so your true costs are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so your true costs are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so your true costs are actually
+one hundred and twenty one thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundred and twenty one thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundred and twenty one thousand
+dollars so actually you haven't made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so actually you haven't made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so actually you haven't made
+twenty thousand dollars you've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty thousand dollars you've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty thousand dollars you've lost
+sixty one thousand dollars and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty one thousand dollars and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty one thousand dollars and that's
+why we don't care about accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we don't care about accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we don't care about accounting
+profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits
+we care about economic profits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about economic profits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about economic profits the
+difference being economic profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference being economic profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference being economic profits
+account for opportunity costs okay very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for opportunity costs okay very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for opportunity costs okay very
+important to remember yeah it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to remember yeah it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to remember yeah it all
+depends on it depends on there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on it depends on there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on it depends on there's no way
+to sign it okay yeah well if it's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign it okay yeah well if it's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign it okay yeah well if it's well
+no it's not I mean its subsets a sunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not I mean its subsets a sunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not I mean its subsets a sunk
+that having basis sunk costs is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having basis sunk costs is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having basis sunk costs is sort of
+an irreversible fixed cost so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an irreversible fixed cost so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an irreversible fixed cost so if you
+spend time on it yeah in that sense from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on it yeah in that sense from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on it yeah in that sense from
+today's perspective it's sunk but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's perspective it's sunk but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's perspective it's sunk but the
+point is the more important concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the more important concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the more important concept is
+that time is money that if you spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time is money that if you spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time is money that if you spent
+your time running this business that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time running this business that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time running this business that's
+time you could have spent doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you could have spent doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you could have spent doing
+something else now one thing will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else now one thing will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else now one thing will come
+to it a couple lecture you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it a couple lecture you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it a couple lecture you might say
+well hey I would have taken the year off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hey I would have taken the year off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hey I would have taken the year off
+and screwed around so in fact there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and screwed around so in fact there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and screwed around so in fact there was
+no $80,000 costs what if instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no $80,000 costs what if instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no $80,000 costs what if instead of
+running this company the only thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this company the only thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this company the only thing I
+wanna do in my life is run the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna do in my life is run the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna do in my life is run the company
+my second choice is watching TV okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second choice is watching TV okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second choice is watching TV okay if
+I hadn't run so then there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hadn't run so then there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hadn't run so then there's no
+opportunity cost that's wrong and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost that's wrong and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost that's wrong and we'll
+teach you why in a few lectures I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you why in a few lectures I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you why in a few lectures I want
+you I don't want to get it tell me why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I don't want to get it tell me why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I don't want to get it tell me why
+now I want you to think about why even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want you to think about why even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want you to think about why even
+if you've spent that you're watching TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've spent that you're watching TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've spent that you're watching TV
+no I don't I said no put your hand down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't I said no put your hand down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't I said no put your hand down
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I know you're gonna try yeah I love I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you're gonna try yeah I love I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you're gonna try yeah I love I
+love the bullies in this class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the bullies in this class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the bullies in this class the
+answer question this one I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer question this one I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer question this one I want you to
+just think about because we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about because we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about because we're gonna
+come back to this in a few lectures now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this in a few lectures now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this in a few lectures now
+let's go on and talk about maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on and talk about maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on and talk about maximizing
+profits maximizing profits okay now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits maximizing profits okay now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits maximizing profits okay now we
+define profits are how do you maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define profits are how do you maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define profits are how do you maximize
+them well we know how to maximize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well we know how to maximize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well we know how to maximize a
+function if pi equals R minus C then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if pi equals R minus C then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if pi equals R minus C then the
+maximum D PI DQ you can't control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum D PI DQ you can't control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum D PI DQ you can't control the
+price all you controls how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price all you controls how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price all you controls how much you
+produce right so all your only control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce right so all your only control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce right so all your only control
+variables Q little Q so deep i DQ equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables Q little Q so deep i DQ equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables Q little Q so deep i DQ equals
+d r d little Q minus D C D little Q well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d r d little Q minus D C D little Q well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d r d little Q minus D C D little Q well
+we know what deceive a little Q is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what deceive a little Q is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what deceive a little Q is we
+define that last time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that last time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that last time what
+what do we call that the change in cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we call that the change in cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we call that the change in cost
+with respect to an increment in quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to an increment in quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to an increment in quantity
+marginal costs so we know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal costs so we know this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal costs so we know this is the
+marginal cost but for a competitive firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost but for a competitive firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost but for a competitive firm
+what is marginal revenue so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is marginal revenue so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is marginal revenue so that's
+marginal revenue the amount you were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue the amount you were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue the amount you were on
+the next unit you sell for a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next unit you sell for a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next unit you sell for a competitive
+firm what is their marginal revenue what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm what is their marginal revenue what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm what is their marginal revenue what
+is the amount price which is given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amount price which is given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amount price which is given to
+them cuz they're a price taker okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cuz they're a price taker okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cuz they're a price taker okay
+firms didn't have to think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms didn't have to think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms didn't have to think about a
+complicated concept here this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated concept here this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated concept here this is all
+complicated it tons of math I hated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it tons of math I hated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it tons of math I hated that
+last lecture all the math okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture all the math okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture all the math okay this is
+hard this is easy its price okay you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard this is easy its price okay you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard this is easy its price okay you're
+giving up your price taker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up your price taker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up your price taker
+you're given a price by the market so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a price by the market so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a price by the market so
+marginal revenue and prefer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue and prefer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal revenue and prefer the
+competitive firm is just price so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive firm is just price so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive firm is just price so
+profits perk so you maximize profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits perk so you maximize profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits perk so you maximize profits
+when price equals marginal cost is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when price equals marginal cost is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when price equals marginal cost is a
+profit maximizing point profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximizing point profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximizing point profits are
+maximized when price equals marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized when price equals marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized when price equals marginal
+cost that is you want to produce until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that is you want to produce until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that is you want to produce until
+what you get from the next unit equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get from the next unit equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get from the next unit equals
+what you spend to make the next unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you spend to make the next unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you spend to make the next unit
+yeah example okay so let's go to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah example okay so let's go to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah example okay so let's go to figure
+seven two here we have the cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven two here we have the cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven two here we have the cost function
+that we derived last time okay see if Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we derived last time okay see if Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we derived last time okay see if Q
+equals 10 plus 5 Q squared okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 plus 5 Q squared okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 plus 5 Q squared okay you
+remember that from last time and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that from last time and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that from last time and we have
+and then we have a revenue function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a revenue function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a revenue function
+and I'm assume the price per unit we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm assume the price per unit we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm assume the price per unit we
+have a revenue function where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a revenue function where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a revenue function where I'm
+assuming the price per unit is 30 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the price per unit is 30 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the price per unit is 30 for
+our example I'm gonna assume P equals 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example I'm gonna assume P equals 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example I'm gonna assume P equals 30
+okay I'm gonna soon the price per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna soon the price per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna soon the price per unit
+so I'm just made that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just made that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just made that up
+once again that comes from God and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again that comes from God and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again that comes from God and
+there's these perfect competitive firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these perfect competitive firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these perfect competitive firms
+they have no idea what this comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no idea what this comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no idea what this comes from
+it's just a price okay we'll talk later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a price okay we'll talk later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a price okay we'll talk later
+where it comes from but for now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from but for now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from but for now it's
+just a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a given
+thank you let's say it's 30 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you let's say it's 30 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you let's say it's 30 so the
+firm's cost function is of the form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's cost function is of the form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's cost function is of the form is
+graphed on the left hand side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphed on the left hand side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphed on the left hand side here
+the revenue function is simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenue function is simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenue function is simply a
+straight line which is 30 times Q so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line which is 30 times Q so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line which is 30 times Q so if
+they sell one revenue is thirty two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell one revenue is thirty two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell one revenue is thirty two
+revenue sixty etc and the profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue sixty etc and the profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue sixty etc and the profits are
+simply the difference so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the difference so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the difference so when we
+maximize how do we maximize profits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize how do we maximize profits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize how do we maximize profits okay
+well we want to graph the what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we want to graph the what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we want to graph the what we want
+to is graph the profit for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is graph the profit for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is graph the profit for each
+additional unit sold so for example when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional unit sold so for example when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional unit sold so for example when
+you go from selling no units to selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from selling no units to selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from selling no units to selling
+one unit at no units your cost is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit at no units your cost is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit at no units your cost is what
+if you sell no units what's your cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sell no units what's your cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sell no units what's your cost
+some beer a second tell me yeah ten not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beer a second tell me yeah ten not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beer a second tell me yeah ten not
+zero because you have the fixed costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because you have the fixed costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because you have the fixed costs
+those are paid no matter what remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are paid no matter what remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are paid no matter what remember
+there's a fix this Rotom will come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fix this Rotom will come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fix this Rotom will come back
+this is very important so if you see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important so if you see oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important so if you see oh
+your costs are ten your revenues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your costs are ten your revenues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your costs are ten your revenues are
+what zero so your profits are negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what zero so your profits are negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what zero so your profits are negative
+ten if you produce one unit what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten if you produce one unit what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten if you produce one unit what's your
+cost fifteen what's your revenues thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost fifteen what's your revenues thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost fifteen what's your revenues thirty
+so you make a profit of 15 if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you make a profit of 15 if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you make a profit of 15 if you go
+from one unit now you're producing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one unit now you're producing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one unit now you're producing one
+you wants to reduce the second unit well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wants to reduce the second unit well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wants to reduce the second unit well
+what's the marginal cost of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal cost of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the marginal cost of the second
+unit well we know what marginal cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit well we know what marginal cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit well we know what marginal cost is
+with this function marginal costs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this function marginal costs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this function marginal costs we
+just differentiate this with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just differentiate this with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just differentiate this with respect to
+Q we get ten q is marginal cost so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q we get ten q is marginal cost so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q we get ten q is marginal cost so we
+know the marginal cost the second unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the marginal cost the second unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the marginal cost the second unit
+is what twenty what's the revenues from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what twenty what's the revenues from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what twenty what's the revenues from
+the second unit well that's linear it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second unit well that's linear it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second unit well that's linear it's
+thirty so your profit you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty so your profit you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty so your profit you're still
+making you're making a profit of ten now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you're making a profit of ten now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you're making a profit of ten now
+we go to on that unit now we go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to on that unit now we go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to on that unit now we go to the
+third unit so right now after two units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third unit so right now after two units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third unit so right now after two units
+so after two units you've made 20 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after two units you've made 20 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after two units you've made 20 on
+that you've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've made
+after two units you you are still making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after two units you you are still making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after two units you you are still making
+profit now we go to the third unit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit now we go to the third unit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit now we go to the third unit it's
+hard because we're discretizing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because we're discretizing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because we're discretizing a
+continuous example but let's go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous example but let's go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous example but let's go to the
+third unit the third unit what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third unit the third unit what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third unit the third unit what's the
+cost what's the marginal cost 30 what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost what's the marginal cost 30 what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost what's the marginal cost 30 what's
+their marginal revenue 30 so you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal revenue 30 so you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal revenue 30 so you're at
+the profit maximizing point you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profit maximizing point you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profit maximizing point you have
+climbed the hill you have maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbed the hill you have maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbed the hill you have maximum
+nice you're you've maximized your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you're you've maximized your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you're you've maximized your
+profits what's your total profits at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits what's your total profits at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits what's your total profits at
+that point well your total profits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point well your total profits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point well your total profits is
+three times 30 which is ninety minus ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times 30 which is ninety minus ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times 30 which is ninety minus ten
+plus five times three squared right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus five times three squared right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus five times three squared right
+minus ten plus 45 is 55 so your total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ten plus 45 is 55 so your total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ten plus 45 is 55 so your total
+profits are forty-five that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are forty-five that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are forty-five that's your
+maximum profits that's the most you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum profits that's the most you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum profits that's the most you're
+gonna earn now coming to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna earn now coming to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna earn now coming to the question
+was asked a minute ago weather-related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asked a minute ago weather-related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asked a minute ago weather-related
+version well wait a second if I sell one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version well wait a second if I sell one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version well wait a second if I sell one
+more unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unit
+I still have positive profits so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have positive profits so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have positive profits so my
+profits were 45 selling three units well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits were 45 selling three units well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits were 45 selling three units well
+the next unit okay I'm still in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next unit okay I'm still in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next unit okay I'm still in the
+black why not sell more why not sell one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black why not sell more why not sell one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black why not sell more why not sell one
+more unit why not sell that fourth unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unit why not sell that fourth unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unit why not sell that fourth unit
+Yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cuz it's we always make marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's we always make marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's we always make marginal
+decisions in economics we always ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions in economics we always ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions in economics we always ask
+what's the next step I should take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next step I should take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next step I should take and
+the next step is a losing step because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step is a losing step because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step is a losing step because
+the fourth unit what's your marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth unit what's your marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth unit what's your marginal
+cost forty what's your revenues thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost forty what's your revenues thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost forty what's your revenues thirty
+so the fourth unit has a negative ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fourth unit has a negative ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fourth unit has a negative ten
+profit so you don't want to make it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so you don't want to make it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so you don't want to make it so
+profit maximization is the hill climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximization is the hill climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit maximization is the hill climbing
+exercise I like to think of it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise I like to think of it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise I like to think of it and I
+described in my videos and think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in my videos and think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in my videos and think of it
+it's like you're climbing a hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you're climbing a hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you're climbing a hill
+blindfolded all you know it's whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindfolded all you know it's whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindfolded all you know it's whether
+you're stepping up or stepping down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stepping up or stepping down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stepping up or stepping down and
+you simp and you need to figure out when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simp and you need to figure out when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simp and you need to figure out when
+to get to the peak well if you step up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the peak well if you step up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the peak well if you step up
+if your next step is upwards you must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your next step is upwards you must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your next step is upwards you must be
+sure to the peak if your next step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to the peak if your next step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to the peak if your next step is
+downwards you must have past the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards you must have past the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards you must have past the peak
+just keep going to your next step leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going to your next step leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going to your next step leads
+to flat part your next steps right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flat part your next steps right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flat part your next steps right in
+front of the other okay that's a profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the other okay that's a profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the other okay that's a profit
+maximization is the key thing is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization is the key thing is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization is the key thing is you can
+keep the key thing about the blindfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the key thing about the blindfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the key thing about the blindfold
+is you don't need see the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't need see the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't need see the big picture
+all you know is is my next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know is is my next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know is is my next step
+increasing my profits or decreasing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing my profits or decreasing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing my profits or decreasing my
+profits if it's increasing I'm doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits if it's increasing I'm doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits if it's increasing I'm doing it
+if it's decreasing I'm going backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's decreasing I'm going backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's decreasing I'm going backwards
+that's all you need to know is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you need to know is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you need to know is just
+think about putting one foot in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about putting one foot in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about putting one foot in front of
+the other does that next unit make me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other does that next unit make me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other does that next unit make me
+money or lose me money okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or lose me money okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or lose me money okay
+so that is how we think a provocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is how we think a provocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is how we think a provocation
+yeah well that's that is the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's that is the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's that is the optimal
+production that's pinning down how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production that's pinning down how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production that's pinning down how much
+you want to produce remember I said at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to produce remember I said at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to produce remember I said at
+the beginning selector the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning selector the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning selector the problem with
+good producer theory is we have some set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good producer theory is we have some set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good producer theory is we have some set
+of relationships between how much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relationships between how much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relationships between how much we
+produce in costs we can tell how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce in costs we can tell how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce in costs we can tell how much
+should produce this tells you how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should produce this tells you how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should produce this tells you how much
+to produce you have now solved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce you have now solved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce you have now solved the
+firm's problem this one extras this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's problem this one extras this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's problem this one extras this
+imposition the perfect competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposition the perfect competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposition the perfect competition
+constraint has allowed us to finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint has allowed us to finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint has allowed us to finally
+solve the problem we have now solved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem we have now solved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem we have now solved it
+and we've said that the firm given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've said that the firm given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've said that the firm given this
+cost function and given a price of 30 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function and given a price of 30 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function and given a price of 30 a
+firm should produce three units done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm should produce three units done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm should produce three units done
+just like before we said well this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like before we said well this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like before we said well this many
+pizzas and cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas and cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas and cookies
+now we're pitting down Q once we pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're pitting down Q once we pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're pitting down Q once we pin
+down Q we can of course go back and pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Q we can of course go back and pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Q we can of course go back and pin
+down L and K because L and K are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down L and K because L and K are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down L and K because L and K are
+function of Q but this is where it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Q but this is where it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Q but this is where it's one
+step harder so this extra step we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step harder so this extra step we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step harder so this extra step we have
+taken we have to impose the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken we have to impose the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken we have to impose the market
+condition to get to the little Q we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to get to the little Q we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to get to the little Q we want
+to produce in this case that's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce in this case that's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce in this case that's three
+okay questions about that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so I'm having to move like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'm having to move like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'm having to move like you're
+singing like all of the guys let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing like all of the guys let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing like all of the guys let's just
+make all of you great great point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all of you great great point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all of you great great point
+that's exactly we call that a monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly we call that a monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly we call that a monopoly
+or an oligopoly depending on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an oligopoly depending on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an oligopoly depending on how you
+want to think about it they could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about it they could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about it they could they
+essentially could monopolize and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially could monopolize and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially could monopolize and we're
+assuming that doesn't happen here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that doesn't happen here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that doesn't happen here and
+I'll talk later about why that's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk later about why that's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk later about why that's way
+harder than you think okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than you think okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than you think okay so we're
+starting once again in economics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting once again in economics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting once again in economics we
+always start with simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start with simplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start with simplifying
+assumptions to draw general lessons then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions to draw general lessons then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions to draw general lessons then
+we'll make some more and then we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make some more and then we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make some more and then we'll come
+back to the more complicated real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the more complicated real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the more complicated real-world
+examples but it turns out virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but it turns out virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but it turns out virtually
+everything we learn here still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we learn here still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we learn here still going to
+hold okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's ask how big is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's ask how big is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's ask how big is the
+firm's profit how do we measure the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's profit how do we measure the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's profit how do we measure the size
+of the profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the profit
+well profit if we think about profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well profit if we think about profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well profit if we think about profits
+per unit profits per unit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit profits per unit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit profits per unit okay
+profits equals revenue minus costs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits equals revenue minus costs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits equals revenue minus costs so
+profits per unit profits per q equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits per unit profits per q equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits per unit profits per q equals
+revenues per q minus cost per q well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues per q minus cost per q well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues per q minus cost per q well
+what is this term cost divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this term cost divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this term cost divided by
+quantity what do we call that average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity what do we call that average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity what do we call that average
+cost so and what how much do you get per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so and what how much do you get per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so and what how much do you get per
+unit you just get the price so DRD Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you just get the price so DRD Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you just get the price so DRD Q and
+R over Q are the same in a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R over Q are the same in a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R over Q are the same in a competitive
+market marginal price and average price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market marginal price and average price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market marginal price and average price
+are the same it's the price so this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same it's the price so this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same it's the price so this just
+says profits are equal profits per Q are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says profits are equal profits per Q are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says profits are equal profits per Q are
+equal to price minus average cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to price minus average cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to price minus average cost so
+your per unit profits is price minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your per unit profits is price minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your per unit profits is price minus
+average cost and we can see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost and we can see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost and we can see that in
+Figure 73 we could see that in Figure 73
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Figure 73 we could see that in Figure 73
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Figure 73 we could see that in Figure 73
+okay figure seven three shows our cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay figure seven three shows our cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay figure seven three shows our cost
+curves for this ten plus five Q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves for this ten plus five Q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves for this ten plus five Q squared
+function we derived before and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we derived before and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we derived before and you could
+see we have an average total cost curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have an average total cost curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have an average total cost curve
+which first declines and then increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which first declines and then increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which first declines and then increases
+we have a marginal cost curve and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a marginal cost curve and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a marginal cost curve and then
+we have an average cost curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an average cost curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an average cost curve
+yeah average total cost curve and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah average total cost curve and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah average total cost curve and then
+we've averaged variable average fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've averaged variable average fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've averaged variable average fixed
+now we already announced that the album
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we already announced that the album
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we already announced that the album
+production level was three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production level was three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production level was three
+we're price at marginal cost okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're price at marginal cost okay what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're price at marginal cost okay what's
+our profit at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our profit at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our profit at three
+well our profit is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well our profit is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well our profit is the difference
+between that price and the average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that price and the average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that price and the average cost
+of three units over all the units we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three units over all the units we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three units over all the units we
+produce so the profit is actually thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce so the profit is actually thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce so the profit is actually thirty
+so it's it's there's a discreteness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's there's a discreteness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's there's a discreteness
+problem here I have to work this out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here I have to work this out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here I have to work this out the
+problem I said 45 before it's 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I said 45 before it's 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I said 45 before it's 45
+mathematically it's 30 in this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it's 30 in this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it's 30 in this because
+of the continuity problem of this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the continuity problem of this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the continuity problem of this sort
+of discreteness between two and three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discreteness between two and three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discreteness between two and three so
+the bottom line is the pre in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is the pre in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is the pre in a
+continuous example this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous example this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous example this would be the
+same and the bottom line is the profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and the bottom line is the profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and the bottom line is the profit
+is the difference between the price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference between the price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference between the price and
+the average cost times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average cost times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average cost times the number of
+units sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units sold
+okay that's gonna be the the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's gonna be the the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's gonna be the the bottom line
+the bottom line profit average cost here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line profit average cost here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line profit average cost here
+is 10 over 3 is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 over 3 is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 over 3 is 3
+let's see what's what's let's do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what's what's let's do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what's what's let's do what
+let's make sure we got the math right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we got the math right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we got the math right
+here average cost is 10 plus 5/2 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here average cost is 10 plus 5/2 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here average cost is 10 plus 5/2 squared
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so average cost is 10 over Q plus 5 q q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so average cost is 10 over Q plus 5 q q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so average cost is 10 over Q plus 5 q q
+is 3 right so it's 3 point 3 3 plus 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 right so it's 3 point 3 3 plus 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 right so it's 3 point 3 3 plus 15
+which is 18 point 3 3 yeah no my math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 18 point 3 3 yeah no my math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 18 point 3 3 yeah no my math
+was right with 45 this graphs wrong okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right with 45 this graphs wrong okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right with 45 this graphs wrong okay
+we so our average cost 18 point 3 3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so our average cost 18 point 3 3 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so our average cost 18 point 3 3 okay
+what's our what's the revenue at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our what's the revenue at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our what's the revenue at that
+point it's 30 30 minus 18 point 3 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's 30 30 minus 18 point 3 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's 30 30 minus 18 point 3 3
+times 3 is 45 so it is 45 okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 is 45 so it is 45 okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 is 45 so it is 45 okay it's
+alright 30 30 minus 18 12 point no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright 30 30 minus 18 12 point no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright 30 30 minus 18 12 point no
+that's wrong no 30 no no I got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong no 30 no no I got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong no 30 no no I got that
+wrong you're right it's 35 35 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you're right it's 35 35 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you're right it's 35 35 okay so
+it's all it all comes from the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all it all comes from the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all it all comes from the discrete
+it's all about the problem a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the problem a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the problem a very
+discrete function versus continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete function versus continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete function versus continuous
+function okay the bottom line is this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay the bottom line is this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay the bottom line is this do
+I get that right yeah one point six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that right yeah one point six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that right yeah one point six
+eleven point six seven times three is 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven point six seven times three is 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven point six seven times three is 35
+right so the bottom line is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the bottom line is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the bottom line is the reason
+we get you can get we got 45 from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get you can get we got 45 from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get you can get we got 45 from a
+hill-climbing exercise and 35 from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill-climbing exercise and 35 from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill-climbing exercise and 35 from this
+graph it's basically discreteness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's basically discreteness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's basically discreteness
+problem that in some sense of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that in some sense of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that in some sense of this
+continuous function they give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function they give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function they give you the
+same thing the bottom line is the profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing the bottom line is the profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing the bottom line is the profit
+is equal to we'll be clear on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to we'll be clear on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to we'll be clear on this and
+the problem sets in the exams what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets in the exams what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets in the exams what we're
+looking for the bottom line is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the bottom line is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the bottom line is the
+profit is the difference the profit per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit is the difference the profit per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit is the difference the profit per
+unit is the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is the difference between the
+marginal the average cost and the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal the average cost and the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal the average cost and the price
+that you get for that unit okay now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get for that unit okay now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get for that unit okay now with
+that in mind let me ask you following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind let me ask you following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind let me ask you following
+question what if I imposed a tax of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what if I imposed a tax of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what if I imposed a tax of
+$1.00 per unit what if I impose the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1.00 per unit what if I impose the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1.00 per unit what if I impose the tax
+of of I'm sorry of ten dollars per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of I'm sorry of ten dollars per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of I'm sorry of ten dollars per unit
+what if I impose the tax of ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I impose the tax of ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I impose the tax of ten dollars
+per unit a $10 per unit tax what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit a $10 per unit tax what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit a $10 per unit tax what would
+that do to the cost curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do to the cost curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do to the cost curve
+somebody without looking at the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody without looking at the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody without looking at the handout
+and cheating somebody tell me what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cheating somebody tell me what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cheating somebody tell me what's the
+new cost curve if I impose a $10 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cost curve if I impose a $10 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cost curve if I impose a $10 per
+unit tax what's the new cost curve what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit tax what's the new cost curve what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit tax what's the new cost curve what
+was the old cost curve the old cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the old cost curve the old cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the old cost curve the old cost
+curve is ten plus five Q squared what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is ten plus five Q squared what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is ten plus five Q squared what's
+the new cost curve that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new cost curve that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new cost curve that's that's the
+answer that almost everyone always gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that almost everyone always gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that almost everyone always gives
+the first time but it's not right ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time but it's not right ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time but it's not right ten
+plus five Q squared plus ten Q because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus five Q squared plus ten Q because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus five Q squared plus ten Q because I
+said per unit I charge ten dollars if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said per unit I charge ten dollars if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said per unit I charge ten dollars if
+I'd said a fixed tax of ten dollars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd said a fixed tax of ten dollars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd said a fixed tax of ten dollars you
+would have been right it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been right it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been right it would have been
+20 plus 5 C squared but it's not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 plus 5 C squared but it's not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 plus 5 C squared but it's not because
+it's a per unit tax of ten dollars yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we'll see that in a second okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see that in a second okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see that in a second okay so
+just an easy way to explain it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an easy way to explain it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an easy way to explain it okay so
+that's the new cart with a tax of ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the new cart with a tax of ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the new cart with a tax of ten
+dollars per unit the new cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars per unit the new cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars per unit the new cost function
+is 10 plus 5 Q squared plus 10 Q okay oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 plus 5 Q squared plus 10 Q okay oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 plus 5 Q squared plus 10 Q okay oh
+good we didn't show them seven four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we didn't show them seven four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we didn't show them seven four so
+what does that do well we go to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do well we go to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do well we go to figure
+seven four and see that here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven four and see that here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven four and see that here the
+marginal cost has n the average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost has n the average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost has n the average cost
+have both risen by ten the old marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both risen by ten the old marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both risen by ten the old marginal
+cost was ten Q now it's 10 to +10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost was ten Q now it's 10 to +10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost was ten Q now it's 10 to +10 so
+marginal cost is now 10 Q plus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost is now 10 Q plus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost is now 10 Q plus 10
+average cost is used to be 10 over Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost is used to be 10 over Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost is used to be 10 over Q
+plus 5 Q now it's 10 over Q plus 5 Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 5 Q now it's 10 over Q plus 5 Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 5 Q now it's 10 over Q plus 5 Q
+plus 10 okay so the bottom lies both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 10 okay so the bottom lies both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 10 okay so the bottom lies both
+marginal average costs have shifted up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal average costs have shifted up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal average costs have shifted up
+by 10 what does that mean well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10 what does that mean well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10 what does that mean well first of
+all it changes off the production if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it changes off the production if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it changes off the production if
+marginal cost is 10 Q plus 10 and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost is 10 Q plus 10 and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost is 10 Q plus 10 and our
+optimization is set price equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization is set price equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization is set price equal to
+marginal cost now we're setting 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost now we're setting 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost now we're setting 30
+equals 10 Q plus 10 okay third equals 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 Q plus 10 okay third equals 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 Q plus 10 okay third equals 10
+Q plus 10 which says the optimal PUE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q plus 10 which says the optimal PUE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q plus 10 which says the optimal PUE
+drops to 2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops to 2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops to 2 right
+subtract 30 from 2010 from 30 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract 30 from 2010 from 30 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract 30 from 2010 from 30 divided by
+10 you get the optimal Q now falls to -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you get the optimal Q now falls to -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you get the optimal Q now falls to -
+so now you only want to produce two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you only want to produce two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you only want to produce two
+units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+okay because the marginal cost is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the marginal cost is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the marginal cost is higher
+but the price is the same you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the price is the same you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the price is the same you're going
+to produce less so now you're only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce less so now you're only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce less so now you're only going
+to produce two units and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce two units and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce two units and you can see
+that in the graph that your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the graph that your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the graph that your your
+marginal cost hits the price now at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost hits the price now at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost hits the price now at two
+units rather than into three units you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units rather than into three units you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units rather than into three units you
+see that in Figure 7 for your average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in Figure 7 for your average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in Figure 7 for your average
+cost is also higher so you can make less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is also higher so you can make less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is also higher so you can make less
+profits per unit use so you're producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits per unit use so you're producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits per unit use so you're producing
+fewer units and making less profit per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer units and making less profit per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer units and making less profit per
+unit so the entire rectangle is shrunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so the entire rectangle is shrunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so the entire rectangle is shrunk
+okay the REC take the arm the rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the REC take the arm the rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the REC take the arm the rectangle
+has shrunk the yes the entire rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has shrunk the yes the entire rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has shrunk the yes the entire rectangle
+shrunk it's shrunk because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk it's shrunk because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk it's shrunk because you're
+selling fewer units and it's shrunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling fewer units and it's shrunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling fewer units and it's shrunk
+because you're getting less surplus per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're getting less surplus per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're getting less surplus per
+you're getting less profit per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting less profit per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting less profit per unit
+remember profit per unit is average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember profit per unit is average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember profit per unit is average cost
+over quantity is price minus average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over quantity is price minus average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over quantity is price minus average
+cost over quantity a price minus average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost over quantity a price minus average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost over quantity a price minus average
+cost since average cost is higher you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost since average cost is higher you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost since average cost is higher you're
+getting less profit per unit you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting less profit per unit you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting less profit per unit you're
+selling fewer units and less profit per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling fewer units and less profit per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling fewer units and less profit per
+unit so that tax has significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so that tax has significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit so that tax has significantly
+lowered your profit okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered your profit okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered your profit okay questions about
+that it doesn't have to be a tax if I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't have to be a tax if I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't have to be a tax if I'd
+said suddenly whatever you're producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said suddenly whatever you're producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said suddenly whatever you're producing
+there was a change in what it costs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a change in what it costs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a change in what it costs to
+produce any change in what something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce any change in what something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce any change in what something
+cost to produce in the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to produce in the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to produce in the production
+function will ultimately affect can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will ultimately affect can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will ultimately affect can
+ultimately affect how much you sell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately affect how much you sell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately affect how much you sell in
+your profits so one sec sir sighs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your profits so one sec sir sighs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your profits so one sec sir sighs you
+can show yourself at home imagine that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show yourself at home imagine that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show yourself at home imagine that I
+had said there was a fixed tax of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said there was a fixed tax of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said there was a fixed tax of 10
+lakhs I'm asking this question imagine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lakhs I'm asking this question imagine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lakhs I'm asking this question imagine I
+had said those a fixed tax of 10 how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said those a fixed tax of 10 how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said those a fixed tax of 10 how
+would that have affected your profit how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that have affected your profit how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that have affected your profit how
+would that affect the amount you sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that affect the amount you sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that affect the amount you sell
+and your profit it was a fixed tax of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your profit it was a fixed tax of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your profit it was a fixed tax of 10
+not 10 per unit how would that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 10 per unit how would that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 10 per unit how would that affect
+how many units you'd sell and when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many units you'd sell and when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many units you'd sell and when your
+profit is yeah well but above the profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit is yeah well but above the profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit is yeah well but above the profit
+exactly you'd so why would you sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you'd so why would you sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you'd so why would you sell the
+same amount without your own seed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount without your own seed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount without your own seed it
+wouldn't affect your marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't affect your marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't affect your marginal cost
+remember profit maximization is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember profit maximization is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember profit maximization is where
+marginal cost equals price if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost equals price if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost equals price if I have a
+fixed tax that's an effective marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed tax that's an effective marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed tax that's an effective marginal
+cost but it does lower your profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but it does lower your profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but it does lower your profits
+because you still got to pay that extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you still got to pay that extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you still got to pay that extra
+tax so here your profits get doubly hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax so here your profits get doubly hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax so here your profits get doubly hit
+you sell less and you make less per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell less and you make less per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell less and you make less per unit
+with a flat tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a flat tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a flat tax
+you would sell the same amount but you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would sell the same amount but you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would sell the same amount but you'd
+make less per unit that's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make less per unit that's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make less per unit that's an important
+distinction I think I'll add that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction I think I'll add that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction I think I'll add that for
+next year okay now one other important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year okay now one other important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year okay now one other important
+point the firm has one other decision to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the firm has one other decision to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the firm has one other decision to
+make here that we haven't covered yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make here that we haven't covered yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make here that we haven't covered yet
+which is it has to decide whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is it has to decide whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is it has to decide whether to
+shut down now remember I said there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down now remember I said there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down now remember I said there's no
+entry and exit that means you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and exit that means you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and exit that means you can't
+literally leave and go somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally leave and go somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally leave and go somewhere else
+but you can't just walk away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't just walk away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't just walk away
+you can't just literally say look I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just literally say look I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just literally say look I'm
+not in this market anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this market anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this market anymore
+I'm not gonna go set up shop somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna go set up shop somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna go set up shop somewhere
+else but I'm not in this market anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but I'm not in this market anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but I'm not in this market anymore
+okay so the question is when would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is when would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is when would you
+do so so I'm gonna get to it hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so so I'm gonna get to it hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so so I'm gonna get to it hold on
+okay let's say it's a question or answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say it's a question or answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say it's a question or answer
+so cliffs an answer I don't want it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cliffs an answer I don't want it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cliffs an answer I don't want it yet
+it's question I'll take it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's question I'll take it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's question I'll take it okay so
+basically suppose the price in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically suppose the price in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically suppose the price in this
+market fell to $10 okay should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market fell to $10 okay should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market fell to $10 okay should you
+continue to participate in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to participate in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to participate in the market
+well if the price falls to $10 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the price falls to $10 what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the price falls to $10 what is
+the optimal level of production zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal level of production zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal level of production zero so
+does that mean you should walk away no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean you should walk away no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean you should walk away no
+what are your profits if you sell zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your profits if you sell zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your profits if you sell zero
+okay if you sell zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you sell zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you sell zero
+what are your profits negative ten if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your profits negative ten if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your profits negative ten if
+you shut down and walk away what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shut down and walk away what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shut down and walk away what are
+your profits negative fifteen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your profits negative fifteen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your profits negative fifteen okay
+what's profits profits its revenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's profits profits its revenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's profits profits its revenues
+minus costs costs at zero costs it costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus costs costs at zero costs it costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus costs costs at zero costs it costs
+at zero I'm sorry I'm sorry you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero I'm sorry I'm sorry you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero I'm sorry I'm sorry you don't
+produce the euro that's bad you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the euro that's bad you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the euro that's bad you produce
+one unit I got the answer wrong if price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit I got the answer wrong if price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit I got the answer wrong if price
+equals marginal cost yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no without the tax I'm sorry that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no without the tax I'm sorry that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no without the tax I'm sorry that's what
+I confused we're back to without the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I confused we're back to without the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I confused we're back to without the tax
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the price in the market drops to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price in the market drops to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price in the market drops to ten
+dollars so you produce one unit not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so you produce one unit not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so you produce one unit not zero
+I shouldn't listen you I should look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't listen you I should look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't listen you I should look at
+my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notes
+okay one unit not zero you produce one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one unit not zero you produce one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one unit not zero you produce one
+unit at that point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit at that point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit at that point okay
+your revenues what what are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your revenues what what are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your revenues what what are your
+revenues reducing one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues reducing one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues reducing one unit
+okay you get you get thirty yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get you get thirty yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get you get thirty yeah this
+examples messed up I'm not to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples messed up I'm not to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples messed up I'm not to come back
+to this I'm to come back to this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this I'm to come back to this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this I'm to come back to this this is
+uh we made this this examples wrong I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we made this this examples wrong I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we made this this examples wrong I'm
+going to come back to this one so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to this one so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to this one so the
+key point with the shutdown the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point with the shutdown the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point with the shutdown the key
+point with the shutdown is basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with the shutdown is basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with the shutdown is basically you
+only want to shut down if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want to shut down if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want to shut down if you're
+actually gonna lose more money by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gonna lose more money by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gonna lose more money by
+staying in the market then you get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying in the market then you get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying in the market then you get by
+exiting the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exiting the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exiting the market
+so let me stop there I'll come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me stop there I'll come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me stop there I'll come back and
+fix this I made an error on this I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this I made an error on this I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this I made an error on this I'll
+come back to things to be in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to things to be in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to things to be in the next
+lecture and then we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and then we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and then we'll talk about
+finishing up short run profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up short run profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up short run profit
+maximization so let's pause there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization so let's pause there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization so let's pause there and
+come back
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CFPnZ66nge4.txt b/CFPnZ66nge4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d157fb78d56e5fe14e761fe1290205094bf50e96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CFPnZ66nge4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu and so on uh today's handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and so on uh today's handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and so on uh today's handout
+we're Contin contining to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're Contin contining to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're Contin contining to think about
+color we're also going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color we're also going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color we're also going to think about
+magnetism some more and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism some more and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism some more and we're going to
+think about more types of geometries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about more types of geometries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about more types of geometries so
+we've seen that the type of liant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that the type of liant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that the type of liant
+whether it's a weak field intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a weak field intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a weak field intermediate
+field or strong field liant makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or strong field liant makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or strong field liant makes a
+difference in terms of the splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in terms of the splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in terms of the splitting
+energy how much the de orbitals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy how much the de orbitals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy how much the de orbitals are
+split due to the presence of the Lian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split due to the presence of the Lian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split due to the presence of the Lian
+arranged in octahedral Geometry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in octahedral Geometry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in octahedral Geometry but
+we'll see that the geometry matters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that the geometry matters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that the geometry matters that
+if you different kinds of geometries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you different kinds of geometries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you different kinds of geometries
+then the splitting is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the splitting is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the splitting is going to be
+different between the D orbitals so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between the D orbitals so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between the D orbitals so um
+now we're going to look and I'll set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to look and I'll set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to look and I'll set
+this up um we're going to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up um we're going to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up um we're going to look at a
+nickel demo which we'll have in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel demo which we'll have in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel demo which we'll have in a few
+minutes but first let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but first let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but first let's think about the
+colors that we're going to see so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors that we're going to see so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors that we're going to see so if we
+have a nickel chloride compound um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nickel chloride compound um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nickel chloride compound um that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+greenish what kind it'll absorb then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenish what kind it'll absorb then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenish what kind it'll absorb then
+what kind of light if it is a greenish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of light if it is a greenish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of light if it is a greenish
+kind of color what what color would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of color what what color would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of color what what color would it
+absorb then red reddish which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb then red reddish which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb then red reddish which is what
+kind of wavelength long or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wavelength long or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wavelength long or
+short long right so we're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short long right so we're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short long right so we're going to get a
+long reddish kind of uh we'll absorb a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long reddish kind of uh we'll absorb a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long reddish kind of uh we'll absorb a
+long or red wavelength and so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long or red wavelength and so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long or red wavelength and so if we're
+absorbing a long wave length what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing a long wave length what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing a long wave length what would
+be true about the splitting energy is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true about the splitting energy is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true about the splitting energy is it
+going to be a big or a small uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a big or a small uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a big or a small uh
+splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting
+energy so first what if you have long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so first what if you have long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so first what if you have long
+wavelength what's the Frequency long or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength what's the Frequency long or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength what's the Frequency long or
+short short and so the energy would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short short and so the energy would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short short and so the energy would be
+short as well right so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short as well right so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short as well right so it's going to be
+a small small energy associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small small energy associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small small energy associated with
+just a small splitting and do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small splitting and do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small splitting and do you
+remember what we what we learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we what we learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we what we learned about
+chloride minus what kind of a ligan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride minus what kind of a ligan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride minus what kind of a ligan is
+it it's a weak field Lian so this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a weak field Lian so this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a weak field Lian so this makes
+sense so weak field ligan only splits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so weak field ligan only splits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so weak field ligan only splits
+the field a little bit it's not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field a little bit it's not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field a little bit it's not a very
+strong ligan so it can only split it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong ligan so it can only split it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong ligan so it can only split it so
+much all right now we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all right now we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much all right now we're going to take
+this greenish compound and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this greenish compound and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this greenish compound and we're going
+to add some water to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some water to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some water to
+it and that's going to make it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's going to make it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's going to make it a little
+more blue be sort of a blue green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more blue be sort of a blue green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more blue be sort of a blue green and
+let's think about what's happening there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what's happening there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what's happening there
+so if uh and we'll compare it to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if uh and we'll compare it to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if uh and we'll compare it to what we
+have above so now if it looks blue green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have above so now if it looks blue green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have above so now if it looks blue green
+what sort of color is going to be what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of color is going to be what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of color is going to be what's
+absorbed right so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed right so we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed right so we're going to have
+sort of a we're going to have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a we're going to have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a we're going to have a more
+orange red color here and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange red color here and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange red color here and so that's
+going to be longer or shorter than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be longer or shorter than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be longer or shorter than the
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+above shorter right so we're we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above shorter right so we're we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above shorter right so we're we were
+here now we're moving more into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we're moving more into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we're moving more into the
+orange region so we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange region so we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange region so we're going to be
+absorbing a wavelength that's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing a wavelength that's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing a wavelength that's a bit
+shorter so is the energy going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter so is the energy going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter so is the energy going to be
+larger or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger or smaller
+ER yeah so it's going to be a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER yeah so it's going to be a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER yeah so it's going to be a larger
+energy because we have a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because we have a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because we have a shorter
+wavelength so we're going to have a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so we're going to have a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so we're going to have a bit
+of a higher frequency and so we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a higher frequency and so we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a higher frequency and so we'll have
+a higher energy or larger energy and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher energy or larger energy and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher energy or larger energy and do
+you remember what kind of ligan water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what kind of ligan water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what kind of ligan water
+is it's sort of uh it's an intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's sort of uh it's an intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's sort of uh it's an intermediate
+field ligan so it's going to be stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field ligan so it's going to be stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field ligan so it's going to be stronger
+than chloride so chloride was very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than chloride so chloride was very weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than chloride so chloride was very weak
+water sort of in the middle and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water sort of in the middle and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water sort of in the middle and then we
+had C is an example of a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had C is an example of a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had C is an example of a very strong
+field Lian all right so this makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Lian all right so this makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Lian all right so this makes sense
+that that would be a bit strong so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be a bit strong so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be a bit strong so we
+have a larger splitting now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a larger splitting now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a larger splitting now they're
+going to break the sample into two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break the sample into two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break the sample into two and
+batch one is going to you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch one is going to you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch one is going to you're going to
+add EDTA that was our chelating agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add EDTA that was our chelating agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add EDTA that was our chelating agent
+that we talked about before and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about before and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about before and that's
+going to make it even a bit more blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it even a bit more blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it even a bit more blue
+and here we have our model of Eda bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have our model of Eda bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have our model of Eda bound
+to our metal and so if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our metal and so if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our metal and so if we think about
+this then if it's a bit more blue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then if it's a bit more blue so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then if it's a bit more blue so
+we're going to be absorbing a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be absorbing a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be absorbing a color
+that's even more orange and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even more orange and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even more orange and so that's
+going to be even shorter than what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be even shorter than what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be even shorter than what we
+had there so then our our splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had there so then our our splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had there so then our our splitting
+energy the energy is going to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy is going to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy is going to be what
+larger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger or
+smaller yeah so it'll be even larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller yeah so it'll be even larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller yeah so it'll be even larger and
+I've never told you what kind of Lian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never told you what kind of Lian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never told you what kind of Lian
+Eda is but from this if you're getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eda is but from this if you're getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eda is but from this if you're getting a
+larger splitting you would predict it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger splitting you would predict it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger splitting you would predict it's
+a stronger Lian than water and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stronger Lian than water and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stronger Lian than water and in fact
+it is an even stronger one than water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an even stronger one than water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an even stronger one than water
+and again this is you know we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is you know we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is you know we're going
+to be increasing entropy in this room in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be increasing entropy in this room in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be increasing entropy in this room in
+a few minutes um because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes um because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes um because we're going to
+be displacing six water molecules with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be displacing six water molecules with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be displacing six water molecules with
+one molecule of Eda which will bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule of Eda which will bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule of Eda which will bind to
+your metal with six points of attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your metal with six points of attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your metal with six points of attachment
+so watch out for that entropy change all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so watch out for that entropy change all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so watch out for that entropy change all
+right so that was batch one now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was batch one now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was batch one now we're
+going to take some of this nickel hexa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take some of this nickel hexa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take some of this nickel hexa
+um Aqua hexa Aqua uh compound and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Aqua hexa Aqua uh compound and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Aqua hexa Aqua uh compound and uh
+we're going to mix it with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to mix it with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to mix it with another
+Keating agent so remember our nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keating agent so remember our nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keating agent so remember our nickel
+water complex is blue green and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water complex is blue green and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water complex is blue green and we're
+going to add another Keating agent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add another Keating agent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add another Keating agent and
+now it's going to become red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's going to become red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's going to become red
+and so if it's red what color is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if it's red what color is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if it's red what color is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+absorbed green and so this wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed green and so this wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed green and so this wavelength
+then is going to be what compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is going to be what compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is going to be what compared to
+Orange yeah so it's even way shorter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orange yeah so it's even way shorter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orange yeah so it's even way shorter we
+were kind of right up here now we've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of right up here now we've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of right up here now we've all
+the way shifted down here so it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way shifted down here so it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way shifted down here so it's way
+shorter um so the energy is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter um so the energy is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter um so the energy is going to be
+what small or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what small or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what small or
+big it's going to be very big but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it's going to be very big but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it's going to be very big but this
+isn't an octahedral system anymore so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an octahedral system anymore so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an octahedral system anymore so I
+didn't have a little o by my energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a little o by my energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a little o by my energy and
+it's actually a square planer system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a square planer system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a square planer system so
+we're not going to do a sort of a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to do a sort of a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to do a sort of a direct
+comparison here but this tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison here but this tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison here but this tells us that
+in square planer you're probably going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in square planer you're probably going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in square planer you're probably going
+to get pretty big splitting of our de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get pretty big splitting of our de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get pretty big splitting of our de
+orbital energies because we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energies because we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energies because we can get
+something that the color suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the color suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the color suggests that
+there must be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a big
+splitting all right so those are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting all right so those are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting all right so those are what
+we're predicting for the Colors Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're predicting for the Colors Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're predicting for the Colors Let's
+see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it on yes it is okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it on yes it is okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it on yes it is okay so this is the
+nickel chloride complex that Kathy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel chloride complex that Kathy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel chloride complex that Kathy was
+talking about as most of you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about as most of you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about as most of you guys can
+see it's very green put it under here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's very green put it under here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's very green put it under here
+you could probably obviously see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could probably obviously see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could probably obviously see that
+it's green maybe against this background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's green maybe against this background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's green maybe against this background
+look at that it's very green thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that it's very green thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that it's very green thank you
+Elena um okay so we don't need that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elena um okay so we don't need that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elena um okay so we don't need that do
+we no we don't need that we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we no we don't need that we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we no we don't need that we're just
+going to pour it into the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so pour this when we pour this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pour this when we pour this into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pour this when we pour this into the
+water we're expecting you guys remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water we're expecting you guys remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water we're expecting you guys remember
+blue green right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's fing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terrible and that's very obviously not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible and that's very obviously not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible and that's very obviously not
+that clear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clear is
+it wonderful well it's it's it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wonderful well it's it's it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wonderful well it's it's it's kind of
+blue green yeah right around the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue green yeah right around the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue green yeah right around the color
+that you'd expect for water to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd expect for water to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd expect for water to be
+fantastic we should switch gloves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic we should switch gloves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic we should switch gloves from
+green to blue green as we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green to blue green as we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green to blue green as we do the
+experiment you can see it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can see it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can see it a little bit
+better there maybe I don't know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there maybe I don't know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there maybe I don't know yeah
+okay trust us now we're going to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay trust us now we're going to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay trust us now we're going to do next
+one's a little more dramatic front row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a little more dramatic front row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a little more dramatic front row
+is it is it blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is it blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is it blue
+green all right so we're going to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green all right so we're going to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green all right so we're going to split
+this up into two solutions one of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up into two solutions one of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up into two solutions one of which
+is about 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M I should have picked a different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M I should have picked a different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M I should have picked a different color
+glove all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glove all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glove all
+right I know okay and we're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I know okay and we're going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I know okay and we're going to add
+some Eda thank you we're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Eda thank you we're going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Eda thank you we're going to add
+some Eda into this and the EDTA is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Eda into this and the EDTA is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Eda into this and the EDTA is where
+it's a powder right so Eda is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a powder right so Eda is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a powder right so Eda is relatively
+insoluble in water so we're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble in water so we're going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble in water so we're going to add
+a little bit of Base to make sure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of Base to make sure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of Base to make sure this
+works that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that's not the
+base that's the base okay so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that's the base okay so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that's the base okay so let's start
+with the Eda I'm going to use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Eda I'm going to use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Eda I'm going to use this to
+mix I think all right just mix it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this to mix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I don't think
+so a little watch out watch out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little watch out watch out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little watch out watch out this is
+going to be a little bit reactive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit reactive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit reactive so
+watch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that worked pretty well actually look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worked pretty well actually look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worked pretty well actually look at
+that yay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blue just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue just a
+second so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so by
+comparison right yeah it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison right yeah it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison right yeah it's a little bit
+more blue and uh as we added some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more blue and uh as we added some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more blue and uh as we added some
+hydroxide it or not hydroxide acetate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide it or not hydroxide acetate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide it or not hydroxide acetate it
+allowed the EDTA dissolv just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed the EDTA dissolv just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed the EDTA dissolv just a little
+bit more which is why it reacted Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more which is why it reacted Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more which is why it reacted Okay
+cool so now for the last thing we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add what are we adding all right DMG and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add what are we adding all right DMG and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add what are we adding all right DMG and
+we apologize to Kathy because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apologize to Kathy because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apologize to Kathy because this
+smells really really bad and she's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells really really bad and she's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells really really bad and she's going
+have to smell this for the next 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to smell this for the next 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to smell this for the next 20
+minutes along with the front row row so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes along with the front row row so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes along with the front row row so
+sorry but uh after we pour this you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry but uh after we pour this you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry but uh after we pour this you're
+not actually going to see a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually going to see a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually going to see a whole lot of
+color change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that smells bad um and the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that smells bad um and the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that smells bad um and the reason for
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+because this is not quite as good U so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not quite as good U so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not quite as good U so
+the uh DMG has to come in and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh DMG has to come in and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh DMG has to come in and actually
+replace the water and it's actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the water and it's actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the water and it's actually kind
+of hard for DM uh DMG to replace water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard for DM uh DMG to replace water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard for DM uh DMG to replace water
+so what we're going to do now is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do now is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do now is we're
+going to add a little bit of ammonia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add a little bit of ammonia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add a little bit of ammonia and
+the ammonia can replace the water a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ammonia can replace the water a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ammonia can replace the water a
+little bit better than the DMG can or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better than the DMG can or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better than the DMG can or
+sorry than the DMG can and the DMG is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry than the DMG can and the DMG is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry than the DMG can and the DMG is
+going to replace the ammonia and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace the ammonia and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace the ammonia and you'll
+see something kind of cool it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something kind of cool it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something kind of cool it's actually
+going to very locally change color and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to very locally change color and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to very locally change color and
+I'm might actually do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm might actually do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm might actually do this
+maybe over here do on the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe over here do on the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe over here do on the document
+camera is it going to work in the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is it going to work in the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is it going to work in the camera
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and let's give this a sh well I can't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's give this a sh well I can't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's give this a sh well I can't I
+can't reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the now you have to move your hand let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the now you have to move your hand let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the now you have to move your hand let
+me pour it yeah so you can see the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so it goes back to being um blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so it goes back to being um blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so it goes back to being um blue
+green again because uh the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green again because uh the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green again because uh the concentration
+of ammonia that we're adding is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia that we're adding is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ammonia that we're adding is not
+quite enough to counteract the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite enough to counteract the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite enough to counteract the amount of
+water that's already in here but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's already in here but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's already in here but if we
+add enough eventually it will turn uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add enough eventually it will turn uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add enough eventually it will turn uh
+thank you totally uh totally red but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you totally uh totally red but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you totally uh totally red but for
+right now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you can
+see it it's an equilibrium reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it it's an equilibrium reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it it's an equilibrium reaction
+yay okay so and it talks about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay okay so and it talks about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay okay so and it talks about sort of
+also rates of reactions and rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also rates of reactions and rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also rates of reactions and rates of
+exchange and that's our next unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yay oh oh well that's a good lead in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay oh oh well that's a good lead in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay oh oh well that's a good lead in for
+the next demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next demo
+right okay awesome all right great all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay awesome all right great all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay awesome all right great all
+right thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys so you saw that red color develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so you saw that red color develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so you saw that red color develop
+and so it's not just about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's not just about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's not just about whether
+something's a strong or weak field liing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's a strong or weak field liing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's a strong or weak field liing
+it's also about the geometry so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also about the geometry so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also about the geometry so we're
+going to talk later about Square plan or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk later about Square plan or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk later about Square plan or
+geometry so keep in mind that we' expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so keep in mind that we' expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so keep in mind that we' expect
+that there should be some splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there should be some splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there should be some splitting
+between those D orbitals but before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those D orbitals but before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those D orbitals but before we
+get to uh to square planer we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to uh to square planer we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to uh to square planer we're going
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tetrahedral so here is our tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral so here is our tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral so here is our tetrahedral
+system here's my little drawing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here's my little drawing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here's my little drawing of
+tetrahedral and I have my tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral and I have my tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral and I have my tetrahedral
+model here and so here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here and so here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here and so here we're going to
+have um our kind of tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um our kind of tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um our kind of tetrahedral
+coordinate frame like this where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate frame like this where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate frame like this where we have
+two lians kind of in the plane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lians kind of in the plane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lians kind of in the plane of the
+screen one Li coming out at you and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen one Li coming out at you and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen one Li coming out at you and one
+Lian going back and so now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lian going back and so now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lian going back and so now we're going
+to think about how our different sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how our different sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how our different sets of
+D orbitals are going to be affected um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D orbitals are going to be affected um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D orbitals are going to be affected um
+by tetrahedral geometry and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tetrahedral geometry and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tetrahedral geometry and again
+remember Crystal field theory is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Crystal field theory is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Crystal field theory is just
+saying that the ligans are like negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the ligans are like negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the ligans are like negative
+point charges pointing toward the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point charges pointing toward the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point charges pointing toward the D
+orbitals so when the ligan and the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so when the ligan and the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so when the ligan and the D
+orbital are near each other big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital are near each other big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital are near each other big
+repulsion when they're farther away less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion when they're farther away less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion when they're farther away less
+repulsion so let's look at this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion so let's look at this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion so let's look at this uh this
+case now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now
+and so here we see this in this geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here we see this in this geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here we see this in this geometry
+our lians are now off axis right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lians are now off axis right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lians are now off axis right here
+here is the Z axis here's the Y AIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the Z axis here's the Y AIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the Z axis here's the Y AIS
+here's the x axis our lians are off axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the x axis our lians are off axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the x axis our lians are off axis
+so our orbital sets that are also kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our orbital sets that are also kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our orbital sets that are also kind
+of off axis are going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of off axis are going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of off axis are going to be more
+affected than our orbital sets that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected than our orbital sets that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected than our orbital sets that were
+on axis so this is different from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on axis so this is different from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on axis so this is different from what
+we saw with the octahedral geometry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw with the octahedral geometry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw with the octahedral geometry so
+now we have more repulsion between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have more repulsion between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have more repulsion between those
+negative point charges that are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative point charges that are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative point charges that are the
+lians and the D orbitals that are off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lians and the D orbitals that are off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lians and the D orbitals that are off
+axis the ones that are 45 degrees away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the ones that are 45 degrees away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the ones that are 45 degrees away
+so are dyz dxy and D or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are dyz dxy and D or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are dyz dxy and D or and
+dxc all right so this is in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxc all right so this is in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxc all right so this is in fact the
+opposite of the octahedral case because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of the octahedral case because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of the octahedral case because
+in the octahedral case we had the lians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the octahedral case we had the lians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the octahedral case we had the lians
+were on axis and so the orbitals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on axis and so the orbitals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on axis and so the orbitals that
+were on axis were the most affected but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on axis were the most affected but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on axis were the most affected but
+now with tetrahedral lian's off axis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with tetrahedral lian's off axis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with tetrahedral lian's off axis so
+the orbitals that are off axis are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbitals that are off axis are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbitals that are off axis are the
+most most effective so these switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most effective so these switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most effective so these switch
+positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+and dx^ 2us y^2 dz^2 they still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dx^ 2us y^2 dz^2 they still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dx^ 2us y^2 dz^2 they still have the
+same energy they're still degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy they're still degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy they're still degenerate
+with respect to each other but now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to each other but now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to each other but now these
+are stabilized compared to these um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stabilized compared to these um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stabilized compared to these um but
+they also have the same energy so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have the same energy so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have the same energy so all of
+these three orbital sets are also of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three orbital sets are also of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three orbital sets are also of the
+same energy also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy also uh
+degenerate now one other really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate now one other really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate now one other really
+important thing about tetra is not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about tetra is not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about tetra is not only
+is it the opposite um of octahedral in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the opposite um of octahedral in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the opposite um of octahedral in
+terms of where those orbitals are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of where those orbitals are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of where those orbitals are but
+overall they're sort of less splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall they're sort of less splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall they're sort of less splitting
+so even though the orbitals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though the orbitals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though the orbitals that are
+kind of off axis are more affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of off axis are more affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of off axis are more affected by
+that tetrahedral geometry than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tetrahedral geometry than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tetrahedral geometry than the
+others still the ligans aren't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others still the ligans aren't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others still the ligans aren't really
+pointing right toward those orbitals at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing right toward those orbitals at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing right toward those orbitals at
+all they're closer but they're not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they're closer but they're not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they're closer but they're not right
+at them so it's very different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them so it's very different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them so it's very different from the
+octahedral case where you had the orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral case where you had the orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral case where you had the orbit
+sort of right on axis um and the ligans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of right on axis um and the ligans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of right on axis um and the ligans
+right on axis so there's less splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on axis so there's less splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on axis so there's less splitting
+it's smaller splitting so the octahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's smaller splitting so the octahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's smaller splitting so the octahedral
+or the tetrahedral Crystal field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the tetrahedral Crystal field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the tetrahedral Crystal field
+splitting energy is this Delta subt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting energy is this Delta subt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting energy is this Delta subt and
+that's going to be smaller all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be smaller all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be smaller all right so
+let's look now at some Crystal field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look now at some Crystal field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look now at some Crystal field
+splitting diagrams and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting diagrams and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting diagrams and I'm going to
+compare the octahedral case with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the octahedral case with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the octahedral case with the
+tetrahedral case so here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral case so here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral case so here is our
+octahedral case again we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral case again we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral case again we have our
+octahedral Crystal cryst field splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral Crystal cryst field splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral Crystal cryst field splitting
+energy our Delta o now we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy our Delta o now we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy our Delta o now we have our
+tetrahedral Crystal field splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral Crystal field splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral Crystal field splitting
+energy delta T and we see again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy delta T and we see again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy delta T and we see again that
+it's opposite orders so our DX x^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's opposite orders so our DX x^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's opposite orders so our DX x^2 minus
+y^2 DZ squar instead of being up here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 DZ squar instead of being up here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 DZ squar instead of being up here as
+it is with octahedral is now down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is with octahedral is now down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is with octahedral is now down here
+and instead of our EG we now just have G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of our EG we now just have G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of our EG we now just have G
+we our e we just lost uh the G here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we our e we just lost uh the G here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we our e we just lost uh the G here and
+our our three sets that were stabilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our three sets that were stabilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our three sets that were stabilized
+compared to the hypothetical spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the hypothetical spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the hypothetical spherical
+Crystal field um are now destabilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal field um are now destabilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal field um are now destabilized
+because those orbitals at 45 degrees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those orbitals at 45 degrees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those orbitals at 45 degrees are
+closer to our tetrahedral ligans so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to our tetrahedral ligans so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to our tetrahedral ligans so
+again we have this switch and um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have this switch and um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have this switch and um again
+our um EG goes to just G the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our um EG goes to just G the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our um EG goes to just G the book
+sometimes has E2 I don't know where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes has E2 I don't know where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes has E2 I don't know where that
+came from but should just ignore it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from but should just ignore it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from but should just ignore it it's
+just e um and t2g now is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e um and t2g now is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e um and t2g now is just
+T2 so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 so again
+you can see in this picture really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in this picture really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in this picture really well
+splitting energy is a lot less for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting energy is a lot less for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting energy is a lot less for
+tetrahedral this is much smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral this is much smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral this is much smaller than
+the octahedral crystal field splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octahedral crystal field splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octahedral crystal field splitting
+energy so much much smaller because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so much much smaller because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so much much smaller because
+again none of those lied point charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again none of those lied point charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again none of those lied point charges
+are really directly toward those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really directly toward those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really directly toward those
+orbitals so overall it's less splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so overall it's less splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so overall it's less splitting
+and because there's less splitting when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because there's less splitting when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because there's less splitting when
+you think about putting electrons in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about putting electrons in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about putting electrons in to
+the system it doesn't take much to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it doesn't take much to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it doesn't take much to go up
+here so the pairing energy is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the pairing energy is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the pairing energy is going to
+always be a lot greater than the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be a lot greater than the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be a lot greater than the energy
+to put it in this higher energy orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it in this higher energy orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it in this higher energy orbital
+set because it's not very much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because it's not very much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because it's not very much higher
+than the first set so these would all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the first set so these would all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the first set so these would all be
+high spin systems so we' put in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high spin systems so we' put in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high spin systems so we' put in our
+electrons singly to the fullest extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons singly to the fullest extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons singly to the fullest extent
+possible before we start to SP before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible before we start to SP before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible before we start to SP before we
+start to pair them so you can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to pair them so you can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to pair them so you can assume
+that all tetrahedral complexes are high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all tetrahedral complexes are high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all tetrahedral complexes are high
+spins that's a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins that's a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins that's a pretty good
+assumption all right so just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption all right so just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption all right so just like the
+tetrahedral case we have overall were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral case we have overall were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral case we have overall were
+maintaining the energy of the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the energy of the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the energy of the system so
+in the tetrahedral case we had three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tetrahedral case we had three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tetrahedral case we had three
+orbitals that were um stabilized so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that were um stabilized so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that were um stabilized so they
+went down by two uh two fifths and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down by two uh two fifths and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down by two uh two fifths and and
+two that went up were destabilized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that went up were destabilized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that went up were destabilized so
+they went up by three fifths to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went up by three fifths to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went up by three fifths to maintain
+the overall energy of the system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall energy of the system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall energy of the system in the
+tetrahedral case we have two en two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral case we have two en two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral case we have two en two
+orbitals that are stabilized down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that are stabilized down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that are stabilized down in
+energy so they're down by minus 3 fths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so they're down by minus 3 fths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so they're down by minus 3 fths
+and then we have three up so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have three up so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have three up so those are
+up by two this so same idea but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by two this so same idea but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by two this so same idea but again
+everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+opposite all right so let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite all right so let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite all right so let's take a look
+at an example of a tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an example of a tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an example of a tetrahedral
+case and we'll look at chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and we'll look at chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and we'll look at chromium
+3+ so what is the dcount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3+ so what is the dcount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3+ so what is the dcount
+here can just tell me find chromium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can just tell me find chromium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can just tell me find chromium in
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table yep it's going to be three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table yep it's going to be three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table yep it's going to be three so
+group 6 minus 3 is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group 6 minus 3 is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group 6 minus 3 is three
+and now why don't you tell me how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now why don't you tell me how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now why don't you tell me how we
+were going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to put
+in those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons all right 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay most people got that right so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay most people got that right so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay most people got that right so again
+um this is not correct for a high spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not correct for a high spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not correct for a high spin
+which most tetrahedral compounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which most tetrahedral compounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which most tetrahedral compounds are
+this would be correct this arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be correct this arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be correct this arrangement
+of electrons is also correct but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons is also correct but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons is also correct but if you
+look at the orbital names um those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the orbital names um those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the orbital names um those are
+incorrect so on a on a test you not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect so on a on a test you not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect so on a on a test you not only
+need to you need to be able to write all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to you need to be able to write all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to you need to be able to write all
+the correct orbital names and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct orbital names and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct orbital names and the
+correct designators as well as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct designators as well as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct designators as well as well as
+putting it in the electrons in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it in the electrons in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it in the electrons in the right
+way so good to practice all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so good to practice all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so good to practice all right so we
+put in now our three electrons over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in now our three electrons over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in now our three electrons over here
+and now we can think about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can think about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can think about our
+DN um configuration so if you're asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN um configuration so if you're asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN um configuration so if you're asked
+to write out the D to the N electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write out the D to the N electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write out the D to the N electron
+configuration what that's asking you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration what that's asking you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration what that's asking you for
+is to say how many electrons are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say how many electrons are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say how many electrons are in
+which of the two orbital levels and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the two orbital levels and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the two orbital levels and so
+you would say in the E level here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say in the E level here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say in the E level here you
+have two and in the T two level you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and in the T two level you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and in the T two level you have
+one and this is just then a shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is just then a shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is just then a shorthand
+that's why they have these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they have these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they have these little
+abbreviations you don't have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations you don't have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations you don't have to write
+out all the names of your D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the names of your D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the names of your D
+orbitals all right so how many unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals all right so how many unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals all right so how many unpaired
+electrons do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do we have
+then we have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have what
+three and if I'm now telling you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and if I'm now telling you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and if I'm now telling you that
+this is a complex complex with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a complex complex with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a complex complex with uh
+chloride and that the wavelength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and that the wavelength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and that the wavelength of the
+most intensely absorbed light is 740 why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intensely absorbed light is 740 why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intensely absorbed light is 740 why
+don't you predict the color of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you predict the color of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you predict the color of the
+complex for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me oh really that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me oh really that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me oh really that's
+weird okay 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yep
+so we could look and see this wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could look and see this wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could look and see this wavelength
+is going to be in the red so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in the red so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in the red so that the
+predicted color of the complex would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted color of the complex would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted color of the complex would be
+the complementary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complementary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complementary or
+green and so green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and so green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and so green
+then is uh one that has you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is uh one that has you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is uh one that has you know it's a
+pretty short uh this has a pretty long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty short uh this has a pretty long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty short uh this has a pretty long
+wavelength which would be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength which would be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength which would be consistent
+with a very tiny uh splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very tiny uh splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very tiny uh splitting
+energy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all
+right so now let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's think about the
+Square planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case so our Square planer system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so our Square planer system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so our Square planer system is
+described so we're in the plane here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described so we're in the plane here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described so we're in the plane here
+it's again Square planer and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again Square planer and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again Square planer and now we have
+our Li along the Y AIS and the x axis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Li along the Y AIS and the x axis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Li along the Y AIS and the x axis so
+we have nothing along the Z axis here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nothing along the Z axis here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nothing along the Z axis here so
+tell me based on this and then again our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me based on this and then again our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me based on this and then again our
+ligans are on axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligans are on axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligans are on axis
+which of those D orbitals do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those D orbitals do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those D orbitals do you think
+is going to be the most destabilized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the most destabilized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the most destabilized by
+this geometry what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this geometry what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this geometry what do you
+think just you can just yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think just you can just yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think just you can just yell it
+out x^2 - y^2 and what would you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out x^2 - y^2 and what would you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out x^2 - y^2 and what would you think
+would be next in terms of destabilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be next in terms of destabilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be next in terms of destabilized
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+sets XY yeah so that's that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets XY yeah so that's that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets XY yeah so that's that's the case
+so most is going to be dx^ 2us y^2 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most is going to be dx^ 2us y^2 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most is going to be dx^ 2us y^2 again
+those orbitals are on axis lians on axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those orbitals are on axis lians on axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those orbitals are on axis lians on axis
+next would be the other one that has X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next would be the other one that has X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next would be the other one that has X
+and Y all right so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y all right so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y all right so let's take a look at
+this now so we have our dx^ 2 minus y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now so we have our dx^ 2 minus y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now so we have our dx^ 2 minus y^2
+our orbitals are on axis our ligans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our orbitals are on axis our ligans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our orbitals are on axis our ligans are
+on axis you really have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on axis you really have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on axis you really have lots of
+repulsion so this would be destabilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion so this would be destabilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion so this would be destabilized
+the most compared to all other D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most compared to all other D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most compared to all other D
+orbitals really different amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals really different amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals really different amount of
+destabilization this is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilization this is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilization this is a lot of
+repulsion all the lians are right toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion all the lians are right toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion all the lians are right toward
+those orbitals so dz^2 which used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those orbitals so dz^2 which used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those orbitals so dz^2 which used to be
+degenerate with dx2 minus y^2 now is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate with dx2 minus y^2 now is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate with dx2 minus y^2 now is not
+anymore there's a lot less repulsion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there's a lot less repulsion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there's a lot less repulsion for
+this because there's no lians along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because there's no lians along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because there's no lians along the
+z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis
+anymore so let's look at our other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so let's look at our other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so let's look at our other
+orbital set the next one in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital set the next one in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital set the next one in terms of
+being destabilized is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being destabilized is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being destabilized is
+dxy now these orbitals are off axis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxy now these orbitals are off axis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxy now these orbitals are off axis so
+it's not nearly as bad as for dx^ 2us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not nearly as bad as for dx^ 2us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not nearly as bad as for dx^ 2us
+y^2 but compared to everything else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 but compared to everything else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 but compared to everything else so
+it's it's a lot more repulsion than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a lot more repulsion than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a lot more repulsion than
+everybody else but it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else but it's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else but it's less than
+rdx2 minus y^2 and these guys are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdx2 minus y^2 and these guys are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdx2 minus y^2 and these guys are then
+going to be stabilized compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stabilized compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stabilized compared to the
+others all right so let's now draw our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others all right so let's now draw our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others all right so let's now draw our
+splitting diagrams and think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting diagrams and think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting diagrams and think about how
+this all plays in together and so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all plays in together and so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all plays in together and so again
+we'll compare it to our octahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll compare it to our octahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll compare it to our octahedral
+Crystal field so now up the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal field so now up the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal field so now up the most
+destabilized way up here which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilized way up here which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilized way up here which is this
+orbital going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital going to
+be which one x^2 minus y^2 right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be which one x^2 minus y^2 right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be which one x^2 minus y^2 right that's
+up in energy the most it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in energy the most it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in energy the most it's the most
+destabilized it's experiencing the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilized it's experiencing the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilized it's experiencing the most
+repulsion and then next but much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and then next but much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and then next but much lower
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+dxy again the ligans are along in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxy again the ligans are along in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxy again the ligans are along in the XY
+plane so that would be second but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so that would be second but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so that would be second but those
+are 45° off axis so it's way down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 45° off axis so it's way down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 45° off axis so it's way down in
+energy compared to the ones that are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy compared to the ones that are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy compared to the ones that are on
+axis and then down here we kind of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and then down here we kind of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and then down here we kind of have
+all the rest and it's usually written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest and it's usually written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest and it's usually written
+with D um Z2 here and then D YZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with D um Z2 here and then D YZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with D um Z2 here and then D YZ and
+DX um Z over here but the the order here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX um Z over here but the the order here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX um Z over here but the the order here
+these are all kind of stabilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all kind of stabilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all kind of stabilized
+compared to these two and the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to these two and the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to these two and the exact
+order is not quite as as uh uh firm as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is not quite as as uh uh firm as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is not quite as as uh uh firm as
+in octahedral or tetrahedral cases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in octahedral or tetrahedral cases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in octahedral or tetrahedral cases so
+again this is uh quite different now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is uh quite different now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is uh quite different now
+overall um the energy is also maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um the energy is also maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um the energy is also maintained
+but it's there's too many orbitals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's there's too many orbitals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's there's too many orbitals in
+too many places so you're not expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many places so you're not expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many places so you're not expected
+to know that but one thing that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that but one thing that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that but one thing that I will
+point out is that remember for the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is that remember for the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is that remember for the demo
+Square planer we said that had to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square planer we said that had to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square planer we said that had to have a
+pretty big splitting that's a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big splitting that's a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big splitting that's a really big
+splitting of the energy of the orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting of the energy of the orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting of the energy of the orbital
+so Square planer complexes can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Square planer complexes can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Square planer complexes can be
+capable of having you know big energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of having you know big energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of having you know big energies
+of you need a big energy of your Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you need a big energy of your Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you need a big energy of your Photon
+to be absorbed by a square plan or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be absorbed by a square plan or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be absorbed by a square plan or you
+could if you're going to bump it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if you're going to bump it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if you're going to bump it all the
+way up there that's really far away all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up there that's really far away all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up there that's really far away all
+right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now
+clicker why don't you tell me what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker why don't you tell me what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker why don't you tell me what you
+think of a square paramal case and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a square paramal case and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a square paramal case and this
+would be this case here where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this case here where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this case here where you have
+one Lian you have a square planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Lian you have a square planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Lian you have a square planer
+geometry basically that you added an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry basically that you added an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry basically that you added an
+extra Lian to or you had octahedral you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Lian to or you had octahedral you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Lian to or you had octahedral you
+took one away that extra Lian is along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took one away that extra Lian is along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took one away that extra Lian is along
+the z-axis so what things do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis so what things do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis so what things do you think
+would be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true all right since we're running out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right since we're running out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right since we're running out
+of time let's just take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just to put that would be true the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to put that would be true the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to put that would be true the D
+now there's a liant along Z so DZ squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a liant along Z so DZ squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a liant along Z so DZ squar
+is going to be destabilized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be destabilized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be destabilized in the
+Square parameter case canar to square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square parameter case canar to square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square parameter case canar to square
+planer um everything that has Z's in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer um everything that has Z's in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer um everything that has Z's in it
+would also be destabilized and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be destabilized and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be destabilized and these
+would definitely not be degenerate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely not be degenerate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely not be degenerate um
+there's no reason they would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason they would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason they would have the
+same energy there so we'll get to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy there so we'll get to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy there so we'll get to our
+bio example on Monday but first what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio example on Monday but first what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio example on Monday but first what are
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+awesome congratulations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome congratulations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome congratulations that
+was unexpected two new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unexpected two new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unexpected two new
+groups all right have a good weekend see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups all right have a good weekend see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups all right have a good weekend see
+you Monday okay so um end of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Monday okay so um end of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Monday okay so um end of lecture
+29 um last page we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 um last page we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 um last page we're talking about
+biological examples we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological examples we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological examples we're talking about
+transition metals we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals we're talking about
+colors of things um and I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors of things um and I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors of things um and I just wanted to
+give you an example of why geometry can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of why geometry can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of why geometry can
+matter or be interesting from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or be interesting from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or be interesting from a
+biological context so the video that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological context so the video that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological context so the video that you
+heard um about nickel showed that nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard um about nickel showed that nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard um about nickel showed that nickel
+allows hpylori to colonize your stomach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows hpylori to colonize your stomach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows hpylori to colonize your stomach
+um because the nickel enzyme creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the nickel enzyme creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the nickel enzyme creates a
+buffering system so that it can survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffering system so that it can survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffering system so that it can survive
+in the low pH of your stomach and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the low pH of your stomach and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the low pH of your stomach and it's
+very hard to treat um hpylori infections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to treat um hpylori infections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to treat um hpylori infections
+because the antibiotics that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the antibiotics that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the antibiotics that you would
+give to kill the bacteria get destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to kill the bacteria get destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to kill the bacteria get destroyed
+in the acidity of the stomach so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the acidity of the stomach so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the acidity of the stomach so it's a
+very hard problem and it's fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard problem and it's fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard problem and it's fascinating
+that you know they can use this nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they can use this nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they can use this nickel
+enzyme to kind of allow themselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme to kind of allow themselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme to kind of allow themselves to
+live in this environment so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in this environment so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in this environment so that's
+pretty cool this is also really cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool this is also really cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool this is also really cool and
+arguably uh more beneficial to mankind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably uh more beneficial to mankind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably uh more beneficial to mankind
+so nickel dependent enzymes also are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nickel dependent enzymes also are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nickel dependent enzymes also are
+responsible for removing a lot of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for removing a lot of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for removing a lot of carbon
+monoxide and carbon dioxide from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide and carbon dioxide from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide and carbon dioxide from the
+environment so microbes have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so microbes have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so microbes have these
+enzymes that allow them to use carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that allow them to use carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that allow them to use carbon
+monoxide and carbon dioxide as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide and carbon dioxide as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide and carbon dioxide as their
+carbon source for metabolism and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon source for metabolism and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon source for metabolism and so
+collectively these microbes um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively these microbes um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively these microbes um are
+estimated to remove about 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated to remove about 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated to remove about 100 million
+tons of carbon monoxide from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of carbon monoxide from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of carbon monoxide from the
+environment every year and produce about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment every year and produce about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment every year and produce about
+1 trillion kilogram of acetate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 trillion kilogram of acetate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 trillion kilogram of acetate from
+greenhouse and other Gases such as CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse and other Gases such as CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse and other Gases such as CO2
+so there's a lot of benefit to us from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of benefit to us from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of benefit to us from
+these nickel enzymes and so people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nickel enzymes and so people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nickel enzymes and so people are
+interested in doing a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing a couple different
+things one thing they're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one thing they're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one thing they're interested in
+doing is to see what these nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to see what these nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to see what these nickel
+centers look like so that they can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers look like so that they can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers look like so that they can make
+small molecules to do the same chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules to do the same chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules to do the same chemistry
+people are also interested in taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are also interested in taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are also interested in taking
+these microbes as such and getting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these microbes as such and getting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these microbes as such and getting them
+to overexpress these enzymes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overexpress these enzymes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overexpress these enzymes and then
+convert things like CO2 greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert things like CO2 greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert things like CO2 greenhouse gas
+into biofuels so some people in chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into biofuels so some people in chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into biofuels so some people in chemical
+engineering are doing that right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering are doing that right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering are doing that right now and
+they're they're working with and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're working with and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're working with and I'm
+collaborating with them on some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with them on some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with them on some of these
+projects so this is again a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects so this is again a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects so this is again a very
+everyone is very concerned about climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is very concerned about climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is very concerned about climate
+um and so this is a sort of a hot area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so this is a sort of a hot area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so this is a sort of a hot area
+of research so of course if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research so of course if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research so of course if you want to
+know what something looks like at Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what something looks like at Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what something looks like at Atomic
+level x-ray crystallography is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level x-ray crystallography is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level x-ray crystallography is a great
+thing to do but if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do but if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do but if you don't have a
+crystal structure you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure you can use
+spectroscopy in particular you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy in particular you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy in particular you can think
+about whether the enzyme and this nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether the enzyme and this nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether the enzyme and this nickel
+Center is paramagnetic or diamagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center is paramagnetic or diamagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center is paramagnetic or diamagnetic
+and that can help you guess what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can help you guess what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can help you guess what the
+geometry of the metal center is so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the metal center is so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the metal center is so this
+is sort of a first experiment you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a first experiment you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a first experiment you might
+try to do to understand what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do to understand what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do to understand what's going on
+in your uh in your enzyme so say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your uh in your enzyme so say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your uh in your enzyme so say you
+have a nickel plus two or d8 Center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nickel plus two or d8 Center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nickel plus two or d8 Center and
+it's found to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's found to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's found to be
+diamagnetic then we could be ask can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamagnetic then we could be ask can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamagnetic then we could be ask can you
+rule out in or out some of the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out in or out some of the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out in or out some of the common
+geometries for nickel based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries for nickel based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries for nickel based on this
+single obs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single obs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single obs
+observation so let's do that so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so let's do that so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so let's do that so we want
+to add some electrons so I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some electrons so I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some electrons so I'm going to go
+over here and I have our diagrams on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and I have our diagrams on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and I have our diagrams on the
+board so first octahedral is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so first octahedral is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so first octahedral is a common
+geometry does it matter if this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry does it matter if this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry does it matter if this has a
+big splitting or small splitting for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big splitting or small splitting for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big splitting or small splitting for a
+d8 center what do you think think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d8 center what do you think think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d8 center what do you think think about
+it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a
+minute let's try it and see so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let's try it and see so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let's try it and see so if we
+have a small splitting we would go we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small splitting we would go we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small splitting we would go we
+put in our three electrons and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in our three electrons and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in our three electrons and again
+this is a d8 system so we have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a d8 system so we have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a d8 system so we have eight
+electrons we put in our three and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we put in our three and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we put in our three and now we
+have to decide if we're going to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide if we're going to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide if we're going to go up
+here or if we're going to pair but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or if we're going to pair but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or if we're going to pair but let's
+just say let's pretend it's small a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say let's pretend it's small a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say let's pretend it's small a
+small splitting so we'll put electron up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small splitting so we'll put electron up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small splitting so we'll put electron up
+here then we're done now we have to pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then we're done now we have to pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then we're done now we have to pair
+so we're going to come back down here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to come back down here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to come back down here to
+pair because we're going to put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair because we're going to put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair because we're going to put them in
+the lowest energy orbitals so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy orbitals so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy orbitals so we have
+five 6 7 eight and we're done now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 6 7 eight and we're done now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 6 7 eight and we're done now if we
+had said the splitting was big we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said the splitting was big we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said the splitting was big we would
+have paired all of these electrons first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have paired all of these electrons first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have paired all of these electrons first
+and then put two electrons singly at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put two electrons singly at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put two electrons singly at the
+upper level and that would have given us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper level and that would have given us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper level and that would have given us
+actually the exact same diagram so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the exact same diagram so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the exact same diagram so in
+this particular case it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case it doesn't matter
+whether there's a big splitting or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a big splitting or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a big splitting or a
+small splitting you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small splitting you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small splitting you get the same
+electron configuration so is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration so is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration so is this
+diamagnetic or paramagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paramagnetic which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what it means that you have unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means that you have unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means that you have unpaired
+electrons so we have unpaired electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so we have unpaired electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so we have unpaired electrons
+so it's paramagnetic all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's paramagnetic all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's paramagnetic all right so let's
+look at the square planer system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the square planer system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the square planer system
+now so we have three orbitals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we have three orbitals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we have three orbitals that are
+down in energy and because our Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in energy and because our Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in energy and because our Square
+planer system is in the XY plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer system is in the XY plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer system is in the XY plane and
+it's on axis and we have so our lians on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on axis and we have so our lians on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on axis and we have so our lians on
+axis um and our lians on axis our lians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis um and our lians on axis our lians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis um and our lians on axis our lians
+on axis point toward the orbitals on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on axis point toward the orbitals on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on axis point toward the orbitals on
+axis so dx^ 2us y^2 is really high in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so dx^ 2us y^2 is really high in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so dx^ 2us y^2 is really high in
+energy um XY is a little bit higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um XY is a little bit higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um XY is a little bit higher and
+these guys are down at the bottom so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are down at the bottom so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are down at the bottom so we
+don't really know anything about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know anything about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know anything about where
+we're going to put them in but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put them in but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put them in but let's
+just put them in singly in these lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put them in singly in these lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put them in singly in these lower
+ones so we'll do one 2 three and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so we'll do one 2 three and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so we'll do one 2 three and then
+we'll pair them up four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pair them up four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pair them up four five six
+and then we have two more so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have two more so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have two more so that's
+S8 and we definitely unless we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S8 and we definitely unless we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S8 and we definitely unless we
+absolutely have to don't want to put any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely have to don't want to put any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely have to don't want to put any
+electrons on our D x^2 minus y^2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on our D x^2 minus y^2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on our D x^2 minus y^2 that's
+way up in energy so we don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up in energy so we don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up in energy so we don't want to do
+that um unless we have to so is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um unless we have to so is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um unless we have to so is this
+paramagnetic or di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetic or di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetic or di
+magnetic di magnetic so we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic di magnetic so we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic di magnetic so we have one
+option here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option here that is
+consistent with the spectroscopy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the spectroscopy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the spectroscopy now
+let's look at tetra hedral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at tetra hedral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at tetra hedral is
+tetrahedral what you think is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral what you think is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral what you think is it going
+to be high spin or low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be high spin or low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be high spin or low
+spin or high spin so we'll have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin or high spin so we'll have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin or high spin so we'll have a small
+splitting and that is because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting and that is because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting and that is because in the
+tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral
+geometry you have your lians are off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry you have your lians are off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry you have your lians are off
+axis so we have an opposite of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so we have an opposite of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so we have an opposite of the
+octahedral system the orbitals that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral system the orbitals that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral system the orbitals that were
+higher in energy more destabilized or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in energy more destabilized or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in energy more destabilized or
+now lower but the lians aren't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now lower but the lians aren't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now lower but the lians aren't really
+pointing directly toward any of the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing directly toward any of the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing directly toward any of the D
+orbitals so the splitting overall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so the splitting overall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so the splitting overall is
+much smaller so this splitting is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller so this splitting is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller so this splitting is always
+going to be pretty small and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pretty small and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pretty small and so that
+leads to a high spin system which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a high spin system which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a high spin system which is you
+have the maximum number of unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the maximum number of unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the maximum number of unpaired
+electrons so you can always assume it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so you can always assume it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so you can always assume it's
+high spin or splitting as small you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high spin or splitting as small you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high spin or splitting as small you're
+going to put your electrons in singly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put your electrons in singly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put your electrons in singly to
+the fullest extent possible before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fullest extent possible before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fullest extent possible before you
+pair so we'll put one 2 3 4 5 6 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so we'll put one 2 3 4 5 6 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so we'll put one 2 3 4 5 6 7
+8 so it's this di magnetic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so it's this di magnetic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so it's this di magnetic or
+paramagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paramagnetic so of these three choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetic so of these three choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetic so of these three choices
+the only one that would be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one that would be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one that would be consistent
+with the spectroscopy is the spare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the spectroscopy is the spare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the spectroscopy is the spare is
+the square planer system and that turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square planer system and that turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square planer system and that turned
+out to be correct it was a square planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be correct it was a square planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be correct it was a square planer
+um system and so here's a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um system and so here's a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um system and so here's a picture of
+that square planer system so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that square planer system so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that square planer system so here we
+have the the nickel in the middle and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the nickel in the middle and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the nickel in the middle and we
+have uh four lians all in one plane so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh four lians all in one plane so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh four lians all in one plane so
+we have this really nice Square planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this really nice Square planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this really nice Square planer
+geometry that people predicted would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that people predicted would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that people predicted would
+exist before there was even a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist before there was even a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist before there was even a crystal
+structure and so this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and so this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and so this is one of the
+catalysts for allowing microbes to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts for allowing microbes to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts for allowing microbes to live
+on carbon dioxide as their carbon source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on carbon dioxide as their carbon source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on carbon dioxide as their carbon source
+which is really an incredible thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really an incredible thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really an incredible thing uh
+that that an organism can do little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that an organism can do little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that an organism can do little
+microbes bacteria super cool they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbes bacteria super cool they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbes bacteria super cool they can do
+all sorts of chemistry that we struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of chemistry that we struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of chemistry that we struggle
+to be able to do
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/C_Kg0EMPEJ8.txt b/C_Kg0EMPEJ8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..270c3ca6340fb599018d7bb1cde9552e61e0e729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/C_Kg0EMPEJ8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1628 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's just
+take 10 more seconds
+
+on the clicker question.
+
+OK, 76, I think that says, %,
+which is not bad, but we
+
+should be at 100%.
+
+So, when you're past the
+equivalence point, so you've
+
+converted all of your weak,
+in this case, acid to its
+
+conjugate base, and because it
+was a weak acid, the conjugate
+
+base is going to be a weak
+based and so it's not
+
+contributing a whole lot it'll
+make the solution basic, but
+
+it's nothing compared to adding
+strong base in there.
+
+So even though you have the
+weak base around, at this
+
+point it's really a strong
+base problem.
+
+So you would calculate this by
+looking at how many mils of
+
+the strong base you've added
+past, and figure out the
+
+number of moles that there
+are, and divide
+
+by the total volume.
+
+So this was like one of the
+problems on the exam, and one
+
+thing that I thought was
+interesting on the exam is
+
+that more people seemed to get
+the hard problem right than
+
+this, which was the
+easy problem.
+
+So we'll see on the final, there
+will be an acid based
+
+titration problem on the
+final, at least one.
+
+So let's see if we can get,
+then, the easy and the hard
+
+ones right.
+
+So you've mastered the hard ones
+and let's see if you can
+
+learn how to do the easy ones
+as well for the final exam.
+
+OK, so we're going to continue
+with transition metals.
+
+We were talking about crystal
+field theory and magnetism,
+
+and you should have a handout
+for today, and you should also
+
+have some equipment to make
+models of orbitals and
+
+coordination complexes --
+these are not snacks.
+
+They can be snacks later, right
+now they're a model kit.
+
+All right, so I'm going to
+introduce you to some terms
+
+that we're going to come back
+you at the end of today's
+
+lecture, and then we're going
+to talk about the shapes of
+
+coordination complexes.
+
+So, magnetism.
+
+So we talked last time, before
+the exam, if you remember,
+
+about high spin and
+low spin, unpaired
+
+electrons and paired electrons.
+
+Well, compounds that have
+unpaired electrons are
+
+paramagnetic, they're attracted
+by a magnetic field,
+
+and those where the electrons
+are paired are diamagnetic are
+
+repelled by a magnetic field.
+
+So you can tell whether a
+coordination complex is
+
+paramagnetic or diamagnetic,
+you can test the magnetism,
+
+and that'll give you some
+information about the electron
+
+configuration of the
+d orbitals in that
+
+coordination complex.
+
+And that can tell you
+about the geometry.
+
+And so you'll see that by the
+end we're going to talk about
+
+different types of energy
+orbitals when you have
+
+different geometries.
+
+So why might you care about the
+
+geometry of a metal center.
+
+Well, people who study proteins
+that have metal
+
+centers care a lot about
+the geometry of them.
+
+So let me just give
+you one example.
+
+We talked a lot about energy in
+the course this semester,
+
+so we need catalysts for
+removing carbon monoxide and
+
+carbon dioxide from
+the environment.
+
+And nature has some of these --
+they have metal cofactors
+
+and proteins that can do this,
+and people have been
+
+interested in mimicking that
+chemistry to remove these
+
+gases from the environment.
+
+So let me tell you these enzymes
+are organisms. And
+
+this is pretty amazing, some of
+these microorganisms. So,
+
+over here there's one
+-- it basically
+
+lives on carbon monoxide.
+
+I mean that's -- you know
+alternative sources of energy
+
+are one thing, but that's really
+quite a crazy thing
+
+that this guy does.
+
+So, you can grow it up in these
+big vats and pump in
+
+carbon monoxide and it's like
+oh, food, and they grow and
+
+multiply, and they're very,
+very happy in this carbon
+
+monoxide environment.
+
+There are also microorganisms
+that live on carbon dioxide as
+
+their energy and a
+carbon source.
+
+And so these organisms have
+enzymes in them that have
+
+metal centers, and those metal
+centers are responsible for
+
+the ability of these organisms
+to live on these kind of
+
+bizarre greenhouse gases
+and pollutants.
+
+So people would like to
+understand how this works.
+
+So microbes have been estimated
+to remove hundred, a
+
+million tons of carbon monoxide
+from the environment
+
+every year, producing about
+one trillion kilograms of
+
+acetate from these
+greenhouse gases.
+
+And so, what do these catalysts
+look like and these
+
+enzymes, what do these metal
+clusters look like that do
+
+this chemistry.
+
+And this was sort of a rough
+model of what they look like,
+
+and they thought it had iron and
+sulfur and then a nickel
+
+in some geometry, but they had
+no idea sort of where the
+
+nickel was and how it
+was coordinated.
+
+And so before there was any
+kind of three dimensional
+
+information, they used
+spectroscopy, and they
+
+considered whether it was
+paramagnetic or diamagnetic to
+
+get a sense of what the geometry
+around the metal was.
+
+So we're going to talk about
+different coordination
+
+geometries and how many unpaired
+or paired electrons
+
+you would expect, depending
+on those geometries today.
+
+And so, crystal field theory,
+again, can help you help
+
+explain/rationalize the
+properties of these transition
+
+metal complexes or coordination
+complexes.
+
+So, to help us think about
+geometry, I always find for
+
+myself that it's helpful
+to have models.
+
+So not everyone can have such
+large models as these, but you
+
+can all have your own little
+models of these geometries.
+
+So, what we have available
+to you are some mini
+
+marshmallows, which, of course,
+as we all know, are
+
+representative of d orbitals,
+and jelly beans, which we all
+
+know are useful for making
+coordination complexes.
+
+So, what you can do with your
+mini marshmallows is you can
+
+put together to make your
+different sets.
+
+And so, over here we have -- oh,
+actually it says gum drops
+
+-- you don't have gum drops this
+year, I changed up here,
+
+I forgot to change
+it down here.
+
+We have mini marshmallows.
+
+Dr. Taylor went out and tried
+to purchase enough gum drops
+
+to do this experiment, and
+discovered that Cambridge only
+
+had 300 gum drops,
+so we have mini
+
+marshmallows instead today.
+
+But this gives you the idea.
+
+You can take one toothpick and
+you can make d z squared,
+
+putting on your orbitals, you
+have your donut in the middle,
+
+and then your two lobes, which
+run along the z-axis.
+
+And then for your other sets
+of orbitals, you can take
+
+these two toothpicks and put
+on these sets of mini
+
+marshmallows, and handily, you
+can just have one for all of
+
+the other d orbitals, because
+depending on how you hold it,
+
+it can represent all
+of the other d
+
+orbitals just very well.
+
+So, you can just have one of
+these for all the others and
+
+then your d z squared.
+
+So what we're going to do when
+we have our orbitals set up,
+
+then we can think about how
+ligands in particular
+
+positions, in particular
+geometries would clash with
+
+our orbitals -- where there'd
+be big repulsions or small
+
+repulsions.
+
+So, any other people missing
+their jelly beans or their
+
+marshmallows?
+
+Please, raise your hand,
+we have extras.
+
+So, those of you who have
+them, go ahead and start
+
+making your d orbitals.
+
+All right, so if you're finished
+with your two d
+
+orbitals, you can start making
+an octahedral complex.
+
+So in your geometries set,
+you'll have a big gum which
+
+can be your center metal --
+you'll have a big jelly bean
+
+-- sorry, big jelly beans and
+small jelly beans are our
+
+ligands, or our negative point
+charges, and you can set up
+
+and make an octahedral
+geometry here.
+
+OK, so as you're finishing this
+up, I'm going to review
+
+what we talked about before the
+exam -- so this isn't in
+
+today's lecture handouts, it
+was in last time, which we
+
+already went over.
+
+But sometimes I've discovered
+that when there's an exam in
+
+the middle, there needs to be
+a bit of a refresher, it's
+
+hard to remember what happened
+before the exam, and you have
+
+your models to think
+about this.
+
+So, before the exam, we had
+talked about the octahedral
+
+case, and how compared to a
+spherical situation where the
+
+ligands are everywhere
+distributed around the metals
+
+where all d orbitals would be
+affected/repulsed by the
+
+ligands in a symmetric fashion
+equally, when you have them
+
+put as particular positions in
+geometry, then they're going
+
+to affect the different d
+orbitals differently.
+
+And so, if you have your d z
+squared made, and you have
+
+your octahedral made, you can
+sort of hold these up and
+
+realize that you would have
+repulsion from your ligands
+
+along the z-axis directly
+toward your
+
+orbitals from d z squared.
+
+So that would be highly
+repulsive.
+
+The ligands are along the
+z-axis, the d orbitals are
+
+along the z-axis, so the
+ligands, the negative point
+
+charge ligands are going
+to be pointing
+
+right toward your orbitals.
+
+And if you hold up this as a d
+x squared y squared orbital
+
+where the orbitals are right
+along the x-axis and right
+
+along the y-axis and you hold
+that up, remember, your
+
+ligands are right along
+the x-axis and
+
+right along the y-axis.
+
+So, you should also have
+significant repulsion for d x
+
+squared minus y squared, and
+octahedrally oriented ligands.
+
+In contrast, the ligands set
+that are 45 degrees off-axis,
+
+so d y z, d x z, and d x y,
+they're all 45 degrees off.
+
+Your ligands are along the axis,
+but your orbitals are 45
+
+degrees off-axis.
+
+So if you look at that together,
+you'll see that
+
+whichever one you look at, the
+ligands are not going to be
+
+pointing directly toward
+those d orbitals.
+
+The orbitals are off-axis,
+ligands are on-axis.
+
+So there will be much smaller
+repulsions there.
+
+And that we talked about the
+fact that for d x squared
+
+minus y squared and d z squared,
+they're both have
+
+experienced large repulsions,
+they're both degenerate in
+
+energy, they go up in energy,
+whereas these three d
+
+orbitals, smaller repulsion,
+and they're also degenerate
+
+with respect to each other,
+and they're stabilized
+
+compared to these
+guys up here.
+
+So you can try to hold those up
+and convince yourself that
+
+that's true for the
+octahedral case.
+
+So, that's what we talked about
+last time, and now we
+
+want to -- oh, and I'll just
+remind you we looked at these
+
+splitting diagrams as well.
+
+We looked at the average energy
+of the d orbitals -- d
+
+z squared and d x squared
+minus y squared go up in
+
+energy, and then the
+other three d
+
+orbitals go down in energy.
+
+So now we want to consider what
+happens with different
+
+geometries.
+
+So now you can turn your
+octahedral case into a square
+
+planar case, and how am
+I going to do that?
+
+Yeah, so we can just take off
+the top and the bottom and we
+
+have our nice square planar
+case, and try to make a
+
+tetrahedral complex as well.
+
+And here's an example of
+a tetrahedral one.
+
+Again, you can take a jelly bean
+in the middle, and big
+
+jelly bean, and then the smaller
+ones on the outside.
+
+So what angles am I going for
+here in the tetrahedral case?
+
+109 .
+
+5.
+
+So you can go ahead and make
+your tetrahedral complex, and
+
+don't worry so much
+about the 0 .
+
+5, but we'll see if people can
+do a good job with the 109.
+
+OK, how are your tetrahedral
+complexes coming?
+
+Do they look like
+this sort of?
+
+So let me define for you how
+we're going to consider the
+
+tetrahedral case.
+
+So, in the tetrahedral case,
+we're going to have the x-axis
+
+comes out of the plane, the
+y-axis is this way, z-axis
+
+again, up and down.
+
+We're going to have one ligand
+coming out here, another going
+
+back, and then these two are
+pretty much in the plane of
+
+the screen.
+
+So this is sort of how I'm
+holding the tetrahedral
+
+complex with respect to the x,
+z, and y coordinate system.
+
+So, there is a splitting, energy
+splitting, associated
+
+with tetrahedral, and it's
+going to be smaller than
+
+octahedral because none of these
+ligands will be pointing
+
+directly toward the orbitals.
+
+But let's consider which
+orbitals are going to be most
+
+affected by a tetrahedral
+case.
+
+So, let's consider
+d z squared.
+
+What do you think?
+
+Is that going to be particularly
+-- are the
+
+ligands pointing toward
+d z squared?
+
+No.
+
+And d x squared minus y squared,
+we can think of, what
+
+about that one?
+
+No, not really.
+
+What about d x y, d
+y z, and d x y?
+
+Moreso.
+
+So, if you try holding up your
+tetrahedral in our coordinate
+
+system, and then hold your d
+orbitals 45 degrees off-axis,
+
+it's not perfect, they're not
+pointing directly toward them,
+
+but it's a little closer than
+for the d orbitals that are
+
+directly on-axis.
+
+So, if we look at this, we see
+that the orbitals are going to
+
+be split in the exact opposite
+way of the octahedral system.
+
+In the octahedral system, the
+ligands are on-axis, so the
+
+orbitals that are on-axis, d x
+squared minus y squared and d
+
+z squared are going to
+be the most affected.
+
+But with tetrahedral, the
+ligands are off-axis, so the d
+
+orbitals that are also off-axis
+are going to be the
+
+most affected.
+
+But they're not going to be as
+dramatically affected, so the
+
+splitting is actually smaller
+in this case.
+
+So here, with tetrahedral, you
+have the opposite of the
+
+octahedral system.
+
+And you can keep these and try
+to convince yourself of that
+
+later if you have trouble
+visualizing it.
+
+So, you'll have more repulsion
+between the ligands as
+
+negative point charges, and
+the d orbitals that are 45
+
+degrees off-axis than you do
+with the two d orbitals that
+
+are on-axis.
+
+So here, d x squared minus y
+squared and d z squared have
+
+the same energy with respect
+to each other, they're
+
+degenerate.
+
+And we have our d y z, x z, and
+x y have the same energy
+
+with respect to each other,
+they are also degenerate.
+
+So it's the same sets that are
+degenerate as with octahedral,
+
+but they're all affected
+differently.
+
+So now let's look at the energy
+diagrams and compare
+
+the octahedral system with
+the tetrahedral system.
+
+Remember an octahedral, we had
+the two orbitals going up and
+
+three going down.
+
+The splitting, the energy
+difference between them was
+
+abbreviated.
+
+The octahedral crystal field
+splitting energy, with a
+
+little o for octahedral.
+
+We now have a t for tetrahedral,
+so we have a
+
+different name.
+
+And so here is now our
+tetrahedral set.
+
+You notice it's the opposite of
+octahedral, so the orbitals
+
+that were most destabilized in
+the octahedral case are now
+
+more stabilized down here, so
+we've moved down in energy.
+
+And the orbitals that are
+off-axis, 45 degrees off-axis,
+
+which were stabilized in the
+octahedral system, because
+
+none of ligands were pointing
+right toward them, now those
+
+ligands are a bit closer so they
+jump up in energy, and so
+
+we have this swap
+between the two.
+
+So, we have some new
+labels as well.
+
+So, we had e g up here as an
+abbreviation for these sets of
+
+orbitals, and now that's
+just referred to as e.
+
+Notice the book in one place has
+an e 2, but uses e in all
+
+the other places, so just
+use e, the e 2 was a
+
+mistake in the book.
+
+And then we have t 2 g
+becomes t 2 up here.
+
+So we have this slightly
+different nomenclature and we
+
+have this flip in direction.
+
+So, the other thing that is
+important to emphasize is that
+
+the tetrahedral splitting energy
+is smaller, because
+
+none of those ligands are
+pointing directly toward any
+
+of the d orbitals.
+
+So here there is a much larger
+difference, here there is a
+
+smaller difference, so that's
+why it's written much closer
+
+together, so that's smaller.
+
+And because of that, many
+tetrahedral complexes are high
+
+spin, and in this course,
+you can assume that
+
+they're all high spin.
+
+So that means there's a weak
+field, there's not a big
+
+energy difference between
+those orbital sets.
+
+And again, we're going to --
+since we're going to consider
+
+how much they go up and down in
+energy, the overall energy
+
+is maintained.
+
+So here we had two orbitals
+going up by 3/5, three
+
+orbitals going down by 2/5.
+
+So here, we have three orbitals
+going up, so they'll
+
+go up in energy by 2/5, two
+orbitals go down, so they'll
+
+be going down in
+energy by 3/5.
+
+So again, it's the opposite
+of the octahedral system.
+
+It's opposite pretty much in
+every way except that the
+
+splitting energy is much
+smaller, it's not as large for
+
+the tetrahedral complex.
+
+All right, so let's look at an
+example, and we're going to
+
+consider a chromium, and like
+we did before, we have to
+
+first figure out the d count,
+so we have chromium plus 3.
+
+So what is our d count here?
+
+You know where chromium is, what
+its group number -- here
+
+is a periodic table.
+
+So what is the d count?
+
+3.
+
+So we have 6 minus 3,
+3 -- a d 3 system.
+
+And now, why don't you tell me
+how you would fill in those
+
+three electrons in a
+tetrahedral case.
+
+Have a clicker question there.
+
+So, notice that in addition to
+having electron configurations
+
+that are different, the d
+orbitals are labelled
+
+differently.
+
+OK, 10 more seconds.
+
+OK, very good, 80%.
+
+So, let's take a look at that.
+
+So down here, we're going to
+have then our d x squared
+
+minus y squared, d z squared
+orbitals up in the top, we
+
+have x y and x z and y z.
+
+Again, the orbitals that are
+on-axis are repelled a little
+
+less than the orbitals
+that are off-axis in
+
+a tetrahedral case.
+
+And then we put in our
+electrons, we start down here.
+
+And then one of the questions
+is do we keep down here and
+
+pair up or go up here, and
+the answer is that
+
+you would go up here.
+
+Does someone want to tell me
+why they think that's true?
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right,
+because it has a
+
+smaller splitting energy.
+
+So, the way that we were
+deciding before with the weak
+
+field and the strong field, if
+it's a weak field, it doesn't
+
+take much energy to
+put it up there.
+
+So you go they don't want to
+be paired, there's energy
+
+associated with pairing.
+
+But if there's a really huge
+splitting energy, then it
+
+takes less energy to pair them
+up before you go that big
+
+distance up there.
+
+But in tetrahedral cases, the
+splitting energy's always
+
+small, so you're just going to
+always fill them up singly to
+
+the fullest extent possible
+before you pair.
+
+So this is like a weak field
+case for the octahedral
+
+system, and all tetrahedral
+complexes are sort of the
+
+equivalent of the weak field,
+because the splitting energy
+
+is always small in an octahedral
+case, because none
+
+of the ligands' negative point
+charges are really pointing
+
+toward any of those orbitals
+that much, so it's not that
+
+big a difference.
+
+So, here we have this and now we
+can practice writing our d
+
+to the n electron
+configuration.
+
+So what do I put here?
+
+What do I put first?
+
+So we put the e and then what?
+
+Yup.
+
+There are two electrons in the
+e set of orbitals, and in the
+
+t 2 orbitals, there's one.
+
+So that is our d n electron
+configuration.
+
+And then we're also asked how
+many unpaired electrons.
+
+Unpaired electrons and
+that is three.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's not too bad, that's
+the tetrahedral case.
+
+The hardest part is
+probably making
+
+your tetrahedral complex.
+
+Now square planar.
+
+So again, with the square
+planar set you have your
+
+square planar model -- we have
+a bigger one down here.
+
+And the axes is defined such
+that we have ligands right
+
+along x -- one coming out at
+you and one going back, and
+
+also ligands right
+along the y-axis.
+
+So as defined then, we've gotten
+rid of our ligands
+
+along the z-axis.
+
+So, what do you predict?
+
+Which two of these will be the
+most destabilized now?
+
+What would be the most
+
+destabilized, what do you guess?
+
+You can hold up your
+little sets here.
+
+What's the most destabilized,
+what's going to go up the most
+
+in energy here?
+
+Yeah, d z squared
+minus y squared.
+
+What do you predict might be
+next, in terms of most
+
+unfavorable?
+
+Yeah, the x y one.
+
+So these two now are going to be
+the most destabilized, with
+
+d x squared minus y squared
+being a lot more destabilized
+
+than just the x y, because
+again, those d orbitals are
+
+on-axis and these ligands
+are on-axis.
+
+So, let's take a look at
+all of these again.
+
+So in the octahedral case,
+these were degenerate.
+
+That's no longer true, because
+there are no ligands along the
+
+z-axis anymore.
+
+So we took those off in going
+from the octahedral to the
+
+square planar, so you have much
+less repulsion, but with
+
+the d x squared minus y squared,
+you still have a lot
+
+repulsion.
+
+so then if we start building up
+our case, and this diagram
+
+is, I think, on the next page of
+your handout, but I'm going
+
+to start building it
+all up together.
+
+So now d x squared, y squared
+is really high up, it's very
+
+much more destabilized
+than anybody else.
+
+D z squared, on the other
+hand, is down.
+
+It's not -- it would be
+stabilized compared -- it's
+
+not nearly as destabilized
+as the other system.
+
+So then we go back and
+look at these.
+
+You told me that d x y would
+probably be next, and that's a
+
+very good guess.
+
+You see you have more repulsion
+than in the other
+
+two, because the other
+orbitals have some z
+
+component in them.
+
+So you have less repulsion
+than d x squared minus y
+
+squared, because it's 45 degrees
+off, but still that
+
+one is probably going to be up
+a little bit more in energy
+
+than the other set.
+
+These two here are stabilized
+compared to the others, so
+
+they're somewhere down here.
+
+Now the exact sort of
+arrangement can vary a little
+
+bit, but the important points
+are that the d x squared minus
+
+y squared is the most
+destabilized, d x y would be
+
+next, and the other are
+much lower in energy.
+
+And we're not going to do this
+how much up and down thing,
+
+like the 3/5 and the 2/5 because
+it's more complicated
+
+in this case.
+
+So just the basic rationale you
+need to know here, not the
+
+exact energy differences in
+this particular case.
+
+OK, so now we've thought about
+three different kinds of
+
+geometries -- octahedral,
+tetrahedral,
+
+and the square planar.
+
+You should be able to
+rationalize, for any geometry
+
+that I give you, what
+would be true.
+
+If I tell you the geometry and
+how it compares with our
+
+frame, with our axis frame of
+where the z-axis is, you
+
+should be able to tell me which
+orbital sets would be
+
+the most destabilized.
+
+And to give you practice,
+why don't you try
+
+this one right here.
+
+So we have a square pyramidal
+case as drawn here with the
+
+axes labeled z, y and x, coming
+in and coming out.
+
+Tell me which of the following
+statements are true.
+
+And if you want, you can take
+your square planar and turn it
+
+into the geometry
+to help you out.
+
+Let's just take 10
+more seconds.
+
+All right.
+
+That was good.
+
+People did well on
+that question.
+
+So, if we consider that we had
+the top two are correct.
+
+So, if we consider the d z
+squared, now we've put a
+
+ligand along z, so that is going
+to cause that to be more
+
+destabilized for this geometry
+rather than square planar,
+
+which doesn't have anything in
+the z direction. ah And then
+
+in terms, also, other orbitals
+that have a component along z
+
+are going to be affected a
+little bit by that, but our
+
+other one here is not going to
+be true, so we just have all
+
+of the above is not correct,
+so we have this one.
+
+So if we had up those, that's
+actually a pretty good score.
+
+And so you could think about,
+say, what would be true of a
+
+complex that was linear along
+z, what would be the most
+
+stabilized, for example.
+
+So these are the kinds of
+questions you can get, and I
+
+think there are a few
+on the problem-set.
+
+All right, so let's come back
+together now and talk about
+
+magnetism again.
+
+So, we said in the beginning
+that magnetism can be used to
+
+figure out geometry in, say, a
+metal cluster in an enzyme,
+
+and let's give an example of
+how that could be true.
+
+So, suppose you have a nickel
+plus 2 system, so that would
+
+be a d 8 system, so we have
+group 10 minus 2 or d 8, and
+
+it was found to be
+diamagnetic.
+
+And from that, we may be able to
+guess, using these kinds of
+
+diagrams, whether it has
+square planar geometry,
+
+tetrahedral geometry, or
+octahedral geometry.
+
+We can predict the geometry
+based on that information.
+
+Let's think about
+how that's true.
+
+We have a d 8 system.
+
+Think about octahedral
+for a minute.
+
+Are there two options for how
+this might look in this case?
+
+Is there going to be a
+difference in electron
+
+configurations if it's a weak
+field or a strong field?
+
+So, write it out on your handout
+and tell me whether it
+
+would be true, think
+about it both ways.
+
+Is there a difference?
+
+So, you would end up getting
+the same thing in this
+
+particular case.
+
+So if it's a weak field and you
+put in 1, 2, 3, then jump
+
+up here, 4, 5, and then you have
+to come back, 6, 7, 8.
+
+Or you could pair up all the
+ones on the bottom first and
+
+then go up there, but you
+actually get the same result
+
+no matter which way you
+put them in, the
+
+diagram looks the same.
+
+So it doesn't matter in this
+case if it is a weak or strong
+
+field, you end up with those
+number of electrons with the
+
+exact same configuration.
+
+So, we know what that
+looks like.
+
+Well, what about
+square planar.
+
+So let's put our electrons
+in there.
+
+We'll start at the bottom,
+we'll just put them in.
+
+I'm not going to worry too much
+about whether we can jump
+
+up or not, we'll just go and
+pair them up as we go down
+
+here, and then go up here,
+and now we've put
+
+in our eight electrons.
+
+So, how close these are, we're
+just going to put them all in.
+
+We're just going to be very
+careful not to bump up any
+
+electrons there unless we
+absolutely have to, because d
+
+x squared minus y squared is
+very much more destabilized in
+
+the square planar system, so
+we're going to want to pair
+
+all our electrons up in those
+lower energy orbitals.
+
+So even if we sort of did it
+a different way, that's
+
+what we would get.
+
+So we're going to want to pair
+everything up before we go up
+
+to that top one there.
+
+So there's our square planar.
+
+Well, what about tetrahedral.
+
+How are we going to
+fill these up?
+
+Do we want to pair first, or we
+do want to put them to the
+
+full extent possible singly?
+
+Single, right, it's going to be
+a weak field, there's not a
+
+big splitting here between
+these, so we'll put them in,
+
+there's 1, 2, 3,
+4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
+
+All right, so now we can
+consider which of these will
+
+be paramagnetic and which
+will be diamagnetic.
+
+What's octahedral?
+
+It's paramagnetic, we have
+unpaired electrons.
+
+What about square planar?
+
+Square planar's diamagnetic.
+
+And what about tetrahedral?
+
+Paramagnetic.
+
+So, if the experimental data
+told us that a nickel center
+
+in an enzyme was diamagnetic,
+and we were trying to decide
+
+between those three geometries,
+it really seems
+
+like square planar is going
+to be our best guess.
+
+And so, let me show you
+an example of a
+
+square planar system.
+
+And so this particular nickel is
+in a square planar system.
+
+It has four ligands that are all
+in the same plane, and it
+
+is a square planar center
+for a nickel,
+
+so that's one example.
+
+And this is a cluster
+that's involved in
+
+life on carbon dioxide.
+
+All right, so that's different
+geometries,
+
+you're set with that.
+
+Monday we're going to talk about
+colors of coordination
+
+complexes, which all have
+to do with the different
+
+geometries, paired and unpaired
+electrons, high
+
+field, low spin, strong
+field, weak field.
+
+Have a nice weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ChiM2-MV-qM.txt b/ChiM2-MV-qM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa6fcbe0c808842b1729c815473ace7ca32ae331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ChiM2-MV-qM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu let me start by basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let me start by basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let me start by basically
+listing the main things we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing the main things we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing the main things we've learned
+over the past 3 weeks or so and I'll add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the past 3 weeks or so and I'll add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the past 3 weeks or so and I'll add
+a few complements of information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few complements of information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few complements of information about
+that because there's a few small details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because there's a few small details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because there's a few small details
+that I didn't quite clarify and that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't quite clarify and that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't quite clarify and that I
+should you know probably make a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know probably make a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know probably make a bit
+clearer especially what happened at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer especially what happened at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer especially what happened at the
+very end of yesterday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of yesterday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of yesterday's
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a list of things that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a list of things that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a list of things that should
+be on your review sheet for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on your review sheet for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on your review sheet for the
+exam so the first thing we learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so the first thing we learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so the first thing we learned about
+the main topic of this unit is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topic of this unit is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topic of this unit is about
+functions of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables so we've learned how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so we've learned how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so we've learned how to think
+of functions of two or three variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions of two or three variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions of two or three variables
+in terms of plotting them in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of plotting them in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of plotting them in particular
+well not only the graph but also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not only the graph but also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not only the graph but also the
+Contour plot and how to read a contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot and we've learned how to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and we've learned how to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and we've learned how to study
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+of these functions using partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives so remember we've defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so remember we've defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so remember we've defined
+the partial of f with respect to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of f with respect to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of f with respect to some
+variables say x to be the rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables say x to be the rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables say x to be the rate of change
+with respect to X when we hold all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X when we hold all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X when we hold all the
+other variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variables
+constant so if you have a function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so if you have a function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so if you have a function of X
+and Y this symbol means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y this symbol means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y this symbol means you
+differentiate with respect to X treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate with respect to X treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate with respect to X treating
+y as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+and we've learned how to package partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've learned how to package partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've learned how to package partial
+derivatives into a vector the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector so for example if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so for example if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so for example if we have a
+function of three variables that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of three variables that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of three variables that's
+just the vector with components are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the vector with components are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the vector with components are the
+partial derivatives and we've seen how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives and we've seen how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives and we've seen how
+to use the gradient Vector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the gradient Vector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the gradient Vector of the
+partial derivatives to derive various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives to derive various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives to derive various
+things such as approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulas so the change in F when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so the change in F when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so the change in F when we
+change X Y and Z slightly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change X Y and Z slightly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change X Y and Z slightly is
+approximately equal to well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to well there's
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms and I can rewrite this in Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I can rewrite this in Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I can rewrite this in Vector
+form as the gradient do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as the gradient do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as the gradient do
+product the amount by which the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the amount by which the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the amount by which the position
+Vector has changed okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector has changed okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector has changed okay so basically
+what causes F to change is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what causes F to change is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what causes F to change is that I'm
+changing X Y and Z by small amounts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing X Y and Z by small amounts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing X Y and Z by small amounts and
+how sensitive f is to each variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sensitive f is to each variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sensitive f is to each variable is
+precisely what the partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure and in particular we can use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and in particular we can use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and in particular we can use so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+approximation is called the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is called the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is called the tangent
+plane approximation because it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane approximation because it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane approximation because it tells us
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+fact it amounts to identifying the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it amounts to identifying the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it amounts to identifying the graph
+of a function with its tangent plane it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function with its tangent plane it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function with its tangent plane it
+means that we assume that the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we assume that the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we assume that the function
+depends more or less linearly on XYZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends more or less linearly on XYZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends more or less linearly on XYZ and
+if we set this things equal what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we set this things equal what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we set this things equal what we get
+is actually we're replacing the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually we're replacing the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually we're replacing the function
+by its linear approximation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its linear approximation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its linear approximation we're
+replacing the graph by its tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the graph by its tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the graph by its tangent
+plane except of course we haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane except of course we haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane except of course we haven't seen
+the graph of a function of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of a function of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of a function of three
+variables because that would live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because that would live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because that would live in
+four dimensional space so when we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional space so when we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional space so when we think
+of the graph that's really with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph that's really with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph that's really with a
+function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables um that also tells us how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um that also tells us how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um that also tells us how to
+find tangent planes to level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find tangent planes to level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find tangent planes to level
+surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so recall that the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane to a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane to a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane to a surface
+given by the equation F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the equation F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the equation F of
+xyzal C at a given point can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyzal C at a given point can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyzal C at a given point can be
+found by looking first for its normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found by looking first for its normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found by looking first for its normal
+vector and we know that the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and we know that the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and we know that the normal
+Vector is actually well one normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is actually well one normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is actually well one normal
+Vector is given by the gradient of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is given by the gradient of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is given by the gradient of a
+function because we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because we know that the
+gradient is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is actually
+pointing perpendicularly to the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing perpendicularly to the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing perpendicularly to the level
+set towards higher values of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set towards higher values of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set towards higher values of a function
+it gives us the direction of fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us the direction of fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us the direction of fastest
+increase of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of a
+function okay any questions about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no okay so let me add actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so let me add actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so let me add actually a
+cultural note to what we've seen so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural note to what we've seen so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural note to what we've seen so far
+about partial derivatives and how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about partial derivatives and how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about partial derivatives and how to use
+them which is maybe something I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them which is maybe something I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them which is maybe something I should
+have mentioned a couple of weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned a couple of weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned a couple of weeks ago
+um so why do we like partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so why do we like partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so why do we like partial derivatives
+well one obvious reason is we can do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one obvious reason is we can do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one obvious reason is we can do all
+these things but another reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but another reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but another reason is that
+really you need partial derivatives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you need partial derivatives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you need partial derivatives to
+do physics and to do actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do physics and to do actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do physics and to do actually to
+understand much of the world that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand much of the world that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand much of the world that's
+around you because a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you because a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you because a lot of things
+actually are governed by what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are governed by what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are governed by what's called
+partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations okay okay so that's if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay okay so that's if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay okay so that's if you
+want a cultural remark about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a cultural remark about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a cultural remark about what this
+is good for so a partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for so a partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for so a partial differential
+equation is an equation that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is an equation that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is an equation that involves
+the partial derivatives of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivatives of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivatives of a function
+okay so you have some function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have some function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have some function that's
+unknown that depends on a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown that depends on a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown that depends on a bunch of
+variables and a partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and a partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and a partial differential
+equation is some relation between its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is some relation between its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is some relation between its
+partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives
+so let me see these are equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involving the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of an
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function so let me give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let me give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let me give you an example
+to say to see how that works so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to see how that works so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to see how that works so for
+example the heat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the heat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the heat equation
+is one example of a partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one example of a partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one example of a partial differential
+equation it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's the
+equation well let me write you write for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well let me write you write for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well let me write you write for
+you the space version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it's the equation partial F partial T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's the equation partial F partial T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's the equation partial F partial T
+equals some constant times the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some constant times the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some constant times the sum of
+the second partials with respect to X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partials with respect to X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partials with respect to X Y
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z so this is an equation where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is an equation where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is an equation where we're
+trying to solve for a function f that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve for a function f that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve for a function f that
+depends actually on four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends actually on four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends actually on four
+variables XYZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables XYZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables XYZ and
+T and what should you think of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what should you think of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what should you think of you know
+what what should you have in mind well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what should you have in mind well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what should you have in mind well
+this equation governs temperature so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation governs temperature so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation governs temperature so if
+you think that F of XYZ T will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that F of XYZ T will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that F of XYZ T will be the
+temperature at a point in space at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at a point in space at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at a point in space at
+position XYZ and at time T then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position XYZ and at time T then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position XYZ and at time T then this
+tells you how temperature changes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how temperature changes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how temperature changes over
+time it tells you that at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it tells you that at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it tells you that at any given
+point the rate of change of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the rate of change of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the rate of change of temperature
+over time is given by this complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time is given by this complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time is given by this complicated
+expression in the partial derivatives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in the partial derivatives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in the partial derivatives in
+terms of the space coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the space coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the space coordinates
+XYZ so if you know for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ so if you know for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ so if you know for example the
+initial distribution of temperature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial distribution of temperature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial distribution of temperature in
+this room and if you assume that nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room and if you assume that nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room and if you assume that nothing
+is generating heat or taking heat away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generating heat or taking heat away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generating heat or taking heat away
+so if you don't have any air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't have any air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't have any air
+conditioning or heating going on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning or heating going on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning or heating going on then
+will tell you how the temperature will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you how the temperature will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you how the temperature will
+change over time and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time and eventually
+stabilize to some final value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes why do we take the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes why do we take the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes why do we take the partial
+derivative twice well that's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative twice well that's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative twice well that's a question
+I say um I'd say it's a question for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say um I'd say it's a question for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say um I'd say it's a question for a
+physics person but actually I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics person but actually I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics person but actually I'm going to
+no in a few weeks we'll actually see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no in a few weeks we'll actually see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no in a few weeks we'll actually see a
+derivation of where this equation comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of where this equation comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of where this equation comes
+from and try to justify it but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and try to justify it but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and try to justify it but really
+that's something you will see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you will see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you will see in a
+physics class okay uh the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics class okay uh the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics class okay uh the reason for
+that is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically
+physics of how heat is transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of how heat is transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of how heat is transported
+between you know particles in a fluid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know particles in a fluid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know particles in a fluid or
+actually in any medium but uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in any medium but uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in any medium but uh this
+constant K actually is called the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K actually is called the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K actually is called the heat
+conductivity it tells you how well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity it tells you how well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity it tells you how well the
+heat flows through the material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flows through the material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flows through the material that
+you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking
+at um so anyway I I'm giving it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um so anyway I I'm giving it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um so anyway I I'm giving it to you
+just you know to show you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know to show you an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know to show you an example of
+a real life problem where in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real life problem where in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real life problem where in fact you
+have to solve one of these things so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve one of these things so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve one of these things so now
+how to solve partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve partial differential
+equations is not topic for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is not topic for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is not topic for this class
+it's not even a topic for 1803 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even a topic for 1803 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even a topic for 1803 which is
+called differential equations without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called differential equations without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called differential equations without
+partial uh which means there actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial uh which means there actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial uh which means there actually
+you will learn tools to study and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will learn tools to study and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will learn tools to study and solve
+these equations but when there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations but when there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations but when there's only
+one variable involved and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable involved and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable involved and you'll see
+it's already quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already quite
+hard um and if you want more then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um and if you want more then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um and if you want more then later
+on we have many fine classes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we have many fine classes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we have many fine classes about
+partial differential equations but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations but you
+know one thing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one thing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one thing at the
+time um so just I wanted to point out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so just I wanted to point out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so just I wanted to point out to
+you that very often functions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that very often functions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that very often functions that you
+see in real life satisfy many nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in real life satisfy many nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in real life satisfy many nice
+relations between their partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives okay so that was you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so that was you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so that was you know in
+case you were wondering why on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you were wondering why on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you were wondering why on the
+syllabus for today it said partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus for today it said partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus for today it said partial
+differential equations now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations now we've
+officially covered the topic that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially covered the topic that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially covered the topic that's
+basically all we need to know about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all we need to know about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all we need to know about it
+okay but we'll get back to that a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we'll get back to that a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we'll get back to that a bit
+later you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+okay if there's no further questions let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if there's no further questions let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if there's no further questions let
+me continue and go back to my list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me continue and go back to my list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me continue and go back to my list of
+topics oh sorry I should have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics oh sorry I should have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics oh sorry I should have written
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+okay but this equation is solved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this equation is solved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this equation is solved by
+temperature at for Point XYZ at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+okay and there are actually many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are actually many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are actually many other
+interesting partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting partial differential
+equations you will maybe sometime learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you will maybe sometime learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you will maybe sometime learn
+about the wave equation that governs how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wave equation that governs how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wave equation that governs how
+waves propagate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves propagate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves propagate in
+space um about the diffusion equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um about the diffusion equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um about the diffusion equation
+which tells you how you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you how you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you how you know when you
+have maybe a mixture of two fluids how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maybe a mixture of two fluids how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maybe a mixture of two fluids how
+they somehow mix over time and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they somehow mix over time and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they somehow mix over time and so on
+there's basically to every problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically to every problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically to every problem you
+might want to consider there's a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to consider there's a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to consider there's a partial
+differential equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve okay anyway sorry back to my list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve okay anyway sorry back to my list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve okay anyway sorry back to my list
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+topics so one important application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics so one important application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics so one important application
+we've seen of partial derivatives is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen of partial derivatives is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen of partial derivatives is to
+try to optimize things try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to optimize things try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to optimize things try to solve
+minimum maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so
+remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+we've introduce the notion of critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've introduce the notion of critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've introduce the notion of critical
+points of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of a
+function so a critical point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so a critical point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so a critical point is
+when all the partial derivatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all the partial derivatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all the partial derivatives are
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there are various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are various kinds of
+critical points there are Maxima there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical points there are Maxima there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical points there are Maxima there's
+Minima but there's also settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima but there's also settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima but there's also settle
+points and we've seen a method using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and we've seen a method using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and we've seen a method using
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives to decide which kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to decide which kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to decide which kind of
+critical point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have so you should say that's for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you should say that's for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you should say that's for a
+function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables to try to decide whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to try to decide whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to try to decide whether a
+given critical point is a minimum a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given critical point is a minimum a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given critical point is a minimum a
+maximum or a settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point and we've also seen that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we've also seen that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we've also seen that actually
+that's not enough to find the minimum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not enough to find the minimum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not enough to find the minimum or
+the maximum of a function because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of a function because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of a function because the
+minimum of the maximum could occur on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the maximum could occur on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the maximum could occur on
+the boundary so just to give you a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary so just to give you a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary so just to give you a small
+reminder when you have a function of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder when you have a function of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder when you have a function of one
+variable you know if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you know if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you know if you're trying
+to find the minimum and the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the minimum and the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the minimum and the maximum
+of say a function whose graph looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say a function whose graph looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say a function whose graph looks like
+this well you're going to tell me quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well you're going to tell me quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well you're going to tell me quite
+obviously that the maximum is this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that the maximum is this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that the maximum is this point
+up here and that's a point where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and that's a point where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and that's a point where the
+first derivative is zero that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative is zero that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative is zero that's a
+critical point and we use the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point and we use the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point and we use the second
+derivative to see that this critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to see that this critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to see that this critical
+point is a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is a local
+maximum but then when we looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum but then when we looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum but then when we looking for the
+minimum of the function well it's not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the function well it's not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the function well it's not at
+a critical point it's actually here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a critical point it's actually here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a critical point it's actually here at
+the boundary of the domain of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary of the domain of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary of the domain of you know
+the range of values that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of values that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of values that we're going to
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+so here the minimum is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and the
+maximum is at a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point so similarly when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so similarly when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so similarly when you have a
+function of several variables say of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of several variables say of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of several variables say of two
+variables for example then the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for example then the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for example then the minimum
+and the maximum will be achieved either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the maximum will be achieved either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the maximum will be achieved either
+at a critical point and then we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a critical point and then we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a critical point and then we can use
+these methods to find where they are or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods to find where they are or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods to find where they are or
+somewhere on the boundary of the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on the boundary of the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on the boundary of the set of
+values that are allowed so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are allowed so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are allowed so it could be
+that you know we actually achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we actually achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we actually achieve
+minimum by making X and Y as small as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum by making X and Y as small as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum by making X and Y as small as
+possible maybe letting them go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible maybe letting them go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible maybe letting them go to zero
+if they had to be positive or maybe by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had to be positive or maybe by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had to be positive or maybe by
+making them go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them go to
+Infinity so we have to keep our minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so we have to keep our minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so we have to keep our minds
+open and you know look at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and you know look at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and you know look at various
+possibilities so we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so we're going to do a
+problem like that uh we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like that uh we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like that uh we're going to go
+over the practice problem from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the practice problem from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the practice problem from the
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+test to clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to clarify
+this so another important cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so another important cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so another important cultural
+application of minimum maximum problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of minimum maximum problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of minimum maximum problems
+in two variables that we've seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two variables that we've seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two variables that we've seen in
+class is the least squares method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is the least squares method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is the least squares method to
+find the best fit line of the best fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the best fit line of the best fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the best fit line of the best fit
+anything really to you know find when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything really to you know find when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything really to you know find when
+you have a set of data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a set of data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a set of data points
+what's the best linear approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best linear approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best linear approximation
+through these data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here I have some good news for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have some good news for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have some good news for you
+while you should definitely know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you should definitely know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you should definitely know what
+this is about it will not be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that doesn't mean that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that doesn't mean that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that doesn't mean that you should
+forget everything we've seen about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now what's next on my list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topics so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics so we've
+seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+differentials so remember the differ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials so remember the differ of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials so remember the differ of
+f by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f by
+definition would be this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition would be this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition would be this kind of
+quantity so at first it looks just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so at first it looks just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so at first it looks just like
+a new way to package partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way to package partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way to package partial derivatives
+together into some new kind of object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into some new kind of object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into some new kind of object
+now what is this good for well it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this good for well it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this good for well it's a
+good way to remember approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to remember approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to remember approximation
+formulas it's a good way to also study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas it's a good way to also study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas it's a good way to also study
+how variations in XYZ relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how variations in XYZ relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how variations in XYZ relate to
+variations in F in particular we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in F in particular we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in F in particular we can
+divide this by variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this by variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this by variations
+of by actually by DX or by Dy or by DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by actually by DX or by Dy or by DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by actually by DX or by Dy or by DZ
+in any situation that we want to find or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any situation that we want to find or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any situation that we want to find or
+by D of some other variable to get chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules so the chain rule says for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so the chain rule says for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so the chain rule says for example
+well there's many different situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's many different situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's many different situations
+but for example if X Y and Z depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for example if X Y and Z depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for example if X Y and Z depend on
+some other variable say the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other variable say the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other variable say the variables
+maybe even u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v then that means that F becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v then that means that F becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v then that means that F becomes a
+function of u and v and then we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of u and v and then we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of u and v and then we can ask
+ourselves how sensitive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves how sensitive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves how sensitive is
+f to the value of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f to the value of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f to the value of U
+and well we can answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so the chain Ru is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the chain Ru is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the chain Ru is something like
+this and let me explain to you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and let me explain to you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and let me explain to you again
+where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so
+basically what this quantity means is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what this quantity means is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what this quantity means is if
+we change U and keep V constant what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change U and keep V constant what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change U and keep V constant what
+happens to the value of f well why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the value of f well why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the value of f well why would
+the value of f change in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of f change in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of f change in the first place
+when f is just a function of XYZ and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when f is just a function of XYZ and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when f is just a function of XYZ and not
+directly of U well it changes because X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly of U well it changes because X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly of U well it changes because X
+Y and Z depend on you so first we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Z depend on you so first we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Z depend on you so first we have
+to figure out how quickly X Y and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how quickly X Y and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how quickly X Y and Z
+change when we change U well how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when we change U well how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when we change U well how quickly
+we do that is precisely partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that is precisely partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that is precisely partial X
+partial U partial y partial U partial Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U partial y partial U partial Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U partial y partial U partial Z
+partial U these are the rates of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U these are the rates of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial U these are the rates of change
+of x y z when we change U and now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x y z when we change U and now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x y z when we change U and now when
+we change X Y and Z that causes F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change X Y and Z that causes F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change X Y and Z that causes F to
+change how much does f change well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how much does f change well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how much does f change well
+partial F partial X tells us how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X tells us how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X tells us how quickly
+F changes if I just change X so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F changes if I just change X so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F changes if I just change X so I get
+this that's the change in F caused just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's the change in F caused just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's the change in F caused just
+by the fact that X changes when U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that X changes when U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that X changes when U
+changes but then y also changes y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but then y also changes y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but then y also changes y
+changes at this rate and that causes F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes at this rate and that causes F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes at this rate and that causes F
+to change at that rate and Z changes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change at that rate and Z changes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change at that rate and Z changes as
+well and that causes F to change at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that causes F to change at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that causes F to change at that
+rate and the effects add up together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the effects add up together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the effects add up together
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so in particular we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in particular we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in particular we can use the
+chain rule to do changes of variables if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule to do changes of variables if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule to do changes of variables if
+we have say a function defined in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have say a function defined in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have say a function defined in terms
+of polar coordinates R and Theta and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polar coordinates R and Theta and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polar coordinates R and Theta and we
+like to switch it to rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to switch it to rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to switch it to rectangular
+coordinates X and Y then we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates X and Y then we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates X and Y then we can use
+chain rules to relate the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives and finally last but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and finally last but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and finally last but not
+least we've seen how to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we've seen how to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we've seen how to deal with
+non-independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when our variables say XY Z are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when our variables say XY Z are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when our variables say XY Z are
+related by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by some
+equation so one way we can deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so one way we can deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so one way we can deal with
+this is to solve for one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to solve for one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to solve for one of the
+variables and get go back to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and get go back to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and get go back to two
+independent variables but we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables but we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables but we can't
+always do that of course on the exam you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do that of course on the exam you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do that of course on the exam you
+can be sure that I will make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sure that I will make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sure that I will make sure that
+you cannot solve for the variable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot solve for the variable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot solve for the variable you
+want to remove because that would be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remove because that would be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remove because that would be too
+easy um so then when we have to keep all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy um so then when we have to keep all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy um so then when we have to keep all
+of them but handle you take take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but handle you take take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but handle you take take into
+account this relation we've seen two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account this relation we've seen two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account this relation we've seen two
+useful methods one of them is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful methods one of them is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful methods one of them is to
+find the minimum or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum or the
+maximum of a function when the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of a function when the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of a function when the variables
+are not independent and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not independent and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not independent and that's the
+method of lrange multipliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember to find the minimum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember to find the minimum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember to find the minimum or
+maximum of a function f subject to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint g equals constant well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint g equals constant well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint g equals constant well we
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+down equations that say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down equations that say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down equations that say that the
+gradient of f is actually proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of f is actually proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of f is actually proportional
+to the gradient of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gradient of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gradient of G
+so there's a new variable here Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a new variable here Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a new variable here Lambda
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier
+and so you know for example if FG well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know for example if FG well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know for example if FG well I
+guess here I had functions of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess here I had functions of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess here I had functions of three
+variables so this becomes three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so this becomes three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so this becomes three
+equations F subx = Lambda g subx f sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations F subx = Lambda g subx f sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations F subx = Lambda g subx f sub
+yal Lambda G suby and F subz = Lambda G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal Lambda G suby and F subz = Lambda G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal Lambda G suby and F subz = Lambda G
+subz and when we plug in the formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz and when we plug in the formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz and when we plug in the formulas
+for f and g well we're left with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f and g well we're left with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f and g well we're left with three
+equations involving the four variables x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations involving the four variables x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations involving the four variables x
+y z and Lambda what's wrong well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z and Lambda what's wrong well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z and Lambda what's wrong well we
+don't have actually four independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have actually four independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have actually four independent
+variables we also have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation g equals well whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation g equals well whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation g equals well whatever the
+constraint was relating X Y and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint was relating X Y and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint was relating X Y and Z
+together so then we can try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so then we can try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so then we can try to solve
+this and depending on situations it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and depending on situations it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and depending on situations it's
+sometimes easy and sometimes it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes easy and sometimes it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes easy and sometimes it's very
+hard or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard or even
+impossible um so in particular on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible um so in particular on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible um so in particular on the
+test I haven't decided yet but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test I haven't decided yet but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test I haven't decided yet but it could
+well be that the problem about lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be that the problem about lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be that the problem about lrange
+multipliers will just ask you to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers will just ask you to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers will just ask you to write
+the equations not to solve them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so well I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well I don't know
+yet okay I'm not promising anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay I'm not promising anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay I'm not promising anything but
+just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you
+know before you start solving check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before you start solving check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before you start solving check
+whether the problem asks you to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the problem asks you to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the problem asks you to solve
+them or not okay if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or not okay if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or not okay if it doesn't
+then probably you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so another topic that we saw just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another topic that we saw just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another topic that we saw just
+yesterday is constraint partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives and I guess I have to re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and I guess I have to re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and I guess I have to re
+explain a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because my guess is that things were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my guess is that things were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my guess is that things were not
+extremely clear at the end of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely clear at the end of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely clear at the end of class
+yesterday so now we in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday so now we in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday so now we in the same
+situation we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we have a
+function let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's say
+F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of
+XYZ where the variables x y and z are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ where the variables x y and z are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ where the variables x y and z are
+not independent but are constrained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent but are constrained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent but are constrained by
+some relation of this form so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some relation of this form so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some relation of this form so some
+quantity involving X Y and Z is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity involving X Y and Z is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity involving X Y and Z is equal to
+maybe zero or some other constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe zero or some other constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe zero or some other constant and
+then what we want to know is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we want to know is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we want to know is what is the
+rate of change of f with respect to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of f with respect to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of f with respect to one
+of the variables say X or Y or Z when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables say X or Y or Z when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables say X or Y or Z when I
+keep the other con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the other con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the other con
+well I can't keep all the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can't keep all the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can't keep all the others
+constant because that wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because that wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because that wouldn't be
+compatible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with
+this with this condition I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with this condition I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with this condition I mean that
+would be the usual or So-Cal formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the usual or So-Cal formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the usual or So-Cal formal
+partial derivative of f ignoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of f ignoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of f ignoring the
+constraint to take this into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint to take this into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint to take this into account
+means that if we vary one variable while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if we vary one variable while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if we vary one variable while
+keeping another one fixed then the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping another one fixed then the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping another one fixed then the third
+one since it depends on them must also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one since it depends on them must also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one since it depends on them must also
+change somehow and we must take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change somehow and we must take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change somehow and we must take that
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+so let's say for example we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find because I'm going to do a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find because I'm going to do a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find because I'm going to do a different
+example from yesterday so that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from yesterday so that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from yesterday so that if you
+really didn't like that one you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't like that one you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't like that one you don't
+have to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so let's say that we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so let's say that we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so let's say that we want to find
+the partial derivative of f with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of f with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of f with respect
+to Z keeping y constant so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z keeping y constant so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z keeping y constant so what does
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+mean that means Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means Y is
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+varies and X somehow is mysteriously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies and X somehow is mysteriously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies and X somehow is mysteriously a
+function of Y and Z through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Y and Z through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Y and Z through this
+equation and then of course because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then of course because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then of course because it
+depends on y that means X will vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on y that means X will vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on y that means X will vary
+sorry uh X depends on Y and Z and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh X depends on Y and Z and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh X depends on Y and Z and Z
+varies so now we're asking ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies so now we're asking ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies so now we're asking ourselves
+what's the rate of change of f with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the rate of change of f with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the rate of change of f with
+respect to Z in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we have two methods to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so let me start with the one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me start with the one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me start with the one with
+differentials which hopefully you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials which hopefully you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials which hopefully you kind
+of understood yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understood yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understood yesterday
+but if not here's the second chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so using differentials means that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using differentials means that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using differentials means that we'll
+try to express DF in terms of DZ in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to express DF in terms of DZ in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to express DF in terms of DZ in this
+particular situation okay so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular situation okay so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular situation okay so what do we
+know about DF in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about DF in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about DF in general
+well we know that DF is f subx DX plus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that DF is f subx DX plus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that DF is f subx DX plus F
+suby Dy plus partial F partial Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby Dy plus partial F partial Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby Dy plus partial F partial Z
+DZ that's the general statement but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ that's the general statement but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ that's the general statement but of
+course we're in a speci case we in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're in a speci case we in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're in a speci case we in a
+special case where first Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where first Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where first Y is
+constant Y is constant means that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Y is constant means that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Y is constant means that we can
+set Dy to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay so this goes away and becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this goes away and becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this goes away and becomes
+zero the second thing is actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the second thing is actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the second thing is actually we
+don't care about X we'd like to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about X we'd like to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about X we'd like to get rid
+of X because it's this dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X because it's this dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X because it's this dependent
+variable what we really want want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable what we really want want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable what we really want want to do
+is Express DF only in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Express DF only in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Express DF only in terms of
+DZ so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relate DX with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate DX with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate DX with
+DZ well to do that we need to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ well to do that we need to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ well to do that we need to look at
+how the variables are related so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the variables are related so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the variables are related so we need
+to look at the constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the constraint
+G well how do we do that we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G well how do we do that we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G well how do we do that we look at the
+differential of G okay so DG is G sub X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of G okay so DG is G sub X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of G okay so DG is G sub X
+DX plus G suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX plus G suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX plus G suby
+Dy plus G subz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy plus G subz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy plus G subz
+DZ and that's zero because we're setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ and that's zero because we're setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ and that's zero because we're setting
+G to always stay constant G doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G to always stay constant G doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G to always stay constant G doesn't
+change if G doesn't change then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if G doesn't change then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if G doesn't change then we have
+a relation between DX Dy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relation between DX Dy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relation between DX Dy and
+DZ well in fact we said we going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ well in fact we said we going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ well in fact we said we going to look
+only at the case where Y is constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at the case where Y is constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at the case where Y is constant so
+y doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y doesn't
+change this becomes zero well now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this becomes zero well now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this becomes zero well now we
+have our relation between DX and DZ we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our relation between DX and DZ we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our relation between DX and DZ we
+know how X depends on Z and when we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how X depends on Z and when we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how X depends on Z and when we know
+how X depends on Z we can plug that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how X depends on Z we can plug that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how X depends on Z we can plug that into
+here and get how F depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get how F depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get how F depends on
+Z okay let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay let's do that
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uhoh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so well so again saying that g cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well so again saying that g cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well so again saying that g cannot
+change and keeping y constant tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and keeping y constant tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and keeping y constant tells us
+GX DX plus gz DZ is zero and we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GX DX plus gz DZ is zero and we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GX DX plus gz DZ is zero and we'd like
+to solve for DX in terms of DZ that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for DX in terms of DZ that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for DX in terms of DZ that
+tells us DX should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us DX should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us DX should
+be minus gz DZ ided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus gz DZ ided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus gz DZ ided by
+GX okay so if you want this is the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GX okay so if you want this is the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GX okay so if you want this is the rate
+of change of X with respect to Z when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of X with respect to Z when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of X with respect to Z when we
+keep y constant in our new termin in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep y constant in our new termin in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep y constant in our new termin in our
+terminology this is partial Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology this is partial Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology this is partial Z
+no is partial X over partial Z with yeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant okay this is the rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay this is the rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay this is the rate of change
+of X with respect to Z so now when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X with respect to Z so now when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X with respect to Z so now when we
+know that we are going to plug that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we are going to plug that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we are going to plug that into
+this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will tell
+us that DF is f subx * DX well what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that DF is f subx * DX well what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that DF is f subx * DX well what is
+DX DX is now minus gz over GX DZ plus FZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX DX is now minus gz over GX DZ plus FZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX DX is now minus gz over GX DZ plus FZ
+DZ so that will be minus FX gz over GX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ so that will be minus FX gz over GX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ so that will be minus FX gz over GX
+plus FZ *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus FZ *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus FZ *
+DZ and so this coefficient here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ and so this coefficient here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ and so this coefficient here
+here is the rate of change of f with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the rate of change of f with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the rate of change of f with
+respect to Z in the situation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z in the situation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Z in the situation we're
+considering so this quantity is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering so this quantity is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering so this quantity is what we
+call partial F over partial Z with yeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call partial F over partial Z with yeld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call partial F over partial Z with yeld
+constant that's what we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's what we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's what we wanted to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+okay so now let's see another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's see another way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's see another way to do
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+calculation and then you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and then you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and then you can choose
+which one you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a method
+is using the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule okay
+so let's use the chain rule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use the chain rule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use the chain rule to
+understand how F depends on Z when Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how F depends on Z when Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how F depends on Z when Y is
+held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held
+constant so let me first write the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so let me first write the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so let me first write the chain
+rule brutally and then we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule brutally and then we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule brutally and then we'll try to
+analyze what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on so you can just use the version that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so you can just use the version that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so you can just use the version that
+I have up there as a template to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have up there as a template to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have up there as a template to see
+what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going
+on but I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I'm going
+to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain
+it more carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again okay so that's the most mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so that's the most mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so that's the most mechanical
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+no Mindless way of fighting down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Mindless way of fighting down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Mindless way of fighting down the
+chain rule I'm just saying here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule I'm just saying here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule I'm just saying here let's
+say that I'm varying Z keeping y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I'm varying Z keeping y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I'm varying Z keeping y
+constant and I want to know how F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and I want to know how F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and I want to know how F
+changes well F might change because X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes well F might change because X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes well F might change because X
+might change y might y might change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change y might y might change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change y might y might change and
+Z might change now how quickly does X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z might change now how quickly does X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z might change now how quickly does X
+Change well the rate of change of X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change well the rate of change of X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change well the rate of change of X in
+this situation is partial X partial Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation is partial X partial Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation is partial X partial Z
+with Y held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Y held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Y held
+constant so if I change X at this rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so if I change X at this rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so if I change X at this rate
+then F will change at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then F will change at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then F will change at that
+rate now y might change so the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now y might change so the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now y might change so the rate of
+change of Y would be the rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of Y would be the rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of Y would be the rate of change
+of Y respect to Z holding y constant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y respect to Z holding y constant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y respect to Z holding y constant uh
+wait a second if Y is held constant then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a second if Y is held constant then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a second if Y is held constant then
+y doesn't change so actually this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y doesn't change so actually this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y doesn't change so actually this guy is
+zero and you didn't really have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you didn't really have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you didn't really have to write
+that term but I wrote it just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term but I wrote it just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term but I wrote it just to be
+systematic okay if y had been somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic okay if y had been somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic okay if y had been somehow
+able to change at a certain rate then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to change at a certain rate then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to change at a certain rate then
+that would have caused F to change at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have caused F to change at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have caused F to change at
+that rate of course if f is held con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rate of course if f is held con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rate of course if f is held con
+sorry if Y is held constant then nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if Y is held constant then nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if Y is held constant then nothing
+happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here
+and finally while Z is changing at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally while Z is changing at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally while Z is changing at a
+certain rate this rate is this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rate this rate is this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rate this rate is this one and
+that causes F to change at that rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes F to change at that rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes F to change at that rate and
+then we add the effects together okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we add the effects together okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we add the effects together okay
+see it's nothing but the good old chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's nothing but the good old chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's nothing but the good old chain
+rule just I've put these extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule just I've put these extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule just I've put these extra
+subscripts to tell us what is held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts to tell us what is held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts to tell us what is held
+constant and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and what
+isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+okay now of course we can simplify it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now of course we can simplify it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now of course we can simplify it a
+bit more because here how quickly does Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more because here how quickly does Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more because here how quickly does Z
+change if I'm changing Z well the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if I'm changing Z well the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if I'm changing Z well the rate
+of change of Z with respect to itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of Z with respect to itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of Z with respect to itself is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay so in fact the really mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in fact the really mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in fact the really mysterious
+part of this is the one here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is the one here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is the one here which is
+the rate of change of X with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of X with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of X with respect to
+Z and to find that we have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and to find that we have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and to find that we have to understand
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+constraint okay so how can we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint okay so how can we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint okay so how can we find the
+rate of change of X with respect to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of X with respect to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of X with respect to Z
+well we could use differentials like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we could use differentials like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we could use differentials like we
+did here but we can also keep using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here but we can also keep using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here but we can also keep using the
+chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how can I do that well I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can I do that well I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can I do that well I can just
+look at how G would change with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how G would change with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how G would change with respect
+to Z when Y is held constant so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z when Y is held constant so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z when Y is held constant so I just
+do the same calculation but with G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same calculation but with G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same calculation but with G
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F but before I do it let's ask ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F but before I do it let's ask ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F but before I do it let's ask ourselves
+first what is this equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what is this equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what is this equal
+to well if G is held constant then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well if G is held constant then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well if G is held constant then when
+we VAR Z keeping y constant and changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we VAR Z keeping y constant and changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we VAR Z keeping y constant and changing
+X well G still doesn't change it's held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so in fact that should be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so in fact that should be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so in fact that should be zero
+okay but if we just say that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if we just say that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if we just say that we're not
+we're not going to get to that so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to get to that so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to get to that so let's
+see how we can compute that using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can compute that using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can compute that using the
+chain rule well the chain rule tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule well the chain rule tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule well the chain rule tells us
+G changes because X Y and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G changes because X Y and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G changes because X Y and Z
+change okay how does it change because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay how does it change because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay how does it change because
+of X well partial G partial x times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X well partial G partial x times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X well partial G partial x times the
+rate of change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of
+X how does it change because of Y well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X how does it change because of Y well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X how does it change because of Y well
+partial G partial y times the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial G partial y times the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial G partial y times the rate of
+change of Y but of course if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of Y but of course if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of Y but of course if you're
+smarter than me then you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter than me then you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter than me then you don't need to
+actually write this one because Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write this one because Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write this one because Y is
+held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant and then there's the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then there's the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then there's the rate of
+change because Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes and how quickly Z changes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and how quickly Z changes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and how quickly Z changes here
+of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is
+one okay so out of this you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well I'm tired of writing partial G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I'm tired of writing partial G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I'm tired of writing partial G
+partial X let me just write G sub x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X let me just write G sub x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X let me just write G sub x
+times partial X partial Z y constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times partial X partial Z y constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times partial X partial Z y constant
+plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subz okay and now we found how X depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz okay and now we found how X depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz okay and now we found how X depends
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z partial X partial Z with Y constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z partial X partial Z with Y constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z partial X partial Z with Y constant is
+netive G subz over G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive G subz over G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive G subz over G
+subx now we plug this into that and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx now we plug this into that and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx now we plug this into that and we
+get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer guess it go all the way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer guess it go all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer guess it go all the way up
+here okay and then we get the answer I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and then we get the answer I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and then we get the answer I'm
+not going to well I guess I can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so that was partial F partial x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that was partial F partial x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that was partial F partial x
+times this guyus G subz over G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this guyus G subz over G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this guyus G subz over G
+subx Plus partial F over partial Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx Plus partial F over partial Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx Plus partial F over partial Z
+and you can observe that this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can observe that this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can observe that this is exactly
+the same formula that we had over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same formula that we had over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same formula that we had over
+here in fact let's compare these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact let's compare these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact let's compare these two
+methods side by side I claim we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods side by side I claim we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods side by side I claim we did
+exactly the same thing just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing just with
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+notations see if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations see if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations see if you take the
+differential of F and you divide it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of F and you divide it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of F and you divide it by
+DZ in this situation where Y is held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ in this situation where Y is held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ in this situation where Y is held
+constant and so on you get exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so on you get exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so on you get exactly this
+chain R up there right that chain roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain R up there right that chain roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain R up there right that chain roll
+up there is this guy DF divided by DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is this guy DF divided by DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is this guy DF divided by DZ
+with yeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with yeld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with yeld
+constant and the term involving Dy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the term involving Dy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the term involving Dy was
+replaced by zero on both sides because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by zero on both sides because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by zero on both sides because
+we knew actually that Y is held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew actually that Y is held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew actually that Y is held
+constant now the real difficulty in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now the real difficulty in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now the real difficulty in both
+cases comes from DX and what we do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases comes from DX and what we do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases comes from DX and what we do about
+DX is we use the constraint so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is we use the constraint so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is we use the constraint so here we
+use it by writing dgal Z here we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it by writing dgal Z here we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it by writing dgal Z here we write
+the chain rule for G that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule for G that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule for G that's the same
+thing just divided by DZ with yeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just divided by DZ with yeld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just divided by DZ with yeld
+constant okay so this formula or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay so this formula or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay so this formula or that
+formula are the same just dividing by DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula are the same just dividing by DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula are the same just dividing by DZ
+with yeld constant and then in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with yeld constant and then in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with yeld constant and then in both
+cases we used that to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we used that to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we used that to solve for
+DX and then we plugged into the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and then we plugged into the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and then we plugged into the formula
+for DF to express DF DZ or partial F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DF to express DF DZ or partial F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DF to express DF DZ or partial F
+partial Z with Y held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant okay so the two methods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay so the two methods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay so the two methods are
+pretty much the same quick pull who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same quick pull who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same quick pull who
+prefers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers this
+one who prefers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who prefers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who prefers that
+one okay uh majority vote seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay uh majority vote seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay uh majority vote seems to be
+for differentials but doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for differentials but doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for differentials but doesn't mean that
+it's better okay both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better okay both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better okay both are
+fine you can use whichever one you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you can use whichever one you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you can use whichever one you want
+but you should give both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try okay any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes sorry can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use uh yes thank you I forgot to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh yes thank you I forgot to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh yes thank you I forgot to mention
+it uh where did that go I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh where did that go I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh where did that go I think I've
+erased that part so yes we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives okay the pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay the pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay the pretty much the
+only thing to remember about them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing to remember about them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing to remember about them is
+that the fds in the direction of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fds in the direction of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fds in the direction of some
+unit Vector U is just the gradient f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector U is just the gradient f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector U is just the gradient f
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+you so that's you know pretty much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that's you know pretty much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that's you know pretty much all
+we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about
+them um any other topics that I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um any other topics that I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um any other topics that I forgot
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+yes at time can I erase three boards at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes at time can I erase three boards at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes at time can I erase three boards at
+a time no I would need three hands to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I think what we should do for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think what we should do for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think what we should do for is
+look quickly at you know the practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look quickly at you know the practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look quickly at you know the practice
+test I mean given the time you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test I mean given the time you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test I mean given the time you will
+mostly have to think about it yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly have to think about it yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly have to think about it yourselves
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um so hopefully you have a copy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so hopefully you have a copy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so hopefully you have a copy of a
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+exam oh yes okay so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam oh yes okay so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam oh yes okay so let's look at the
+second so the first problem is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so the first problem is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so the first problem is a simple
+problem find the gradient find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem find the gradient find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem find the gradient find
+approximation formula hopefully you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation formula hopefully you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation formula hopefully you know
+how to do that the second problem is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that the second problem is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that the second problem is one
+about trading a contour plot and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trading a contour plot and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trading a contour plot and so
+before I let you go for the weekend I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I let you go for the weekend I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I let you go for the weekend I
+want to make sure that you actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you actually know
+how to read a contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one thing I should first mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing I should first mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing I should first mention
+is you know this problem asks you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know this problem asks you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know this problem asks you to
+estimate partial derivatives by reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate partial derivatives by reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate partial derivatives by reading
+a contour plot we haven't done that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contour plot we haven't done that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contour plot we haven't done that so
+that won't be actually on the test will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't be actually on the test will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't be actually on the test will
+be doing qualitative questions like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing qualitative questions like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing qualitative questions like what
+is the sign of the partial derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sign of the partial derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sign of the partial derivative is
+it zero less than Zer more than zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it zero less than Zer more than zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it zero less than Zer more than zero you
+don't need to bring a ruler to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to bring a ruler to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to bring a ruler to estimate
+partial derivatives in the way that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives in the way that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives in the way that this
+problem asks you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem asks you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem asks you to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+so okay so let's look at problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so let's look at problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so let's look at problem
+2B problem 2B is asking you to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B problem 2B is asking you to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B problem 2B is asking you to find a
+point at which H equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which H equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which H equals
+2200 partial H partial x equals z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2200 partial H partial x equals z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2200 partial H partial x equals z and
+partial H partial Y is less than zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial H partial Y is less than zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial H partial Y is less than zero so
+let's try and see what is going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try and see what is going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try and see what is going on here
+so a point where f equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a point where f equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a point where f equals
+2200 well that should be probably on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2200 well that should be probably on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2200 well that should be probably on the
+level curve that say is 2200 so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level curve that say is 2200 so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level curve that say is 2200 so I can
+actually zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zoom
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+and here's here's the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2200 okay now I want partial H partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2200 okay now I want partial H partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2200 okay now I want partial H partial X
+to be zero that means if I change X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero that means if I change X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero that means if I change X
+keeping y constant the value of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping y constant the value of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping y constant the value of H
+doesn't change so which points on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so which points on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change so which points on the
+level curve satisfy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level curve satisfy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level curve satisfy that
+property yeah the top and the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property yeah the top and the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property yeah the top and the bottom
+okay if you here for example and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you here for example and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you here for example and you
+move in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the X
+Direction well you see as you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction well you see as you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction well you see as you get to
+there from the left the height first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from the left the height first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from the left the height first
+increases and then decreases it goes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and then decreases it goes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and then decreases it goes for
+a maximum at that point so at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximum at that point so at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximum at that point so at that point
+the partial derivative is zero with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative is zero with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative is zero with
+respect to X and same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now we also we're also told and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we also we're also told and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we also we're also told and
+let's find partial H partial y less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find partial H partial y less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find partial H partial y less than
+zero so that means if we go north we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that means if we go north we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that means if we go north we
+should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+well which one is it top or bottom top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which one is it top or bottom top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which one is it top or bottom top
+top yes here if you go north then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top yes here if you go north then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top yes here if you go north then you go
+from 2200 down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2200 down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2200 down to
+2100 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2100 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2100 so this is
+where the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the point
+is so now the problem here was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so now the problem here was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so now the problem here was also
+asking you to estimate partial H partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to estimate partial H partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to estimate partial H partial
+Y and just if you're curious how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and just if you're curious how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and just if you're curious how you
+would do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that
+well you would try to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you would try to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you would try to figure out how
+long it takes before you reach the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes before you reach the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes before you reach the next
+level curve okay and you see that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level curve okay and you see that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level curve okay and you see that so
+here to go from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so to go from Q to this new Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so to go from Q to this new Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so to go from Q to this new Point
+say Q Prime the change in y while you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Q Prime the change in y while you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Q Prime the change in y while you'd
+have to read the scale which was up down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read the scale which was up down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read the scale which was up down
+here okay um that would be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay um that would be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay um that would be about
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+300 what's the change in height when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 what's the change in height when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 what's the change in height when you
+go from Q to Q Prime well you go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from Q to Q Prime well you go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from Q to Q Prime well you go down
+from 2200 to 21100 that's about well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2200 to 21100 that's about well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2200 to 21100 that's about well
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+actually minus 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually minus 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually minus 100
+exactly okay and so Delta H over Delta Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay and so Delta H over Delta Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay and so Delta H over Delta Y
+is about minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about minus
+1/3 well- 100 over 300 which is oops I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 well- 100 over 300 which is oops I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 well- 100 over 300 which is oops I'm
+getting out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus 1/3 and that's the same I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/3 and that's the same I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/3 and that's the same I mean
+that's an approximation for the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an approximation for the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an approximation for the partial
+derivative okay so that's how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay so that's how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay so that's how you would
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it now so okay let me go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now so okay let me go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now so okay let me go back
+to other things so if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other things so if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other things so if you look at this
+practice exam basically there's a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice exam basically there's a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice exam basically there's a bit of
+everything and it's kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and it's kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and it's kind of you know
+fairly representative of what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly representative of what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly representative of what might
+happen um on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um on Tuesday
+so you know there will be a mix of easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there will be a mix of easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there will be a mix of easy
+problems and of harder problems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and of harder problems uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and of harder problems uh
+expect something about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect something about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect something about you know
+Computing gradients approximation stat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing gradients approximation stat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing gradients approximation stat
+of change expect a problem about reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change expect a problem about reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change expect a problem about reading
+a contour plot uh expect one about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contour plot uh expect one about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contour plot uh expect one about you
+know a min max problem something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a min max problem something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a min max problem something about
+lrange multipliers something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange multipliers something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange multipliers something about the
+chain Rule and something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule and something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule and something about
+constraint partial derivatives I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint partial derivatives I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint partial derivatives I mean
+pretty much all the topics are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all the topics are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all the topics are going to
+be there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cu9_LaaWgHo.txt b/Cu9_LaaWgHo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08f0a5c720e519fcbde86797702e467847d32efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cu9_LaaWgHo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditional probability is an absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability is an absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability is an absolutely
+basic idea that we use all the time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea that we use all the time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea that we use all the time it's
+the probability that some event occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that some event occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that some event occurs
+given certain information about it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given certain information about it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given certain information about it for
+example an insurance company wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example an insurance company wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example an insurance company wants to
+know what's the probability that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the probability that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the probability that you'll
+live for the next ten years given your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live for the next ten years given your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live for the next ten years given your
+medical history or a typical investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical history or a typical investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical history or a typical investor
+wants to know what's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know what's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know what's the probability
+that the stock is going to rise given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stock is going to rise given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stock is going to rise given
+its stock price gyrations for the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its stock price gyrations for the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its stock price gyrations for the past
+month there are people who actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month there are people who actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month there are people who actually
+think you can do that that the Chartists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can do that that the Chartists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can do that that the Chartists
+that not knowing anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not knowing anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not knowing anything about the
+nature of the company or the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the company or the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the company or the business
+that this that the stock is part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this that the stock is part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this that the stock is part of that
+just by watching the the price gyration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by watching the the price gyration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by watching the the price gyration
+you can make a better guess on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a better guess on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a better guess on what the
+stock will do tomorrow than you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock will do tomorrow than you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock will do tomorrow than you could
+otherwise another good example is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise another good example is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise another good example is for a
+system engineer what's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineer what's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system engineer what's the probability
+that the system is going to overload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system is going to overload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system is going to overload
+given the recent history of the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the recent history of the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the recent history of the rate at
+which requests have been coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which requests have been coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which requests have been coming in and
+finally as a a joke that I like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally as a a joke that I like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally as a a joke that I like to think
+about is what's the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what's the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what's the probability that
+you're a cat owner given that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a cat owner given that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a cat owner given that you're
+sitting in the cat section of the angel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the cat section of the angel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the cat section of the angel
+memorial veterinary hospital okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorial veterinary hospital okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorial veterinary hospital okay so
+let's look concretely at a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look concretely at a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look concretely at a very simple
+example of conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of conditional probability
+that's meant to be illustrative where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's meant to be illustrative where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's meant to be illustrative where we
+look at a die and rolling a fair die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a die and rolling a fair die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a die and rolling a fair die
+okay now if I'm thinking about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if I'm thinking about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if I'm thinking about an
+ordinary fair die I've got six outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary fair die I've got six outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary fair die I've got six outcomes
+that are equally likely the outcomes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are equally likely the outcomes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are equally likely the outcomes are
+one two three four five six and if I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six and if I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six and if I ask
+what's the probability that in one roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that in one roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that in one roll
+I roll a one well it's gonna be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I roll a one well it's gonna be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I roll a one well it's gonna be the
+number of outcomes involving my rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of outcomes involving my rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of outcomes involving my rolling
+one divided by the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one divided by the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one divided by the total number of
+outcomes it's 1/6 the probability of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it's 1/6 the probability of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it's 1/6 the probability of any
+given face of a six-sided fair die is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given face of a six-sided fair die is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given face of a six-sided fair die is
+1/6 but suppose I give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/6 but suppose I give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/6 but suppose I give you some
+additional information knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information knowledge about
+the role can change the judgment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role can change the judgment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role can change the judgment of
+probabilities suppose that I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities suppose that I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities suppose that I tell you
+that I rolled an odd number and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I rolled an odd number and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I rolled an odd number and now I
+want to know what's the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's the probability that
+I rolled it one and the answer will now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rolled it one and the answer will now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rolled it one and the answer will now
+be that given that that it's an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that given that that it's an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that given that that it's an odd
+number the only possibilities are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the only possibilities are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the only possibilities are one
+three and five and so the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five and so the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five and so the probability
+has changed to one-third you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed to one-third you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed to one-third you know that
+should be a straightforward enough idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a straightforward enough idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a straightforward enough idea
+let's look at it though one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it though one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it though one way to
+understand conditional probability as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand conditional probability as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand conditional probability as as
+a kind of experiment where first you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of experiment where first you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of experiment where first you try
+to roll an odd number and then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll an odd number and then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll an odd number and then you you
+decide what final roll you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what final roll you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what final roll you're going to
+make let's look at that tree if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make let's look at that tree if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make let's look at that tree if we were
+describing it that way so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it that way so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it that way so the first
+branch of the tree that we'll use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the tree that we'll use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the tree that we'll use to
+build a probability space is to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a probability space is to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a probability space is to say okay
+among the six possible outcomes what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the six possible outcomes what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the six possible outcomes what are
+the chances that we rolled an odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances that we rolled an odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances that we rolled an odd number
+well it's 50/50 because there were three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's 50/50 because there were three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's 50/50 because there were three
+of each so there's a half chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each so there's a half chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each so there's a half chance that
+yes you rolled an odd number in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you rolled an odd number in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you rolled an odd number in which
+case those are the possible outcomes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case those are the possible outcomes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case those are the possible outcomes or
+a half chance that no you didn't roll an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half chance that no you didn't roll an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half chance that no you didn't roll an
+odd number and the possible outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number and the possible outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number and the possible outcomes
+then or two four and six now once you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then or two four and six now once you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then or two four and six now once you're
+here with one three and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with one three and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with one three and five
+let's ask whether you roll two one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask whether you roll two one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask whether you roll two one the
+probability that you didn't roll one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you didn't roll one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you didn't roll one
+we've already agreed as one-third it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already agreed as one-third it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already agreed as one-third it's
+one it's equally likely to be any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's equally likely to be any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's equally likely to be any one of
+those three outcomes which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three outcomes which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three outcomes which means that
+it's 2/3 that you wind up rolling either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2/3 that you wind up rolling either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2/3 that you wind up rolling either
+a three or a five and likewise here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three or a five and likewise here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three or a five and likewise here the
+probability if you didn't roll an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if you didn't roll an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability if you didn't roll an odd
+number that as you rolled an even number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that as you rolled an even number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that as you rolled an even number
+the probability that next you'll roll a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that next you'll roll a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that next you'll roll a
+one is zero or that you won't roll a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is zero or that you won't roll a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is zero or that you won't roll a one
+is probability one so this is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probability one so this is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probability one so this is a kind of
+standard way that we have of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way that we have of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way that we have of trying to
+build up a set of probabilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a set of probabilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a set of probabilities for
+outcomes and if we look at this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and if we look at this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and if we look at this tree
+well first of all we can use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all we can use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all we can use it to
+assign some probabilities because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign some probabilities because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign some probabilities because the
+probability of your rolling a one is 1/6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of your rolling a one is 1/6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of your rolling a one is 1/6
+as it should be it's 1/2 times 1/3 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it should be it's 1/2 times 1/3 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it should be it's 1/2 times 1/3 which
+is the usual way we would calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the usual way we would calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the usual way we would calculate the
+probability of this outcome by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this outcome by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this outcome by the way
+we could calculate the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could calculate the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could calculate the probability of
+the outcome being 3 or 5 it would be 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome being 3 or 5 it would be 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome being 3 or 5 it would be 1/2
+times 2/3 or 1/3 and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2/3 or 1/3 and finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2/3 or 1/3 and finally the
+probability of rolling an even number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of rolling an even number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of rolling an even number
+would just be 1/2 1/2 times 1 now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be 1/2 1/2 times 1 now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be 1/2 1/2 times 1 now what's
+going on here well if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here well if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here well if you look at this
+number 1/3 it is what we said was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 1/3 it is what we said was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 1/3 it is what we said was the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+one given that you rolled an odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one given that you rolled an odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one given that you rolled an odd number
+so that's where this label came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where this label came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where this label came from
+likewise this number 2/3 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise this number 2/3 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise this number 2/3 is the
+probability that you didn't roll a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you didn't roll a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you didn't roll a 1
+given that you rolled an odd number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you rolled an odd number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you rolled an odd number and
+finally this number is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally this number is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally this number is the probability
+that you didn't roll a 1 given that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't roll a 1 given that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't roll a 1 given that you
+rolled an even number and it's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled an even number and it's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled an even number and it's certain
+all right let's do another example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's do another example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's do another example to
+set get this idea of course let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set get this idea of course let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set get this idea of course let's go
+back to Monty Hall which we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Monty Hall which we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Monty Hall which we've seen
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+remember how we have these label the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how we have these label the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how we have these label the
+probability labels on these branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability labels on these branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability labels on these branches
+which we figured out so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we figured out so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we figured out so if we look at
+this number 1/3 what is it well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number 1/3 what is it well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number 1/3 what is it well this is
+where where the prize is at location 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the prize is at location 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the prize is at location 1
+and the contestant has picked door 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contestant has picked door 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contestant has picked door 1 and
+that 1/3 we figured out that once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1/3 we figured out that once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1/3 we figured out that once the
+prize is at door 1 in fact it whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is at door 1 in fact it whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is at door 1 in fact it whatever
+wherever the prize is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever the prize is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever the prize is the probability
+that the contestant will pick one is 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the contestant will pick one is 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the contestant will pick one is 1/3
+this number 1/3 is the probability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number 1/3 is the probability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number 1/3 is the probability the
+contestant will pick one and given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant will pick one and given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant will pick one and given that
+the prize is at door 1 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize is at door 1 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize is at door 1 yeah
+here's another third this is similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another third this is similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another third this is similarly
+the probability that the contestant will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the contestant will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the contestant will
+pick door 2 given that the prize is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick door 2 given that the prize is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick door 2 given that the prize is at
+door 3 that's symmetric to this one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door 3 that's symmetric to this one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door 3 that's symmetric to this one but
+here's something a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's something a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's something a little bit different
+here's a half this is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a half this is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a half this is the probability
+that door 3 will be open by Carol given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that door 3 will be open by Carol given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that door 3 will be open by Carol given
+that the prize is it one that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prize is it one that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prize is it one that's that
+branch and the contestant picked one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and the contestant picked one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and the contestant picked one and
+when the prizes of 1 and the contestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the prizes of 1 and the contestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the prizes of 1 and the contestant
+picks one Carol we said in our model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks one Carol we said in our model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks one Carol we said in our model is
+equally likely to open the two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely to open the two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely to open the two possible
+doors that have goats that she's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors that have goats that she's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors that have goats that she's able to
+open and so that's 1/2 is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and so that's 1/2 is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and so that's 1/2 is this
+conditional probability the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability the probability
+that she'll open door 3 given this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she'll open door 3 given this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she'll open door 3 given this that
+were in this location in the tree given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in this location in the tree given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in this location in the tree given
+that the prizes at one and pick isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prizes at one and pick isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the prizes at one and pick isn't
+one so the point is simply that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the point is simply that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the point is simply that we were
+reasoning about conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about conditional probability
+in the very way we began defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very way we began defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very way we began defining the
+tree model that we were using to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree model that we were using to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree model that we were using to define
+probability spaces in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability spaces in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability spaces in the first place
+we were implicitly using conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were implicitly using conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were implicitly using conditional
+probabilities to label the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to label the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to label the probabilities
+that left each vertex of the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that left each vertex of the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that left each vertex of the tree
+and in fact formally speaking what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact formally speaking what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact formally speaking what we
+were using was the product rule which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using was the product rule which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using was the product rule which is
+that the probability that an a event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability that an a event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability that an a event
+occurs and a B event occurs is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and a B event occurs is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and a B event occurs is simply
+the probability that the a event that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the a event that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the a event that's
+the first branch of the tree times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first branch of the tree times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first branch of the tree times the
+probability of B given a okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a okay and that's
+the fundamental rule of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental rule of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental rule of conditional
+probabilities that's the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that's the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that's the product rule
+and it's something to be memorized now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something to be memorized now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something to be memorized now
+in fact this product rule is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this product rule is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this product rule is not a
+corollary it's really the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary it's really the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary it's really the definition of
+conditional probability so all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability so all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability so all of the
+previous discussion was motivation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous discussion was motivation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous discussion was motivation of
+the following definition if a and B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following definition if a and B are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following definition if a and B are
+events in a probability space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in a probability space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in a probability space the
+probability of B given a is defined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a is defined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B given a is defined to
+be the probability that a and B occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the probability that a and B occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the probability that a and B occur
+the problem that is a intersection B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that is a intersection B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that is a intersection B
+relative to the probability of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the probability of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the probability of a so
+that's the formal definition so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the formal definition so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the formal definition so so this
+formal definition justifies the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal definition justifies the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal definition justifies the product
+rule by definition because you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule by definition because you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule by definition because you just
+multiply both sides by the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by the probability
+of a and you get probability of a time's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and you get probability of a time's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and you get probability of a time's
+the probability of B given a as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of B given a as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of B given a as the
+probability of the intersection notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the intersection notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the intersection notice
+that implicit in this definition is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implicit in this definition is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implicit in this definition is the
+probability of a better not be 0 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a better not be 0 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a better not be 0 so you
+can't conditioned on an event that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't conditioned on an event that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't conditioned on an event that has
+zero probability probability of B given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero probability probability of B given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero probability probability of B given
+a is only defined if probability of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is only defined if probability of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is only defined if probability of a is
+positive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay
+the if you have a tree that's of depth 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you have a tree that's of depth 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you have a tree that's of depth 3
+then you need a product rule for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need a product rule for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need a product rule for three
+consecutive choices and it generalizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive choices and it generalizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive choices and it generalizes
+in a straightforward way namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a straightforward way namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a straightforward way namely the
+probability of a and B and C the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a and B and C the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a and B and C the first
+branch is a and the second branch is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch is a and the second branch is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch is a and the second branch is B
+in the third branch is C is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third branch is C is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third branch is C is the
+probability that you do a on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you do a on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you do a on the first
+branch times the probability that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch times the probability that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch times the probability that you do
+B on the second branch given that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B on the second branch given that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B on the second branch given that you
+did a on the first branch and times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a on the first branch and times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a on the first branch and times the
+probability that you do see on the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you do see on the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you do see on the third
+branch given that you did a on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch given that you did a on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch given that you did a on the first
+and B on the second and this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B on the second and this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B on the second and this is this
+product rule for 3 could in fact be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for 3 could in fact be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for 3 could in fact be
+proved simply by substitution using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved simply by substitution using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved simply by substitution using the
+product rule for 2 twice and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for 2 twice and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for 2 twice and of course
+it generalizes to any finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generalizes to any finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generalizes to any finite number of
+sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's useful to think another useful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to think another useful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to think another useful way
+to think about probability that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about probability that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about probability that may be
+more intuitive than the idea of choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intuitive than the idea of choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intuitive than the idea of choosing
+to whether or not to roll odd and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether or not to roll odd and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether or not to roll odd and then
+choosing to roll whether or not to roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to roll whether or not to roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to roll whether or not to roll
+a one usually what you think of as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one usually what you think of as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one usually what you think of as you
+roll the dice and then you're giving me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll the dice and then you're giving me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll the dice and then you're giving me
+some information about what that role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about what that role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about what that role
+was I don't think about the odds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I don't think about the odds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I don't think about the odds of
+rolling odd or not I just tell you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling odd or not I just tell you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling odd or not I just tell you it's
+odd and now tell me what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd and now tell me what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd and now tell me what is the
+probability that among the those odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that among the those odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that among the those odd
+outcomes it was one so a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it was one so a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it was one so a way to
+formalize that is you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that is you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that is you can think of
+conditioning on an event a as defining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning on an event a as defining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning on an event a as defining a
+new probability function on the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new probability function on the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new probability function on the sample
+space once you're given that a occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space once you're given that a occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space once you're given that a occurred
+I can now think that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now think that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now think that all the
+probabilities of the sample of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the sample of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the sample of the
+outcomes have changed so in this I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes have changed so in this I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes have changed so in this I'll
+define a new probability measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a new probability measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a new probability measure
+relative to a where all the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a where all the outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a where all the outcomes
+that are not in a are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not in a are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not in a are going to be
+assigned probability 0 because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned probability 0 because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned probability 0 because they
+can't happen given that a occurred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't happen given that a occurred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't happen given that a occurred and
+all of the probabilities of outcomes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the probabilities of outcomes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the probabilities of outcomes of
+points in a just they get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in a just they get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in a just they get their
+probability relative raised in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability relative raised in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability relative raised in
+proportion to a because now a is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to a because now a is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to a because now a is gonna
+be the whole probability space let's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the whole probability space let's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the whole probability space let's be
+a little bit more formal about that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more formal about that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more formal about that to
+be precise we're gonna define a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be precise we're gonna define a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be precise we're gonna define a new
+probability function probability sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability function probability sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability function probability sub a
+on the same sample space where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same sample space where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same sample space where the
+probability of an outcome is 0 if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an outcome is 0 if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an outcome is 0 if the if
+the outcome is not in a and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome is not in a and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome is not in a and it's it's
+old probability relativized to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old probability relativized to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old probability relativized to the
+probability of a if omega is n a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a if omega is n a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a if omega is n a so
+that's the definition of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of the probability
+with respect to a of Omega it's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a of Omega it's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a of Omega it's a new
+probability measure on the same sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability measure on the same sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability measure on the same sample
+space so to verify that this new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so to verify that this new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so to verify that this new thing
+is a probability space you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a probability space you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a probability space you have to
+verify that the sum of the outcomes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that the sum of the outcomes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that the sum of the outcomes of
+the outcome probabilities is 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome probabilities is 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome probabilities is 1 and
+that's a little exercise that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little exercise that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little exercise that I would
+encourage you to stop now and work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to stop now and work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to stop now and work out
+on a piece of paper because it's trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a piece of paper because it's trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a piece of paper because it's trivial
+but it's worth checking that you follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's worth checking that you follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's worth checking that you follow
+the definitions the claim is simply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions the claim is simply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions the claim is simply that
+this new measure probability sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey we'll satisfy all of the rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we'll satisfy all of the rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we'll satisfy all of the rules of
+probability because it is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability because it is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability because it is a probability
+measure so for example I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so for example I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so for example I have the
+difference rule restated for conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference rule restated for conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference rule restated for conditional
+probabilities given that the this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities given that the this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities given that the this that
+probability sub a is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability sub a is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability sub a is a probability
+measure it satisfies the difference rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it satisfies the difference rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it satisfies the difference rule
+which means when I translate it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means when I translate it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means when I translate it into a
+conditional probability statement I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability statement I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability statement I get
+that the probability of B minus C given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of B minus C given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of B minus C given
+a is equal to the probability of B given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to the probability of B given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to the probability of B given
+a minus the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus the probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus the probability of B
+intersection C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection C
+given a it's exactly the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a it's exactly the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a it's exactly the same as the
+standard difference rule except that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard difference rule except that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard difference rule except that I
+have made everything conditioned on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made everything conditioned on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made everything conditioned on a
+and so we automatically get all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we automatically get all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we automatically get all of these
+rules for conditional probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for conditional probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for conditional probability that
+we had holding for probability which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had holding for probability which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had holding for probability which
+will be helpful we won't have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be helpful we won't have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be helpful we won't have to think
+about proving them again
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D8zaRaVWy9k.txt b/D8zaRaVWy9k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba78ecadec533d103d76d1e322cd356cff9c5edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D8zaRaVWy9k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+oh I suppose my first question has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I suppose my first question has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I suppose my first question has to do
+with the some remarks that Tony made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the some remarks that Tony made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the some remarks that Tony made
+about Rod Brooks I remember rod Brooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Rod Brooks I remember rod Brooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Rod Brooks I remember rod Brooks
+has work for the one great idea he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has work for the one great idea he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has work for the one great idea he had
+which was the idea of subsumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the idea of subsumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the idea of subsumption and
+the idea of subsea notion of procedural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of subsea notion of procedural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of subsea notion of procedural
+and data abstractions from ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data abstractions from ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data abstractions from ordinary
+programming and elevate it to a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and elevate it to a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and elevate it to a kind of
+behavior level and the idea and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior level and the idea and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior level and the idea and the
+reason for doing that was that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for doing that was that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for doing that was that if you
+weren't working so well at one level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't working so well at one level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't working so well at one level you
+could appeal to another level to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could appeal to another level to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could appeal to another level to get you
+out of trouble so that's some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of trouble so that's some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of trouble so that's some like
+powerful idea to me and I'm just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful idea to me and I'm just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful idea to me and I'm just very
+interested in what the panelists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what the panelists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what the panelists
+construed to be the great principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construed to be the great principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construed to be the great principles of
+robotics that have emerged since then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics that have emerged since then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics that have emerged since then
+are there great principles so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there great principles so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there great principles so we can
+talk about in a classroom without just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a classroom without just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a classroom without just
+describing how a particular robot works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how a particular robot works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how a particular robot works
+so we were we were talking about this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were we were talking about this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were we were talking about this at
+our house a little bit and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our house a little bit and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our house a little bit and sort of
+asking ourselves what what makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking ourselves what what makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking ourselves what what makes the
+systems paper and like what do you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems paper and like what do you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems paper and like what do you write
+down and one of those papers as so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and one of those papers as so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and one of those papers as so these
+general principles that you extract from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general principles that you extract from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general principles that you extract from
+building a system because it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a system because it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a system because it seems like
+there's kind of two kinds of papers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of two kinds of papers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of two kinds of papers and
+robotics the systems paper where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics the systems paper where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics the systems paper where you
+said I built this thing and here's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I built this thing and here's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I built this thing and here's kind
+of how it works where it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how it works where it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how it works where it's hard to
+abstract I think general principles from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract I think general principles from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract I think general principles from
+you guys like I built this but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys like I built this but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys like I built this but doesn't
+they amaze me so it's cool and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they amaze me so it's cool and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they amaze me so it's cool and then
+there's like the kind of algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like the kind of algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like the kind of algorithm
+papers which tend to get more citations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers which tend to get more citations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers which tend to get more citations
+you know I don't know they and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't know they and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't know they and they
+usually work because they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually work because they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually work because they have this
+chunk of knowledge assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of knowledge assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of knowledge assumption
+architectures RIT stars kind of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures RIT stars kind of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures RIT stars kind of paper
+there's an algorithm and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an algorithm and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an algorithm and then there's
+math that shows how the algorithm works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that shows how the algorithm works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that shows how the algorithm works
+with some results that they're showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some results that they're showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some results that they're showing
+those is nugget that transfers from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is nugget that transfers from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is nugget that transfers from your
+brain to the author's brains to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain to the author's brains to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain to the author's brains to your
+brain and I think it's hard to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and I think it's hard to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and I think it's hard to know what
+that nugget is when you've built a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nugget is when you've built a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nugget is when you've built a giant
+system one of the things that I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one of the things that I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one of the things that I've been
+thinking about that might that what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that might that what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that might that what that
+might look like is kind of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like is kind of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like is kind of design
+patterns for robots this is a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns for robots this is a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns for robots this is a concept
+from software engineering it's at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from software engineering it's at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from software engineering it's at a
+higher level abstraction than a library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level abstraction than a library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level abstraction than a library
+or something that you share but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something that you share but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something that you share but it's
+things about the ways that you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the ways that you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the ways that you put
+software together so if you're a hacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software together so if you're a hacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software together so if you're a hacker
+you probably heard of some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably heard of some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably heard of some of these
+patterns like singleton and facade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns like singleton and facade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns like singleton and facade and
+strategy they have these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy they have these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy they have these sort of
+evocative names from this book Gang of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocative names from this book Gang of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocative names from this book Gang of
+Four is the nickname and I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four is the nickname and I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four is the nickname and I think there's
+a set of design patterns for robotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of design patterns for robotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of design patterns for robotics
+that we are slowly discovering so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are slowly discovering so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are slowly discovering so when I
+was hanging out in South Tyler and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hanging out in South Tyler and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hanging out in South Tyler and the
+crows group from my postdoc there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crows group from my postdoc there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crows group from my postdoc there was
+one that that I that I really got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that that I that I really got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that that I that I really got into
+my head which was this idea of pub pub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head which was this idea of pub pub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head which was this idea of pub pub
+pub sub publishing subscribe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub sub publishing subscribe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub sub publishing subscribe you're
+talking about Europe and LCM and Raphael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Europe and LCM and Raphael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Europe and LCM and Raphael
+had this idea that like you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this idea that like you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this idea that like you you don't
+want to write a function to call to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write a function to call to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write a function to call to get
+the other detection results you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other detection results you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other detection results you just
+want to detect they're blasting out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to detect they're blasting out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to detect they're blasting out the
+results as fast as it can all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results as fast as it can all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results as fast as it can all the time
+and then break that abstraction you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then break that abstraction you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then break that abstraction you get
+a lot of robustness in exchange for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of robustness in exchange for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of robustness in exchange for that
+I think that's a design pattern for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a design pattern for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a design pattern for
+robots and I think there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots and I think there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots and I think there's probably
+about thirty eight more of them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thirty eight more of them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thirty eight more of them you know
+and I bed rusting there's a lot of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I bed rusting there's a lot of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I bed rusting there's a lot of a lot
+of them and you know Albert and AD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and you know Albert and AD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and you know Albert and AD
+there's people who know them maybe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's people who know them maybe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's people who know them maybe but
+but they're not written down and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not written down and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not written down and I think
+one thing I'd like to do is write write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'd like to do is write write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'd like to do is write write
+some more of them down you're talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more of them down you're talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more of them down you're talking to
+focus on optimization as the answer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on optimization as the answer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on optimization as the answer it's
+a framework that I think you can cast a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a framework that I think you can cast a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a framework that I think you can cast a
+lot of the problems and get clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the problems and get clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the problems and get clear
+results I saw I was you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results I saw I was you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results I saw I was you know I think
+looking across you can point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking across you can point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking across you can point to
+clear sort of ideas that worked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear sort of ideas that worked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear sort of ideas that worked very
+well so I think for estimation Bayes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I think for estimation Bayes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I think for estimation Bayes
+rule works really well and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule works really well and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule works really well and and you know
+a Monte Carlo estimation has worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Monte Carlo estimation has worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Monte Carlo estimation has worked
+really well for planning you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well for planning you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well for planning you know in
+high dimensional spaces somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional spaces somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional spaces somehow
+randomization was a magical bullet where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization was a magical bullet where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization was a magical bullet where
+people started doing rrt type things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started doing rrt type things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started doing rrt type things as
+well as trajectory optimization type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as trajectory optimization type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as trajectory optimization type
+things you know I think I do think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know I think I do think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know I think I do think that
+the open source movement and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open source movement and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open source movement and the the
+ability to write software and components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to write software and components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to write software and components
+and modules has been a huge huge thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modules has been a huge huge thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modules has been a huge huge thing
+and I do think that at the control low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do think that at the control low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do think that at the control low
+level control level those optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level control level those optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level control level those optimization
+based controllers have been you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based controllers have been you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based controllers have been you know a
+magical thing I think it any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical thing I think it any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical thing I think it any one of
+these and any one of these sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and any one of these sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and any one of these sub
+disciplines you can point to a few real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines you can point to a few real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines you can point to a few real
+go ahead ideas that have rocked our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead ideas that have rocked our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead ideas that have rocked our
+world and everybody gets behind them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and everybody gets behind them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and everybody gets behind them you
+know I think maybe the biggest one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think maybe the biggest one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think maybe the biggest one of
+all actually has been lidar you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all actually has been lidar you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all actually has been lidar you know and
+then the ability I think sensing has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ability I think sensing has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ability I think sensing has has
+really come online and been so enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come online and been so enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come online and been so enabling
+in the last few years that I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last few years that I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last few years that I think if
+you look back in the last 15 20 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look back in the last 15 20 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look back in the last 15 20 years of
+robotics the biggest point changes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics the biggest point changes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics the biggest point changes I
+think have been one of those sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think have been one of those sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think have been one of those sensors
+since there's up there their framerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's up there their framerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's up there their framerate
+resolution gave depth you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution gave depth you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution gave depth you know you know
+when when lidar and connect came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when lidar and connect came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when lidar and connect came out
+those just changed everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those just changed everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those just changed everything
+well but before we leave the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but before we leave the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but before we leave the subject of
+Brookes and subsea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brookes and subsea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brookes and subsea
+so do you you brought it up and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you you brought it up and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you you brought it up and there
+was a little exchange between you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little exchange between you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little exchange between you and
+Russ about why it might be useful I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russ about why it might be useful I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russ about why it might be useful I I
+noted that that both Russ and John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted that that both Russ and John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted that that both Russ and John
+talked about some to one respectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some to one respectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some to one respectively
+one each major blunders that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each major blunders that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each major blunders that their
+machines made do you construe that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines made do you construe that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines made do you construe that any
+of Brooks's stuff might have been useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Brooks's stuff might have been useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Brooks's stuff might have been useful
+and avoiding those kinds of blunders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and avoiding those kinds of blunders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and avoiding those kinds of blunders
+potentially but I think these are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially but I think these are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially but I think these are really
+challenging things that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging things that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging things that we're trying to
+do with these robots so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with these robots so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with these robots so the the
+biomimetic approach that I take I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimetic approach that I take I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimetic approach that I take I think
+is partly I want a mine biology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partly I want a mine biology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partly I want a mine biology for
+insights about how to solve problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights about how to solve problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights about how to solve problems and
+the the problems that we were realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the problems that we were realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the problems that we were realizing
+a hard in robotics are the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard in robotics are the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard in robotics are the problems that
+are hard in biology as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard in biology as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard in biology as well so
+I think we underestimated the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we underestimated the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we underestimated the problem of
+manipulating objects but if you look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating objects but if you look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating objects but if you look in
+biology what are the species apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology what are the species apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology what are the species apart from
+us has this really solved that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us has this really solved that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us has this really solved that problem
+you know to the level of dexterity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to the level of dexterity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to the level of dexterity you
+know octopus trunk maybe but so sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know octopus trunk maybe but so sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know octopus trunk maybe but so sorry
+elephant trunk so I think these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant trunk so I think these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant trunk so I think these
+challenges take a proved to be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges take a proved to be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges take a proved to be much more
+difficult than we might think and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult than we might think and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult than we might think and then
+other things that are intuitively seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that are intuitively seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that are intuitively seem
+hard and are actually quite easy so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and are actually quite easy so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and are actually quite easy so the
+the path that we're taking in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path that we're taking in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path that we're taking in some of
+our biomimetic robots like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our biomimetic robots like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our biomimetic robots like the the
+mirror robot toy is to do stuff was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror robot toy is to do stuff was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror robot toy is to do stuff was
+actually people think looks hard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people think looks hard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people think looks hard but
+it's relatively easy to do and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively easy to do and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively easy to do and these are
+solvable problems and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable problems and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable problems and then we can
+progress towards what are obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress towards what are obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress towards what are obviously the
+harder problems and where the brain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder problems and where the brain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder problems and where the brain has
+dedicated a lot of processing power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated a lot of processing power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated a lot of processing power and
+I think object manipulation if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think object manipulation if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think object manipulation if you look
+in the brain is massive representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain is massive representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain is massive representation
+for the hand and there's all these extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hand and there's all these extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hand and there's all these extra
+motor systems in cortex that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor systems in cortex that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor systems in cortex that aren't
+there in non mammals and even in simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in non mammals and even in simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in non mammals and even in simple
+of animals they don't have motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of animals they don't have motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of animals they don't have motor cortex
+we've developed all these extra motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've developed all these extra motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've developed all these extra motor
+cortical areas direct corticospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical areas direct corticospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical areas direct corticospinal
+projections all of this is dedicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections all of this is dedicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections all of this is dedicated to
+the manipulation problem so I think when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manipulation problem so I think when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manipulation problem so I think when
+we were finding out what the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were finding out what the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were finding out what the hard
+problems are by trying to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are by trying to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are by trying to build the
+robots and then we can maybe find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots and then we can maybe find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots and then we can maybe find out
+what the solutions are by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solutions are by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solutions are by looking at the
+biology because in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology because in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology because in that case
+particularly you have low level systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly you have low level systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly you have low level systems
+for you know that they can do grasp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know that they can do grasp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know that they can do grasp and
+that are there in reptiles and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are there in reptiles and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are there in reptiles and then you
+have these additional systems in mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these additional systems in mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these additional systems in mammals
+and particularly in primates that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly in primates that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly in primates that can
+override the low level systems to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override the low level systems to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override the low level systems to do
+dexterous control sumption because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterous control sumption because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterous control sumption because it
+had such a huge effect on my life as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a huge effect on my life as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a huge effect on my life as a
+grad student it was sort of like the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student it was sort of like the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student it was sort of like the big
+thing in 1990 when I was finishing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in 1990 when I was finishing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in 1990 when I was finishing up
+but I really developed a strong aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I really developed a strong aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I really developed a strong aversion
+to it and so I tried to argue with rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and so I tried to argue with rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and so I tried to argue with rod
+back then but not very successfully that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then but not very successfully that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then but not very successfully that
+you know I would say when will you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I would say when will you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I would say when will you build
+a robot that knows its position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robot that knows its position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robot that knows its position and
+say I don't know my position but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't know my position but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't know my position but I think
+some of the biological evidence like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the biological evidence like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the biological evidence like the
+grid cells and things that maybe it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid cells and things that maybe it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid cells and things that maybe it at
+an autonomic like subconscious level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an autonomic like subconscious level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an autonomic like subconscious level
+there is sort of position information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is sort of position information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is sort of position information in
+the brain and so but subsea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and so but subsea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and so but subsea
+I think as a way of trying to strive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think as a way of trying to strive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think as a way of trying to strive for
+robustness where you build on layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness where you build on layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness where you build on layers
+that's a great inspiration but I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great inspiration but I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great inspiration but I feel
+that the the intelligence without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the intelligence without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the intelligence without
+representation sort of work that rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation sort of work that rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation sort of work that rod
+dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead
+I just don't buy it I think we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just don't buy it I think we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just don't buy it I think we need
+representation I guess there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I guess there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I guess there are two
+separable ideas no representation idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable ideas no representation idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable ideas no representation idea
+and the layering yeah I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the layering yeah I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the layering yeah I like the
+layering and I'm less of Keenan than no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering and I'm less of Keenan than no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering and I'm less of Keenan than no
+representation I'm curious if Giorgio if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I'm curious if Giorgio if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I'm curious if Giorgio if
+you I mean you showed complicated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean you showed complicated system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean you showed complicated system
+diagrams and you're obviously doing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and you're obviously doing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and you're obviously doing very
+complicated tasks with very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated tasks with very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated tasks with very complicated
+robot do you think you see subsumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot do you think you see subsumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot do you think you see subsumption
+and when you look at those what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look at those what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you look at those what it's
+actually there i there have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there i there have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there i there have time to
+enter into the details but the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into the details but the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into the details but the way it
+seemed implemented in europe allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed implemented in europe allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed implemented in europe allows you
+to do substantial or other things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do substantial or other things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do substantial or other things this
+way to basically take the modules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to basically take the modules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to basically take the modules and
+without modifying the modules connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without modifying the modules connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without modifying the modules connect
+them through scripts that can insert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them through scripts that can insert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them through scripts that can insert a
+logic on each module to sort of pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic on each module to sort of pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic on each module to sort of pre
+process the messages and decide whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the messages and decide whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the messages and decide whether
+to subsume one or the module or not or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subsume one or the module or not or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subsume one or the module or not or
+activated the virus behaviors so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated the virus behaviors so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated the virus behaviors so in
+practice can be a sub sumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice can be a sub sumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice can be a sub sumption
+architecture a pure one or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture a pure one or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture a pure one or whatever
+other combination you have in mind for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other combination you have in mind for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other combination you have in mind for
+the particular task slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular task slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular task slightly different
+question is did this absorption view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is did this absorption view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is did this absorption view of
+the world shaped the way you designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world shaped the way you designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world shaped the way you designed
+your system it may have happened without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system it may have happened without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system it may have happened without
+knowing because I mean that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing because I mean that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing because I mean that piece of
+software started at MIT with while I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software started at MIT with while I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software started at MIT with while I was
+working with rod but we didn't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with rod but we didn't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with rod but we didn't try to
+build the subsumption architecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the subsumption architecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the subsumption architecture and
+in that specific case but the style may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that specific case but the style may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that specific case but the style may
+be ID published ascribed we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ID published ascribed we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ID published ascribed we ended up
+doing was was it derived from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was was it derived from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was was it derived from from
+subsumption in a science was in spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsumption in a science was in spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsumption in a science was in spirit
+although not in the software itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not in the software itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not in the software itself
+you know but going back to whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but going back to whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but going back to whether
+there's a sort of a clear message we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of a clear message we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of a clear message we can
+take is certainly I will subscribe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is certainly I will subscribe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is certainly I will subscribe to
+Stephanie message of the recyclable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie message of the recyclable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie message of the recyclable
+softer the fact that we can now build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer the fact that we can now build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer the fact that we can now build
+these modules and build larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modules and build larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modules and build larger
+architectures this allows doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures this allows doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures this allows doing
+experiments that we never dreamt off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we never dreamt off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we never dreamt off
+until a few years ago so and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until a few years ago so and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until a few years ago so and we can
+connect you know many powerful computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect you know many powerful computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect you know many powerful computers
+and run vision and control optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run vision and control optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run vision and control optimization
+very efficiently and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently and especially
+recycling the software so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling the software so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling the software so you don't have
+to agree implement inverse kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree implement inverse kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree implement inverse kinematics
+every day well I I think the casual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day well I I think the casual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day well I I think the casual
+observer this afternoon one good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer this afternoon one good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer this afternoon one good example
+being me would get the sense that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being me would get the sense that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being me would get the sense that with
+the exception of Tony the other four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exception of Tony the other four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exception of Tony the other four of
+you are interested in the behavior but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested in the behavior but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested in the behavior but
+not necessarily interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily interested in
+understanding the biology is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the biology is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the biology is that a
+misimpression or is that correct when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misimpression or is that correct when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misimpression or is that correct when
+you mentioned lidar for example that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned lidar for example that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned lidar for example that's
+something I don't think I use and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't think I use and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't think I use and it's
+doing something it's enabling a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something it's enabling a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something it's enabling a robot
+with a mechanism that is not biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mechanism that is not biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mechanism that is not biological
+so to what degree are any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to what degree are any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to what degree are any of you
+interested in understanding the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in understanding the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in understanding the nature
+of biological computation I care deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biological computation I care deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biological computation I care deeply
+about it I just don't feel I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I just don't feel I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I just don't feel I have the
+tools of the bandwidth to really dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools of the bandwidth to really dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools of the bandwidth to really dive
+into it but every time I talk to Matt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it but every time I talk to Matt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it but every time I talk to Matt
+Wilson I leave feeling in awe you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson I leave feeling in awe you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson I leave feeling in awe you know
+like I I wish I could clone myself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I wish I could clone myself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I wish I could clone myself and
+hang out across the street well yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think I miss I mean I'm an engineer I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I miss I mean I'm an engineer I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I miss I mean I'm an engineer I'm
+a hacker I build things and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hacker I build things and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hacker I build things and I think
+that's the the way that I can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the way that I can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the way that I can make the
+most progress towards understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most progress towards understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most progress towards understanding
+intelligence is by trying to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is by trying to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is by trying to build
+things but every time I talk to Josh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but every time I talk to Josh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but every time I talk to Josh I
+every time I talk to Josh and Noah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I talk to Josh and Noah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I talk to Josh and Noah
+Goodman and virtue of it my lion might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodman and virtue of it my lion might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodman and virtue of it my lion might
+people for the psychology and science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for the psychology and science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for the psychology and science
+reminded you know I learned something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded you know I learned something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded you know I learned something
+and I take things away but I don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take things away but I don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take things away but I don't get
+excited about trying to build a faithful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about trying to build a faithful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about trying to build a faithful
+model that incorporates everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that incorporates everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that incorporates everything that
+we know about the brain because I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about the brain because I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about the brain because I just
+don't I can't put all that in my in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I can't put all that in my in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I can't put all that in my in my
+brain and I feel that I'm better guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and I feel that I'm better guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and I feel that I'm better guided
+by my engineering intuition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my engineering intuition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my engineering intuition and the
+things that I've learned by trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I've learned by trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I've learned by trying to
+build systems and and and sort of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build systems and and and sort of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build systems and and and sort of seeing
+how that plays out are you interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that plays out are you interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that plays out are you interested in
+biology and you do build stuff yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and you do build stuff yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and you do build stuff yeah I'm
+interested in because I trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in because I trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in because I trained
+originally a psychologist so I came into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a psychologist so I came into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a psychologist so I came into
+robotics in order to build physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics in order to build physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics in order to build physical
+models oh so why do you build stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models oh so why do you build stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models oh so why do you build stuff
+because I think the theory is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think the theory is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think the theory is the
+machine are theories and psychology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine are theories and psychology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine are theories and psychology and
+neuroscience are never going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience are never going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience are never going to be like
+theories are in physics we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are in physics we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are in physics we're not going
+to be able to express them concisely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to express them concisely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to express them concisely and
+convince people of them in a short paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people of them in a short paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people of them in a short paper
+we're going to be able to though build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to though build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to though build
+them into machines like robots and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into machines like robots and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into machines like robots and show
+people that they do behavior and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that they do behavior and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that they do behavior and and
+hopefully convince people that way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully convince people that way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully convince people that way that
+we have a good demonstration purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a good demonstration purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a good demonstration purpose
+it's partly to demonstrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's partly to demonstrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's partly to demonstrate the
+sufficiency of the theory I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiency of the theory I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiency of the theory I think that's
+that's the big reason but another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big reason but another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big reason but another
+motivation that has grown more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation that has grown more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation that has grown more important
+for me is to be able to ask questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me is to be able to ask questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me is to be able to ask questions of
+biologists that they wouldn't occur to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists that they wouldn't occur to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists that they wouldn't occur to
+them because the I think the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because the I think the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because the I think the engineering
+approach they're actually building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach they're actually building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach they're actually building
+something raises a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something raises a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something raises a lot of different
+questions and those are then interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and those are then interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and those are then interesting
+questions for to pursue in biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for to pursue in biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for to pursue in biological
+studies and questions that might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and questions that might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and questions that might not
+occur to you otherwise and they if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur to you otherwise and they if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur to you otherwise and they if
+you're so I go back to Brayton Berg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so I go back to Brayton Berg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so I go back to Brayton Berg's
+comment that when you try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that when you try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that when you try to understand
+a system there's a tendency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system there's a tendency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system there's a tendency to
+overestimate his complexity and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate his complexity and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate his complexity and that
+when you do synthesis that's a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do synthesis that's a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do synthesis that's a whole lot
+different from analysis and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from analysis and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from analysis and actually
+with the brain we tend to either under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the brain we tend to either under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the brain we tend to either under
+estimate or overestimate his complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or overestimate his complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or overestimate his complexity
+and we rarely get it right so the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we rarely get it right so the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we rarely get it right so the things
+that we think are complex sometimes turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think are complex sometimes turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think are complex sometimes turn
+out to be easy so an example would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be easy so an example would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be easy so an example would be in
+our risker system it's it's really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our risker system it's it's really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our risker system it's it's really quite
+easy to measure texture with a whisker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to measure texture with a whisker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to measure texture with a whisker
+and there's lots of different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots of different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots of different ways of
+doing that that work but intuitively you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that that work but intuitively you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that that work but intuitively you
+might not have thought that but getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have thought that but getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have thought that but getting
+shape out of whiskers is harder because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape out of whiskers is harder because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape out of whiskers is harder because
+it's an integration problem across time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an integration problem across time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an integration problem across time
+and you have to track position and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to track position and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to track position and all
+these other things so these these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things so these these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things so these these things
+turn out to be hard so I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be hard so I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be hard so I think the
+trying to build synthetic systems helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build synthetic systems helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build synthetic systems helps
+us understand what are the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us understand what are the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us understand what are the real
+challenges the brain has to solve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges the brain has to solve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges the brain has to solve and
+that's interesting for me an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting for me an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting for me an example of
+a question you didn't know was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question you didn't know was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question you didn't know was there
+when you started yeah and you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you started yeah and you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you started yeah and you wouldn't
+have found if you hadn't attempted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found if you hadn't attempted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found if you hadn't attempted to
+build so we when we started trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build so we when we started trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build so we when we started trying to
+build artificial whiskers the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build artificial whiskers the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build artificial whiskers the engineers
+that were building the robot said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were building the robot said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were building the robot said well
+how much power does the motor have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power does the motor have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power does the motor have to
+have that drives the whisker I mean what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that drives the whisker I mean what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that drives the whisker I mean what
+happens when you the whisker touches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you the whisker touches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you the whisker touches
+something does it continue to move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something does it continue to move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something does it continue to move and
+Bend against the surface what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend against the surface what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend against the surface what does it
+stop and and well we said we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and and well we said we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and and well we said we'll look
+that up in the literature and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up in the literature and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up in the literature and of course
+there wasn't an experiment that answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't an experiment that answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't an experiment that answered
+that question so that point we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question so that point we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question so that point we've said
+ok we'll get a high-speed camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok we'll get a high-speed camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok we'll get a high-speed camera and
+we'll start watching rats and we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start watching rats and we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start watching rats and we found
+that when the whiskers touch they stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the whiskers touch they stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the whiskers touch they stop
+moving very quickly so they make a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving very quickly so they make a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving very quickly so they make a light
+touch and intuitively yeah maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and intuitively yeah maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and intuitively yeah maybe you
+because we make a light touch obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we make a light touch obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we make a light touch obviously
+we don't bash our hands against surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't bash our hands against surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't bash our hands against surfaces
+but it's not obvious necessarily when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not obvious necessarily when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not obvious necessarily when
+you have a flexible sensor but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a flexible sensor but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a flexible sensor but that's
+what you would do and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do and in some
+circumstances the rats allow their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances the rats allow their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances the rats allow their
+whiskers to bend against objects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers to bend against objects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers to bend against objects so
+understanding when you make a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding when you make a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding when you make a light
+touch and when you bend was really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and when you bend was really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and when you bend was really a
+question that became important to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that became important to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that became important to us
+after we'd started thinking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we'd started thinking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we'd started thinking about how to
+engineer this system how powerful to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer this system how powerful to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer this system how powerful to the
+voters need to be I'm very sympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voters need to be I'm very sympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voters need to be I'm very sympathetic
+that view being an engineer myself I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that view being an engineer myself I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that view being an engineer myself I I
+always like to say if you can't build it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like to say if you can't build it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like to say if you can't build it
+you don't really understand it yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really understand it yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really understand it yeah so
+many of you all of you have talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you all of you have talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you all of you have talked about
+impressive systems today and I wonder if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive systems today and I wonder if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive systems today and I wonder if
+any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of
+would like to comment on on some problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to comment on on some problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to comment on on some problem
+you didn't know that was there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know that was there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know that was there and you
+wouldn't have discovered if you hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have discovered if you hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have discovered if you hadn't
+been building the kinds of stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been building the kinds of stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been building the kinds of stuff that
+you have built there's a lot it's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have built there's a lot it's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have built there's a lot it's a long
+list I mean I think we learn a lot every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I mean I think we learn a lot every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I mean I think we learn a lot every
+day I mean the let me be specific so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I mean the let me be specific so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I mean the let me be specific so
+with atlas we took a robot to a level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with atlas we took a robot to a level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with atlas we took a robot to a level of
+maturity that I've never taken before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity that I've never taken before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity that I've never taken before I
+see videos from companies like Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see videos from companies like Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see videos from companies like Boston
+Dynamics that are extremely impressive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics that are extremely impressive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics that are extremely impressive I
+think one of the things that separates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the things that separates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the things that separates a
+company like that from the results you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company like that from the results you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company like that from the results you
+get in a research lab is incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in a research lab is incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in a research lab is incredible
+amounts of hours sort of a religion-- to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of hours sort of a religion-- to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of hours sort of a religion-- to
+data logging and analysis and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data logging and analysis and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data logging and analysis and sort of
+finding corner cases logging them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding corner cases logging them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding corner cases logging them
+addressing them increment you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing them increment you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing them increment you know
+incremental improvement and researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental improvement and researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental improvement and researchers
+don't often do that and actually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't often do that and actually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't often do that and actually I think
+a theme that at least a couple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theme that at least a couple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theme that at least a couple of the
+talks was that you know maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks was that you know maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks was that you know maybe this is
+actually a set a central requirement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a set a central requirement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a set a central requirement and
+in some sense our autonomy really should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense our autonomy really should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense our autonomy really should
+be well suited to doing that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well suited to doing that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well suited to doing that but you
+know you know - maybe automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know - maybe automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know - maybe automatically
+finding corner cases and and proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding corner cases and and proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding corner cases and and proving
+robustness and all these things but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness and all these things but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness and all these things but you
+know the places that that broke our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the places that that broke our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the places that that broke our
+theory were were weird edge I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory were were weird edge I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory were were weird edge I mean so
+the stiction and the joints of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stiction and the joints of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stiction and the joints of you know
+of Atlas is just dominant you know so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Atlas is just dominant you know so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Atlas is just dominant you know so we
+do torque control we have to send a be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do torque control we have to send a be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do torque control we have to send a be
+floor velocity signal to get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor velocity signal to get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor velocity signal to get over
+friction but if we if we're started at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction but if we if we're started at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction but if we if we're started at
+zero and we and we have to start moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we and we have to start moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we and we have to start moving
+if we don't send a feed-forward velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't send a feed-forward velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't send a feed-forward velocity
+signal it's you know our our model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal it's you know our our model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal it's you know our our model is
+just completely wrong you know when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely wrong you know when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely wrong you know when when
+you're walking on cinder blocks and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're walking on cinder blocks and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're walking on cinder blocks and you
+hit go near the ankle limit you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit go near the ankle limit you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit go near the ankle limit you know in
+pitch there's a strange which causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch there's a strange which causes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch there's a strange which causes the
+ankle to roll and it'll kick your robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ankle to roll and it'll kick your robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ankle to roll and it'll kick your robot
+over just like that you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just like that you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just like that you don't want
+or it and and you know we thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it and and you know we thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it and and you know we thought about
+putting that into our model of dressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting that into our model of dressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting that into our model of dressing
+it with sophisticated things it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with sophisticated things it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with sophisticated things it's hard
+and ugly and gross and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ugly and gross and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ugly and gross and you know it's
+possible but we you know we do things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but we you know we do things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but we you know we do things to
+just plug you know band-aid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug you know band-aid solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug you know band-aid solution
+that you know and and I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know and and I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know and and I think there's
+this there's all this stuff all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's all this stuff all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's all this stuff all these
+details that come in I think the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that come in I think the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that come in I think the theory
+should address at all I think we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should address at all I think we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should address at all I think we did
+pretty well I'd say we got 80% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well I'd say we got 80% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well I'd say we got 80% of the
+way there 70 80 percent of the way there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there 70 80 percent of the way there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there 70 80 percent of the way there
+with our theory this time and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our theory this time and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our theory this time and then we
+just it decided that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it decided that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it decided that there was a
+deadline and we had to cover some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline and we had to cover some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline and we had to cover some stuff
+up with band-aids but that's the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with band-aids but that's the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with band-aids but that's the good
+stuff that's the stuff we need should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's the stuff we need should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's the stuff we need should be
+focused on this up we could be devoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on this up we could be devoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on this up we could be devoting
+our research efforts on if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our research efforts on if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our research efforts on if you were to
+go into a log cabin today and write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a log cabin today and write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a log cabin today and write a
+book on Atlas and your work on it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on Atlas and your work on it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on Atlas and your work on it how
+what fraction that book would be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction that book would be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction that book would be about
+corner cases and which fraction would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner cases and which fraction would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner cases and which fraction would be
+about principles I we really stuck to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about principles I we really stuck to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about principles I we really stuck to
+principles through until last November
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles through until last November
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles through until last November
+that was our theory that was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was our theory that was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was our theory that was our
+threshold November we had to send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold November we had to send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold November we had to send the
+robot back for upgrades he said until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot back for upgrades he said until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot back for upgrades he said until
+then we're gonna do research where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna do research where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna do research where the
+code base is gonna be clean it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code base is gonna be clean it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code base is gonna be clean it's gonna
+be you know and then we got the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know and then we got the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know and then we got the robot
+back in January we went we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in January we went we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in January we went we did
+everything we needed to to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we needed to to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we needed to to make that
+robot to compete in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot to compete in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot to compete in the in the
+challenge so you know I think 70 or 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge so you know I think 70 or 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge so you know I think 70 or 80
+percent of the way we got there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the way we got there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the way we got there you know
+and then it was just putting hours on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it was just putting hours on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it was just putting hours on
+the robot finding those screw cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot finding those screw cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot finding those screw cases and
+then if I were to write about you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I were to write about you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I were to write about you in
+five years my hope would be you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years my hope would be you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years my hope would be you know is
+there a principle on that ankle roll or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a principle on that ankle roll or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a principle on that ankle roll or
+is that we could have thrown that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we could have thrown that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we could have thrown that into
+the model it just would have increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model it just would have increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model it just would have increased
+the dimensionality it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensionality it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensionality it would have been
+you know a nonlinear term we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a nonlinear term we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a nonlinear term we could have
+we we could have done it we just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we could have done it we just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we could have done it we just didn't
+have time to do it at the time and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to do it at the time and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to do it at the time and it
+was going to be one of many things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be one of many things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be one of many things we
+would have had to do if we had taken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had to do if we had taken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had to do if we had taken the
+principle approach through throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle approach through throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle approach through throughout
+there's other things that we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other things that we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other things that we couldn't
+have put nicely into the model that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put nicely into the model that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put nicely into the model that we
+would have needed to to address and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have needed to to address and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have needed to to address and that
+should be our agenda but if that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be our agenda but if that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be our agenda but if that was
+your own robot would you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own robot would you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own robot would you just
+reengineered yeah uncle to to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reengineered yeah uncle to to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reengineered yeah uncle to to make that
+problem less of an issue it wasn't about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem less of an issue it wasn't about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem less of an issue it wasn't about
+the ankle it was about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ankle it was about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ankle it was about the fact that
+there's always going to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always going to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always going to be something
+unmodeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodeled
+that's gonna come up and and get you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna come up and and get you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna come up and and get you and
+with robots I think we're data starved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with robots I think we're data starved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with robots I think we're data starved
+we're not we don't have the big data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not we don't have the big data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not we don't have the big data
+problem in robotics yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in robotics yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in robotics yet
+and I think you know you're limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you know you're limited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you know you're limited by
+the hours you can put on your robot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hours you can put on your robot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hours you can put on your robot we
+need to think about how do you how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about how do you how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about how do you how do
+you aggressively search for the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aggressively search for the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aggressively search for the cases
+that are gonna get you how do you prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are gonna get you how do you prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are gonna get you how do you prove
+robustness to to the unmodeled things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness to to the unmodeled things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness to to the unmodeled things
+you know I think this is fundamental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think this is fundamental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think this is fundamental and
+it's not our it's not a theme I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not our it's not a theme I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not our it's not a theme I would
+have prioritized if I hadn't gotten this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have prioritized if I hadn't gotten this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have prioritized if I hadn't gotten this
+far with the robot Latonia what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far with the robot Latonia what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far with the robot Latonia what about
+building AI cup are there big problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building AI cup are there big problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building AI cup are there big problems
+that emerged in the course of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emerged in the course of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emerged in the course of building
+that you hadn't anticipated well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you hadn't anticipated well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you hadn't anticipated well first
+of all there's a problem of power I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all there's a problem of power I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all there's a problem of power I
+guess for Atlas is very different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for Atlas is very different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for Atlas is very different but
+for electric motors you're always short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electric motors you're always short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electric motors you're always short
+of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space
+short of space where to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of space where to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of space where to put the
+actuators and you start filling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators and you start filling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators and you start filling the
+available if you have a target size you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available if you have a target size you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available if you have a target size you
+start filling it very quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start filling it very quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start filling it very quickly and
+there's no room for anything else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no room for anything else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no room for anything else and
+then you start sticking the electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start sticking the electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start sticking the electronics
+however you can and cables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you can and cables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you can and cables and
+everything so that certainly if I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so that certainly if I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so that certainly if I mean
+difference in design from the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in design from the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in design from the biological
+actuators and the artificial actuators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators and the artificial actuators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators and the artificial actuators
+to make life very difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make life very difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make life very difficult and
+especially when you have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you have to go to
+something like a hand where you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a hand where you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a hand where you like to
+have a lot of degrees of freedom but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of degrees of freedom but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of degrees of freedom but
+there's no way you actually build it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way you actually build it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way you actually build it so
+you have to take shortcuts here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take shortcuts here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take shortcuts here and
+there and I guess the same is true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I guess the same is true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I guess the same is true then
+for computation and you'd resort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computation and you'd resort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computation and you'd resort to
+putting as many microcontrollers as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting as many microcontrollers as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting as many microcontrollers as you
+can inside the robot because you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inside the robot because you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inside the robot because you want to
+have efficient control loops and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have efficient control loops and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have efficient control loops and and
+then you say well maybe have a cable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say well maybe have a cable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say well maybe have a cable for
+a proper image processing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper image processing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper image processing because
+there's no way you can squeeze that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way you can squeeze that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way you can squeeze that into
+to the property itself it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the property itself it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the property itself it's not
+surprising I mean it's just a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising I mean it's just a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising I mean it's just a matter of
+when you're doing the design you soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing the design you soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing the design you soon
+discover there are limitations you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover there are limitations you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover there are limitations you have
+to take into account I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take into account I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take into account I don't know
+whether it is surprising I mean I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is surprising I mean I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is surprising I mean I guess
+we learned the lesson crossed many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned the lesson crossed many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned the lesson crossed many years
+of design which is than other robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design which is than other robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design which is than other robots
+before the iCub we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the iCub we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the iCub we sort of
+so we knew where the limits we're with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we knew where the limits we're with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we knew where the limits we're with
+the current technology I wonder if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current technology I wonder if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current technology I wonder if the
+you say you learned a lot building I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say you learned a lot building I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say you learned a lot building I
+come III wonder if this knowledge is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come III wonder if this knowledge is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come III wonder if this knowledge is is
+accessible it's it's the knowledge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible it's it's the knowledge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible it's it's the knowledge that
+you are discussed in meetings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are discussed in meetings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are discussed in meetings and
+seminars and thought about at night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminars and thought about at night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminars and thought about at night and
+fix them to the next day is any of it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix them to the next day is any of it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix them to the next day is any of it if
+I wanted to build iCub and couldn't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to build iCub and couldn't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to build iCub and couldn't talk
+to you I would have to start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I would have to start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I would have to start from
+scratch I mean I know you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch I mean I know you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch I mean I know you've got this
+stuff on the web and yeah this probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the web and yeah this probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the web and yeah this probably
+not for sorry well your web material has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for sorry well your web material has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for sorry well your web material has
+designs but it doesn't have reasons yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs but it doesn't have reasons yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs but it doesn't have reasons yeah
+yeah that's destroy destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's destroy destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's destroy destroy
+no the other thing we documented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the other thing we documented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the other thing we documented the
+process itself so that that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process itself so that that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process itself so that that information
+I don't know resides in the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know resides in the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know resides in the people that
+actually made it choices when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made it choices when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made it choices when we were
+doing the design there's one other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the design there's one other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the design there's one other thing
+that maybe is it's important is that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe is it's important is that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe is it's important is that so
+the iCub is about four five thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iCub is about four five thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iCub is about four five thousand
+parts and that's not good because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and that's not good because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and that's not good because there
+are five thousand parts they can break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are five thousand parts they can break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are five thousand parts they can break
+and that may be something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may be something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may be something interesting
+for design of materials for robots or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for design of materials for robots or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for design of materials for robots or
+new ways of building the robots and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways of building the robots and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways of building the robots and and
+at the moment basically everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment basically everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment basically everything that
+could potentially break as it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially break as it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially break as it happened
+that it failed on the iCub over many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it failed on the iCub over many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it failed on the iCub over many
+years even parts that are theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years even parts that are theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years even parts that are theoretically
+we didn't think could break well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't think could break well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't think could break well they
+called but you know waste emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called but you know waste emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called but you know waste emitted
+maximum torques whatever and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum torques whatever and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum torques whatever and then it
+happened and somebody there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and somebody there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and somebody there's something
+silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly
+we broke his shoulder it's a steel part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we broke his shoulder it's a steel part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we broke his shoulder it's a steel part
+that we never thought it could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we never thought it could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we never thought it could actually
+break and it completely failed and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and it completely failed and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and it completely failed and I
+mean those type of things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean those type of things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean those type of things are
+maybe interesting for future designs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe interesting for future designs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe interesting for future designs or
+for either simply find a number of parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either simply find a number of parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for either simply find a number of parts
+or figuring out ways of doing less parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or figuring out ways of doing less parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or figuring out ways of doing less parts
+or I say different ways of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I say different ways of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I say different ways of actually
+building the mechanics of the robot I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the mechanics of the robot I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the mechanics of the robot I I
+bring it up because some of us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it up because some of us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it up because some of us in the
+sea sail or a dress is not me but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea sail or a dress is not me but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea sail or a dress is not me but some
+people in CCL are interested and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in CCL are interested and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in CCL are interested and how you
+capture design rationale how you capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture design rationale how you capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture design rationale how you capture
+those conversations those whiteboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conversations those whiteboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conversations those whiteboard
+sketches and all that sort of thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches and all that sort of thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches and all that sort of thing so
+that the next generation can learn by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next generation can learn by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next generation can learn by
+some mechanism other than apprenticeship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanism other than apprenticeship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanism other than apprenticeship
+but let's see where to go from here I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's see where to go from here I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's see where to go from here I I
+i cub is obviously a major undertaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cub is obviously a major undertaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cub is obviously a major undertaking
+and rest have been working like a slave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rest have been working like a slave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rest have been working like a slave
+for three years on an atlas for a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three years on an atlas for a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three years on an atlas for a month
+um do you don't know quite how to phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you don't know quite how to phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you don't know quite how to phrase
+this without being two trumpets but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without being two trumpets but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without being two trumpets but the
+soldering time - thinking time must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering time - thinking time must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering time - thinking time must be
+very high on projects like this do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high on projects like this do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high on projects like this do you
+is that your sense or do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your sense or do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your sense or do you think that
+the building of these things is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building of these things is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building of these things is actually
+essential to working out the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to working out the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to working out the ideas
+um maybe that's not quite the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe that's not quite the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe that's not quite the question
+I'm going to ask maybe a sharper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask maybe a sharper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask maybe a sharper
+question is given the high ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is given the high ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is given the high ratio of
+soldering time to thinking times is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering time to thinking times is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering time to thinking times is
+something that a student should do I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that a student should do I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that a student should do I'm
+lucky that someone else built the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky that someone else built the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky that someone else built the robot
+for us Georgia's been much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us Georgia's been much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us Georgia's been much more than
+than we have in this in this regard well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we have in this in this regard well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we have in this in this regard well
+by soldering time you know what I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by soldering time you know what I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by soldering time you know what I know
+yeah sure we we metaphor yeah and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure we we metaphor yeah and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure we we metaphor yeah and but
+but we got pretty far into it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got pretty far into it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got pretty far into it you know
+with the graces good graces of DARPA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the graces good graces of DARPA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the graces good graces of DARPA and
+Google slash Boston Dynamics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google slash Boston Dynamics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google slash Boston Dynamics the
+software's where we've invested our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software's where we've invested our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software's where we've invested our
+solder time a huge amount of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder time a huge amount of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder time a huge amount of software
+engineering effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering effort
+I spent you know countless hours on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent you know countless hours on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent you know countless hours on
+setting up build servers and stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up build servers and stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up build servers and stuff you
+know and am i stronger you know better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and am i stronger you know better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and am i stronger you know better
+for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+I think having invested we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think having invested we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think having invested we can do
+research very fast now so as I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research very fast now so as I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research very fast now so as I you know
+I mean I'm new and I'm in a new position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm new and I'm in a new position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm new and I'm in a new position
+to be able to try really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to try really complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to try really complicated
+ideas very quickly because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas very quickly because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas very quickly because of that
+investment it was actually I knew going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment it was actually I knew going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment it was actually I knew going
+in what I was gonna be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what I was gonna be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what I was gonna be doing
+I saw what John and other people got out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw what John and other people got out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw what John and other people got out
+of being in the urban challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in the urban challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in the urban challenge
+including and especially the tools like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including and especially the tools like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including and especially the tools like
+I'll see em we've been talking about new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see em we've been talking about new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see em we've been talking about new
+stuff today and I wanted that for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff today and I wanted that for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff today and I wanted that for my
+group so it was a very conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so it was a very conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so it was a very conscious
+decision I'm in a place now that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I'm in a place now that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I'm in a place now that we can
+do fantastic research every one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do fantastic research every one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do fantastic research every one of the
+students involved did great research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students involved did great research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students involved did great research
+work on the project we heard a few staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the project we heard a few staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the project we heard a few staff
+programmers to help with some of the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers to help with some of the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers to help with some of the non
+research stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research stuff
+so and I and I think the hardware is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I and I think the hardware is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I and I think the hardware is
+important you know it's it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know it's it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know it's it's hard to
+balance but I do think it's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance but I do think it's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance but I do think it's just one
+short question that earlier you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short question that earlier you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short question that earlier you said
+that some of your students wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of your students wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of your students wouldn't
+didn't want to work on and why was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to work on and why was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to work on and why was that
+was that a principal reason I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that a principal reason I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that a principal reason I mean
+people knew how much soldering time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people knew how much soldering time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people knew how much soldering time
+there was gonna be right and the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was gonna be right and the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was gonna be right and the people
+that that you know had their research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know had their research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know had their research
+agenda and it was more theoretical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda and it was more theoretical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda and it was more theoretical and
+they you know they didn't want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know they didn't want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know they didn't want that
+soldering time other people said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering time other people said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering time other people said you
+know I'm still looking for ideas this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm still looking for ideas this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm still looking for ideas this is
+gonna motivate me for my future work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna motivate me for my future work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna motivate me for my future work
+they jumped right in and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they jumped right in and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they jumped right in and you know
+super-strong students made different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super-strong students made different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super-strong students made different
+decisions on that and they both they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions on that and they both they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions on that and they both they
+believe the right decision I think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the right decision I think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the right decision I think so
+yeah John you've also been involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah John you've also been involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah John you've also been involved in
+well the just driving car thing was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the just driving car thing was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the just driving car thing was a
+major DARPA Grand Challenge some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major DARPA Grand Challenge some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major DARPA Grand Challenge some people
+have been critical of these grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been critical of these grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been critical of these grand
+challenges because they say that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges because they say that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges because they say that well
+well they they drive the technology up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they they drive the technology up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they they drive the technology up
+the closest hill but they don't get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest hill but they don't get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest hill but they don't get you
+on a different Hill do you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a different Hill do you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a different Hill do you have any
+feelings about these things if they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings about these things if they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings about these things if they're a
+good idea or in retrospect having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea or in retrospect having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea or in retrospect having
+participated in let's see I I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in let's see I I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in let's see I I'm really
+torn on that one because I I see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torn on that one because I I see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torn on that one because I I see how the
+short-term benefits of the community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term benefits of the community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term benefits of the community and
+you can point to things like the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can point to things like the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can point to things like the Google
+that you know there there's a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there there's a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there there's a clear
+impact but DARPA does have a mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact but DARPA does have a mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact but DARPA does have a mindset
+that once they've done something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once they've done something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once they've done something they
+declare victory and move on so now like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare victory and move on so now like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare victory and move on so now like
+if you work say on legged locomotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work say on legged locomotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work say on legged locomotion
+which one of my junior colleagues does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of my junior colleagues does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of my junior colleagues does
+DARPA won't answer his emails it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA won't answer his emails it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA won't answer his emails it's like
+okay we did legged locomotion you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we did legged locomotion you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we did legged locomotion you know
+and so I think that the challenge is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think that the challenge is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think that the challenge is to
+be mindful of where we are in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mindful of where we are in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mindful of where we are in terms of
+the real long-term progress and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real long-term progress and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real long-term progress and it's not
+an easy conversation to have with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy conversation to have with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy conversation to have with the
+funding agencies but you know but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding agencies but you know but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding agencies but you know but what
+about what about a brand new way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what about a brand new way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what about a brand new way of
+doing something that is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something that is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something that is not going to be
+competitive in terms of demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive in terms of demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive in terms of demonstration
+for a while is it is a is that a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while is it is a is that a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while is it is a is that a problem
+that's amplified by these grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's amplified by these grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's amplified by these grand
+challenges I mean take chess for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges I mean take chess for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges I mean take chess for example
+if you want to he had a great idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to he had a great idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to he had a great idea about
+how humans play chess you would never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how humans play chess you would never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how humans play chess you would never be
+competitive with deep-blue or not for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive with deep-blue or not for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive with deep-blue or not for a
+long time so you wouldn't be in a DARPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time so you wouldn't be in a DARPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time so you wouldn't be in a DARPA
+program that was aimed at doing chess so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that was aimed at doing chess so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that was aimed at doing chess so
+is that a do you see that as a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a do you see that as a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a do you see that as a problem
+work for all I think is a huge problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for all I think is a huge problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for all I think is a huge problem
+but I still see a role for these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still see a role for these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still see a role for these kind of
+competitions as benchmarks you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions as benchmarks you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions as benchmarks you know and
+I wouldn't do another one today I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't do another one today I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't do another one today I mean I
+know but for me it was the right time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but for me it was the right time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but for me it was the right time to
+sort of see how our our thieriot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see how our our thieriot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see how our our thieriot have
+gotten tried on a much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten tried on a much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten tried on a much more complicated
+robot benchmark where we are get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot benchmark where we are get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot benchmark where we are get some
+new ideas going forward it was perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas going forward it was perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas going forward it was perfect
+for me but you can't set a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me but you can't set a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me but you can't set a research
+agenda and they're dangerous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda and they're dangerous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda and they're dangerous for
+students so one of our strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so one of our strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so one of our strongest
+students never got his PhD because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students never got his PhD because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students never got his PhD because he
+his wife is in program PhD program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife is in program PhD program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife is in program PhD program in
+biology and he did the DARPA challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and he did the DARPA challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and he did the DARPA challenge
+and she finished her thesis and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she finished her thesis and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she finished her thesis and he said
+I don't want to live alone on the East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to live alone on the East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to live alone on the East
+Coast while she starts her a faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast while she starts her a faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast while she starts her a faculty
+position in California so I'm out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in California so I'm out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in California so I'm out here
+you know and that's the sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's the sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's the sort of thing
+I kind of need different decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of need different decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of need different decisions about
+that over my career so when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over my career so when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over my career so when I was a
+postdoc at MIT I really really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc at MIT I really really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc at MIT I really really really
+worked to avoid soldering time I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked to avoid soldering time I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked to avoid soldering time I was
+fortunate I kind of walked around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate I kind of walked around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate I kind of walked around
+there's all these great robot robotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these great robot robotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these great robot robotic
+systems and I would bold language on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and I would bold language on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and I would bold language on and
+get one paper and bold language on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one paper and bold language on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one paper and bold language on
+another way and get another paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way and get another paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way and get another paper and
+and and you get a fact that have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you get a fact that have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you get a fact that have this
+focused research agenda and so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused research agenda and so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused research agenda and so I was
+focused on that and and it worked I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on that and and it worked I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on that and and it worked I
+think I was very productive time for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I was very productive time for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I was very productive time for me
+but I really valued the past two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I really valued the past two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I really valued the past two years
+at Brown where there's not as much other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Brown where there's not as much other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Brown where there's not as much other
+roboticists around there so I've really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roboticists around there so I've really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roboticists around there so I've really
+been forced to broaden my self as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been forced to broaden my self as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been forced to broaden my self as a
+roboticist and spend a lot more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roboticist and spend a lot more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roboticist and spend a lot more time
+soldering you know making this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering you know making this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering you know making this system
+for a pick'em place on Baxter I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pick'em place on Baxter I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pick'em place on Baxter I started
+I've been hacked the first year I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been hacked the first year I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been hacked the first year I didn't
+have it all in the second year I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it all in the second year I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it all in the second year I started
+hacking on that system doing the grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking on that system doing the grass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking on that system doing the grass
+being with my student it was the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being with my student it was the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being with my student it was the best
+decision I've ever made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I've ever made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I've ever made
+I learned so much about the abstractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned so much about the abstractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned so much about the abstractions
+the problem because because the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem because because the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem because because the problems
+that I that we needed to solve at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that we needed to solve at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that we needed to solve at the
+beginning before I started hacking I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning before I started hacking I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning before I started hacking I
+just didn't understand I thought the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't understand I thought the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't understand I thought the the
+problems I thought we needed to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I thought we needed to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I thought we needed to solve
+were not the problems that we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not the problems that we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not the problems that we actually
+needed to solve to make the robot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to solve to make the robot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to solve to make the robot do
+something useful and I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful and I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful and I don't think that
+any way we could have gotten to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way we could have gotten to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way we could have gotten to that
+knowledge without hacking and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge without hacking and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge without hacking and trying to
+build it well in our case we being lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it well in our case we being lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it well in our case we being lucky
+in a sense that we had resources in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that we had resources in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that we had resources in
+terms of engineers they could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of engineers they could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of engineers they could do this
+all during so the moment we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all during so the moment we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all during so the moment we still have
+about 25 people that are just just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 people that are just just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 25 people that are just just doing
+the soldering so it's just a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soldering so it's just a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soldering so it's just a large
+number yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yeah
+and more generally so there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more generally so there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more generally so there there's a
+lot of claims in the media and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of claims in the media and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of claims in the media and sort of
+hyped fears about robots that take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyped fears about robots that take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyped fears about robots that take over
+the world a very strong AI and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world a very strong AI and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world a very strong AI and and
+partly they sometimes they point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly they sometimes they point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly they sometimes they point to
+Moore's law as you know this evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moore's law as you know this evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moore's law as you know this evidence of
+great progress but I would I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great progress but I would I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great progress but I would I would say
+that in robotics were were lacking sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in robotics were were lacking sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in robotics were were lacking sort
+of commodity high performance commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commodity high performance commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commodity high performance commodity
+robot hardware that lets us make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot hardware that lets us make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot hardware that lets us make
+tremendous progress and so things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous progress and so things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous progress and so things like
+Baxter are great because they're cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baxter are great because they're cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baxter are great because they're cheap
+and they're safe and they're stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're safe and they're stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're safe and they're stepping
+direction but you know we I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but you know we I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but you know we I think we're
+gonna look back 20 years from now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look back 20 years from now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look back 20 years from now and
+and say how did we make any progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say how did we make any progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say how did we make any progress
+with the robots we had at the time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the robots we had at the time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the robots we had at the time like
+we really need a we need better robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need a we need better robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need a we need better robots
+that just get massively out there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just get massively out there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just get massively out there in the
+labs but oh I was gonna echo that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs but oh I was gonna echo that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs but oh I was gonna echo that
+because I think robotics is massively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think robotics is massively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think robotics is massively
+interdisciplinary and you've maybe got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary and you've maybe got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary and you've maybe got
+people more towards control here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people more towards control here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people more towards control here
+slightly but you know they what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly but you know they what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly but you know they what we're
+trying to do in Sheffield robotics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do in Sheffield robotics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do in Sheffield robotics is
+actually bringing in more of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bringing in more of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bringing in more of the other
+disciplines in engineering but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines in engineering but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines in engineering but also
+science social science everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science social science everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science social science everybody has
+potential contribution to make certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential contribution to make certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential contribution to make certainly
+you know electronic and mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know electronic and mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know electronic and mechanical
+engineering a soft robotics I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering a soft robotics I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering a soft robotics I think
+depends very much on your materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends very much on your materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends very much on your materials and
+material science and then these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science and then these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science and then these things
+have different control challenges but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different control challenges but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different control challenges but
+sometimes the control problem is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the control problem is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the control problem is really
+simplified if you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified if you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified if you have the right
+materials substrates you know so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials substrates you know so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials substrates you know so if you
+can solve George's problem having a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve George's problem having a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve George's problem having a more
+powerful actuator and then his proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful actuator and then his proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful actuator and then his proper
+building I come is much simplified so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I come is much simplified so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I come is much simplified so I
+think we have to think of robotics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have to think of robotics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have to think of robotics is
+this large multidisciplinary Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large multidisciplinary Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large multidisciplinary Enterprise
+and we're going to we're going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to we're going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to we're going to build
+robots that are useful we have to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots that are useful we have to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots that are useful we have to pull
+in all this expertise and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all this expertise and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all this expertise and we're
+interested in pulling expertise in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in pulling expertise in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in pulling expertise in from
+social science as well yeah because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science as well yeah because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social science as well yeah because I
+think one of the major problems that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the major problems that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the major problems that we
+will face in AI and in robotics is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will face in AI and in robotics is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will face in AI and in robotics is kind
+of backlash which is already happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of backlash which is already happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of backlash which is already happening
+is do we really want these machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do we really want these machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do we really want these machines and
+how are they going to change the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they going to change the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they going to change the world
+understanding what the impacts will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what the impacts will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what the impacts will be
+you know trying to build in safeguards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trying to build in safeguards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trying to build in safeguards
+against the negative impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the negative impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the negative impacts
+we should work on the Giorgio had on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should work on the Giorgio had on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should work on the Giorgio had on one
+of his slides that one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his slides that one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his slides that one of the reasons
+for doing all this was fun and I wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing all this was fun and I wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing all this was fun and I wonder
+to what degree that is the motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what degree that is the motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what degree that is the motivation
+because all of you talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of you talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of you talked about how
+difficult the problems are and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult the problems are and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult the problems are and some of
+them like the ones you talked about John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like the ones you talked about John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like the ones you talked about John
+watching that policeman say go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching that policeman say go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching that policeman say go ahead
+through the red light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the red light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the red light
+no seem not insurmountable but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no seem not insurmountable but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no seem not insurmountable but very
+tough and sound like they would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough and sound like they would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough and sound like they would take
+five decades so it so is the motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five decades so it so is the motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five decades so it so is the motivation
+large leaf that is fun that's a big part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large leaf that is fun that's a big part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large leaf that is fun that's a big part
+of it I mean so so I've we've done some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it I mean so so I've we've done some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it I mean so so I've we've done some
+work on unsteady aerodynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on unsteady aerodynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on unsteady aerodynamics and
+they're like - and I like so we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like - and I like so we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like - and I like so we made
+robotic birds right and I tried to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic birds right and I tried to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic birds right and I tried to make
+robotic birds that could land on a perch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic birds that could land on a perch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic birds that could land on a perch
+right and then we had a small side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we had a small side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we had a small side
+project where we tried to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project where we tried to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project where we tried to show that the
+exact same technology could help a wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same technology could help a wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same technology could help a wind
+turbine be more efficient yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine be more efficient yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine be more efficient yeah and
+that's the important problem you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important problem you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important problem you know I
+I could have easily started off and done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have easily started off and done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have easily started off and done
+some of the same work by saying I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the same work by saying I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the same work by saying I was
+gonna make wind turbines more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make wind turbines more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make wind turbines more efficient
+I was gonna study pitch control I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was gonna study pitch control I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was gonna study pitch control I'd be
+very serious about that have a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very serious about that have a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very serious about that have a you know
+but I did it the other way around I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I did it the other way around I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I did it the other way around I
+wanted to try to make a robotic bird and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to try to make a robotic bird and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to try to make a robotic bird and
+I think the wind not only do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the wind not only do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the wind not only do I get
+excited going in you know it's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited going in you know it's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited going in you know it's try to
+make a bird fly for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bird fly for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bird fly for the first time
+instead of getting 2% more efficient on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of getting 2% more efficient on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of getting 2% more efficient on
+a wind turbine right I mean I I go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wind turbine right I mean I I go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wind turbine right I mean I I go in
+we're excited but I also I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're excited but I also I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're excited but I also I get to
+recruit the very best students in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruit the very best students in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruit the very best students in the
+world because of it you know I there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world because of it you know I there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world because of it you know I there's
+so many good reasons to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many good reasons to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many good reasons to do that
+sometimes it makes me feel a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it makes me feel a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it makes me feel a little
+shallow because the wind turbines way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow because the wind turbines way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow because the wind turbines way
+more important than a robotic bird that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than a robotic bird that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than a robotic bird that
+is the fun is the choice what about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fun is the choice what about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fun is the choice what about it
+georgio do you do it you have a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+georgio do you do it you have a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+georgio do you do it you have a huge
+group there somebody must be paying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group there somebody must be paying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group there somebody must be paying for
+also see people are they are they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see people are they are they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see people are they are they are
+they an expectation of applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they an expectation of applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they an expectation of applications in
+the near term oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near term oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near term oh sorry
+you have a huge group of yeah yeah I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a huge group of yeah yeah I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a huge group of yeah yeah I did
+I mean the group is mainly funded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the group is mainly funded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the group is mainly funded
+internally by IT with which is a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally by IT with which is a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally by IT with which is a public
+funding for large groups basically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for large groups basically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for large groups basically and
+and actually the robotics program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually the robotics program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually the robotics program and
+deities is even large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deities is even large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deities is even large
+is the group on the iCub is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the group on the iCub is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the group on the iCub is actually
+there are four four pís
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four four pís
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four four pís
+working on it in collaborations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it in collaborations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it in collaborations with
+other people like with the iit MIT group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people like with the iit MIT group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people like with the iit MIT group
+also and but the overall robotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and but the overall robotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and but the overall robotics
+program at iit is about 250 people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program at iit is about 250 people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program at iit is about 250 people I
+would say so it certainly also part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say so it certainly also part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say so it certainly also part of
+the reason why we've been able to go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we've been able to go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we've been able to go for
+complicated platform that was one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated platform that was one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated platform that was one there
+actually participated to the DARPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually participated to the DARPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually participated to the DARPA
+Robotics Challenge there's people doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robotics Challenge there's people doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robotics Challenge there's people doing
+quadrupeds and people doing robotics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupeds and people doing robotics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupeds and people doing robotics for
+rehabilitation so this must be princes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitation so this must be princes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitation so this must be princes
+and princesses of science back there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and princesses of science back there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and princesses of science back there
+somewhere who view this is a long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere who view this is a long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere who view this is a long term
+investment that will it was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that will it was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that will it was in the
+scientific program of the Institute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific program of the Institute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific program of the Institute to
+invest in robotics and I was one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in robotics and I was one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in robotics and I was one day
+they may be looking at the results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be looking at the results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be looking at the results and
+see whether we done a good job decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether we done a good job decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether we done a good job decided
+to fire us all whatever but uh that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fire us all whatever but uh that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fire us all whatever but uh that may
+be the case but and I think it was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case but and I think it was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case but and I think it was I
+mean unexpectedly IT started in 2006 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean unexpectedly IT started in 2006 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean unexpectedly IT started in 2006 and
+the scientific program include robotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific program include robotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific program include robotics
+and and all the hype about robotics they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all the hype about robotics they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all the hype about robotics they
+started in recent years Google acquiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in recent years Google acquiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in recent years Google acquiring
+companies there's these and that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies there's these and that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies there's these and that I think
+in insight has been a good choice to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in insight has been a good choice to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in insight has been a good choice to be
+in robotics at that time just by sheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in robotics at that time just by sheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in robotics at that time just by sheer
+luck probably but now to be clear I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck probably but now to be clear I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck probably but now to be clear I
+think we're having fun but solving all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're having fun but solving all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're having fun but solving all
+the right problems well I think we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right problems well I think we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right problems well I think we just
+sort of yeah we'd like that maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of yeah we'd like that maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of yeah we'd like that maybe a
+little bit but we found a way to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but we found a way to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but we found a way to have
+fun and solve the right problems I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and solve the right problems I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and solve the right problems I don't
+feel I think is a combination of fun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I think is a combination of fun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I think is a combination of fun and
+the challenge so not solving trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge so not solving trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge so not solving trivial
+things just because it's fun but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just because it's fun but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just because it's fun but
+combination of two seeing something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of two seeing something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of two seeing something as
+an unsolved problem I try really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unsolved problem I try really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unsolved problem I try really hard to
+only work on things that are fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only work on things that are fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only work on things that are fun to
+spend as little time as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend as little time as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend as little time as possible and
+things that are not fun and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not fun and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not fun and I don't
+think of it as a shallow thing I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a shallow thing I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a shallow thing I think
+of it as a kind of resource optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a kind of resource optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a kind of resource optimization
+thing because I'm about a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because I'm about a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because I'm about a thousand
+more productive when I'm having fun than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive when I'm having fun than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive when I'm having fun than
+when I'm not having fun so like even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm not having fun so like even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm not having fun so like even if
+it sort of was more serious or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of was more serious or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of was more serious or something
+you know I would get so much less done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I would get so much less done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I would get so much less done
+that it's just not worth it it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just not worth it it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just not worth it it's better
+to do the fun thing and work the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the fun thing and work the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the fun thing and work the long
+hours because it's fun right so so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours because it's fun right so so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours because it's fun right so so for
+me it's it's it's just though it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's it's it's just though it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's it's it's just though it's it's
+so obviously the right thing because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously the right thing because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously the right thing because so
+much more it gets done that way I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more it gets done that way I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more it gets done that way I mean
+well to put another twist on this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to put another twist on this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to put another twist on this if you
+were a dart program manager what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a dart program manager what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a dart program manager what would
+you do for the next round of progress as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do for the next round of progress as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do for the next round of progress as
+robotics Devitt a sense of what ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics Devitt a sense of what ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics Devitt a sense of what ought to
+be next or maybe what the flaws and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be next or maybe what the flaws and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be next or maybe what the flaws and
+previous programs have been so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous programs have been so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous programs have been so we've
+been talking to a program manager about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking to a program manager about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking to a program manager about
+what they should do next and we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they should do next and we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they should do next and we got a
+seedling for a program to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seedling for a program to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seedling for a program to think about
+planning and really large state action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and really large state action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and really large state action
+spaces to enable it is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces to enable it is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces to enable it is the sort of
+middle part of my talk and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle part of my talk and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle part of my talk and we talked
+about the dying problem right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dying problem right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dying problem right so we
+wanted a planner that could find actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a planner that could find actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a planner that could find actions
+like picking up a dime like like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like picking up a dime like like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like picking up a dime like like like
+sort of small-scale actions but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of small-scale actions but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of small-scale actions but also
+large-scale things like unload the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale things like unload the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale things like unload the truck
+or clean up the warehouse and so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or clean up the warehouse and so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or clean up the warehouse and so we were
+so that because we thought that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that because we thought that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that because we thought that is
+what's needed to interpret natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's needed to interpret natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's needed to interpret natural
+language commands and interact with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language commands and interact with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language commands and interact with a
+person of multiple levels of abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I could clone myself say I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I could clone myself say I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I could clone myself say I made
+four or five of myself as one of them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five of myself as one of them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five of myself as one of them I
+would if I were DARPA program manager to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would if I were DARPA program manager to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would if I were DARPA program manager to
+do Google for the physical world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Google for the physical world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Google for the physical world so
+think about having like an object based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about having like an object based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about having like an object based
+understanding of things and people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of things and people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of things and people in
+the environment in places and being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment in places and being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment in places and being able
+to do the equivalent of internet search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the equivalent of internet search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the equivalent of internet search
+physical world search just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical world search just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical world search just this
+combining perception and then being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining perception and then being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining perception and then being able
+to go get objects so like the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go get objects so like the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go get objects so like the physical
+double you get for the physical world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double you get for the physical world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double you get for the physical world
+that's what I would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I would like to do
+in the UK I think so I don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UK I think so I don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UK I think so I don't know about
+DARPA but the government made it one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA but the government made it one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA but the government made it one of
+the right great technologies a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right great technologies a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right great technologies a few years
+ago robotics and autonomous systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago robotics and autonomous systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago robotics and autonomous systems and
+looking again our priorities and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking again our priorities and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking again our priorities and they're
+now looking well what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looking well what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looking well what would the
+disruptive technologies in robotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive technologies in robotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive technologies in robotics
+again you know is coming out as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know is coming out as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know is coming out as one of
+the things that they think is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that they think is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that they think is important
+so in terms of potential economic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of potential economic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of potential economic and
+societal impact I think it's huge and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal impact I think it's huge and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal impact I think it's huge and so
+if the u.s. funding agencies aren't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the u.s. funding agencies aren't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the u.s. funding agencies aren't they
+what do you see those applications just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see those applications just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see those applications just
+being I think well the big one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being I think well the big one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being I think well the big one that
+interests me is assistive technology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests me is assistive technology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests me is assistive technology in
+Europe Japan I think the u.s. for face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe Japan I think the u.s. for face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe Japan I think the u.s. for face
+with aging society issues in and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with aging society issues in and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with aging society issues in and I think
+sort of assistive robotics in all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of assistive robotics in all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of assistive robotics in all sorts
+of ways are going to be home healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways are going to be home healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways are going to be home healthcare
+a type of home health care prosthetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type of home health care prosthetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type of home health care prosthetics
+is already massive growth area but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already massive growth area but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already massive growth area but
+robots so in my generation I've looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots so in my generation I've looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots so in my generation I've looked
+at the statistics and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the statistics and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the statistics and the number of
+people that are going to be in my in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are going to be in my in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are going to be in my in the
+age group eighty plus is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age group eighty plus is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age group eighty plus is going to be a
+50% higher you know what I'm when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% higher you know what I'm when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% higher you know what I'm when I
+reach the age and it's a huge burden on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the age and it's a huge burden on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the age and it's a huge burden on
+younger people to care for us so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger people to care for us so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger people to care for us so I think
+independence in my own age I think my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence in my own age I think my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence in my own age I think my
+old Asia I would love to be supported by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Asia I would love to be supported by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Asia I would love to be supported by
+technology and you can do what you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and you can do what you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and you can do what you like
+with a computer but you can't physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a computer but you can't physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a computer but you can't physically
+help somebody and that's where robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help somebody and that's where robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help somebody and that's where robots
+are different so I so that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different so I so that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different so I so that would be one
+of the things that excites me and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that excites me and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that excites me and one of
+the reasons I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons I'm interested in
+applications and I'm I'm driven I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and I'm I'm driven I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and I'm I'm driven I think
+by the excitement of the research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the excitement of the research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the excitement of the research and
+building stuff but I'm also motivated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building stuff but I'm also motivated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building stuff but I'm also motivated by
+the potential benefits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential benefits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential benefits of the
+application so you can make yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so you can make yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so you can make yeah I
+suppose if they're good enough we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if they're good enough we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if they're good enough we won't
+need dishwashers because they can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need dishwashers because they can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need dishwashers because they can do the
+dishes themselves ok so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishes themselves ok so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishes themselves ok so now we have a
+question from the audience which if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from the audience which if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from the audience which if I
+may paraphrase there been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have there been examples I know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there been examples I know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there been examples I know you you
+think of them all time to me but have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them all time to me but have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them all time to me but have
+there been examples where work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there been examples where work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there been examples where work on
+robotics in your respective activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics in your respective activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics in your respective activities
+have shed a new light on a biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shed a new light on a biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shed a new light on a biological
+problem or inspired a biological inquiry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or inspired a biological inquiry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or inspired a biological inquiry
+that wouldn't have happened without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't have happened without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't have happened without the
+kind of stuff you do you know I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff you do you know I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff you do you know I started
+off more as a biologist I guess I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off more as a biologist I guess I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off more as a biologist I guess I was in
+a computational neuroscience lab with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computational neuroscience lab with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computational neuroscience lab with
+Sebastian son I tried to study a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian son I tried to study a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian son I tried to study a lot
+about how the brain works how the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the brain works how the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the brain works how the motor
+system works in the hopes that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works in the hopes that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works in the hopes that it would
+help me make better robots and oh hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me make better robots and oh hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me make better robots and oh hey
+pause there did it yeah it didn't so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause there did it yeah it didn't so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause there did it yeah it didn't so I
+saw I don't use that stuff right now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw I don't use that stuff right now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw I don't use that stuff right now I
+mean maybe you maybe one day again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe you maybe one day again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe you maybe one day again but
+you know our hardware is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our hardware is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our hardware is very different
+our algorithm you know our computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our algorithm you know our computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our algorithm you know our computational
+hardware is very different right now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware is very different right now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware is very different right now I
+think there's sort of a race to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's sort of a race to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's sort of a race to
+understand intelligence and maybe will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand intelligence and maybe will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand intelligence and maybe will
+converge again right now but the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge again right now but the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge again right now but the things
+I write down for the robots today don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write down for the robots today don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write down for the robots today don't
+look anything like what I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look anything like what I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look anything like what I think the
+brain what I was learning about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain what I was learning about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain what I was learning about what the
+brain did back then so but that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain did back then so but that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain did back then so but that doesn't
+mean there's not tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's not tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's not tons of
+cross-pollination so you know we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-pollination so you know we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-pollination so you know we have a
+great project with a biologist at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great project with a biologist at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great project with a biologist at
+Harvard and ep winner we we Andy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and ep winner we we Andy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and ep winner we we Andy has
+been studying maneuvering flight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studying maneuvering flight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studying maneuvering flight in
+Birds he's got he's instrumenting birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds he's got he's instrumenting birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds he's got he's instrumenting birds
+flying through dense obstacles we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying through dense obstacles we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying through dense obstacles we're
+trying to make UAVs fly through dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make UAVs fly through dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make UAVs fly through dense
+obstacles where we're exchanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles where we're exchanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles where we're exchanging
+capabilities and and and idea isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and and and idea isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and and and idea isn't
+going back forth just the algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back forth just the algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back forth just the algorithms
+that we have written helps him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have written helps him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have written helps him
+understand what birds are doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what birds are doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what birds are doing and
+vice-versa so there's tons of exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice-versa so there's tons of exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice-versa so there's tons of exchanges
+but the code that I write to power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the code that I write to power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the code that I write to power the
+robots today I think is not quite what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots today I think is not quite what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots today I think is not quite what
+the brain is doing and nor should it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is doing and nor should it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is doing and nor should it be
+yeah thoughts on that well we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thoughts on that well we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thoughts on that well we we have
+experiments that I did imagine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that I did imagine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that I did imagine to
+actually present today but where we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually present today but where we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually present today but where we've
+been working with neuroscientists trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with neuroscientists trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with neuroscientists trying
+to bring some of the principles from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring some of the principles from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring some of the principles from
+neuroscience to the robot construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience to the robot construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience to the robot construction
+they said not the robot the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said not the robot the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said not the robot the physical
+robot by the software and the fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot by the software and the fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot by the software and the fund
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difficult to find the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to find the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to find the level of
+abstraction that are actually moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction that are actually moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction that are actually moved to
+aid something from neuroscience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aid something from neuroscience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aid something from neuroscience and
+manages to show something important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to show something important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to show something important for
+computation I think I only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation I think I only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation I think I only have one
+example or two maybe overall and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or two maybe overall and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or two maybe overall and it
+always happen not copying in details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always happen not copying in details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always happen not copying in details
+brain structure but just taking an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain structure but just taking an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain structure but just taking an idea
+what information may be relevant for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information may be relevant for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information may be relevant for a
+certain task and trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain task and trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain task and trying to figure out
+solutions they used that information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions they used that information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions they used that information in
+particular a couple things we done had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a couple things we done had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a couple things we done had
+to do with the involvement of motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the involvement of motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the involvement of motor
+control information in perception and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control information in perception and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control information in perception and
+that's on tindr sort of paid off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on tindr sort of paid off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on tindr sort of paid off at
+least in small experiments it still we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in small experiments it still we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in small experiments it still we
+can't compare with full-blown systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compare with full-blown systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compare with full-blown systems
+like we done experiments in speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we done experiments in speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we done experiments in speech
+perception and and their show to be over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and and their show to be over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and and their show to be over
+performing systems that don't use motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing systems that don't use motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing systems that don't use motor
+information but on limited settings we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but on limited settings we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but on limited settings we
+don't know if we build the full speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if we build the full speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if we build the full speech
+recognition system what happens whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition system what happens whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition system what happens whether
+we better or worse existing commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better or worse existing commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better or worse existing commercial
+commercial metals or commercial systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial metals or commercial systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial metals or commercial systems
+so it's still a long way to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still a long way to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still a long way to actually
+show that we were we managed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that we were we managed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that we were we managed to get
+something from from the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from from the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from from the biological
+counterpart although maybe for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart although maybe for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart although maybe for the
+neuroscientists displaying something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists displaying something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists displaying something
+because I mean where they didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean where they didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean where they didn't have a
+specific theory at least we showed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific theory at least we showed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific theory at least we showed the
+advantages of that particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of that particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of that particular solution
+that is being used by the brain so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being used by the brain so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being used by the brain so I
+think there's you know we tend to forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's you know we tend to forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's you know we tend to forget
+in our history where our ideas came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our history where our ideas came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our history where our ideas came from
+so for instance reinforcement learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance reinforcement learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance reinforcement learning
+then SSRS explained last night how he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then SSRS explained last night how he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then SSRS explained last night how he's
+using this to play rhetoric computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this to play rhetoric computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this to play rhetoric computer
+games and these amazing systems he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and these amazing systems he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and these amazing systems he's
+developing if you go back in the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing if you go back in the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing if you go back in the history
+of reinforcement learning the key idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reinforcement learning the key idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reinforcement learning the key idea
+there came from two psychologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there came from two psychologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there came from two psychologists
+Magne developing a theory of classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magne developing a theory of classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magne developing a theory of classical
+conditioning and then that got picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and then that got picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and then that got picked up
+in machine learning in the 1980s and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in machine learning in the 1980s and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in machine learning in the 1980s and it
+got really developed and hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got really developed and hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got really developed and hugely
+accelerated but then there was crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated but then there was crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated but then there was crossover
+back into neuroscience with dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into neuroscience with dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into neuroscience with dopamine
+theory and so on and ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and so on and ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and so on and ideas about
+hierarchical reinforcement learning have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical reinforcement learning have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical reinforcement learning have
+been developed that are partly brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed that are partly brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed that are partly brain
+inspired so I think it's there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired so I think it's there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired so I think it's there is
+crossover and there's sometimes we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover and there's sometimes we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover and there's sometimes we may
+lose track of quite how much crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose track of quite how much crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose track of quite how much crossover
+there is I have another comment from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is I have another comment from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is I have another comment from the
+audience I see we're under some pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience I see we're under some pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience I see we're under some pressure
+to not drone on for the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not drone on for the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not drone on for the rest of the
+evening so the comment is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening so the comment is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening so the comment is I think
+relevant to the last topic I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the last topic I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the last topic I wanted to
+bring up which is the question of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up which is the question of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up which is the question of ethics
+and all this and the comment is what why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this and the comment is what why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this and the comment is what why
+should we make robots that are good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we make robots that are good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we make robots that are good at
+operating doing things in the house will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating doing things in the house will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating doing things in the house will
+take care of the elderly and so on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of the elderly and so on when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of the elderly and so on when
+the rest of AI is going hell-bent to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of AI is going hell-bent to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of AI is going hell-bent to put
+a lot of people out of work and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people out of work and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people out of work and people
+who could perhaps use those jobs but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could perhaps use those jobs but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could perhaps use those jobs but in
+any event there's been a lot of concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any event there's been a lot of concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any event there's been a lot of concern
+perhaps spawned by some of the films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps spawned by some of the films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps spawned by some of the films
+like ex machina and so on that robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ex machina and so on that robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ex machina and so on that robots
+will take over and I don't think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take over and I don't think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take over and I don't think they're
+going to take over in that sense very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take over in that sense very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take over in that sense very
+soon but do you see be worried do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon but do you see be worried do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon but do you see be worried do you
+think about any dangers of the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about any dangers of the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about any dangers of the kinds of
+technology you're working on in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you're working on in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you're working on in terms of
+it cannot economic dislocation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot economic dislocation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot economic dislocation or
+battlefield robots or anything of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battlefield robots or anything of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battlefield robots or anything of that
+sort that might come about as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that might come about as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that might come about as a
+consequence of what you do I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of what you do I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of what you do I think it's
+inevitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable
+I think we shouldn't fear it but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we shouldn't fear it but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we shouldn't fear it but we have
+to be conscious of it and so I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be conscious of it and so I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be conscious of it and so I mean I
+would you look back to the 1980s and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you look back to the 1980s and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you look back to the 1980s and and
+avoid the invent of the personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the invent of the personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the invent of the personal
+computer because it was gonna change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer because it was gonna change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer because it was gonna change the
+way people had to do work I mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people had to do work I mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people had to do work I mean of
+course you wouldn't input it but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you wouldn't input it but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you wouldn't input it but at the
+same time that changed the way had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that changed the way had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that changed the way had
+people had to do work and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had to do work and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had to do work and there was
+painful for for a lot of a big portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful for for a lot of a big portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful for for a lot of a big portion
+of the population but ultimately it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population but ultimately it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population but ultimately it was
+good for society I think robots will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for society I think robots will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for society I think robots will
+have the same sort of effect there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same sort of effect there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same sort of effect there's
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+it's gonna raise the bar on what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna raise the bar on what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna raise the bar on what people
+are capable of doing it's gonna raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capable of doing it's gonna raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capable of doing it's gonna raise
+the bar on what they'll have to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar on what they'll have to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar on what they'll have to have to
+be successful in their jobs and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be successful in their jobs and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be successful in their jobs and it might
+be painful but I think it's super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be painful but I think it's super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be painful but I think it's super
+important for the society for society to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the society for society to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the society for society to
+keep moving on it oh why is again it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep moving on it oh why is again it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep moving on it oh why is again it is
+super important because it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super important because it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super important because it's gonna
+advance what we were capable of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance what we were capable of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance what we were capable of as a
+society it's gonna make us ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society it's gonna make us ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society it's gonna make us ultimately
+more productive right other thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive right other thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive right other thoughts
+I mean I agree I mean I think the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I agree I mean I think the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I agree I mean I think the people
+that are worrying about drugs being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are worrying about drugs being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are worrying about drugs being
+taken by robots aren't the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken by robots aren't the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken by robots aren't the people that
+want to do those jobs because most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do those jobs because most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do those jobs because most of
+the jobs are ones that have it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs are ones that have it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs are ones that have it's very
+hard to get anyone to do their put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get anyone to do their put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get anyone to do their put
+low-paid they're unpleasant you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-paid they're unpleasant you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-paid they're unpleasant you know so
+and we're automating the dull and dreary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're automating the dull and dreary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're automating the dull and dreary
+aspects of human existence and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of human existence and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of human existence and that
+gives the opportunity for people to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the opportunity for people to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the opportunity for people to have
+more fulfilling lives now the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fulfilling lives now the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fulfilling lives now the the
+problem isn't that that we're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem isn't that that we're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem isn't that that we're doing this
+great work to to get robots and machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work to to get robots and machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work to to get robots and machines
+to do these things for us it's that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do these things for us it's that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do these things for us it's that as a
+society we're not thinking about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society we're not thinking about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society we're not thinking about how we
+adjust to that how we make sure people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust to that how we make sure people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust to that how we make sure people
+will have fulfilling lives and will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have fulfilling lives and will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have fulfilling lives and will be
+supported materially to enjoy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported materially to enjoy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported materially to enjoy that
+prosperity so I think it's disruptive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperity so I think it's disruptive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperity so I think it's disruptive in
+many ways and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways and it's going to be
+disruptive politically and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive politically and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive politically and we're going
+to have to adapt because if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to adapt because if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to adapt because if you're not
+working then you have to be supported to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working then you have to be supported to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working then you have to be supported to
+enjoy your life and maybe that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy your life and maybe that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy your life and maybe that that
+means a change in the political system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a change in the political system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a change in the political system
+so but those are questions perhaps not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but those are questions perhaps not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but those are questions perhaps not
+for for us but I think we're maybe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for us but I think we're maybe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for us but I think we're maybe as
+the technologists we have to be prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologists we have to be prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologists we have to be prepared
+to admit that what we're working on are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to admit that what we're working on are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to admit that what we're working on are
+really disruptive systems and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really disruptive systems and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really disruptive systems and they're
+going to have these large impacts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have these large impacts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have these large impacts and
+people are waking up to that and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are waking up to that and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are waking up to that and if we
+if we wave our hands and say don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wave our hands and say don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wave our hands and say don't worry
+I think we're not gonna be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're not gonna be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're not gonna be taken
+seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously
+other thoughts let's see it's these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thoughts let's see it's these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thoughts let's see it's these are
+really important questions and I and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important questions and I and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important questions and I and I
+see I have mixed emotions I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I have mixed emotions I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I have mixed emotions I'm really
+torn you know I I came from a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torn you know I I came from a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torn you know I I came from a family
+that was affected by unemployment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was affected by unemployment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was affected by unemployment in the
+1970s you know as I feel like I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s you know as I feel like I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s you know as I feel like I'm very
+sympathetic to the potential for losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic to the potential for losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic to the potential for losing
+jobs at csail we've had this wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs at csail we've had this wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs at csail we've had this wonderful
+discussion with some economists at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with some economists at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with some economists at MIT
+the last few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few years
+Frank levy of David autor and Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank levy of David autor and Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank levy of David autor and Eric
+pinata and Andy McAfee and I've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinata and Andy McAfee and I've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinata and Andy McAfee and I've learned
+a lot from them and I think that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot from them and I think that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot from them and I think that they
+vary in their views I I think I am more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary in their views I I think I am more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary in their views I I think I am more
+along the lines of someone like David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of someone like David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of someone like David
+alder who's an economist who thinks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alder who's an economist who thinks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alder who's an economist who thinks that
+you know we shouldn't fear too rapid a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we shouldn't fear too rapid a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we shouldn't fear too rapid a
+replacement of robots if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement of robots if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement of robots if you look at the
+data that you know the things that are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you know the things that are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you know the things that are I
+would say the things that are hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the things that are hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the things that are hard for
+robots are still hard you know that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots are still hard you know that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots are still hard you know that but
+on the other hand I think longer term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand I think longer term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand I think longer term we
+do have to be mindful of as a society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to be mindful of as a society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to be mindful of as a society
+that like as Ross said this is things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like as Ross said this is things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like as Ross said this is things
+like this are going to happen I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this are going to happen I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this are going to happen I think
+that the short term introduction if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the short term introduction if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the short term introduction if you
+look at for example Kiva and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for example Kiva and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for example Kiva and how they
+they've changed the way a warehouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've changed the way a warehouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've changed the way a warehouse
+works I think like replacing humans just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I think like replacing humans just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I think like replacing humans just
+completely with robots like say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely with robots like say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely with robots like say for
+gardening or agriculture or some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gardening or agriculture or some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gardening or agriculture or some really
+hard things to do because the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard things to do because the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard things to do because the problems
+are so hard but if you rethink the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so hard but if you rethink the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so hard but if you rethink the task
+to have humans and robots working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have humans and robots working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have humans and robots working
+together give us a good example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together give us a good example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together give us a good example of how
+you actually can change things and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually can change things and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually can change things and so
+that's why I think the short term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I think the short term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I think the short term is
+going to come from as humans and robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from as humans and robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from as humans and robots
+working together that's why I think HRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together that's why I think HRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together that's why I think HRI
+is such an important topic well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such an important topic well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such an important topic well I don't
+know if any of you are running for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if any of you are running for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if any of you are running for
+president but be that as it may do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president but be that as it may do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president but be that as it may do any
+of you will have a one-minute closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will have a one-minute closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will have a one-minute closing
+statement you'd like to make well I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you'd like to make well I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you'd like to make well I'll
+go through to the deep learning learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through to the deep learning learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through to the deep learning learning
+thing I think in robotics we have a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I think in robotics we have a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I think in robotics we have a we
+have this devote potentially in a coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this devote potentially in a coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this devote potentially in a coming
+divided between the folks that believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided between the folks that believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided between the folks that believe
+more in the data-driven learning methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the data-driven learning methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the data-driven learning methods
+and more models and I'm I'm a believer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more models and I'm I'm a believer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more models and I'm I'm a believer
+more on the model-based side that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the model-based side that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the model-based side that we
+don't have enough data and enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough data and enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough data and enough
+systems and so and I I but I do fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and so and I I but I do fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and so and I I but I do fear
+that we could be in a society like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could be in a society like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could be in a society like for
+certain classes of problems he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain classes of problems he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain classes of problems he or she
+who has the data may win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the data may win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the data may win
+terms of if Google or Facebook have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of if Google or Facebook have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of if Google or Facebook have just
+such massive amounts of data for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such massive amounts of data for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such massive amounts of data for certain
+problems that academics can't compete so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that academics can't compete so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that academics can't compete so
+I do feel there's a place for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do feel there's a place for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do feel there's a place for the
+professor and the seven grad students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and the seven grad students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and the seven grad students
+and a couple postdocs but it you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple postdocs but it you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple postdocs but it you do have
+to be careful in terms of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful in terms of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful in terms of problem
+selection that you're not going right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that you're not going right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that you're not going right up
+against a sort of one of these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a sort of one of these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a sort of one of these data
+machine companies I was gonna say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine companies I was gonna say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine companies I was gonna say that I
+was looking at humans right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at humans right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at humans right now and
+trying to inform the robots I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to inform the robots I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to inform the robots I wouldn't
+look at you know Center outreaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know Center outreaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know Center outreaching
+movements or nominal walking or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements or nominal walking or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements or nominal walking or things
+like this I'd be pushing for the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I'd be pushing for the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I'd be pushing for the corner
+cases I'd be trying to really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I'd be trying to really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I'd be trying to really understand
+the performance of biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of biological
+intelligence at the in the screw cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence at the in the screw cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence at the in the screw cases
+and the cases where you know they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cases where you know they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cases where you know they didn't
+have a lot of prior data they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of prior data they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of prior data they were
+once-in-a-lifetime experiences how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once-in-a-lifetime experiences how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once-in-a-lifetime experiences how did
+the natural intelligence respond that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural intelligence respond that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural intelligence respond that's
+you know I think a grand challenge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think a grand challenge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think a grand challenge for
+us on the computational intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us on the computational intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us on the computational intelligence
+side and maybe there's there's a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and maybe there's there's a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and maybe there's there's a lot to
+learn and the grand challenge for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and the grand challenge for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and the grand challenge for me to
+conclude all this is has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude all this is has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude all this is has to do with
+whatever really it take to make a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever really it take to make a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever really it take to make a robot
+humanoid and I've been thinking a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanoid and I've been thinking a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanoid and I've been thinking a lot
+about that recently in connection with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that recently in connection with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that recently in connection with
+self-awareness understanding the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-awareness understanding the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-awareness understanding the story
+having the robot understand the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the robot understand the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the robot understand the story of
+what's going on throughout the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on throughout the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on throughout the day
+having it able to use previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it able to use previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it able to use previous
+experiences to guide its future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences to guide its future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences to guide its future
+experiences and so on so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and so on so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and so on so there's a lot
+to be done that's for sure and I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done that's for sure and I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done that's for sure and I'm sure
+we'll all be working together as time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll all be working together as time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll all be working together as time
+goes on and now I'd just like to thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on and now I'd just like to thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on and now I'd just like to thank
+Ellis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellis
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DSk8HTcB7x0.txt b/DSk8HTcB7x0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65069abf6cb2648ec890699c5b7b6d5f1b49e6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DSk8HTcB7x0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we analyzed a single particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we analyzed a single particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we analyzed a single particle
+motion say we have an object which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion say we have an object which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion say we have an object which is
+moving with momentum P then we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with momentum P then we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with momentum P then we have two
+principles our Newton's second law told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles our Newton's second law told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles our Newton's second law told
+us that the force on the object causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the force on the object causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the force on the object causes
+the momentum to change and now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum to change and now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum to change and now what we
+like to do is consider another principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is consider another principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is consider another principle
+suppose we're looking at the some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're looking at the some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're looking at the some point
+about s we'd like to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about s we'd like to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about s we'd like to show that the
+torque about s is equal to the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about s is equal to the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about s is equal to the change in
+angular momentum of the particle about s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of the particle about s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of the particle about s
+so let's now investigate that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now investigate that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now investigate that well
+recall that angular momentum is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that angular momentum is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that angular momentum is defined
+to be about a point a vector s and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about a point a vector s and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about a point a vector s and will
+indicate m to show that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate m to show that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate m to show that this is the
+vector from s to where the object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from s to where the object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from s to where the object is
+located cross the momentum of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located cross the momentum of the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located cross the momentum of the object
+and what we want to now calculate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to now calculate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to now calculate is the
+time derivative of that quantity well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative of that quantity well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative of that quantity well
+when you take the time derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the time derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the time derivative of a
+vector product it's the product rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector product it's the product rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector product it's the product rule and
+so there's two terms here its DRS M DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two terms here its DRS M DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two terms here its DRS M DT
+cross p plus r sm cross DP DT now no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross p plus r sm cross DP DT now no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross p plus r sm cross DP DT now no
+matter what the point s is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the point s is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the point s is the
+derivative of the vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the vector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the vector that's
+measuring where s - the mass is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring where s - the mass is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring where s - the mass is is
+always the velocity of the object so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the velocity of the object so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the velocity of the object so
+that's the velocity and momentum is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the velocity and momentum is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the velocity and momentum is just
+mass times the velocity and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the velocity and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the velocity and you can see
+that that quantity is zero because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that quantity is zero because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that quantity is zero because a
+vector direct product with its cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector direct product with its cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector direct product with its cross
+product with itself is zero and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with itself is zero and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with itself is zero and this
+second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term
+notice that we have DP DT in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we have DP DT in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we have DP DT in here and
+it's always crucial to understand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always crucial to understand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always crucial to understand in
+these calculations where the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations where the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations where the second law
+comes in this is just our s and cross F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in this is just our s and cross F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in this is just our s and cross F
+and recall that when we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recall that when we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recall that when we talked about the
+torque on an object about the point s by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque on an object about the point s by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque on an object about the point s by
+the action of say some force and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of say some force and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of say some force and so
+suppose we had a force acting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we had a force acting on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we had a force acting on this
+object and that's going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and that's going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and that's going to call
+the object to change its direction by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object to change its direction by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object to change its direction by
+some amount Delta P then the torque by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount Delta P then the torque by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount Delta P then the torque by
+definition is Rs and cross the force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is Rs and cross the force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is Rs and cross the force and
+we see that that is exactly equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that that is exactly equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that that is exactly equal to the
+change in angular momentum and so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in angular momentum and so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in angular momentum and so for a
+single particle the torque about a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle the torque about a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle the torque about a point
+s causes the angular momentum about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s causes the angular momentum about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s causes the angular momentum about that
+point to change and this result will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to change and this result will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to change and this result will
+generalize for a collection of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize for a collection of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize for a collection of particles
+in a calculation that's very similar
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/E1o1h-_4Bn4.txt b/E1o1h-_4Bn4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3aedab6c3c6a9760094e3b8d14f827682149390e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/E1o1h-_4Bn4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu well okay so um I thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well okay so um I thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well okay so um I thought I
+would as last time before quiz one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would as last time before quiz one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would as last time before quiz one and
+now before quiz two I thought I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before quiz two I thought I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before quiz two I thought I would
+just tell you what the topics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you what the topics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you what the topics of the
+four problems are uh remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four problems are uh remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four problems are uh remember that
+trusses uh are still to be uh reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusses uh are still to be uh reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusses uh are still to be uh reviewed
+and of course the fun was um to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the fun was um to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the fun was um to find
+mechanisms to find solutions to Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to find solutions to Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to find solutions to Au
+equals zero in the case when the trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero in the case when the trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero in the case when the trust
+was unstable so you can guess that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unstable so you can guess that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unstable so you can guess that I'll
+probably pick uh unstable trust and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pick uh unstable trust and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pick uh unstable trust and uh
+ask for mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for mechanisms
+and maybe the the key problem for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the the key problem for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the the key problem for this
+third this third of the course is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third this third of the course is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third this third of the course is is
+finite elements that idea and finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements that idea and finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements that idea and finite
+elements we've really only done in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we've really only done in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we've really only done in one
+dimension so and particularly linear hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so and particularly linear hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so and particularly linear hat
+hat function elements yeah I I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat function elements yeah I I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat function elements yeah I I wouldn't
+be so I'm not you you see what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so I'm not you you see what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so I'm not you you see what's not
+included there is like cubics I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included there is like cubics I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included there is like cubics I mean
+those are really great finite elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are really great finite elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are really great finite elements
+but maybe not so great for exam so uh 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe not so great for exam so uh 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe not so great for exam so uh 1D
+is enough linear elements are enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough linear elements are enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough linear elements are enough to
+do on an exam and then questions three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on an exam and then questions three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on an exam and then questions three
+and four uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four uh
+so this one will be weighted more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one will be weighted more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one will be weighted more
+heavily then questions three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily then questions three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily then questions three and four
+are the topics that we've been doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the topics that we've been doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the topics that we've been doing the
+last week two weeks uh and I realize we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week two weeks uh and I realize we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week two weeks uh and I realize we
+haven't had you know fulltime to digest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had you know fulltime to digest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had you know fulltime to digest
+them to work a whole lot of exercises so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to work a whole lot of exercises so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to work a whole lot of exercises so
+uh um those will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um those will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um those will
+be right now they're too simple my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right now they're too simple my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right now they're too simple my
+questions on those topics three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on those topics three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on those topics three and four
+I'll try to make them a little harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to make them a little harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to make them a little harder
+for you but I might not succeed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you but I might not succeed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you but I might not succeed so
+anyway uh there we go so I I just felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh there we go so I I just felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh there we go so I I just felt
+you you know we can't talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know we can't talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know we can't talk about a
+course in applied math without dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in applied math without dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in applied math without dealing
+with these topics in Vector calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these topics in Vector calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these topics in Vector calculus
+that lead to ll's equation but but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to ll's equation but but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to ll's equation but but my
+heart is really in solving lass's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart is really in solving lass's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart is really in solving lass's
+equation or Plus's equation by finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or Plus's equation by finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or Plus's equation by finite
+differences that'll be today or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that'll be today or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that'll be today or by
+finite elements that'll be uh Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements that'll be uh Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements that'll be uh Wednesday
+and probably Friday yeah so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably Friday yeah so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably Friday yeah so this is what
+the this is like the core of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is like the core of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is like the core of the of the
+uh computational side but we had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computational side but we had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computational side but we had to do
+this uh preparation and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh preparation and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh preparation and then you know
+that Peter uh kindly changed his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Peter uh kindly changed his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Peter uh kindly changed his uh
+weekly review session to Tuesday I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly review session to Tuesday I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly review session to Tuesday I think
+it's Tuesday at noon you could look on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Tuesday at noon you could look on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Tuesday at noon you could look on
+the website so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website so
+Peter uh will be a Tuesday review and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter uh will be a Tuesday review and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter uh will be a Tuesday review and
+then uh regular that's me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh regular that's me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh regular that's me on
+Wednesday and then the exam I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and then the exam I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and then the exam I think is
+Wednesday evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday evening
+right I think yeah I mean just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think yeah I mean just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think yeah I mean just do
+reviews oh Peter sent me a note about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews oh Peter sent me a note about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews oh Peter sent me a note about a
+question on an old exam I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on an old exam I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on an old exam I think it was
+2005 question three I think it was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 question three I think it was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 question three I think it was two
+2005 question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 question
+three uh Peter said he didn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh Peter said he didn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh Peter said he didn't understand
+at all the solution to 3C uh nor do I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the solution to 3C uh nor do I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the solution to 3C uh nor do I I
+I think somehow I think it's a I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think somehow I think it's a I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think somehow I think it's a I think
+there was a little confusion and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a little confusion and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a little confusion and that
+and and the answer in there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the answer in there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the answer in there is the
+answer to a different question forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to a different question forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to a different question forget it
+uh I would look at a and having looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would look at a and having looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would look at a and having looked
+at this one I mean A and B are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this one I mean A and B are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this one I mean A and B are in the
+are worth looking at in this div grad uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth looking at in this div grad uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth looking at in this div grad uh
+um you know potential stream function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know potential stream function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know potential stream function
+world that uh we're we're in those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that uh we're we're in those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that uh we're we're in those are
+typical exercises in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical exercises in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical exercises in that
+area yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area yes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area yes yeah
+questions oh good question yeah thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions oh good question yeah thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions oh good question yeah thanks
+for reminding me so um solutions to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reminding me so um solutions to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reminding me so um solutions to this
+homework that you're practicing with if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework that you're practicing with if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework that you're practicing with if
+anybody has typed up Solutions or could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has typed up Solutions or could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has typed up Solutions or could
+um we'll post them right away yeah uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll post them right away yeah uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll post them right away yeah uh so
+I'll just hope for an email from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just hope for an email from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just hope for an email from
+somebody who who who uh solved some or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who who who uh solved some or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who who who uh solved some or
+all of those problems uh and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those problems uh and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those problems uh and of course
+you'll see me again Wednesday yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see me again Wednesday yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see me again Wednesday yeah okay
+but that's an invitation for anybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's an invitation for anybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's an invitation for anybody who
+who uh work through those um homeworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh work through those um homeworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh work through those um homeworks
+that I'll never collect the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll never collect the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll never collect the current
+homework okay thanks for that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework okay thanks for that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework okay thanks for that other
+questions about the exam and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the exam and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the exam and then you'll
+have another chance Wednesday to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another chance Wednesday to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another chance Wednesday to ask
+about that so those are the topics okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so those are the topics okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so those are the topics okay
+and before I get to the fast Plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before I get to the fast Plus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before I get to the fast Plus on
+solvers I I would there's so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers I I would there's so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers I I would there's so much about
+ll's equation to say and and I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll's equation to say and and I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll's equation to say and and I I think
+it still remains to write Green's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still remains to write Green's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still remains to write Green's
+formula on the board and that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula on the board and that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula on the board and that's sort of
+the core the part of the big picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core the part of the big picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core the part of the big picture of
+ll's equation is to see this so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll's equation is to see this so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll's equation is to see this so what
+what we have double integrals now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have double integrals now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have double integrals now that's
+the difference but we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference but we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference but we're still
+integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating
+Au against W so Au is the gradient of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au against W so Au is the gradient of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au against W so Au is the gradient of u
+w is W1 W2 and this is now for any any U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is W1 W2 and this is now for any any U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is W1 W2 and this is now for any any U
+and any W so I want the integrate I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any W so I want the integrate I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any W so I want the integrate I want
+the inner product of the gradient of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of the gradient of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of the gradient of U
+with the any W so this is like the Au W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the any W so this is like the Au W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the any W so this is like the Au W
+part so the gradient of U that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so the gradient of U that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so the gradient of U that would be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+DX times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX times the
+W1 and a Dy *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 and a Dy *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 and a Dy *
+W2 DX Dy that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 DX Dy that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 DX Dy that would
+be so inner products if I'm in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so inner products if I'm in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so inner products if I'm in two
+Dimensions inner products or integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions inner products or integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions inner products or integrals
+of course if I'm dealing with functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if I'm dealing with functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if I'm dealing with functions
+so this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Au against double inner product Au is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au against double inner product Au is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au against double inner product Au is
+those two pieces W is those there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two pieces W is those there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two pieces W is those there's the
+dot product and now the key idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product and now the key idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product and now the key idea behind
+what Green's formula is about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Green's formula is about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Green's formula is about what we
+use for in 1D is integration by parts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for in 1D is integration by parts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for in 1D is integration by parts so
+an integration by parts is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integration by parts is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integration by parts is going to
+produce a double integral in which so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a double integral in which so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a double integral in which so
+I'm just sort of thinking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just sort of thinking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just sort of thinking through
+Green's formula of course we could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's formula of course we could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's formula of course we could just
+say okay remember that formula but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay remember that formula but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay remember that formula but it's
+you want to just see it as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to just see it as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to just see it as an
+integration by part see how it evolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by part see how it evolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by part see how it evolves
+and then we could think so so I plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could think so so I plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could think so so I plan to
+take do integration by parts that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take do integration by parts that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take do integration by parts that X
+derivative will get taken off of U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will get taken off of U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will get taken off of U and
+put onto W1 so I'll have U dw1 oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put onto W1 so I'll have U dw1 oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put onto W1 so I'll have U dw1 oh
+there'll be a minus right from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a minus right from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a minus right from the
+integration by parts U will multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts U will multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts U will multiply
+minus dw1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX so that was that was this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so that was that was this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so that was that was this guy
+integrated by parts now this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated by parts now this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated by parts now this one
+integrated by by Parts a y derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated by by Parts a y derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated by by Parts a y derivative is
+coming off of U and onto W2 so that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off of U and onto W2 so that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off of U and onto W2 so that'll
+leave me with u * dw2 Dy with the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave me with u * dw2 Dy with the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave me with u * dw2 Dy with the minus
+sign that comes also from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that comes also from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that comes also from that
+integration by parts and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts and then there's
+the boundary term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary term
+so there's the term which now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the term which now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the term which now the
+boundary of the region is the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the region is the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the region is the curve
+around it instead of just the two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it instead of just the two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it instead of just the two points
+and what do we see in integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we see in integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we see in integration by
+parts well from the boundary term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts well from the boundary term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts well from the boundary term we
+expect a u and then the key point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a u and then the key point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a u and then the key point is
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+w.n DS it's the normal component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n DS it's the normal component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n DS it's the normal component of the
+of this Vector W because we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Vector W because we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Vector W because we we're
+looking we well that's just what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking we well that's just what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking we well that's just what it
+is so that's Green's formula written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that's Green's formula written out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that's Green's formula written out
+in detail and this is the formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail and this is the formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail and this is the formula that
+tells us that here if this was a a being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that here if this was a a being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that here if this was a a being
+gradient this is this on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient this is this on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient this is this on the left side
+I'm seeing grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing grad
+U inner product with w and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U inner product with w and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U inner product with w and over here
+what am I seeing I'm seeing the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I seeing I'm seeing the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I seeing I'm seeing the inner
+product of U with what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of U with what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of U with what's
+that if I look at minus if I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at minus if I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at minus if I have this
+quantity there that's in parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity there that's in parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity there that's in parentheses
+what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its
+name it's the Divergence it's minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it's the Divergence it's minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it's the Divergence it's minus the
+Divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W plus the boundary ter okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W plus the boundary ter okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W plus the boundary ter okay so this is
+why I allowed myself this um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I allowed myself this um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I allowed myself this um this
+gradient transpose equal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient transpose equal minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient transpose equal minus
+Divergence to see that if a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence to see that if a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence to see that if a is the
+gradient then a transpose will be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient then a transpose will be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient then a transpose will be minus
+the Divergence and this shows how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Divergence and this shows how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Divergence and this shows how that
+this sort of shows you an integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of shows you an integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of shows you an integration by
+the integration by parts that makes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration by parts that makes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration by parts that makes that
+true so that's there's you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so that's there's you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so that's there's you know there's
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+many uh you know integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh you know integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh you know integral
+formulas so in this ve world of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so in this ve world of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so in this ve world of vector
+calculus but this is like one to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus but this is like one to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus but this is like one to know
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+actually if you want to know okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you want to know okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you want to know okay what
+about the details where did that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the details where did that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the details where did that come
+from this is actually turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is actually turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is actually turns out to be
+and the text will make it clear is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the text will make it clear is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the text will make it clear is the
+Divergence Theorem again the Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence Theorem again the Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence Theorem again the Divergence
+Theorem gives us this this exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem gives us this this exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem gives us this this exactly this
+if so the Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so the Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so the Divergence
+Theorem applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem applied
+to the vector field U *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vector field U *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vector field U *
+W it turns out if I apply the Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W it turns out if I apply the Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W it turns out if I apply the Divergence
+Theorem to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem to that
+then I get a whole lot of terms from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get a whole lot of terms from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get a whole lot of terms from the
+Divergence of that and they are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of that and they are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of that and they are these
+and then I get this for the boundary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I get this for the boundary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I get this for the boundary the
+flux out yeah okay so that I just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux out yeah okay so that I just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux out yeah okay so that I just didn't
+want to leave the subject without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave the subject without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave the subject without
+writing down the the central thing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the the central thing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the the central thing what
+does this tell us then what I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this tell us then what I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this tell us then what I have a
+region in that region I have ll's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in that region I have ll's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in that region I have ll's
+equation or Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation say say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation say say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation say say
+PR on the boundary no now the F this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR on the boundary no now the F this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR on the boundary no now the F this is
+the final thing to ask you about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final thing to ask you about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final thing to ask you about what
+are suitable boundary boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suitable boundary boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suitable boundary boundary
+conditions for this problem in 2D right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for this problem in 2D right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for this problem in 2D right
+in 1D we really by now we know boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1D we really by now we know boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1D we really by now we know boundary
+conditions that we know the main ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we know the main ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we know the main ones
+there's fixed where U was given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's fixed where U was given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's fixed where U was given
+or there's free where the slope is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's free where the slope is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's free where the slope is given
+now what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we do
+here so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what what
+so this is where we used to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where we used to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where we used to be in
+1D that's a straight line not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D that's a straight line not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D that's a straight line not perfectly
+straight but anyway straight line so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight but anyway straight line so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight but anyway straight line so in
+1D there are only two boundary points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D there are only two boundary points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D there are only two boundary points
+the normal Vector goes that way and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal Vector goes that way and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal Vector goes that way and that
+way this is the n in this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think if I if I just wrote ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if I if I just wrote ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if I if I just wrote ordinary
+integration by parts it would look just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts it would look just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts it would look just
+the same uh and my boundary reduces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh and my boundary reduces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh and my boundary reduces to
+two points here my boundar is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points here my boundar is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points here my boundar is the whole
+curve around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve around so
+what what corresponds to fixed boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what corresponds to fixed boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what corresponds to fixed boundary
+conditions and what corresponds to free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and what corresponds to free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and what corresponds to free
+boundary condition so I want to I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so I want to I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so I want to I want
+to what corresponds to fix or those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what corresponds to fix or those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what corresponds to fix or those are
+the ones that named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DeRay other names or the the rest will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeRay other names or the the rest will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeRay other names or the the rest will
+be free those are the ones named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be free those are the ones named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be free those are the ones named after
+Nyon and those are what we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nyon and those are what we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nyon and those are what we called
+natural boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so I
+haven't just ready to finish the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't just ready to finish the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't just ready to finish the story
+here what what's the the what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what's the the what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what's the the what are the
+possibilities well in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities well in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities well in each
+we could have part of the boundary could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have part of the boundary could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have part of the boundary could
+be fixed part could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fixed part could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fixed part could be
+free so fixed would mean say some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so fixed would mean say some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so fixed would mean say some of the
+boundary let me call this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary let me call this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary let me call this part of the
+boundary fixed so the temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary fixed so the temperature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary fixed so the temperature for
+example is fixed on this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is fixed on this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is fixed on this part of the
+boundary so this would be like and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so this would be like and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so this would be like and this
+might be the whole boundary it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the whole boundary it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the whole boundary it might be
+fixed on the whole one but I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed on the whole one but I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed on the whole one but I'm now
+allowing the possibility that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the possibility that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the possibility that we have
+here a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a fixed
+part and here here we have a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and here here we have a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and here here we have a free
+part in fluids in fluids here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in fluids in fluids here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in fluids in fluids here we have
+fixed corresponds to like there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed corresponds to like there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed corresponds to like there's some
+obstacle there something you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle there something you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle there something you know some
+wall free is where the FL fluid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall free is where the FL fluid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall free is where the FL fluid is
+coming in or flowing out yeah so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in or flowing out yeah so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in or flowing out yeah so so
+there it's a a velocity condition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a a velocity condition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a a velocity condition okay
+so fixed conditions these der clay ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fixed conditions these der clay ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fixed conditions these der clay ones
+will be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like
+tell me what U is U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what U is U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what U is U is
+given on the on this part so on part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given on the on this part so on part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given on the on this part so on part of
+the boundary or possibly all I could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary or possibly all I could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary or possibly all I could be
+given U equal u0 could that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given U equal u0 could that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given U equal u0 could that could be
+zero could be zero as as often was in 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero could be zero as as often was in 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero could be zero as as often was in 1D
+often just took you to be zero now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often just took you to be zero now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often just took you to be zero now what
+I'm asking maybe for the first time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking maybe for the first time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking maybe for the first time is
+what's the free boundary condition what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the free boundary condition what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the free boundary condition what
+do we prescribe W equals z on the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we prescribe W equals z on the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we prescribe W equals z on the free
+part of the boundary is W equals z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the boundary is W equals z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the boundary is W equals z the
+correct free condition or W equal W not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct free condition or W equal W not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct free condition or W equal W not
+if if we wanted to allow it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we wanted to allow it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we wanted to allow it to be
+nonzero that would sound right right U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero that would sound right right U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero that would sound right right U
+on one side W on the other but now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side W on the other but now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side W on the other but now we're
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+2D U is still a scaler that's fine but W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D U is still a scaler that's fine but W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D U is still a scaler that's fine but W
+is now a vector so if I was to prescribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a vector so if I was to prescribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a vector so if I was to prescribe
+W on this part of the boundary I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W on this part of the boundary I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W on this part of the boundary I'm
+giving you two conditions not one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you two conditions not one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you two conditions not one and
+that's not good I can't give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good I can't give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good I can't give you more
+than one boundary condition and the clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one boundary condition and the clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one boundary condition and the clue
+is there it's w.n it's the flow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there it's w.n it's the flow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there it's w.n it's the flow the
+outward flow that that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward flow that that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward flow that that you could
+prescribe you can't tell you can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe you can't tell you can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe you can't tell you can't say
+in advance what the tangential flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance what the tangential flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance what the tangential flow
+should be so the free condition would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be so the free condition would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be so the free condition would be
+like w.n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is of course it it this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of course it it this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of course it it this is the
+since W is V we have lasses equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since W is V we have lasses equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since W is V we have lasses equation
+here with the with c equal to one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the with c equal to one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the with c equal to one in
+between W and V so this is the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between W and V so this is the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between W and V so this is the gradient
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+U do n grad U.N and it's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U do n grad U.N and it's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U do n grad U.N and it's sometimes
+written the derivative of U in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the derivative of U in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the derivative of U in the
+normal Direction and though that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Direction and though that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Direction and though that we can
+prescribe as some W kn let say oh I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe as some W kn let say oh I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe as some W kn let say oh I I I
+don't like to say w not because w sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to say w not because w sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to say w not because w sounds
+like w not makes it sound like it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like w not makes it sound like it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like w not makes it sound like it's a
+vect like a vector would be allowed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vect like a vector would be allowed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vect like a vector would be allowed and
+that's the whole point here we give one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point here we give one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point here we give one
+boundary condition we either give U or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition we either give U or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition we either give U or
+w.n so let me give it some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n so let me give it some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n so let me give it some different
+name like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I'll just ask one more question to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just ask one more question to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just ask one more question to to
+to bring this home and then I'll get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring this home and then I'll get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring this home and then I'll get on
+to the fun today of fast Plus on solvers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fun today of fast Plus on solvers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fun today of fast Plus on solvers
+suppose what what was the deal on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose what what was the deal on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose what what was the deal on in
+1D when we had free free boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D when we had free free boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D when we had free free boundary
+conditions what was the deal in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions what was the deal in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions what was the deal in one
+dimension when we had free free boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension when we had free free boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension when we had free free boundary
+conditions both both conditions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions both both conditions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions both both conditions were
+slope conditions U Prime equals z what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope conditions U Prime equals z what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope conditions U Prime equals z what
+what Matrix did we get what what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Matrix did we get what what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Matrix did we get what what was the
+what was different about that Matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was different about that Matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was different about that Matrix the
+free free case I'm always looking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free free case I'm always looking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free free case I'm always looking back
+to One D because that's the case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to One D because that's the case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to One D because that's the case we
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+understood what what was the what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what what was the what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what what was the what was
+the problem with the free free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with the free free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with the free free
+Matrix it was singular what was its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it was singular what was its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it was singular what was its
+name was it K was it you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name was it K was it you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name was it K was it you remember the
+first day of class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of class the
+unforgettable four matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforgettable four matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforgettable four matrices
+so this was this was fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was this was fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was this was fixed
+fixed fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed
+fixed this one was you could tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed this one was you could tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed this one was you could tell me
+better than I can remember T was free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than I can remember T was free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than I can remember T was free
+fixed and that was still okay by okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and that was still okay by okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and that was still okay by okay I
+mean it was still invertible what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was still invertible what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was still invertible what was
+B free free that's what I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B free free that's what I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B free free that's what I'm looking at
+and the problem with free free and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem with free free and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem with free free and then
+this was periodic that's that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was periodic that's that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was periodic that's that's uh
+forier stuff that's the next part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier stuff that's the next part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier stuff that's the next part of the
+course but the point is that this free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but the point is that this free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but the point is that this free
+free was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singular right and it'll be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular right and it'll be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular right and it'll be the same
+here if the whole boundary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the whole boundary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the whole boundary is
+free then I've got a singular problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free then I've got a singular problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free then I've got a singular problem if
+I've got a if I've got a whole boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a if I've got a whole boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a if I've got a whole boundary
+that's free yeah actually you I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free yeah actually you I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free yeah actually you I'll just
+put it here suppose I have lass's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here suppose I have lass's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here suppose I have lass's
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and suppose I make the whole all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free so grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+.n is zero on the whole boundary so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.n is zero on the whole boundary so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.n is zero on the whole boundary so I'm
+solving it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving it's like
+solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+b u equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b u equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b u equal
+Z and the point is that that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and the point is that that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and the point is that that has
+Solutions you remember what what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions you remember what what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions you remember what what was
+this what was in the null space of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what was in the null space of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what was in the null space of B
+this free free case bu was Zero for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this free free case bu was Zero for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this free free case bu was Zero for what
+Vector our favorite guilty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector our favorite guilty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector our favorite guilty
+Vector it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it
+was constants right all ones all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was constants right all ones all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was constants right all ones all
+constants U equal one all constant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants U equal one all constant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants U equal one all constant right
+so that was the free free case in 1D now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the free free case in 1D now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the free free case in 1D now
+I just want you to tell me the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want you to tell me the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want you to tell me the same
+thing over here what this that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here what this that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here what this that that
+equation does not have a unique solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation does not have a unique solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation does not have a unique solution
+so it's a singular problem here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a singular problem here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a singular problem here's the
+equation something U equals z but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation something U equals z but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation something U equals z but you
+can tell me solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me solutions to
+that no pure noon problem that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no pure noon problem that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no pure noon problem that are not
+zero so the so this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the so this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the so this is a this is a
+problem where there's a null space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where there's a null space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where there's a null space and
+what is the solution what's the solu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the solution what's the solu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the solution what's the solu
+What's a solution or yeah what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's a solution or yeah what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's a solution or yeah what's a
+solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this
+to the lasses equation in the inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lasses equation in the inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lasses equation in the inside and
+the slope condition slope zero uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope condition slope zero uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope condition slope zero uh all
+around the boundary there's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the boundary there's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the boundary there's a simple
+solution to that one which is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that one which is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that one which is just like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+guy and you see what it is U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and you see what it is U equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and you see what it is U equal
+constant right so U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so just I'd like you to see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so just I'd like you to see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so just I'd like you to see all
+the the whole picture connecting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole picture connecting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole picture connecting with
+what we fully understood in the 1D case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we fully understood in the 1D case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we fully understood in the 1D case
+for those matrices that we don't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those matrices that we don't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those matrices that we don't expect
+to be able to produ to have a pure noyon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to produ to have a pure noyon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to produ to have a pure noyon
+problem a totally free problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a totally free problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a totally free problem because
+at least it'll be singular and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it'll be singular and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it'll be singular and we'll
+have to uh do something special so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh do something special so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh do something special so the
+point is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that if
+I it would be enough for me just to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it would be enough for me just to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it would be enough for me just to fix
+that little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little bit
+if I just fixed that little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just fixed that little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just fixed that little bit and
+prescribed U equal u0 on a little bit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed U equal u0 on a little bit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed U equal u0 on a little bit I
+could make the rest of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free but I can't make it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free but I can't make it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free but I can't make it all
+free okay so that that's those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free okay so that that's those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free okay so that that's those are
+things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which
+uh uh just to complete the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh just to complete the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh just to complete the big picture
+of Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation okay now I'm going to turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay now I'm going to turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay now I'm going to turn to
+solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+so now I want to solve lus equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to solve lus equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to solve lus equation and
+then we'll have because we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have because we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have because we have the
+review sessions coming on Tuesday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review sessions coming on Tuesday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review sessions coming on Tuesday and
+Wednesday of the past now we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday of the past now we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday of the past now we're looking
+future forward ready for to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future forward ready for to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future forward ready for to look
+forward the ples equation on a square on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward the ples equation on a square on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward the ples equation on a square on
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+square okay so let me draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square the equation or s's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation in a square okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in a square okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in a square okay I'm going to
+make it the boundary conditions so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the boundary conditions so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the boundary conditions so I'm
+going to have a mesh this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a mesh this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a mesh this is going to be
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+differences finite differences will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences finite differences will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences finite differences will do
+fine on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine on a
+square as soon as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square as soon as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square as soon as I
+draw this curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this curved
+region I better be thinking about finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region I better be thinking about finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region I better be thinking about finite
+elements so that's Wednesday Today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so that's Wednesday Today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so that's Wednesday Today is
+the like Square day okay so square a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like Square day okay so square a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like Square day okay so square a I
+could think of finite differences I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of finite differences I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of finite differences I just
+draw a mesh let's let's make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small so this is all known these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so this is all known these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so this is all known these are all
+known values let let me just say U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known values let let me just say U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known values let let me just say U is
+given U is given on the boundary I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given U is given on the boundary I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given U is given on the boundary I I'll
+do the the clay problem on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the the clay problem on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the the clay problem on
+bound so on at all these mesh points I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so on at all these mesh points I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so on at all these mesh points I
+know the I know U and I want to find U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside so I've got nine unknowns right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so I've got nine unknowns right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so I've got nine unknowns right
+nine interior measure points 3 * 3 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine interior measure points 3 * 3 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine interior measure points 3 * 3 3 so
+I've got nine unknowns I want nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got nine unknowns I want nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got nine unknowns I want nine
+equations and I'm thinking here about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I'm thinking here about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I'm thinking here about
+difference equations so let me write my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equations so let me write my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equations so let me write my
+equation minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation minus
+uxx minus u y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uxx minus u y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uxx minus u y
+y equals some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals some
+f okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus on
+that what how shall I what finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what how shall I what finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what how shall I what finite
+difference I want to turn this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I want to turn this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I want to turn this into
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+differences that'll be my nine that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that'll be my nine that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that'll be my nine that'll
+be my system of finite of nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my system of finite of nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my system of finite of nine
+equations and Al the unknowns will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and Al the unknowns will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and Al the unknowns will be
+the nine values of U so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nine values of U so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nine values of U so these are
+unknowns right those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns right those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns right those are the
+unknowns okay and I need equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns okay and I need equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns okay and I need equations
+so let me take a typical mesh Point like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take a typical mesh Point like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take a typical mesh Point like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one take the take I'm looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one take the take I'm looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one take the take I'm looking for the
+finite difference approximation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference approximation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference approximation to the
+L if you give me laes equation and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L if you give me laes equation and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L if you give me laes equation and I say
+okay let's what's a good finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's what's a good finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's what's a good finite
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+approximation that I can then put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that I can then put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that I can then put in the
+computer and solve I'm ready to do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and solve I'm ready to do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and solve I'm ready to do it so
+what should we do for for this one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we do for for this one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we do for for this one for
+that term what's the natural to totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term what's the natural to totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term what's the natural to totally
+natural thing to do for to replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do for to replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do for to replace the
+finite difference replacement of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference replacement of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference replacement of minus
+uxx second differences second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uxx second differences second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uxx second differences second
+differences and with the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and with the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and with the minus sign
+there it'll be a m so second difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it'll be a m so second difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it'll be a m so second difference
+is around this point will be a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around this point will be a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around this point will be a minus one
+of theirs two of those a minus one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theirs two of those a minus one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theirs two of those a minus one of
+those that second difference in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that second difference in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that second difference in the X
+direction is my is my uh replacement my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is my is my uh replacement my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is my is my uh replacement my
+approximation and what if about in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and what if about in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and what if about in the y
+direction same thing second differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction same thing second differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction same thing second differences
+but now vertically so now I have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now vertically so now I have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now vertically so now I have minus
+one two more that makes this guy a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two more that makes this guy a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two more that makes this guy a four
+and this is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is minus
+one and on the right hand side I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and on the right hand side I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and on the right hand side I'll take
+the value of F at the center point do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of F at the center point do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of F at the center point do
+you see that molecule let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that molecule let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that molecule let me let
+me let me highlight the molecule there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me highlight the molecule there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me highlight the molecule there
+four in the center minus 1's beside it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four in the center minus 1's beside it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four in the center minus 1's beside it
+our our Matrix we're going to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our Matrix we're going to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our Matrix we're going to we're
+going to produce a KU U equal F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce a KU U equal F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce a KU U equal F
+Matrix and and what's the K going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and and what's the K going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and and what's the K going to be
+it's it's k2d let's give a name a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's k2d let's give a name a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's k2d let's give a name a new
+name we've had K forever let's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k2d and U is so so tell me now again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d and U is so so tell me now again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d and U is so so tell me now again
+just so we've got what size is k2d for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so we've got what size is k2d for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so we've got what size is k2d for
+this particular problem what's the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem what's the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem what's the shape
+of it how well how many unknowns have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it how well how many unknowns have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it how well how many unknowns have I
+got in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in
+you nine nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nine nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nine nine
+unknowns and notice of course near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and notice of course near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and notice of course near the
+boundary yeah you you see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary yeah you you see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary yeah you you see what's
+happening near the boundary if if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening near the boundary if if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening near the boundary if if this
+was the well let me take the first point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the well let me take the first point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the well let me take the first point
+so what does the very what does the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does the very what does the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does the very what does the very
+first row of K look like if I number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of K look like if I number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of K look like if I number
+nodes like this so this will be node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes like this so this will be node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes like this so this will be node
+number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+9 so number one one is sort of close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 so number one one is sort of close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 so number one one is sort of close to
+a boundary so I have here a minus1 a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary so I have here a minus1 a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary so I have here a minus1 a two
+and this is gone that's that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is gone that's that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is gone that's that's like a
+column of our Matrix removed like a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of our Matrix removed like a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of our Matrix removed like a like
+a grounded node or whatever but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grounded node or whatever but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grounded node or whatever but then I
+have the vertical one minus one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vertical one minus one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vertical one minus one two
+making this into a four and this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this into a four and this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this into a four and this guy
+will also be removed so I think if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be removed so I think if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be removed so I think if I
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+k2d it's 9 by9 I don't play plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d it's 9 by9 I don't play plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d it's 9 by9 I don't play plan to
+write all 81
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all 81
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all 81
+entries but I could write the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries but I could write the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries but I could write the first row
+the first row is the is comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row is the is comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row is the is comes from the
+equation from the first equation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from the first equation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from the first equation so the
+first row is has an F1 on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row is has an F1 on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row is has an F1 on the right hand
+side F at this point and what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side F at this point and what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side F at this point and what do you see
+what's on the diagonal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the diagonal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the diagonal of
+k2d four four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d four four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d four four and
+what's what's the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the rest of the
+row well there's the next point and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row well there's the next point and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row well there's the next point and it
+has a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then this point is not connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this point is not connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this point is not connected to
+that so it's a zero I better leave room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's a zero I better leave room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's a zero I better leave room
+for 9 by9 here 4 - one 0 okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 9 by9 here 4 - one 0 okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 9 by9 here 4 - one 0 okay and now
+what about number the rest of the row so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about number the rest of the row so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about number the rest of the row so
+there's four is the center minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four is the center minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four is the center minus one
+zero and now I come to here so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now I come to here so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now I come to here so what's
+the next entry in my Matrix minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next entry in my Matrix minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next entry in my Matrix minus one
+multiplying the unkknown the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the unkknown the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the unkknown the fourth
+unnown and what about the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnown and what about the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnown and what about the rest of the
+row this guy is not connected to 5 6 7 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row this guy is not connected to 5 6 7 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row this guy is not connected to 5 6 7 8
+or 9 so now I have z0 z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 9 so now I have z0 z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 9 so now I have z0 z0
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+okay so that would be a row that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that would be a row that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that would be a row that would
+be a row that's sort of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a row that's sort of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a row that's sort of different
+because it's way in the it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's way in the it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's way in the it it
+corresponds to a mesh Point that's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a mesh Point that's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a mesh Point that's way
+over near the corner how about the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over near the corner how about the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over near the corner how about the fifth
+row what would be the fifth row of k2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row what would be the fifth row of k2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row what would be the fifth row of k2d
+uh corresponding to this guy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponding to this guy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponding to this guy that's
+right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the
+middle what's on the diagonal what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle what's on the diagonal what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle what's on the diagonal what's the
+five five entry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five entry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five entry of
+k2d four good I'm going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d four good I'm going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d four good I'm going to have a
+diagonal of fours have fours all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of fours have fours all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of fours have fours all the way
+down the diagonal because every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the diagonal because every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the diagonal because every every
+point the molecule is centered at gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the molecule is centered at gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the molecule is centered at gives
+me the four and I just have a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the four and I just have a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the four and I just have a minus one
+for its neighbors and this guy has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its neighbors and this guy has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its neighbors and this guy has all
+four neighbors you know they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four neighbors you know they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four neighbors you know they're all
+alive and well so so there's a guy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive and well so so there's a guy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive and well so so there's a guy so
+this is the this is the fifth row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is the fifth row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is the fifth row
+there's somebody right next door on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody right next door on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody right next door on the
+left somebody right next door on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left somebody right next door on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left somebody right next door on the
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+then did the did the other minus ones go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did the did the other minus ones go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did the did the other minus ones go
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+that this is the whole point I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the whole point I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the whole point I I want
+you to see how this k2d Matrix looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see how this k2d Matrix looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see how this k2d Matrix looks
+because it's the one it's the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the one it's the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the one it's the equation
+we have to solve so we got to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to solve so we got to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to solve so we got to know what
+this Matrix looks like so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix looks like so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix looks like so what's the
+Point here four it's got a neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here four it's got a neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here four it's got a neighbor
+there this was no this was unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this was no this was unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this was no this was unknown
+number five it's Fourth unknown and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five it's Fourth unknown and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five it's Fourth unknown and the
+sixth unknown but what what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth unknown but what what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth unknown but what what are the
+numbers of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of these
+unknowns two and eight so this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns two and eight so this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns two and eight so this guy is
+going to have a minus one in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a minus one in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a minus one in the two
+position and then zero and this guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then zero and this guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then zero and this guy and
+it will also have a minus one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will also have a minus one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will also have a minus one is that
+nine yeah do you see how it's going I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine yeah do you see how it's going I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine yeah do you see how it's going I
+have the I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the I have the
+diagonal I have five diagonals somehow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal I have five diagonals somehow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal I have five diagonals somehow I
+have diagonal the neighbor on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diagonal the neighbor on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diagonal the neighbor on the left
+the neighbor on the right the neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbor on the right the neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbor on the right the neighbor
+underneath and the neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and the neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and the neighbor
+above across the street you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say so our Matrix this this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so our Matrix this this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so our Matrix this this very
+important Matrix more attention has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Matrix more attention has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Matrix more attention has gone
+into how to solve this equation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how to solve this equation for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how to solve this equation for that
+Matrix then any other single specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix then any other single specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix then any other single specific
+example in in numerical analysis it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in in numerical analysis it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in in numerical analysis it's
+just a a model problem and what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a model problem and what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a model problem and what what do
+I notice about this Matrix so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I notice about this Matrix so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I notice about this Matrix so now we're
+you see it's got five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's got five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's got five
+diagonals but and what's the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals but and what's the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals but and what's the big
+butt the big butt is that those five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt the big butt is that those five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt the big butt is that those five
+diagonals don't run or not it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals don't run or not it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals don't run or not it's not a
+band of of of just a band of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band of of of just a band of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band of of of just a band of five
+because you don't get to the one above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't get to the one above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't get to the one above
+until you've gone all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you've gone all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you've gone all the
+way you see the bandwidth is big if if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you see the bandwidth is big if if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you see the bandwidth is big if if I
+have if my Matrix if this is one two up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if my Matrix if this is one two up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if my Matrix if this is one two up
+to n and this is one two up to n then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n and this is one two up to n then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n and this is one two up to n then my
+Matrix will then how many unknowns have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix will then how many unknowns have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix will then how many unknowns have
+I got just let's think big now we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got just let's think big now we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got just let's think big now we're in
+2D think 2D how many unknowns have I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D think 2D how many unknowns have I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D think 2D how many unknowns have I got
+n was three in the in the picture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n was three in the in the picture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n was three in the in the picture but
+now you're kind of visualizing a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're kind of visualizing a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're kind of visualizing a much
+finer grid how many unknowns n squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer grid how many unknowns n squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer grid how many unknowns n squar
+unknowns right one to n in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns right one to n in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns right one to n in each
+Direction so we've got a matrix of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so we've got a matrix of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so we've got a matrix of size
+N squared way bigger way bigger I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared way bigger way bigger I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared way bigger way bigger I mean
+if we had if n was 10 our Matrix is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had if n was 10 our Matrix is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had if n was 10 our Matrix is of
+size 100 and of course that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 100 and of course that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 100 and of course that's that's
+completely simple it's the real question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely simple it's the real question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely simple it's the real question
+is when n becomes a th then our Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when n becomes a th then our Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when n becomes a th then our Matrix
+is of size a million and those get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of size a million and those get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of size a million and those get
+solved every day so question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved every day so question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved every day so question is
+how actually this for A Million by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how actually this for A Million by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how actually this for A Million by
+million Matrix this fast plusone solver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Matrix this fast plusone solver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Matrix this fast plusone solver
+that I want to describe does it great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to describe does it great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to describe does it great
+actually you so you can deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you so you can deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you so you can deal with a
+matrix of order a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of order a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of order a
+million uh with without turning a hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uh with without turning a hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million uh with without turning a hair
+okay now but can we understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now but can we understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now but can we understand that
+Matrix so so so suppose n is 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so so so suppose n is 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so so so suppose n is 100
+just to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have
+us what's the story this Matrix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what's the story this Matrix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what's the story this Matrix then
+what's the size of that Matrix or did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of that Matrix or did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of that Matrix or did I
+say a 100 or a thousand what do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a 100 or a thousand what do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a 100 or a thousand what do you want
+to think really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think really
+big I guess I said a thousand didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I guess I said a thousand didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I guess I said a thousand didn't I
+to get up to a million right okay so N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get up to a million right okay so N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get up to a million right okay so N
+is a thousand so we have a thousand by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thousand so we have a thousand by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thousand so we have a thousand by
+thousand a million unknowns my Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand a million unknowns my Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand a million unknowns my Matrix is
+a million by a million uh let me ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million by a million uh let me ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million by a million uh let me ask you
+this here's here's the question that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here's here's the question that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here's here's the question that I
+want to ask you what's the bandwidth how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask you what's the bandwidth how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask you what's the bandwidth how
+far from the main diagonal out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from the main diagonal out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from the main diagonal out to the
+last out to the LA out to that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last out to the LA out to that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last out to the LA out to that minus
+one in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in other
+words this is really the full band of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is really the full band of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is really the full band of
+the of the matrix it's got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the matrix it's got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the matrix it's got a lot of
+zeros inside the band whole bunch maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros inside the band whole bunch maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros inside the band whole bunch maybe
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+990 something zeros in here and in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+990 something zeros in here and in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+990 something zeros in here and in here
+and and and how far is it from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and how far is it from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and how far is it from here to
+here a thousand right it's a thousand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a thousand right it's a thousand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a thousand right it's a thousand so
+the bandwidth is a thousand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth is a thousand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth is a thousand and
+uh and what if I do ordinary so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what if I do ordinary so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what if I do ordinary so now I
+want to begin to think how do I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin to think how do I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin to think how do I solve
+this equation how do I work with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation how do I work with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation how do I work with that
+Matrix and you have an idea of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and you have an idea of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and you have an idea of that
+matrix it's it's a beautiful Matrix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's it's a beautiful Matrix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's it's a beautiful Matrix to
+work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with
+it's very like our K matrix it's just up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very like our K matrix it's just up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very like our K matrix it's just up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+2D in fact it's closely connected to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D in fact it's closely connected to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D in fact it's closely connected to our
+k2d will be closely connected to K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d will be closely connected to K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d will be closely connected to K and
+that's what makes life possible here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes life possible here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes life possible here um
+but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+okay suppose I had to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose I had to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose I had to solve this
+equation all right so I give it to mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all right so I give it to mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all right so I give it to mat
+lab just as a system of equations a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab just as a system of equations a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab just as a system of equations a
+million equations a million unknowns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million equations a million unknowns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million equations a million unknowns the
+mat lab takes a Gulp and then it dries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab takes a Gulp and then it dries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab takes a Gulp and then it dries
+okay so what will ordinary elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what will ordinary elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what will ordinary elimination
+that's what backslash does by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what backslash does by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what backslash does by the way
+this Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix is
+symmetric and you won't be surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and you won't be surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and you won't be surprised
+it's positive definite everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive definite everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive definite everything is
+nice about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about that
+Matrix in fact more than more than I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in fact more than more than I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in fact more than more than I've
+said okay what what happens if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay what what happens if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay what what happens if I do
+elimination on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on that
+Matrix okay how how long does does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay how how long does does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay how how long does does it
+take how fast is it well mat lab will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take how fast is it well mat lab will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take how fast is it well mat lab will
+take advantage or any code will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage or any code will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage or any code will take
+advantage of all these zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right in other words what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in other words what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in other words what do I mean by
+take advantage and what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage and what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage and what do I mean by
+elimination you remember I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination you remember I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination you remember I'm going to
+subtract multiples of this row there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract multiples of this row there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract multiples of this row there'll
+be a minus one below it on this uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a minus one below it on this uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a minus one below it on this uh on
+this guy that this row that has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy that this row that has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy that this row that has some
+fours and some min On's whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours and some min On's whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours and some min On's whatever
+elimination I'm subtracting a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I'm subtracting a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I'm subtracting a multiple
+of this Row from this row to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Row from this row to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Row from this row to get that
+minus one to be a zero right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one to be a zero right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one to be a zero right I'm
+eliminating this entry in The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating this entry in The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating this entry in The Matrix
+this is ordinary the Lu this is ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ordinary the Lu this is ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ordinary the Lu this is ordinary
+Lu of k2d is what I'm I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu of k2d is what I'm I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu of k2d is what I'm I'm sort of
+thinking through Lu of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking through Lu of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking through Lu of
+k2d and what I'm going to conclude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d and what I'm going to conclude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d and what I'm going to conclude is
+that there ought to be a better way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there ought to be a better way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there ought to be a better way it's
+such a special Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a special Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a special Matrix
+and it's going to be messed up by Lu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be messed up by Lu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be messed up by Lu and
+what do I mean by messed up I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by messed up I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by messed up I mean that
+all these great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these great
+zeros 990 something zeros there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros 990 something zeros there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros 990 something zeros there and
+there inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+band are going to fill in that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band are going to fill in that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band are going to fill in that's the
+message if you want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message if you want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message if you want to talk about
+solving large linear systems the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving large linear systems the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving large linear systems the big
+issue is fill in it's a sparse Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is fill in it's a sparse Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is fill in it's a sparse Matrix
+that's typical we have a local operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's typical we have a local operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's typical we have a local operator
+here so we we expect a very local sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we we expect a very local sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we we expect a very local sparse
+Matrix large sparse matrices is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix large sparse matrices is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix large sparse matrices is what
+we're doing now and the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now and the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now and the problem is that
+zeros here will never get touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros here will never get touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros here will never get touched
+because we don't need any elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't need any elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't need any elimination
+they're already zero but all these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already zero but all these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already zero but all these this
+this this uh diagonal of minus ones when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh diagonal of minus ones when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh diagonal of minus ones when
+we do eliminations to make those zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do eliminations to make those zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do eliminations to make those zero
+then some nonzeros are going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some nonzeros are going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some nonzeros are going to come in
+and fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zeros so the work how much work would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so the work how much work would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so the work how much work would
+elimination be actually we could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination be actually we could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination be actually we could even
+think about that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that uh
+the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah
+I I haven't can I just give the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I haven't can I just give the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I haven't can I just give the result
+for how much time would elimination take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how much time would elimination take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how much time would elimination take
+ordinary elimination so I have n squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary elimination so I have n squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary elimination so I have n squar
+rows to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows to work on
+n s rows to work on and then my the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s rows to work on and then my the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s rows to work on and then my the
+distance that distance was what in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that distance was what in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that distance was what in terms
+of n the the width there is n right was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n the the width there is n right was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n the the width there is n right was
+about a thousand so I've got I get n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a thousand so I've got I get n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a thousand so I've got I get n
+numbers here and I have to work on N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here and I have to work on N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here and I have to work on N
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+below every column every eliminate every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below every column every eliminate every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below every column every eliminate every
+colum to clean up a column I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colum to clean up a column I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colum to clean up a column I'm I'm
+working with a vector of length n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a vector of length n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a vector of length n and
+I'm subtracting it from n n rows below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm subtracting it from n n rows below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm subtracting it from n n rows below
+so cleaning up a column takes me n s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cleaning up a column takes me n s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cleaning up a column takes me n s
+operation the total then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the total then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the total then is
+N4 N4 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N4 N4 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N4 N4 for
+elimination and that's not acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and that's not acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and that's not acceptable
+right if N is a th000 I'm up to 10 12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if N is a th000 I'm up to 10 12th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if N is a th000 I'm up to 10 12th
+so elimination is not a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elimination is not a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elimination is not a good way to
+solve elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ordering huh yeah so I I can I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering huh yeah so I I can I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering huh yeah so I I can I tell you
+two ways two better ways to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways two better ways to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways two better ways to deal with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem so two two better ways to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so two two better ways to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so two two better ways to deal
+with this problem one is and mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this problem one is and mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this problem one is and mat lab
+would have a have a code that would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a have a code that would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a have a code that would do
+it one is to change from this ordering 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one is to change from this ordering 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one is to change from this ordering 1
+2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
+changed to a different ordering that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed to a different ordering that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed to a different ordering that had
+less fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less fill
+in so that's a a substantial part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that's a a substantial part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that's a a substantial part of
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+Computing is to change from uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is to change from uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is to change from uh to
+reorder the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder the
+unknowns to get to to reduce the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns to get to to reduce the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns to get to to reduce the number
+of wasted of fill in things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wasted of fill in things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wasted of fill in things that you
+have to fill in and then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fill in and then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fill in and then you have to
+eliminate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate out
+again and I can get that end forth down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I can get that end forth down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I can get that end forth down
+quite a bit that way okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit that way okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit that way okay so that's a
+topic of importance in in scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of importance in in scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of importance in in scientific
+Computing is given a large linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is given a large linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is given a large linear system
+put the rows and columns in a good order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the rows and columns in a good order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the rows and columns in a good order
+okay so that and that's something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that and that's something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that and that's something you
+hope the machine can do the machine will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope the machine can do the machine will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope the machine can do the machine will
+have a record of where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a record of where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a record of where are the
+nonzeros and then so you run a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros and then so you run a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros and then so you run a little
+you really run the program twice you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really run the program twice you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really run the program twice you run
+it once without using the numbers just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once without using the numbers just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once without using the numbers just
+the positions of nonzeros to to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positions of nonzeros to to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positions of nonzeros to to get a
+good ordering so that the the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ordering so that the the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ordering so that the the number of
+elimination steps will be way down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps will be way down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps will be way down and
+then you run it with the numbers in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you run it with the numbers in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you run it with the numbers in in
+that good order to do the elimination so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good order to do the elimination so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good order to do the elimination so
+that's a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a topic
+of one Topic in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one Topic in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one Topic in in this
+but today's topic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today's topic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today's topic is
+the using the fact that this is a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the using the fact that this is a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the using the fact that this is a square
+that this Matrix has a special form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Matrix has a special form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Matrix has a special form that
+we can actually find its igen values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually find its igen values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually find its igen values and
+igen vectors and that's what makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors and that's what makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors and that's what makes a
+fast plus solver so this that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast plus solver so this that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast plus solver so this that that's the
+topic of the lecture and the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the lecture and the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the lecture and the topic of
+the next section in the book and I we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next section in the book and I we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next section in the book and I we'll
+get started on it now and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started on it now and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started on it now and then uh
+complete it Wednesday so I want to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it Wednesday so I want to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it Wednesday so I want to I
+want to take this particular k2d for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take this particular k2d for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take this particular k2d for a
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+and show a different way to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show a different way to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show a different way to solve the
+equations that uses the fast 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that uses the fast 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that uses the fast 4A
+transform when I see when you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform when I see when you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform when I see when you see a
+regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+mesh regular numbers nothing varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh regular numbers nothing varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh regular numbers nothing varying
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+diagonals think fast 4 a transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals think fast 4 a transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals think fast 4 a transform the
+fft has got a chance when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft has got a chance when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft has got a chance when you have
+matrices like this one and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices like this one and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices like this one and I want to
+show you how it works okay so um yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how it works okay so um yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how it works okay so um yeah I
+want to show you the the underlying idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you the the underlying idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you the the underlying idea
+and then we'll see the details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll see the details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll see the details of the
+fast Fier transform in the Fier section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Fier transform in the Fier section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Fier transform in the Fier section
+so of course everybody knows the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course everybody knows the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course everybody knows the third
+part of this course which is coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this course which is coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this course which is coming up
+uh next week we'll be well into it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next week we'll be well into it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next week we'll be well into it is um
+the 48 part okay but but I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 48 part okay but but I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 48 part okay but but I can give you
+because we've seen the igen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've seen the igen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've seen the igen vectors and
+igen values of okay I can do this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values of okay I can do this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values of okay I can do this now
+ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready
+for the smart idea the the good way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the smart idea the the good way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the smart idea the the good way and
+it only works because this is a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only works because this is a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only works because this is a square
+because the coefficients are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coefficients are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coefficients are constant
+because everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything's
+beautiful here's the idea okay I central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful here's the idea okay I central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful here's the idea okay I central
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the idea
+is so I have this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I have this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I have this Matrix
+k2d and I'm trying to solve a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d and I'm trying to solve a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d and I'm trying to solve a system
+with that particular Matrix and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that particular Matrix and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that particular Matrix and the
+Fantastic thing about this Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantastic thing about this Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantastic thing about this Matrix is
+that I know what its igen values and ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know what its igen values and ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know what its igen values and ion
+vectors are so let's suppose we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are so let's suppose we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are so let's suppose we know
+those okay so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay so I know
+k2d y equals Lambda y that's that's an Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d y equals Lambda y that's that's an Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d y equals Lambda y that's that's an Y
+is an igen Vector remember it's got n s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an igen Vector remember it's got n s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an igen Vector remember it's got n s
+components Lambda is a number and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components Lambda is a number and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components Lambda is a number and I've
+got a whole lot of these y k Lambda k y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a whole lot of these y k Lambda k y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a whole lot of these y k Lambda k y
+k and I've got K going from one up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and I've got K going from one up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and I've got K going from one up to n
+SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now I want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I want to use
+them I want to use them to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I want to use them to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I want to use them to solve
+k2d U equal f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me say it's totally amazing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say it's totally amazing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say it's totally amazing that I
+would in fact this is the only important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would in fact this is the only important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would in fact this is the only important
+example I know in scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I know in scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I know in scientific
+Computing in which I would use the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing in which I would use the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing in which I would use the igen
+values and igen vectors of the Matrix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and igen vectors of the Matrix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and igen vectors of the Matrix to
+solve a linear system you see normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a linear system you see normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a linear system you see normally
+you think of igen value problems as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of igen value problems as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of igen value problems as like
+those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+harder those it's more difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder those it's more difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder those it's more difficult to
+solve this problem than this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem than this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem than this one
+normally right that's that's the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally right that's that's the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally right that's that's the way to
+to think about it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it but
+the the for this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the for this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the for this special
+Matrix we can figure out the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we can figure out the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we can figure out the igen values
+and igen vectors by pencil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and igen vectors by pencil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and igen vectors by pencil and
+paper so we can we know we can know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so we can we know we can know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so we can we know we can know what
+these guys are and that will give us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are and that will give us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are and that will give us uh
+a way to solve a linear system so can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to solve a linear system so can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to solve a linear system so can I
+remember this is now Central me Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is now Central me Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is now Central me Central
+message what are the three steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message what are the three steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message what are the three steps
+that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to
+use uh igen vectors and igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh igen vectors and igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh igen vectors and igen values
+in solving linear equations and solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solving linear equations and solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solving linear equations and solving
+differential equations and solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and solving
+difference equations they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equations they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equations they're they're
+always the same three steps can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same three steps can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same three steps can I
+remember what those three steps are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what those three steps are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what those three steps are so
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+one so I I'm supposing that I know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I I'm supposing that I know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I I'm supposing that I know these
+guys first of all that's amazing to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys first of all that's amazing to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys first of all that's amazing to know
+them in advance and the second amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in advance and the second amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in advance and the second amazing
+thing is that they have beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that they have beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that they have beautiful
+structure and those facts make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and those facts make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and those facts make it
+possible to do something you would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do something you would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do something you would never
+expect to do use igen values for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to do use igen values for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to do use igen values for a
+linear system so here's the way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system so here's the way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system so here's the way to do it
+three steps one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps one
+expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand
+f as a combination of the I vectors C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f as a combination of the I vectors C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f as a combination of the I vectors C1
+y1 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 up
+to however many we we've got we've got n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to however many we we've got we've got n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to however many we we've got we've got n
+squar of them gosh we're loaded but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar of them gosh we're loaded but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar of them gosh we're loaded but I
+can back okay this remember this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can back okay this remember this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can back okay this remember this is this
+is a this is a column of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is a column of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is a column of size n
+s our problem has size n Square so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s our problem has size n Square so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s our problem has size n Square so it's
+big a million so I'm going to expand F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big a million so I'm going to expand F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big a million so I'm going to expand F
+in terms of the million igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the million igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the million igen
+vectors okay so that tells me the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so that tells me the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so that tells me the right
+hand side now you remember step two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side now you remember step two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side now you remember step two in
+this one two three process step two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one two three process step two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one two three process step two is
+the easy one cuz I I want to get what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy one cuz I I want to get what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy one cuz I I want to get what am
+I looking for I'm I'm aiming for of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looking for I'm I'm aiming for of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looking for I'm I'm aiming for of
+course the answer I'm aiming for is k2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the answer I'm aiming for is k2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the answer I'm aiming for is k2d
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+F right that's what I'm shooting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F right that's what I'm shooting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F right that's what I'm shooting for
+that's what that's what I'm that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what I'm that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what I'm that's my
+goal that's the solution so so here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that's the solution so so here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that's the solution so so here I've
+got F in terms of the igen vectors now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got F in terms of the igen vectors now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got F in terms of the igen vectors now I
+want to get how do I get you in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get how do I get you in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get how do I get you in terms of
+the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen
+vectors well what does it what's the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors well what does it what's the IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors well what does it what's the IG
+ve IG value for the inverse for k2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ve IG value for the inverse for k2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ve IG value for the inverse for k2d
+inverse do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse do you
+remember it's one over it's one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's one over it's one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's one over it's one over the
+IG value right if if this is true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG value right if if this is true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG value right if if this is true then
+this will be true with one with Lambda K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be true with one with Lambda K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be true with one with Lambda K
+inverse it's simple and I won't stop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse it's simple and I won't stop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse it's simple and I won't stop to
+do it but we could come back to it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but we could come back to it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but we could come back to it so so
+I know how to get k2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how to get k2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how to get k2d
+inverse okay so that's what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay so that's what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay so that's what I'm going to
+do I'm going to divide so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm going to divide so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm going to divide so here's the
+fast step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast step
+divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CK each of those CK is by Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K what do I have now I've got C1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what do I have now I've got C1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what do I have now I've got C1 over
+Lambda 1 y1 + c n 2 last guy divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 y1 + c n 2 last guy divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 y1 + c n 2 last guy divided by
+its value times its IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and that's the
+answer right that's the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right that's the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right that's the correct answer
+this if this is the right hand side then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if this is the right hand side then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if this is the right hand side then
+this is the solution because why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the solution because why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the solution because why because
+when I multiply this Solution by k2d it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply this Solution by k2d it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply this Solution by k2d it
+multiplies every I vector by the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies every I vector by the IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies every I vector by the IG
+value it cancels all the lambdas and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it cancels all the lambdas and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it cancels all the lambdas and I
+get f do you see I can't raise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get f do you see I can't raise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get f do you see I can't raise that
+board and I'm sorry uh do you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and I'm sorry uh do you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and I'm sorry uh do you can you
+see it at the back uh should I write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it at the back uh should I write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it at the back uh should I write it
+up here again because everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here again because everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here again because everything
+everything hinges on that that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything hinges on that that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything hinges on that that that the
+final the answer U the k2d inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final the answer U the k2d inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final the answer U the k2d inverse
+f is the same combination that gave F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the same combination that gave F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the same combination that gave F
+but I divide by Lambda 1 C2 y second I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I divide by Lambda 1 C2 y second I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I divide by Lambda 1 C2 y second I
+Vector over Lambda 2 and so on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector over Lambda 2 and so on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector over Lambda 2 and so on because
+when I multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply by
+k2d multiplying each y each Ian Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d multiplying each y each Ian Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2d multiplying each y each Ian Vector
+will bring out an igen value it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring out an igen value it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring out an igen value it'll
+cancel that and I'll have the original F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel that and I'll have the original F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel that and I'll have the original F
+yeah yeah so that do you see that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so that do you see that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so that do you see that those
+are the steps the steps are you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the steps the steps are you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the steps the steps are you have to
+do a you could say it's a transform into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a you could say it's a transform into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a you could say it's a transform into
+Igan space I take my Vector in physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Igan space I take my Vector in physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Igan space I take my Vector in physical
+space it's got its n s component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's got its n s component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's got its n s component
+in at physical points I I express it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at physical points I I express it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at physical points I I express it in
+igen space by that I mean it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen space by that I mean it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen space by that I mean it's a
+combination of the igen vectors and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the igen vectors and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the igen vectors and now
+the N squ physical values are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N squ physical values are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N squ physical values are n
+squ uh amplitudes or amounts of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ uh amplitudes or amounts of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ uh amplitudes or amounts of each
+igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+Vector that that that's so that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that that that's so that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that that that's so that that was
+a that's the 4A series idea that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's the 4A series idea that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's the 4A series idea that's the
+for transform idea it's it just appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transform idea it's it just appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transform idea it's it just appears
+everywhere EX Express the function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere EX Express the function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere EX Express the function in
+the good basis using these good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good basis using these good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good basis using these good
+functions in these good functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in these good functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in these good functions the
+answer is simple I'm just dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is simple I'm just dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is simple I'm just dividing by
+Lambda do you see that I'm just dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda do you see that I'm just dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda do you see that I'm just dividing
+by Lambda where if it was a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Lambda where if it was a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Lambda where if it was a differential
+equation this is just what we did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is just what we did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is just what we did for
+differential equations what did I do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations what did I do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations what did I do for
+differential equations suppose suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations suppose suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations suppose suppose
+do you mind if I just ask you if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mind if I just ask you if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mind if I just ask you if I was
+solving duud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving duud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving duud
+dtal k 2 d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtal k 2 d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtal k 2 d
+u starting from F start with U of Zer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u starting from F start with U of Zer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u starting from F start with U of Zer as
+F I just want to draw the analogy H how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F I just want to draw the analogy H how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F I just want to draw the analogy H how
+did we solve these equations I expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we solve these equations I expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we solve these equations I expanded
+F in terms of the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in terms of the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in terms of the igen
+vectors and then what was step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and then what was step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and then what was step
+two if for the differential equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if for the differential equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if for the differential equation I
+didn't divide by Lambda K what did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't divide by Lambda K what did I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't divide by Lambda K what did I do
+I multiplied by e to the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiplied by e to the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiplied by e to the Lambda
+KT you see it's the same trick just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT you see it's the same trick just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT you see it's the same trick just get
+it in igen space in igen space it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in igen space in igen space it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in igen space in igen space it's it's
+like one tiny problem at a time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one tiny problem at a time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one tiny problem at a time you're
+just following that normal mode and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just following that normal mode and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just following that normal mode and here
+so here instead of dividing by Lambda I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here instead of dividing by Lambda I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here instead of dividing by Lambda I
+multiplied by e to the Lambda T and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by e to the Lambda T and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by e to the Lambda T and for
+powers of a for k2d to the 100th power I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of a for k2d to the 100th power I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of a for k2d to the 100th power I
+would multiply by Lambda to the 100th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would multiply by Lambda to the 100th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would multiply by Lambda to the 100th
+here I have k2d to the minus first power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have k2d to the minus first power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have k2d to the minus first power
+so I'm multiplying by lambdas to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm multiplying by lambdas to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm multiplying by lambdas to the
+minus one okay then the the key point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one okay then the the key point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one okay then the the key point
+is that this that these C's can be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this that these C's can be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this that these C's can be found
+fast and this summing up can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and this summing up can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and this summing up can be done
+fast now that's what's also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast now that's what's also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast now that's what's also very
+exceptional and that's where the fft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional and that's where the fft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional and that's where the fft
+comes in the the fast 4 transform is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in the the fast 4 transform is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in the the fast 4 transform is a
+fast way to find to get into igen space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast way to find to get into igen space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast way to find to get into igen space
+and get back when igen space happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get back when igen space happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get back when igen space happens to
+be frequency space you see that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be frequency space you see that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be frequency space you see that's the
+that's the key that and and I'll I'll in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key that and and I'll I'll in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key that and and I'll I'll in
+other words these y's and lambdas that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words these y's and lambdas that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words these y's and lambdas that I
+said we knew these y's the Ian vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we knew these y's the Ian vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we knew these y's the Ian vectors
+are pure s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pure s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pure s
+vectors so that this is an expansion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so that this is an expansion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so that this is an expansion is
+a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign
+transform s i n sign a pure sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform s i n sign a pure sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform s i n sign a pure sign
+transform and that can be done fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and that can be done fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and that can be done fast and
+it can be inverted fast so you you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be inverted fast so you you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be inverted fast so you you see
+the what what makes this fast Plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what what makes this fast Plus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what what makes this fast Plus on
+solver work is I have to know the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver work is I have to know the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver work is I have to know the igen
+vectors and igen values and they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and igen values and they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and igen values and they have to
+be fantastic vectors like sign vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fantastic vectors like sign vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fantastic vectors like sign vectors
+okay so I'll give you more the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll give you more the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll give you more the final
+picture the details Wednesday and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the details Wednesday and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the details Wednesday and then
+move on to finite elements
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EegG5TPL29c.txt b/EegG5TPL29c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e9dc55e15ec285d707ee7310acd4cf2d4977281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EegG5TPL29c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we figured out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we figured out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we figured out that
+you can get the book stack the overhang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the book stack the overhang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the book stack the overhang
+of the books to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the books to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the books to be
+half the harmonic sum with n books you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the harmonic sum with n books you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the harmonic sum with n books you
+can get out h n over 2 where h n is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out h n over 2 where h n is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out h n over 2 where h n is this
+harmonic sum or harmonic number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic sum or harmonic number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic sum or harmonic number the
+question is how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how are we going to
+estimate or calculate what this sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or calculate what this sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or calculate what this sum is
+now it turns out there is no simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out there is no simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out there is no simple
+formula for exactly what this sum is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for exactly what this sum is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for exactly what this sum is but
+there is a simple formula that estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a simple formula that estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a simple formula that estimates
+it quite accurately and we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quite accurately and we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quite accurately and we get the
+estimation by uh bounding the sum by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation by uh bounding the sum by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation by uh bounding the sum by
+integrals and so let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and so let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and so let's look at this
+integral method for estimating sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral method for estimating sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral method for estimating sums
+remember what i wanted was the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what i wanted was the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what i wanted was the sum of
+one plus a half plus a third down to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus a half plus a third down to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus a half plus a third down to one
+over n so let's form some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n so let's form some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n so let's form some
+unit width rectangles of heights equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit width rectangles of heights equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit width rectangles of heights equal
+to the amount that i want so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amount that i want so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amount that i want so here's a
+rectangle of height one rectangle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle of height one rectangle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle of height one rectangle of
+height of half rectangle of height a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of half rectangle of height a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of half rectangle of height a
+third i'm going out here if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third i'm going out here if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third i'm going out here if you actually
+count to eight but let's propose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count to eight but let's propose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count to eight but let's propose that
+this is a height 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a height 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a height 1 over n
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what i know is that the total area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i know is that the total area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i know is that the total area of
+these rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rectangles
+is actually equal to the number that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to the number that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to the number that i
+want the total area of these rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the total area of these rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the total area of these rectangles
+is the harmonic number and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the harmonic number and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the harmonic number and i'm
+interested in a lower bound for hn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a lower bound for hn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a lower bound for hn
+because i want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want to know
+how far i can get out i want a tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far i can get out i want a tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far i can get out i want a tight
+lower bound it says hn is larger than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound it says hn is larger than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound it says hn is larger than a
+certain amount that's the amount that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount that's the amount that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount that's the amount that
+i'm sure that i can stack out and books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that i can stack out and books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that i can stack out and books
+so the way i'm going to get a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way i'm going to get a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way i'm going to get a lower
+bound on this number h n is by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on this number h n is by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on this number h n is by looking
+at this curve that goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this curve that goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this curve that goes through the
+corners of the rectangles and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of the rectangles and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of the rectangles and if you
+check it that curve is 1 over x plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it that curve is 1 over x plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it that curve is 1 over x plus 1
+that is the point here um uh is uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the point here um uh is uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the point here um uh is uh when
+x when x is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x when x is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x when x is zero
+um i'm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm at
+uh one over one when i when x is one i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one over one when i when x is one i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one over one when i when x is one i'm
+at one half the height of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one half the height of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one half the height of the second
+rectangle and so on so 1 over x plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and so on so 1 over x plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and so on so 1 over x plus 1
+is a curve that is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a curve that is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a curve that is strictly
+below the boundaries of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the boundaries of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the boundaries of all these
+rectangles that means that the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles that means that the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles that means that the area
+under 1 over x plus 1 going from 0 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 1 over x plus 1 going from 0 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 1 over x plus 1 going from 0 to n
+is a lower bound on h n because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lower bound on h n because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lower bound on h n because it's a
+lower bound on the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on the area of the
+rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles
+so h n equals the area of the rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h n equals the area of the rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h n equals the area of the rectangles
+it's greater than the area over 1 over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than the area over 1 over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than the area over 1 over x
+plus 1 which of course is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 which of course is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 which of course is equal to the
+integral from 0 to n of 1 over x plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to n of 1 over x plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to n of 1 over x plus 1
+which shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shifting
+variables is the same as the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is the same as the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is the same as the integral
+from 1 to n plus 1 of 1 over x dx which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to n plus 1 of 1 over x dx which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to n plus 1 of 1 over x dx which
+of course we know is the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we know is the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we know is the natural
+logarithm of n plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of n plus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of n plus 1.
+so there we have it the overhang that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we have it the overhang that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we have it the overhang that
+you need for three books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for three books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for three books
+which is bn greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bn greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bn greater than or equal to
+three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh
+means that h n has to be greater or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that h n has to be greater or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that h n has to be greater or
+equal to six so by this estimate i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to six so by this estimate i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to six so by this estimate i need
+log of n plus one greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n plus one greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n plus one greater than or equal
+to six in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six in order to get
+three books out i that the back end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three books out i that the back end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three books out i that the back end of
+the top book is two books uh past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top book is two books uh past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top book is two books uh past the
+edge of the table and the top and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the table and the top and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the table and the top and the
+right and end of the furthest out book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and end of the furthest out book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and end of the furthest out book
+is three book lengths past the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three book lengths past the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three book lengths past the edge of
+the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table
+so my bound tells me that i need n books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my bound tells me that i need n books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my bound tells me that i need n books
+such that log of n plus one is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that log of n plus one is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that log of n plus one is greater
+than or equal to six well exponentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to six well exponentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to six well exponentiating
+both sides the right hand side becomes e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides the right hand side becomes e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides the right hand side becomes e
+to the sixth and i figure out that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sixth and i figure out that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sixth and i figure out that as
+long as n is greater than or equal to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as n is greater than or equal to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as n is greater than or equal to e
+to the six minus one books round it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the six minus one books round it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the six minus one books round it up
+of course because there's only you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course because there's only you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course because there's only you can't
+have fractions of a book you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fractions of a book you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fractions of a book you get an
+estimate that with 403 books i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that with 403 books i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that with 403 books i can
+actually get my stack to stick out three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get my stack to stick out three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get my stack to stick out three
+book lengths past the edge of the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book lengths past the edge of the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book lengths past the edge of the table
+if you do the actual calculation instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the actual calculation instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the actual calculation instead
+of the estimate it turns out the 227
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the estimate it turns out the 227
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the estimate it turns out the 227
+books are enough but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books are enough but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books are enough but
+so this estimate is a little off but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this estimate is a little off but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this estimate is a little off but for
+our purposes it tells us a dramatic fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purposes it tells us a dramatic fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purposes it tells us a dramatic fact
+which is that we know that log of n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we know that log of n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we know that log of n plus
+1 approaches infinity as n approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 approaches infinity as n approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 approaches infinity as n approaches
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+and that means that with enough books i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that with enough books i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that with enough books i
+can get out as far as i want you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out as far as i want you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out as far as i want you tell me
+how many book lengths you want to be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many book lengths you want to be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many book lengths you want to be out
+i'll use the login formula to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll use the login formula to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll use the login formula to calculate
+how many books i need to get that far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many books i need to get that far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many books i need to get that far
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+so here's an example of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of some
+students in the class some years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in the class some years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in the class some years ago
+decided to do this as an experiment now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do this as an experiment now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do this as an experiment now
+when we used to do this in class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we used to do this in class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we used to do this in class we
+first tried to do it with a big heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first tried to do it with a big heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first tried to do it with a big heavy
+textbook that we used and we kept trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that we used and we kept trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook that we used and we kept trying
+to get them to balance and go out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to balance and go out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to balance and go out over
+the edge of the table and they failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of the table and they failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of the table and they failed
+because it turns out the textbooks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out the textbooks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out the textbooks are
+heavy and they compress they're not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy and they compress they're not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy and they compress they're not the
+rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid
+rectangular cross sections that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular cross sections that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular cross sections that our
+model was based on but cd cases work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was based on but cd cases work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was based on but cd cases work
+very well they are more rigid they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well they are more rigid they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well they are more rigid they don't
+compress easily and they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress easily and they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress easily and they're very
+lightweight so that uh they don't cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight so that uh they don't cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight so that uh they don't cause
+problems with distortions because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with distortions because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with distortions because of the
+size of the stack and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the stack and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the stack and so you can
+actually get cd cases to stick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get cd cases to stick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get cd cases to stick out
+pretty far this is an example where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far this is an example where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far this is an example where it's
+43 cd cases high and the top four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43 cd cases high and the top four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43 cd cases high and the top four
+cases are completely past the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are completely past the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are completely past the edge of
+the table the the leftmost edge is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table the the leftmost edge is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table the the leftmost edge is about
+1.8 to 1.9 case lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 to 1.9 case lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 to 1.9 case lengths
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table
+uh there's another view of it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's another view of it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's another view of it from the
+guy who made the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who made the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who made the stack
+and of course they were right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course they were right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course they were right on the
+edge of stability uh in trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of stability uh in trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of stability uh in trying to get
+the uh the cds to stick out as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the cds to stick out as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the cds to stick out as far as
+possible so if you notice these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so if you notice these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so if you notice these little
+spaces there in terms of the balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces there in terms of the balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces there in terms of the balancing
+it's really just on the brink of falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just on the brink of falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just on the brink of falling
+over if you sneeze out it'll tip but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if you sneeze out it'll tip but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if you sneeze out it'll tip but if
+you don't sneeze at it it's stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't sneeze at it it's stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't sneeze at it it's stable and
+you get the top cd out that far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the top cd out that far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the top cd out that far
+so while we're at it let's get an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while we're at it let's get an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while we're at it let's get an upper
+bound for h n we just got a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for h n we just got a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for h n we just got a lower bound
+of h n but the same kind of logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h n but the same kind of logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h n but the same kind of logic of
+using an integral will give you an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an integral will give you an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an integral will give you an upper
+bound for h n what i do now is i run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for h n what i do now is i run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for h n what i do now is i run a
+curve uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh from the
+upper right corners of the rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right corners of the rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right corners of the rectangles
+and that curve is simply 1 over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that curve is simply 1 over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that curve is simply 1 over x
+so an upper bound for the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an upper bound for the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an upper bound for the harmonic
+number h n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number h n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number h n
+is the area under one over x out to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area under one over x out to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area under one over x out to n
+plus this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this one
+and so i get an upper bound that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i get an upper bound that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i get an upper bound that says
+that the harmonic number h n is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the harmonic number h n is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the harmonic number h n is less
+than the integral from 1 to n of 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the integral from 1 to n of 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the integral from 1 to n of 1 over
+x dx plus 1 or it's equal to 1 plus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dx plus 1 or it's equal to 1 plus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dx plus 1 or it's equal to 1 plus log
+of n so combining those two bounds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n so combining those two bounds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n so combining those two bounds that
+i got by looking at a curve that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got by looking at a curve that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got by looking at a curve that's a
+lower bound on the area and a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on the area and a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on the area and a curve
+that's an upper bound on the area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an upper bound on the area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an upper bound on the area and
+integrating i discovered that h n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating i discovered that h n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating i discovered that h n is
+bracketed between the natural log of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketed between the natural log of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketed between the natural log of n
+plus one and one plus the lat natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and one plus the lat natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and one plus the lat natural
+log of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n
+now these two numbers uh log of n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these two numbers uh log of n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these two numbers uh log of n plus
+one and one plus log of n are very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one plus log of n are very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one plus log of n are very close
+and they get closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get closer and closer
+as n grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n grows
+so it turns out that what we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that what we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that what we can say
+pretty accurately is that h n is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty accurately is that h n is is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty accurately is that h n is is uh
+asymptotically equal to log n it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equal to log n it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equal to log n it's
+approximately equal to log n and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to log n and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to log n and the
+precise definition of this tilde symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise definition of this tilde symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise definition of this tilde symbol
+that i've highlighted in magenta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've highlighted in magenta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've highlighted in magenta is
+called asymptotically equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called asymptotically equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called asymptotically equal
+and the general definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the general definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the general definition of
+asymptotically equal that h n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equal that h n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equal that h n is
+asymptotically equal to log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equal to log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equal to log n
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+a function f of n is asymptotically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function f of n is asymptotically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function f of n is asymptotically
+equal to a function g of n when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a function g of n when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a function g of n when the
+limit of their quotient goes to one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of their quotient goes to one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of their quotient goes to one that
+is to say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say um
+as a multiplicative factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a multiplicative factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a multiplicative factor
+each is within a constant one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each is within a constant one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each is within a constant one of the
+other in the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in the limit
+one plus epsilon of one plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus epsilon of one plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus epsilon of one plus or minus
+epsilon of g n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon of g n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon of g n
+is going to bracket f n and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to bracket f n and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to bracket f n and vice versa
+uh asymptotic equivalence or asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asymptotic equivalence or asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asymptotic equivalence or asymptotic
+equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+let's do an example so the remark would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an example so the remark would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an example so the remark would
+be for example that n squared plus n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example that n squared plus n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example that n squared plus n is
+asymptotically equal to n squared why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equal to n squared why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equal to n squared why
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+uh let's look at the uh limit as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's look at the uh limit as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's look at the uh limit as n
+approaches infinity of n squared plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches infinity of n squared plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches infinity of n squared plus n
+over n squared it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n squared it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n squared it's the same as
+simplifying algebraically the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying algebraically the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying algebraically the limit of
+one over one plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over one plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over one plus n
+as n approaches infinity that term goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n approaches infinity that term goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n approaches infinity that term goes
+to zero sure enough the limit is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero sure enough the limit is one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero sure enough the limit is one and
+so these two terms are asymptotically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two terms are asymptotically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two terms are asymptotically
+equal the idea of asymptotically equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the idea of asymptotically equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the idea of asymptotically equal
+is that all we care about is the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all we care about is the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all we care about is the high
+order term the low order terms will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term the low order terms will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term the low order terms will
+disappear and we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and we're looking at the
+principal term that controls the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal term that controls the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal term that controls the growth
+rate of the functions when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the functions when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the functions when we look at
+them up to asymptotic equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up to asymptotic equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up to asymptotic equivalence
+so let's step back uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's step back uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's step back uh
+for just a moment and generalize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just a moment and generalize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just a moment and generalize what
+we've done here with uh estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done here with uh estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done here with uh estimating the
+harmonic sum there's a general method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic sum there's a general method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic sum there's a general method
+called the integral method where uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the integral method where uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the integral method where uh in
+this particular case suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case suppose we have a
+function f of the positive real valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of the positive real valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of the positive real valued
+function that's weakly decreasing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's weakly decreasing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's weakly decreasing like
+one over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over x
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+um let's let s be the sum from i equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let s be the sum from i equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let s be the sum from i equals
+one to n of f of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to n of f of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to n of f of i
+uh so i was interested where f of x f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i was interested where f of x f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i was interested where f of x f of
+x was 1 over x and i wanted the sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x was 1 over x and i wanted the sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x was 1 over x and i wanted the sum from
+1 0 1 to n of 1 over i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 1 to n of 1 over i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 1 to n of 1 over i
+which was the nth harmonic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the nth harmonic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the nth harmonic number
+and i was comparing that to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was comparing that to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was comparing that to the integral
+from 1 to n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to n of
+f of x or 1 over x in our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x or 1 over x in our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x or 1 over x in our example
+so if i is the integral and s is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i is the integral and s is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i is the integral and s is the sum
+that i want what we can conclude really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want what we can conclude really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want what we can conclude really
+is that in general the sum is bracketed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in general the sum is bracketed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in general the sum is bracketed
+between the integral plus the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the integral plus the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the integral plus the first term
+of f f of one uh in the sum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f f of one uh in the sum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f f of one uh in the sum and the
+integral plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral plus
+the last term of the sum remember f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term of the sum remember f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term of the sum remember f is
+weakly decreasing so f of n is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly decreasing so f of n is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly decreasing so f of n is smaller
+than f of one there's a similar theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than f of one there's a similar theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than f of one there's a similar theorem
+actually just reverse f of one and f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just reverse f of one and f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just reverse f of one and f of
+n to use an integral estimate to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to use an integral estimate to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to use an integral estimate to get a
+bound on a weekly increasing function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on a weekly increasing function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on a weekly increasing function
+and that gives us a general tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us a general tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us a general tool
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating
+the growth rate of sums
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FY1QmZb_LDs.txt b/FY1QmZb_LDs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28e5b9034e6b588b8dbce75d936531aa00524ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FY1QmZb_LDs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so class 1 as you all will recall is was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so class 1 as you all will recall is was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so class 1 as you all will recall is was
+about direct innovation factors and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about direct innovation factors and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about direct innovation factors and you
+know we looked at the growth economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we looked at the growth economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we looked at the growth economists
+solo and Romer in particular and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo and Romer in particular and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo and Romer in particular and they
+essentially gave us to direct innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially gave us to direct innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially gave us to direct innovation
+factors that you really can't account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that you really can't account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that you really can't account
+for in an innovation system unless those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in an innovation system unless those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in an innovation system unless those
+are inputs so what we we could translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inputs so what we we could translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inputs so what we we could translate
+solo is saying you need to do Rd and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo is saying you need to do Rd and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo is saying you need to do Rd and we
+can translate Romer as saying you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can translate Romer as saying you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can translate Romer as saying you need
+to it's the talent in the system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's the talent in the system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's the talent in the system that's
+working in the system that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the system that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the system that's that's a
+critical input so that gives us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical input so that gives us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical input so that gives us our
+first two Innovation factors class two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two Innovation factors class two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two Innovation factors class two
+brought us our third and we began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought us our third and we began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought us our third and we began to
+consider innovation is not just factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider innovation is not just factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider innovation is not just factors
+but as a system and Liz Reynolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a system and Liz Reynolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a system and Liz Reynolds
+discussion earlier this afternoon was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion earlier this afternoon was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion earlier this afternoon was a
+good reminder of a systems approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reminder of a systems approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reminder of a systems approach to
+innovation so we read Richard Nelson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation so we read Richard Nelson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation so we read Richard Nelson and
+he introduced the idea of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he introduced the idea of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he introduced the idea of looking at
+national innovation systems he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national innovation systems he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national innovation systems he wasn't
+the first used that term Chris Freeman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first used that term Chris Freeman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first used that term Chris Freeman
+at the University of Sussex was but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Sussex was but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Sussex was but he
+really explored the dimensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really explored the dimensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really explored the dimensions and
+taught us to look at the innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us to look at the innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us to look at the innovation
+institutions and the strengths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and the strengths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and the strengths and
+weaknesses of those institutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses of those institutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses of those institutions and
+with that concept then you can begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that concept then you can begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that concept then you can begin to
+explore any innovation system our third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore any innovation system our third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore any innovation system our third
+our third direct innovation factor then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our third direct innovation factor then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our third direct innovation factor then
+is really all about innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really all about innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really all about innovation
+organization the strengths the actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization the strengths the actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization the strengths the actors
+the connections between the actors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections between the actors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections between the actors and
+then the gaps in that innovation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the gaps in that innovation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the gaps in that innovation system
+you can analyze all of those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can analyze all of those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can analyze all of those and
+understand a lot about the strength of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a lot about the strength of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a lot about the strength of a
+particular innovation system whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular innovation system whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular innovation system whether
+it's national whether its regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's national whether its regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's national whether its regional
+whether its local and Liz gage you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether its local and Liz gage you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether its local and Liz gage you give
+you a reading of her study in the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a reading of her study in the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a reading of her study in the state
+of Massachusetts which is a good glimpse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts which is a good glimpse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts which is a good glimpse
+into those issues so classes 3 and 4 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those issues so classes 3 and 4 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those issues so classes 3 and 4 I
+won't recap because Liz Gaeta give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't recap because Liz Gaeta give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't recap because Liz Gaeta give us a
+good reminder of those issues but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reminder of those issues but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reminder of those issues but we
+studied manufacturing and how it evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied manufacturing and how it evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied manufacturing and how it evolved
+in two different periods both the 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different periods both the 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different periods both the 1980s
+competition period and the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition period and the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition period and the current
+decline of US manufacturing in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline of US manufacturing in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline of US manufacturing in the first
+decade of this century the two early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade of this century the two early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade of this century the two early
+2000s and that was a good case study for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s and that was a good case study for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s and that was a good case study for
+us on how to take these ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us on how to take these ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us on how to take these ideas of
+innovation system and look at a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system and look at a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system and look at a system
+the manufacturing system class-five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing system class-five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing system class-five
+pulled back and got us into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled back and got us into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled back and got us into the
+framework again looking at innovation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework again looking at innovation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework again looking at innovation at
+the institutional level you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institutional level you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institutional level you know how
+does R&D and prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does R&D and prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does R&D and prototype
+how do those stages operate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do those stages operate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do those stages operate in
+innovation organizations or indie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation organizations or indie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation organizations or indie
+organizations and then how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and then how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and then how does the
+handoff occur in that innovation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handoff occur in that innovation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handoff occur in that innovation system
+and the strength of those actors as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strength of those actors as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strength of those actors as well
+so that got us into thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that got us into thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that got us into thinking about
+looking at innovation at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at innovation at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at innovation at the
+institutional level class number six was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional level class number six was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional level class number six was
+about the valley of death problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the valley of death problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the valley of death problem the
+gap that was in effect built in into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap that was in effect built in into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap that was in effect built in into the
+u.s. innovation system because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. innovation system because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. innovation system because we
+focused a federal role on research it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused a federal role on research it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused a federal role on research it
+didn't really focus on the follow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really focus on the follow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really focus on the follow on
+Later stage development in subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later stage development in subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later stage development in subsequent
+stages right so it guaranteed a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages right so it guaranteed a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages right so it guaranteed a gap
+between our innovation actors between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between our innovation actors between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between our innovation actors between
+the research world in the implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research world in the implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research world in the implementation
+world and we talked about innovation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and we talked about innovation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and we talked about innovation at
+the face-to-face level so innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face-to-face level so innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face-to-face level so innovation
+doesn't just occur at the institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just occur at the institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just occur at the institutional
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+it occurs amongst people people innovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs amongst people people innovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs amongst people people innovate
+not institutions institutions help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not institutions institutions help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not institutions institutions help
+organize that innovation system but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize that innovation system but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize that innovation system but in
+the end its people and what are the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end its people and what are the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end its people and what are the rule
+sets that govern the way innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that govern the way innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that govern the way innovation
+looks like looks like at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like looks like at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like looks like at the at the
+face-to-face level we got deeply in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-to-face level we got deeply in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-to-face level we got deeply in a
+great group Theory class number eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group Theory class number eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group Theory class number eight
+was about DARPA which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about DARPA which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about DARPA which is a very
+different innovation model then the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different innovation model then the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different innovation model then the bulk
+of the u.s. system organized around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the u.s. system organized around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the u.s. system organized around
+predominantly around the end of war tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly around the end of war tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly around the end of war tube
+time period that is a it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period that is a it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period that is a it's an
+organization that attempts to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that attempts to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that attempts to combine
+capabilities at both the institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities at both the institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities at both the institutional
+level but also the great group forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but also the great group forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but also the great group forming
+innovation at the face-to-face level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation at the face-to-face level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation at the face-to-face level
+working on breakthrough technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on breakthrough technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on breakthrough technologies
+what DARPA calls a right-left model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what DARPA calls a right-left model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what DARPA calls a right-left model
+wants to think about what it gets out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to think about what it gets out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to think about what it gets out of
+the end of the innovation system it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the innovation system it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the innovation system it's
+not just curiosity driven so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just curiosity driven so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just curiosity driven so what's
+gonna what do they want and then how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna what do they want and then how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna what do they want and then how to
+go back to the early stages and develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the early stages and develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the early stages and develop
+a breakthroughs to get there so a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a breakthroughs to get there so a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a breakthroughs to get there so a very
+different organizational model class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organizational model class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organizational model class
+nine was a case study on NIH and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine was a case study on NIH and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine was a case study on NIH and again
+it brought home to us how to look and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brought home to us how to look and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brought home to us how to look and an
+innovation system in this case in a life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system in this case in a life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system in this case in a life
+science research world and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science research world and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science research world and what are the
+institutional barriers and problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional barriers and problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional barriers and problems in
+that system class 10 was around energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system class 10 was around energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system class 10 was around energy
+technology and we introduced the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and we introduced the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and we introduced the idea of
+the difficulty of innovating in a legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty of innovating in a legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty of innovating in a legacy
+economic sector an established complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic sector an established complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic sector an established complex
+existing legacy sector that builds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing legacy sector that builds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing legacy sector that builds up
+its own paradigm to protect its models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own paradigm to protect its models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own paradigm to protect its models
+that are technological they are economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are technological they are economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are technological they are economic
+they are political they are social and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are political they are social and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are political they are social and
+they build barriers to disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build barriers to disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build barriers to disruptive
+threats from the outside from new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats from the outside from new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats from the outside from new
+entrants that would attempt to disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrants that would attempt to disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrants that would attempt to disrupt
+that model and how do you begin to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model and how do you begin to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model and how do you begin to think
+about bringing innovation of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bringing innovation of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bringing innovation of these
+legacy sectors it's a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors it's a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors it's a really important
+question because most the economy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because most the economy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because most the economy's
+legacy sectors and if you're walling off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors and if you're walling off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors and if you're walling off
+80% or more of your economy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% or more of your economy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% or more of your economy from
+innovation then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation then you're going to
+dramatically affect your ability to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically affect your ability to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically affect your ability to grow
+and your growth rate and your societal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your growth rate and your societal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your growth rate and your societal
+well-being so in effect that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being so in effect that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being so in effect that's the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+with legacy sectors and that's the need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with legacy sectors and that's the need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with legacy sectors and that's the need
+that's the reason why we need to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why we need to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why we need to figure
+out how to innovate in them class 11 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to innovate in them class 11 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to innovate in them class 11 was
+all about education again another legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about education again another legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about education again another legacy
+sector and we talked about a whole set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and we talked about a whole set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and we talked about a whole set
+of ways to think about science education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to think about science education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to think about science education
+technology education and then education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology education and then education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology education and then education
+for innovation itself could we ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for innovation itself could we ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for innovation itself could we ever
+attempt to think about that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to think about that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to think about that as a
+teaching approach and today will be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching approach and today will be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching approach and today will be all
+about the future of work which i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future of work which i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future of work which i think
+is an issue that is going to affect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an issue that is going to affect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an issue that is going to affect all
+of you and will kind of dominate a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and will kind of dominate a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and will kind of dominate a lot
+of your time over ensuing decades so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your time over ensuing decades so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your time over ensuing decades so
+we're gonna try and sort this one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna try and sort this one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna try and sort this one out
+and try and figure out what it means by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try and figure out what it means by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try and figure out what it means by
+reading some of the leading thinkers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading some of the leading thinkers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading some of the leading thinkers in
+this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area
+and that Liz was great by doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that Liz was great by doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that Liz was great by doing the
+whole innovation is like real estate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole innovation is like real estate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole innovation is like real estate its
+location location location so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location location location so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location location location so it's
+really forms in these geographic regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really forms in these geographic regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really forms in these geographic regions
+and really need to understand it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really need to understand it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really need to understand it in the
+graphical region we didn't have time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical region we didn't have time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical region we didn't have time for
+everything in this class but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this class but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this class but that's
+certainly one of the classes I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one of the classes I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one of the classes I would
+have added if I had the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have added if I had the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have added if I had the time
+so Liz walked us through some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Liz walked us through some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Liz walked us through some of those
+initial concepts in that field which she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concepts in that field which she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concepts in that field which she
+does really important work in by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does really important work in by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does really important work in by the way
+all right you've got Bryn Johnson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you've got Bryn Johnson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you've got Bryn Johnson and
+you've got the first David autor piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the first David autor piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the first David autor piece
+so why not why don't I do those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why not why don't I do those together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why not why don't I do those together
+because they're they critique each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're they critique each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're they critique each other
+right so and this is a big debate that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and this is a big debate that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and this is a big debate that's
+going on on the MIT campus with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on the MIT campus with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on the MIT campus with
+different perspectives here as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives here as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives here as we're
+gonna see about what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see about what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see about what's going to happen
+to work here and so after the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work here and so after the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work here and so after the Great
+Recession the economy went through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recession the economy went through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recession the economy went through a
+very slow period of putting people back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow period of putting people back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow period of putting people back
+to work now we're now back to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work now we're now back to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work now we're now back to you know
+5% or lower employment but we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% or lower employment but we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% or lower employment but we still have
+a large number of people that never went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of people that never went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of people that never went
+back into the workforce a shockingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the workforce a shockingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the workforce a shockingly
+high number so this problem it will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high number so this problem it will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high number so this problem it will not
+pass this problem so this is an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this problem so this is an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this problem so this is an early
+piece by Eric Brent Johnson and Andrew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece by Eric Brent Johnson and Andrew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece by Eric Brent Johnson and Andrew
+McAfee brand new Olson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McAfee brand new Olson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McAfee brand new Olson
+forgive me Tom no I appreciated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me Tom no I appreciated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me Tom no I appreciated
+I'm glad we're gonna get that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad we're gonna get that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad we're gonna get that right
+Danielson all right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danielson all right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danielson all right good
+so Eric and Andrew how's that brought us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Eric and Andrew how's that brought us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Eric and Andrew how's that brought us
+a whole set of new thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole set of new thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole set of new thinking about this
+territory and there's a debate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory and there's a debate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory and there's a debate about
+what their findings are this is an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their findings are this is an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their findings are this is an early
+piece day they produce their their book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece day they produce their their book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece day they produce their their book
+on this topic is called the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this topic is called the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this topic is called the second
+Machine Age so they looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine Age so they looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine Age so they looked at this
+problem of why wasn't the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of why wasn't the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of why wasn't the economy
+putting people back to work at a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting people back to work at a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting people back to work at a rate
+that was more acceptable and they argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was more acceptable and they argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was more acceptable and they argued
+that the 2007 2008 recession wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 2007 2008 recession wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 2007 2008 recession wasn't a
+typical business cycle recession in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical business cycle recession in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical business cycle recession in
+other words you didn't lose your job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you didn't lose your job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you didn't lose your job and
+then get it back you lost your job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get it back you lost your job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get it back you lost your job
+right your job did not come back after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your job did not come back after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your job did not come back after
+this recession in many sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recession in many sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recession in many sectors
+particularly manufacturing as we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly manufacturing as we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly manufacturing as we talked
+about so one explanation was gee it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so one explanation was gee it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so one explanation was gee it's
+just not a normal business cycle its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not a normal business cycle its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not a normal business cycle its
+stagnation and there's a long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnation and there's a long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnation and there's a long-term
+decline in certain sectors that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in certain sectors that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in certain sectors that you have
+to understand and look at a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand and look at a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand and look at a third
+explanation which they venture to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation which they venture to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation which they venture to set
+out was that it wasn't really stagnation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was that it wasn't really stagnation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was that it wasn't really stagnation
+either and it wasn't to little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and it wasn't to little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and it wasn't to little
+innovation a signal of stagnation it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation a signal of stagnation it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation a signal of stagnation it was
+too much innovation for the economy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much innovation for the economy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much innovation for the economy to
+manage and handle and so they embarked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage and handle and so they embarked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage and handle and so they embarked
+in on kind of a history of this concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on kind of a history of this concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on kind of a history of this concern
+about the end of work which they argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the end of work which they argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the end of work which they argue
+started in 1995 with a growing concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 1995 with a growing concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 1995 with a growing concern
+at that time about technological job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time about technological job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time about technological job
+displacement and they look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and they look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and they look at the
+surrounding technologies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding technologies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding technologies that are
+emerging Google's driverless cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Google's driverless cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Google's driverless cars
+Watson's jeopardy Jeopardy reycarts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson's jeopardy Jeopardy reycarts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson's jeopardy Jeopardy reycarts
+while in his book the age of spiritual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in his book the age of spiritual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in his book the age of spiritual
+machines when computers exceed human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines when computers exceed human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines when computers exceed human
+intelligence began to portray some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence began to portray some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence began to portray some of
+these concerns whether it's people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concerns whether it's people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concerns whether it's people were
+gonna get displaced their work was gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get displaced their work was gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get displaced their work was gonna
+be displaced by the advent of the IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be displaced by the advent of the IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be displaced by the advent of the IT
+technology revolution as it moves into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology revolution as it moves into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology revolution as it moves into
+artificial intelligence areas what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence areas what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence areas what is
+clear is that there has been exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear is that there has been exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear is that there has been exponential
+growth in the computing sector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the computing sector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the computing sector and
+computers are thousands of times better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are thousands of times better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are thousands of times better
+than they were you know thirty years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they were you know thirty years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they were you know thirty years ago
+but there are areas that you know Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are areas that you know Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are areas that you know Eric
+and Andrea point out where computers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Andrea point out where computers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Andrea point out where computers are
+not good at at particularly the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good at at particularly the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good at at particularly the sort of
+combination of both physical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of both physical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of both physical and
+knowledge areas and they're not yet good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge areas and they're not yet good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge areas and they're not yet good
+at general problem-solving and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at general problem-solving and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at general problem-solving and they're
+not good at creative abilities but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good at creative abilities but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good at creative abilities but there
+has been exponential progress so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been exponential progress so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been exponential progress so there's
+still a significant distance here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a significant distance here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a significant distance here they
+note but their concern is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note but their concern is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note but their concern is that this is
+on the way and it's gonna disrupt a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way and it's gonna disrupt a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way and it's gonna disrupt a lot
+of employment in the economy over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of employment in the economy over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of employment in the economy over time
+and then they argue that you know given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they argue that you know given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they argue that you know given
+that exponential advance there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential advance there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential advance there are two
+fundamental strategies in response you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental strategies in response you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental strategies in response you
+know one is an organizational innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one is an organizational innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one is an organizational innovation
+strategy and the core idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and the core idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and the core idea here is
+there's an opportunity for creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an opportunity for creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an opportunity for creative
+entrepreneurs that can create new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs that can create new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs that can create new
+business models that combine the growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models that combine the growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models that combine the growing
+numbers of mid skills skilled workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of mid skills skilled workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of mid skills skilled workers
+with ever cheaper technologies to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ever cheaper technologies to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ever cheaper technologies to create
+new kinds of value right that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of value right that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of value right that could be
+one way out of this unemployment social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way out of this unemployment social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way out of this unemployment social
+disruption box and they argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption box and they argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption box and they argue that
+digital technologies do create great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital technologies do create great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital technologies do create great
+opportunities for individuals to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for individuals to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for individuals to use
+their own kind of unique capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own kind of unique capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own kind of unique capabilities
+they ask are we running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ask are we running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ask are we running out of
+innovation and when businesses are based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and when businesses are based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and when businesses are based
+on bits instead of atoms then each new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bits instead of atoms then each new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bits instead of atoms then each new
+product adds to the set of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product adds to the set of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product adds to the set of building
+blocks that are available to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are available to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are available to the next
+entrepreneur instead of depleting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur instead of depleting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur instead of depleting the
+stock of ideas so this truly is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of ideas so this truly is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of ideas so this truly is an
+exponential growth kind of territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth kind of territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth kind of territory
+there's no denying it they argue but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no denying it they argue but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no denying it they argue but
+that does create a new set of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does create a new set of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does create a new set of building
+blocks that are potentially available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are potentially available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are potentially available
+here that you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can think about
+organizational innovation to get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational innovation to get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational innovation to get around
+the second argument they make is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second argument they make is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second argument they make is that we
+need to make significant investments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make significant investments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make significant investments in
+human capital as a way of dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital as a way of dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital as a way of dealing with
+this you know on coming set of issues so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know on coming set of issues so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know on coming set of issues so
+improving the education and skill sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the education and skill sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the education and skill sets
+to get the most out of our kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the most out of our kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the most out of our kind of
+racing technology they argue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing technology they argue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing technology they argue is
+important and they posit that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and they posit that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and they posit that there's a
+third Industrial Revolution really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third Industrial Revolution really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third Industrial Revolution really
+around computing and information which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around computing and information which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around computing and information which
+is based on information that in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on information that in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on information that in effect
+doesn't get used up so that's Eric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get used up so that's Eric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get used up so that's Eric and
+Andrews picture and it's a dark picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrews picture and it's a dark picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrews picture and it's a dark picture
+right their concern is that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right their concern is that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right their concern is that a lot of
+people are going to get a little high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to get a little high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to get a little high
+and let's frantically do organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's frantically do organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's frantically do organizational
+reforms let's do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforms let's do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforms let's do you know
+other kinds of changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of changes in the
+educational system they argue for a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational system they argue for a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational system they argue for a set
+of tax changes they really propose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tax changes they really propose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tax changes they really propose in
+the end not in this piece but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end not in this piece but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end not in this piece but in the
+later pieces a negative income tax to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later pieces a negative income tax to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later pieces a negative income tax to
+kind of read your redress the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of read your redress the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of read your redress the inequality
+wealth balance in the society they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth balance in the society they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth balance in the society they're
+concerned that this is upon us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned that this is upon us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned that this is upon us
+right and then David Otter MIT economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then David Otter MIT economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then David Otter MIT economist
+has been doing some remarkable work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been doing some remarkable work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been doing some remarkable work in a
+series of areas we read his work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of areas we read his work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of areas we read his work on
+manufacturing he writes a responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing he writes a responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing he writes a responsive
+piece why are there still so many jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece why are there still so many jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece why are there still so many jobs
+because his response and he argues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his response and he argues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his response and he argues that
+Eric and Andrew are only taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric and Andrew are only taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric and Andrew are only taking a
+partial look at this phenomena so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial look at this phenomena so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial look at this phenomena so let's
+do a little bit of historical material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of historical material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of historical material
+historically economics has always found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically economics has always found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically economics has always found
+that technological advance historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technological advance historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technological advance historically
+always creates net new jobs and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always creates net new jobs and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always creates net new jobs and it's
+been going on since the Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on since the Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on since the Industrial
+Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution
+every time you study one of these great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you study one of these great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you study one of these great
+ways of innovation net there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of innovation net there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of innovation net there are people
+affected disrupted by the new innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected disrupted by the new innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected disrupted by the new innovation
+waves right buggy whip manufacturers had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right buggy whip manufacturers had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right buggy whip manufacturers had
+a real problem with the advent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real problem with the advent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real problem with the advent of the
+automobile internal combustion engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile internal combustion engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile internal combustion engine
+right so you can think about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can think about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can think about a lot of
+displacement that has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement that has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement that has occurred
+historically but net the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically but net the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically but net the amount of
+employment overall was in that game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment overall was in that game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment overall was in that game and
+you know David said that is that era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know David said that is that era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know David said that is that era
+over is the question and his basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over is the question and his basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over is the question and his basic
+answer is no that's not over and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no that's not over and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no that's not over and there's
+a what he would argue in a way as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what he would argue in a way as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what he would argue in a way as an
+assessment and Counting problem it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and Counting problem it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and Counting problem it's not
+that there's not going to be disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's not going to be disruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's not going to be disruption
+it's just that automation can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that automation can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that automation can also
+complement labor and can raise outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement labor and can raise outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement labor and can raise outputs
+in ways that lead to higher demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that lead to higher demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that lead to higher demand for
+labor right so automation does indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor right so automation does indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor right so automation does indeed
+substitute for labor but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for labor but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for labor but in this
+complementary way automation can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary way automation can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary way automation can also
+lead to new kinds of output that lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to new kinds of output that lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to new kinds of output that lead to
+new kinds of employment and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of employment and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kinds of employment and you've got
+to understand and assess that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand and assess that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand and assess that the
+combination of these factors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these factors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these factors the
+substitution as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution as well as the
+complementarity in understanding what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity in understanding what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity in understanding what's
+gonna happen ahead and he argues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen ahead and he argues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen ahead and he argues that
+commentators tend to overstate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators tend to overstate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators tend to overstate the
+extent of machine substitution for human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent of machine substitution for human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent of machine substitution for human
+labor and ignore the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and ignore the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and ignore the strong
+complementarities between automation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarities between automation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarities between automation and
+labor that in the end increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor that in the end increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor that in the end increased
+productivity raised earnings and augment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity raised earnings and augment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity raised earnings and augment
+demand for labor so there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for labor so there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for labor so there's one
+important thing that has not changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that has not changed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that has not changed in
+the economy here right so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy here right so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy here right so if we look at
+agriculture in the nineteenth century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture in the nineteenth century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture in the nineteenth century
+right we employed you know approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we employed you know approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we employed you know approaching
+you know over 40 percent of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over 40 percent of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over 40 percent of our
+population and 1900 was employed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and 1900 was employed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and 1900 was employed in
+agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture
+now we employ less than 1% much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we employ less than 1% much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we employ less than 1% much greater
+output so that's a story of intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so that's a story of intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so that's a story of intense
+productivity gains but agriculture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains but agriculture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains but agriculture is
+different than the production of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the production of goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the production of goods
+non agricultural Goods if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non agricultural Goods if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non agricultural Goods if you look at
+food consumption per human being in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food consumption per human being in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food consumption per human being in the
+United States it's not very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States it's not very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States it's not very different
+now than it was in 1900 in an America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now than it was in 1900 in an America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now than it was in 1900 in an America
+there's only so many calories we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only so many calories we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only so many calories we can
+consume I mean we're working on it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume I mean we're working on it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume I mean we're working on it but
+you know even here there are limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even here there are limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even here there are limits
+that's not true in the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true in the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true in the production of
+goods we seem to have an insatiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods we seem to have an insatiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods we seem to have an insatiable
+appetite for more Goods and occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetite for more Goods and occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetite for more Goods and occasionally
+a movement will hit society like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movement will hit society like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movement will hit society like let's
+get rid of our stuff but it never lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of our stuff but it never lasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of our stuff but it never lasts
+very long right so it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long right so it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long right so it's a different
+world we can't make the agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we can't make the agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we can't make the agricultural
+analogy to non agricultural good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to non agricultural good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to non agricultural good
+production right they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production right they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production right they're different
+worlds and part of the story that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds and part of the story that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds and part of the story that that
+David Honor is attempting to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Honor is attempting to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Honor is attempting to illustrate
+here is that the limit there is no limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the limit there is no limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the limit there is no limit
+on goods right so that comment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on goods right so that comment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on goods right so that comment that
+complementarity that combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity that combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementarity that combination of
+people and machines can lead to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and machines can lead to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and machines can lead to new
+kinds of technologies new kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of technologies new kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of technologies new kinds of
+advances new kinds of goods that fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances new kinds of goods that fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances new kinds of goods that fit
+evolving sets of needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving sets of needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving sets of needs
+and he provides an interesting example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he provides an interesting example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he provides an interesting example
+of complementarity he has the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complementarity he has the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complementarity he has the eight
+notes that ATMs you know the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that ATMs you know the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that ATMs you know the cash
+machines in every bank that you know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines in every bank that you know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines in every bank that you know of
+and all over the place they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all over the place they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all over the place they were
+introduced in 1970 the assumption at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in 1970 the assumption at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in 1970 the assumption at the
+time was that well there's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was that well there's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was that well there's not going to
+be any more bank tellers that job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any more bank tellers that job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any more bank tellers that job is
+over right and there were a lot of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right and there were a lot of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right and there were a lot of those
+but what ended up happening was that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what ended up happening was that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what ended up happening was that in
+in by 2010 there were actually somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by 2010 there were actually somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by 2010 there were actually somewhat
+more bank tellers but their job had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bank tellers but their job had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bank tellers but their job had been
+repurposed to not just doing counting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposed to not just doing counting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposed to not just doing counting up
+cash and handing it to customers their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash and handing it to customers their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash and handing it to customers their
+jobs got repurposed and to frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs got repurposed and to frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs got repurposed and to frankly
+considerably more sophisticated customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably more sophisticated customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably more sophisticated customer
+service kind of job so an upgrading of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service kind of job so an upgrading of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service kind of job so an upgrading of
+the skills required in a way for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skills required in a way for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skills required in a way for that
+job but no loss of employment in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but no loss of employment in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but no loss of employment in fact a
+very modest gain despite the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very modest gain despite the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very modest gain despite the fact that
+everybody thought that sector was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thought that sector was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thought that sector was going
+to go so he argues that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go so he argues that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go so he argues that that's not
+unique this is going to occur in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique this is going to occur in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique this is going to occur in other
+sectors as well so the gains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors as well so the gains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors as well so the gains and
+productivity have not led to a shortfall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity have not led to a shortfall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity have not led to a shortfall
+of demand for goods and services these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demand for goods and services these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demand for goods and services these
+keep growing which is a big offsetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep growing which is a big offsetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep growing which is a big offsetting
+factor to the substitution of automation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor to the substitution of automation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor to the substitution of automation
+for work and he provides an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work and he provides an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work and he provides an interesting
+description of how you could look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of how you could look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of how you could look at the
+different economies in recent decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different economies in recent decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different economies in recent decades
+right the 1940 to 1970 economy versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the 1940 to 1970 economy versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the 1940 to 1970 economy versus
+the current economy his characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current economy his characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current economy his characterization
+of the economy that has been taking hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy that has been taking hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy that has been taking hold
+since 1980 through the current time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1980 through the current time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1980 through the current time is
+that it's increasingly professional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's increasingly professional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's increasingly professional and
+technical and with managerial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical and with managerial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical and with managerial
+occupations and that they're growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupations and that they're growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupations and that they're growing
+pretty rapidly whereas skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rapidly whereas skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rapidly whereas skilled
+blue-collar occupations are shrinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue-collar occupations are shrinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue-collar occupations are shrinking
+and that clerical and sales occupations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that clerical and sales occupations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that clerical and sales occupations
+which are the kind of vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the kind of vulnerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the kind of vulnerable
+equivalent of production jobs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of production jobs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of production jobs in the
+Information Age those are in decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Age those are in decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Age those are in decline
+there's a powerful piece in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a powerful piece in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a powerful piece in the
+economists this week about the decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists this week about the decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists this week about the decline
+and retail sales operations overall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and retail sales operations overall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and retail sales operations overall in
+the United States in light of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States in light of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States in light of the
+explosion of Amazon and online delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion of Amazon and online delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion of Amazon and online delivery
+system and how are those changes going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and how are those changes going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and how are those changes going
+to take place what does that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take place what does that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take place what does that look like
+and what stores location-based stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what stores location-based stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what stores location-based stores
+are thriving and which ones aren't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thriving and which ones aren't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thriving and which ones aren't right
+it's a very interesting assessment staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a good time to basket I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good time to basket I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good time to basket I'm
+curious about so technology it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about so technology it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about so technology it's still
+not at the plan in which it can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the plan in which it can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the plan in which it can take
+over the entire delivery system for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the entire delivery system for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the entire delivery system for a
+company like Amazon but it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company like Amazon but it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company like Amazon but it seems like
+the federal government is defunding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government is defunding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government is defunding the
+Postal Service so what then happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Postal Service so what then happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Postal Service so what then happens to
+the increase in labor or I guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase in labor or I guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase in labor or I guess they
+increase in demand of these products if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in demand of these products if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in demand of these products if
+there isn't an eat will rise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't an eat will rise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't an eat will rise and
+delivering infrastructure I guess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering infrastructure I guess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering infrastructure I guess that
+would be a consideration that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a consideration that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a consideration that I would
+hope that the Economist article would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that the Economist article would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that the Economist article would
+address yeah it doesn't deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address yeah it doesn't deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address yeah it doesn't deal with a
+postal service question but we can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal service question but we can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal service question but we can kind
+of think it through right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think it through right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think it through right so what
+happened right you know I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened right you know I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened right you know I don't know if
+in the number of letters you're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number of letters you're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number of letters you're writing
+longhand per day these days but mine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longhand per day these days but mine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longhand per day these days but mine is
+not high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not high
+so we've shift over to online systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've shift over to online systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've shift over to online systems so
+the bulk of what used to be mail is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk of what used to be mail is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk of what used to be mail is gone
+the Postal Service how are missed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Postal Service how are missed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Postal Service how are missed a
+revolution right they missed the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution right they missed the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution right they missed the fact
+that online delivery of goods was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that online delivery of goods was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that online delivery of goods was going
+to explode FedEx had a better model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explode FedEx had a better model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explode FedEx had a better model and
+they captured that marketplace so FedEx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they captured that marketplace so FedEx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they captured that marketplace so FedEx
+is thriving hand in glove with Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thriving hand in glove with Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thriving hand in glove with Amazon
+and other similar comparable delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other similar comparable delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other similar comparable delivery
+systems the Postal Service missed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the Postal Service missed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the Postal Service missed that
+revolution by and large all have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution by and large all have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution by and large all have been
+trying to catch up to their own to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to catch up to their own to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to catch up to their own to their
+own detriment over time right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own detriment over time right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own detriment over time right that's
+kind of the story and when you look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the story and when you look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the story and when you look in
+terms of net employment we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of net employment we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of net employment we'll see how
+this sorts out but again this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorts out but again this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorts out but again this is an
+example of complementarity the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of complementarity the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of complementarity the whole
+Federal Express and similar DHL and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Express and similar DHL and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Express and similar DHL and
+other express delivery services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other express delivery services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other express delivery services
+that's a complimentary service that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a complimentary service that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a complimentary service that
+happened a compliment very nicely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened a compliment very nicely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened a compliment very nicely the
+evolution of you know the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of you know the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of you know the distribution
+of goods through originating through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods through originating through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods through originating through
+online services so that helps us think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online services so that helps us think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online services so that helps us think
+about some of this Martine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of this Martine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of this Martine
+I know it's like maybe that's an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's like maybe that's an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's like maybe that's an issue
+that is okay to maybe be disruptive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is okay to maybe be disruptive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is okay to maybe be disruptive I
+think it's probably what was big and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably what was big and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably what was big and it
+wasn't profitable and so you needed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't profitable and so you needed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't profitable and so you needed the
+government to have it to have it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to have it to have it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to have it to have it as a
+shelter for it was a tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter for it was a tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter for it was a tool for
+communication right and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication right and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication right and there's a
+there's a huge societal gain from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge societal gain from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge societal gain from this
+you know it wasn't profitable and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it wasn't profitable and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it wasn't profitable and then
+with less letters and because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less letters and because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less letters and because you have
+the Internet and probably what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet and probably what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet and probably what happened
+is all these other companies optimize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all these other companies optimize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all these other companies optimize it
+and logistics really well because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logistics really well because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logistics really well because they
+get them better and better and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them better and better and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them better and better and they have
+more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money
+those companies became profitable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those companies became profitable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those companies became profitable and
+those probably way easier and way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those probably way easier and way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those probably way easier and way
+cheaper send it through their way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper send it through their way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper send it through their way and
+now you have all this kind of stagnation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have all this kind of stagnation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have all this kind of stagnation
+innovation inside that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation inside that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation inside that you have the
+Postal Service that sector so it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Postal Service that sector so it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Postal Service that sector so it just
+wasn't viable to keep going because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't viable to keep going because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't viable to keep going because
+there's usually say a whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually say a whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually say a whole set of
+disadvantage since the government handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage since the government handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage since the government handed
+them a task of having to deliver mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a task of having to deliver mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a task of having to deliver mail
+and parcels to every single neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parcels to every single neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parcels to every single neighborhood
+in the United States no matter how empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States no matter how empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States no matter how empty
+your neighborhood was right if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighborhood was right if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighborhood was right if you were
+out there in rural South Dakota you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in rural South Dakota you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in rural South Dakota you can
+imagine that the economic base for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the economic base for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the economic base for a
+strong delivery system is probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong delivery system is probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong delivery system is probably not
+there so there were a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there were a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there were a lot of
+disadvantages they faced going into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages they faced going into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages they faced going into this
+but in the end they missed that package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end they missed that package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end they missed that package
+delivery mechanism but you make a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery mechanism but you make a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery mechanism but you make a good
+point Martine let me wrap up with David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Martine let me wrap up with David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Martine let me wrap up with David
+autor there's in the end then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autor there's in the end then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autor there's in the end then an
+interplay between people and machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay between people and machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay between people and machines
+and the comparative advantage will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the comparative advantage will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the comparative advantage will allow
+computers to substitute for workers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers to substitute for workers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers to substitute for workers in
+performing routine codify bolt asks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing routine codify bolt asks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing routine codify bolt asks but
+it also amplifies the comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also amplifies the comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also amplifies the comparative
+advantage of workers and supplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of workers and supplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of workers and supplying
+problem-solving skills skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem-solving skills skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem-solving skills skills
+adaptability and creativity sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptability and creativity sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptability and creativity sort of
+people like capabilities and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like capabilities and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like capabilities and maybe
+computers we'll get to these some decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers we'll get to these some decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers we'll get to these some decade
+but that's not happening anytime real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not happening anytime real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not happening anytime real
+soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon
+so being the balance between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so being the balance between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so being the balance between those two
+is the key to managing the entry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the key to managing the entry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the key to managing the entry of
+these new IT based technologies into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new IT based technologies into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new IT based technologies into the
+economy David autor would argue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy David autor would argue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy David autor would argue the
+frontier of automation he recognizes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier of automation he recognizes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier of automation he recognizes is
+rapidly advancing so the challenge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly advancing so the challenge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly advancing so the challenge of
+substituting machines and remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting machines and remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting machines and remains
+intense but if you focus only on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense but if you focus only on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense but if you focus only on what's
+lost you miss a really central economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost you miss a really central economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost you miss a really central economic
+in ISM so automation affects the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ISM so automation affects the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ISM so automation affects the demand
+for labor by raising the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for labor by raising the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for labor by raising the value of the
+tasks that workers uniquely supply right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that workers uniquely supply right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that workers uniquely supply right
+so that's Eric and Andrew tell us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Eric and Andrew tell us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Eric and Andrew tell us about
+the challenge ahead from the IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge ahead from the IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge ahead from the IT
+revolution in substituting IT for work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in substituting IT for work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in substituting IT for work
+David Otter begins to put us on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Otter begins to put us on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Otter begins to put us on a
+pathway to make a an assessment of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to make a an assessment of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to make a an assessment of just
+what that's going to mean and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going to mean and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going to mean and what the
+balance between people and machines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between people and machines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between people and machines is
+going to be and how we need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and how we need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and how we need to think
+about that balance right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that balance right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that balance right so that's the
+core issue in his article how come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core issue in his article how come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core issue in his article how come
+there's still so many jobs his argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still so many jobs his argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still so many jobs his argument
+in the end is in this territory there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end is in this territory there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end is in this territory there's
+going to be substantial numbers of jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be substantial numbers of jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be substantial numbers of jobs
+death it's all yours just a few points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death it's all yours just a few points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death it's all yours just a few points
+so maybe perhaps a little differently I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe perhaps a little differently I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe perhaps a little differently I
+found Eric and Andrews peace more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found Eric and Andrews peace more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found Eric and Andrews peace more
+optimistic than I expected essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic than I expected essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic than I expected essentially
+how it ends kind of saying like we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it ends kind of saying like we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it ends kind of saying like we've
+been through these revelations before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through these revelations before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through these revelations before
+we'll get through this one the check on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get through this one the check on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get through this one the check on
+kind of weird because they spent most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird because they spent most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird because they spent most of
+the beginning of the article talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the article talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the article talking
+about how this was fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this was fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this was fundamentally
+different given its actual exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different given its actual exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different given its actual exponential
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+so that was a little hard for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a little hard for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a little hard for me to
+reconcile I think they're trying to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile I think they're trying to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile I think they're trying to end
+it a little more upbeat but maybe if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little more upbeat but maybe if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little more upbeat but maybe if I
+read their whole book I'll see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read their whole book I'll see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read their whole book I'll see that it's
+a little bit more nuanced than that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more nuanced than that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more nuanced than that and
+then yeah as bill said professor otter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah as bill said professor otter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah as bill said professor otter
+kind of portrays a different story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of portrays a different story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of portrays a different story and
+that I guess we need to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I guess we need to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I guess we need to be aware of
+these changes that are coming but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes that are coming but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes that are coming but they
+aren't as bleak as we might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as bleak as we might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as bleak as we might think
+and then he also does taco about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he also does taco about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he also does taco about how
+additional technological advances such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional technological advances such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional technological advances such
+as machine learning could cut it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as machine learning could cut it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as machine learning could cut it a
+little bit to his conclusions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to his conclusions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to his conclusions about the
+skills that humans have that are unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that humans have that are unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that humans have that are unique
+from machines but starting first with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from machines but starting first with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from machines but starting first with
+this Eric and Andrew piece Matt brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Eric and Andrew piece Matt brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Eric and Andrew piece Matt brought
+up early interesting question that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up early interesting question that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up early interesting question that I
+think it's worth discussing so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's worth discussing so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's worth discussing so one of
+the things that they talked about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that they talked about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that they talked about is
+this new ecosystem will have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new ecosystem will have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new ecosystem will have a lot of
+opportunities for entrepreneurs but Matt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for entrepreneurs but Matt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for entrepreneurs but Matt
+noted that especially like in Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted that especially like in Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted that especially like in Silicon
+Valley we see that a lot of IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley we see that a lot of IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley we see that a lot of IT
+entrepreneurs are kind of creating apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs are kind of creating apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs are kind of creating apps
+or other new advances that don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other new advances that don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other new advances that don't have a
+lot of value for economic growth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of value for economic growth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of value for economic growth it
+might just be like making like solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be like making like solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be like making like solving
+first world problems as they like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first world problems as they like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first world problems as they like to say
+so what do you think the reality is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think the reality is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think the reality is with
+these entrepreneurs actually creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entrepreneurs actually creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entrepreneurs actually creating
+new companies that are going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new companies that are going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new companies that are going to be able
+to foster job growth I would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to foster job growth I would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to foster job growth I would say that
+right now what's happened is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's happened is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's happened is that
+because the iTunes Revolution there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the iTunes Revolution there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the iTunes Revolution there were
+these sectors that you can make it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sectors that you can make it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sectors that you can make it's
+pretty much the scaling the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the scaling the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the scaling the second
+distribution so things that don't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so things that don't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so things that don't matter
+you can scale well you make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can scale well you make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can scale well you make a lot of
+money off them but we're entering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money off them but we're entering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money off them but we're entering a
+period where people are gonna do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period where people are gonna do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period where people are gonna do things
+that matter and now you have the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter and now you have the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter and now you have the capital
+markets you have the infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets you have the infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets you have the infrastructure
+probably grow companies quickly how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably grow companies quickly how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably grow companies quickly how you
+onboard so this whole infrastructure has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onboard so this whole infrastructure has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onboard so this whole infrastructure has
+already been built out right so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been built out right so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been built out right so the way
+I would compare is like when one started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would compare is like when one started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would compare is like when one started
+develop this infrastructure and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this infrastructure and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this infrastructure and it was
+just a distributed to all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a distributed to all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a distributed to all these other
+platforms so the benefit now is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms so the benefit now is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms so the benefit now is that you
+have these capital markets so that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these capital markets so that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these capital markets so that say
+somebody does do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody does do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody does do
+a very important innovations and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important innovations and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important innovations and they
+were like CRISPR you will get the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like CRISPR you will get the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like CRISPR you will get the you
+can get it and passed on faster so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it and passed on faster so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it and passed on faster so right
+now I would say like you should think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would say like you should think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would say like you should think of
+you know snapchat Facebook it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know snapchat Facebook it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know snapchat Facebook it's kind of
+like little cut middle leagues but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little cut middle leagues but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little cut middle leagues but it
+creates the environment that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the environment that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the environment that there's
+something out there something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out there something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out there something
+significant with a real innovation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant with a real innovation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant with a real innovation that
+creates an industry you will get maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an industry you will get maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an industry you will get maybe
+that's really daughter company and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really daughter company and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really daughter company and you
+have somebody becomes very very wealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somebody becomes very very wealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somebody becomes very very wealthy
+I'm interesting you think when you argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interesting you think when you argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interesting you think when you argue
+that those first of all Fox offers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those first of all Fox offers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those first of all Fox offers are
+necessary steps to allow the big players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary steps to allow the big players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary steps to allow the big players
+to exist like if if the market was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exist like if if the market was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exist like if if the market was
+dominated first by I have a crisper I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated first by I have a crisper I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated first by I have a crisper I
+would I wouldn't say it's necessary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I wouldn't say it's necessary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I wouldn't say it's necessary but
+I would say that's how it's right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that's how it's right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that's how it's right now
+and it's it's it just move them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's it just move them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's it just move them out
+there's also a common strategy where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a common strategy where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a common strategy where it
+seems really stupid until it's not so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really stupid until it's not so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems really stupid until it's not so it
+could also go back and forth if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also go back and forth if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also go back and forth if you look
+at Silicon Valley Sophia Valley took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Silicon Valley Sophia Valley took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Silicon Valley Sophia Valley took
+fifty seventy years to become whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty seventy years to become whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty seventy years to become whether
+this today they really started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this today they really started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this today they really started off with
+Stanford using their funding from World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford using their funding from World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford using their funding from World
+War two and making the decision which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War two and making the decision which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War two and making the decision which
+was different than it might ease that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different than it might ease that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different than it might ease that I
+don't want to keep the money inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to keep the money inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to keep the money inside the
+lab you've built something you research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you've built something you research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you've built something you research
+it and then you go out and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you go out and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you go out and make a
+company off of it but it takes long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company off of it but it takes long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company off of it but it takes long
+period of time and that was hard tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and that was hard tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and that was hard tech
+but it's just hard to scale because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just hard to scale because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just hard to scale because we
+used to happen is like in the 90s so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to happen is like in the 90s so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to happen is like in the 90s so if
+you wanted to make computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to make computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to make computer science
+companies or like something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies or like something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies or like something like a
+Facebook there's actually a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook there's actually a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook there's actually a good thing
+facebook support Facebook and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook support Facebook and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook support Facebook and what
+happened is you have to buy servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is you have to buy servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is you have to buy servers
+you'd have to configure them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to configure them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to configure them and you
+probably spend about like you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spend about like you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spend about like you know a
+hundred thousand this 150 thousand to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand this 150 thousand to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand this 150 thousand to
+buy all your servers right and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy all your servers right and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy all your servers right and then you
+got to started with the idea so if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to started with the idea so if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to started with the idea so if like
+something had to do a snapchat be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something had to do a snapchat be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something had to do a snapchat be like
+okay I paid a million dollars now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I paid a million dollars now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I paid a million dollars now I have
+to build it it's such a huge problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build it it's such a huge problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build it it's such a huge problem and
+so the issue the reason that hard tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue the reason that hard tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue the reason that hard tech
+didn't scale before is because you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't scale before is because you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't scale before is because you would
+ask for that money and you can give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for that money and you can give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for that money and you can give up
+about 30 percent what happened is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 percent what happened is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 percent what happened is the
+founder would start the company and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder would start the company and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder would start the company and then
+what would happen is because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen is because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen is because you don't
+have any management experience that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any management experience that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any management experience that
+keeps out so never really much control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps out so never really much control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps out so never really much control
+on the founder so now what's happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the founder so now what's happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the founder so now what's happened is
+because of the funding environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the funding environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the funding environment
+everybody has capital but there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has capital but there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has capital but there's very
+few good ideas and in fact the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few good ideas and in fact the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few good ideas and in fact the the
+moniker of like VCS is that there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moniker of like VCS is that there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moniker of like VCS is that there's only
+really like five really great companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like five really great companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like five really great companies
+that we should invest in this year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should invest in this year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should invest in this year so
+there's a lot of money and I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of money and I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of money and I would say
+that it's more like it's more like enews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's more like it's more like enews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's more like it's more like enews
+right I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll just
+here up is just like scandal just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up is just like scandal just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up is just like scandal just like
+gossip tabloids there's a couple of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossip tabloids there's a couple of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossip tabloids there's a couple of good
+companies that every year will come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that every year will come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that every year will come out
+and create really substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create really substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create really substantial
+technologies and there are the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and there are the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and there are the people
+that you won't hear about today you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you won't hear about today you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you won't hear about today you will
+not hear about them to hear from now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hear about them to hear from now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hear about them to hear from now but
+there'll be around 20 years from now ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be around 20 years from now ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be around 20 years from now ten
+you know system development I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know system development I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know system development I mean I
+imagine it would be the change a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it would be the change a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it would be the change a bit
+once you start happening like I keep up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you start happening like I keep up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you start happening like I keep up
+videos that are matching like lots of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that are matching like lots of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that are matching like lots of in
+scope records with the technology so say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope records with the technology so say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope records with the technology so say
+you have easy firm that's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have easy firm that's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have easy firm that's interested in
+startups right now in the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups right now in the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups right now in the software
+industry they have like almost 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry they have like almost 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry they have like almost 90
+percent profit margin times they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent profit margin times they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent profit margin times they're
+hiring people and you're talking like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring people and you're talking like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring people and you're talking like a
+fellow it you think the assistant if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow it you think the assistant if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow it you think the assistant if
+they put in place by what we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in place by what we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in place by what we have now
+we'll be able to can you just a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to can you just a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to can you just a question
+so let me I think he'd make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me I think he'd make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me I think he'd make an
+interesting point Matt and this takes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point Matt and this takes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point Matt and this takes us
+back to the reading that we did about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the reading that we did about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the reading that we did about
+the engine and cyclotron Road the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine and cyclotron Road the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine and cyclotron Road the fact
+that the venture capital system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the venture capital system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the venture capital system in the
+u.s. is really focused on software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. is really focused on software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. is really focused on software
+companies at this point and what Martine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies at this point and what Martine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies at this point and what Martine
+is telling us is early-stage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us is early-stage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us is early-stage the
+foundations are built they'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations are built they'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations are built they'll be able to
+move to hard technologies we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to hard technologies we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to hard technologies we're not
+seeing that yet frankly again biotech is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that yet frankly again biotech is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that yet frankly again biotech is
+a separate world and they built a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate world and they built a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate world and they built a system
+there by which they can manage the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there by which they can manage the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there by which they can manage the scale
+up with their current financial model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with their current financial model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with their current financial model
+but I think there's you've given us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think there's you've given us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think there's you've given us a
+hopeful well i perspective on what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeful well i perspective on what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeful well i perspective on what could
+be where it's starting to filter out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where it's starting to filter out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where it's starting to filter out and
+then hard to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hard to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hard to hold
+but the model is still job displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the model is still job displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the model is still job displacement
+right and that's how you get your return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's how you get your return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's how you get your return
+right so that's it's a really difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's it's a really difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's it's a really difficult
+model and we don't necessarily have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and we don't necessarily have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and we don't necessarily have to
+go that way as we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that way as we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that way as we talked about in the
+energy class you know a country like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy class you know a country like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy class you know a country like
+Germany is organized around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany is organized around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany is organized around
+manufacturing LED innovation they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing LED innovation they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing LED innovation they're
+producing there's no shortage of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing there's no shortage of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing there's no shortage of demand
+for goods worldwide if anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for goods worldwide if anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for goods worldwide if anything that's
+growing as a lot of the developing world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing as a lot of the developing world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing as a lot of the developing world
+becomes emerging economies and Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes emerging economies and Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes emerging economies and Germany
+is well positioned to take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well positioned to take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well positioned to take advantage of
+that and they've just organized their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they've just organized their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they've just organized their
+innovation system very differently but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system very differently but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system very differently but
+Martina make a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martina make a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martina make a good point
+this may be staging that we could move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be staging that we could move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be staging that we could move
+hard technologies into much is I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard technologies into much is I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard technologies into much is I mean
+biotech is a separate world but CRISPR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech is a separate world but CRISPR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech is a separate world but CRISPR
+in a way will result in what we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way will result in what we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way will result in what we could
+call hard maybe they're soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call hard maybe they're soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call hard maybe they're soft
+technologies that could be in effect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that could be in effect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that could be in effect a
+platform off an IT base how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform off an IT base how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform off an IT base how about
+another question I think yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question I think yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question I think yesterday
+there's an article in The Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an article in The Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an article in The Washington
+Post four times I'm talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Post four times I'm talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Post four times I'm talking about how
+one of the downsides to a lot of lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the downsides to a lot of lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the downsides to a lot of lower
+paying jobs that called graduates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying jobs that called graduates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying jobs that called graduates are
+getting such as counseling or teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting such as counseling or teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting such as counseling or teaching
+is that they are harder to displace by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they are harder to displace by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they are harder to displace by
+automation so they're talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation so they're talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation so they're talking about how
+so many investment banking jobs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many investment banking jobs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many investment banking jobs have
+already been replaced by automation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been replaced by automation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been replaced by automation so
+you like shouldn't feel so bad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like shouldn't feel so bad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like shouldn't feel so bad that
+you're taking lower paying job but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking lower paying job but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking lower paying job but it's
+a great job and so this reminded me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great job and so this reminded me or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great job and so this reminded me or
+this question from Chris I think it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question from Chris I think it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question from Chris I think it gets
+to that so how do we accelerate growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so how do we accelerate growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so how do we accelerate growth
+in each job areas when we're admitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each job areas when we're admitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each job areas when we're admitting
+that they're seemingly less desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're seemingly less desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're seemingly less desirable
+right now for a lot of people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now for a lot of people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now for a lot of people because
+they pay less and if these are the jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay less and if these are the jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay less and if these are the jobs
+that maybe more people should be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe more people should be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe more people should be going
+into how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how do we
+it's people to do that there is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's people to do that there is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's people to do that there is a an
+article with Washington Post about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article with Washington Post about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article with Washington Post about how
+San Francisco is creating teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco is creating teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco is creating teacher
+housing um because they felt like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing um because they felt like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing um because they felt like they
+were getting a lot of stories about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting a lot of stories about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting a lot of stories about how
+teachers had to commute in for several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers had to commute in for several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers had to commute in for several
+hours a day into the greater Bay Area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours a day into the greater Bay Area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours a day into the greater Bay Area
+and then how some people were living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how some people were living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how some people were living in
+people's kitchens because they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's kitchens because they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's kitchens because they couldn't
+afford the rent and so what San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford the rent and so what San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford the rent and so what San
+Francisco the municipal government you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco the municipal government you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco the municipal government you
+know and the role of municipalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and the role of municipalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and the role of municipalities
+decided was that they needed to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided was that they needed to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided was that they needed to build
+housing specifically for teachers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing specifically for teachers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing specifically for teachers this
+isn't gonna be affordable housing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't gonna be affordable housing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't gonna be affordable housing this
+isn't gonna be low-income housing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't gonna be low-income housing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't gonna be low-income housing this
+is gonna be housing for teachers to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be housing for teachers to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be housing for teachers to live
+in so they could teach at those schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so they could teach at those schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so they could teach at those schools
+and I feel like perhaps there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel like perhaps there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel like perhaps there's going to
+have to be you know sort of additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be you know sort of additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be you know sort of additional
+incentives in terms of infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives in terms of infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives in terms of infrastructure
+and housing to support this I guess to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and housing to support this I guess to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and housing to support this I guess to
+support that population of workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that population of workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that population of workers
+because it doesn't seem like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't seem like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't seem like it's
+politically viable to get to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically viable to get to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically viable to get to increase
+salary but it does seem like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary but it does seem like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary but it does seem like a
+reasonable proposition to say so long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable proposition to say so long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable proposition to say so long as
+you're working for our schools and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working for our schools and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working for our schools and so
+long as you are providing a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you are providing a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you are providing a public
+service that is going to provide a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that is going to provide a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that is going to provide a net
+benefit to society then you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to society then you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to society then you should have
+access to housing and food at a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to housing and food at a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to housing and food at a minimum
+seems like that one article you save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like that one article you save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like that one article you save
+anybody okay she drowned yeah so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay she drowned yeah so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay she drowned yeah so I guess
+I can also talk about matters yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also talk about matters yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also talk about matters yeah so I
+would be in a Kent Island I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in a Kent Island I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in a Kent Island I would be
+happy to send at all of you as well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to send at all of you as well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to send at all of you as well it
+was an article that was written by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an article that was written by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an article that was written by a
+woman on her two women on medium who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman on her two women on medium who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman on her two women on medium who had
+done research on the unicorn economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done research on the unicorn economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done research on the unicorn economy
+that is the creation of a billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the creation of a billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the creation of a billion dollar
+company and thinking about how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and thinking about how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and thinking about how that's
+not sustainable in the long run what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sustainable in the long run what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sustainable in the long run what we
+actually need to be focusing venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to be focusing venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to be focusing venture
+capital funds our arc on zebra companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital funds our arc on zebra companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital funds our arc on zebra companies
+which aren't companies that care not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which aren't companies that care not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which aren't companies that care not
+only about theirs they're sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about theirs they're sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about theirs they're sort of like
+the triple bottom line company is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triple bottom line company is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triple bottom line company is right
+there's gonna be a benefit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be a benefit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be a benefit to the
+company economically there's gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company economically there's gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company economically there's gonna be a
+benefit to society economically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to society economically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to society economically and
+there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be
+to society as a result of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to society as a result of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to society as a result of the product
+that they are creating and so they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are creating and so they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are creating and so they could
+they introduce the zebra model because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they introduce the zebra model because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they introduce the zebra model because
+zebras are you know sort of eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebras are you know sort of eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebras are you know sort of eat
+realistic and will be travel in a pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and will be travel in a pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and will be travel in a pack
+as opposed to you know these unicorns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to you know these unicorns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to you know these unicorns
+that don't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't exist
+right they're not real animals you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're not real animals you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're not real animals you know
+sort of promote any sort of benefit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of promote any sort of benefit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of promote any sort of benefit to
+the public so I'd be happy to pass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public so I'd be happy to pass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public so I'd be happy to pass it
+along I mean the article makes really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along I mean the article makes really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along I mean the article makes really
+good point about how like these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point about how like these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point about how like these are the
+companies that are unicorns kind of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are unicorns kind of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are unicorns kind of are
+very kind of like a bull in a china shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of like a bull in a china shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of like a bull in a china shop
+they they go and they ruin like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they go and they ruin like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they go and they ruin like a lot of
+societal structures and they just waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal structures and they just waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal structures and they just waste
+people and they don't really consider it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they don't really consider it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they don't really consider it
+or take any consideration and at the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or take any consideration and at the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or take any consideration and at the one
+point that it doesn't have an underscore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that it doesn't have an underscore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that it doesn't have an underscore
+for all of you is the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of you is the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of you is the way in which
+companies like uber and I think some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like uber and I think some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like uber and I think some of
+us know this but are essentially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us know this but are essentially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us know this but are essentially in
+formalizing our economy right like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalizing our economy right like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalizing our economy right like one
+of the things that we treasure about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we treasure about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we treasure about
+economy of the developed world is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy of the developed world is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy of the developed world is that
+it as a formal the conflict that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a formal the conflict that it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a formal the conflict that it is a
+formal economy in which people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal economy in which people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal economy in which people have
+labor protections in which there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor protections in which there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor protections in which there are
+trade unions and which workers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade unions and which workers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade unions and which workers have
+rights and protections against their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and protections against their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and protections against their
+employers and how that they can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers and how that they can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers and how that they can use
+their citizenship as a means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their citizenship as a means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their citizenship as a means of
+leveraging against discrimination that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging against discrimination that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging against discrimination that
+might occur to them in the labour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might occur to them in the labour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might occur to them in the labour
+economy right like we as wage laborers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy right like we as wage laborers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy right like we as wage laborers
+should get protections but the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get protections but the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get protections but the way that
+these companies are introducing models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies are introducing models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies are introducing models
+and perhaps and you know Ali Baba's kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps and you know Ali Baba's kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps and you know Ali Baba's kids
+the kind that they're bringing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind that they're bringing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind that they're bringing to the
+u.s. is that they're removing the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. is that they're removing the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. is that they're removing the labor
+protection so it happens if you expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection so it happens if you expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection so it happens if you expose
+citizens to regs if you revert citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens to regs if you revert citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens to regs if you revert citizens
+from wage laborers with protections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wage laborers with protections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wage laborers with protections to
+informal laborers who sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal laborers who sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal laborers who sort of you know
+are a tenant in the economy onion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a tenant in the economy onion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a tenant in the economy onion we
+went through this in the 19th century I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through this in the 19th century I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through this in the 19th century I
+mean with the advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with the advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with the advent of
+industrialization there were no worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization there were no worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization there were no worker
+protections and you know massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections and you know massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections and you know massive
+problems with workforce you know we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with workforce you know we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with workforce you know we've
+all read Dickens so you know we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all read Dickens so you know we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all read Dickens so you know we went
+through that phase and will more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that phase and will more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that phase and will more
+formalize protection systems evolve over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize protection systems evolve over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize protection systems evolve over
+time even for the unicorn world let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even for the unicorn world let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even for the unicorn world let's
+move to David Otter sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to David Otter sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to David Otter sorry
+- kind of mentioned otter seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- kind of mentioned otter seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- kind of mentioned otter seems to be
+slightly less concerned with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less concerned with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less concerned with the
+immediate impacts of automation but lily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate impacts of automation but lily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate impacts of automation but lily
+pointed out that there is some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out that there is some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out that there is some really
+startling job loss in some sectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling job loss in some sectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling job loss in some sectors so
+even if some of these jobs are replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if some of these jobs are replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if some of these jobs are replaced
+if we see an entire sector such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we see an entire sector such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we see an entire sector such as the
+retail sector collapse is that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail sector collapse is that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail sector collapse is that something
+that the economy can bounce back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the economy can bounce back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the economy can bounce back from
+what does that mean for social order I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean for social order I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean for social order I
+mean we've already cleaned the necks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we've already cleaned the necks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we've already cleaned the necks of
+manufacturing downturns have had very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing downturns have had very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing downturns have had very
+dramatic effects on social weights that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic effects on social weights that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic effects on social weights that
+we're constructing ourselves so even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constructing ourselves so even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constructing ourselves so even if
+we can replace some of these jobs what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can replace some of these jobs what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can replace some of these jobs what
+do you think that means for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that means for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that means for the rest of
+society you here's a trick ask Lily well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society you here's a trick ask Lily well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society you here's a trick ask Lily well
+I was just thinking about it because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just thinking about it because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just thinking about it because my
+husband was listening to me more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband was listening to me more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband was listening to me more than a
+dozen retail companies that are entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen retail companies that are entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen retail companies that are entering
+bankruptcy I mean JCPenney Sears etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy I mean JCPenney Sears etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy I mean JCPenney Sears etc
+retail stores that we've that are huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail stores that we've that are huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail stores that we've that are huge
+and employ a lot of people and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and employ a lot of people and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and employ a lot of people and we
+thought of this like staples in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this like staples in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this like staples in our
+economy and in our consumer needs also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and in our consumer needs also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and in our consumer needs also
+there's talk of like the mall industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's talk of like the mall industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's talk of like the mall industry
+going under because you know just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going under because you know just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going under because you know just this
+like deeply because people don't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like deeply because people don't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like deeply because people don't go to
+the mall like they used to all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mall like they used to all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mall like they used to all the time
+so I'm just wondering if those are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just wondering if those are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just wondering if those are going
+to have almost a domino effect of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have almost a domino effect of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have almost a domino effect of both
+you a couple of retailers not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple of retailers not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple of retailers not that
+you're not that impactful not that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not that impactful not that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not that impactful not that big
+of a deal but then if you start to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a deal but then if you start to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a deal but then if you start to think
+about the infrastructure that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the infrastructure that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the infrastructure that still
+tough around malls even the working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough around malls even the working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough around malls even the working on
+sir mall rig was what's gonna happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir mall rig was what's gonna happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir mall rig was what's gonna happen to
+those what are we gonna what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those what are we gonna what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those what are we gonna what are we
+gonna replace them with I just think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna replace them with I just think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna replace them with I just think it
+might get a little desolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get a little desolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get a little desolate
+I would look into vacancies in malls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would look into vacancies in malls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would look into vacancies in malls the
+one else in the u.s. and like if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else in the u.s. and like if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else in the u.s. and like if they
+have vacancies because my what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vacancies because my what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vacancies because my what I'm
+getting pretty much thinking is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pretty much thinking is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pretty much thinking is probably
+what Ivan is like the JC bottle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Ivan is like the JC bottle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Ivan is like the JC bottle in the
+dish if any model was optimized for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish if any model was optimized for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish if any model was optimized for the
+90s and it didn't evolve into what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s and it didn't evolve into what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s and it didn't evolve into what the
+new consumer needs with thermal or Nishi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new consumer needs with thermal or Nishi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new consumer needs with thermal or Nishi
+and so they just lost their edge and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they just lost their edge and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they just lost their edge and I'm
+losing money but there's probably news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money but there's probably news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing money but there's probably news
+stories like lush or like coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories like lush or like coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories like lush or like coming in and
+like those yeah that's probably what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those yeah that's probably what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those yeah that's probably what I
+think that the business models of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the business models of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the business models of the
+past something disrupted and now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past something disrupted and now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past something disrupted and now there's
+new people coming in because people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people coming in because people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people coming in because people to
+go to malls wouldn't wash say like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to malls wouldn't wash say like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to malls wouldn't wash say like you
+know people I mean I actually don't shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people I mean I actually don't shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people I mean I actually don't shop
+at lush but I know that they make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lush but I know that they make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lush but I know that they make the
+products and stores I mean what if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and stores I mean what if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and stores I mean what if the
+machines come into lush I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines come into lush I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines come into lush I think you're
+making an important point to Martine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an important point to Martine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an important point to Martine
+which is that there are there may well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that there are there may well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that there are there may well
+be a ways to adapt a face to face store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a ways to adapt a face to face store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a ways to adapt a face to face store
+model to these new realities and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to these new realities and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to these new realities and there's
+a slew of companies that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slew of companies that are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slew of companies that are actually
+working hard on doing exactly this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hard on doing exactly this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hard on doing exactly this and
+then there's a whole set of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a whole set of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a whole set of companies
+that specialize in kind of last year's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specialize in kind of last year's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specialize in kind of last year's
+goods think t.j.maxx right that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods think t.j.maxx right that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods think t.j.maxx right that are
+thriving right and suppose you built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thriving right and suppose you built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thriving right and suppose you built
+your mall around a combination of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mall around a combination of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mall around a combination of those
+two models maybe that's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two models maybe that's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two models maybe that's a more
+interesting mall mall model so again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting mall mall model so again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting mall mall model so again I'm
+not sure I think we've got to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure I think we've got to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure I think we've got to keep in
+mind just how how fast these changes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind just how how fast these changes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind just how how fast these changes are
+upon us and what the strategies are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon us and what the strategies are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon us and what the strategies are I
+think David autor would argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think David autor would argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think David autor would argue that
+there's a new delivery model emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new delivery model emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new delivery model emerging
+here right a new kind of rule for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right a new kind of rule for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right a new kind of rule for people
+that's just like we saw with the ATM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just like we saw with the ATM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just like we saw with the ATM
+machines that's actually a significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that's actually a significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that's actually a significantly
+upgraded kind of occupation and can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgraded kind of occupation and can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgraded kind of occupation and can we
+move on those kinds of steps right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on those kinds of steps right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on those kinds of steps right and
+then readjust some of the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then readjust some of the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then readjust some of the existing
+models for that I mean it's an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for that I mean it's an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for that I mean it's an open
+question and this piece and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and this piece and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and this piece and the
+economists this week which I recommended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists this week which I recommended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists this week which I recommended
+earlier you got to reiterate some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you got to reiterate some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you got to reiterate some of the
+things you were raising Lilly which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you were raising Lilly which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you were raising Lilly which is
+that you know there's there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there's there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there's there's going to
+be a lot of grief in malls unless they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of grief in malls unless they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of grief in malls unless they
+get their MOT their models sorted out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their MOT their models sorted out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their MOT their models sorted out
+and they know the number of examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they know the number of examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they know the number of examples of
+moles that are actually working to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles that are actually working to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles that are actually working to do
+that because I've studied Rito for a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I've studied Rito for a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I've studied Rito for a bit
+like it is a whole market analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it is a whole market analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it is a whole market analysis and
+there's a reason Amazon is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason Amazon is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason Amazon is going to
+retail is because all of e-commerce is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail is because all of e-commerce is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail is because all of e-commerce is
+only 30 percent of what people buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 30 percent of what people buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 30 percent of what people buy
+people still buy like and go to places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still buy like and go to places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still buy like and go to places
+I'm so I better they get to see you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so I better they get to see you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so I better they get to see you they
+get a few it and that's what that photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a few it and that's what that photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a few it and that's what that photo
+malls they're they're disruption knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls they're they're disruption knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls they're they're disruption knows
+that they're not going to really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not going to really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not going to really have
+workers I don't keep seeing how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers I don't keep seeing how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers I don't keep seeing how they're
+gonna do their stores the other that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do their stores the other that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do their stores the other that's
+one disruption where if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one disruption where if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one disruption where if you don't have
+employees please just like teenagers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees please just like teenagers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees please just like teenagers
+right I think it's not I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think it's not I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think it's not I don't know if
+something expects to raise a family on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something expects to raise a family on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something expects to raise a family on
+like an H&M seller a year like a summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an H&M seller a year like a summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an H&M seller a year like a summer
+salary the to the second disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary the to the second disruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary the to the second disruption
+would be 3d printers and what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 3d printers and what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 3d printers and what it does
+when you do materials and when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do materials and when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do materials and when you do
+like fashion even because if you go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fashion even because if you go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fashion even because if you go into
+a store because most of their cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store because most of their cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store because most of their cost is
+all inventory and it leads to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inventory and it leads to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inventory and it leads to a lot of
+logistics if I can make my store in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics if I can make my store in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics if I can make my store in such
+a way that you can come in and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that you can come in and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that you can come in and you'll
+get a tailored you know dress is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a tailored you know dress is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a tailored you know dress is
+probably better things very unique that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better things very unique that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better things very unique that
+you can make like a three better for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make like a three better for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make like a three better for a
+dress that'd be really cool and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress that'd be really cool and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress that'd be really cool and so we
+can go in and like get a perfect dress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go in and like get a perfect dress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go in and like get a perfect dress
+based on their cell based on a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their cell based on a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their cell based on a picture
+that they have on their Instagram then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have on their Instagram then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have on their Instagram then
+you don't have inventory to consult at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have inventory to consult at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have inventory to consult at
+like decent price and it'll probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like decent price and it'll probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like decent price and it'll probably a
+relatively cheap dress right or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively cheap dress right or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively cheap dress right or if you
+can go and get a channel made suit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and get a channel made suit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and get a channel made suit if
+you're a guy and it's like perfect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a guy and it's like perfect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a guy and it's like perfect for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+and it cost you like $100 doing $1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it cost you like $100 doing $1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it cost you like $100 doing $1 and
+it's in a fabric that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a fabric that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a fabric that you want
+especially with the synthetic fabrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with the synthetic fabrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with the synthetic fabrics
+why don't we talk about this before when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we talk about this before when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we talk about this before when
+we talked about in the industrial center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in the industrial center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in the industrial center
+but those are the big disruptions or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are the big disruptions or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are the big disruptions or if
+you're like instead of having an off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like instead of having an off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like instead of having an off
+being an auto start instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an auto start instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an auto start instead of having
+all the inventory that costs a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the inventory that costs a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the inventory that costs a lot of
+money it gets all having its rusty if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it gets all having its rusty if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it gets all having its rusty if
+you can build the part once when we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build the part once when we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build the part once when we come
+in and exactly for their car because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and exactly for their car because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and exactly for their car because you
+have a bit data for that piece that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bit data for that piece that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bit data for that piece that's
+the big disruption and it will and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big disruption and it will and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big disruption and it will and it's
+like it'll be quick toppling of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it'll be quick toppling of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it'll be quick toppling of a lot of
+for businesses that good all you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for businesses that good all you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for businesses that good all you have to
+do is look at their balance sheet see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at their balance sheet see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at their balance sheet see
+where they spend all their money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they spend all their money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they spend all their money and
+then you make that your business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make that your business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make that your business model
+as I start up completely the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I start up completely the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I start up completely the opposite
+and then they can begin to and against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can begin to and against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can begin to and against
+this backdrop remember too that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this backdrop remember too that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this backdrop remember too that the
+entire movement of you know of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire movement of you know of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire movement of you know of computer
+like goods was towards these big box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like goods was towards these big box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like goods was towards these big box
+stores in distant low-cost suburbs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores in distant low-cost suburbs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores in distant low-cost suburbs with
+gigantic parking lots that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic parking lots that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic parking lots that was the
+entire movement of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire movement of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire movement of that
+sector until you know Apple completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector until you know Apple completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector until you know Apple completely
+reinvented the model and decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvented the model and decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvented the model and decided that
+let's have fabulous face-to-face highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have fabulous face-to-face highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have fabulous face-to-face highly
+personal employee heavy great service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal employee heavy great service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal employee heavy great service
+beautiful design stores it is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful design stores it is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful design stores it is the most
+valuable retail property in the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable retail property in the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable retail property in the planet
+is an Apple Store right there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an Apple Store right there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an Apple Store right there's nothing
+like it right they've managed to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it right they've managed to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it right they've managed to create
+more value per square foot than any real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more value per square foot than any real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more value per square foot than any real
+estate magnate never dreamed of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate magnate never dreamed of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate magnate never dreamed of right
+again through a very different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again through a very different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again through a very different kind of
+model and again taking advantage of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and again taking advantage of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and again taking advantage of a
+new kind of way of looking at employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of way of looking at employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of way of looking at employees
+and in effect upskilling that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in effect upskilling that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in effect upskilling that whole
+employee base so these are ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee base so these are ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee base so these are ways in which
+David Otter would argue are ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Otter would argue are ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Otter would argue are ways of
+creating complementarity to these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating complementarity to these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating complementarity to these new
+evolving technologies how about one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving technologies how about one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving technologies how about one more
+honor question these articles is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor question these articles is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor question these articles is the
+idea that if we reach a state where so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that if we reach a state where so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that if we reach a state where so
+many jobs are eliminated and automation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many jobs are eliminated and automation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many jobs are eliminated and automation
+takes over it will really be in a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes over it will really be in a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes over it will really be in a state
+of abundance rather than deficiency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abundance rather than deficiency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abundance rather than deficiency so
+they bring up the idea we'll still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bring up the idea we'll still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bring up the idea we'll still have
+to figure out how to allocate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to allocate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to allocate these
+goods and allocate how much money people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and allocate how much money people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and allocate how much money people
+have even if there's no jobs for working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even if there's no jobs for working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even if there's no jobs for working
+so I think that's a pretty crazy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's a pretty crazy thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's a pretty crazy thing
+to think about right now but I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about right now but I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about right now but I'd be
+interested to hear what you think right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to hear what you think right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to hear what you think right
+in other words if we're aiming at ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if we're aiming at ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if we're aiming at ever
+more efficient production you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient production you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient production you're going
+to create productivity gains which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create productivity gains which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create productivity gains which in
+turn generate new resources in a society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn generate new resources in a society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn generate new resources in a society
+that you could use for additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could use for additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could use for additional
+societal well-being so that's the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal well-being so that's the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal well-being so that's the that's
+the society-wide picture but then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society-wide picture but then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society-wide picture but then if you
+look at it in terms of a particular line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it in terms of a particular line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it in terms of a particular line
+of goods or a particular region there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods or a particular region there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods or a particular region there is
+more wealth potentially being created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wealth potentially being created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wealth potentially being created
+right for any given line of goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for any given line of goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for any given line of goods and
+that indeed can be distributed and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed can be distributed and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed can be distributed and that
+can be a part of a new kind of employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a part of a new kind of employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a part of a new kind of employee
+a new kind of generation of employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of generation of employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of generation of employees
+and what their return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what their return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what their return is
+so it's kind of ripped what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of ripped what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of ripped what do you see
+as a hypothetical picture for how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a hypothetical picture for how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a hypothetical picture for how that
+would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work
+it's something that the government would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that the government would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that the government would
+have to kind of regulate is this coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kind of regulate is this coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kind of regulate is this coming
+from the market are you a believer so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the market are you a believer so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the market are you a believer so I
+ain't gonna do that yeah there is a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't gonna do that yeah there is a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't gonna do that yeah there is a I
+I've heard this as a fact I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard this as a fact I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard this as a fact I have not
+done research on it so I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done research on it so I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done research on it so I don't know if
+it's speculation but the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's speculation but the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's speculation but the way in which
+the diamond industry operates which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diamond industry operates which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diamond industry operates which is
+that there's an abundance of diamond but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an abundance of diamond but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an abundance of diamond but
+there's a control of the market and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a control of the market and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a control of the market and thus
+they raise the price on the diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they raise the price on the diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they raise the price on the diamond
+significantly and so I the the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly and so I the the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly and so I the the reason I
+bring this as an example in which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this as an example in which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this as an example in which to
+draw a parallel is because the universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a parallel is because the universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a parallel is because the universal
+basic income and with the both of you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic income and with the both of you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic income and with the both of you I
+think the place where you the folks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the place where you the folks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the place where you the folks that
+we are coming from is an assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are coming from is an assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are coming from is an assumption that
+people want to distribute those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to distribute those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to distribute those
+resources right and that people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources right and that people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources right and that people want
+other that we want to create those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that we want to create those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that we want to create those
+productivity gains rather than decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains rather than decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains rather than decrease
+or rather if we increase our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather if we increase our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather if we increase our
+productivity gains that we will act upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains that we will act upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains that we will act upon
+them and I don't necessarily I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I don't necessarily I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I don't necessarily I don't
+know if that's true and that's I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's true and that's I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's true and that's I think
+my concern that you clarify like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my concern that you clarify like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my concern that you clarify like just
+because we can make more safe food just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can make more safe food just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can make more safe food just
+because we keep will have the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we keep will have the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we keep will have the capacity
+to make a more food it doesn't mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a more food it doesn't mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a more food it doesn't mean we
+well just because we have the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just because we have the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just because we have the capacity
+to or doesn't mean that everyone will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or doesn't mean that everyone will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or doesn't mean that everyone will be
+on a whole healthier right exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a whole healthier right exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a whole healthier right exactly like
+it's not it's just because we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's just because we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's just because we will have
+access to more things and we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to more things and we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to more things and we will have
+more rapid access to these Goods does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rapid access to these Goods does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rapid access to these Goods does
+not mean that it will be a that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mean that it will be a that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mean that it will be a that people
+will have access to them or that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have access to them or that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have access to them or that it will
+be like you're saying good thanks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you're saying good thanks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you're saying good thanks I
+think the idea of giving people hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the idea of giving people hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the idea of giving people hope
+that you know they lose their job their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they lose their job their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they lose their job their
+whole life isn't gonna really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole life isn't gonna really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole life isn't gonna really really
+suck and they'll be before is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck and they'll be before is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck and they'll be before is important
+I I don't know if universal basic income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know if universal basic income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know if universal basic income
+would be the best thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the best thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the best thing
+I'm just cuz the incentives and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just cuz the incentives and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just cuz the incentives and I think
+that would be really a question of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be really a question of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be really a question of our
+generation like how do you make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation like how do you make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation like how do you make sure
+that these people end up having a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these people end up having a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these people end up having a place
+in society and being productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society and being productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society and being productive
+and now going into depression or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now going into depression or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now going into depression or not
+spending their days just like not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending their days just like not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending their days just like not doing
+anything like how do you I think a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like how do you I think a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like how do you I think a big
+thing that will have to happen probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that will have to happen probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that will have to happen probably
+is that governments or even private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that governments or even private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that governments or even private
+organizations because government's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations because government's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations because government's not
+but might not be a quitin adequate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but might not be a quitin adequate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but might not be a quitin adequate at
+this we need to figure out key business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to figure out key business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to figure out key business
+opportunities for micro entrepreneurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for micro entrepreneurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for micro entrepreneurs
+that could give them sustainable income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could give them sustainable income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could give them sustainable income
+and give them the ability to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give them the ability to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give them the ability to capital
+lines so that they'd be able to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so that they'd be able to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so that they'd be able to create
+may generate wealth and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may generate wealth and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may generate wealth and create
+businesses in areas that need these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses in areas that need these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses in areas that need these
+businesses because I think a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses because I think a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses because I think a lot of the
+problem is in businesses like you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in businesses like you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in businesses like you start
+a business and you don't know if you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business and you don't know if you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business and you don't know if you'll
+succeed or not but if somebody could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed or not but if somebody could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed or not but if somebody could do
+an analysis like they do for McDonald's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis like they do for McDonald's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analysis like they do for McDonald's
+where it's like ok we know this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like ok we know this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like ok we know this area
+this will be successful we know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be successful we know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be successful we know there's
+a need the government robably knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a need the government robably knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a need the government robably knows
+where there's needs if you can do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's needs if you can do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's needs if you can do an
+analysis to figure out gather to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to figure out gather to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to figure out gather to figure
+out ok we should a company that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out ok we should a company that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out ok we should a company that does
+this would be really useful here company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be really useful here company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be really useful here company
+this be really useful here this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be really useful here this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be really useful here this will be
+the requirements you can do a franchise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements you can do a franchise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements you can do a franchise
+and although for people to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although for people to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although for people to start
+companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+I'm not against like Universal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not against like Universal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not against like Universal that
+basic income I just worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic income I just worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic income I just worry about the
+incentives of like not having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives of like not having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives of like not having the
+ability or maybe you create incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability or maybe you create incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability or maybe you create incentive
+that you studied you become a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you studied you become a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you studied you become a teacher
+it's a it's a thing that no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a thing that no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a thing that no matter what
+you say I could say like what it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I could say like what it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I could say like what it is but
+it's more about how you do it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more about how you do it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more about how you do it because
+you could incentivize and create more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could incentivize and create more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could incentivize and create more
+teachers but if you don't respect those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers but if you don't respect those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers but if you don't respect those
+teachers or if they don't value them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers or if they don't value them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers or if they don't value them
+then it'll be very weird if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll be very weird if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll be very weird if you like
+creative people just use the money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative people just use the money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative people just use the money and
+build these businesses and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these businesses and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these businesses and they're
+really going out and having fun I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going out and having fun I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going out and having fun I think
+for me you know once they see income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me you know once they see income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me you know once they see income
+it's one of those things like economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those things like economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those things like economists
+really talk about and like we can in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talk about and like we can in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talk about and like we can in a
+sense yep there's like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yep there's like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yep there's like a lot of
+literature and kind of journal articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and kind of journal articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and kind of journal articles
+kind of fielding this idea of like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fielding this idea of like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fielding this idea of like what
+if what if we don't but in the u.s. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what if we don't but in the u.s. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what if we don't but in the u.s. I'm
+trying to see if we have this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see if we have this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see if we have this sort of
+widening of this barbell effect or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widening of this barbell effect or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widening of this barbell effect or like
+we have this erosion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this erosion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this erosion of this
+middle-class and kind of like this large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like the basically the people getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like the basically the people getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like the basically the people getting
+rich aren't increasing in number fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich aren't increasing in number fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich aren't increasing in number fast
+enough but like there's a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but like there's a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but like there's a lot of people
+kind of regressing this way and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of regressing this way and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of regressing this way and so I'm
+trying to see like what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see like what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see like what are the
+conditions that will allow for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that will allow for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that will allow for us to
+call for a universal basic income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for a universal basic income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for a universal basic income
+receipt I think you're really onto an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt I think you're really onto an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt I think you're really onto an
+important point here if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point here if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point here if you've got a
+declining middle-class there incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining middle-class there incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining middle-class there incentives
+to in effect take money out of their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in effect take money out of their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in effect take money out of their own
+incomes and redistribute them that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes and redistribute them that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes and redistribute them that's
+gonna be a problem if that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a problem if that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a problem if that's a
+threatened community which increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened community which increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened community which increasingly
+it is then politically that is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is then politically that is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is then politically that is a very
+difficult step to take so I would argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult step to take so I would argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult step to take so I would argue
+that we probably need to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we probably need to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we probably need to look at
+education which is a great way to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education which is a great way to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education which is a great way to lead
+into our next reading so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our next reading so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our next reading so another
+terrific David autor piece David for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific David autor piece David for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific David autor piece David for my
+money is doing the best work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is doing the best work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is doing the best work in
+economics anywhere this is his this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics anywhere this is his this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics anywhere this is his this
+builds on the on the golden and Katz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds on the on the golden and Katz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds on the on the golden and Katz
+piece that we talked about in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we talked about in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we talked about in the last
+class frightening kind of takes another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class frightening kind of takes another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class frightening kind of takes another
+kind of step further and this piece is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of step further and this piece is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of step further and this piece is
+all about skills and education and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about skills and education and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about skills and education and the
+rise of earnings inequality and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of earnings inequality and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of earnings inequality and you know
+there is a steep and persistent rise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a steep and persistent rise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a steep and persistent rise of
+earnings inequality in the US labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings inequality in the US labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings inequality in the US labor
+market has been going on for more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market has been going on for more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market has been going on for more than a
+couple of decades now and it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of decades now and it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of decades now and it's not just
+true in the United States this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the United States this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the United States this is a
+phenomena in the developed world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena in the developed world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena in the developed world in
+general but why look at inequality well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general but why look at inequality well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general but why look at inequality well
+the and you know what do we start to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and you know what do we start to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and you know what do we start to see
+first the earnings premium for education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the earnings premium for education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the earnings premium for education
+has risen very significantly as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has risen very significantly as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has risen very significantly as we
+talked about last week so two thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last week so two thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last week so two thirds of
+the overall rise of earning dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall rise of earning dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall rise of earning dispersion
+between 1980 and 2005 is accounted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1980 and 2005 is accounted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1980 and 2005 is accounted for
+by this increased premium that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this increased premium that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this increased premium that's
+associated with schooling in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with schooling in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with schooling in general and
+post-secondary education in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-secondary education in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-secondary education in particular
+so let me just jump to a slide of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just jump to a slide of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just jump to a slide of this
+so this is a projection that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a projection that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a projection that comes out
+of the quite respected Georgetown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quite respected Georgetown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quite respected Georgetown
+University's Center in education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University's Center in education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University's Center in education and
+workforce which does really first-rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce which does really first-rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce which does really first-rate
+work on the workforce and they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the workforce and they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the workforce and they found
+that looking at what projections were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looking at what projections were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looking at what projections were
+for 2024 they found that in terms of job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2024 they found that in terms of job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2024 they found that in terms of job
+openings high school diploma and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings high school diploma and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings high school diploma and less
+than high school diploma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than high school diploma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than high school diploma
+it was gonna be about nineteen point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was gonna be about nineteen point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was gonna be about nineteen point
+seven million job openings in that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven million job openings in that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven million job openings in that time
+period job openings for those with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period job openings for those with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period job openings for those with
+college associate degrees some college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college associate degrees some college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college associate degrees some college
+associate degrees in college plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate degrees in college plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate degrees in college plus
+college thirty-six point five million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college thirty-six point five million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college thirty-six point five million
+jobs right so this is a profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs right so this is a profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs right so this is a profound
+upskilling of the workforce that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upskilling of the workforce that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upskilling of the workforce that's going
+on and look by the way the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and look by the way the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and look by the way the higher
+education system isn't necessarily going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system isn't necessarily going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system isn't necessarily going
+to produce these numbers so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce these numbers so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce these numbers so what that
+means is that the people on this end are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that the people on this end are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that the people on this end are
+going to be able to charge a premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to charge a premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to charge a premium
+because there's going to be a shortage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's going to be a shortage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's going to be a shortage
+advanced for that skill sets that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced for that skill sets that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced for that skill sets that's
+what's going on that's what David autor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on that's what David autor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on that's what David autor
+is telling us has been going on now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us has been going on now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us has been going on now for
+several decades in the u.s. it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several decades in the u.s. it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several decades in the u.s. it's exactly
+that phenomena and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earnings gap then between college and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings gap then between college and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings gap then between college and
+high school graduates has more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school graduates has more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school graduates has more than
+doubled in United States over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled in United States over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled in United States over the last
+three decades so the lifetime earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three decades so the lifetime earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three decades so the lifetime earnings
+expectation with the college degree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation with the college degree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation with the college degree is
+now very powerful compared to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now very powerful compared to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now very powerful compared to your
+lifetimes earning expect expectation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes earning expect expectation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes earning expect expectation if
+you have a high school degree and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a high school degree and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a high school degree and the
+skill Premium concept here offers real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill Premium concept here offers real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill Premium concept here offers real
+insight and the evolution of inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight and the evolution of inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight and the evolution of inequality
+in the u.s. society now of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. society now of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. society now of course this
+is all related to the employment issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all related to the employment issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all related to the employment issues
+and particularly the future employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly the future employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly the future employment
+issues that we've just been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we've just been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we've just been talking
+about one more statistic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one more statistic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one more statistic that
+underscores this this is to fall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscores this this is to fall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscores this this is to fall and
+real earnings in a hamilton project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real earnings in a hamilton project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real earnings in a hamilton project
+study that was done for Brookings this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that was done for Brookings this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that was done for Brookings this
+is the percentage of real earnings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the percentage of real earnings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the percentage of real earnings in
+working age from 1990 to 2013 for men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working age from 1990 to 2013 for men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working age from 1990 to 2013 for men
+aged thirty to forty five no high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aged thirty to forty five no high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aged thirty to forty five no high school
+diploma median income decline went down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploma median income decline went down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploma median income decline went down
+20 point 20 points in that time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 point 20 points in that time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 point 20 points in that time period
+high school diploma down 13 points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school diploma down 13 points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school diploma down 13 points in
+that time period right so we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time period right so we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time period right so we've got a
+profound societal issue this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound societal issue this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound societal issue this is just a
+big signal of an inequality problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big signal of an inequality problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big signal of an inequality problem
+that's that's a problem now and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a problem now and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a problem now and because
+of the phenomenon we've just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phenomenon we've just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phenomenon we've just been
+talking about it for two previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it for two previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it for two previous
+reasons readings you know is potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons readings you know is potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons readings you know is potentially
+any get significantly worse over time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any get significantly worse over time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any get significantly worse over time so
+this is a big societal dilemma that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big societal dilemma that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big societal dilemma that you
+guys are gonna have to figure out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are gonna have to figure out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are gonna have to figure out right
+and it looks like otter is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like otter is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like otter is telling us
+that a lot of this has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of this has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of this has to do with the
+education system how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system how are we going to
+alter the education system to move a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter the education system to move a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter the education system to move a lot
+of people to higher levels of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people to higher levels of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people to higher levels of education
+right how is that phenomena gonna work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how is that phenomena gonna work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how is that phenomena gonna work
+what are we gonna do in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we gonna do in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we gonna do in terms of
+designing new institutions and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing new institutions and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing new institutions and new
+mechanisms to do that so the rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to do that so the rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to do that so the rising
+demand for educated labor in advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for educated labor in advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for educated labor in advanced
+economies including the u.s. it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies including the u.s. it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies including the u.s. it's a
+profound rise and if the supply of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound rise and if the supply of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound rise and if the supply of
+educated worker doesn't keep pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated worker doesn't keep pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated worker doesn't keep pay
+with the persistent outward shifts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the persistent outward shifts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the persistent outward shifts and
+demand for the skills then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for the skills then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for the skills then you just
+multiply your inequality problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply your inequality problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply your inequality problem and
+it's you know it forces a public policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it forces a public policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it forces a public policy
+response around upskilling right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response around upskilling right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response around upskilling right that's
+a societal task we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a societal task we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a societal task we're gonna have to
+accomplish now Rasheed pointed out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish now Rasheed pointed out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish now Rasheed pointed out I
+think very astutely that with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very astutely that with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very astutely that with this
+barbell phenomena which is another David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barbell phenomena which is another David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barbell phenomena which is another David
+Otter concept right that this society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otter concept right that this society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otter concept right that this society
+looks increasing like a barbell you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks increasing like a barbell you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks increasing like a barbell you've
+got a very successful and growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a very successful and growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a very successful and growing
+upper-middle class you've got the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper-middle class you've got the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper-middle class you've got the middle
+of the economy which is being in decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy which is being in decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy which is being in decline
+and being should we just saw the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being should we just saw the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being should we just saw the median
+income data and moving towards lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income data and moving towards lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income data and moving towards lower and
+service delivery right jobs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service delivery right jobs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service delivery right jobs right
+personal service delivery kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal service delivery kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal service delivery kinds of
+positions the politics of that make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions the politics of that make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions the politics of that make it
+problematic to deal with say income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic to deal with say income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic to deal with say income
+distribution in the United States it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in the United States it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in the United States it's
+just not going to be politically simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not going to be politically simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not going to be politically simple
+if everybody was rising together that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody was rising together that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody was rising together that's
+an easier problem to tackle but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easier problem to tackle but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easier problem to tackle but they're
+not so education is probably the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so education is probably the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so education is probably the way in
+which we're gonna have to address this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're gonna have to address this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're gonna have to address this
+right we're gonna have to upskill that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're gonna have to upskill that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're gonna have to upskill that
+workforce and look by doing that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and look by doing that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and look by doing that as
+Martine pointed out you're addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martine pointed out you're addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martine pointed out you're addressing
+the underlying problem you're helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying problem you're helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying problem you're helping
+people realize their talents and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realize their talents and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realize their talents and their
+capabilities right and that's frankly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities right and that's frankly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities right and that's frankly a
+better solution to the problem than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better solution to the problem than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better solution to the problem than just
+throwing money at people and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing money at people and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing money at people and I would
+argue right it's probably not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue right it's probably not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue right it's probably not the only
+thing you do and it's not gonna help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do and it's not gonna help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do and it's not gonna help
+everybody but can we find strategies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but can we find strategies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but can we find strategies to
+do this so you know I've been working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so you know I've been working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so you know I've been working on
+this and I've been thinking about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I've been thinking about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I've been thinking about it and
+talking to sanjay sharma who runs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to sanjay sharma who runs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to sanjay sharma who runs the
+online education effort at MIT and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online education effort at MIT and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online education effort at MIT and you
+know MIT has developed these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know MIT has developed these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know MIT has developed these new
+platform technologies MIT X and EDX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform technologies MIT X and EDX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform technologies MIT X and EDX is
+another platform provider pervasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another platform provider pervasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another platform provider pervasive
+online capability but on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online capability but on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online capability but on the other hand
+you know it's hard to envision a steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's hard to envision a steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's hard to envision a steel
+worker in southeastern Ohio is lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker in southeastern Ohio is lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker in southeastern Ohio is lost
+their job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job
+at being willing or able to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at being willing or able to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at being willing or able to spend
+substantially not a time in front of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially not a time in front of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially not a time in front of a
+computer blue screen in their basement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer blue screen in their basement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer blue screen in their basement
+while their kids are running around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while their kids are running around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while their kids are running around
+upstairs right just not terribly likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems multiply when you get into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems multiply when you get into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems multiply when you get into this
+box and you know we've had two recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you know we've had two recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you know we've had two recent
+recently two very interesting books that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently two very interesting books that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently two very interesting books that
+start give us and start to get portray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start give us and start to get portray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start give us and start to get portray
+this problem for us so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem for us so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem for us so you know
+hillbilly elegy is a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hillbilly elegy is a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hillbilly elegy is a very interesting
+story of the of one of the big diasporas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of the of one of the big diasporas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of the of one of the big diasporas
+in US history out of the south right out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in US history out of the south right out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in US history out of the south right out
+of the Appalachians into industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Appalachians into industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Appalachians into industrial
+employment in the Middle West and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment in the Middle West and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment in the Middle West and with
+the decline of US manufacturing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decline of US manufacturing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decline of US manufacturing that
+community really got nailed and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community really got nailed and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community really got nailed and what do
+you do with that community right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with that community right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with that community right this
+this book is a pay on to that community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book is a pay on to that community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book is a pay on to that community
+and how to I'd even think about the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to I'd even think about the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to I'd even think about the kind
+of problems they've got into it opioids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems they've got into it opioids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems they've got into it opioids
+are one example cited in that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one example cited in that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one example cited in that book
+there's a new book just out by Amy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new book just out by Amy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new book just out by Amy
+Goldstein about a town in Wisconsin town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstein about a town in Wisconsin town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstein about a town in Wisconsin town
+of about sixty thousand people the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about sixty thousand people the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about sixty thousand people the major
+employer was General Motors plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer was General Motors plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer was General Motors plant
+employed 9,000 people it had survived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed 9,000 people it had survived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed 9,000 people it had survived
+the rust felt it was a quality plant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rust felt it was a quality plant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rust felt it was a quality plant but
+when General Motors went bankrupt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when General Motors went bankrupt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when General Motors went bankrupt in
+2008 all those people lost their jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 all those people lost their jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 all those people lost their jobs
+every single one of them and it put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of them and it put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of them and it put that
+community tax revenues declined housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community tax revenues declined housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community tax revenues declined housing
+values declined everything is going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values declined everything is going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values declined everything is going down
+right community services collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right community services collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right community services collapse
+charitable contributions drop right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charitable contributions drop right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charitable contributions drop right it's
+painful to watch what happens in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful to watch what happens in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful to watch what happens in that
+community finally one good thing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community finally one good thing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community finally one good thing happens
+dollar store opens a distribution plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar store opens a distribution plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar store opens a distribution plant
+the jobs pay way less than half of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs pay way less than half of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs pay way less than half of what
+the General Motors jobs paid so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the General Motors jobs paid so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the General Motors jobs paid so that's
+the kind of problem we're up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of problem we're up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of problem we're up against
+here and in light of what we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in light of what we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in light of what we've just
+been talking about about technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about about technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about about technological
+job displacement occurring over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job displacement occurring over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job displacement occurring over time
+we've got a big upskilling job to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a big upskilling job to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a big upskilling job to do
+here I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I would
+argue in our economy so online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue in our economy so online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue in our economy so online
+capabilities are one piece but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities are one piece but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities are one piece but that's
+not going to be the answer here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be the answer here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be the answer here it's
+probably going to be a blended model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be a blended model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be a blended model and
+can we think about how to enlist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we think about how to enlist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we think about how to enlist
+community colleges and how to join them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community colleges and how to join them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community colleges and how to join them
+with universities developing curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with universities developing curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with universities developing curriculum
+and how do we know what the curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we know what the curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we know what the curriculum
+is what are we at what's the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are we at what's the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are we at what's the content
+education in a society that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in a society that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in a society that's going to
+change the nature of work how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the nature of work how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the nature of work how do we
+begin to understand that what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to understand that what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to understand that what's the
+changing nature of work that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing nature of work that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing nature of work that these
+technologies are going to drive how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies are going to drive how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies are going to drive how do
+we educate for that so we've got a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we educate for that so we've got a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we educate for that so we've got a big
+task ahead but a mix of employers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task ahead but a mix of employers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task ahead but a mix of employers
+community colleges universities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community colleges universities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community colleges universities and
+labor organizations is probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor organizations is probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor organizations is probably going to
+be the way we try to figure some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the way we try to figure some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the way we try to figure some of this
+out so I'm just extrapolating from David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I'm just extrapolating from David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I'm just extrapolating from David
+Otto's point about the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otto's point about the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otto's point about the underlying
+importance of education to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of education to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of education to this
+inequality problem and emphasizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality problem and emphasizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality problem and emphasizing that
+education is probably going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is probably going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is probably going to be the
+fix we're going to use but then how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix we're going to use but then how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix we're going to use but then how are
+we going to do that right so a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to do that right so a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to do that right so a big
+challenging problem so who's got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging problem so who's got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging problem so who's got this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so nem you want to lead us through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nem you want to lead us through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nem you want to lead us through some
+questions yes a couple points I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes a couple points I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes a couple points I thought
+the focus on inequality was way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus on inequality was way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus on inequality was way you can
+see here especially he touches on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here especially he touches on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here especially he touches on
+briefly the why inequality is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly the why inequality is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly the why inequality is actually
+good for innovation and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for innovation and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for innovation and this is
+something that we talk a lot about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we talk a lot about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we talk a lot about you
+and how of course there are greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how of course there are greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how of course there are greater
+incentives to be more productive more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to be more productive more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to be more productive more
+words are better and then also generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are better and then also generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are better and then also generally
+in countries that have more unequal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in countries that have more unequal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in countries that have more unequal
+distribution of income that attracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of income that attracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of income that attracts
+people from other countries more equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from other countries more equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from other countries more equal
+distribution of income to come to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of income to come to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of income to come to that
+country and stay so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and stay so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and stay so in terms of
+attracting talent for our innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting talent for our innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting talent for our innovation
+system from abroad it's actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from abroad it's actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from abroad it's actually kind of
+a benefit but obviously there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a benefit but obviously there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a benefit but obviously there are a lot
+of problems as well that she talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems as well that she talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems as well that she talks about
+especially the intergenerational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the intergenerational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the intergenerational
+mobility problem so that there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility problem so that there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility problem so that there's you
+know those like all over there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those like all over there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those like all over there is a
+decline in wages for people who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in wages for people who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in wages for people who are not
+college educated and that tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college educated and that tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college educated and that tends to
+perpetuate and within families and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuate and within families and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuate and within families and
+communities as well so one of my big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities as well so one of my big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities as well so one of my big
+questions here it's just kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here it's just kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here it's just kind of a
+general question is how in how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general question is how in how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general question is how in how can we
+make sure that in discussions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that in discussions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that in discussions about
+innovation and technological advancement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and technological advancement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and technological advancement
+that we address these problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we address these problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we address these problems of
+systemic inequality that's a princess in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic inequality that's a princess in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic inequality that's a princess in
+the country and kind of time under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country and kind of time under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country and kind of time under that
+to what extent are the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent are the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent are the system of
+privilege of educational and skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege of educational and skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege of educational and skill
+events and entertainment embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and entertainment embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and entertainment embedded in
+this framework that we can study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this framework that we can study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this framework that we can study
+throughout the semester so kind of want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester so kind of want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester so kind of want
+to get your thoughts on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you repeat that I was like why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you repeat that I was like why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you repeat that I was like why don't
+you break them into the two pieces yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break them into the two pieces yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break them into the two pieces yeah
+sure so my first question was how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so my first question was how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so my first question was how
+interviews discussion can having about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews discussion can having about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews discussion can having about
+encouraging innovation and technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging innovation and technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging innovation and technological
+advancement how do we address problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancement how do we address problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancement how do we address problems
+of systemic inequality as well just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systemic inequality as well just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systemic inequality as well just for
+the limiting down of your question would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting down of your question would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting down of your question would
+you mind defining for us what voyage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mind defining for us what voyage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mind defining for us what voyage
+says what is the stomach inequality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what is the stomach inequality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what is the stomach inequality is
+in your definition and because I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your definition and because I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your definition and because I have my
+own very many definitions right from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own very many definitions right from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own very many definitions right from my
+field in political science and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in political science and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in political science and then to
+what systemic inequalities you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what systemic inequalities you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what systemic inequalities you want to
+talk about is it raises that income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is it raises that income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is it raises that income
+inequality is it social closeted join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is it social closeted join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is it social closeted join
+durable disparities yeah yeah so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable disparities yeah yeah so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable disparities yeah yeah so I'm
+gonna go up with one source and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go up with one source and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go up with one source and talk
+about so by systemic equality he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so by systemic equality he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so by systemic equality he was
+talking about how I mean so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how I mean so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how I mean so the
+educational attainment gap has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational attainment gap has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational attainment gap has to
+consist within families and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist within families and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist within families and then I
+Strava back to like larger community so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strava back to like larger community so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strava back to like larger community so
+to be similar right so and then it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be similar right so and then it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be similar right so and then it just
+kind of gets perpetuated in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gets perpetuated in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gets perpetuated in that sense
+so I think maybe specifically talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think maybe specifically talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think maybe specifically talked
+about like when it comes to educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like when it comes to educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like when it comes to educational
+attainment and then the later on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainment and then the later on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attainment and then the later on how
+that translates into income and into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that translates into income and into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that translates into income and into the
+ages you just talked about how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Burnie had it right rocks I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burnie had it right rocks I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burnie had it right rocks I think
+there's an important point here that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an important point here that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an important point here that you
+said about our generation or mobility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about our generation or mobility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about our generation or mobility in
+educational attainment and now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational attainment and now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational attainment and now that
+there's justice transition in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's justice transition in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's justice transition in this
+additional premium on like having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional premium on like having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional premium on like having a
+bachelor's in like a post-secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's in like a post-secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's in like a post-secondary
+degree that didn't exist but like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that didn't exist but like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that didn't exist but like it's
+sort of too late to fix that once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of too late to fix that once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of too late to fix that once you've
+already matriculated sort of into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already matriculated sort of into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already matriculated sort of into the
+workforce and now you know I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and now you know I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and now you know I mean I
+don't have my post-secondary or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have my post-secondary or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have my post-secondary or like
+college degree but I'm you know 45 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college degree but I'm you know 45 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college degree but I'm you know 45 and I
+have all these other problems to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these other problems to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these other problems to deal
+with and so I think there's like many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and so I think there's like many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and so I think there's like many
+bills starting to say like there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills starting to say like there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills starting to say like there are
+some fixes with movie community college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixes with movie community college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixes with movie community college
+and kind of met classes that are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of met classes that are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of met classes that are like
+sort of kind of segues back in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kind of segues back in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kind of segues back in to the
+system of like getting back that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of like getting back that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of like getting back that
+educational cranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational cranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational cranium
+but maybe you have the opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you have the opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you have the opportunity to
+previously and I think like maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and I think like maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and I think like maybe that's
+a lot easier than these giant kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier than these giant kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier than these giant kind of
+skill retraining or repurposing maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill retraining or repurposing maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill retraining or repurposing maybe
+like I can imagine like a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can imagine like a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can imagine like a larger
+and filled with like computers that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filled with like computers that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filled with like computers that kind
+of people come in and like take online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people come in and like take online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people come in and like take online
+classes but how to be better or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but how to be better or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but how to be better or
+something like that but you really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but you really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but you really have
+a focus I would say on like there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a focus I would say on like there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a focus I would say on like there's this
+large subset as we saw in the slack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large subset as we saw in the slack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large subset as we saw in the slack
+selection have shifted out of jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection have shifted out of jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection have shifted out of jobs
+particularly manufacturing who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly manufacturing who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly manufacturing who are
+intergenerational speaking on like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational speaking on like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational speaking on like the
+I've been out of school or they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been out of school or they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been out of school or they're not
+college for 20 plus years I'm like is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college for 20 plus years I'm like is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college for 20 plus years I'm like is it
+too late for me to go back or switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too late for me to go back or switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too late for me to go back or switch
+again these skills are these educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these skills are these educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these skills are these educational
+skills that I need right so appreciate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that I need right so appreciate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that I need right so appreciate I
+think he make you know a very good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he make you know a very good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he make you know a very good point
+here we're gonna need that steel worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're gonna need that steel worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're gonna need that steel worker
+I was talking about before lost his job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking about before lost his job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking about before lost his job
+in southeastern Ohio he's not gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in southeastern Ohio he's not gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in southeastern Ohio he's not gonna go
+back and get a four-year degree in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and get a four-year degree in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and get a four-year degree in
+college it is not going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college it is not going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college it is not going to happen
+whether Bernie wants to make it free or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Bernie wants to make it free or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Bernie wants to make it free or
+not Lily it's not going to happen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Lily it's not going to happen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Lily it's not going to happen we
+need an entirely different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an entirely different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an entirely different set of
+institutional models that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional models that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional models that's going to
+work with this community and you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with this community and you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with this community and you know it
+is a as we have this technological job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a as we have this technological job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a as we have this technological job
+displacement and I personally will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and I personally will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and I personally will talk
+in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more
+this later you know I don't think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later you know I don't think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later you know I don't think this
+is gonna be something that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be something that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be something that happens
+tomorrow I think we've got time to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow I think we've got time to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow I think we've got time to work
+on this all right I think it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this all right I think it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this all right I think it's gonna be
+a more gradual process than some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more gradual process than some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more gradual process than some of the
+technological dystopian have portrayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological dystopian have portrayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological dystopian have portrayed
+but we're gonna have to use that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gonna have to use that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gonna have to use that time
+and I think we're gonna have to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think we're gonna have to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think we're gonna have to create a
+whole new set of institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new set of institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new set of institutional
+arrangements to begin to cope otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements to begin to cope otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements to begin to cope otherwise
+we're just leaving too many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just leaving too many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just leaving too many people
+behind and the price in our society and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and the price in our society and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and the price in our society and
+the price in our democracy as we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price in our democracy as we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price in our democracy as we just
+learned from the last presidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from the last presidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from the last presidential
+election is pretty high that's my case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election is pretty high that's my case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election is pretty high that's my case
+right that's what I want to work on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what I want to work on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what I want to work on but
+others of you I know have thoughts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others of you I know have thoughts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others of you I know have thoughts on
+this so three small funds the first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so three small funds the first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so three small funds the first of
+which is that this conversation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that this conversation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that this conversation is
+making me think of education as a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making me think of education as a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making me think of education as a sort
+of social security for young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social security for young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social security for young people
+that's our social esteem insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our social esteem insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our social esteem insurance
+policy yeah it's our insurance yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy yeah it's our insurance yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy yeah it's our insurance yeah yeah
+and I mean I like I said it earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean I like I said it earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean I like I said it earlier in
+the semester you know I took a course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester you know I took a course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester you know I took a course in
+fur I have I just finished yesterday of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fur I have I just finished yesterday of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fur I have I just finished yesterday of
+course in computer science and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in computer science and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in computer science and it was a
+it was so hard I mean it was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so hard I mean it was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so hard I mean it was a really
+challenging and you know really positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and you know really positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and you know really positive
+experience for me and personally but I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for me and personally but I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for me and personally but I I
+also you know as I was doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you know as I was doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you know as I was doing these
+assignments considered what it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments considered what it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments considered what it would be
+like to have a family and to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have a family and to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have a family and to have an
+obligation beyond myself and to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation beyond myself and to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation beyond myself and to have to
+really be retrained in vocation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be retrained in vocation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be retrained in vocation and you
+know that's almost insurmountable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's almost insurmountable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's almost insurmountable I
+can't imagine what it would be like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't imagine what it would be like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't imagine what it would be like for
+my father who is a single income earner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my father who is a single income earner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my father who is a single income earner
+in the service industry to lose his job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the service industry to lose his job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the service industry to lose his job
+and have to think about the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to think about the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to think about the ways in
+which she can't help our family anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she can't help our family anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she can't help our family anymore
+right like I come from a low-income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like I come from a low-income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like I come from a low-income
+family that's a consideration I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that's a consideration I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that's a consideration I have to
+have and then secondly about not not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then secondly about not not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then secondly about not not so
+much in equality but I did research for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in equality but I did research for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in equality but I did research for
+a political science course on global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political science course on global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political science course on global
+inequality on waste pickers in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality on waste pickers in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality on waste pickers in the world
+and the role that they play in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the role that they play in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the role that they play in the
+economy specifically in solid waste and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy specifically in solid waste and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy specifically in solid waste and
+the recycling process and the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recycling process and the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recycling process and the global
+supply chain and one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain and one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain and one of the things that
+came up a lot was social exclusion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up a lot was social exclusion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up a lot was social exclusion as
+mechanism by which inequality happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism by which inequality happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism by which inequality happens
+and I feel like we need to talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel like we need to talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel like we need to talk more
+about things in the terminology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things in the terminology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things in the terminology of
+social exclusion because then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social exclusion because then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social exclusion because then we
+understand how it happens and who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it happens and who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it happens and who who
+commits the action and who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commits the action and who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commits the action and who is the
+receiver of the action so social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver of the action so social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver of the action so social
+exclusion is preventing and preventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion is preventing and preventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion is preventing and preventing
+individuals from accessing a sector as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals from accessing a sector as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals from accessing a sector as a
+result of a durable inequality and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a durable inequality and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a durable inequality and so
+I'll break that down further it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll break that down further it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll break that down further it's
+essentially in the case of say waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the case of say waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the case of say waste
+pickers the way in which they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickers the way in which they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickers the way in which they have been
+excluded in say Brazil from accessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded in say Brazil from accessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded in say Brazil from accessing
+and education because of their race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and education because of their race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and education because of their race
+right so that's a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a very complicated
+picture but what we we can determine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but what we we can determine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but what we we can determine is
+that because families in you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because families in you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because families in you know sort
+of the middle and upper class in Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the middle and upper class in Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the middle and upper class in Brazil
+have always had access to education they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have always had access to education they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have always had access to education they
+want to sustain that love like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sustain that love like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sustain that love like that
+standard of living for their progeny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living for their progeny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living for their progeny and
+so then their progeny gets educated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then their progeny gets educated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then their progeny gets educated but
+at the same time there's only so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time there's only so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time there's only so many
+spots at the national universities right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots at the national universities right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots at the national universities right
+and so those thoughts are never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those thoughts are never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those thoughts are never going to
+go to the children of the low-income you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the children of the low-income you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the children of the low-income you
+know the low-income parents they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the low-income parents they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the low-income parents they're
+always going to go to the wealthier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to go to the wealthier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to go to the wealthier
+families and if we think about things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and if we think about things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and if we think about things in
+a process of social exclusion rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process of social exclusion rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process of social exclusion rather
+than inequality which is the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than inequality which is the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than inequality which is the outcome of
+social exclusion I think we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social exclusion I think we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social exclusion I think we can start
+rectifying some at least some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifying some at least some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifying some at least some of the
+dimensions by which we oppress other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions by which we oppress other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions by which we oppress other
+people because it's really easy to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because it's really easy to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because it's really easy to say
+oh there's an equality than to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's an equality than to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's an equality than to identify
+all of them but I think it's much harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them but I think it's much harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them but I think it's much harder
+to think about the ways in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the ways in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the ways in which we
+ourselves either uphold those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves either uphold those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves either uphold those
+inequalities perpetuate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities perpetuate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities perpetuate those
+inequalities or benefit from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities or benefit from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities or benefit from those
+inequalities right and so we have to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities right and so we have to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities right and so we have to I
+think that if we talk about things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that if we talk about things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that if we talk about things in
+the language of the exclusion there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the exclusion there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the exclusion there's
+almost a responsibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a responsibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a responsibility and
+accountability to the effects that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability to the effects that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability to the effects that those
+exclusion have and yeah I was just I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion have and yeah I was just I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion have and yeah I was just I was
+just I hope I've had a lot of thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I hope I've had a lot of thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I hope I've had a lot of thoughts
+about that for a long time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that for a long time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that for a long time but
+Jack I think it's really important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack I think it's really important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack I think it's really important that
+we are accountable for the ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are accountable for the ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are accountable for the ways in which
+we benefit from inequalities and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we benefit from inequalities and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we benefit from inequalities and I'm not
+an exception yeah you know I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exception yeah you know I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exception yeah you know I think the
+stuff went just super quick I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff went just super quick I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff went just super quick I think
+there are a lot of studies that say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of studies that say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of studies that say like
+inequality in a sense like we're okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality in a sense like we're okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality in a sense like we're okay
+with like it's okay that you know once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like it's okay that you know once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like it's okay that you know once
+he makes one money that I did this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he makes one money that I did this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he makes one money that I did this week
+like we're all okay with that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're all okay with that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're all okay with that but I
+think in the rising inequality and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the rising inequality and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the rising inequality and like
+this barbell effector like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barbell effector like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barbell effector like you have
+people like that's growing subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like that's growing subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like that's growing subset of
+people who like just aren't earning as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like just aren't earning as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like just aren't earning as
+much and there's sort of a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and there's sort of a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and there's sort of a lot of them
+and there's not really this distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not really this distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not really this distribution
+of inequality then we get to say were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inequality then we get to say were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inequality then we get to say were
+like we have more reason to say like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have more reason to say like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have more reason to say like I'm
+not okay with once I have less and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay with once I have less and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay with once I have less and then
+I think there's a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's a difference between
+inequality and unfairness which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and unfairness which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and unfairness which I think
+staff is trying to get at and it's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff is trying to get at and it's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff is trying to get at and it's when
+unfairness in a sense of like I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairness in a sense of like I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairness in a sense of like I didn't
+have the same opportunity that our team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same opportunity that our team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same opportunity that our team
+did to get to that point like I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did to get to that point like I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did to get to that point like I didn't
+have the same college education that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same college education that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same college education that
+Morty did to get to that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morty did to get to that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morty did to get to that point
+that's sort of when these problems arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of when these problems arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of when these problems arise
+and I think once we have this rising we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think once we have this rising we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think once we have this rising we
+have sort of a rising sentiment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a rising sentiment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a rising sentiment of
+inequality and like I think it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and like I think it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and like I think it's gonna
+be a lot easier for us to say like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot easier for us to say like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot easier for us to say like these
+systems are sort of bringing things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are sort of bringing things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are sort of bringing things that
+are kind of on the hole and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of on the hole and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of on the hole and so the
+systems are unfair and causing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are unfair and causing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are unfair and causing these
+inequalities and now we can have the I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities and now we can have the I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities and now we can have the I'm
+gonna say political pressure would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say political pressure would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say political pressure would not
+cut out the social worker just so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut out the social worker just so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut out the social worker just so I
+really changed things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed things
+I mean I'll make one quick point on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'll make one quick point on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'll make one quick point on this
+paper and then one on just inequity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and then one on just inequity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and then one on just inequity so
+what's interesting to me about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting to me about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting to me about this
+paper is that there's another article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is that there's another article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is that there's another article
+that came out about inequality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out about inequality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out about inequality in
+education on it was like one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education on it was like one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education on it was like one of the
+major tokens it could be like time or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major tokens it could be like time or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major tokens it could be like time or a
+Wall Street Journal and what they did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street Journal and what they did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street Journal and what they did is
+they looked at people why she went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at people why she went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at people why she went to
+college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college
+now our minorities our from low-income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our minorities our from low-income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our minorities our from low-income
+versus high-income yeah but what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus high-income yeah but what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus high-income yeah but what they
+did is they mapped when they were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is they mapped when they were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is they mapped when they were like
+in the future and it turned out that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and it turned out that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future and it turned out that it
+was very good for much the same right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very good for much the same right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very good for much the same right so
+they don't go up the ladder and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't go up the ladder and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't go up the ladder and so what
+I would I'd question when I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would I'd question when I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would I'd question when I see
+something like this like okay well do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this like okay well do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this like okay well do if
+you actually go and get a college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually go and get a college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually go and get a college
+education are you better off financially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education are you better off financially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education are you better off financially
+and it is that the metric of success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is that the metric of success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is that the metric of success
+right you might get personal fulfillment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might get personal fulfillment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might get personal fulfillment
+a better lifestyle but I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better lifestyle but I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better lifestyle but I think it's a
+flawed idea to say if you go to college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed idea to say if you go to college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed idea to say if you go to college
+you will end up making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will end up making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will end up making
+more money in that way because it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money in that way because it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money in that way because it might
+have been based on a pair of diamond in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been based on a pair of diamond in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been based on a pair of diamond in
+the 50s yeah you get a really good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s yeah you get a really good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s yeah you get a really good job
+and you had great great benefits but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had great great benefits but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had great great benefits but you
+start to say that okay if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to say that okay if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to say that okay if you go to
+college then you'll be set and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college then you'll be set and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college then you'll be set and then you
+say okay we just need to get everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we just need to get everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we just need to get everybody
+through college that's a very big bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through college that's a very big bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through college that's a very big bubble
+mentality and I think what we pay very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentality and I think what we pay very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentality and I think what we pay very
+heavily for it my jerusalem's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily for it my jerusalem's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily for it my jerusalem's on
+interview goldman sachs and how they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview goldman sachs and how they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview goldman sachs and how they saw
+the financial crisis and they explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial crisis and they explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial crisis and they explained
+that in terms of well we build the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of well we build the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of well we build the road
+right but when we were give up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but when we were give up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but when we were give up these
+securities we didn't make decisions put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities we didn't make decisions put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities we didn't make decisions put
+our money to them there's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our money to them there's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our money to them there's all these
+people that are trying to they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are trying to they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are trying to they thought
+that this was the factor success and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was the factor success and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was the factor success and can
+finally find them every time they bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally find them every time they bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally find them every time they bought
+when they would crack the rotorcraft for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they would crack the rotorcraft for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they would crack the rotorcraft for
+a crappy road but we had a duty to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crappy road but we had a duty to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crappy road but we had a duty to give
+certain kinds of bonds and other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of bonds and other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of bonds and other people
+sold them again which we didn't do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold them again which we didn't do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold them again which we didn't do and
+so ultimately we get we we get it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ultimately we get we we get it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ultimately we get we we get it's easy
+to point a finger at us because the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point a finger at us because the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point a finger at us because the road
+was broken but is because the actions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was broken but is because the actions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was broken but is because the actions of
+individuals buying buying buying game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals buying buying buying game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals buying buying buying game
+going into green so I think that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into green so I think that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into green so I think that's an
+interesting point um so so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point um so so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point um so so that's an
+example of a bubble economy yeah and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a bubble economy yeah and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a bubble economy yeah and now
+at this point and I think her stefania's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point and I think her stefania's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point and I think her stefania's
+periphery at which one on O the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery at which one on O the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery at which one on O the
+insurance policy was made by Peter teal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance policy was made by Peter teal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance policy was made by Peter teal
+in 2010 about why I questioned if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2010 about why I questioned if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2010 about why I questioned if you go
+to college when you may be better off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college when you may be better off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college when you may be better off so
+and then so that's that's on an equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so that's that's on an equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so that's that's on an equality
+and education on the issue of inequity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and education on the issue of inequity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and education on the issue of inequity
+what I find really interesting yeah is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I find really interesting yeah is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I find really interesting yeah is
+that we talk about equality but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talk about equality but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talk about equality but we're
+like we're living in a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're living in a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're living in a relatively
+prosperous time also the u.s. there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperous time also the u.s. there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperous time also the u.s. there it
+is a land of opportunity and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a land of opportunity and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a land of opportunity and so I
+thought it was really interesting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was really interesting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was really interesting or
+even ironic during the one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even ironic during the one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even ironic during the one percent
+movement that it was like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that it was like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that it was like the one
+percent of the world you know getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the world you know getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the world you know getting
+angry of one percent and it's this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry of one percent and it's this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry of one percent and it's this thing
+that we have this kind of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this kind of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this kind of social
+contract that in the US will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that in the US will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that in the US will be able to
+advance and move forward but I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and move forward but I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and move forward but I think in
+everybody is a big issue like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is a big issue like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is a big issue like how do you
+make it so that people can move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that people can move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that people can move up
+Warren Buffett talks about the lottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett talks about the lottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett talks about the lottery
+of life that say you were about to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life that say you were about to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life that say you were about to be
+born in five minutes if you had a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in five minutes if you had a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in five minutes if you had a design
+the world any which way and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world any which way and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world any which way and you don't
+know if you're gonna be born a woman a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're gonna be born a woman a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're gonna be born a woman a
+man if you're gonna be born disabled if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man if you're gonna be born disabled if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man if you're gonna be born disabled if
+you're gonna be more mentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be more mentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be more mentally
+or if you're gonna be born I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're gonna be born I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're gonna be born I mean you
+know what I mean if you would be born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I mean if you would be born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I mean if you would be born
+somewhere else in the world where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the world where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the world where you
+don't have an opportunity and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an opportunity and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an opportunity and you have
+to pick up straps for the rest of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up straps for the rest of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up straps for the rest of your
+life what kind of world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life what kind of world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life what kind of world
+wants to create and how do you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to create and how do you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to create and how do you go
+building about that world and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building about that world and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building about that world and I think
+that's a really interesting way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really interesting way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really interesting way of
+looking at it because really I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it because really I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it because really I don't
+think in quality what equal outcome I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in quality what equal outcome I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in quality what equal outcome I
+don't think Oh ever be a thing and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think Oh ever be a thing and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think Oh ever be a thing and to
+say that that will be a thing is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that will be a thing is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that will be a thing is a very
+flawed idea and will just lead to so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed idea and will just lead to so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed idea and will just lead to so you
+know anger and you will get jealousy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anger and you will get jealousy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anger and you will get jealousy of
+other people there's also things in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people there's also things in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people there's also things in life
+that you can't buy that did you focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't buy that did you focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't buy that did you focus on
+building that you know if you build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that you know if you build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that you know if you build a
+great relationships if you're good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great relationships if you're good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great relationships if you're good to
+people they'll be good to you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they'll be good to you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they'll be good to you because
+there's a lot of billionaires that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of billionaires that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of billionaires that
+everybody hates them and so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody hates them and so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody hates them and so I think
+that's a big issue and it's just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big issue and it's just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big issue and it's just been
+that well there's also the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well there's also the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well there's also the idea of a
+capitalist society where we have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist society where we have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist society where we have to have
+these figure heads that made a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these figure heads that made a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these figure heads that made a lot of
+money and we have to have the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and we have to have the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and we have to have the proper
+incentives to want to become like them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to want to become like them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to want to become like them
+and we have to pushed it that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to pushed it that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to pushed it that's why the
+system is vote for us to want to Revere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is vote for us to want to Revere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is vote for us to want to Revere
+people on the Forbes list so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the Forbes list so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the Forbes list so that we can
+continue growing capitalistic Lee but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue growing capitalistic Lee but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue growing capitalistic Lee but I
+think definitely what happen explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think definitely what happen explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think definitely what happen explosion
+of mind generation these people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mind generation these people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mind generation these people are
+going to start to question capitalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start to question capitalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start to question capitalism
+especially the issues that Marx brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the issues that Marx brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the issues that Marx brought
+up so that will say how do we build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that will say how do we build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that will say how do we build a
+better capitalist system before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better capitalist system before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better capitalist system before we can
+be better humans or there might be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better humans or there might be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better humans or there might be a lot
+more also to our Dean's point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more also to our Dean's point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more also to our Dean's point
+about your college degree like may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your college degree like may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your college degree like may not
+be the right path or like it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right path or like it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right path or like it's kind of
+hazardous if they that like if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazardous if they that like if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazardous if they that like if we just
+give everyone a college degree you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give everyone a college degree you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give everyone a college degree you're
+kind of subsidize that so just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of subsidize that so just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of subsidize that so just make
+higher incomes and like everything will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher incomes and like everything will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher incomes and like everything will
+be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine
+I think there's a camera which side it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's a camera which side it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's a camera which side it
+was like what percent of like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like what percent of like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like what percent of like what
+degree level and like how it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree level and like how it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree level and like how it affects
+your income the GI Bill are they yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income the GI Bill are they yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income the GI Bill are they yeah a
+change in real earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one this one it seems uneven but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this one it seems uneven but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this one it seems uneven but I
+think there's something to be said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's something to be said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's something to be said about
+kind of generational mobility here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of generational mobility here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of generational mobility here so
+like those who had a bachelor's degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those who had a bachelor's degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those who had a bachelor's degree
+coming out and maybe 1970 or with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and maybe 1970 or with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and maybe 1970 or with a
+little bit earlier that income level was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit earlier that income level was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit earlier that income level was
+relative to the time like it allowed me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the time like it allowed me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the time like it allowed me
+to live comfortably whereas my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live comfortably whereas my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live comfortably whereas my
+bachelor's degree now and like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's degree now and like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's degree now and like whatever
+bump at income level I get like am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump at income level I get like am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump at income level I get like am i
+living comfortably am I gonna be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living comfortably am I gonna be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living comfortably am I gonna be able to
+subsist and that might be like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsist and that might be like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsist and that might be like an
+indicator where it's like yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator where it's like yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator where it's like yeah it's
+unequal in here but like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal in here but like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal in here but like there's
+actually a bigger social problem here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a bigger social problem here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a bigger social problem here so
+even though I might be making more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I might be making more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I might be making more than
+I was in 1990 like is my 1990 salary at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was in 1990 like is my 1990 salary at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was in 1990 like is my 1990 salary at
+that level is it enough for me to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level is it enough for me to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level is it enough for me to live
+in 1990 and like it's my 2013 salary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1990 and like it's my 2013 salary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1990 and like it's my 2013 salary or
+anything adjusted yeah inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything adjusted yeah inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything adjusted yeah inflation
+adjusted but like cost of look there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted but like cost of look there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted but like cost of look there's
+also a one factor I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a one factor I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a one factor I think is really
+important and I think the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I think the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I think the recent
+election yeah no I'm not either which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election yeah no I'm not either which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election yeah no I'm not either which is
+I think the real issue happening right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the real issue happening right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the real issue happening right
+now is that we are in a stagnation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that we are in a stagnation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that we are in a stagnation in
+terms of actual real term prospect like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of actual real term prospect like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of actual real term prospect like
+real prosperity growth the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real prosperity growth the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real prosperity growth the numbers
+didn't say we grew but everything cost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say we grew but everything cost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say we grew but everything cost a
+lot more the way the system is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more the way the system is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more the way the system is is is
+created to show that oh we're doing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created to show that oh we're doing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created to show that oh we're doing well
+I think like the poverty line right is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like the poverty line right is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like the poverty line right is a
+flaw in squad the way we're calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaw in squad the way we're calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaw in squad the way we're calculating
+it now because not only showing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now because not only showing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now because not only showing what
+people can buy what they have and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can buy what they have and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can buy what they have and that's
+how we we create it because everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we we create it because everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we we create it because everything
+cost a lot more but they've adjusted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost a lot more but they've adjusted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost a lot more but they've adjusted it
+and they fudged the numbers in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they fudged the numbers in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they fudged the numbers in such a
+way that seems to be a kind of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that seems to be a kind of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that seems to be a kind of a good
+picture so we're gonna Martine we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so we're gonna Martine we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so we're gonna Martine we're
+gonna get into this when we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get into this when we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get into this when we get to the
+last reading and lay out this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last reading and lay out this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last reading and lay out this whole
+issue of secular stagnation and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of secular stagnation and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of secular stagnation and what the
+implications of that historically low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of that historically low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of that historically low
+productivity rate were at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity rate were at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity rate were at and
+historically low investment rates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically low investment rates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically low investment rates that
+we're at and and that may be I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at and and that may be I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at and and that may be I think
+you're about to drive at this that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to drive at this that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to drive at this that may
+be a really big time near time problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a really big time near time problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a really big time near time problem
+whereas the technological job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the technological job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the technological job
+displacement may be a little further off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement may be a little further off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement may be a little further off
+when people don't see like what is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people don't see like what is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people don't see like what is gonna
+be the next step they kind of start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the next step they kind of start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the next step they kind of start to
+lose hope and they start fighting over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose hope and they start fighting over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose hope and they start fighting over
+things that really are non issues this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that really are non issues this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that really are non issues this
+happens in well it's a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in well it's a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in well it's a common
+organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+think when you lose your vision people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when you lose your vision people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when you lose your vision people
+start fighting over really like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start fighting over really like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start fighting over really like very
+intensely about things that available we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensely about things that available we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensely about things that available we
+don't matter as much or it wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter as much or it wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter as much or it wouldn't have
+been an issue when they had vision and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an issue when they had vision and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been an issue when they had vision and I
+see I think that's what reasons we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think that's what reasons we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think that's what reasons we see
+such intense infighting right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such intense infighting right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such intense infighting right now
+because we're really what if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're really what if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're really what if we're
+really starting to question like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really starting to question like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really starting to question like what
+will when I read the questions but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will when I read the questions but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will when I read the questions but we
+should just see America as it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just see America as it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just see America as it is and
+we're not no one has said this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not no one has said this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not no one has said this is what
+America will be 50 years from now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America will be 50 years from now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America will be 50 years from now we'll
+start working towards that and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start working towards that and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start working towards that and I think
+that's that's a big factor that I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a big factor that I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a big factor that I saw
+the last like four years so ma'am you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last like four years so ma'am you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last like four years so ma'am you
+want to give us a closing point after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give us a closing point after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give us a closing point after
+all of our discussion on this there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our discussion on this there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our discussion on this there's a
+slight point I think like the GI Bill I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight point I think like the GI Bill I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight point I think like the GI Bill I
+was like I wanted to mention it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like I wanted to mention it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like I wanted to mention it's like
+the last like big kind of nervously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last like big kind of nervously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last like big kind of nervously
+subsidized like real movement towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized like real movement towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized like real movement towards
+kind of educating on mass a large subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of educating on mass a large subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of educating on mass a large subset
+of the population for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population for the sake of
+education and all the other reasons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and all the other reasons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and all the other reasons but
+there's ice template chocolate I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ice template chocolate I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ice template chocolate I didn't
+say like there's a whole subset of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like there's a whole subset of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like there's a whole subset of like
+social issue like inequities that exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social issue like inequities that exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social issue like inequities that exist
+within the GI Bill that we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the GI Bill that we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the GI Bill that we don't have to
+get into but right but you're right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into but right but you're right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into but right but you're right I
+mean the to mass higher education bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the to mass higher education bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the to mass higher education bills
+that the US did so the land-grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the US did so the land-grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the US did so the land-grant
+college act that created and effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college act that created and effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college act that created and effect the
+institutional base and the GI Bill that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional base and the GI Bill that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional base and the GI Bill that
+took this huge population returning from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this huge population returning from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this huge population returning from
+World War two and put stuck them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War two and put stuck them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War two and put stuck them in
+college those created gigantic returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college those created gigantic returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college those created gigantic returns
+for the society so I understand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the society so I understand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the society so I understand your
+point Martine which is that just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Martine which is that just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Martine which is that just getting
+a college degree doesn't necessarily fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a college degree doesn't necessarily fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a college degree doesn't necessarily fit
+you for the life worth living I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for the life worth living I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for the life worth living I think we
+will all agree on that but it sure helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all agree on that but it sure helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all agree on that but it sure helps
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+it sure moves you a step up and get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sure moves you a step up and get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sure moves you a step up and get you
+closer and range sanam how about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and range sanam how about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and range sanam how about a
+closing thought from you on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing thought from you on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing thought from you on this and
+we'll take a short break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think that we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that we're thinking about
+policy and how to move forward at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and how to move forward at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and how to move forward at the
+discussion about the privilege and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about the privilege and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about the privilege and
+exclusion are really important as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion are really important as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion are really important as well
+and also the think about kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the think about kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the think about kind of like
+what do we define a success both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we define a success both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we define a success both
+individually and as a system is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and as a system is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and as a system is also an
+interesting and problematic thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and problematic thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and problematic thing that
+we should
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FY6iXM9X5Fo.txt b/FY6iXM9X5Fo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc4da5243eab2107dfb5c993026422ed85ac94c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FY6iXM9X5Fo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back everybody to ao3 very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back everybody to ao3 very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back everybody to ao3 very happy
+to see you again so as you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you again so as you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you again so as you can see from
+the slides we will continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides we will continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides we will continue the
+discussion from last time we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion from last time we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion from last time we were
+talking about interference phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about interference phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about interference phenomena
+which involve two or multiple point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involve two or multiple point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involve two or multiple point
+light source and they actually interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source and they actually interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source and they actually interact
+with each other and produce interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and produce interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and produce interesting
+phenomena which we see with laser with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which we see with laser with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which we see with laser with
+water repose and also we discuss how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water repose and also we discuss how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water repose and also we discuss how to
+design a face later together and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a face later together and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a face later together and the one
+thing which we learned is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we learned is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we learned is that if you
+for example have two slit interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example have two slit interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example have two slit interference
+okay and you look at the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you look at the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you look at the intensity of
+the resulting interference pattern as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting interference pattern as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting interference pattern as a
+function of angle you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of angle you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of angle you will see that
+there are peaks periodic peaks as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are peaks periodic peaks as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are peaks periodic peaks as a
+function of angle and we also know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of angle and we also know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of angle and we also know how
+to calculate where will be the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate where will be the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate where will be the principal
+Maxima will be the minima which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima will be the minima which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima will be the minima which we have
+destructive interference between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference between the two
+point light source okay so as usual we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point light source okay so as usual we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point light source okay so as usual we
+go from one electromagnetic wave to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one electromagnetic wave to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one electromagnetic wave to two
+electromagnetic wave and to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and to an
+electromagnetic wave and today we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and today we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and today we are
+going to do infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do infinite number of
+electromagnetic wave and they are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and they are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and they are going
+to integrate each other or super pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate each other or super pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate each other or super pose
+infinite number of electromagnetic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of electromagnetic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of electromagnetic waves
+Oh together and that brings us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh together and that brings us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh together and that brings us to the
+discussion of diffraction okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of diffraction okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of diffraction okay so what
+are we going to talk about today is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to talk about today is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to talk about today is for
+example a point like source laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a point like source laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a point like source laser
+pointer and what will be the image of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and what will be the image of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and what will be the image of a
+laser pointer look like when this laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer look like when this laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer look like when this laser
+paths were single sleet or you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths were single sleet or you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths were single sleet or you know just
+the laser itself the laser beam yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser itself the laser beam yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser itself the laser beam yourself
+what happen to this place of being and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen to this place of being and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen to this place of being and
+also we will talk about we would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we will talk about we would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we will talk about we would make
+some comments on the start track for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments on the start track for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comments on the start track for
+example I they have this super wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I they have this super wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I they have this super wave
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+you know they soothe enemy with enemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they soothe enemy with enemy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they soothe enemy with enemy
+with this laser beam and we see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this laser beam and we see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this laser beam and we see how
+practical that is by the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical that is by the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical that is by the end of this
+course all right and the third thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all right and the third thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all right and the third thing is
+that it's related to resolution so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's related to resolution so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's related to resolution so we
+are going to design a form screen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to design a form screen of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to design a form screen of
+your mobile phone together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mobile phone together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mobile phone together
+all right to see what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right to see what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right to see what is actually
+practical what is actually not practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical what is actually not practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical what is actually not practical
+all right if Eunji is opening a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if Eunji is opening a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if Eunji is opening a new
+company to develop a phone what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to develop a phone what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to develop a phone what should
+be the requirement for that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the requirement for that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the requirement for that for the
+screen for example which I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for example which I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for example which I'm not going
+to do it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it all right
+so this is actually what we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually what we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually what we are going to
+discuss today so we are interested in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss today so we are interested in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss today so we are interested in a
+situation where you have prang wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you have prang wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you have prang wave and
+those prang waves are approaching from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those prang waves are approaching from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those prang waves are approaching from
+the lapping side of the screen to were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lapping side of the screen to were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lapping side of the screen to were
+single sleeve so basically the setup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sleeve so basically the setup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sleeve so basically the setup is
+like this so you have those wave from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you have those wave from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you have those wave from
+front basically is troubling to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front basically is troubling to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front basically is troubling to the
+right hand side the brain waves and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side the brain waves and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side the brain waves and on
+the wall there shows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall there shows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall there shows this
+the sleet ho who chooses to the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sleet ho who chooses to the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sleet ho who chooses to the opening
+and the waves can se penetrate through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the waves can se penetrate through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the waves can se penetrate through
+this hole the width of this hole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+denoted by or is actually given to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by or is actually given to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted by or is actually given to you
+which is a GT and we were wondering what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a GT and we were wondering what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a GT and we were wondering what
+is going to happen to who the what where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen to who the what where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen to who the what where
+are we going to observe on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to observe on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to observe on the screen
+which is a should be a pretty far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a should be a pretty far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a should be a pretty far away
+from the wall and the dis screen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wall and the dis screen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wall and the dis screen is
+actually used to actually to observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to actually to observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to actually to observe the
+pattern of the interference pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the interference pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the interference pattern of
+the electromagnetic wave passing is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave passing is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave passing is this
+hole okay so as we discussed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole okay so as we discussed last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole okay so as we discussed last time
+due to Huygens principle okay every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to Huygens principle okay every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to Huygens principle okay every
+point okay Israel should be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay Israel should be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay Israel should be like
+a point-like source of a spherical waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point-like source of a spherical waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point-like source of a spherical waves
+right so as you can see now we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as you can see now we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as you can see now we actually
+consider the sizable sleet therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the sizable sleet therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the sizable sleet therefore
+there must be a lot of point like source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a lot of point like source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a lot of point like source
+inside in this suit right when these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside in this suit right when these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside in this suit right when these are
+wet from this we pass through this wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet from this we pass through this wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet from this we pass through this wall
+there should be infinite number of point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be infinite number of point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be infinite number of point
+light source all right and all then due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source all right and all then due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source all right and all then due
+to Huygens principle it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Huygens principle it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Huygens principle it's going to be
+like point light source of saprykin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like point light source of saprykin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like point light source of saprykin
+waves and they are all emitting from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and they are all emitting from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and they are all emitting from all
+those possible location and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those possible location and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those possible location and they are
+overlapping each other and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping each other and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping each other and have
+constructive or destructive interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive or destructive interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive or destructive interference
+with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other
+okay so that is what is happening with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is what is happening with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is what is happening with
+the single slit experiment and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single slit experiment and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single slit experiment and we call
+them diffraction alright so we you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them diffraction alright so we you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them diffraction alright so we you may
+be wondering why do I call diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wondering why do I call diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wondering why do I call diffraction
+why not interference right because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not interference right because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not interference right because it's
+basically the same phenomena right but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same phenomena right but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same phenomena right but I
+think it's just a matter of worthy Phi -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's just a matter of worthy Phi -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's just a matter of worthy Phi -
+you comment on this and he said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you comment on this and he said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you comment on this and he said that
+nobody nobody was able to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody nobody was able to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody nobody was able to define the
+difference between diffraction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between diffraction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between diffraction and the
+interference in a satisfactory way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference in a satisfactory way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference in a satisfactory way which
+you say is true it's a choice of method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say is true it's a choice of method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say is true it's a choice of method
+wording so we are looking at exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wording so we are looking at exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wording so we are looking at exactly the
+same phenomena when we actually discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same phenomena when we actually discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same phenomena when we actually discuss
+this experiment okay so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment okay so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment okay so what I'm going
+to do today is now to introduce you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do today is now to introduce you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do today is now to introduce you the
+way we can deal with this I'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can deal with this I'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can deal with this I'm sure you
+have seen this experiment before maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this experiment before maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this experiment before maybe
+in a or two or in high school days on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a or two or in high school days on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a or two or in high school days on
+the other hand what we are going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand what we are going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand what we are going to do
+today is to really make use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to really make use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to really make use of the
+mathematics which we have learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics which we have learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics which we have learned from
+1803 or from the previous lectures to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 or from the previous lectures to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 or from the previous lectures to
+attack this problem okay so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack this problem okay so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack this problem okay so what is
+actually the mathematics I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the mathematics I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the mathematics I am going to
+use today so the mathematics which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use today so the mathematics which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use today so the mathematics which I
+would like to use to attack this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to use to attack this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to use to attack this problem
+is to use a two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use a two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use a two dimensional
+foodie a transform okay I think by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foodie a transform okay I think by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foodie a transform okay I think by now
+you should not be afraid of Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not be afraid of Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not be afraid of Fourier
+transform anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform anymore
+you should be pretty nature is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be pretty nature is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be pretty nature is just
+integration and you evaluate and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and you evaluate and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and you evaluate and you are
+going to get the corresponding number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the corresponding number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the corresponding number
+whatsoever but the cool thing is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever but the cool thing is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever but the cool thing is that it
+a o3 keep the physical meaning of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a o3 keep the physical meaning of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a o3 keep the physical meaning of those
+numbers and I'm going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I'm going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I'm going to talk about that
+so what is actually the foodio transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is actually the foodio transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is actually the foodio transform
+I'm going to use so I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use so I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use so I am going to
+evaluate C which is a function of K X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate C which is a function of K X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate C which is a function of K X
+and the K Y okay and what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the K Y okay and what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the K Y okay and what is actually
+this C function the C function is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C function the C function is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C function the C function is equal
+to 1 over 4 PI square which I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 over 4 PI square which I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 over 4 PI square which I really
+don't care too much it's just a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care too much it's just a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care too much it's just a constant
+alright and I to an integration from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and I to an integration from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and I to an integration from
+minus infinity to infinity for the X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity for the X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity for the X and
+I do a integration from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a integration from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a integration from minus infinity
+to infinity the Y a small landscape dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity the Y a small landscape dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity the Y a small landscape dy
+and I have a F function which I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a F function which I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a F function which I will
+introduce you what the F function me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you what the F function me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you what the F function me
+what does the H function is represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the H function is represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the H function is represent
+and exponential minus I K is the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exponential minus I K is the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exponential minus I K is the vector
+which is actually telling you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually telling you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually telling you the
+direction of the propagation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the propagation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the propagation of the
+vertical wave times R which is a 2d but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical wave times R which is a 2d but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical wave times R which is a 2d but
+a function of X and what alright and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X and what alright and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X and what alright and
+this is actually the kind of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the kind of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the kind of integration
+which will employee to an order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will employee to an order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will employee to an order to
+attack the problem we are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the problem we are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the problem we are interested in
+this so what does this integration mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what does this integration mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what does this integration mean
+so we have pasted the some kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have pasted the some kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have pasted the some kind of this
+is a two dimensional Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two dimensional Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two dimensional Fourier transform
+the F function is actually telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F function is actually telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F function is actually telling you
+the shape of the source okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the source okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the source okay so
+basically this is actually telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is actually telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is actually telling you
+about the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the shape
+of the source all right as we as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source all right as we as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source all right as we as we
+discussed before the shape of the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before the shape of the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before the shape of the source
+every point on this point on this shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point on this point on this shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point on this point on this shape
+is a source of superior wave right by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a source of superior wave right by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a source of superior wave right by
+Huygens principle right so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huygens principle right so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huygens principle right so that is
+actually telling you where should I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling you where should I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling you where should I do
+the integration all right this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration all right this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration all right this one
+exponential I K dot R what does what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I K dot R what does what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I K dot R what does what is
+that this is actually telling you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually telling you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually telling you about
+the superior wave right so so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superior wave right so so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superior wave right so so remember
+we were doing to sleep interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing to sleep interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing to sleep interference
+before and we have actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and we have actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and we have actually two
+exponential function right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function right if you
+remember from last lecture okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from last lecture okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from last lecture okay so now
+this is as we put there because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as we put there because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as we put there because each
+source you are going to get exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source you are going to get exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source you are going to get exponential
+function which is actually presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is actually presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is actually presenting
+the publication of the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publication of the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publication of the electromagnetic
+wave okay you can say that wave away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay you can say that wave away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay you can say that wave away the
+the Omega T disappeared right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega T disappeared right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega T disappeared right
+there's no Omega T here all right but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Omega T here all right but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Omega T here all right but I
+don't really care because everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care because everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care because everybody is
+actually oscillating at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually oscillating at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually oscillating at the same
+frequency in the same phase right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in the same phase right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in the same phase right
+therefore I factorize are out okay after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I factorize are out okay after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I factorize are out okay after
+I have done all the calculation I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have done all the calculation I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have done all the calculation I can
+multiply the whole thing by cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the whole thing by cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the whole thing by cosine Omega
+T plus some Phi then actually that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T plus some Phi then actually that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T plus some Phi then actually that is
+actually modulating and oscillating up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually modulating and oscillating up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually modulating and oscillating up
+and down as the as the prime wave as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down as the as the prime wave as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down as the as the prime wave as you
+approach the wall right so therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the wall right so therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the wall right so therefore I
+actually already factorize out all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already factorize out all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already factorize out all right
+so this is actually telling you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually telling you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually telling you about
+the electric field and what is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field and what is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field and what is as you
+hear this is actually the unit area you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this is actually the unit area you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this is actually the unit area you
+are performing this int equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are performing this int equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are performing this int equation right
+and you can actually to in equation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually to in equation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually to in equation over
+the full universe right so so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full universe right so so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full universe right so so you have a
+plan which as you extend to the hopeful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan which as you extend to the hopeful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan which as you extend to the hopeful
+for universe but what they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for universe but what they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for universe but what they say
+really country building is defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really country building is defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really country building is defined by
+this F function which is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F function which is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F function which is actually the
+shape of the source okay and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the source okay and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the source okay and some
+normalization factor which I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor which I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor which I don't
+really care too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care too much
+all right so this looks really fancy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this looks really fancy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this looks really fancy and
+potentially not a fancy and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially not a fancy and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially not a fancy and what the
+product you are getting here is some see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you are getting here is some see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you are getting here is some see
+function is a C is actually a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a C is actually a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a C is actually a function
+of KX and KY what is KX and KY it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of KX and KY what is KX and KY it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of KX and KY what is KX and KY it's
+actually telling you the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling you the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling you the direction of
+propagation right the K vectors as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation right the K vectors as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation right the K vectors as you
+telling you the correction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you the correction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you the correction of the
+publication if you evaluate C with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication if you evaluate C with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication if you evaluate C with a
+specific given as given the accent KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific given as given the accent KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific given as given the accent KX
+and K Y basically you are evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K Y basically you are evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K Y basically you are evaluating the
+total electric field okay go in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total electric field okay go in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total electric field okay go in some
+direction which is as defined by KX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is as defined by KX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is as defined by KX and
+KY all right so the big picture is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY all right so the big picture is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY all right so the big picture is for
+power so basically you have some source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so basically you have some source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so basically you have some source
+can looks like this in the X Y friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can looks like this in the X Y friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can looks like this in the X Y friend
+this is x and y prep okay all right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is x and y prep okay all right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is x and y prep okay all right all
+those all those things all those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all those things all those points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all those things all those points
+all those little areas inside this Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those little areas inside this Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those little areas inside this Hall
+is superior Co wave source right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is superior Co wave source right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is superior Co wave source right and the
+F function should be define the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F function should be define the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F function should be define the shape of
+this hole and this integration okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hole and this integration okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hole and this integration okay it's
+actually integrating over all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrating over all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrating over all those
+little areas and calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little areas and calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little areas and calculate the
+contribution from each small area sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from each small area sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from each small area sound
+and together then finally you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together then finally you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together then finally you are
+getting something could you say should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting something could you say should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting something could you say should
+be a functional KX and KY what is KX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a functional KX and KY what is KX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a functional KX and KY what is KX and
+KY it's actually giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY it's actually giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY it's actually giving you the
+direction of propagation from this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation from this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation from this point
+like source to to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like source to to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like source to to observe
+all right and this C function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and this C function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and this C function is
+actually proportional to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proportional to the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proportional to the total
+electric field okay so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field okay so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field okay so you can see that
+ha we have learned this for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha we have learned this for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha we have learned this for their
+transform from the maths Department and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform from the maths Department and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform from the maths Department and
+we give life to this right to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give life to this right to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give life to this right to this
+function right now actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right now actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right now actually we
+understand what we are doing now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we are doing now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we are doing now we are
+actually really summing over the summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really summing over the summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really summing over the summing
+over over the the available point light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over the the available point light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over the the available point light
+source and add all the contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and add all the contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and add all the contribution of
+the electromagnetic wave together then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave together then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave together then
+what we are getting the C function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are getting the C function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are getting the C function is a
+should be proportional to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be proportional to the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be proportional to the total
+electric field all right so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field all right so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field all right so that is
+actually the big picture any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the big picture any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the big picture any questions
+so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far
+ok I hope you can actually understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok I hope you can actually understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok I hope you can actually understand
+what we are doing so now what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are doing so now what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are doing so now what I'm going
+to do is to really use this formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to really use this formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to really use this formula and
+attack the problem we are which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the problem we are which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the problem we are which we are
+usually trying to understand the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually trying to understand the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually trying to understand the single
+slit problem all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit problem all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit problem all right
+so suppose I have a single sleep which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I have a single sleep which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I have a single sleep which
+looks like this okay I knew me in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this okay I knew me in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this okay I knew me in this
+scene maybe 100 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene maybe 100 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene maybe 100 times
+okay 1000 times all right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 1000 times all right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 1000 times all right and this is
+actually war okay it's very very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually war okay it's very very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually war okay it's very very long
+okay I would like to define first my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I would like to define first my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I would like to define first my
+coordinate system the X Direction as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system the X Direction as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system the X Direction as I
+actually drove from there is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drove from there is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drove from there is actually
+pointing upward the Y Direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing upward the Y Direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing upward the Y Direction is
+actually parallel to the wall alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually parallel to the wall alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually parallel to the wall alright
+and the Z Direction is actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z Direction is actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z Direction is actually going to
+work the screen which I am trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the screen which I am trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the screen which I am trying to
+display the outcome of this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display the outcome of this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display the outcome of this experiment
+all right and the distance between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and the distance between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and the distance between these
+two walls is I should tip which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two walls is I should tip which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two walls is I should tip which is
+given their all right so I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given their all right so I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given their all right so I would like to
+actually understand what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand what is going to
+happen when the brain waves pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when the brain waves pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when the brain waves pass through
+this single sleep all right therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single sleep all right therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single sleep all right therefore
+before I care today the C function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I care today the C function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I care today the C function
+proportional to the total electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the total electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the total electric field
+what I really need is a functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I really need is a functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I really need is a functional form
+F which describe this single sleep right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F which describe this single sleep right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F which describe this single sleep right
+and just to make sure that everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to make sure that everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to make sure that everybody's
+on the same page this war is a should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same page this war is a should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same page this war is a should
+infinitely long from minus infinity Y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long from minus infinity Y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long from minus infinity Y to
+positive infinity Y all right so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinity Y all right so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinity Y all right so it's a
+super long war and they these two edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super long war and they these two edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super long war and they these two edge
+is actually the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the distance between the
+edges is a treaty alright so what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is a treaty alright so what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is a treaty alright so what would
+be the F function which describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the F function which describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the F function which describe the
+shape of the light source f function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the light source f function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the light source f function is
+a function of x and y and i define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of x and y and i define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of x and y and i define a
+function and I give you this F functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I give you this F functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I give you this F functions
+to describe the experimental setup so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the experimental setup so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the experimental setup so
+the F function can be either one ugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F function can be either one ugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F function can be either one ugh
+this shows that okay there are point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows that okay there are point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows that okay there are point
+like source there or zero when I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like source there or zero when I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like source there or zero when I am
+talking about C's on the wall all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about C's on the wall all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about C's on the wall all right
+because there's no point like so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no point like so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no point like so it's
+there all right because the voices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right because the voices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right because the voices
+should be blocking the light all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be blocking the light all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be blocking the light all right
+so so it can be either 1 or 0 when is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it can be either 1 or 0 when is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it can be either 1 or 0 when is
+that equal to 1 when minus T over 2 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equal to 1 when minus T over 2 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equal to 1 when minus T over 2 all
+right if I define this is a should be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I define this is a should be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I define this is a should be X
+equal to 0 the middle of the sleet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 the middle of the sleet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 the middle of the sleet is
+actually the X equal to 0 then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the X equal to 0 then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the X equal to 0 then it is
+actually equal to 1 when minus T over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to 1 when minus T over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to 1 when minus T over to
+some other than or equal to X smaller or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other than or equal to X smaller or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other than or equal to X smaller or
+equal to T over 2 all right so that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T over 2 all right so that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T over 2 all right so that will
+give you a sleet with ways of Cathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sleet with ways of Cathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sleet with ways of Cathy
+chhoti right and the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chhoti right and the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chhoti right and the other hand if
+absolute value of X is greater than a P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of X is greater than a P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of X is greater than a P
+over 2 then I get 0 all right so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 then I get 0 all right so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 then I get 0 all right so now you
+can see that actually that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that actually that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that actually that is actually
+the meaning of f function right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of f function right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of f function right and
+function is actually giving you a map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually giving you a map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually giving you a map of
+the point light source all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point light source all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point light source all right and
+what I'm going to do now is to read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do now is to read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do now is to read it
+to the integration to sum over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integration to sum over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integration to sum over all the
+Saphira Co electromagnetic waves coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saphira Co electromagnetic waves coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saphira Co electromagnetic waves coming
+from all those point light source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all those point light source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all those point light source and
+the calculate the total electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculate the total electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculate the total electric field
+all right so now I can go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I can go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I can go ahead and
+calculate C function which is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate C function which is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate C function which is actually a
+function of KX and KY related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of KX and KY related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of KX and KY related to the
+direction of propagation or say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation or say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation or say the
+relative position of the observer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative position of the observer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative position of the observer and
+the overall point light source all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall point light source all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall point light source all right
+and this is actually equal to 1 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually equal to 1 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually equal to 1 over 4
+PI square according to my formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI square according to my formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI square according to my formula and
+now I'm going to do an integration from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to do an integration from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to do an integration from
+minus infinity to infinity but I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity but I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity but I found
+that this is a shortcut I can take F X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a shortcut I can take F X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a shortcut I can take F X Y
+is only nonzero between minus T over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only nonzero between minus T over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only nonzero between minus T over 2
+and oppress the other two in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oppress the other two in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oppress the other two in the X
+direction right there for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right there for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right there for this
+integration become integration from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration become integration from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration become integration from
+minus T over 2 to positive T over 2 DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T over 2 to positive T over 2 DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T over 2 to positive T over 2 DX
+exponential minus I K X times X right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I K X times X right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I K X times X right
+I'm taking part of the K vector that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking part of the K vector that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking part of the K vector that are
+out of this formula right the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this formula right the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this formula right the relevant
+the relevant part related to X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant part related to X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant part related to X Direction
+equation is exponential I K X times X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is exponential I K X times X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is exponential I K X times X
+all right and now I can actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and now I can actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and now I can actually do the
+integration in a Y direction all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration in a Y direction all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration in a Y direction all right
+so you can see that in the Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that in the Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that in the Y direction
+this lead is infinitely long right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lead is infinitely long right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lead is infinitely long right
+covered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in the
+defense from the up hands on edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense from the up hands on edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense from the up hands on edge of the
+the universe to the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe to the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe to the right hand side
+Oakland University really long super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oakland University really long super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oakland University really long super
+long five minutes infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long five minutes infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long five minutes infinity to infinity
+all right in the X in the Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in the X in the Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in the X in the Y direction
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+right the rezident part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the rezident part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the rezident part of the
+exponential minus K dot R is exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus K dot R is exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus K dot R is exponential
+minus I K Y times 1 all right so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K Y times 1 all right so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K Y times 1 all right so before
+I do this integration I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this integration I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this integration I would like to
+remind you one thing which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you one thing which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you one thing which is actually
+we have learned from the past from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have learned from the past from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have learned from the past from the
+help of my MS Department so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of my MS Department so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of my MS Department so we know
+Delta function X minus a is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function X minus a is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function X minus a is actually
+equal to 1 over 2 pi in the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 pi in the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 pi in the equation
+from minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity to infinity
+exponential I P X minus a deep right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I P X minus a deep right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I P X minus a deep right so
+we know about this formula so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about this formula so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about this formula so that means
+I can use the evaluate this function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use the evaluate this function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use the evaluate this function so
+this function I actually doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function I actually doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function I actually doing the
+integration over Y therefore what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over Y therefore what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over Y therefore what I'm
+going to get this I take 1 over 2 pi out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get this I take 1 over 2 pi out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get this I take 1 over 2 pi out
+of this ok I take 2 pi out of this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ok I take 2 pi out of this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ok I take 2 pi out of this then
+basically I can as you arrive expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I can as you arrive expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I can as you arrive expression
+which is a total function is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a total function is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a total function is a function
+of K Y after you do this integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K Y after you do this integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K Y after you do this integration
+using this formula here so P here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this formula here so P here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this formula here so P here is
+actually Y in my integration and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Y in my integration and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Y in my integration and do it
+and and what I'm going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what I'm going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what I'm going to get is
+actually K y equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually K y equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually K y equal to 0
+I see minus 0 and I simplify that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see minus 0 and I simplify that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see minus 0 and I simplify that to be
+Delta function ok what all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function ok what all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function ok what all right so
+basically you are going to get like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you are going to get like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you are going to get like what
+KY contribution is going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY contribution is going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY contribution is going to give you a
+delta function all right so how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function all right so how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function all right so how about
+the indication which is the other part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indication which is the other part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indication which is the other part
+of the integration the other part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integration the other part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integration the other part of the
+integration is related to X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is related to X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is related to X direction
+right so basically what is actually lap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically what is actually lap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically what is actually lap
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+I took already 1 over 2 pi from here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took already 1 over 2 pi from here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took already 1 over 2 pi from here all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+therefore I have 1 over 2 pi all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I have 1 over 2 pi all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I have 1 over 2 pi all right
+and I do the integration it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do the integration it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do the integration it's just an
+exponential function I'm not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function I'm not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function I'm not super
+worried basically I get 1/2 over minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried basically I get 1/2 over minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried basically I get 1/2 over minus I
+K X right exponential minus I K X X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K X right exponential minus I K X X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K X right exponential minus I K X X and
+evaluated at T over 2 X equal to T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at T over 2 X equal to T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at T over 2 X equal to T over
+2 and X equal to minus PI over 2 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and X equal to minus PI over 2 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and X equal to minus PI over 2 all
+right I think I hope this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think I hope this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think I hope this part is
+straightforward enough any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward enough any questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward enough any questions so
+part everybody's following all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part everybody's following all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part everybody's following all right
+very good so I would continue the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so I would continue the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so I would continue the red
+part so I would just look at the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so I would just look at the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so I would just look at the red
+part and the continue on this board ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the continue on this board ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the continue on this board ok
+I'm using the red pen right so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using the red pen right so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using the red pen right so all right
+so basically what I'm going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what I'm going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what I'm going to get is
+basically you have 1 over 2 pi 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have 1 over 2 pi 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have 1 over 2 pi 1 over
+minus I K X right exponential minus I K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K X right exponential minus I K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I K X right exponential minus I K
+X Y over 2 right minus exponential I K X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y over 2 right minus exponential I K X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y over 2 right minus exponential I K X
+T over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over 2
+all right so the red part of the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the red part of the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the red part of the lab
+function becomes this and you can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes this and you can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes this and you can easily
+easily realize that this is a should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily realize that this is a should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily realize that this is a should be
+proportional to a sine function right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a sine function right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a sine function right so
+basically I'm going to get 1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm going to get 1 over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm going to get 1 over 2 pi
+minus 2i sine K X T over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2i sine K X T over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2i sine K X T over 2
+right / ikx okay this is actually coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right / ikx okay this is actually coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right / ikx okay this is actually coming
+from there and this is a should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there and this is a should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there and this is a should be
+coming from this - - hi sine theta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this - - hi sine theta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this - - hi sine theta a
+sine function is coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine function is coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine function is coming from the
+exponential function I can cancel this -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function I can cancel this -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function I can cancel this -
+and basically I get 1 over PI K X sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically I get 1 over PI K X sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically I get 1 over PI K X sine
+KX t / - okay so if I put everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX t / - okay so if I put everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX t / - okay so if I put everything
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+so basically what you're getting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta function of K Y all right 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function of K Y all right 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function of K Y all right 1 over
+PI K X sine KX T over 2 and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI K X sine KX T over 2 and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI K X sine KX T over 2 and getting
+going too fast everybody's following ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too fast everybody's following ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too fast everybody's following ok
+so I hope this mathematics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope this mathematics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope this mathematics is
+straightforward enough and don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward enough and don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward enough and don't forget
+what we are doing so what we are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are doing so what we are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are doing so what we are doing
+is the powering so we have this 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the powering so we have this 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the powering so we have this 2
+dimensional Fourier transform and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Fourier transform and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Fourier transform and the
+goal is to sum over all the waves coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to sum over all the waves coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to sum over all the waves coming
+from a shape defined by F function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a shape defined by F function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a shape defined by F function and
+I'm going to evaluate the C function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to evaluate the C function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to evaluate the C function and
+the C function is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C function is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C function is proportional to the
+total electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total electric field
+alright C is a function of KX and KY KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright C is a function of KX and KY KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright C is a function of KX and KY KX
+and KY give you the information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and KY give you the information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and KY give you the information about
+the direction relative position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction relative position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction relative position of the
+source and the observer herbs all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and the observer herbs all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and the observer herbs all right
+and from this exercise what we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this exercise what we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this exercise what we actually
+learned from here is that the C function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from here is that the C function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from here is that the C function
+is a function of Y but it's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of Y but it's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of Y but it's actually the
+only nonzero when k KY is equal to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero right does that surprise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right does that surprise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right does that surprise you
+no paweena right why is that why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no paweena right why is that why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no paweena right why is that why should
+we expect that because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect that because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect that because in the
+y-direction this lead is infinitely long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-direction this lead is infinitely long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-direction this lead is infinitely long
+alright so if you have contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if you have contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if you have contribution of
+many many satirical wave all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many satirical wave all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many satirical wave all right and
+this thing is infinitely long but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is infinitely long but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is infinitely long but the
+sum of all those empirical wave is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all those empirical wave is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all those empirical wave is going
+to be still like a wavefront right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be still like a wavefront right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be still like a wavefront right you
+can do this in your your head so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this in your your head so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this in your your head so that
+means the direction if if I choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the direction if if I choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the direction if if I choose a
+direction which is actually pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is actually pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is actually pointing to
+somewhere which is actually with a k'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere which is actually with a k'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere which is actually with a k'
+why not equal to zero so that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not equal to zero so that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not equal to zero so that means I
+have a specific direction what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a specific direction what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a specific direction what I'm going
+to get is that the electric field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is that the electric field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is that the electric field the
+total electric field will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total electric field will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total electric field will be equal to
+zero right and of course you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and of course you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and of course you can
+actually also talk about what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also talk about what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also talk about what would
+happen in the X direction so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the X direction so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the X direction so that is
+actually this the dependence of the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this the dependence of the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this the dependence of the C
+function to the KX right and we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to the KX right and we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to the KX right and we found
+interesting dependence it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting dependence it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting dependence it's actually
+sine KX T over 2 divided by K X so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine KX T over 2 divided by K X so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine KX T over 2 divided by K X so what
+I'm going to do is to make our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is to make our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is to make our life
+slightly easier by defining something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly easier by defining something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly easier by defining something
+which is actually easier to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually easier to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually easier to to
+understand alright but before that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand alright but before that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand alright but before that I
+would like to say that the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to say that the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to say that the electric
+field as I mentioned before is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as I mentioned before is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as I mentioned before is going to
+be proportional to the C function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proportional to the C function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proportional to the C function
+alright and now I would like to drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and now I would like to drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and now I would like to drop the
+Y direction because it's just a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y direction because it's just a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y direction because it's just a delta
+function right therefore I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right therefore I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right therefore I can actually
+drop it in the discussion so now I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop it in the discussion so now I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop it in the discussion so now I will
+say that this electric field is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this electric field is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this electric field is going to
+be Pope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Pope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Pope
+torsional to the sine KX T over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsional to the sine KX T over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsional to the sine KX T over 2
+divided by K X since we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by K X since we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by K X since we have the
+electric field the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field the magnitude of the
+electric field then I can issue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field then I can issue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field then I can issue the
+calculate what will be the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what will be the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what will be the intensity
+write intensity essentially what we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write intensity essentially what we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write intensity essentially what we care
+is going to be proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be proportional to the
+square and that is actually proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and that is actually proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and that is actually proportional
+to C square and what is actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C square and what is actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C square and what is actually that
+value that is going to be proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that is going to be proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that is going to be proportional
+to sine squared okay XD divided by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sine squared okay XD divided by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sine squared okay XD divided by 2
+divided by KX squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by KX squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by KX squared
+any questions so far all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far all right so
+remember what this issue D we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what this issue D we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what this issue D we are
+discussing so we are discussing about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing so we are discussing about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing so we are discussing about a
+single sleet and we were wondering what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sleet and we were wondering what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sleet and we were wondering what
+will happen to observer Point P when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to observer Point P when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to observer Point P when
+they actually do get when this observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do get when this observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do get when this observer
+do get the interference pattern of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get the interference pattern of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get the interference pattern of all
+the point light source between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point light source between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point light source between these two
+wars all right we can actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wars all right we can actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wars all right we can actually make it
+much more understandable by using angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more understandable by using angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more understandable by using angle
+which is a theta which is the measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a theta which is the measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a theta which is the measure of
+AP which is the direction of the which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP which is the direction of the which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP which is the direction of the which
+is a vector connecting the the sleet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector connecting the the sleet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector connecting the the sleet to
+the observer to the horizontal direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observer to the horizontal direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observer to the horizontal direction
+and I can define the displacement with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can define the displacement with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can define the displacement with
+respect to the center to be X and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the center to be X and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the center to be X and I can
+actually also expressed AP by a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also expressed AP by a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also expressed AP by a vector
+which is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically after this definition we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically after this definition we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically after this definition we can
+actually calculate or Express sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate or Express sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate or Express sine theta
+since since the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since since the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since since the distance between the
+screen and the war is very very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and the war is very very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and the war is very very large
+therefore the CETA angle is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the CETA angle is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the CETA angle is very small
+right therefore I can safely assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore I can safely assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore I can safely assume that
+sine theta is actually X divided by R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta is actually X divided by R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta is actually X divided by R
+all right and also at the same time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and also at the same time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and also at the same time this
+is actually equal to K X divided by K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to K X divided by K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to K X divided by K
+right because the K vector is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the K vector is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the K vector is actually
+telling you the direction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you the direction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you the direction of a
+propagation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation right
+so therefore I can initially rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore I can initially rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore I can initially rewrite
+this this will become KX the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will become KX the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will become KX the magnitude
+of K vector is they should be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K vector is they should be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K vector is they should be 2
+basically 2 PI over lambda right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 2 PI over lambda right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 2 PI over lambda right so
+therefore you can actually calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can actually calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can actually calculate
+that then you will get getting KX times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you will get getting KX times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you will get getting KX times
+lambda divided by 2 pi all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda divided by 2 pi all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda divided by 2 pi all right
+therefore the goal is to rewrite KX in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the goal is to rewrite KX in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the goal is to rewrite KX in
+the form which we understand which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form which we understand which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form which we understand which is
+Sita all right so now we have achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita all right so now we have achieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita all right so now we have achieved
+that right what is actually the K X K X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right what is actually the K X K X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right what is actually the K X K X
+is actually equal to 2 pi sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to 2 pi sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to 2 pi sine theta
+divided by lambda ok and this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by lambda ok and this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by lambda ok and this means that
+my my intensity which I obtain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my intensity which I obtain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my intensity which I obtain is
+appended there will be proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appended there will be proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appended there will be proportional to
+sine square PI D divided by lambda sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine square PI D divided by lambda sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine square PI D divided by lambda sine
+theta divided by 2 pi sine theta divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta divided by 2 pi sine theta divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta divided by 2 pi sine theta divided
+by lambda squared so basically what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by lambda squared so basically what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by lambda squared so basically what I'm
+doing is to replace K X and the righted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to replace K X and the righted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to replace K X and the righted
+in terms of Sita all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Sita all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Sita all right
+if I define theta to be equal to to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I define theta to be equal to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I define theta to be equal to to be
+equal to PI P sine theta over lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to PI P sine theta over lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to PI P sine theta over lambda
+okay if I define this ratio D you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I define this ratio D you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I define this ratio D you're
+getting sine square beta this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sine square beta this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sine square beta this will be
+proportional to sine square beta divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to sine square beta divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to sine square beta divided
+by beta Square and this beta is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by beta Square and this beta is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by beta Square and this beta is actually
+proportional to theta and in the any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to theta and in the any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to theta and in the any
+question so far I'm just doing the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so far I'm just doing the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so far I'm just doing the price
+I'm just replacing the variables so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just replacing the variables so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just replacing the variables so that
+actually is actually in terms of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is actually in terms of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is actually in terms of theta
+and in terms of some variable which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of some variable which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of some variable which has
+you simplify the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simplify the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simplify the expression
+dramatically okay so that's very good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically okay so that's very good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically okay so that's very good so
+we have HD evaluated the intensity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have HD evaluated the intensity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have HD evaluated the intensity the
+relative intensity of of the which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative intensity of of the which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative intensity of of the which will
+show up on the screen and we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up on the screen and we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up on the screen and we found that
+is actually proportional to sine square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually proportional to sine square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually proportional to sine square
+PI DT by D by lambda sine theta divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI DT by D by lambda sine theta divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI DT by D by lambda sine theta divided
+by sine squared and I call this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sine squared and I call this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sine squared and I call this constant
+it's also it called this expression I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also it called this expression I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also it called this expression I
+defined this expression to be beta then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this expression to be beta then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this expression to be beta then
+the functional form becomes much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form becomes much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form becomes much simpler
+it's becoming sine square beta divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's becoming sine square beta divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's becoming sine square beta divided
+by beta square okay so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by beta square okay so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by beta square okay so what I'm going to
+do now is to visualize this this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is to visualize this this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is to visualize this this result
+right so what I'm trying to do now is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm trying to do now is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm trying to do now is to
+track the intensity I as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the intensity I as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the intensity I as a function of
+sine theta with apple right using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta with apple right using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta with apple right using this
+expression so what I'm going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so what I'm going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so what I'm going to get is
+something which is actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is actually going to be
+decreasing something is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing something is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing something is going to be
+decreasing as a function of beta right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing as a function of beta right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing as a function of beta right
+so that's the test why this dash line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the test why this dash line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the test why this dash line is
+actually proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proportional to
+one over beta squared right and sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over beta squared right and sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over beta squared right and sine
+theta cosine theta very small you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta cosine theta very small you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta cosine theta very small you
+actually reach a maximum value of i0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you move away from from sita equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you move away from from sita equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you move away from from sita equal
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+you actually will hit minima when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually will hit minima when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually will hit minima when the
+sine theta is equal to lambda of lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta is equal to lambda of lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta is equal to lambda of lambda
+over D right because if sine theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over D right because if sine theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over D right because if sine theta is
+equal to lambda over D then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda over D then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda over D then this
+expression P can what become what value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression P can what become what value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression P can what become what value
+when science it ideal and our D PI sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when science it ideal and our D PI sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when science it ideal and our D PI sine
+Phi is zero right therefore you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi is zero right therefore you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi is zero right therefore you have a
+construct a destructive interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a destructive interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a destructive interference
+okay this point is really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this point is really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this point is really interesting
+why because that means all the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because that means all the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because that means all the point
+light source okay all of them between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source okay all of them between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source okay all of them between
+this dwarfs are working together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dwarfs are working together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dwarfs are working together so
+nicely such that the total feel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely such that the total feel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely such that the total feel is
+completely canceled isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely canceled isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely canceled isn't that
+remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+right that's a really really crazy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a really really crazy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a really really crazy when
+this happens right takes a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens right takes a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens right takes a lot of work
+infinite number or source to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number or source to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number or source to do that
+then if you actually increase further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you actually increase further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you actually increase further
+the sine theta move away from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine theta move away from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine theta move away from the center
+of the screen basically you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screen basically you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screen basically you see that
+this will increase again and reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will increase again and reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will increase again and reach a
+maximum maxima and again reach zero when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum maxima and again reach zero when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum maxima and again reach zero when
+this is actually equal to 2 lambda over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually equal to 2 lambda over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually equal to 2 lambda over
+T and this pattern continues and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this pattern continues and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this pattern continues and of
+course because of the seam at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because of the seam at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because of the seam at the
+symmetry we observe in this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry we observe in this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry we observe in this expression
+everything is actually proportional so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is actually proportional so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is actually proportional so
+sine square something right therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine square something right therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine square something right therefore
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+solution is actually symmetric so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is actually symmetric so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is actually symmetric so you
+have minus lambda over t minus 2 lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus lambda over t minus 2 lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus lambda over t minus 2 lambda
+over D etc any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so what you can see here is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what you can see here is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what you can see here is something
+really interesting sine theta ok if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting sine theta ok if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting sine theta ok if you
+multiply that by our it's telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by our it's telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by our it's telling you
+the the the position which you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the position which you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the position which you will see
+on the screen right so this is a 2d if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen right so this is a 2d if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen right so this is a 2d if
+you are interested in some press a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested in some press a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested in some press a point
+of interest P and this is a should eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest P and this is a should eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest P and this is a should eat
+just R times sine theta and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just R times sine theta and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just R times sine theta and this is
+actually the sleep all right now we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the sleep all right now we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the sleep all right now we move
+this thing here and that the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here and that the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here and that the size of
+this lead is called T okay so one sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lead is called T okay so one sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lead is called T okay so one sink
+reduces very interesting in this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces very interesting in this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces very interesting in this result
+is that if we look at the ways of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if we look at the ways of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if we look at the ways of the
+the central principle maximum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central principle maximum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central principle maximum okay
+the Wis is actually the major between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wis is actually the major between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wis is actually the major between
+the center and the first minima where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and the first minima where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and the first minima where
+you have completely destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have completely destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have completely destructive
+interference okay what you actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference okay what you actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference okay what you actually see
+here is that this is actually something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this is actually something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this is actually something
+very interesting is happening when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting is happening when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting is happening when you
+increase T if you increase P what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase T if you increase P what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase T if you increase P what is
+going to happen to the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen to the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen to the position of the
+first principle minimum for first minima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principle minimum for first minima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principle minimum for first minima
+it's going to what going to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to what going to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to what going to become
+smaller right so suppose I have okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller right so suppose I have okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller right so suppose I have okay I
+have a gap here and I'm shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gap here and I'm shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gap here and I'm shooting
+shooting a gun like boo boo boo boo boo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting a gun like boo boo boo boo boo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting a gun like boo boo boo boo boo
+boo boo okay and the produce huge amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boo boo okay and the produce huge amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boo boo okay and the produce huge amount
+of food it alright which I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food it alright which I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food it alright which I don't
+recommend to do that for sure what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend to do that for sure what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend to do that for sure what I'm
+going to to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to why
+to get is a distribution like this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is a distribution like this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is a distribution like this which
+are the Buddha's passing through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Buddha's passing through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Buddha's passing through this
+wall alright if I increase the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall alright if I increase the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall alright if I increase the size of
+the wall the distribution I'm getting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall the distribution I'm getting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall the distribution I'm getting is
+becoming what wider right but the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming what wider right but the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming what wider right but the result
+here is actually surprising why when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually surprising why when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually surprising why when you
+increase the Wiis okay when you increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the Wiis okay when you increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the Wiis okay when you increase
+the width of the tea this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the tea this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the tea this function
+becomes smaller that means the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes smaller that means the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes smaller that means the central
+maxima will become narrower as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima will become narrower as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima will become narrower as you can
+see from this demonstration so the Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from this demonstration so the Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from this demonstration so the Latin
+side is experimental setup which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is experimental setup which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is experimental setup which you
+have a very very narrow City and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very narrow City and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very narrow City and
+basically you get a very wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get a very wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get a very wide
+distribution in the intensity as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in the intensity as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in the intensity as a
+function of position on the screen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position on the screen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position on the screen right
+hand side is another situation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is another situation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is another situation where you
+have wider distribution all right sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wider distribution all right sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wider distribution all right sorry
+wider us did and you are going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider us did and you are going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider us did and you are going to get a
+narrower central maxima which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower central maxima which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower central maxima which is
+actually different from the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different from the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different from the the other
+experiment which were we were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment which were we were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment which were we were actually
+doing all right so that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all right so that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all right so that's the first
+thing which we will learn from here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we will learn from here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we will learn from here and
+also the distance the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the distance the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the distance the distance between
+the maxima and the minima okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maxima and the minima okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maxima and the minima okay it's
+proportional to wavelength so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to wavelength so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to wavelength so that means
+I can measure wavelength by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can measure wavelength by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can measure wavelength by using the
+position of the minimum okay and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the minimum okay and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the minimum okay and we are
+going to do that to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that to measure the
+wavelength of the laser beam alright and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the laser beam alright and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the laser beam alright and
+finally the last thing which we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the last thing which we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the last thing which we learned
+is that okay in the mid in the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay in the mid in the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay in the mid in the central
+region you have a Maxima of 0 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you have a Maxima of 0 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you have a Maxima of 0 and this
+intensity is going to be going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity is going to be going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity is going to be going down
+proportional to 1 over beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to 1 over beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to 1 over beta
+Square where beta is actually defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square where beta is actually defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square where beta is actually defined
+here is proportional to T sine theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is proportional to T sine theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is proportional to T sine theta and
+the inversely proportional to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inversely proportional to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inversely proportional to two
+waveless okay so now what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveless okay so now what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveless okay so now what I'm going to
+do is experiment which I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is experiment which I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is experiment which I would like to
+measure what would be the wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure what would be the wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure what would be the wavelength of
+op my laser so I have a laser here oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op my laser so I have a laser here oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op my laser so I have a laser here oh
+okay I don't want to hear hurt anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't want to hear hurt anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't want to hear hurt anybody
+all right so I have a laser yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I have a laser yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I have a laser yeah all
+right and I have a sleet which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I have a sleet which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I have a sleet which you
+cannot see unfortunately and I can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see unfortunately and I can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see unfortunately and I can read
+off the width of the slit for you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the width of the slit for you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the width of the slit for you the
+width of the sleet is carefully designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the sleet is carefully designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the sleet is carefully designed
+to be really small is point one six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really small is point one six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really small is point one six
+millimeter okay this is my with the T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter okay this is my with the T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter okay this is my with the T is
+equal to 0.16 millimeter all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0.16 millimeter all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0.16 millimeter all right and
+on the screen you can see that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen you can see that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen you can see that there is
+a there's a pattern point here which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a pattern point here which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a pattern point here which you
+probably cannot see very very clearly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cannot see very very clearly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cannot see very very clearly so
+I would try to lower the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would try to lower the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would try to lower the intensity of
+that the other source right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other source right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other source right so you can
+you can see then see that there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see then see that there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see then see that there is an
+interference pattern or diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern or diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern or diffraction
+pattern which is a showing here so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which is a showing here so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which is a showing here so what
+I really need in order to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really need in order to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really need in order to calculate the
+the wavelength is the sine theta angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is the sine theta angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is the sine theta angle
+right which I really need a sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which I really need a sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which I really need a sine theta
+angle dang I can actually calculate well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle dang I can actually calculate well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle dang I can actually calculate well
+be the wavelength of this laser all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the wavelength of this laser all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the wavelength of this laser all
+right so I that means I will need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I that means I will need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I that means I will need the
+help from a volunteer who volunteer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help from a volunteer who volunteer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help from a volunteer who volunteer to
+help me to measure the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me to measure the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me to measure the distance between
+this lead and the last screen can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lead and the last screen can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lead and the last screen can
+somebody volunteer yes please all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody volunteer yes please all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody volunteer yes please all right
+so we are going to measure the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are going to measure the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are going to measure the distance
+can you hold this and can you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you hold this and can you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you hold this and can you actually
+put it okay so I to pour this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it okay so I to pour this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it okay so I to pour this thing and
+we will try our best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will try our best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will try our best
+to make it straight thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it straight thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it straight thank you very much
+okay we don't want to destroy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't want to destroy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't want to destroy the
+experiment as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment as well
+all right this is not working okay let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is not working okay let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is not working okay let
+me do this in the other way so how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do this in the other way so how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do this in the other way so how about
+okay trial and error right how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay trial and error right how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay trial and error right how about
+this I hold this last thing and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I hold this last thing and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I hold this last thing and I'm
+going to actually measure the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually measure the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually measure the distance
+from here all right and I need to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here all right and I need to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here all right and I need to really
+make it really care for the measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it really care for the measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it really care for the measure this
+very carefully and they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully and they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully and they don't want to
+destroy every average anything which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy every average anything which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy every average anything which is
+very possible all right so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very possible all right so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very possible all right so what I'm
+getting I get seven point five meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting I get seven point five meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting I get seven point five meter
+okay so that's actually the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually the distance
+between the screen and and in the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the screen and and in the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the screen and and in the screen
+and the source okay hold that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the source okay hold that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the source okay hold that for a
+second I'm going to measure the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I'm going to measure the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I'm going to measure the width of
+the distance between to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between to minimize the
+distance between two minima is seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between two minima is seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between two minima is seven
+centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter
+thank you very much so thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much so thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much so thank you for
+your help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your help
+so we have now everything we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have now everything we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have now everything we need to
+calculate the wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to clean this up first we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to clean this up first we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to clean this up first we have
+what we have the distance now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have the distance now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have the distance now the
+distance between the source and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the source and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the source and the
+screen is seven point six meter all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is seven point six meter all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is seven point six meter all
+right so now I would like to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I would like to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I would like to calculate
+what will be the lambda right and also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the lambda right and also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the lambda right and also I
+know the distance the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the distance the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the distance the distance between
+these two minima is seven centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two minima is seven centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two minima is seven centimeter
+okay so that means this will be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means this will be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means this will be three
+point five centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five centimeter
+okay so lambda divided by T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lambda divided by T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lambda divided by T is
+essentially equal to sine theta which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially equal to sine theta which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially equal to sine theta which is
+a should be small T which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a should be small T which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a should be small T which is the
+distance between between the minima the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between between the minima the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between between the minima the
+small T is here the small D is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small T is here the small D is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small T is here the small D is the
+distance between the minima and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the minima and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the minima and the
+center divided by R which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center divided by R which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center divided by R which is the
+distance between the source and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the source and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the source and the
+screen all right therefore I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen all right therefore I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen all right therefore I can have
+lambda will be equal to capital T time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda will be equal to capital T time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda will be equal to capital T time
+small T divided by R so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small T divided by R so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small T divided by R so what this
+actually that answer so basically I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that answer so basically I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that answer so basically I have
+capital T which is actually 0.16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T which is actually 0.16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T which is actually 0.16
+millimeter right so that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter right so that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter right so that is actually
+shown there which you cannot see it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown there which you cannot see it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown there which you cannot see it all
+right okay so I will use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I will use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I will use a different
+port for this calculation so PCD we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port for this calculation so PCD we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port for this calculation so PCD we were
+actually get lambda 2 equal to capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get lambda 2 equal to capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get lambda 2 equal to capital T
+times small T divided by R capital T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times small T divided by R capital T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times small T divided by R capital T is
+0.16 times 10 to the minus 3 meter right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.16 times 10 to the minus 3 meter right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.16 times 10 to the minus 3 meter right
+and the what is a should be the small T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the what is a should be the small T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the what is a should be the small T
+the small D is actually three point five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small D is actually three point five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small D is actually three point five
+centimeters all right and finally I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters all right and finally I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters all right and finally I have
+seven point six meter which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven point six meter which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven point six meter which is actually
+the small R divided by seven point six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+can somebody actually calculate this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody actually calculate this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody actually calculate this for
+me anybody have a smartphone this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anybody have a smartphone this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anybody have a smartphone this means
+that I haven't done this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't done this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't done this experiment
+myself and we will see what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and we will see what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and we will see what is going to
+happen I hope you will work what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I hope you will work what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I hope you will work what is
+actually the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven point three six eight times ten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven point three six eight times ten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven point three six eight times ten to
+the minus seven this is actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus seven this is actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus seven this is actually equal
+to seven point three seven times ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seven point three seven times ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seven point three seven times ten
+okay seven point seven three seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay seven point seven three seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay seven point seven three seven
+nanometer actually the wetlands of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer actually the wetlands of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer actually the wetlands of the
+rad is a trip between 620 and the 750
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rad is a trip between 620 and the 750
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rad is a trip between 620 and the 750
+and actually we are educating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually we are educating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually we are educating the
+correct value you see so actually now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value you see so actually now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value you see so actually now
+you can actually tell you a friends that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually tell you a friends that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually tell you a friends that
+although the wavelength is so small but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the wavelength is so small but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the wavelength is so small but
+I can measure it with such asked rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can measure it with such asked rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can measure it with such asked rapid
+experimental setup okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup okay so that's a
+successful experiment so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful experiment so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful experiment so that's actually
+telling you that it's a proof that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that it's a proof that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that it's a proof that it's
+this formula which we actually do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula which we actually do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula which we actually do all
+the crazy work of this food year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crazy work of this food year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crazy work of this food year
+transform into dimensional integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform into dimensional integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform into dimensional integration
+it should really work and the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should really work and the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should really work and the result is
+actually not from not really far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not from not really far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not from not really far from
+what you can get from Wikipedia okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can get from Wikipedia okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can get from Wikipedia okay so
+at this point I would like to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point I would like to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point I would like to take a
+five-minute break to take some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-minute break to take some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-minute break to take some questions
+and we are going to come back in okay at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to come back in okay at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to come back in okay at
+31 and we are going to discuss another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 and we are going to discuss another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 and we are going to discuss another
+very interesting issue resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so welcome back so there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back so there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back so there there are
+a few questions about there were a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few questions about there were a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few questions about there were a few
+questions about the the pattern here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the the pattern here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the the pattern here
+which is interesting so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is interesting so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is interesting so you can see that
+what we actually concluded from here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually concluded from here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually concluded from here is
+that the the width of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the width of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the width of the central
+principle Maxima essentially two kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle Maxima essentially two kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle Maxima essentially two kinds
+of the width of the secondary Maximas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the width of the secondary Maximas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the width of the secondary Maximas
+alright so you can see that the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so you can see that the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so you can see that the width
+here between these two points is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between these two points is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between these two points is
+actually lambda by T but the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lambda by T but the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lambda by T but the width
+between the these two points which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the these two points which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the these two points which I
+should give you the width of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give you the width of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give you the width of the the
+central principle Maxima is actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central principle Maxima is actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central principle Maxima is actually two
+times of lambda over D all right and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of lambda over D all right and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of lambda over D all right and now
+essentially can be seen from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially can be seen from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially can be seen from the
+experiment there may be okay now easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there may be okay now easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment there may be okay now easily
+from for the moment but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for the moment but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for the moment but this is the
+width and the smaller structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width and the smaller structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width and the smaller structure is
+actually having a with half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having a with half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having a with half of the
+central central peak alright so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central central peak alright so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central central peak alright so that is
+actually something which is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something which is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something which is interesting
+and I would like to share that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to share that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to share that with
+everybody so now we actually come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so now we actually come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so now we actually come back
+to the original question we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original question we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original question we were
+actually discussing last time so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discussing last time so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discussing last time so one
+interesting thing we observe in this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing we observe in this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing we observe in this two
+slit interference experiment is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit interference experiment is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit interference experiment is that you
+not only see all those detail structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only see all those detail structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only see all those detail structures
+which is actually kind of periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually kind of periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually kind of periodic
+structure and they are coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and they are coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and they are coming from the
+two slit interference right and you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slit interference right and you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slit interference right and you also
+see this larger structure which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this larger structure which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this larger structure which is
+showing up there right which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up there right which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up there right which is actually
+going up and down and also it produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and down and also it produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and down and also it produce
+minimal at some specific point now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal at some specific point now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal at some specific point now we
+understand what is actually happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is actually happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is actually happening
+all right suppose I have a - I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right suppose I have a - I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right suppose I have a - I have to
+sleep interference experiment okay where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep interference experiment okay where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep interference experiment okay where
+I have the width of this lead to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the width of this lead to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the width of this lead to be
+capital T to be very small T is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T to be very small T is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T to be very small T is very
+very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+alright and the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and the distance between the
+last D District
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last D District
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last D District
+small T which is kind of weird but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small T which is kind of weird but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small T which is kind of weird but you
+have you have to accept that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have to accept that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have to accept that because
+it's on my note alright and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on my note alright and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on my note alright and you can see
+that interestingly if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interestingly if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interestingly if this is the
+situation then you have this periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation then you have this periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation then you have this periodic
+pattern and you you will see no decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and you you will see no decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and you you will see no decrease
+in amplitude as a function of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in amplitude as a function of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in amplitude as a function of distance
+which is fed to the central central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fed to the central central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fed to the central central
+point of their screen right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of their screen right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of their screen right so that's
+actually very nice however if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very nice however if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very nice however if you
+consider a realistic situation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a realistic situation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a realistic situation okay
+where the size or say the width of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the size or say the width of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the size or say the width of the
+slit is not negligible okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit is not negligible okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit is not negligible okay
+it's sizable and what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sizable and what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sizable and what is going to happen
+is that if okay let's forget about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if okay let's forget about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if okay let's forget about the
+second one for a moment okay we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one for a moment okay we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one for a moment okay we already
+learned that the output intensity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the output intensity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the output intensity of a
+single slit it's already been written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single slit it's already been written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single slit it's already been written as
+a function of angle right so I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of angle right so I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of angle right so I have this
+pattern right therefore if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right therefore if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right therefore if you have
+these two realistic sleet interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two realistic sleet interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two realistic sleet interacting
+with each other have interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other have interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other have interference
+pattern what you are going to expect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern what you are going to expect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern what you are going to expect is
+is that you are going to have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you are going to have the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you are going to have the two
+slit interference pattern modulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit interference pattern modulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit interference pattern modulated by
+diffraction pattern right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction pattern right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction pattern right because
+originally coming from a single slit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally coming from a single slit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally coming from a single slit you
+already have a very thin intensity as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a very thin intensity as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a very thin intensity as a
+function of sine theta right as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of sine theta right as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of sine theta right as we
+actually already discussed there so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already discussed there so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already discussed there so if
+we put all those information together we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put all those information together we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put all those information together we
+are going to get I the intensity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get I the intensity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get I the intensity is
+going to be equal to i0 which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to i0 which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to i0 which is a
+Maxima sine beta divided by beta square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima sine beta divided by beta square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima sine beta divided by beta square
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+sine Delta divided by two divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine Delta divided by two divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine Delta divided by two divided by
+sine Delta squared all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine Delta squared all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine Delta squared all right
+so basically what I'm talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what I'm talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what I'm talking about is
+that if you have an sleet experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an sleet experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an sleet experiment
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+each sleet have the same ways all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sleet have the same ways all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sleet have the same ways all right
+and what we were going to get is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we were going to get is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we were going to get is this is
+actually the unsweet interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the unsweet interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the unsweet interference
+pattern all right and that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern all right and that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern all right and that is actually
+modulated by the fraction all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by the fraction all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by the fraction all right
+where beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where beta
+just a reminder in this summary is PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a reminder in this summary is PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a reminder in this summary is PI
+capital T V by D by lambda sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T V by D by lambda sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T V by D by lambda sine theta
+and Delta pushes the optical path length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta pushes the optical path length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta pushes the optical path length
+difference we defined before is K times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we defined before is K times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we defined before is K times
+D sine theta and that is actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D sine theta and that is actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D sine theta and that is actually equal
+to two pi times D sine theta divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two pi times D sine theta divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two pi times D sine theta divided by
+done so that is actually why when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so that is actually why when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so that is actually why when we
+perform the experiment of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the experiment of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the experiment of a single
+source of a double slit experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of a double slit experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of a double slit experiment in
+the last lecture we get complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture we get complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture we get complicated
+interference pattern like this and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern like this and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern like this and he
+has very complicated structure and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very complicated structure and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very complicated structure and now
+we actually understand why the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually understand why the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually understand why the structure
+is like this the small structure okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this the small structure okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this the small structure okay in
+this case is actually coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is actually coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is actually coming from
+interference to sleep interference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference to sleep interference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference to sleep interference and
+there are additional structure larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are additional structure larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are additional structure larger
+scale structure is actually coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale structure is actually coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale structure is actually coming from
+diffraction it's coming from the barity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction it's coming from the barity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction it's coming from the barity
+intensity of a single D as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of a single D as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of a single D as a function of
+size okay any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we are making a lot of progress so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are making a lot of progress so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are making a lot of progress so
+what I would like to move on is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to move on is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would like to move on is to
+discuss with you something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with you something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss with you something really
+interesting so we discuss and learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so we discuss and learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so we discuss and learn how
+to expand the interpreter the why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand the interpreter the why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand the interpreter the why we
+have actually colorful soap-bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually colorful soap-bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually colorful soap-bubble
+right so I have something totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have something totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have something totally
+unrelated so we have a soap bubble also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated so we have a soap bubble also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated so we have a soap bubble also
+in the space which is the soap bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space which is the soap bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space which is the soap bubble
+nubra which is very interesting and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nubra which is very interesting and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nubra which is very interesting and you
+can actually cool coil and see what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually cool coil and see what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually cool coil and see what is
+actually happening there but it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening there but it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening there but it should
+be that's actually not my point okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's actually not my point okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's actually not my point okay so
+my point is that you really need very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is that you really need very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is that you really need very
+good resolution telescope so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good resolution telescope so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good resolution telescope so that you
+can actually observe those really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually observe those really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually observe those really
+beautiful objects which are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful objects which are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful objects which are already
+there and they cannot be made by human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they cannot be made by human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they cannot be made by human
+right right made by somebody else okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right made by somebody else okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right made by somebody else okay
+so this is actually why I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually why I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually why I would like to
+what I'm getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm getting into
+so the resolution is really something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the resolution is really something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the resolution is really something
+important so when you take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so when you take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so when you take a look at
+this a picture the resolution is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a picture the resolution is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a picture the resolution is not
+very good so rise you can see now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so rise you can see now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so rise you can see now the
+peak position of to nearby peak is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak position of to nearby peak is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak position of to nearby peak is
+actually connecting to each other then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually connecting to each other then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually connecting to each other then
+what do you see from this picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see from this picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see from this picture you
+see maybe a lion I don't know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe a lion I don't know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe a lion I don't know maybe
+maybe not right well if you improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not right well if you improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not right well if you improve the
+resolution what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution what do you see
+it's actually deeper right okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually deeper right okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually deeper right okay so this
+is actually the kind of synchrony we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the kind of synchrony we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the kind of synchrony we
+were would like to discuss with you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were would like to discuss with you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were would like to discuss with you we
+are actually touching this important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually touching this important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually touching this important
+phenomena which is actually needed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which is actually needed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which is actually needed for
+observing interesting phenomena which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing interesting phenomena which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing interesting phenomena which is
+actually happening really far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening really far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening really far away from
+the earth what is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth what is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth what is actually the
+resolution and we are going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and we are going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and we are going to talk
+about that as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as well and
+I would like to show you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to show you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to show you another
+interesting example so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example so this is a
+comparison between Nassau serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between Nassau serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between Nassau serious
+picture and the picture from Hubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and the picture from Hubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and the picture from Hubble
+telescope okay so I was using some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope okay so I was using some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope okay so I was using some
+telescope who is t equal to 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope who is t equal to 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope who is t equal to 40
+centimeter and that's actually the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter and that's actually the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter and that's actually the best
+thing which I can achieve shot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I can achieve shot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I can achieve shot in the
+same primary nubra M 40s 50 7 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same primary nubra M 40s 50 7 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same primary nubra M 40s 50 7 that
+objects actually two thousand five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects actually two thousand five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects actually two thousand five
+hundred light years away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred light years away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred light years away
+and you can see that I cannot get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that I cannot get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that I cannot get really
+a lot of detail from this image all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of detail from this image all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of detail from this image all
+right and now if you compare that to a T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now if you compare that to a T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now if you compare that to a T
+equal to a two hundred forty centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a two hundred forty centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a two hundred forty centimeter
+Hubble telescope and also at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble telescope and also at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble telescope and also at the same
+time this thing is actually above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this thing is actually above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this thing is actually above the
+atmosphere right so that's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere right so that's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere right so that's actually very
+very important and you can see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and you can see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and you can see that you
+do get a much much better resolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get a much much better resolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get a much much better resolution and
+you can actually see all the fine detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see all the fine detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see all the fine detail
+very very fine detail of this image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fine detail of this image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fine detail of this image and
+we are in the position to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are in the position to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are in the position to understand the
+resolution and the limit which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and the limit which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and the limit which we can
+have for I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for I mean
+due to the due to diffraction actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the due to diffraction actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the due to diffraction actually
+alright so if I consider now a pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if I consider now a pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if I consider now a pinhole
+alright with diameter equal to T alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright with diameter equal to T alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright with diameter equal to T alright
+so right now what we are actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now what we are actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now what we are actually doing
+is not a single street anymore but but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a single street anymore but but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a single street anymore but but a
+a hall which red with radius T over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hall which red with radius T over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hall which red with radius T over 2
+all right and we can do the same exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we can do the same exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and we can do the same exactly
+the same calculation using this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same calculation using this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same calculation using this formula
+but I'm not going to do that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not going to do that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not going to do that for the
+sake of time all right so we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of time all right so we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of time all right so we can do
+exactly the same see function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same see function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same see function
+calculation and the what we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and the what we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and the what we are going to
+get is I as a function of theta is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is I as a function of theta is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is I as a function of theta is equal
+to I 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I 0
+say one beta divided by beta square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one beta divided by beta square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one beta divided by beta square
+where day one is the peso function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where day one is the peso function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where day one is the peso function of
+the first kind all right sounds really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first kind all right sounds really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first kind all right sounds really
+scary but it's actually not right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary but it's actually not right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary but it's actually not right so
+what I really need is the is the zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I really need is the is the zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I really need is the is the zeros
+of the peso function right so that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the peso function right so that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the peso function right so that I can
+actually extract the interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extract the interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extract the interference
+pattern and the Wiis of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and the Wiis of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and the Wiis of the central
+maxima so now since we are having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima so now since we are having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima so now since we are having a
+pinhole basically all those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole basically all those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole basically all those things are
+the all those patterns are actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all those patterns are actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all those patterns are actually two
+dimensional and the I was wondering what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and the I was wondering what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and the I was wondering what
+will be the needed beta value so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the needed beta value so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the needed beta value so that I
+can actually reach the minimum all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually reach the minimum all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually reach the minimum all right
+why is that important that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that important that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that important that that is
+actually telling you the limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling you the limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling you the limit of the
+optical resolution right if I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical resolution right if I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical resolution right if I have two
+peaks which are actually praised too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks which are actually praised too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks which are actually praised too
+close to each other that why we as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other that why we as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other that why we as you
+see in the previous slide then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the previous slide then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the previous slide then we can
+actually not separate very well these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not separate very well these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not separate very well these
+two light source right on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two light source right on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two light source right on the other hand
+if the distance between these two peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the distance between these two peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the distance between these two peak
+is larger than the first minima then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than the first minima then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than the first minima then I
+can issue the be very safe I can se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can issue the be very safe I can se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can issue the be very safe I can se
+separate I can say that this is a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate I can say that this is a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate I can say that this is a two
+peaks two stars to light source I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks two stars to light source I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks two stars to light source I can
+tell all right so that's is actually why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell all right so that's is actually why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell all right so that's is actually why
+this is important and the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important and the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important and the weights
+actually the minimum and yeah I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the minimum and yeah I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the minimum and yeah I can
+already solve that for you and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solve that for you and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solve that for you and that is
+as you when X is equal to roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you when X is equal to roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you when X is equal to roughly the
+numerical value is roughly three point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value is roughly three point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value is roughly three point
+eight three all right so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight three all right so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight three all right so that's actually
+not important those numbers are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important those numbers are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important those numbers are not
+important the important result is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the important result is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the important result is really
+the conclusion so so beta is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion so so beta is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion so so beta is equal to
+three point eight three and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point eight three and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point eight three and that is
+actually equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to
+by sine theta / danda right so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sine theta / danda right so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sine theta / danda right so that is
+actually our original definition and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our original definition and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our original definition and I
+can solve what would be the sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve what would be the sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve what would be the sine theta
+which you said should be telling you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you said should be telling you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you said should be telling you the
+position of the minima right so sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the minima right so sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the minima right so sine
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+alright will be equal to actually 1.2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright will be equal to actually 1.2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright will be equal to actually 1.2 to
+lambda divided by T so what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda divided by T so what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda divided by T so what does that
+mean that means the position where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means the position where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means the position where you
+have the first minima is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first minima is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first minima is actually
+happening when you have sine theta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening when you have sine theta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening when you have sine theta this
+is the CETA when you have sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the CETA when you have sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the CETA when you have sine theta
+equal to one point two two times lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one point two two times lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one point two two times lambda
+divided by t okay so that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by t okay so that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by t okay so that is actually
+very nice doing exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice doing exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice doing exactly the same
+exercise and we now understand where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and we now understand where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and we now understand where my
+minima is then that is actually telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima is then that is actually telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima is then that is actually telling
+you something about the resolution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about the resolution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about the resolution so
+what I'm going to try to get into is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to try to get into is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to try to get into is
+that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now
+let's design a form together a mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's design a form together a mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's design a form together a mobile
+form together all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form together all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form together all right
+so what is actually the width of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is actually the width of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is actually the width of the
+human pupil essentially the we see says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human pupil essentially the we see says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human pupil essentially the we see says
+roughly two to four millimeter when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly two to four millimeter when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly two to four millimeter when
+narrow when you see a lot of light over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow when you see a lot of light over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow when you see a lot of light over
+the place or three to eight millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place or three to eight millimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place or three to eight millimeter
+all right so that this issue is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that this issue is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that this issue is the
+typical lens when when when white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical lens when when when white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical lens when when when white
+alright so that is actually the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so that is actually the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so that is actually the width of
+the pinhole right so typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pinhole right so typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pinhole right so typically the
+visible light as we calculated is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light as we calculated is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light as we calculated is
+something like 500 nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 500 nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 500 nanometer
+right and the ways of the human pupil we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the ways of the human pupil we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the ways of the human pupil we
+can actually take a number of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually take a number of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually take a number of five
+millimeter okay and now we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter okay and now we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter okay and now we can actually
+try to give input to to the phone design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give input to to the phone design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give input to to the phone design
+so what will be the resolution if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will be the resolution if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will be the resolution if we
+take these two parameter together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two parameter together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two parameter together so
+basically the resolution of your eye we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the resolution of your eye we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the resolution of your eye we
+can now calculate that right so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now calculate that right so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now calculate that right so what is
+that that is actually one point two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is actually one point two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is actually one point two two
+times five hundred nanometer / okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times five hundred nanometer / okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times five hundred nanometer / okay my
+function is equal to SP right so divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to SP right so divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal to SP right so divided
+by T is equal to five millimeter by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T is equal to five millimeter by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T is equal to five millimeter by
+millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter
+right basically what you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically what you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically what you are going to
+get is one point two two times ten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is one point two two times ten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is one point two two times ten to
+the minus four this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus four this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus four this is actually the
+resolution sine theta roughly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution sine theta roughly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution sine theta roughly equal to
+theta is actually equal to 1 point 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is actually equal to 1 point 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is actually equal to 1 point 2 2
+times 10 to the minus 4 all right I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 4 all right I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 4 all right I have
+a iPhone 6 or 7 whatever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a iPhone 6 or 7 whatever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a iPhone 6 or 7 whatever you have
+basically is 401 PPI right 401 PPI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is 401 PPI right 401 PPI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is 401 PPI right 401 PPI is
+actually what is a pic so per inch right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what is a pic so per inch right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what is a pic so per inch right
+all right so what is actually the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what is actually the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what is actually the Delta
+X so if I have a form okay it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if I have a form okay it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if I have a form okay it has a
+camera there okay that's it that is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera there okay that's it that is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera there okay that's it that is my
+form and this is my eye it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this is my eye it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this is my eye it looks like a
+high right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high right
+the distance is 20 mixed centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance is 20 mixed centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance is 20 mixed centimeter
+right I do this which is how you do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I do this which is how you do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I do this which is how you do all
+right so what is it okay we have 400 PPI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is it okay we have 400 PPI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is it okay we have 400 PPI
+so what is the Delta X the Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the Delta X the Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the Delta X the Delta X
+between the pixel the Delta X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the pixel the Delta X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the pixel the Delta X is equal
+to 2.5 4 centimeter divided by 401 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2.5 4 centimeter divided by 401 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2.5 4 centimeter divided by 401 and
+now give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now give you
+something like six point three times ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like six point three times ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like six point three times ten
+to the minus three centimeter all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus three centimeter all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus three centimeter all right
+if I am trying to be healthy and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I am trying to be healthy and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I am trying to be healthy and I do
+this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right
+then what is issue the Delta Theta Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is issue the Delta Theta Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is issue the Delta Theta Delta
+Theta is Delta X divided by 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is Delta X divided by 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is Delta X divided by 20
+centimeter and that is three times ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter and that is three times ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter and that is three times ten
+to the minus four if you compare this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus four if you compare this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus four if you compare this
+value to the limit a calculator here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the limit a calculator here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the limit a calculator here you
+can see that what is the conclusion can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that what is the conclusion can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that what is the conclusion can
+I resolve the pixels on the forum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I resolve the pixels on the forum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I resolve the pixels on the forum the
+answer is yes okay so that means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes okay so that means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes okay so that means this
+point is not good enough they have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is not good enough they have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is not good enough they have to do
+more work okay and now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work okay and now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work okay and now I'm going to
+design a form maybe sometimes at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a form maybe sometimes at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a form maybe sometimes at some
+point I got really crazy and I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I got really crazy and I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I got really crazy and I decided
+to open a company which is Eunji's phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open a company which is Eunji's phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open a company which is Eunji's phone
+company and of course I will say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and of course I will say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and of course I will say this is
+a phone right because genji right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phone right because genji right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phone right because genji right and
+I'm going to put 40,000 PPI in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put 40,000 PPI in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put 40,000 PPI in this form
+where you buy it one dollar you buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you buy it one dollar you buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you buy it one dollar you buy it
+maybe you'll buy it because you are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll buy it because you are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll buy it because you are my
+student right but it's not worthy why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student right but it's not worthy why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student right but it's not worthy why is
+that because you cannot resolve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you cannot resolve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you cannot resolve this
+kind of fine or small distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fine or small distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fine or small distance between
+pixels so it's actually useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels so it's actually useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels so it's actually useless
+okay so what is issues that they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is issues that they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is issues that they mean
+you can also proudly to keep that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also proudly to keep that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also proudly to keep that to
+your friends mm pixel per inch roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends mm pixel per inch roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends mm pixel per inch roughly
+the limit beyond that maybe the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit beyond that maybe the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit beyond that maybe the next
+generation of our students will be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of our students will be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of our students will be using
+this like this then it works and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like this then it works and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like this then it works and is
+reversing right you can easily reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing right you can easily reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing right you can easily reduce
+this this distance let them work for old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this distance let them work for old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this distance let them work for old
+people like me but for young people it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like me but for young people it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like me but for young people it
+works all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right
+so very good so that's another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very good so that's another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very good so that's another thing
+which we have there so finally as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have there so finally as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have there so finally as I
+promise you we are going to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise you we are going to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise you we are going to go back to
+this business of designing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of designing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of designing the
+enterprise for Star Trek so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise for Star Trek so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise for Star Trek so what does
+enterprise to to their friends they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise to to their friends they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise to to their friends they
+shoot laser beam right and try to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot laser beam right and try to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot laser beam right and try to attack
+the other ships okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ships okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ships okay
+and what I'm going to do now is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do now is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do now is to
+calculate for you what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate for you what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate for you what is going to
+happen okay now I have this laser beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay now I have this laser beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay now I have this laser beam
+here and in principle before you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in principle before you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in principle before you take a
+o3 you are going to say the heart I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o3 you are going to say the heart I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o3 you are going to say the heart I can
+shoot the moon and this slide is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot the moon and this slide is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot the moon and this slide is going
+to be really narrow and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really narrow and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really narrow and it's going to
+hit a moon a very small area on the moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a moon a very small area on the moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a moon a very small area on the moon
+all right do you believe that now I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right do you believe that now I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right do you believe that now I hope
+the answer is not how crazy is this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is not how crazy is this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is not how crazy is this idea
+what is the size of the spot can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the size of the spot can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the size of the spot can you
+guess is that one millimeter 10 meter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is that one millimeter 10 meter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is that one millimeter 10 meter or
+200 kilometer how many of you think by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 kilometer how many of you think by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 kilometer how many of you think by
+now is one millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is one millimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is one millimeter
+nobody opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody opportunity
+how about 10 meter one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about 10 meter one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about 10 meter one two three
+okay three of you how about 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay three of you how about 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay three of you how about 200
+kilometer you pee deep that the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer you pee deep that the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer you pee deep that the answer
+is really 200 kilometer it's the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really 200 kilometer it's the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really 200 kilometer it's the size of
+miserly steak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserly steak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserly steak
+all right so now you can see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now you can see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now you can see that this
+is not practical at all and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not practical at all and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not practical at all and you have to
+really to what increase or decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to what increase or decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to what increase or decrease the
+radius increase right by the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius increase right by the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius increase right by the end of this
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+everybody get this idea okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get this idea okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get this idea okay thank you
+very much for a ten for the attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much for a ten for the attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much for a ten for the attention
+and I hope you enjoy this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Fi62zvlY2o4.txt b/Fi62zvlY2o4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39a724037727679da79ce04b8efbce726b9366ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fi62zvlY2o4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+Now we get to the fun part!
+
+To build other logic gates, we'll design complementary
+pullup and pulldown circuits, hooked up as
+
+shown in the diagram on the right, to control
+the voltage of the output node.
+
+"Complementary" refers to property that when
+one of the circuits is conducting, the other
+
+is not.
+
+When the pullup circuit is conducting and
+the pulldown circuit is not, the output node
+
+has a connection to V_DD and its output voltage
+will quickly rise to become a valid digital
+
+1 output.
+
+Similarly, when the pulldown circuit is conducting
+and the pullup is not, the output node has
+
+a connection to GROUND and its output voltage
+will quickly fall to become a valid digital
+
+0 output.
+
+If the circuits are incorrectly designed so
+that they are not complementary and could
+
+both be conducting for an extended period
+of time, there's a path between V_DD and GROUND
+
+and large amounts of short circuit current
+will flow, a very bad idea.
+
+Since our simple switch model won't let us
+determine the output voltage in this case,
+
+we'll call this output value "X" or unknown.
+
+Another possibility with a non-complementary
+pullup and pulldown is that neither is conducting
+
+and the output node has no connection to either
+power supply voltage.
+
+At this point, the output node is electrically
+floating and whatever charge is stored by
+
+the nodal capacitance will stay there, at
+least for a while.
+
+This is a form of memory and we'll come back
+to this in a couple of lectures.
+
+For now, we'll concentrate on the behavior
+of devices with complementary pullups and
+
+pulldowns.
+
+Since the pullup and pulldown circuits are
+complementary, we'll see there's a nice symmetry
+
+in their design.
+
+We've already seen the simplest complementary
+circuit: a single NFET pulldown and a single
+
+PFET pullup.
+
+If the same signal controls both switches,
+it's easy to see that when one switch is on,
+
+the other switch is off.
+
+Now consider a pulldown circuit consisting
+of two NFET switches in series.
+
+There's a connection through both switches
+when A is 1 and B is 1.
+
+For any other combination of A and B values,
+one or the other of the switches (or both!)
+
+will be off.
+
+The complementary circuit to NFET switches
+in series is PFET switches in parallel.
+
+There's a connection between the top and bottom
+circuit nodes when either of the PFET switches
+
+is on, i.e., when A is 0 or B is 0.
+
+As a thought experiment consider all possible
+pairs of values for A and B: 00, 01, 10, and
+
+11.
+
+When one or both of the inputs is 0, the series
+NFET circuit is not conducting and parallel
+
+PFET circuit is.
+
+And when both inputs are 1, the series NFET
+circuit is conducting but the parallel PFET
+
+circuit is not.
+
+Finally consider the case where we have parallel
+NFETs and series PFETs.
+
+Conduct the same thought experiment as above
+to convince yourself that when one of the
+
+circuits is conducting the other isn't.
+
+Let's put these observations to work when
+building our next CMOS combinational device.
+
+In this device, we're using series NFETs in
+the pulldown and parallel PFETs in the pullup,
+
+circuits that we convinced ourselves were
+complementary in the previous slide.
+
+We can build a tabular representation, called
+a truth table, that describes the value of
+
+Z for all possible combinations of the input
+values for A and B.
+
+When A and B are 0, the PFETs are on and the
+NFETs are off, so Z is connected to V_DD and
+
+the output of the device is a digital 1.
+
+In fact, if either A or B is 0 [CLICK, CLICK]
+that continues to be the case, and the value
+
+of Z is still 1.
+
+Only when both A and B are 1 [CLICK], will
+both NFETs be on and the value of Z become
+
+0.
+
+This particular device is called a NAND gate,
+short for "NOT-AND", a function that is the
+
+inverse of the AND function.
+
+Returning to a physical view for a moment,
+the figure on the left is a bird's eye view,
+
+looking down on the surface of the integrated
+circuit, showing how the MOSFETs are laid
+
+out in two dimensions.
+
+The blue material represents metal wires with
+large top and bottom metal runs connecting
+
+to V_DD and GROUND.
+
+The red material forms the polysilicon gate
+nodes, the green material the n-type source/drain
+
+diffusions for the NFETs and the tan material
+the p-type source/drain diffusions for the
+
+PFETs.
+
+Can you see that the NFETs are connected in
+series and the PFETs in parallel?
+
+Just to give you a sense of the costs of making
+a single NAND gate, the yellow box is a back-of-the-envelope
+
+calculation showing that we can manufacture
+approximately 26 billion NAND gates on a single
+
+300mm (that's 12 inches for us non-metric
+folks) silicon wafer.
+
+For the older IC manufacturing process shown
+here, it costs about $3500 to buy the materials
+
+and perform the manufacturing steps needed
+to form the circuitry for all those NAND gates.
+
+So the final cost is a bit more than 100 nano-dollars
+per NAND gate.
+
+I think this qualifies as both cheap and small!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GTKVDKuh9Qc.txt b/GTKVDKuh9Qc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46d798db86c12f7b57051c197d087fa04c8e3497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GTKVDKuh9Qc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+two big themes in in in lectures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big themes in in in lectures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big themes in in in lectures that
+are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming
+uh well there's several lectures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well there's several lectures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well there's several lectures on
+Signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signal
+processing and in particular on wavelet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and in particular on wavelet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and in particular on wavelet
+developments so that's a half dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments so that's a half dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments so that's a half dozen
+lectures that that are sort of a unit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that that are sort of a unit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that that are sort of a unit in
+the course uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course uh the
+other major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other major
+theme is maybe the right word would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme is maybe the right word would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme is maybe the right word would be
+optimization how do you how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization how do you how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization how do you how do you
+identify and compute uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify and compute uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify and compute uh an
+Optimum uh of course in freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimum uh of course in freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimum uh of course in freshman
+calculus you have a function f ofx you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus you have a function f ofx you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus you have a function f ofx you
+take its derivative and set it to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its derivative and set it to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its derivative and set it to zero
+now uh we got to move up from there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we got to move up from there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we got to move up from there to
+functions of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of several
+variables so we got partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so we got partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so we got partial derivatives
+and I'll start with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll start with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll start with that
+today and then functions of functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and then functions of functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and then functions of functions so
+where the unknown that you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the unknown that you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the unknown that you're looking
+for is not just uh a point but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is not just uh a point but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is not just uh a point but a
+function a point in function space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a point in function space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a point in function space we
+could say so continuous variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say so continuous variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say so continuous variables and
+then and then constraints is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then constraints is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then constraints is
+optimization when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization when there
+are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh
+constraints on the allowed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the allowed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the allowed on the
+admissible uh choices that that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissible uh choices that that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissible uh choices that that's a big
+subject and uh it's partly a world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and uh it's partly a world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and uh it's partly a world of
+its own optimization it's funny math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own optimization it's funny math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own optimization it's funny math
+meetings then there's linear people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings then there's linear people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings then there's linear people who
+do linear programming operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do linear programming operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do linear programming operations
+research uh numerical optimization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh numerical optimization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh numerical optimization and
+and that's a different world from pdes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a different world from pdes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a different world from pdes
+and uh and uh uh physical problems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and uh uh physical problems uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and uh uh physical problems uh
+but anyway maybe it shouldn't be so such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway maybe it shouldn't be so such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway maybe it shouldn't be so such
+a different world and we can connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different world and we can connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different world and we can connect
+them okay so today uh uh let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so today uh uh let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so today uh uh let me start
+with a problem that I'll I'll just copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a problem that I'll I'll just copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a problem that I'll I'll just copy
+it up here again uh minimize a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here again uh minimize a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here again uh minimize a quadratic
+so start with quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions I I guess we're I mean here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I I guess we're I mean here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I I guess we're I mean here's
+one General theme is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one General theme is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one General theme is uh
+quadratic uh minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic uh minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic uh minimum
+problems and they ought to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and they ought to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and they ought to lead to
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the and and probably that's the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and and probably that's the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and and probably that's the form
+that you solve them in and many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you solve them in and many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you solve them in and many times
+that's the form that you create them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the form that you create them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the form that you create them in
+you formulate but there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formulate but there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formulate but there are other
+problems that are formulated as minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are formulated as minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are formulated as minimum
+problems like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like this one
+minimize uh let me call it P of view for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize uh let me call it P of view for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize uh let me call it P of view for
+potential energy or or total total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy or or total total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy or or total total
+energy really uh there's often we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy really uh there's often we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy really uh there's often we need
+this quadratic term U transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic term U transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic term U transpose
+KU this is our stiffness Matrix positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KU this is our stiffness Matrix positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KU this is our stiffness Matrix positive
+definite symmetric and then uh Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite symmetric and then uh Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite symmetric and then uh Source
+term which will be linear so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which will be linear so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which will be linear so you see
+this is this is a a a quadratic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a a a quadratic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a a a quadratic function
+of you of all of of the vector U of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you of all of of the vector U of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you of all of of the vector U of the
+N components so th this is here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N components so th this is here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N components so th this is here's the
+quadratic part here's the linear part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic part here's the linear part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic part here's the linear part
+and a natural question is where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a natural question is where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a natural question is where's the
+minimum what what value of U gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum what what value of U gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum what what value of U gives the
+minimum um I don't I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum um I don't I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum um I don't I'm going to just
+jump to the answer jump to the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to the answer jump to the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to the answer jump to the equation
+for the minimum there um and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the minimum there um and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the minimum there um and uh uh
+because because we've touched on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because we've touched on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because we've touched on this
+topic before uh and it's easy to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic before uh and it's easy to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic before uh and it's easy to check
+that it's the minimum but can I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the minimum but can I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the minimum but can I first
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+you I use the words positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I use the words positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I use the words positive
+definite about K about that Matrix K in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite about K about that Matrix K in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite about K about that Matrix K in
+the middle why did I why what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle why did I why what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle why did I why what's the
+connection of positive definite with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection of positive definite with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection of positive definite with the
+with with what you see on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with what you see on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with what you see on the board
+here uh what is it that positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh what is it that positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh what is it that positive
+definiteness of this Matrix uh tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness of this Matrix uh tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definiteness of this Matrix uh tells us
+tells you it's a minimum that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you it's a minimum that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you it's a minimum that's right
+exactly it tells you we we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it tells you we we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it tells you we we're dealing
+with that when we find if we set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that when we find if we set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that when we find if we set the
+derivatives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to
+zero so and that's one I mean that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so and that's one I mean that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so and that's one I mean that's one
+way to the calculus way would be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the calculus way would be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the calculus way would be just
+set the derivatives to zero find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the derivatives to zero find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the derivatives to zero find a
+Stationary point then that's a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stationary point then that's a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stationary point then that's a minimum
+point because that's positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because that's positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because that's positive definite
+right that that's it exactly okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that's it exactly okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that's it exactly okay and
+what is that point what's the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that point what's the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that point what's the equation
+for that Point well the equation is kuu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that Point well the equation is kuu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that Point well the equation is kuu
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+F if I well you can see that when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F if I well you can see that when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F if I well you can see that when I take
+the derivatives of this thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of this thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of this thing with
+respect to U the the partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to U the the partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to U the the partial derivatives
+I'm going to get the components of F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get the components of F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get the components of F and
+when I take the derivatives of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the derivatives of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the derivatives of this
+quadratic with respect to U with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic with respect to U with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic with respect to U with respect
+to each of these U's I'll get uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of these U's I'll get uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of these U's I'll get uh the
+result comes out to be KU so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result comes out to be KU so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result comes out to be KU so that's our
+that's our winner that's that that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our winner that's that that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our winner that's that that's our
+winner okay uh and and that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner okay uh and and that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner okay uh and and that so that's
+going back to uh uh early in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to uh uh early in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to uh uh early in the in the
+applied math book okay I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math book okay I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math book okay I want
+to move to a constrained problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move to a constrained problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move to a constrained problem because
+that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more
+subtle and uh let me take a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and uh let me take a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and uh let me take a minimum
+again so I'm going to use a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I'm going to use a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I'm going to use a quadratic
+and my unknown now is going to be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my unknown now is going to be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my unknown now is going to be it's
+just natural as you'll see for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just natural as you'll see for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just natural as you'll see for us to
+pick the other variable that this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the other variable that this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the other variable that this would
+be like the Potentials in a in a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like the Potentials in a in a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like the Potentials in a in a network
+problem and this would be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and this would be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and this would be like the
+currents so you'll see a w transpose our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents so you'll see a w transpose our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents so you'll see a w transpose our
+C inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C inverse
+W that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W that's the
+energy the heat generated by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the heat generated by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the heat generated by those
+resistors uh or or the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors uh or or the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors uh or or the potential energy
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+springs but of course the Min what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs but of course the Min what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs but of course the Min what's the
+minimum of that just just so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of that just just so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of that just just so we
+see where the constraint comes in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where the constraint comes in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where the constraint comes in so
+what what w would minimize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what w would minimize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what w would minimize that
+expression there zero would right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression there zero would right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression there zero would right right
+but uh somewhere we ought to have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh somewhere we ought to have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh somewhere we ought to have we
+want to I want to connect this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to connect this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to connect this problem
+to this one and this problem had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one and this problem had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one and this problem had a
+source term namely F and here the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source term namely F and here the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source term namely F and here the source
+term enters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term enters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term enters in the
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+and and the constraint is so we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the constraint is so we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the constraint is so we're we're
+you see that we're on the in our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that we're on the in our in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that we're on the in our in our
+famous diagram of U's and the vector a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous diagram of U's and the vector a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous diagram of U's and the vector a
+that takes us to E's that was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes us to E's that was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes us to E's that was that was
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+here now maybe I do dotted line C Inver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now maybe I do dotted line C Inver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now maybe I do dotted line C Inver
+C is the connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is the connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is the connection to
+W's and then a transpose and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's and then a transpose and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's and then a transpose and the
+equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a
+transpose W equal F the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W equal F the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W equal F the balance
+equation we we have had bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we we have had bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we we have had bunch of
+examples of that and I could multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that and I could multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that and I could multiply
+those examples so this problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those examples so this problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those examples so this problem you
+didn't see any W in this problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see any W in this problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see any W in this problem you
+don't see any u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any u
+in uh but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh but I want
+to let let me just ask now this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let let me just ask now this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let let me just ask now this question
+how do I find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find the
+minimum when I have to obey some linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum when I have to obey some linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum when I have to obey some linear
+equations how do I find the minimum when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations how do I find the minimum when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations how do I find the minimum when
+I have to obey some linear equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to obey some linear equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to obey some linear equations and
+let me give a specific example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give a specific example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give a specific example of this
+type of problem and then and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of problem and then and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of problem and then and then we can
+think how to solve it so the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how to solve it so the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how to solve it so the example
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be uh distance to a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I I'm I'm going to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I'm I'm going to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I'm I'm going to be in the
+there's some line I'm in w space W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W2 and I have some line like well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and I have some line like well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and I have some line like well I
+don't know what that line looks like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that line looks like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that line looks like it
+has a slope of one so maybe maybe w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slope of one so maybe maybe w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slope of one so maybe maybe w
+1 - W2 = 2 does that same a conceivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - W2 = 2 does that same a conceivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - W2 = 2 does that same a conceivable
+equation for what I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for what I've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for what I've drawn
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+uh or should it be a plus guess plus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or should it be a plus guess plus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or should it be a plus guess plus is
+that minus was it you see a holiday in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus was it you see a holiday in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus was it you see a holiday in
+France and you don't know plus from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France and you don't know plus from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France and you don't know plus from
+minus uh is that right yeah minus look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh is that right yeah minus look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh is that right yeah minus look
+better and was it reasonable when W2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and was it reasonable when W2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and was it reasonable when W2 is
+zero W1 is two that's reasonable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero W1 is two that's reasonable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero W1 is two that's reasonable and
+when W1 is zero yeah thanks that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when W1 is zero yeah thanks that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when W1 is zero yeah thanks that's fine
+okay so what are what's our problem then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are what's our problem then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are what's our problem then
+distance to a line we're minimizing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to a line we're minimizing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to a line we're minimizing so
+what quantity am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what quantity am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what quantity am I
+minimizing and where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing and where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing and where's the
+winner let's let's see how this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner let's let's see how this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner let's let's see how this problem
+goes where uh so I'm minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes where uh so I'm minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes where uh so I'm minimizing
+distance so I'm taking any point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so I'm taking any point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so I'm taking any point on the
+line here's a typical point on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here's a typical point on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here's a typical point on the line
+and distance to a line from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance to a line from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance to a line from from the
+origin from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin from 0
+0 right right thanks thanks so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 right right thanks thanks so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 right right thanks thanks so all right
+now let state so there there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let state so there there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let state so there there is one
+point but not the closest point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but not the closest point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but not the closest point
+certainly but that distance then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly but that distance then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly but that distance then is
+we're minimizing W1 2 + W2 squ right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're minimizing W1 2 + W2 squ right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're minimizing W1 2 + W2 squ right
+distance squared we could say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance squared we could say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance squared we could say we're
+minimizing distance squared subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing distance squared subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing distance squared subject to
+the condition that we're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that we're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that we're on the
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+okay how to do that problem and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how to do that problem and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how to do that problem and you see
+that that's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's an example of
+this and it's an example with C what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's an example with C what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's an example with C what
+what's the Matrix C in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Matrix C in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Matrix C in this case
+adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the
+identity and what's here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and what's here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and what's here I have
+uh W let's let's remember if we follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh W let's let's remember if we follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh W let's let's remember if we follow
+our convention should have M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our convention should have M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our convention should have M
+components and we're imposing n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and we're imposing n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and we're imposing n
+equations n constraints let me call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations n constraints let me call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations n constraints let me call them
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so over here m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so over here m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so over here m is
+two there are two W's and N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there are two W's and N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there are two W's and N is
+one there's one constraint so that now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's one constraint so that now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's one constraint so that now I
+have here an example of that and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here an example of that and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here an example of that and we
+could ask let's stay with this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask let's stay with this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask let's stay with this example
+for a moment and then come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment and then come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment and then come back to the
+to the um the general case with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um the general case with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um the general case with with the
+sort of the case with letters here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the case with letters here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the case with letters here's the
+case with numbers okay first of all tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with numbers okay first of all tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with numbers okay first of all tell
+me where where's the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where where's the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where where's the winning
+Point what uh what where is the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what uh what where is the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what uh what where is the W
+geometrically oh you've got I see I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically oh you've got I see I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically oh you've got I see I want
+is that oh all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that oh all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that oh all right
+I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh
+and and and and so what is special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and so what is special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and so what is special about
+one minus one I'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one I'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one I'll put it
+in it has a right angle exactly it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it has a right angle exactly it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it has a right angle exactly it's the
+so it's the point that's uh where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the point that's uh where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the point that's uh where that
+that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at
+90° and that's the winter should we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° and that's the winter should we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° and that's the winter should we call
+it w star for the winner and I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it w star for the winner and I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it w star for the winner and I think you
+must be right it's one minus one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be right it's one minus one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be right it's one minus one this is
+working out even better than I wanted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out even better than I wanted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out even better than I wanted it
+to okay okay so you could see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins
+but how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how to
+approach problems like this how how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach problems like this how how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach problems like this how how to
+so now I ask you the question how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I ask you the question how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I ask you the question how do I
+deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint how do I deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint how do I deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint how do I deal with a
+constraint I could think of here I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint I could think of here I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint I could think of here I could
+think of well open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of well open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of well open to
+suggestion I could just substitute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion I could just substitute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion I could just substitute I
+could just say Okay this constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just say Okay this constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just say Okay this constraint
+tells me that W1 is W is 2 + W2 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that W1 is W is 2 + W2 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that W1 is W is 2 + W2 so I
+could I could change this I could solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could change this I could solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could change this I could solve
+this so I could say W1 is 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I could say W1 is 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I could say W1 is 2 +
+W2 and then I could say okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and then I could say okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and then I could say okay I'll
+minimize then W1 2 is 2 + W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize then W1 2 is 2 + W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize then W1 2 is 2 + W2
+2 and the W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the W2
+2 okay so I'm back to a unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so I'm back to a unconstrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so I'm back to a unconstrained
+problem I I I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I I I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I I I got the
+constraints out of the picture by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints out of the picture by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints out of the picture by
+solving for W1 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for W1 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for W1 now
+now that certainly seemed like a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that certainly seemed like a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that certainly seemed like a pretty
+good way to do it but I and and the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to do it but I and and the but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to do it but I and and the but
+it's not the way I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the way I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the way I want to
+recommend and so the way I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend and so the way I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend and so the way I'm going to
+recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend
+is associated with these lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with these lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with these lrange
+multipliers so I'm going to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers so I'm going to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers so I'm going to I'm going to
+build the constraint I'm going what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the constraint I'm going what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the constraint I'm going what I'm
+actually going to do is is bring in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to do is is bring in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to do is is bring in a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+unknown which seems kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh expensive or I mean inefficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expensive or I mean inefficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expensive or I mean inefficient to
+here we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've got two
+unknowns this reduced it to a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns this reduced it to a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns this reduced it to a one
+unknown problem that was certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown problem that was certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown problem that was certainly
+certainly looked great and and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly looked great and and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly looked great and and instead
+I'm going to go the other way and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go the other way and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go the other way and I'm
+going to say I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say I'll
+minimize I'm going to keep this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize I'm going to keep this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize I'm going to keep this quantity
+that I'm minimizing and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm minimizing and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm minimizing and then I'm going
+to subtract off this this constraint W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract off this this constraint W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract off this this constraint W1
+minus W2 let me put the two on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus W2 let me put the two on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus W2 let me put the two on
+the same side and multiply this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same side and multiply this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same side and multiply this by
+some mysterious Shadow multiplier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mysterious Shadow multiplier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mysterious Shadow multiplier that
+I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so this is this is the and Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so this is this is the and Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so this is this is the and Lambda
+it's often called Lambda but I for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called Lambda but I for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called Lambda but I for a
+reason you'll see I wanted to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you'll see I wanted to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you'll see I wanted to call it
+you so this is the famous ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplier so it multiplies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier so it multiplies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier so it multiplies the
+constraint now I have a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint now I have a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint now I have a problem with
+three variables W1 W2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three variables W1 W2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three variables W1 W2 and
+U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and
+uh I want to take their partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to take their partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to take their partial
+derivatives with respect to those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to those three
+variables that'll give me three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that'll give me three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that'll give me three
+equations when I set them to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations when I set them to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations when I set them to zero and
+then I'll solve for W1 W2 and U and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll solve for W1 W2 and U and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll solve for W1 W2 and U and will
+they be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be linear
+equations yes cuz I've got second degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations yes cuz I've got second degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations yes cuz I've got second degree
+stuff here when I take derivatives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here when I take derivatives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here when I take derivatives so
+let's just do that take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do that take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do that take the derivative
+with respect to First the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to First the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to First the derivative
+with respect to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W1 what do I get I get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 what do I get I get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 what do I get I get two
+w1s minus a u equal 0 is is that right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1s minus a u equal 0 is is that right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w1s minus a u equal 0 is is that right I
+set the derivative to zero now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the derivative to zero now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the derivative to zero now the
+derivative respect to W2 I'll get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to W2 I'll get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to W2 I'll get two
+W2s the Der spected W2 this is a plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2s the Der spected W2 this is a plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2s the Der spected W2 this is a plus u
+is zero and finally the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and finally the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and finally the derivative with
+respect to U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to U is
+what it's the it's the constraint pops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's the it's the constraint pops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's the it's the constraint pops
+back so that you could say well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so that you could say well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so that you could say well uh
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+safe in that respect that the constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe in that respect that the constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe in that respect that the constraint
+popped back W1 minus W2 - 2 = 0 and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped back W1 minus W2 - 2 = 0 and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped back W1 minus W2 - 2 = 0 and let
+me move the two back onto the onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me move the two back onto the onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me move the two back onto the onto the
+right hand side so there was a d by dw1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so there was a d by dw1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so there was a d by dw1
+here was a d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was a d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was a d by
+dw2 and that was the D by du three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations I guess I should ask now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I guess I should ask now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I guess I should ask now
+there's something not quite right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something not quite right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something not quite right on
+that word at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word at the
+moment and what's not quite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and what's not quite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and what's not quite right
+is that those letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those letters
+m this they're right here it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m this they're right here it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m this they're right here it's the
+minimum with of W's but now when I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum with of W's but now when I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum with of W's but now when I bring
+in this you guy this lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this you guy this lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this you guy this lrange
+multiplier it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier it's
+not you see I'm not it's not positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you see I'm not it's not positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you see I'm not it's not positive
+definite if I if I wanted to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite if I if I wanted to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite if I if I wanted to make this
+small I I would I would make this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I I would I would make this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I I would I would make this guy
+Min i' sort of make this guy far off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min i' sort of make this guy far off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min i' sort of make this guy far off and
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+could well so what I'm trying to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could well so what I'm trying to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could well so what I'm trying to say is
+uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is
+really uh I I don't know whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh I I don't know whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh I I don't know whether to
+cross out Min because I I shouldn't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross out Min because I I shouldn't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross out Min because I I shouldn't it's
+it's not a minimum over the it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a minimum over the it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a minimum over the it's really
+a minimum over the two the W still but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum over the two the W still but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum over the two the W still but
+it's probably a maximum over U I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a maximum over U I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a maximum over U I think
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh oh yes let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh oh yes let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh oh yes let's
+see uh I think it's okay but I did play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh I think it's okay but I did play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh I think it's okay but I did play
+quick with that minus sign so if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick with that minus sign so if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick with that minus sign so if I take
+the derivative respector U yeah let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative respector U yeah let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative respector U yeah let me
+do it right and then I think it'll then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it right and then I think it'll then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it right and then I think it'll then
+I think if I take the deriv with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if I take the deriv with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if I take the deriv with respect
+to U there really is a minus sign that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U there really is a minus sign that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U there really is a minus sign that's
+true minus the W1 minus W2 minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true minus the W1 minus W2 minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true minus the W1 minus W2 minus 2
+should be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero
+that's that's the D BYU written right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the D BYU written right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the D BYU written right
+written correctly now I ignored that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written correctly now I ignored that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written correctly now I ignored that
+sign and I moved the two over there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and I moved the two over there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and I moved the two over there yeah
+yeah sure no I I did it too quick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure no I I did it too quick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure no I I did it too quick uh
+just to say what would happen here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say what would happen here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say what would happen here let
+can we before I go any further with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we before I go any further with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we before I go any further with that
+example can I do the same thing here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example can I do the same thing here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example can I do the same thing here so
+this minimum problem I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minimum problem I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minimum problem I'm going to
+introduce maybe we better give it a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce maybe we better give it a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce maybe we better give it a name
+like L for lron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like L for lron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like L for lron
+this so this is the lran this is so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the lran this is so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the lran this is so I I
+won't put Max or Min I'll just Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't put Max or Min I'll just Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't put Max or Min I'll just Define it
+as L as this is the has the W's in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as L as this is the has the W's in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as L as this is the has the W's in it
+and has the u in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has the u in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has the u in
+it and and uh it's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and uh it's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and uh it's the key
+quantity before I forget I I I I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity before I forget I I I I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity before I forget I I I I have to
+justify in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify in some way
+uh doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing
+this making it more making the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this making it more making the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this making it more making the problem
+more complicated where here we had a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated where here we had a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated where here we had a way
+to make it so simple so that that was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it so simple so that that was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it so simple so that that was so
+simple and why would we so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and why would we so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and why would we so this is the
+simple way but there has to be a butt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way but there has to be a butt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way but there has to be a butt
+and I'm trying to think how to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm trying to think how to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm trying to think how to express
+the butt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part
+somehow what what did we have to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow what what did we have to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow what what did we have to do to
+get there well we had to be we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there well we had to be we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there well we had to be we had to
+express some of the unknowns in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express some of the unknowns in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express some of the unknowns in terms of
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we had
+to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the
+constraints and that's what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and that's what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and that's what I want to
+say is not so easy in general the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is not so easy in general the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is not so easy in general the the
+this simple way but you have to but need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to solve the con straint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the con straint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the con straint
+equation find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions you could say it's and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions you could say it's and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions you could say it's and and
+it's not there there there are problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there there there are problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there there there are problems
+where this is a reasonable way to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is a reasonable way to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is a reasonable way to go and
+it's called the null space method or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the null space method or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the null space method or
+something because you got to find you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because you got to find you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because you got to find you
+got to deal with this a transpose W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to deal with this a transpose W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to deal with this a transpose W
+equal F equation which means you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal F equation which means you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal F equation which means you you
+remember what what's going on with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what what's going on with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what what's going on with this
+equation here this constru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here this constru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here this constru
+equation uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh it's
+n equations with M unknowns and M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equations with M unknowns and M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equations with M unknowns and M is
+bigger than n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n of
+course so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so we've
+got uh we've got some degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh we've got some degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh we've got some degrees of freedom
+here and and the the the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and the the the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and the the the problem of
+identifying exactly what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying exactly what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying exactly what are those
+degrees of freedom which doubl W should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom which doubl W should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom which doubl W should
+be solved in terms of which other W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+uh easy not easy to make to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easy not easy to make to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easy not easy to make to do it
+systematically and if we had nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically and if we had nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically and if we had nonlinear
+equations like with log WS or e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like with log WS or e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like with log WS or e to the
+Ws or sin WS or something then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ws or sin WS or something then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ws or sin WS or something then we
+couldn't solve for some W's in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't solve for some W's in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't solve for some W's in terms of
+others so lrange has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really got a better way so the lonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got a better way so the lonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got a better way so the lonian
+takes the thing that you're minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then subtracts off introduces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then subtracts off introduces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then subtracts off introduces this
+multiplier U times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint and says okay build in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and says okay build in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and says okay build in the
+constraint into your function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint into your function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint into your function that
+that's what L Grange has done and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what L Grange has done and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what L Grange has done and if you
+if you've seen and used the gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've seen and used the gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've seen and used the gr
+multipliers and I'm you're you're I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers and I'm you're you're I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers and I'm you're you're I
+appreciate your patience CU this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate your patience CU this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate your patience CU this is uh
+most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh
+basic um context for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic um context for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic um context for
+those now there's one thing I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those now there's one thing I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those now there's one thing I have to
+fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+here how many constraints have I got n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many constraints have I got n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many constraints have I got n
+how many lr's multipliers have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many lr's multipliers have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many lr's multipliers have I
+got I need n each each each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I need n each each each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I need n each each each of those
+equations deserves its so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations deserves its so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations deserves its so the first
+equation should get multiplied by U1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation should get multiplied by U1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation should get multiplied by U1 the
+first legr multiplier the second by U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first legr multiplier the second by U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first legr multiplier the second by U2
+and they're they're n different legr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're they're n different legr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're they're n different legr
+multiplier I'm going to end up with L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier I'm going to end up with L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier I'm going to end up with L
+this guy L is a function of all the W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy L is a function of all the W's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy L is a function of all the W's
+and all the U's there's so there's M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the U's there's so there's M of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the U's there's so there's M of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+guys and N of the this is how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and N of the this is how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and N of the this is how many
+unknowns we've got now M plus n m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we've got now M plus n m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we've got now M plus n m
+original W's and n multipliers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original W's and n multipliers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original W's and n multipliers because
+we've got n equations here so now can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got n equations here so now can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got n equations here so now can
+you tell me how to fix up what I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me how to fix up what I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me how to fix up what I've got
+there transpose I really I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there transpose I really I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there transpose I really I want the
+inner product between the B all all n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product between the B all all n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product between the B all all n of
+the U's and all n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U's and all n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U's and all n of
+these of that column right now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay so is that does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is that does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is that does that
+copy for the general quadratic linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy for the general quadratic linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy for the general quadratic linear
+case this example for the specific uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this example for the specific uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this example for the specific uh
+distance to a line problem now do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to a line problem now do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to a line problem now do you
+want should we should I go back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want should we should I go back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want should we should I go back to that
+distance to a line problem and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to a line problem and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to a line problem and and and
+because the beauty of L Grange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the beauty of L Grange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the beauty of L Grange
+is he his method produces these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he his method produces these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he his method produces these
+equations we didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we didn't have to
+work we didn't have to untangle these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we didn't have to untangle these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we didn't have to untangle these
+constraints at the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints at the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints at the start
+we're we're getting that system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're getting that system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're getting that system okay
+what's the solution to that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the solution to that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the solution to that set of
+equations now I'm I'm hoping that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now I'm I'm hoping that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now I'm I'm hoping that it's
+the right answer uh so what are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer uh so what are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer uh so what are what are
+W1 W2 it's three linear equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 W2 it's three linear equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 W2 it's three linear equations in
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+unknowns we it's produced in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we it's produced in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we it's produced in a
+systematic way and and we can solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way and and we can solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way and and we can solve it
+in a systematic way but actually in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a systematic way but actually in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a systematic way but actually in this
+example since you already started me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example since you already started me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example since you already started me uh
+we can solve it by sight what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve it by sight what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve it by sight what what's the
+answer W1 is what W2 is What U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer W1 is what W2 is What U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer W1 is what W2 is What U is
+what so W1 the correct W1 is one thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so W1 the correct W1 is one thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so W1 the correct W1 is one thanks
+and the correct W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the correct W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the correct W2
+is -1 and that agrees with what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is -1 and that agrees with what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is -1 and that agrees with what you
+identified as the winning point now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as the winning point now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as the winning point now we
+get some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some more
+information which is what the the U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is what the the U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is what the the U and
+what does the U come out to be two all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the U come out to be two all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the U come out to be two all
+right so we got some more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we got some more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we got some more information
+except we don't know what it means right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we don't know what it means right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we don't know what it means right
+uh uh but but it has a meaning very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but but it has a meaning very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but but it has a meaning very
+important meaning actually this this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important meaning actually this this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important meaning actually this this too
+has a very very significant meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very very significant meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very very significant meaning
+so to to this is where the gron is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to to this is where the gron is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to to this is where the gron is a lot
+of subtle stuff in there and uh so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subtle stuff in there and uh so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subtle stuff in there and uh so at
+one level the gr is just telling you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level the gr is just telling you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level the gr is just telling you how
+to deal with a constraint what he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with a constraint what he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with a constraint what he says
+is build it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is build it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is build it into the
+function but at another level he's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but at another level he's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but at another level he's got
+uh his his that that's not just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh his his that that's not just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh his his that that's not just some
+arbitrary when we find its values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary when we find its values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary when we find its values in
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+to they have an interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they have an interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they have an interpretation
+maybe I mention in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I mention in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I mention in in
+economics uh these would be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics uh these would be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics uh these would be called
+Shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadow
+prices uh and I I won't try to U digress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh and I I won't try to U digress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh and I I won't try to U digress
+and and uh explain that but those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh explain that but those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh explain that but those are
+prices uh um that are kind of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh um that are kind of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh um that are kind of in the
+background uh let let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me well so what do I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me well so what do I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me well so what do I want to say
+can I tell you what that U does actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I tell you what that U does actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I tell you what that U does actually
+represent at least have a shot at it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent at least have a shot at it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent at least have a shot at it I'm
+going to I'll take two or two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'll take two or two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'll take two or two or three
+different comments about the lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different comments about the lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different comments about the lrange
+multiplier and here it's just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier and here it's just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier and here it's just a single
+number because n was one in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because n was one in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because n was one in that
+example uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see I've almost solved the problem what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I've almost solved the problem what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I've almost solved the problem what
+I guess I haven't done is actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I haven't done is actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I haven't done is actually I
+written down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down the
+you you found the best W but what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you found the best W but what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you found the best W but what was
+the minimum then what what what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum then what what what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum then what what what was the
+minimum for W1 2 + W2 2 the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum for W1 2 + W2 2 the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum for W1 2 + W2 2 the thing that
+we were trying to make small turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were trying to make small turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were trying to make small turned out
+oh turns out to be what 1 SAR and Min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh turns out to be what 1 SAR and Min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh turns out to be what 1 SAR and Min -
+1^ s two all right now please that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1^ s two all right now please that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1^ s two all right now please that's not
+you that's not you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's not you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's not you I'm
+sorry not not the same as you not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not not the same as you not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not not the same as you not the
+same as you in general I mean it it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as you in general I mean it it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as you in general I mean it it of
+course two is two but it's not wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course two is two but it's not wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course two is two but it's not wasn't
+meant to be all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be all right
+now now I'm going to say what this U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I'm going to say what this U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I'm going to say what this U
+represents the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the U
+represents it's sort of the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents it's sort of the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents it's sort of the derivative
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+answer with respect to a change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with respect to a change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with respect to a change in the
+constraint gosh can I try to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint gosh can I try to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint gosh can I try to put that
+down in words here what one one meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in words here what one one meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in words here what one one meaning
+for this lron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplier is it's the rate of change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is it's the rate of change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is it's the rate of change of
+the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value with respect to changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value with respect to changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value with respect to changes in the
+data and the data here is this is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the data here is this is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the data here is this is the is
+the F the two d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F the two d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F the two d
+f in other words I think that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f in other words I think that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f in other words I think that if I
+change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this
+to to to to well if I if I change it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to to well if I if I change it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to to well if I if I change it to
+2 plus Epsilon what will happen can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus Epsilon what will happen can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus Epsilon what will happen can I
+suppose I change that two by a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I change that two by a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I change that two by a little
+bit then what's different about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit then what's different about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit then what's different about my
+problem I I'm not going to change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I I'm not going to change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I I'm not going to change this
+part of the problem I'm just changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem I'm just changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem I'm just changing
+the constraint a little if I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint a little if I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint a little if I change the
+constraint a little what happens to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint a little what happens to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint a little what happens to my
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that line moves the line moves right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line moves the line moves right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line moves the line moves right so
+here's the line here's the 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the line here's the 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the line here's the 2 plus
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+right and then the winning W wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the winning W wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the winning W wouldn't be
+the same anymore the winning W would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same anymore the winning W would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same anymore the winning W would be
+on the new line of course has to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the new line of course has to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the new line of course has to be on
+the new line and the the minimum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new line and the the minimum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new line and the the minimum value
+would be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more and my claim is that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and my claim is that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and my claim is that it would be
+about U * Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more and maybe actually we could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and maybe actually we could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and maybe actually we could even
+see that here I've I've never carried it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that here I've I've never carried it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that here I've I've never carried it
+as far as this but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh shall we have a shot at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shall we have a shot at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shall we have a shot at
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right
+right I think that if I move that line a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that if I move that line a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that if I move that line a
+little then the winner what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little then the winner what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little then the winner what would the
+winning what would the winning point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning what would the winning point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning what would the winning point
+be 1 plus Epsilon over 2 and a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 plus Epsilon over 2 and a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 plus Epsilon over 2 and a minus one
+plus Epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon over
+2 or minus Epsilon over 2 okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or minus Epsilon over 2 okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or minus Epsilon over 2 okay and then
+I would I'm I'm hesitant this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would I'm I'm hesitant this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would I'm I'm hesitant this is going
+further in this lecture than I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in this lecture than I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in this lecture than I want to
+want to get and I want to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get and I want to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get and I want to get to the
+continuous calculus of variations so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous calculus of variations so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous calculus of variations so can
+I can I chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I chicken
+out uh and just leave you with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh and just leave you with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh and just leave you with this
+wonderful fact that the the gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful fact that the the gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful fact that the the gr
+multiplier has a meaning and this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier has a meaning and this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier has a meaning and this is one
+one of its meanings okay I I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of its meanings okay I I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of its meanings okay I I've got
+to follow through in this General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow through in this General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow through in this General
+case what we did in the in the n in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what we did in the in the n in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what we did in the in the n in with
+the numbers I got to do now with letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers I got to do now with letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers I got to do now with letters
+okay tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay tell me
+the equations I get when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations I get when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations I get when I take
+derivatives set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives set to
+zero what what equations do I get when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what what equations do I get when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what what equations do I get when I
+take the W derivatives and set them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the W derivatives and set them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the W derivatives and set them to
+zero here so what equation will I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here so what equation will I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here so what equation will I get
+when I take the W derivative and and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the W derivative and and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the W derivative and and set
+it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to
+zero uh you remember how this one went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh you remember how this one went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh you remember how this one went
+the the derivative of that gave me a KU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the derivative of that gave me a KU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the derivative of that gave me a KU
+so what's the derivative of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the derivative of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the derivative of this guy
+going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give
+me just C inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just C inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just C inverse
+W right I mean it it it just if this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W right I mean it it it just if this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W right I mean it it it just if this was
+scalar one by one this would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar one by one this would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar one by one this would just
+be2 w^2 over C and the derivative would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be2 w^2 over C and the derivative would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be2 w^2 over C and the derivative would
+be W over C right and now what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be W over C right and now what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be W over C right and now what about the
+W what's the W derivative from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W what's the W derivative from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W what's the W derivative from
+here Au good Au perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Au good Au perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Au good Au perfect
+perfect should equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and now what about the U derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now what about the U derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now what about the U derivative
+that's the the other rule here the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the other rule here the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the other rule here the other
+the other uh so this is this is setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh so this is this is setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh so this is this is setting
+one derivative to zero now tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one derivative to zero now tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one derivative to zero now tell me what
+the U what so this is this is M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U what so this is this is M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U what so this is this is M
+equations now I need in more equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now I need in more equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now I need in more equations
+and they come from the U derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come from the U derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come from the U derivatives
+being zero and what do I get when I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being zero and what do I get when I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being zero and what do I get when I said
+this is the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the easy
+question I get that constraint back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I get that constraint back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I get that constraint back a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+W minus F and again I'll put the F onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W minus F and again I'll put the F onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W minus F and again I'll put the F onto
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is like supposed to be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is like supposed to be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is like supposed to be the the
+uh golden moment here uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh golden moment here uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh golden moment here uh in the
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+problem which looked different from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which looked different from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which looked different from this
+one it did use the same stuff it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it did use the same stuff it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it did use the same stuff it used
+the same stuff because the K in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same stuff because the K in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same stuff because the K in this
+problem was was a transpose CA we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was was a transpose CA we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was was a transpose CA we we
+that we didn't say it but we understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't say it but we understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't say it but we understood
+it so the data up here is these matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the data up here is these matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the data up here is these matrices
+C and A and the vector F and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and A and the vector F and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and A and the vector F and the data
+down here is the matrices C and A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here is the matrices C and A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here is the matrices C and A and
+the vector f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector f
+and my point is that I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my point is that I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my point is that I got
+to this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this system of
+equations this is exactly the letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this is exactly the letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this is exactly the letters
+case for this being the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this being the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this being the numbers
+case right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right and
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+now now what now I've got to solve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now what now I've got to solve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now what now I've got to solve those
+equations so just start me out how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so just start me out how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so just start me out how do I
+how how shall I solve this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how shall I solve this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how shall I solve this system of
+equations I'm hoping this looks familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'm hoping this looks familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I'm hoping this looks familiar
+even though it's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's been a
+month solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month solve
+for yes solve for w good so how do I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yes solve for w good so how do I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yes solve for w good so how do I I
+solve this first equation for w and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this first equation for w and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this first equation for w and what
+does that tell me have I got just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell me have I got just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell me have I got just I
+think I've just got space here you see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've just got space here you see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've just got space here you see I
+haven't lost The Knack of of uh of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't lost The Knack of of uh of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't lost The Knack of of uh of uh
+using everything all right so I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using everything all right so I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using everything all right so I solve
+that equation for W and it tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation for W and it tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation for W and it tells me that
+W is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is what
+cou good which we remember right W look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cou good which we remember right W look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cou good which we remember right W look
+you see this this framework what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this this framework what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this this framework what this is
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+now what I hope is going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I hope is going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I hope is going to happen is
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+see that it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's the same
+problem we're going to see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to see that this
+problem which sort of was associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which sort of was associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which sort of was associated
+with this part of this this this side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this part of this this this side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this part of this this this side of
+the framework gives the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework gives the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework gives the same set of
+equations as this problem that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as this problem that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as this problem that was
+associated with this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this part of the
+framework and what's more we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and what's more we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and what's more we going to
+identify what the lron multiplier U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what the lron multiplier U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what the lron multiplier U is
+physically turning out to be it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically turning out to be it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically turning out to be it's going
+to turn it right it it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn it right it it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn it right it it's going to be
+this guy that this LR multiplier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy that this LR multiplier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy that this LR multiplier that
+that came out of the blue is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out of the blue is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out of the blue is actually
+the potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentials
+for the in the network example now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the in the network example now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the in the network example now now
+let me just finish here if W is CAU that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just finish here if W is CAU that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just finish here if W is CAU that
+was great and now I plug that into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was great and now I plug that into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was great and now I plug that into this
+right and I get a transpose now W is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I get a transpose now W is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I get a transpose now W is C
+Au U equal F and sure enough that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au U equal F and sure enough that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au U equal F and sure enough that's the
+same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I I I I I you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I I I I you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I I I I you know like
+I could present lon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could present lon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could present lon's
+multipliers just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers just as a
+device but that would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device but that would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device but that would be to
+miss uh the beauty of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss uh the beauty of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss uh the beauty of that
+idea it it is a device to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it it is a device to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it it is a device to build the
+constraint in and lead to equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in and lead to equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in and lead to equations and
+you see that if the constraint had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that if the constraint had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that if the constraint had been
+nonlinear that wouldn't have baffled us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear that wouldn't have baffled us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear that wouldn't have baffled us
+we still would have had its the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still would have had its the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still would have had its the ground
+multipliers we still would have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers we still would have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers we still would have taken
+derivatives we would have got nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we would have got nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we would have got nonlinear
+equations but we'd have got they'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but we'd have got they'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but we'd have got they'd have
+been ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been ready to
+solve so lon's idea is really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so lon's idea is really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so lon's idea is really very
+general and you'll see near the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and you'll see near the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and you'll see near the end of
+these this series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this series of
+lectures that we could even deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that we could even deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that we could even deal with
+constraints now this is this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints now this is this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints now this is this is going to
+be I'm going to make this constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I'm going to make this constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I'm going to make this constraint
+nonlinear not by taking logarithms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear not by taking logarithms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear not by taking logarithms or
+signs or exponentials but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs or exponentials but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs or exponentials but by
+that device by making it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that device by making it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that device by making it an
+inequality now I have that's a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality now I have that's a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality now I have that's a nonlinear
+constraint it's sort of like pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it's sort of like pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it's sort of like pretty
+close to linear but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to linear but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to linear but it's not
+linear uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh and
+um and yet lrange can deal with that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and yet lrange can deal with that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and yet lrange can deal with that and
+will deal with it so linear programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with it so linear programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with it so linear programming
+quadratic programming that whole world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic programming that whole world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic programming that whole world
+of of uh of inequality constru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh of inequality constru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh of inequality constru
+the gr is is is up to where uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gr is is is up to where uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gr is is is up to where uh our
+simple method would just have uh wiped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple method would just have uh wiped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple method would just have uh wiped
+out okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter no it doesn't and I'm and I for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter no it doesn't and I'm and I for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter no it doesn't and I'm and I for a
+moment I was wondering what did I do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I was wondering what did I do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I was wondering what did I do in
+the book and I wouldn't be surprised if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and I wouldn't be surprised if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and I wouldn't be surprised if
+I did it with a plus in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it with a plus in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it with a plus in the
+book and and we remember because and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and and we remember because and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and and we remember because and
+that would have produced a plus there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have produced a plus there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have produced a plus there
+which was which is what we would have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was which is what we would have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was which is what we would have uh
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we've seen it with a plus yeah we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've seen it with a plus yeah we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've seen it with a plus yeah we've
+seen it with a plus right right yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it with a plus right right yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it with a plus right right yes so
+yeah so that con that's that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that con that's that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that con that's that's really
+just a convention whether to build in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a convention whether to build in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a convention whether to build in
+with a minus sign or with a plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign or with a plus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign or with a plus sign
+both equally good and I shift from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both equally good and I shift from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both equally good and I shift from one
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+other um yeah so can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recap my my point is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap my my point is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap my my point is that there are
+whenever you have an optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have an optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have an optimization
+problem you have two problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you have two problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you have two problems that
+that's a a way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a way to say
+it and that other Shadow problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that other Shadow problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that other Shadow problem you
+might not see and you might you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not see and you might you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not see and you might you know if
+it's just a straight minimization you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a straight minimization you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a straight minimization you
+probably don't want to see it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to see it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to see it just
+minimize this thing go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this thing go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this thing go for
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+but there is that problem back there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is that problem back there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is that problem back there and
+here in this form you got to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this form you got to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this form you got to see it
+we're minimizing something with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're minimizing something with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're minimizing something with a
+constraint we have to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint we have to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint we have to deal with that
+constraint the gr deals with it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the gr deals with it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the gr deals with it by
+building it in and increasing the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it in and increasing the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it in and increasing the number
+of variables increasing the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables increasing the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables increasing the number of
+equations but it connects back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but it connects back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but it connects back to the
+other so there's a what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so there's a what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so there's a what I'm going to
+what I'm mean is that there there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm mean is that there there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm mean is that there there's a a
+problem called Primal which is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called Primal which is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called Primal which is probably
+naturally call that one the Primal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally call that one the Primal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally call that one the Primal and
+there's another problem around hiding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another problem around hiding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another problem around hiding in
+the shadows it's the Dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadows it's the Dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadows it's the Dual
+problem optimization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem optimization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem optimization problems
+come in pairs can I even try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in pairs can I even try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in pairs can I even try to do
+describe a a a problem that that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a a a problem that that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a a a problem that that's sort
+of dual to this to this one let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dual to this to this one let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dual to this to this one let me let
+me get back to my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get back to my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get back to my original
+uh question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh question
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me move up a dimension let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me move up a dimension let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me move up a dimension let me
+move this into three dimensions to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this into three dimensions to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this into three dimensions to just
+to describe geometrically a dual problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe geometrically a dual problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe geometrically a dual problem
+because they're quite fun this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're quite fun this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're quite fun this this
+relationship between Primal equals dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Primal equals dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Primal equals dual
+and the there's a theorem called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the there's a theorem called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the there's a theorem called the
+Minimax theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minimax theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minimax theorem
+that the that that gives the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that that gives the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that that gives the connection
+that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's
+Duality I I'm I'm putting words on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality I I'm I'm putting words on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality I I'm I'm putting words on the
+board that I'm going to elaborate on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that I'm going to elaborate on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that I'm going to elaborate on in
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure to this original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one well because so I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well because so I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well because so I I can
+give a partial answer why why does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a partial answer why why does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a partial answer why why does the
+constraint have to be true let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint have to be true let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint have to be true let me get
+the Epsilon out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon out of it
+because it showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up so by building it in this lrange way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so by building it in this lrange way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so by building it in this lrange way
+when I take the derivative respect to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the derivative respect to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the derivative respect to U
+that's bound to throw me back throw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bound to throw me back throw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bound to throw me back throw out
+the con throw the constraint forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're that you that's that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're that you that's that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're that you that's that's uh
+excellent question so I I was answering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question so I I was answering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question so I I was answering
+the easy question that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy question that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy question that that the
+derivative of U will bring back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U will bring back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U will bring back the
+constraint that's that's just we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that's that's just we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that's that's just we built
+it in that way we we we multiplied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in that way we we we multiplied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in that way we we we multiplied the
+constraint by U so when I take the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint by U so when I take the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint by U so when I take the U
+derivative out will come the constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative out will come the constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative out will come the constraint
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+easy the real question that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the real question that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the real question that you're
+asking is not easy is why does this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is not easy is why does this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is not easy is why does this work
+yeah yeah yeah and I I don't think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah and I I don't think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah and I I don't think I'm
+up to answering that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to answering that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to answering that today
+uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's
+uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yeah you can you know anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah you can you know anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah you can you know anything you
+say I'll nod my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll nod my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll nod my head
+but guarantees that you don't add when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but guarantees that you don't add when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but guarantees that you don't add when
+you satisfy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well that's right but somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's right but somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's right but somehow this
+you magically you know that we built it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you magically you know that we built it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you magically you know that we built it
+in in a way that it showed up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a way that it showed up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a way that it showed up here and
+that's that's really question I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really question I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really question I mean you
+know where the heck did it come from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the heck did it come from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the heck did it come from and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on which which makes everything perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which which makes everything perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which which makes everything perfect
+which is the winner yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the winner yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the winner yeah that's right
+you're you're thanks for that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're thanks for that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're thanks for that question
+question I mean you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I mean you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I mean you might
+say you might say well why not answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you might say well why not answer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you might say well why not answer it
+but and and I haven't I it's it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and and I haven't I it's it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and and I haven't I it's it's it's a
+more subtle question than I'm than I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle question than I'm than I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle question than I'm than I I'm
+prepared to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true that's right if I wanted to yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that's right if I wanted to yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that's right if I wanted to yeah
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+that suggest a picture that I could draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggest a picture that I could draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggest a picture that I could draw
+for this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this for this
+problem which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which might
+ultimately give us some insight to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately give us some insight to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately give us some insight to to
+answer your question what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question what would be the
+picture that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I would
+draw well one picture is this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw well one picture is this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw well one picture is this picture
+but let me draw a picture in uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me draw a picture in uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me draw a picture in uh let me
+draw a surface so so what's what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a surface so so what's what have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a surface so so what's what have I
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+there uh it's a one of my favorite bowls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh it's a one of my favorite bowls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh it's a one of my favorite bowls
+right circular Bowl because we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right circular Bowl because we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right circular Bowl because we've got
+the identity Matrix so if I graph W1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix so if I graph W1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix so if I graph W1 2
+plus W2 s it's one of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus W2 s it's one of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus W2 s it's one of these guys
+right and what's the minimum zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what's the minimum zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what's the minimum zero okay
+but now impose the constraint so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now impose the constraint so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now impose the constraint so what
+does the constraint do in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the constraint do in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the constraint do in this in this
+in this way of looking at the problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way of looking at the problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way of looking at the problem so
+here is W1 W2 and the and I'm graphing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is W1 W2 and the and I'm graphing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is W1 W2 and the and I'm graphing
+W12 + W2 2 this thing that I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W12 + W2 2 this thing that I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W12 + W2 2 this thing that I'd like to
+minimize but now what is this constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize but now what is this constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize but now what is this constraint
+W1 minus W2 equal two what is so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 minus W2 equal two what is so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 minus W2 equal two what is so I've
+got this nice beautiful Chinese Bowl uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this nice beautiful Chinese Bowl uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this nice beautiful Chinese Bowl uh
+oh I'll have to bring you my what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'll have to bring you my what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'll have to bring you my what I
+brought back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought back from
+China EXC you'll allow this digression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China EXC you'll allow this digression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China EXC you'll allow this digression
+two two interesting things on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two interesting things on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two interesting things on the plane
+uh coming back from China uh one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming back from China uh one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming back from China uh one was
+Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry
+Kissinger uh well thing I excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kissinger uh well thing I excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kissinger uh well thing I excuse me
+Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry
+but uh he was in seat onea so I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh he was in seat onea so I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh he was in seat onea so I wasn't
+quite across from him but uh I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite across from him but uh I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite across from him but uh I had a
+word with him at the uh he collected his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word with him at the uh he collected his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word with him at the uh he collected his
+own luggage at the carousel in San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own luggage at the carousel in San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own luggage at the carousel in San
+Francisco so anyway it it had been 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco so anyway it it had been 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco so anyway it it had been 30
+years since his first you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years since his first you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years since his first you know that
+historical visit to China uh so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical visit to China uh so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical visit to China uh so that was
+one thing the other thing was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing the other thing was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing the other thing was something
+I brought on the plane I'll bring it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought on the plane I'll bring it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought on the plane I'll bring it in
+to show you if you're willing um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you if you're willing um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you if you're willing um it's
+it's a Chinese teapot I I won't spoil it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Chinese teapot I I won't spoil it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Chinese teapot I I won't spoil it
+now I just I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I just I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I just I'll
+I'll nor will I use up more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll nor will I use up more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll nor will I use up more of the
+lecture to tell you about it but um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to tell you about it but um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to tell you about it but um I I
+will bring it with me next time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring it with me next time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring it with me next time okay
+you'll you'll smile when you see it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll smile when you see it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll smile when you see it okay
+now where am I I want to build this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where am I I want to build this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where am I I want to build this I
+want to say okay in this picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say okay in this picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say okay in this picture of the
+problem where I'm looking at the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where I'm looking at the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where I'm looking at the minimum
+point on the surface but now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the surface but now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the surface but now I'm
+imposing that constraint what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing that constraint what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing that constraint what is that
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+do exactly good and and and that Bob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly good and and and that Bob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly good and and and that Bob's
+question brought it out this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question brought it out this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question brought it out this is a
+vertical plane W1 minus W2 equal 2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical plane W1 minus W2 equal 2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical plane W1 minus W2 equal 2 it's
+it's there's our line this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's our line this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's our line this is the same
+line is in that picture and it there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is in that picture and it there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is in that picture and it there's a
+slice coming down so we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice coming down so we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice coming down so we're really
+slicing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing through
+the so we're slicing out a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so we're slicing out a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so we're slicing out a kind of
+Parabola and the winner is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola and the winner is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola and the winner is
+the point there's our winning point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point there's our winning point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point there's our winning point one
+minus one and the winning height was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and the winning height was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and the winning height was
+whatever we decided it was too I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we decided it was too I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we decided it was too I
+guess so the I mean that's really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so the I mean that's really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so the I mean that's really nice
+to see that to see that bowl with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that to see that bowl with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that to see that bowl with the
+vertical slice coming through it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical slice coming through it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical slice coming through it you can
+that's something in 3D that our eyes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something in 3D that our eyes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something in 3D that our eyes can
+visualize where we would have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize where we would have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize where we would have the the
+beauty is like gr gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty is like gr gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty is like gr gives
+this mechanical approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mechanical approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mechanical approach
+where we don't really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't really have to
+think uh in high Dimensions we just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh in high Dimensions we just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh in high Dimensions we just do
+what he says and outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he says and outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he says and outcome
+equations but you're totally right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but you're totally right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but you're totally right to
+since I'm emphasizing that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm emphasizing that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm emphasizing that it's not
+purely mechanical and that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely mechanical and that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely mechanical and that his
+multipliers have a meaning then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers have a meaning then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers have a meaning then your
+question is totally right that what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is totally right that what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is totally right that what is
+that meaning what's going on so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meaning what's going on so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meaning what's going on so maybe
+it's good that this isn't the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good that this isn't the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good that this isn't the last
+lecture on on optimization we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on on optimization we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on on optimization we'll see the
+gr multipliers we'll see inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr multipliers we'll see inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr multipliers we'll see inequality
+constraints and linear programming all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and linear programming all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and linear programming all
+all these things we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things we'll see
+Duality uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality uh
+maybe maybe if if if I've achieved two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe if if if I've achieved two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe if if if I've achieved two
+things one is to what's the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is to what's the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is to what's the system
+what's the mechanical system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the mechanical system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the mechanical system and the
+second to sort of wet your appetite with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to sort of wet your appetite with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to sort of wet your appetite with
+what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going
+on what does it what does you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what does it what does you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what does it what does you really
+mean then that that's I'm happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean then that that's I'm happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean then that that's I'm happy with
+that outcome of of here's the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that outcome of of here's the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that outcome of of here's the way to
+introduce the ground multipliers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the ground multipliers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the ground multipliers and
+then I gave some kind of a meaning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I gave some kind of a meaning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I gave some kind of a meaning to
+them the change in the answer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the change in the answer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the change in the answer with
+respect to change in the input data it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to change in the input data it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to change in the input data it's
+fantastic and uh that's what L gr has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and uh that's what L gr has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and uh that's what L gr has
+has achieved so there's a but to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has achieved so there's a but to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has achieved so there's a but to see the
+to see the wise I haven't uh I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the wise I haven't uh I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the wise I haven't uh I haven't
+tackled that in this lecture okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackled that in this lecture okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackled that in this lecture okay
+I have a little time left in that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a little time left in that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a little time left in that in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+lecture for the continuous time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture for the continuous time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture for the continuous time the
+function equivalent are you take a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function equivalent are you take a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function equivalent are you take a deep
+breath I'll do the same can I and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath I'll do the same can I and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath I'll do the same can I and I'll
+make a little space can I try to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little space can I try to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little space can I try to give
+the corresponding problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding problem
+in continuous time okay so there you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time okay so there you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time okay so there you you
+can Reon let me put a yellow thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Reon let me put a yellow thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Reon let me put a yellow thing
+around the two problems one problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the two problems one problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the two problems one problem was
+minimizing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing this
+right and we'll be pretty happy if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we'll be pretty happy if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we'll be pretty happy if we
+can turn that into continuous time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn that into continuous time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn that into continuous time the
+second the Dual problem was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and we may not have time to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we may not have time to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we may not have time to discuss
+its continuous analog so it's those it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its continuous analog so it's those it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its continuous analog so it's those it's
+these problems in discreet for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems in discreet for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems in discreet for n
+variables and M variables that I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and M variables that I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and M variables that I now
+want to say what happens if the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say what happens if the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say what happens if the unknown
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+not a point but a function okay and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a point but a function okay and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a point but a function okay and of
+course and and our framework is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and and our framework is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and and our framework is going to
+work what will a be in our framework now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what will a be in our framework now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what will a be in our framework now
+this now U is going to be a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now U is going to be a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now U is going to be a function
+I'll let's go to the most basic example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let's go to the most basic example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let's go to the most basic example
+you remember the what was the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the what was the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the what was the most basic
+example a became d by DX remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a became d by DX remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a became d by DX remember
+remember that and a transpose became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that and a transpose became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that and a transpose became
+minus d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX so we had differential equations what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so we had differential equations what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so we had differential equations what
+was the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the differential
+equation uh what was this equation let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh what was this equation let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh what was this equation let's
+just remember what it is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this
+equation for when a was D by DX was do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for when a was D by DX was do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for when a was D by DX was do
+you remember that was so the a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that was so the a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that was so the a transpose
+was minus d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus d by
+DX then we had the C ofx and then the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX then we had the C ofx and then the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX then we had the C ofx and then the a
+which was D by DX of U =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FX that's the equation the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX that's the equation the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX that's the equation the linear
+equation that's the that's this okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's the that's this okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's the that's this okay now
+all I want to ask is what's the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want to ask is what's the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want to ask is what's the minimum
+problem that it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that it comes
+from what's the what's the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's the what's the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's the what's the continuous
+analog of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of this
+uh minimum problem so this this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minimum problem so this this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minimum problem so this this is going
+to be our winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be our winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be our winning
+equation this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is going to be the
+equation for the winner and and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the winner and and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the winner and and I'm
+working up here now and not not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working up here now and not not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working up here now and not not the
+constrained case just the easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained case just the easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained case just the easier
+unconstrained case this picture is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained case this picture is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained case this picture is still
+relevant but now I've got to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but now I've got to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but now I've got to think
+what's P of you so what's P of U so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's P of you so what's P of U so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's P of you so what's P of U so I
+remove this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this example
+and make space for p of U in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make space for p of U in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make space for p of U in the
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+Okay okay so now I'll put up here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay okay so now I'll put up here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay okay so now I'll put up here in the
+yellow letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow letters
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+variable the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the unknown
+is unknown is is a function U of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unknown is is a function U of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unknown is is a function U of X and
+what's the P what's the thing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the P what's the thing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the P what's the thing that we're
+minimizing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing we're
+minimizing some P of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing some P of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing some P of U
+can you can you convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you convert
+that with K as a transpose CA so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with K as a transpose CA so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with K as a transpose CA so let me
+let me make K into a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make K into a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make K into a transpose
+CA so I want to I want to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA so I want to I want to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA so I want to I want to convert
+that to the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case what's the continuous equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what's the continuous equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what's the continuous equivalent of
+that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's okay what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do what are these dot products going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what are these dot products going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what are these dot products going to
+be let's let's just start off easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let's let's just start off easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let's let's just start off easily
+what's the continuous version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the continuous version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the continuous version of that
+now f is a function f ofx u is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f is a function f ofx u is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f is a function f ofx u is a
+function U of X what's the dotproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U of X what's the dotproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U of X what's the dotproduct
+it's an interval right so this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interval right so this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interval right so this term is
+going to be exactly minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly minus the
+integral over some some range let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over some some range let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over some some range let's make
+it 0 to one again of U of x f ofx DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 0 to one again of U of x f ofx DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 0 to one again of U of x f ofx DX
+good that's the that's the uh linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's the that's the uh linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's the that's the uh linear
+term that's the linear term okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that's the linear term okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that's the linear term okay what
+about the quadratic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's it's a there's a so I'm look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a there's a so I'm look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a there's a so I'm look at
+this this way look at this as Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this way look at this as Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this way look at this as Au
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+Au is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au is that all
+right so what what have I got here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what what have I got here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what what have I got here then
+I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/2 now I I've got a DOT product there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 now I I've got a DOT product there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 now I I've got a DOT product there
+right so I'm going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to have an
+integral and what is it the dotproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what is it the dotproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what is it the dotproduct
+of it's the dot product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's the dot product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's the dot product of
+au and and I'm going to focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au and and I'm going to focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au and and I'm going to focus on this
+example a is d by DX is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a is d by DX is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a is d by DX is it's
+DX the dotproduct of Dux that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX the dotproduct of Dux that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX the dotproduct of Dux that's
+Au and now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au and now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au and now what's
+this well there's a c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well there's a c of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well there's a c of
+X and and Au is another Dux so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and and Au is another Dux so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and and Au is another Dux so it's
+really DX squared sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX well it's the
+energy I actually since they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I actually since they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I actually since they're both
+integrals I could I could simplify my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals I could I could simplify my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals I could I could simplify my
+life with just one integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign and one DX yeah that that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and one DX yeah that that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and one DX yeah that that would be
+a lot better so minus U of x f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better so minus U of x f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better so minus U of x f ofx
+DX yeah I'll just move this DX out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX yeah I'll just move this DX out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX yeah I'll just move this DX out a
+little bit so you know so this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so you know so this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so you know so this is it
+this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our
+this is our Au transpose Au transpose C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our Au transpose Au transpose C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our Au transpose Au transpose C
+Au and this is our U transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F yeah that's right what sorry what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F yeah that's right what sorry what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F yeah that's right what sorry what
+about the half oh it can't put the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the half oh it can't put the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the half oh it can't put the half
+on the outside right the half only goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside right the half only goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside right the half only goes
+with the quadratic terms can I squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the quadratic terms can I squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the quadratic terms can I squeeze
+it in I can't squeeze it in there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in I can't squeeze it in there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in I can't squeeze it in there that's
+for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure
+uh let me put it there yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me put it there yes thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me put it there yes thank you
+absolutely right absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right absolutely right
+okay all right so that's what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's what have we
+done we've operated by analogy I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we've operated by analogy I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we've operated by analogy I mean
+and that's what part of this series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what part of this series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what part of this series of
+lectures is to develop that instinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is to develop that instinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is to develop that instinct
+that analogy between the discret and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analogy between the discret and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analogy between the discret and the
+continuous case right so so dot products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case right so so dot products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case right so so dot products
+became integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became integrals
+matrices became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices became
+derivatives and the unknown changed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and the unknown changed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and the unknown changed from
+a vector to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector to a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do I
+minimize when my unknown is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize when my unknown is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize when my unknown is a function
+how do I find the function U of X that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find the function U of X that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find the function U of X that
+makes this quantity a minimum do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this quantity a minimum do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this quantity a minimum do you see
+that it's a it's it's a quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a it's it's a quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a it's it's a quantity that
+depends on U of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on U of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on U of x
+you you've got to I've got to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've got to I've got to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've got to I've got to I'm
+looking for a whole function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a whole function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a whole function
+now I'm not just looking for what point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not just looking for what point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not just looking for what point
+in space I'm looking for a a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space I'm looking for a a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space I'm looking for a a point in
+function space H how to minimize such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space H how to minimize such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space H how to minimize such a
+thing let me ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you what the equation you what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the equation you what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the equation you what you think
+the equation is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizer
+somehow do you see what I if you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow do you see what I if you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow do you see what I if you give me
+a function U like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function U like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function U like
+sinx I can plug it in I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx I can plug it in I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx I can plug it in I get a
+number then you give me another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then you give me another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then you give me another function
+like e to the X I plug it in I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like e to the X I plug it in I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like e to the X I plug it in I get a
+different number and I'm looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number and I'm looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number and I'm looking for the
+function that produces the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that produces the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that produces the smallest
+number but obviously what I've described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but obviously what I've described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but obviously what I've described
+is just randomly trying functions is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just randomly trying functions is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just randomly trying functions is not
+a recommended method uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah good exactly I have to take I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good exactly I have to take I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good exactly I have to take I need
+exactly I need the idea need need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I need the idea need need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I need the idea need need the
+idea of of the derivative what let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of the derivative what let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of the derivative what let me
+use a different Delta of the fun of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different Delta of the fun of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different Delta of the fun of this
+p with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p with respect to
+U that's what I need and of course I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that's what I need and of course I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that's what I need and of course I'll
+set it to zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it to zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it to zer
+I mean it'll be calculus but it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it'll be calculus but it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it'll be calculus but it'll be
+calculus of well the real word is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of well the real word is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of well the real word is
+calculus of variations so calcul of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of variations so calcul of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of variations so calcul of
+variations all that means is move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations all that means is move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations all that means is move the
+problem up to up to here where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem up to up to here where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem up to up to here where the
+unknown is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown is a
+function okay so I need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea I and I don't know that in 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I and I don't know that in 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I and I don't know that in 30
+seconds I can produce it but the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds I can produce it but the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds I can produce it but the main
+point is you see what's needed you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is you see what's needed you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is you see what's needed you see
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+need well how would you do it let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need well how would you do it let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need well how would you do it let's not
+even do it in detail but just actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do it in detail but just actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even do it in detail but just actually
+my my second lecture today can can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my second lecture today can can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my second lecture today can can can
+can uh build a little further on this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh build a little further on this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh build a little further on this so
+let let me just ask you for a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me just ask you for a thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me just ask you for a thought
+about how to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea yeah how would you how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah how would you how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah how would you how would you
+look for the minimum or look for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the minimum or look for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the minimum or look for an
+equation for the minimum what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the minimum what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the minimum what what what
+would be a property of the minimum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a property of the minimum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a property of the minimum I
+mean so I'm really asking you okay be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so I'm really asking you okay be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so I'm really asking you okay be
+Newton all over again invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus uh no constraints at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus uh no constraints at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus uh no constraints at this point
+you you're allowed any function U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're allowed any function U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're allowed any function U of
+X this is this is given this is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this is this is given this is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this is this is given this is given
+this is the data this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data and you're allowed any fun fun U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you're allowed any fun fun U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you're allowed any fun fun U of
+X and I want to know which function U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and I want to know which function U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and I want to know which function U of
+X makes that integral as small as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible and I well I I I want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and I well I I I want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and I well I I I want an
+equation for that function and so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for that function and so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for that function and so I want
+to reinvent calculus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reinvent calculus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reinvent calculus for
+functions so any thoughts on that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I'm expecting a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm expecting a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm expecting a linear
+right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I'm expecting a linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm expecting a linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm expecting a linear equation
+because I've got a quad something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got a quad something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got a quad something
+quadratic in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in you
+right complete a square is that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right complete a square is that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right complete a square is that's an
+interesting idea but but now how did how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea but but now how did how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea but but now how did how
+did calculus how did calculus come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did calculus how did calculus come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did calculus how did calculus come up
+with this this this idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this this this idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this this this idea that the
+minimum value is that point where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value is that point where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value is that point where the
+derivative is zero what what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is zero what what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is zero what what was
+underlying that that idea for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus right any change increases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus right any change increases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus right any change increases it
+exactly if I'm here's my winning point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if I'm here's my winning point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if I'm here's my winning point
+and if I move over a little it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I move over a little it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I move over a little it goes
+up now so what's a change here you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now so what's a change here you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now so what's a change here you is
+the winner means what you if you is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winner means what you if you is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winner means what you if you is the
+winner it means that this value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner it means that this value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner it means that this value is
+smaller than what I will get if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than what I will get if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than what I will get if I change
+you a little change d by DX of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little change d by DX of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little change d by DX of a little
+can I change it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v^ S C of x/ 2 minus I'm changing U by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^ S C of x/ 2 minus I'm changing U by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^ S C of x/ 2 minus I'm changing U by
+V any v f ofx DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did I did you see that idea because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I did you see that idea because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I did you see that idea because
+that's the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the central
+idea this is got to be true for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this is got to be true for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this is got to be true for any
+V any V ofx any V ofx you recognize V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V any V ofx any V ofx you recognize V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V any V ofx any V ofx you recognize V
+ofx is a function now it's it's so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is a function now it's it's so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is a function now it's it's so in
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+words U plus v is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+candidate somehow I'm I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate somehow I'm I'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate somehow I'm I'm taking the
+derivative of the spect of V right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the spect of V right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the spect of V right well
+well I'm no I'm taking I'm taking it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm no I'm taking I'm taking it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm no I'm taking I'm taking it's I
+I think you should think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you should think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you should think of
+it I'm at a point in ordinary calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm at a point in ordinary calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm at a point in ordinary calculus
+I'm at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at a point
+x and I'm trying to minimize some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and I'm trying to minimize some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and I'm trying to minimize some
+function f and and what's my rule my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f and and what's my rule my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f and and what's my rule my
+rule is that if x is the winner then f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is that if x is the winner then f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is that if x is the winner then f
+ofx is smaller than what I get if I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is smaller than what I get if I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is smaller than what I get if I move
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+bit that's that's what led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that's that's what led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that's that's what led
+to that's what led to calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that's what led to calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that's what led to calculus
+and this Delta X could be to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Delta X could be to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Delta X could be to the right
+or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to the
+left and this will lead me to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and this will lead me to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and this will lead me to the
+conclusion in the calculus conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion in the calculus conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion in the calculus conclusion
+will be that DF DX has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and if I if I want to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if I if I want to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if I if I want to know that
+it's a real minimum then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real minimum then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real minimum then there's
+something about the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the second derivative
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+positive and will this sort of square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and will this sort of square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and will this sort of square
+here is what's going to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what's going to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what's going to deal with that
+but I'm I'm at the first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I'm at the first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I'm at the first derivative
+level finding the equivalent so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level finding the equivalent so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level finding the equivalent so this was
+the this was the calculus idea you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this was the calculus idea you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this was the calculus idea you could
+say and and what is that calculus idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and and what is that calculus idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and and what is that calculus idea
+the calculus idea said well what is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculus idea said well what is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculus idea said well what is f
+ofx what's the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx what's the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx what's the connection
+between this line and this one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this line and this one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this line and this one well
+calculus says okay if you just moved a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus says okay if you just moved a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus says okay if you just moved a
+little bit this is approximately f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit this is approximately f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit this is approximately f ofx
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+what uh Delta X fpre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right if if my movement was just small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if if my movement was just small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if if my movement was just small
+then there's corrections but they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's corrections but they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's corrections but they'll be
+extremely small so so now I have f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely small so so now I have f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely small so so now I have f ofx
+is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this what's the reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there would be a second order term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there would be a second order term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there would be a second order term
+yes but but I I if i' I'd like to if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but but I I if i' I'd like to if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but but I I if i' I'd like to if I
+can just get it out of this first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just get it out of this first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just get it out of this first order
+cuz I'm only looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I'm only looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I'm only looking for
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+equation this is DF DX of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasoning why does that have to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning why does that have to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning why does that have to be zero
+that's that's what my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what my question
+is cuz if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cuz if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cuz if it's not
+zero you could move a little bit what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you could move a little bit what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you could move a little bit what if
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+negative move in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative move in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative move in the other direction
+great that's it that's it that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's it that's it that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's it that's it that's why the
+derivative has to be zero because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative has to be zero because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative has to be zero because this
+Delta X you could move one way or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X you could move one way or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X you could move one way or the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+way so that if this derivative wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that if this derivative wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that if this derivative wasn't
+zero then some way it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then some way it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then some way it's going to
+drop and this would wouldn't be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and this would wouldn't be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and this would wouldn't be the
+winner so that's what we'll do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner so that's what we'll do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner so that's what we'll do here
+that's what we would do here we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we would do here we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we would do here we would
+say okay we can this can be any V it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we can this can be any V it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we can this can be any V it can
+be positive somewhere negative somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive somewhere negative somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive somewhere negative somewhere
+and so out of all this will'll will'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so out of all this will'll will'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so out of all this will'll will'll
+identify okay the line the term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify okay the line the term that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify okay the line the term that's
+linear in V the the the the this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in V the the the the this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in V the the the the this the
+linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correction I I've carry this beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction I I've carry this beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction I I've carry this beyond the
+hour but and I'll stop here and pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour but and I'll stop here and pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour but and I'll stop here and pick it
+up at at at uh in the second lecture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at at at uh in the second lecture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at at at uh in the second lecture uh
+and then go on to the finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go on to the finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go on to the finite element
+method which uh illustrates this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which uh illustrates this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which uh illustrates this in a
+nice way um so uh but do you see where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way um so uh but do you see where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way um so uh but do you see where I
+am we we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am we we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am we we're looking
+for the equation for the winning U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equation for the winning U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equation for the winning U and
+by the way what is that equation going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way what is that equation going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way what is that equation going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's going to be
+this that's going to be the equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's going to be the equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's going to be the equation for
+the winning U and it's named after or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning U and it's named after or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning U and it's named after or
+oer or actually often named after it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oer or actually often named after it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oer or actually often named after it's
+often called the oiler lrange equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the oiler lrange equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the oiler lrange equation
+so somehow the equation for the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow the equation for the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow the equation for the winning
+U when I follow the calculus ideas will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U when I follow the calculus ideas will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U when I follow the calculus ideas will
+will turn out to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to be that
+equation and then the analogy will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect has
+a that has a u in it here yes and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that has a u in it here yes and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that has a u in it here yes and this
+is the winning you yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the winning you yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the winning you yeah I
+I yeah so but but you're raising a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah so but but you're raising a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah so but but you're raising a good
+point I I'm not making a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I I'm not making a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I I'm not making a very good
+notational distinction here between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational distinction here between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational distinction here between this
+is p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p of
+anyu any is allowed for the moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyu any is allowed for the moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyu any is allowed for the moment and
+then I'm looking for the winning one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm looking for the winning one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm looking for the winning one
+maybe I should give a star to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+winner you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner you
+you somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow
+indicate the function that that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the function that that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the function that that makes
+this a minimum so that's the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a minimum so that's the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a minimum so that's the point that
+if if this guy is the winner then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this guy is the winner then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this guy is the winner then
+wherever I move brings me up and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever I move brings me up and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever I move brings me up and that
+should that should uh lead to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that should uh lead to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that should uh lead to an
+equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for
+ustar okay that let's let me pause there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ustar okay that let's let me pause there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ustar okay that let's let me pause there
+if you get a chance to think a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a chance to think a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a chance to think a little
+bit about this during the 20 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about this during the 20 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about this during the 20 minute
+break and pick up at 3:30 thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GpV_9EtObvs.txt b/GpV_9EtObvs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3368c95423a1b2f778e7a2d724e3b18a7f000162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GpV_9EtObvs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3183 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to this
+
+lecture on non-linear finite
+element analysis of solids and
+
+structures.
+
+In this lecture, I'd like to
+continue with our discussion
+
+of the use of constitutive
+relations
+
+in non-linear analysis.
+
+In the previous two lectures,
+we talked about modeling
+
+elastic materials in non-linear
+
+finite element analysis.
+
+We talked about the use of
+linear stress-strain loss and
+
+the use of non-linear
+stress-strain laws as regard
+
+to the T.L. and U.L.
+Formulations.
+
+I'd like to now discuss with you
+the modeling of inelastic
+
+materials, in particular
+elastoplasticity and creep in
+
+finite element analysis.
+
+Let us proceed as follows.
+
+Let us first briefly discuss
+inelastic material behavior as
+
+we observe them in the
+laboratory test results.
+
+Let us then briefly discuss how
+we model these laboratory
+
+test results in one-dimension
+analysis.
+
+And then I'd like to generalize
+these modeling
+
+considerations to 2D and
+3D stress situations.
+
+So let me now walk over here to
+the view graph projector to
+
+share the view grass
+with you that I've
+
+prepared for this lecture.
+
+The most distinguishing feature
+of an inelastic
+
+material is that the total
+stress is not uniquely related
+
+to the current total strain.
+
+of course, for an elastic
+material, the total stress is
+
+given uniquely by the total
+current strain.
+
+For the inelastic material,
+this is not the case.
+
+And to calculate the response
+of the material, we need the
+
+response history.
+
+We need to work with stress
+increments and strain
+
+increments throughout
+the total solution.
+
+If we look at the equation that
+we will be operating upon
+
+in the analysis, we have on
+the left-hand side here a
+
+differential stress increment
+given via the elastic
+
+constitutive tensor times the
+total strain increment,
+
+differential total strain
+increment, I should say, minus
+
+the differential inelastic
+strain increment.
+
+Now, notice that this here is
+really is the differential
+
+elastic strain increment.
+
+Total strain minus
+inelastic strain
+
+gives us elastic strain.
+
+Of course, always the
+differential of course.
+
+And this, therefore, is the
+basic relation that we will be
+
+using, that we are using,
+in inelastic response
+
+calculations.
+
+Notice that I did not include
+temperature effects here,
+
+which would mean I would have to
+subtract, in addition, the
+
+thermal differential
+strain increment.
+
+Later on, we will also consider
+such relation.
+
+The inelastic response may occur
+rapidly all slowly in
+
+time, depending on the type of
+problem you're dealing with,
+
+depending on the type
+of problem you
+
+want to model in nature.
+
+If the inelastic response occurs
+very rapidly, then we
+
+model it using plasticity
+rules.
+
+In other words, in plasticity,
+the model assumes that the
+
+inelastic strain increment
+occurs instantaneously.
+
+In creep, however, the model
+assumes that the inelastic
+
+strain occurs as a function of
+time, and in fact, this time
+
+scale here might be hours,
+days, or years.
+
+Of course, the actual response
+is a combination of these two
+
+phenomena in nature, and we
+therefore use plasticity and
+
+creep, or alternatively, we may
+also use a viscoplastic
+
+material model to model what
+happens in actual nature.
+
+In our discussion now, we want
+to consider materially
+
+non-linear only conditions.
+
+In other words, we only would
+focus on material
+
+non-linearities.
+
+We know that, of course, all
+the information that we are
+
+discussing can directly be
+applied in an MNO analysis,
+
+Materially Non-Linear Only
+analysis, and it can also
+
+directly be applied in a large
+displacement, large rotation,
+
+by small-strain analysis, by
+using the total Lagrangian
+
+formulation.
+
+We talked in an earlier lecture
+about the fact that
+
+using second Piola-Kirchhoff
+stresses and Green-Lagrange
+
+Strains, we can directly use
+the total Lagrangian
+
+formulation with these stress
+and strain measures to model a
+
+large displacement, large
+rotation response of materials
+
+by using the same material
+relationship that we use to
+
+employ in material non-linear
+only analysis, but with these
+
+two new stress and
+strain measures.
+
+Well, this is once more
+summarized here, that in other
+
+words, in the total Lagrangian
+information, we use the
+
+Green-Lagrange strain component
+instead of the
+
+engineering strain component,
+and the second Piola-Kirchhoff
+
+stress component instead of
+the engineering stress
+
+component, and then we directly
+can, with the
+
+material relationship that we
+have established for an M&O
+
+analysis, directly with these
+material relationships, we can
+
+model large displacement, large
+rotation, but small
+
+strain problems.
+
+Let us now start by considering
+some observations
+
+off the material response
+in laboratory tests.
+
+We only want to look at these
+observations schematically,
+
+and therefore, we do not
+give any details.
+
+We also note that regarding the
+notation that I want to
+
+use now, we will not anymore
+have the t superscripts on the
+
+stress and t superscripts
+on the strain.
+
+We will not have these t
+superscripts when we look at
+
+laboratory test results.
+
+So whenever we have a material
+law, a laboratory material law
+
+that we're looking on, or
+a material law that is
+
+identified by laboratory test
+results, or, in fact, a
+
+material law that we will enter
+into a finite element
+
+analysis, I will not have the t
+superscript on stress and t
+
+superscript on strain anymore.
+
+We will, however, use those
+superscripts again when we
+
+take that material law and
+actually apply it in finite
+
+element analysis in an
+incremental solution.
+
+The material behavior is
+obtained by performing a
+
+tensile test in the laboratory,
+schematically
+
+shown as here.
+
+We have a force p up there,
+a force p here.
+
+There is a gauge length.
+
+Given here, the initial
+length is l0.
+
+There's cross-sectional area
+A0, and of course, the
+
+engineering strain, notice I now
+leave out the t here, the
+
+upper superscript t.
+
+I leave that out, as
+I just explained.
+
+The engineering strain at any
+time is given as shown here.
+
+The stress is given,
+shown here.
+
+Where l now is the length
+of this gauge
+
+length at that time.
+
+And here we have, shown in red,
+how the specimen actually
+
+were [? deformed. ?]
+
+Notice A0 here and
+l right there.
+
+So l minus l0 is really the
+extension of the gauge length.
+
+We divide that by the original
+length, and we get the
+
+engineering strain, the small
+strain, measure that we are so
+
+used to seeing in
+linear analysis.
+
+And here the engineering stress
+that we are so used to
+
+seeing in linear analysis,
+as well.
+
+So this is the test from which
+we obtain our information
+
+regarding the material
+behavior.
+
+And let's look at,
+systematically, test results.
+
+Here we have seen engineering
+stress plotted vertically, and
+
+the engineering strain
+plotted horizontally.
+
+And the test result that we
+would have obtained are shown
+
+systematically in red.
+
+Notice fracture occurs
+here corresponding
+
+to an ultimate strain.
+
+Notice that the test, of course,
+is performed in the
+
+tensile region in an
+actual analysis.
+
+We also want to apply a
+constitutive relation in the
+
+compressive region.
+
+And it is assumed that the same
+behavior that we have in
+
+the tensile region is
+also applicable in
+
+the compressive region.
+
+So we simply reflect this curve
+into the compressive
+
+region as shown by the
+blue dashed line.
+
+These are the test resides
+obtained at a constant
+
+temperature.
+
+Now let us look at the effect
+of the strain rate.
+
+If the strain rate increases,
+in other words, de dt
+
+increases, we can see that the
+test results would change
+
+schematically, as shown here.
+
+Also, there is an effect
+of temperature.
+
+If the temperature is
+increasing, but of course at a
+
+constant temperature, we perform
+the test, then as the
+
+temperature increases for the
+different tests, we would see
+
+that the behavior of the
+stress-strain law is shown
+
+here by these red curves,
+schematically.
+
+This is the instantaneous
+response of the material.
+
+Now let's look at the
+material behavior in
+
+time dependent response.
+
+In other words, over
+a very large time.
+
+Now at a constant stress,
+inelastic strains develop.
+
+And this is an important effect
+for materials when the
+
+temperatures are high.
+
+A typical response curve,
+engineering strain, plotted
+
+vertically here now, and time
+plotted horizontally, is shown
+
+on this view graph.
+
+Notice there is,
+instantaneously, of course,
+
+inelastic or elastoplastic
+strain that occurs.
+
+That's the one we just
+talked about.
+
+And then with time, there is
+an increase in strain, as
+
+shown by the red curve here.
+
+We talk about the primary range
+of the creep curve, a
+
+secondary range, and
+a tertiary range
+
+until fracture occurs.
+
+This is a curve at which sigma
+is constant and the
+
+temperature is constant,
+as well.
+
+If we increase the stress, we,
+of course, get an increase in
+
+the instantaneous strain, as
+shown here, but also the
+
+actual creep strain
+will change.
+
+And that is indicated
+by these red curves.
+
+Once again, fracture up here.
+
+And these are the results now at
+a constant temperature, but
+
+at different levels of
+constants stresses.
+
+The levels of constant stress
+means here, one stress, there,
+
+another stress, there, another
+stress, and another stress.
+
+But this stress is constant
+with time.
+
+There's also a very significant
+effect off the
+
+temperature on the creep
+strength, and that is shown on
+
+this view graph.
+
+Once again, strain plotted
+here times there.
+
+There's an initial strain,
+of course,
+
+instantaneously reached.
+
+That's the one we talked
+about earlier.
+
+And then at a very low
+temperature, almost no creep
+
+effect, as shown here.
+
+Basically a straight line.
+
+Then as the temperature
+increases, the material
+
+creeps, and of course, doing
+this for this curve, the
+
+temperature is constant.
+
+For this curve, the temperature
+
+is constant in time.
+
+For this curve, the temperature
+is also constant,
+
+but at a higher level.
+
+And for this curve, the
+temperature is also constant
+
+in time, but still at
+a higher level.
+
+And once again, fracture
+occurring here, and of course,
+
+sigma is constant, as well.
+
+For each of these curves,
+we have the same stress.
+
+But a different temperature
+here, then there, then there
+
+and there, the temperature being
+constant in time for
+
+each of these curves.
+
+these are some typical
+laboratory results
+
+that we would get.
+
+And now we want to look at,
+how would we model these
+
+laboratory test results in a
+finite element solution?
+
+And let's look first at the
+models we might use for a
+
+one-dimensional stress
+situation.
+
+So we consider a one-dimensional
+situation as
+
+shown schematically here--
+
+a bar under a load p giving
+a displacement u.
+
+Notice now we go back to
+introduce our left superscript
+
+time t, because we want to look
+now at this [? grade ?]
+
+times t.
+
+The stress at any time is
+given by this formula.
+
+The area being constant, of
+course, the cross-section of
+
+the area being constant.
+
+The strain at any time is given
+by the displacement
+
+measured here, at that
+time, divided by
+
+the original length.
+
+Remember, we're talking about
+infinitesimally small strain
+
+conditions.
+
+Let us assume also that the
+load has now increased
+
+monotonically to a final
+value, p star.
+
+And let us assume that the time
+is long, so that inertia
+
+effects are negligible,
+so we can talk
+
+about a static analysis.
+
+If you look at the response
+that we would
+
+see, we see the following.
+
+The load increases as shown
+here, and here we
+
+have the time axis.
+
+Notice T star is small.
+
+It's a very small
+time interval.
+
+And in this time interval, creep
+effects would not take
+
+place because T star
+is so small.
+
+If they do take place, their
+effect is negligible.
+
+That's the assumption.
+
+So plasticity effects
+predominate here, and those we
+
+take into account.
+
+And then from here onwards,
+there will be no more plastic
+
+deformations in the material.
+
+Now the material will
+creep with time.
+
+And so all the inelastic strains
+are modeled from here
+
+onwards as creep strains,
+and from here to
+
+there as plastic strains.
+
+Now let's see how we would
+model these strains.
+
+Here we see how we would model
+the plastic strains in this
+
+uniaxial situation.
+
+Notice we assume a bilinear
+material description, bilinear
+
+meaning a Young's modulus until
+the yield stress is
+
+reached, and then another
+constant value of a new
+
+Young's modulus,
+if you want to.
+
+It's not really Young's
+modulus.
+
+We call it ET.
+
+It's a strain-hardening model.
+
+Notice that ET is generally
+considerably smaller than E.
+
+Typically it might be 1% of E.
+
+So we're coming up here.
+
+After the yield stress, we
+have a constant Young's
+
+modulus, and beyond the yield
+stress, we have a
+
+strain-hardening modulus, ET,
+to describe the change in
+
+stress as a function
+of the strain.
+
+Notice now that if we had moved
+up to here and we were
+
+to unload from this level of
+stress, we would follow the
+
+original Young's modulus in the
+unloading that we had in
+
+the loading.
+
+In other words, here we had
+the same E in unloading,
+
+indicated by the dashed line,
+as we have for loading here.
+
+In our particular modeling
+situation, we are coming up
+
+here to the yield stress, then
+we proceed, going along ET, up
+
+to that point, and that point
+corresponds to our time t
+
+star, where P star
+has been reached.
+
+The maximum load has
+been reached.
+
+Notice that this part here is a
+plastic strain corresponding
+
+to t star, and this part here
+is the elastic strain,
+
+corresponding to t star.
+
+And that is obtained by simply
+dropping a vertical line down
+
+from that point t star onto
+the horizontal axes.
+
+The stress is then given by the
+Young's modulus E, that's
+
+E, or the slope is E
+here, times te at
+
+any particular time.
+
+In other words, we could
+have here, instead of
+
+the t, the t star.
+
+At any particular time this
+holds, and the total inelastic
+
+strain is given by simply the
+plastic strain, because
+
+remember in our model, we assume
+that t star is so small
+
+that all the inelastic strains
+can be modeled using the
+
+plasticity assumption.
+
+This assumption.
+
+Of course, once again, these
+relationships hold for any
+
+particular point on this curve
+here, in particular, the point
+
+time t star, where these
+are the values
+
+that we're using here.
+
+Now from time t star onwards,
+we have creep effects, and
+
+those would be typically
+modeled as shown
+
+on this view graph.
+
+Here is t star, which is very
+small, almost equal to 0.
+
+And here we have the time axis,
+the creep strain axis,
+
+shown here, and here we have
+a typical creep law that is
+
+widely used in engineering
+practice, the
+
+power law, shown here.
+
+A0, A1, A2 are constant.
+
+That has to be determined from
+the laboratory tests, and they
+
+will change for different
+materials.
+
+Notice that the stress is still
+generated by the Young's
+
+modulus times the elastic
+strain, and the total
+
+inelastic strain now is made
+up of the creep strain
+
+obtained by this formula plus
+the plastic strain, the
+
+plastic strain already
+identified on the
+
+earlier view graph.
+
+Another way of modeling the
+instantaneous inelastic
+
+strains, which we call plastic
+strains, and the
+
+time-dependent inelastic
+strains, which we call it
+
+creep strains, is to use a
+viscoplastic material model.
+
+And in this case, we have this
+basic relationship here where
+
+we say that the total strain
+times a time derivative of the
+
+total strain, is given by the
+time derivative of the stress
+
+divided by the Young's modulus
+plus a fluidity parameter
+
+times this bracket here.
+
+And this bracket here needs to
+be read as shown down here.
+
+Notice it is equal to 0.
+
+If sigma is smaller than sigma
+yield, the yield stress, and
+
+is equal to sigma minus sigma
+yield, sigma is greater than
+
+sigma yield.
+
+This part here is the time
+derivative of the
+
+viscoplastic strain.
+
+Of course, gamma depends
+on the material--
+
+on the particular material
+that you're looking at.
+
+And also, sigma yield will
+change possibly with time,
+
+because there might be strain
+hardening in the material, the
+
+same kind of strain hardening
+that we have observed in our
+
+plasticity description.
+
+Typical solutions for the 1-D
+specimen would be, if you have
+
+a non-hardening material, in
+other words, the sigma yield,
+
+the value does not increase,
+then we would have here in
+
+elastic strain, and with gamma,
+determined by gamma, a
+
+viscoplastic strain that, of
+course, varies with time.
+
+And you can see the total strain
+here is made up of this
+
+elastic strain plus a
+viscoplastic strain, which
+
+also depends on gamma.
+
+If we have a hardening material,
+then the situation
+
+for the total strain looks
+as shown on this
+
+side of the view graph.
+
+Total strain plotted, again,
+vertically, time here.
+
+We have an elastic strain.
+
+And with time, a viscoplastic
+strain that, however, will
+
+reach a steady state value,
+an ultimate value.
+
+This amount here depends on
+the increase of the yield
+
+stress as a function of the
+viscoplastic strain.
+
+Notice that also, this curve,
+this red curve, depends on the
+
+value of gamma.
+
+As gamma increases, you are
+getting a curve that goes more
+
+sharply up to this green line,
+this steady-state solution.
+
+Let us now look at plasticity
+in more detail.
+
+In other words, how we are
+more dealing plasticity
+
+relationships.
+
+plastic materials, phenomena
+of plasticity in finite
+
+element analysis.
+
+So far, we've only considered
+loading conditions.
+
+However, we of course, in an
+actual analysis, might have
+
+that the material is loading,
+unloading, again
+
+reloading and so on.
+
+So we have to look briefly at,
+how do we take such situations
+
+into account?
+
+Well, on this view graph,
+systematically, we see what
+
+kind of load history
+a material might
+
+be subjected to.
+
+Here we have a load
+increasing.
+
+Say, up to here, we have elastic
+conditions, then we go
+
+into plasticity.
+
+At this point, we unload
+elastically, and right here,
+
+we go back into plasticity.
+
+From here to there, plasticity,
+and then elastic
+
+behavior again.
+
+So how would we model such
+a load situation on
+
+the material level?
+
+That is what we like
+to discuss now.
+
+Here we show a material
+assumption, or a material
+
+relationship, that would
+be typically used.
+
+Stress plotted up, strain
+plotted horizontally.
+
+Here we load the material, going
+to plasticity in the
+
+loading cycle, in the loading
+regime, and now we unload
+
+elastically.
+
+Up to this point,
+we are elastic.
+
+We now are plastic, and we
+unload again elastically, from
+
+the compression region.
+
+Now notice in this particular
+material description, we
+
+assume isotropic hardening.
+
+And this assumption means that
+once we have loaded up to this
+
+point, the new yield stress is
+given by this value here.
+
+And before we would yield
+again, in compression,
+
+typically, or if we unload here
+and come back, of course,
+
+intention, we would have to have
+a gain as stress that is
+
+equal to this yield stress.
+
+So notice in compression, we
+have this value being here,
+
+the same as that one.
+
+And that means we have to go all
+the way down here until we
+
+will get back into plasticity,
+and at this point, we go into
+
+plasticity, as shown here.
+
+The total plastic strains
+is a sum of this
+
+part plus that part.
+
+All of these are plastic
+strains that have been
+
+accumulated in the
+loading cycle.
+
+Notice, once we have loaded in
+compression further, we have a
+
+new yield stress, sigma yield
+2, which is larger
+
+than sigma yield 1.
+
+So whenever we go into the
+plasticity regime and load
+
+further, our yield stress
+increases, and that means we
+
+assume isotropic hardening.
+
+I should also point out at this
+point that we make an
+
+assumption of the bilinear
+material behavior, namely,
+
+bilinear in having one Young's
+modulus here and one
+
+strain-hardening modulus here.
+
+If you have a complex
+stress-strain relationship
+
+measured in laboratory, you may
+want to use one et up to a
+
+certain stress level, and then
+another et from that stress
+
+level on to the next stress
+level, and maybe another et
+
+beyond that.
+
+So you have a multilinear
+description of
+
+the material behavior.
+
+We don't have time to go
+into such details.
+
+It's an extension of this
+material description.
+
+Instead of using isotropic
+hardening assumption, we may
+
+want to use a kinematic
+hardening assumption.
+
+And that assumption is depicted
+on this view graph.
+
+Notice stress, again, upwards,
+strain, horizontally, total
+
+strain horizontally noted, and
+here we're coming up in our
+
+loading cycle to this point, and
+the unload now, same way
+
+as before in isotropic
+hardening--
+
+the difference is right now
+occurring in this regime,
+
+namely our yield stress that
+will make us yield in
+
+compression is not the same
+yield stress that we talked
+
+about in isotropic hardening.
+
+Instead, this difference in
+stress is simply twice the
+
+initial yield stress.
+
+So we reach yield in compression
+much earlier than
+
+in isotopically hardening.
+
+Namely, when the stress has
+decreased by twice this amount
+
+here, we come into the regime
+of yielding again.
+
+And now we would be yielding all
+the way along here, up to
+
+this point, and now we unload
+elastically again.
+
+Notice, this is now the
+plastic strain that we
+
+accumulate in the compression
+region.
+
+This is the plastic strain
+that we accumulate in the
+
+tensile region.
+
+These were a few words regarding
+how we model
+
+one-dimensional elastoplastic
+behavior, and let us now look
+
+at the multi-axial plasticity
+behavior.
+
+How we model, in other words,
+plastic behavior in
+
+multi-axial stress conditions.
+
+In that case, we need a yield
+condition, a flow rule, and a
+
+hardening rule, and I'd like to
+consider now isothermal, in
+
+other words, constant
+temperature conditions.
+
+The yield condition flow rule
+and hardening rule are
+
+expressed using a
+stress function.
+
+And very widely used stress
+functions are the Von Metus
+
+function and the Drucker-Prager
+function.
+
+The Von Mises function is given
+on this view graph here.
+
+tF is equal to 1/2 tsij
+tsij minus t kappa.
+
+Of course, we're summing here
+over all stress components sij
+
+where the stress component sij
+is called the deviatoric
+
+stress, and is given as
+t sigma ij minus t
+
+sigma mm over 3.
+
+This is summing all the normal
+stress components, in other
+
+words, t sigma 11 plus t sigma
+2 2 plus t sigma 3 3, and
+
+dividing by 3.
+
+This is the Kronecker
+delta that we
+
+encountered already earlier.
+
+The t kappa value is
+given here as 1/3
+
+t sigma yield squared.
+
+Notice the yield stress here
+changes as a function of
+
+loading, as a function
+of time.
+
+And in fact, we are here using
+isotropic hardening
+
+conditions.
+
+In the Drucker-Prager stress
+function, assumption we have
+
+this equation here.
+
+tF is equal to 3 alpha t sigma
+m plus t sigma bar minus k.
+
+Notice t sigma m is
+defined as here.
+
+Notice the sum here over all
+the stress is ii, in other
+
+words, t sigma 1 1 plus t sigma
+2 2 plus t sigma 3 3.
+
+That is t sigma i i.
+
+And here we have t sigma bar
+defined, again in terms of the
+
+deviatoric stresses.
+
+We will talk in this lecture
+more about the Von Mises yield
+
+condition, which is very
+widely used for
+
+modeling metal behavior.
+
+The Drucker-Prager yield
+condition is widely used to
+
+model rock and solid mechanics
+types of problems.
+
+We'll not talk in this
+lecture about this
+
+condition any further.
+
+Please refer to the textbook,
+where there is a bit more
+
+information given about the
+
+Drucker-Prager stress function.
+
+We will also use, in our
+discussion, both matrix
+
+notation and index notation.
+
+In matrix notation, for example,
+the vector DEP of
+
+plastic strains is defined
+as shown here.
+
+Notice we are summing these two
+components here for the
+
+shear strains.
+
+The stress vector is shown
+here, and if we use index
+
+notation, we imply
+these components.
+
+dep 1 2 and dep 2 1.
+
+Notice, once again, in these
+vector or matrix notations,
+
+these two components are added
+to get the total plastic shear
+
+strain, 1, 2.
+
+The basic equations are, then,
+for the Von Mises yield
+
+condition, as shown here.
+
+This is a yield condition.
+
+tF, t sigma ij, t kappa.
+
+t kappa is a function of
+the plastic strains.
+
+These are the current
+stresses.
+
+And [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+yielding tF is equal to 0.
+
+That's what we're saying here.
+
+The equivalent for the
+one-dimensional response, in
+
+other words, would
+be this equation.
+
+Notice once again that tS is
+equal to 0 throughout the
+
+total plastic response,
+throughout all of the yielding
+
+that we observe.
+
+The flow rule, and here we use
+the associative flow rule,
+
+because tF is here the same
+tF that we also use
+
+in the yield condition.
+
+The flow rule is given
+by this equation.
+
+Notice we have on the left-hand
+side the plastic
+
+strain increments.
+
+Here we have a scalar,
+t lambda.
+
+And the partial of
+tF with respect
+
+to the current stresses.
+
+t lambda is a positive scalar.
+
+In one-dimension analysis, we
+would have that the plastic
+
+strains 1 1, 2 2, and 3
+3 are as shown here.
+
+And notice, of course, they
+only depend on the
+
+one-dimensional stress,
+or the one stress
+
+that is only active.
+
+And notice that the sum of these
+plastic strains is 0.
+
+This stress-strain relationship
+is given here on
+
+this view graph--
+
+stress increment on the
+left-hand side, elastic
+
+stress-strain, material
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+go into the CE.
+
+Here's the total strain
+increment minus the plastic
+
+strain increment.
+
+The 1-D equivalent, in other
+words, for the one-dimensional
+
+stress situation, we would
+have this equation here.
+
+Now our goal is to determine a
+CEP matrix such that we have
+
+on the left-hand side the stress
+increment, and on the
+
+right-hand side, that
+CEP matrix times the
+
+total strain increment.
+
+Of course, the kind of stress
+conditions, yielding, et
+
+cetera, conditions must
+all go into the
+
+determination off CEP.
+
+Let us now look at the general
+derivation of this CEP matrix.
+
+This is quite a general
+derivation.
+
+It's also given in
+the textbook.
+
+You may want to refer to the
+textbook as well while we
+
+discuss this deviation
+or afterwards.
+
+We define these quantities here,
+tqij being the partial
+
+of F with respect to the current
+stresses with the
+
+plastic strains fixed.
+
+We also define tpij equal to
+minus partial F with respect
+
+to the plastic strains with
+the stress fixed.
+
+These are two convenient
+definitions for the
+
+derivation.
+
+If we use matrix notation,
+we assemble in
+
+this vector at tq--
+
+we are writing actually, the
+transposed here, just for ease
+
+of writing--
+
+these components are assembled
+in this vector.
+
+Notice we have 2 times tq12,
+2 times tq 2 0 3, and
+
+2 times tq 3 1.
+
+And these tools here result
+from our definition of the
+
+plastic strain and stress
+increment vectors.
+
+Remember in the plastic strain
+vector, we had the sum of Dep
+
+1 2 plus Dep 2 1 components, we
+got the total plastic share
+
+strain assembled in that
+plastic strain vector.
+
+And because we have defined our
+plastic strain vector and
+
+our stress increment vectors as
+shown earlier on the view
+
+graph, we now carry these
+two along here.
+
+tp, transposed again,
+is written out here.
+
+We know determine t lambda
+in terms of de.
+
+That is our first step.
+
+Because if we have this
+relationship, then we can say,
+
+we have the plastic strain
+increment in terms of a total
+
+strain increment.
+
+Using tf equal to 0, throughout
+the plastic
+
+deformations, because we know
+that our yield condition has
+
+to be satisfied throughout all
+of the plastic deformations,
+
+we can directly write down
+this equation here.
+
+And with our definition just
+given, we rewrite this
+
+right-hand side as shown here.
+
+And we also substitute for
+dep, t lambda times tq.
+
+Notice, once again, we have now
+in the fourth fifth, and
+
+sixth component of tq this
+factor two, because of the
+
+definition of dep
+shown earlier.
+
+Well, there's nothing else than
+a matrix rewriting of
+
+this relationship here, of this
+right-hand side here.
+
+And we now use this relationship
+in our further
+
+developments.
+
+But before doing so, let us see
+how we can rewrite this
+
+left-hand side here.
+
+tq times [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+t sigma.
+
+We can write this left-hand
+side also as shown on the
+
+right-hand side here, because we
+can substitute for t sigma
+
+simply the stress-strain law.
+
+The flow rule, of course, gives
+us this relationship
+
+here for the plastic
+strain increment.
+
+Hence, if we use what we have up
+here and substitute for the
+
+plastic strain increments, we
+directly obtain what I'm
+
+circling here.
+
+Next we use what we derived on
+the previous view graph,
+
+namely, tq times post t sigma is
+equal to what's shown here
+
+on the right-hand side,
+what I'm circling now.
+
+And this together then gives
+us an equation that we can
+
+solve for t lambda.
+
+Having solved for t lambda, and
+I will show you the result
+
+on the next few graph charts
+now, we can substitute 40
+
+lambda back here, and we get our
+plastic strains directly.
+
+Well, let's look
+at the result.
+
+Here we have t lambda, notice,
+given in terms of the
+
+differential total
+strain increment.
+
+And now substituting, as I said
+just now, 40 lambda, we
+
+get the plastic strains
+in terms of the
+
+total strain increment.
+
+This relationship is
+now used in the
+
+stress-strain law again.
+
+Notice the stress-strain
+law is shown here.
+
+And we directly obtain, by
+expressing dep in terms of de
+
+by the relation that we just
+have obtained on the previous
+
+view graph, we directly obtain
+this final expression for CEP.
+
+Of course the current stresses
+go in there, and the current
+
+material conditions
+go in there.
+
+And we will apply this general
+expression to an example just
+
+now, namely the example
+of the Von Mises flow
+
+rule and yield condition.
+
+However, before doing so, we
+know need to break, because we
+
+have to continue our discussion
+on a second reel.
+
+So let us now apply this general
+relationship here
+
+which we just derived to the
+case of the Von Mises yield
+
+condition with isotropic
+hardening.
+
+In that case, yielding is
+reached when the principal
+
+stress is here on the right-hand
+side, substituted
+
+into this right-hand side, give
+us the yield stress, t
+
+sigma yield.
+
+Or another way of saying it, our
+tf function is given right
+
+down here, where we have here
+the deviatoric stresses
+
+squared, t kappa
+is shown here.
+
+We had in fact this relationship
+already on an
+
+earlier view graph.
+
+Notice that this relationship
+on TF is really the same as
+
+what you see up here.
+
+But of course, here we are
+talking about the use of
+
+principal stresses, whereas here
+we are talking about the
+
+use of deviatoric stresses.
+
+Pictorally, we can represent
+the yield
+
+surface as shown here.
+
+In plain stress analysis, this
+would be the yield surface.
+
+In other words, t sigma 2 and t
+sigma 1 are the principle of
+
+stresses that are generally
+non-zero, but t sigma 3 is 0.
+
+Here we have the yield stress,
+and on the right-hand side, we
+
+see the [? general ?]
+
+yield condition in
+
+three-dimensional stress space.
+
+Notice initially we have sigma
+yield, [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+radius of this cylinder, and
+that radius expands with time,
+
+and it expands uniformly, as
+shown, with the green circle
+
+here to t sigma yield.
+
+In other words, the cylinder
+grows uniformly, the radius
+
+grows with isotopically
+hardening.
+
+Notice that for the plane stress
+case, the hardening
+
+would be stress by having this
+ellipse grow, as briefly
+
+indicated, by this green line,
+which of course goes all the
+
+way around it.
+
+Let us now compute
+the derivative
+
+that we need to have.
+
+First we consider tpij.
+
+tpij was defined as
+shown right here.
+
+And simply substituting for tf
+in terms of the deviatoric
+
+stress components and the
+current yield stress, and
+
+differentiating, we obtain
+this part here.
+
+Notice t sigma ij is fixed.
+
+Therefore, these are constant
+here, and of course drop out.
+
+We get this result, and all we
+have to evaluate the partial
+
+of the yield stress with respect
+to the plastic strain.
+
+That is achieved by the concept
+of the plastic work.
+
+The plastic work per unit volume
+is the amount of energy
+
+that is unrecoverable when
+the material is unloaded.
+
+This energy, in other words, has
+been used up to create a
+
+plastic deformation.
+
+What we will do is use
+this concept for the
+
+one-dimensional case, and then
+generalize it to the
+
+multidimensional situation.
+
+Pictorally, in the 1D example,
+in other words, only one
+
+stress component being non-zero,
+one normal stress
+
+component to be non-zero, we
+have this stress-strain law.
+
+You're looking at the
+bilinear case, which
+
+we discussed earlier.
+
+And the plastic work is
+simply obtained by
+
+this integral here.
+
+Stress times plastic strain.
+
+Integrate it over
+the whole path.
+
+So this shaded area is equal
+to the plastic work.
+
+In general, of course, we have
+the current stress times the
+
+plastic strain and in
+component forms.
+
+And we are summing over
+all the components.
+
+If we look at the
+one-dimensional case, we can
+
+directly express twp as shown
+here, in terms of the Young's
+
+modulus and the strain-hardening
+modulus, and
+
+the yield stress at time t, this
+one right there, and the
+
+initial yield stress, that
+one right there.
+
+This expression here gives
+the shaded area.
+
+We can now differentiate and
+obtain the yield stress
+
+differentiated with respect
+to the plastic work, this
+
+expression down here.
+
+Using this expression in all our
+general multidimensional
+
+dimensional case, we directly
+obtain tpij.
+
+In terms of what's shown here on
+the right-hand side, notice
+
+we take sigma yield stress at
+time t with respect to the
+
+plastic work corresponding to
+time t, and then partial
+
+plastic work with respect
+to the plastic strains.
+
+Substituting here, we get this
+bracket for the sigma yield
+
+with respect to the plastic
+work, and plastic work with
+
+respect to the plastic
+strains is equal
+
+to the current stress.
+
+And immediately we arrive
+at this final
+
+relationship here for tpij.
+
+Alternatively, we could have
+also used the effective stress
+
+in effective plastic strain.
+
+The effective stress is defined
+as shown here, using
+
+the deviatoric stresses, and the
+effect of plastic strain
+
+is defined here.
+
+Notice this is a differential
+increment in the effect of
+
+plastic strain.
+
+And if we use these two
+quantities, we can also obtain
+
+tpij via this relationship, and
+the result is of course
+
+the same that I just
+showed you on the
+
+previous view graph.
+
+Let's now consider tqij, because
+that is the other
+
+quantity we need.
+
+And here we recognize we have to
+take the partial of f with
+
+respect to the current stresses
+with the plastic
+
+strains fixed.
+
+We substitute for f, and we
+differentiate, recognizing now
+
+with the plastic strains
+fixed, the
+
+yield stress is a constant.
+
+Therefore, all we need to do is
+differentiate the product
+
+of the deviatoric stresses,
+and that is achieved here.
+
+The substitute for the
+deviatoric stress is shown on
+
+the right-hand side here, and
+recognize that the t sigma kl
+
+differentiates with respect to
+t sigma ij is nothing else
+
+than the product of these
+two Kronecker deltas.
+
+Delta ik, of course being equal
+to 1 when i is equal to
+
+k and equal to 0 when
+i is not equal to k.
+
+And we also recognize that this
+relationship here reduces
+
+directly to that relationship,
+and the whole right-hand side
+
+then becomes simply the
+deviatoric stress at time t.
+
+With these relationships for
+tqij and tpij substituting
+
+into our general derivation of
+CEP, we directly obtain this
+
+CEP matrix for the
+three-dimensional case of the
+
+Von Mises flow condition which
+isotropic strain-hardening.
+
+Let's look at some
+of these terms.
+
+In front, we have the Young's
+modulus and the Poisson's
+
+ratio down here.
+
+Young's modulus here, Poisson's
+ratio here.
+
+Notice here, again, Poisson's
+ratio, the same way as we have
+
+it in elastic analysis, here
+we have now the deviatoric
+
+stress component entering.
+
+Similarly here, the deviatoric
+stress component entering.
+
+And so on.
+
+There's also a factor beta that
+goes in there, and beta
+
+is defined down here in terms
+of the yield stress, Young's
+
+modulus and strain-hardening
+modulus, and Poisson's ratio.
+
+So this is a general expression,
+and let's now see
+
+how good we use that
+general expression.
+
+Well, it would enter in the
+evaluation of the stresses
+
+from time t to time
+t plus delta t.
+
+We have a stress increment which
+is added to the current
+
+stress at time t to obtain the
+stress at time t plus delta t.
+
+This relationship here is
+expressed as shown here with
+
+the CEP matrix.
+
+In other words, d sigma is
+given as CEP times de.
+
+Now, this integration has
+to be performed at every
+
+integration point used in
+the finite element.
+
+Here we're showing 3 by 3
+integration used in an 8-node,
+
+two-dimensional element.
+
+And notice once again that this
+integration has to be
+
+performed at every one of these
+integration points,
+
+which of course can be
+quite expensive.
+
+So we need to perform the
+integration as effective as
+
+just possible.
+
+One simple scheme to use is
+Euler forward integration.
+
+And without subimplementation--
+
+I will explain subimplementation
+just now--
+
+without subincrementation, we
+evaluate the integral on the
+
+left-hand side here by simply
+saying, let us evaluate CP
+
+corresponding to time t.
+
+Since we know the stress at time
+t, we know the deviatoric
+
+stress at time t, we can
+directly evaluate CEP,
+
+entering into that matrix
+equation that I gave you on
+
+one of the previous
+view graphs.
+
+You can get CEP at time t, since
+we know the stress at
+
+time t, and simply multiply
+it by the total
+
+increment in strain.
+
+Now, this would be OK if the
+strain increment is very
+
+small, and consequently also,
+say it leads to a very small
+
+stress increment.
+
+But in general, this
+linearization involved in
+
+using the Euler forward method
+can introduce a too-large
+
+error that we don't want to
+see in the analysis, and
+
+therefore, we use what we call
+the subincrementation.
+
+Within subincrements, the
+subincrementation proceeds as
+
+shown this view graph for the
+evaluation of this integral.
+
+Notice CEP, times t, times delta
+e the over n, where n is
+
+the number of subincrements,
+once again.
+
+This means that we now can
+evaluate the stress at the end
+
+of the first subincrement.
+
+We use that stress, which
+corresponds to
+
+t plus delta tau--
+
+tau is delta t over n--
+
+to evaluate this CEP matrix and
+multiply the result again
+
+by delta e/n.
+
+Now this then, together, gives
+us this stress at the end of
+
+the second subincrement.
+
+And like that, we proceed to
+forward march the stress over
+
+each of the subincrements up
+to time t plus delta t.
+
+This is nothing else really
+but the application of the
+
+previous formula, the one on the
+previous view graph, over
+
+each subincrement, always
+updating, of course, the
+
+stress that goes into the
+evaluation of the CEP matrix.
+
+Pictorally, we have the
+following situation.
+
+Along here, we are plotting time
+t we have here, time t
+
+here, time t plus delta
+t there at the end.
+
+Here we have the subincrements
+1, 2, 3, et cetera.
+
+You know that by the dot.
+
+And notice at the end of the
+first subincrement, we have
+
+time t plus delta tau.
+
+At the end of the second
+subincrement, we have time t
+
+plus 2 delta tau, and so on.
+
+The subimplementation
+schematically proceeds by
+
+calculating this stress
+increment so that we have t
+
+plus delta tau sigma, then
+evaluating a new stress-strain
+
+law, based on this stress,
+multiplying by the
+
+subincrement in strain,
+total strain, to
+
+get a stress increment.
+
+Thus you get this stress, and
+like that, you proceed,
+
+forward marching, again and
+again, until you have the
+
+final stress at time
+t plus delta t.
+
+Let us now look at the summary
+of the procedure the way that
+
+you would use it in a computer
+program, and that summary is
+
+given on the following
+view graph.
+
+We assume that the strain
+corresponding to time t plus
+
+delta t is known.
+
+We have calculated that.
+
+The stress corresponding to time
+t is also known, and of
+
+course the strain corresponding
+to time t is
+
+also known.
+
+We then, as a first,
+
+meta-calculate a strain increment.
+
+DELEPS is equal to STRAIN
+minus EPSILON.
+
+This is a strain increment
+from time t to time
+
+t plus delta t.
+
+We use that strain increment
+to calculate a stress
+
+increment, assuming
+elastic behavior.
+
+CE denotes a matrix of elastic
+material behavior.
+
+In other words, in this matrix
+go the Young's modulus and
+
+Poisson's ratio, and of course
+this one varies depending on
+
+what kind of conditions,
+plane-stress, plane-strain,
+
+axis-symmetric, or
+three-dimensional analysis
+
+you're looking at.
+
+But I think you know what
+I mean by that.
+
+Having delsigma, we calculate
+tau by updating sigma for that
+
+stress increment.
+
+With this stress now, we check
+whether the strain was
+
+actually taken elastically.
+
+In other words, whether our
+assumption that we have made
+
+up here was correct.
+
+And that is done by entering
+into the yield
+
+condition with that tau.
+
+If f of tau is smaller or equals
+0, then the strain
+
+increment is elastic, and in
+this case, tau was correct,
+
+and we return If that was not
+the case, then we have to
+
+continue in our solution
+procedure,
+
+and we do so as follows.
+
+If the previous state of stress
+was plastic, we set
+
+this ratio to 0 and go to g,
+because the whole strain,
+
+then, was taken up plastically,
+
+also in this step.
+
+Otherwise, if this condition is
+not true, we have to find
+
+that stress value at which
+yielding started.
+
+And we do also by entering into
+the yield function with
+
+sigma plus ratio times
+delsigma, where
+
+ratio is now unknown.
+
+Delsigma is known, sigma is
+known, so we can calculate
+
+from this equation here
+the value of ratios.
+
+And ratio gives us that stress
+increment, which brings us to
+
+initiation of yielding.
+
+Having ratio, we update the
+stress from sigma too tau, a
+
+new value of tau, where ratio
+goes in here, and we calculate
+
+the elastic-plastic strain
+increment, using also ratio.
+
+And that is a total
+elastic-plastic strain
+
+increment here.
+
+This value depth now is used
+integrate out the stress
+
+occurring during the plastic
+deformations.
+
+And that is done by the
+subincrementation process that
+
+we discussed earlier.
+
+We divide depth into
+subincrements DDEPS, and we
+
+calculate this tau value
+by cycling through this
+
+subincrementation here, which
+we described on an earlier
+
+view graph.
+
+And this then completes the
+calculation of the stress
+
+value corresponding
+to time t plus t.
+
+So this is a very compact
+summary of how the stress
+
+integration from time
+t to time t
+
+plus delta t is performed.
+
+Of course, there are many
+important details here that we
+
+haven't really looked at in
+depth, but I think it gives
+
+you a summary that is quite
+valuable, because it tells,
+
+overall, how the integration
+is being performed.
+
+Let us now look at two
+example solutions.
+
+First, an example solution for
+which we have prepared some
+
+slides, and after that, an
+example solution for which we
+
+have prepared an animation.
+
+Let me walk over here to share
+with you the information on
+
+the slides.
+
+And here we consider the
+following problem.
+
+You have a rigid punch here
+subjected to a load, lying on
+
+an infinite half-space.
+
+As the load increases,
+plasticity develops down here,
+
+and there is an ultimate
+load, a limit load,
+
+that we want to calculate.
+
+In other words, there's a load
+here at which there will be
+
+very large deformations down
+here, and the material can
+
+take no higher load.
+
+This plane strain punch problem
+was considered by many
+
+investigators, but Hill actually
+predicted the plastic
+
+zones, and also the ultimate
+limit load.
+
+And we want to compare our
+finite element solution with
+
+the solution given by Hill.
+
+On the next slide now, we see
+the finite element mesh used.
+
+Notice we are only idealizing
+1/2 of the domain, as shown by
+
+this boundary here.
+
+Notice also that we have moved
+this boundary here and that
+
+boundary here far enough away
+from the load application.
+
+Notice that we have
+a fine mesh here,
+
+a coarse mesh there.
+
+In the fine mesh, we use 8-node
+elements, in the coarse
+
+mesh, we use 4-node elements.
+
+And there is a transition region
+here, there, from the
+
+8-node over to 7-node, into
+6-node, and then finally into
+
+4-node elements.
+
+It's an interesting
+small point here.
+
+There is an incompatibility here
+between this element and
+
+these two elements.
+
+An incompatibility because this
+element here, being a
+
+6-node element, has a parabolic
+displacement
+
+distribution along this line,
+whereas this element here,
+
+being a 7-node element and a
+linear assumption along this
+
+line here for displacement,
+only admits a linear
+
+displacement distribution.
+
+So there is small
+incompatibility here, and
+
+similarly here.
+
+However, that incompatibility
+we deem to be small, that it
+
+would not affect the results
+very considerably.
+
+Now, in an elastoplastic
+plastic, analysis like in any
+
+non-linear analysis that you
+would like to perform, I
+
+pointed out in an earlier
+lecture, it is always
+
+important to start with the
+linear solutions, just to see
+
+how well your mesh performs and
+whether you have any data
+
+input errors, possibly, even.
+
+It is good to perform first a
+linear solution where you can
+
+compare with analytical
+or other results.
+
+This is what we have done here,
+and let me show you on
+
+the next slide what we
+have considered.
+
+We have applied a point load
+here to the half space, used
+
+the same finite element mesh
+that I just showed you, and
+
+looked at the stresses.
+
+At this depth A, below the
+surface, it's 0.697 inches.
+
+At that depth, we're looking
+at the stresses along this
+
+line here on a horizontal
+line.
+
+These stresses here are plotted
+on this graph for
+
+different components.
+
+Sigma zz, Sigma yy, tau yz.
+
+And they are compared with the
+theoretical solution, the
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+theoretical solution.
+
+Notice excellent comparison,
+obtained really for the stress
+
+components, and this means
+that our mesh is quite
+
+reasonable, and we can
+proceed with the
+
+elastoplastic analysis.
+
+Notice please that we have
+used here two-point
+
+integration, 2-by-2 integration,
+for all the
+
+elements, including the
+8-node element.
+
+We then performed the same
+analysis, also one, using
+
+three-point integration, and
+these results are shown on
+
+this slide.
+
+Same picture here.
+
+Here stress is as a function
+of the distance from the
+
+center line in inches.
+
+Notice with three-point
+integration, also excellent
+
+comparison for the stress
+components.
+
+On the next slide now, you'll
+see the elastoplastic results.
+
+And here we see the applied
+load, normalized by a factor
+
+plotted versus the displacement
+of the punch,
+
+also normalized by factor.
+
+And we see two curves here,
+one corresponding to
+
+three-point integration and one
+corresponding to two-point
+
+integration.
+
+Now notice that the three-point
+integration
+
+results are higher
+than those of the
+
+two-point integration results.
+
+And that's a very interesting
+phenomenon.
+
+It is due to the fact that the
+three-point integration puts a
+
+higher incompressibility
+constraint into the mesh.
+
+In fact, a too-high
+incompressibility constraint..
+
+This is a very interesting
+phenomenon, but it is best
+
+discussed in another lecture.
+
+Notice that however our solution
+results all give us a
+
+horizontal line here for the
+two-point integration and
+
+three-point integration, and
+certainly, the two-point
+
+integration results
+are quite close to
+
+the theoretical value.
+
+If we were to use the finer mesh
+and still use three-point
+
+integration, we would
+get also closer to
+
+the theoretical value.
+
+Of course, we have here, I
+should have pointed out, an
+
+elastic, perfectly plastic
+material assumption for the
+
+material under the footing.
+
+Please refer to the details of
+this example solution given in
+
+the paper in which we have
+reported this sample solution.
+
+And the reference to
+that paper is given
+
+in the study guide.
+
+The second problem that I'd
+like to discuss with you
+
+concerns the analysis of a plate
+with a hole that we are
+
+subjecting to very large
+tensile forces.
+
+And there is one interesting
+feature that we observe in
+
+that analysis which we have not
+seen here on the slides,
+
+namely, the spread of plasticity
+through the domain.
+
+So let me introduce you to this
+problem using just two
+
+view graphs, and then show you
+the animation which gives the
+
+results to the problem.
+
+Here we have the plate
+with a hole.
+
+It's subjected to tensile
+forces, so you can see.
+
+And we want to calculate,
+really, the ultimate limit
+
+load of the plate, and we want
+to see now the spread of
+
+plasticity.
+
+Of course, that spread of
+plasticity also occurs in the
+
+analysis of the rigid punch on
+an elastoplastic footing, but
+
+I did not show you that spread
+of placiticity there.
+
+I'd like to show you
+the spread the
+
+plasticity now here.
+
+And you will see that the
+plasticity actually spread
+
+through the elements,
+integration point by
+
+integration point.
+
+And of course initially, as a
+load increase is not so rapid,
+
+but then all of a sudden you see
+a very rapid spread of the
+
+plasticity, right through this
+domain here, that domain
+
+there, and so on, by symmetry
+conditions.
+
+Now, because of symmetry
+conditions, we also will look
+
+at only one quarter
+of the plate--
+
+this quarter right here.
+
+The material assumption that
+is used in the analysis is
+
+shown on this view graph.
+
+Stress here, strain there.
+
+Notice Young's modulus, as
+shown here, Poisson ratio
+
+there, and the strain-hardening
+modulus is
+
+shown here.
+
+We assume isotropic hardening.
+
+The same problem would also be
+considered further in a later
+
+lecture, when we actually use
+the ADINA program to show an
+
+application.
+
+So you will encounter this
+problem there again.
+
+Notice that in this particular
+analysis that you will be
+
+seeing now, in the animation,
+we assumed a materially
+
+non-linear only condition.
+
+In other words, we assumed
+infinitesimally small
+
+displacement and strains.
+
+However, in the very last load
+steps, just before the plate
+
+ruptures, we encounter,
+actually, larger strains, but
+
+only those last load steps.
+
+And in order to capture this
+very last behavior of the
+
+plate very accurately, one would
+have to perform a large
+
+strain analysis of the plate,
+which we did not do here, and
+
+which really would
+be the object off
+
+another lecture, as well.
+
+So let's look now at the
+response of the plate.
+
+Yes, it is subjected to the
+tensile forces and how the
+
+plasticity spread through the
+plate until final rupture.
+
+Let's look at the animation.
+
+We will look first at a fast
+animation, where the response
+
+occurs very fast, and then
+we'll look at the same
+
+animation again but slower, so
+that I can better talk about
+
+it while you're watching it, and
+you can better understand
+
+what I'm saying.
+
+Here we see one quarter of the
+plate discretized using 288
+
+eight-node isoparametric
+plane stress elements.
+
+The time course gives
+the load step.
+
+We perform the static analysis
+and the load corresponding to
+
+each solution step
+is also shown.
+
+Here you see now the load
+increasing, and in the first
+
+load step, the plate
+remains elastic.
+
+Plasticity then developed as
+a whole and spreads rapidly
+
+through the plate as
+the load increases.
+
+The deformations of the
+plate are given here
+
+to a magnified scale.
+
+This was a rather fast look at
+the plate behavior, so let's
+
+look at it again and over a
+somewhat longer time scale.
+
+Here we have again the
+plate at time 0--
+
+that is at zero-load
+application.
+
+Now the load application starts,
+and initially, the
+
+plate remains elastic.
+
+Be sure that an element
+integration point has gone
+
+plastic by darkening the
+regions around it.
+
+Since we use 3-by-3 Gauss
+integration, considering an
+
+element on an average 1/9 of
+the element [? area ?]
+
+corresponds to an integration
+point.
+
+Here you can see how the
+plasticity spreads from
+
+element to element, and indeed,
+from integration point
+
+to integration point.
+
+We will discuss the analysis
+of the plate
+
+again in lecture 22.
+
+We will also perform analyses
+and study the results,
+
+including large displacement
+and large strain effects.
+
+Once again, the deformations of
+the plate are shown here in
+
+the animation to a
+magnified scale.
+
+The actual displacements are
+discussed in lecture 22.
+
+So this brings me then to
+the end of this lecture.
+
+I discussed everything I wanted
+to discuss with you in
+
+this lecture.
+
+Thank you very much for
+your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Had-EG2Af-w.txt b/Had-EG2Af-w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61a9dc95f76ab792dce7cc9edb6f62fd59adf124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Had-EG2Af-w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have a fair amount to cover today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a fair amount to cover today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a fair amount to cover today
+especially if I want to go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if I want to go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if I want to go all the way
+to uh what a lot of you were interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh what a lot of you were interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh what a lot of you were interested
+in in reading the Indonesia paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in reading the Indonesia paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in reading the Indonesia paper
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I might not get to but we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might not get to but we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might not get to but we are going to
+do our best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our best
+um today I want to talk about private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today I want to talk about private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today I want to talk about private
+and social returns to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social returns to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social returns to education
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what are the private return to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the private return to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the private return to education
+well we discussed them a little bit they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we discussed them a little bit they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we discussed them a little bit they
+are on the one hand impact on the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the one hand impact on the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the one hand impact on the labor
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+and on the other hand uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand uh the
+um the impact on get making it easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the impact on get making it easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the impact on get making it easier to
+raise a future generation that itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a future generation that itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a future generation that itself
+has a lot of Education which we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of Education which we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of Education which we can take
+as a shortcut for human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a shortcut for human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a shortcut for human capital
+and the private return also include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the private return also include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the private return also include the
+happiness that comes out of out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness that comes out of out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness that comes out of out of
+educating your children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educating your children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educating your children
+there is plenty of evidence that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is plenty of evidence that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is plenty of evidence that there
+is a strong correlation between human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strong correlation between human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strong correlation between human
+capital and earnings one of these comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and earnings one of these comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and earnings one of these comes
+for for example from from the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for example from from the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for example from from the one of the
+descriptive stats in the Indonesia study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive stats in the Indonesia study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive stats in the Indonesia study
+where we see that people who have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we see that people who have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we see that people who have more
+education make more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education make more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education make more money
+potentially with some you know evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially with some you know evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially with some you know evidence
+of a jump towards Middle School might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a jump towards Middle School might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a jump towards Middle School might
+even look like a S curve if we use Quint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even look like a S curve if we use Quint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even look like a S curve if we use Quint
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so that's there there's similar evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's there there's similar evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's there there's similar evidence
+by the way on health this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way on health this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way on health this is a
+correlation between people's uh body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between people's uh body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between people's uh body
+mass index or their height and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass index or their height and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass index or their height and their
+earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings
+and you can also potentially you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also potentially you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also potentially you might
+be tempted to interpret this as a return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tempted to interpret this as a return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tempted to interpret this as a return
+to physical health so we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physical health so we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physical health so we're going to be
+talking today about education but a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking today about education but a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking today about education but a lot
+of what we are doing both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we are doing both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we are doing both in terms of
+the intellectual content and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intellectual content and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intellectual content and
+methodological content can be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodological content can be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodological content can be found
+again thinking about the the return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again thinking about the the return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again thinking about the the return to
+physical health instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical health instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical health instead
+and then also you know evidence of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also you know evidence of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also you know evidence of all
+sorts of other health benefits of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other health benefits of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other health benefits of health
+and education which could be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and education which could be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and education which could be represented
+as foremost consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as foremost consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as foremost consumption
+uh like uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like uh you know
+how healthy your own kids are political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how healthy your own kids are political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how healthy your own kids are political
+attitude Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there is also evidence of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is also evidence of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is also evidence of interaction
+between uh different forms of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh different forms of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh different forms of human
+capital so educated people are healthier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital so educated people are healthier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital so educated people are healthier
+the children of educated people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children of educated people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children of educated people are
+healthier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthier
+healthier children Miss fewer days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthier children Miss fewer days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthier children Miss fewer days of
+school and then on mod as adults for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and then on mod as adults for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and then on mod as adults for
+example when you deworm children the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when you deworm children the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when you deworm children the
+hemisphere days of schools they earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere days of schools they earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere days of schools they earn
+smart adults I think we saw that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart adults I think we saw that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart adults I think we saw that in the
+first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if we take if we go back to the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take if we go back to the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take if we go back to the basic
+correlation what's the basic problem why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation what's the basic problem why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation what's the basic problem why
+was it tentative when I was looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it tentative when I was looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it tentative when I was looking at
+showing you these graphs in interpreting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you these graphs in interpreting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you these graphs in interpreting
+this as returns necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is the causal effect of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the causal effect of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the causal effect of human
+capital say on earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital say on earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital say on earnings
+education or height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education or height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education or height
+or BMI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah guys
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah there could be selection issues or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there could be selection issues or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there could be selection issues or
+various kinds ability bias omitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds ability bias omitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds ability bias omitted
+variable of the kind that people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of the kind that people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of the kind that people who
+have enough money to feed their children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough money to feed their children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough money to feed their children
+also have enough money to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have enough money to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have enough money to make sure that
+they get the right apprenticeship uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get the right apprenticeship uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get the right apprenticeship uh
+people who live in towns will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who live in towns will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who live in towns will have
+better schools they will also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better schools they will also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better schools they will also have
+better job opportunity and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job opportunity and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job opportunity and so on and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another issue that we want to so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue that we want to so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue that we want to so that's
+basically what we are going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we are going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we are going to try and
+take care of today what a lot of fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of today what a lot of fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of today what a lot of fair
+amount of the literature is is concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the literature is is concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the literature is is concerned
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+another issue that comes up very much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue that comes up very much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue that comes up very much in
+the Ghana paper is the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ghana paper is the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ghana paper is the distinction
+between private and social returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between private and social returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between private and social returns
+so the pilot returns are for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pilot returns are for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pilot returns are for any
+individual how much money they make with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual how much money they make with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual how much money they make with
+or without education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or without education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or without education
+and in fact from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact from the point of view of
+the parents you could add a layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parents you could add a layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parents you could add a layer of
+private estimated return which is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private estimated return which is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private estimated return which is how
+much they think the child is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they think the child is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they think the child is going to
+make with or without education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make with or without education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make with or without education
+and then there are the social returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are the social returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are the social returns
+which is the value for Society of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the value for Society of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the value for Society of a
+particular individual getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular individual getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular individual getting more
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+and so what are the sources of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what are the sources of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what are the sources of the
+discrepancy between private and social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between private and social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between private and social
+returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might
+worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so they can be they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so they can be they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so they can be they can be
+displacement effect in the Ghana paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement effect in the Ghana paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement effect in the Ghana paper
+it's pretty obvious because education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty obvious because education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty obvious because education is
+used as a ticket for Trend seeking jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a ticket for Trend seeking jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a ticket for Trend seeking jobs
+and then there are only so many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are only so many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are only so many of those
+it's not that you can create more I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you can create more I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you can create more I mean
+you could to some extent if the educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could to some extent if the educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could to some extent if the educated
+people were so much better at the job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were so much better at the job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were so much better at the job of
+of uh running the government you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh running the government you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh running the government you could
+increase the size of the government a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the size of the government a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the size of the government a
+little bit but the truth is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but the truth is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but the truth is that the
+government is probably mostly uh uh rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is probably mostly uh uh rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is probably mostly uh uh rent
+seeking job there are only so many that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking job there are only so many that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking job there are only so many that
+can happen so it's basically a one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen so it's basically a one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen so it's basically a one for
+one displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one displacement
+and uh that's not I don't think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's not I don't think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's not I don't think that's
+an exception that I don't think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exception that I don't think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exception that I don't think that's a
+special case in Ghana I think this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case in Ghana I think this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case in Ghana I think this idea
+that we see in the Gana paper uh I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the Gana paper uh I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the Gana paper uh I'll go
+back to that but I'll show you the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that but I'll show you the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that but I'll show you the graph
+that we see in the Gana paper where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the Gana paper where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the Gana paper where
+people think that someone with education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think that someone with education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think that someone with education
+what they might be doing is is to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they might be doing is is to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they might be doing is is to get a
+government government job very likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government government job very likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government government job very likely
+and that is one key reason why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is one key reason why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is one key reason why people
+are looking for to educate their kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking for to educate their kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking for to educate their kids
+because they are usually restriction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are usually restriction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are usually restriction on
+whether you can even apply as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can even apply as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can even apply as a function
+of your education degree you need maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your education degree you need maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your education degree you need maybe
+a tertiary degree for which you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tertiary degree for which you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tertiary degree for which you need a
+secondary degree oh you need just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary degree oh you need just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary degree oh you need just a
+secondary degree this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary degree this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary degree this is something that
+we are seeing uh this sort of cue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are seeing uh this sort of cue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are seeing uh this sort of cue for
+the government jobs is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government jobs is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government jobs is something that we
+are seeing in country after country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeing in country after country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeing in country after country
+after countries in the developing World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after countries in the developing World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after countries in the developing World
+in India there is a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India there is a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India there is a very interesting
+fact which is that you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact which is that you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact which is that you can only
+apply until you're 30 I believe maybe 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply until you're 30 I believe maybe 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply until you're 30 I believe maybe 35
+doesn't the specific date doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the specific date doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the specific date doesn't matter
+let's say 30.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 30.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 30.
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+people are really sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are really sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are really sure that the
+unemployment rate Falls dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate Falls dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate Falls dramatically
+exactly at 30.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly at 30.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly at 30.
+so people basically until 30 still hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people basically until 30 still hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people basically until 30 still hope
+that they might get a job they're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might get a job they're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might get a job they're kind
+of holding out for that job live with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of holding out for that job live with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of holding out for that job live with
+the power and figure it out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power and figure it out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power and figure it out and then
+when it's clear that they can't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's clear that they can't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's clear that they can't get it
+anymore then they go and get a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore then they go and get a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore then they go and get a job
+so this sort of cues for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of cues for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of cues for those
+government job is uh I've come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government job is uh I've come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government job is uh I've come to
+believe a very disturbed has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe a very disturbed has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe a very disturbed has a very
+destructive impact on the whole labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive impact on the whole labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive impact on the whole labor
+market and in the Ghana people we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and in the Ghana people we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and in the Ghana people we are
+seeing them all over the place so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing them all over the place so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing them all over the place so that's
+the first that's an extreme example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first that's an extreme example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first that's an extreme example of
+displacement but in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement but in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement but in the absence of
+government job would you nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government job would you nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government job would you nonetheless
+have could you nonetheless have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have could you nonetheless have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have could you nonetheless have
+displacement effects in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement effects in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement effects in the absence of
+government or in fact any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government or in fact any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government or in fact any sort of
+forensicing opportunity with a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensicing opportunity with a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensicing opportunity with a perfect
+perfectly competitive labor market would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive labor market would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive labor market would
+you nonetheless potentially see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nonetheless potentially see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nonetheless potentially see
+displacement effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes today is that for sure there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes today is that for sure there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes today is that for sure there might
+be a ripple effect on tertiary education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a ripple effect on tertiary education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a ripple effect on tertiary education
+but even you know I'm if we consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even you know I'm if we consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even you know I'm if we consider the
+labor market and you know just the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market and you know just the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market and you know just the fact
+that they are more educated workers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are more educated workers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are more educated workers in
+the labor markets uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor markets uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor markets uh is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+my dad create displacement of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dad create displacement of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dad create displacement of other
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you jump back and before everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you jump back and before everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you jump back and before everyone else
+exactly and and we where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and and we where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and and we where
+are these very would we find that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these very would we find that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these very would we find that it's
+very very unusual uh uh labor markets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very unusual uh uh labor markets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very unusual uh uh labor markets or
+type of modeling the River Market or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of modeling the River Market or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of modeling the River Market or
+would this would we expect this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this would we expect this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this would we expect this to be
+to happen fairly easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's pretty standard simply it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty standard simply it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty standard simply it's it's
+gonna depend of course on the label on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna depend of course on the label on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna depend of course on the label on
+the on the on the production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the on the production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the on the production function
+but so one case where you're obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so one case where you're obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so one case where you're obviously
+going to find it is uh if uh people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find it is uh if uh people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find it is uh if uh people are
+working with a limited resource for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a limited resource for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a limited resource for
+example land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example land
+and there's only so much of it and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's only so much of it and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's only so much of it and if
+educated workers are more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated workers are more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated workers are more productive
+they are going to there is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to there is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to there is going to be a
+substitution between educated worker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution between educated worker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution between educated worker and
+workers in general educated or not so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers in general educated or not so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers in general educated or not so we
+have in any and then more generally take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in any and then more generally take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in any and then more generally take
+any production function there is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any production function there is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any production function there is going
+to be depending on the the form the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be depending on the the form the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be depending on the the form the the
+parameter of the CES function or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of the CES function or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of the CES function or the
+capital glass function or whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital glass function or whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital glass function or whatever it is
+that you choose that is appropriate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose that is appropriate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose that is appropriate to
+model the labor market there is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the labor market there is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the labor market there is always
+always a degrees of substitutability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a degrees of substitutability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a degrees of substitutability
+between workers which depends and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between workers which depends and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between workers which depends and then
+that sustainability is is is works when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sustainability is is is works when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sustainability is is is works when
+there is a limiting factor land is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a limiting factor land is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a limiting factor land is an
+extreme setup because only there is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme setup because only there is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme setup because only there is only
+so much of it but then Capital also it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much of it but then Capital also it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much of it but then Capital also it
+depends how well the Capital Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how well the Capital Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how well the Capital Market
+function and adjust to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and adjust to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and adjust to the to the
+arrival of these new workers if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival of these new workers if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival of these new workers if for
+example as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as
+you know I was walking on before when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I was walking on before when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I was walking on before when
+she came to MIT uh the labor market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she came to MIT uh the labor market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she came to MIT uh the labor market is
+slow to move from one place to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow to move from one place to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow to move from one place to to
+another I'm sorry capital is slow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I'm sorry capital is slow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I'm sorry capital is slow to
+move from one place to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from one place to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from one place to another
+then uh there is not an immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there is not an immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there is not an immediate
+adjustment of the demand of the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment of the demand of the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment of the demand of the labor
+demand to the new effective labor supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand to the new effective labor supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand to the new effective labor supply
+for your more productive worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your more productive worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your more productive worker
+then whether or not the externality who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whether or not the externality who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whether or not the externality who
+the incidence of the externality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incidence of the externality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incidence of the externality is
+going to be on again depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on again depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on again depends on the
+production function so you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function so you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function so you could have
+models where uh educated and uneducated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models where uh educated and uneducated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models where uh educated and uneducated
+workers are perfectly substitute except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are perfectly substitute except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are perfectly substitute except
+the educated worker do everything a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educated worker do everything a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educated worker do everything a
+little faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little faster
+in which case the educated dwarka are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case the educated dwarka are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case the educated dwarka are
+going to be displacing any everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be displacing any everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be displacing any everyone
+including the uneducated workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the uneducated workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the uneducated workers
+if on the other hand the educated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if on the other hand the educated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if on the other hand the educated and
+uneducated worker are not quite are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneducated worker are not quite are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneducated worker are not quite are not
+perfectly substitute or very imperfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly substitute or very imperfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly substitute or very imperfectly
+substitute then the educated worker are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute then the educated worker are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute then the educated worker are
+gonna push out the the other educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna push out the the other educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna push out the the other educated
+worker and what you're going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker and what you're going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker and what you're going to get is
+not the decline of the wage of the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the decline of the wage of the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the decline of the wage of the base
+wage but the declining of the returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage but the declining of the returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage but the declining of the returns to
+education the differential between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education the differential between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education the differential between
+educated and educated worker so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated and educated worker so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated and educated worker so this is
+what Richard Freeman now many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Richard Freeman now many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Richard Freeman now many many
+decades ago was worried about when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago was worried about when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago was worried about when he
+wrote this book The over-educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this book The over-educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this book The over-educated
+American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+is that a lot of people would go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a lot of people would go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a lot of people would go to
+school and then they would you know work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and then they would you know work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and then they would you know work
+at this point going to college and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point going to college and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point going to college and they
+would acquire skills and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would acquire skills and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would acquire skills and then
+the return to education would collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to education would collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to education would collapse
+didn't happen in the U.S but that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen in the U.S but that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen in the U.S but that is a
+concern that's kind of in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern that's kind of in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern that's kind of in the back of
+people's minds something that Heckman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's minds something that Heckman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's minds something that Heckman
+also for example is talking about uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for example is talking about uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for example is talking about uh and
+that's that those are equilibrium effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that those are equilibrium effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that those are equilibrium effect
+or general equivalent fact of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or general equivalent fact of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or general equivalent fact of education
+so there is a basic you know in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a basic you know in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a basic you know in very
+standard different reason for the Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard different reason for the Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard different reason for the Social
+and the private returns are not to align
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the private returns are not to align
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the private returns are not to align
+even in the absence of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the absence of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the absence of very
+uncompetitive work a very and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompetitive work a very and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompetitive work a very and
+competitive sector like the the liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive sector like the the liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive sector like the the liberal
+market so that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so that's that
+on the other end of course the uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other end of course the uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other end of course the uh what
+institution like the World Bank was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution like the World Bank was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution like the World Bank was
+immediately motivated by when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately motivated by when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately motivated by when they were
+thinking of uh investing in education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of uh investing in education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of uh investing in education
+there are the positive spillovers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the positive spillovers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the positive spillovers of
+educated workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated workers
+coming from you know easier adoption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from you know easier adoption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from you know easier adoption of
+Technologies for example that might make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies for example that might make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies for example that might make
+everyone more productive and hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone more productive and hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone more productive and hence
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+everyone's productivity wages and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's productivity wages and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's productivity wages and so on
+and so forth so that's from the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so that's from the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so that's from the eighth
+from the a in the production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the a in the production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the a in the production function
+um and then there could be impacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there could be impacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there could be impacting
+other spheres uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spheres uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spheres uh
+an educated population might support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an educated population might support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an educated population might support
+institutions that themselves lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that themselves lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that themselves lead to
+better policies which again would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better policies which again would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better policies which again would
+increase one layer above improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase one layer above improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase one layer above improved
+institution therefore improve improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution therefore improve improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution therefore improve improve
+education so those would be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so those would be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so those would be like the
+reason for the social return to be to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for the social return to be to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for the social return to be to go
+in the other direction that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction that might be a
+little hard to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to pick
+to pick up because if they are the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up because if they are the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up because if they are the very
+macro level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro level
+we don't have too many countries to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have too many countries to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have too many countries to even
+think of it but that people have looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it but that people have looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it but that people have looked
+at at least to see whether it is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at least to see whether it is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at least to see whether it is true
+for example that more educated workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that more educated workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that more educated workers
+support more democracies or so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support more democracies or so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support more democracies or so on and so
+forth I'm not going to do much of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth I'm not going to do much of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth I'm not going to do much of that
+today but just keep it in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but just keep it in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but just keep it in the back of
+your mind that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind that that's
+an important that's an interesting topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important that's an interesting topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important that's an interesting topic
+so other point that's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other point that's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other point that's interested in
+Vienna is of course people have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna is of course people have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna is of course people have have
+completely wild overestimate of how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wild overestimate of how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wild overestimate of how how
+much of a ticket the secondary education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a ticket the secondary education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a ticket the secondary education
+is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+a tertiary degrees and hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tertiary degrees and hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tertiary degrees and hence the
+government the vastly overestimate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government the vastly overestimate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government the vastly overestimate as a
+result the probability that there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the probability that there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the probability that there that
+sending their kids to secondary school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending their kids to secondary school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending their kids to secondary school
+would give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give them
+access to this job and therefore they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this job and therefore they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this job and therefore they
+vastly estimate the returns to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly estimate the returns to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly estimate the returns to education
+which in their opinion comes mostly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in their opinion comes mostly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in their opinion comes mostly from
+one from uh from one of these jobs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from uh from one of these jobs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from uh from one of these jobs so
+where they are correct is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are correct is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are correct is that these
+jobs are hugely valuable once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs are hugely valuable once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs are hugely valuable once you get
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+they are fantastic very well paid we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are fantastic very well paid we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are fantastic very well paid we
+thought we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we
+during Kobe the very protective against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during Kobe the very protective against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during Kobe the very protective against
+sharks because you're paid no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks because you're paid no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks because you're paid no matter
+what but where they're wrong is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what but where they're wrong is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what but where they're wrong is that
+they are pretty hard to get even after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are pretty hard to get even after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are pretty hard to get even after
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh so one way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so one way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so one way uh
+you know one way to get across so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one way to get across so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one way to get across so we are
+going to look at two ways today to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at two ways today to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at two ways today to get
+around the problem of selection into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the problem of selection into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the problem of selection into
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+one is a random assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a random assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a random assignment
+and the other is the other is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is the other is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is the other is the the
+school construction building that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school construction building that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school construction building that
+provides the natural experiment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the natural experiment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the natural experiment for
+increasing education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing education
+and both have advantages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both have advantages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both have advantages and
+disadvantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages
+um so of course we can't it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so of course we can't it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so of course we can't it's hard to
+directly randomly assign education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly randomly assign education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly randomly assign education
+we were able to randomly assign an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to randomly assign an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to randomly assign an
+ultrapore program and look compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrapore program and look compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrapore program and look compare
+people who get it to people who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who get it to people who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who get it to people who don't
+get it even then we had some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it even then we had some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it even then we had some people who
+managed to not comply to our treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to not comply to our treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to not comply to our treatment
+assignment but at least this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but at least this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but at least this is
+something we could manipulate directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we could manipulate directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we could manipulate directly
+but education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but education
+like you can't really force people not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't really force people not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't really force people not
+to get an education you can't force them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an education you can't force them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an education you can't force them
+to get an education either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an education either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an education either
+um so what's what's randomly assigned uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's what's randomly assigned uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's what's randomly assigned uh
+in in Ghana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Ghana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Ghana
+since we education is hard to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scholarships it's a scholarship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarships it's a scholarship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarships it's a scholarship to
+attend school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend school
+Secondary School in what sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your children
+for some reason saying they could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason saying they could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason saying they could not
+afford it yeah oh in fact modern claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford it yeah oh in fact modern claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford it yeah oh in fact modern claimed
+right not only they claim they could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not only they claim they could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not only they claim they could not
+afford but they didn't show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford but they didn't show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford but they didn't show up
+uh the first trimester so they took some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first trimester so they took some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first trimester so they took some
+costly steps to demonstrate that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly steps to demonstrate that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly steps to demonstrate that they
+couldn't and they could to discuss this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't and they could to discuss this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't and they could to discuss this
+step when there was no scholarship in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step when there was no scholarship in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step when there was no scholarship in
+mind presumably they were close to could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind presumably they were close to could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind presumably they were close to could
+not afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not afford
+exactly so therefore if if we say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so therefore if if we say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so therefore if if we say in
+word what do we estimate what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word what do we estimate what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word what do we estimate what can we
+confidently estimate by our standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidently estimate by our standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidently estimate by our standard
+methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+analyzing an image control tribal trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing an image control tribal trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing an image control tribal trial
+in sort of table 2 of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so we can estimate the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we can estimate the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we can estimate the effect of
+getting a secondary school school for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a secondary school school for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a secondary school school for
+people who qualify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who qualify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who qualify
+uh on pretty hard exams but didn't could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on pretty hard exams but didn't could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on pretty hard exams but didn't could
+not afford the the to go in the absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not afford the the to go in the absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not afford the the to go in the absence
+of the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program
+so we are discussing some discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are discussing some discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are discussing some discussion
+about external validity uh later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about external validity uh later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about external validity uh later on
+that's a pretty specific example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty specific example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty specific example
+uh it's a sample of interest because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a sample of interest because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a sample of interest because for
+example uh it's a sample that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh it's a sample that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh it's a sample that would be
+relevant if you were considering making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant if you were considering making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant if you were considering making
+secondary education free but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary education free but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary education free but not
+changing the but not changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the but not changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the but not changing the
+requirement to get in which is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement to get in which is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement to get in which is precisely
+what the Ghana government did shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Ghana government did shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Ghana government did shortly
+after the study started without asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the study started without asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the study started without asking
+us it's not something we could claim but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's not something we could claim but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's not something we could claim but
+that we that is kind of was at least at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that is kind of was at least at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that is kind of was at least at
+the time was very much the debate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was very much the debate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was very much the debate in
+India this is not we are not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India this is not we are not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India this is not we are not getting
+very necessarily very informative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very necessarily very informative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very necessarily very informative
+estimate to what will happen instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate to what will happen instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate to what will happen instead
+once they've done it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they've done it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they've done it now
+well there are two debates in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are two debates in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are two debates in general
+currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently
+there is one party that says we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one party that says we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one party that says we want to
+revert to what we had before we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revert to what we had before we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revert to what we had before we move
+free Secondary School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free Secondary School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free Secondary School
+and then there is one and then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is one and then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is one and then there is
+the party who did free free Secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the party who did free free Secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the party who did free free Secondary
+School who wants to go further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School who wants to go further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School who wants to go further
+and uh eliminate the exam requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh eliminate the exam requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh eliminate the exam requirement
+so if we consider a limiting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we consider a limiting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we consider a limiting the
+eliminating the exam requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the exam requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the exam requirement
+this estimate might not be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate might not be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate might not be very
+informative on them because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative on them because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative on them because that's a
+different group of people you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different group of people you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different group of people you know this
+might be a group of people for whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a group of people for whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a group of people for whom
+returns to education are higher or lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to education are higher or lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to education are higher or lower
+we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know
+so we have to keep that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to keep that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to keep that in mind
+so we can confidently estimate that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can confidently estimate that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can confidently estimate that and
+uh so these are your standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these are your standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these are your standard
+sort of basic way of looking at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of basic way of looking at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of basic way of looking at an
+experiment table which you will come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment table which you will come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment table which you will come to
+know and love or at least learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and love or at least learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and love or at least learn to
+you know read and maybe write a usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know read and maybe write a usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know read and maybe write a usually
+you write the the mean in the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the the mean in the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the the mean in the comparison
+group The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group The
+the treatment effect the p-value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment effect the p-value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment effect the p-value of the
+treatment effect uh the AR and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect uh the AR and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect uh the AR and
+econometric I've done away with stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometric I've done away with stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometric I've done away with stars
+to my great delight and not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my great delight and not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my great delight and not just the
+light I made that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light I made that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light I made that happen
+because I hate stars that doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I hate stars that doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I hate stars that doesn't make
+any sense that 10 percent or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense that 10 percent or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense that 10 percent or five
+percent have become magical number it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent have become magical number it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent have become magical number it's
+annoying uh so instead you have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying uh so instead you have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying uh so instead you have you can
+report p-value if you think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report p-value if you think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report p-value if you think people
+shouldn't have to make Division and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have to make Division and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have to make Division and in
+their head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that's the comparison mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the comparison mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the comparison mean that the
+treatment effect if you added them both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect if you added them both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect if you added them both
+if there are no control variable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are no control variable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are no control variable that's
+the the education in the treatment group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the education in the treatment group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the education in the treatment group
+and so the effect was pretty the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the effect was pretty the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the effect was pretty the the
+program was effective at increasing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was effective at increasing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was effective at increasing uh
+completion of secondary school some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of secondary school some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of secondary school some
+people went anyways so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people went anyways so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people went anyways so we're going to
+keep that in mind uh almost half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind uh almost half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind uh almost half of the
+comparison group goes to secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison group goes to secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison group goes to secondary
+school and completes it anyways uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and completes it anyways uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and completes it anyways uh not
+because they were lying about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were lying about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were lying about their
+inability to afford Secondary School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to afford Secondary School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to afford Secondary School
+vision but because someone came along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision but because someone came along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision but because someone came along
+and then you know basically it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know basically it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know basically it's pretty
+common for people to try and figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common for people to try and figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common for people to try and figure it
+out uh during the first trimester or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh during the first trimester or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh during the first trimester or
+even the first year on enrolled one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the first year on enrolled one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the first year on enrolled one year
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+So eventually the some of them caught up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So eventually the some of them caught up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So eventually the some of them caught up
+on someone to give them give them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on someone to give them give them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on someone to give them give them a
+scholarship you know people like us or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship you know people like us or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship you know people like us or
+the sugar bowl or the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sugar bowl or the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sugar bowl or the government
+but still the the chance to enroll and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still the the chance to enroll and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still the the chance to enroll and
+complete was larger by about 27 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete was larger by about 27 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete was larger by about 27 percent
+uh corresponding to about 1.2 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponding to about 1.2 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponding to about 1.2 years of
+education so that's basically completing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so that's basically completing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so that's basically completing
+Secondary School divided by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secondary School divided by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secondary School divided by uh
+uh by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by four
+conditional on starting most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on starting most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on starting most people
+complete so that's why we have 1.2 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so that's why we have 1.2 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so that's why we have 1.2 year
+extra years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra years
+some people get zero and some people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people get zero and some people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people get zero and some people get
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+uh if they don't go to Secondary School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if they don't go to Secondary School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if they don't go to Secondary School
+some kids get to go to a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kids get to go to a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kids get to go to a technical
+institute this is a small number but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute this is a small number but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute this is a small number but one
+we need to keep in mind because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to keep in mind because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to keep in mind because that
+means we are also changing the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we are also changing the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we are also changing the form of
+Education people get potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education people get potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education people get potentially
+uh once you go to secondary school so 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you go to secondary school so 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you go to secondary school so 27
+of them completed Secondary School of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them completed Secondary School of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them completed Secondary School of
+those 27 percent over the year they keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 27 percent over the year they keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 27 percent over the year they keep
+trying they keep trying they keep trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying they keep trying they keep trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying they keep trying they keep trying
+uh by 2019 some of those 27 percent had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by 2019 some of those 27 percent had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by 2019 some of those 27 percent had
+managed to enroll in a tertiary program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to enroll in a tertiary program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to enroll in a tertiary program
+and complete it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complete it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complete it
+uh so this is the people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is the people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is the people who have
+enrolled this is the people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled this is the people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled this is the people who have
+completed some of the people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed some of the people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed some of the people who have
+enrolled but have not competed they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled but have not competed they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled but have not competed they are
+still ongoing because this operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ongoing because this operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ongoing because this operation
+takes so long so that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes so long so that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes so long so that's part of
+an interesting finding in this paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting finding in this paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting finding in this paper and
+again I don't think unique together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't think unique together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't think unique together but
+what's news to me is how long people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's news to me is how long people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's news to me is how long people
+wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait
+to get into a degree and to a couple the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into a degree and to a couple the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into a degree and to a couple the
+money together to do it and and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money together to do it and and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money together to do it and and all that
+and in the meantime they live with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the meantime they live with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the meantime they live with their
+parents or grandparents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents or grandparents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents or grandparents
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so this is the number of enrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the number of enrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the number of enrolled
+people Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Etc
+so that's for all and then we have women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's for all and then we have women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's for all and then we have women
+and men similar effect on education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and men similar effect on education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and men similar effect on education
+basically larger effect on tertiary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically larger effect on tertiary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically larger effect on tertiary
+School in fact all of the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School in fact all of the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School in fact all of the effect of
+enrolling in tertiary education comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolling in tertiary education comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolling in tertiary education comes
+from women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from women
+uh something that's uh pertinent because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that's uh pertinent because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that's uh pertinent because
+although they don't catch up on the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they don't catch up on the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they don't catch up on the even
+the treatment girls if you add that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment girls if you add that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment girls if you add that to
+that the treatment girls are still less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the treatment girls are still less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the treatment girls are still less
+likely to have completed or about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have completed or about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have completed or about as
+likely to have completed secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have completed secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have completed secondary
+school as the control boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school as the control boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school as the control boys
+and step behind the control yards but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and step behind the control yards but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and step behind the control yards but it
+is not true for secondary school where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true for secondary school where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true for secondary school where
+the treatment girls catch up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment girls catch up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment girls catch up with the
+treatment boys because the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment boys because the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment boys because the treatment
+boys have much lower treatment effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys have much lower treatment effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys have much lower treatment effect so
+for secondary school actually that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for secondary school actually that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for secondary school actually that that
+just getting them giving them the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting them giving them the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting them giving them the entry
+the ticket into Secondary School uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ticket into Secondary School uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ticket into Secondary School uh uh
+make them catch up with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them catch up with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them catch up with with
+so that says something about the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says something about the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says something about the dynamic
+in the family that they and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the family that they and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the family that they and we were
+discussing that a little bit when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing that a little bit when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing that a little bit when we
+were discussing the model that parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discussing the model that parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discussing the model that parents
+either you know it's like their girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know it's like their girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know it's like their girls
+all have less of an expectation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have less of an expectation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have less of an expectation that
+they might do something with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might do something with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might do something with their
+education they probably underestimate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education they probably underestimate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education they probably underestimate uh
+the value of investing in their goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of investing in their goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of investing in their goals
+from their own point of view which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their own point of view which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their own point of view which is
+sending them to Secondary School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending them to Secondary School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending them to Secondary School
+which is why we have such a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we have such a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we have such a larger
+treatment effect for the girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then they they learn stuff so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they they learn stuff so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they they learn stuff so that's
+nice uh they they learned uh they so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh they they learned uh they so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh they they learned uh they so we
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+Tesco where is my Tesco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah total cognitive score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah total cognitive score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah total cognitive score
+so as we were following them up in 2013
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we were following them up in 2013
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we were following them up in 2013
+we administered to them a version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we administered to them a version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we administered to them a version of the
+Pisa International tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pisa International tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pisa International tests
+um and you know reassuringly people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know reassuringly people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know reassuringly people have
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned something in these schools this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned something in these schools this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way was a good potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way was a good potential
+criticism of tending people to secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of tending people to secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of tending people to secondary
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to learn anything that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to learn anything that doesn't
+seem to be the case they've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be the case they've learned
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be the case they've learned
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+uh across domains you know they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh across domains you know they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh across domains you know they also
+have greater political knowledge they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have greater political knowledge they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have greater political knowledge they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have greater engagement with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have greater engagement with the with
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media they are more likely to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media they are more likely to to be
+to be conversant with technology like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be conversant with technology like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be conversant with technology like
+having a bank account know how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a bank account know how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a bank account know how to use
+the internet we have a Facebook account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet we have a Facebook account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet we have a Facebook account
+such marvelous things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such marvelous things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such marvelous things
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we don't find an effect on fertilizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't find an effect on fertilizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't find an effect on fertilizer
+use but we find effect on health that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but we find effect on health that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but we find effect on health that
+I'm not going to talk much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk much about
+continuing and moving as this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing and moving as this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing and moving as this you know
+tends to get to to secondary school one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to get to to secondary school one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to get to to secondary school one
+of the pretty striking results in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pretty striking results in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pretty striking results in the
+context of this Improvement in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of this Improvement in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of this Improvement in human
+capital which are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital which are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital which are real
+is the fact that there is really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that there is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that there is really not
+much happening on the liberal Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much happening on the liberal Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much happening on the liberal Market
+um in fact there isn't really nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact there isn't really nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact there isn't really nothing
+happening on whether you're working or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on whether you're working or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on whether you're working or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and very and few people work more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and very and few people work more
+and more over time but even by 2019 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more over time but even by 2019 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more over time but even by 2019 we
+still have 73 percent of people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have 73 percent of people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have 73 percent of people who have
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+done any work
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+done any work
+and this kept increasing this was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kept increasing this was much
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kept increasing this was much
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower at the beginning of the of of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower at the beginning of the of of the
+period so people starts really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so people starts really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so people starts really really
+slowly to to start working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly to to start working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly to to start working
+they are not making uh much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not making uh much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not making uh much more
+uh they are not more likely to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are not more likely to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are not more likely to be able
+to cope with a crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cope with a crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cope with a crisis
+but they are more likely to to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are more likely to to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are more likely to to have a
+job with benefits our wage contract so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job with benefits our wage contract so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+job with benefits our wage contract so
+one of this one of this job with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this one of this job with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this one of this job with you
+know potential line seeking job and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know potential line seeking job and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know potential line seeking job and if
+we focus on women who are the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focus on women who are the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focus on women who are the ones who
+are likely to be enrolled in uh tertiary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to be enrolled in uh tertiary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to be enrolled in uh tertiary
+moving down the line they're also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving down the line they're also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving down the line they're also more
+likely to have obtained one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have obtained one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have obtained one of these
+precious public sector jobs however note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious public sector jobs however note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious public sector jobs however note
+how few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how few of them
+have one of those private sector jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one of those private sector jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one of those private sector jobs
+instead of the 80 percent or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the 80 percent or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the 80 percent or something
+that you were that people parents were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were that people parents were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were that people parents were
+expecting for their secondary high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting for their secondary high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting for their secondary high
+school graduate we are at like after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school graduate we are at like after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school graduate we are at like after
+almost 10 years of this uh we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 10 years of this uh we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 10 years of this uh we have we
+had about 10 percentage points on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about 10 percentage points on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about 10 percentage points on
+average uh and 10 percentage Point boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh and 10 percentage Point boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh and 10 percentage Point boost
+for girls and for and for uh for boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for girls and for and for uh for boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for girls and for and for uh for boys
+who are now young men and women so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are now young men and women so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are now young men and women so the
+chance so in that sense there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance so in that sense there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance so in that sense there is an
+over-educated Guinea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-educated Guinea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-educated Guinea that
+the the hope that they had of secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hope that they had of secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hope that they had of secondary
+education being a ticket was dashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education being a ticket was dashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education being a ticket was dashed
+squashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squashed
+by what happened over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one advantage of having this paper go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one advantage of having this paper go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one advantage of having this paper go on
+and on and on and on and never finishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on and on and on and never finishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on and on and on and never finishing
+is eventually we hit the covet crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eventually we hit the covet crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eventually we hit the covet crisis
+so we could look at the impact of uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could look at the impact of uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could look at the impact of uh on
+labor market outcome during the covet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market outcome during the covet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market outcome during the covet
+crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+and for women who are more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for women who are more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for women who are more likely to
+have this public sector job we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this public sector job we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this public sector job we see the
+sort of protection at work because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of protection at work because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of protection at work because they
+are doing much better during the covet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing much better during the covet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing much better during the covet
+crisis and that's driven they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis and that's driven they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis and that's driven they're doing
+much better on average but that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better on average but that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better on average but that appears
+to be driven mostly by this by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be driven mostly by this by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be driven mostly by this by this
+woman who are who have this much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman who are who have this much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman who are who have this much more
+secure job in particular teacher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure job in particular teacher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure job in particular teacher or
+nurses employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so I can so here all I know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so I can so here all I know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so I can so here all I know is
+that on average the uh this woman are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on average the uh this woman are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on average the uh this woman are uh
+that's why there is nothing here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there is nothing here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there is nothing here that
+tells you that it's them who are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that it's them who are doing
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+
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+tells you that it's them who are doing
+better and it would be hard to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and it would be hard to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and it would be hard to say
+because that's itself an outcome right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's itself an outcome right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's itself an outcome right
+so there is no so all you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no so all you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no so all you can do is
+eyeball the data and say well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball the data and say well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball the data and say well let me
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+you know there are very few of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are very few of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are very few of these
+women who are who got these jobs if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who are who got these jobs if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who are who got these jobs if I
+look at all of the other women they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of the other women they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of the other women they are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing any better than the woman who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing any better than the woman who
+didn't get the private job but I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get the private job but I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get the private job but I can't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do that because that's a selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do that because that's a selected
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+so I just uh that's why I was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just uh that's why I was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just uh that's why I was kind of
+tentative in saying it and it's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentative in saying it and it's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentative in saying it and it's not in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a table if we wanted to put it in a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a table if we wanted to put it in a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+table like we wanted to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table like we wanted to take this
+message home then we would have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message home then we would have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message home then we would have to do
+something about selecting into you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about selecting into you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about selecting into you know
+the selection into the tertiary job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection into the tertiary job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection into the tertiary job and
+do some balance about what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some balance about what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some balance about what would the
+effect be for people who didn't get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect be for people who didn't get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect be for people who didn't get into
+the the secondary job which we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the secondary job which we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the secondary job which we could do
+with an exercise similar to the one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an exercise similar to the one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an exercise similar to the one we
+did of for walking at all in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did of for walking at all in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did of for walking at all in the paper
+we have bounds for selection into having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have bounds for selection into having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have bounds for selection into having
+any kind of earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of earnings
+uh and then we which you know and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we which you know and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we which you know and we
+create bounds by saying well suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create bounds by saying well suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create bounds by saying well suppose the
+people who have any kinds of earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have any kinds of earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have any kinds of earnings
+are the works are the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the works are the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the works are the best
+uh so you could do something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you could do something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you could do something like that
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+that would be the least model driven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the least model driven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the least model driven or
+you could have a more you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a more you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a more you know
+parametric version of doing that Heckman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric version of doing that Heckman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric version of doing that Heckman
+selection equation of some kind for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection equation of some kind for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection equation of some kind for not
+or trying to select not getting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trying to select not getting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trying to select not getting into the
+government job and then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government job and then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government job and then you could
+control for that a bit like I did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for that a bit like I did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for that a bit like I did in the
+other paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other paper
+where I said well I'm going only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I said well I'm going only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I said well I'm going only going
+to look at wage workers because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at wage workers because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at wage workers because that's
+the job that's the data I have but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job that's the data I have but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job that's the data I have but let
+me at least control for the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at least control for the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at least control for the probability
+of having one of those jobs using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having one of those jobs using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having one of those jobs using
+finding another instrument using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding another instrument using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding another instrument using a
+Heckman collection equation so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heckman collection equation so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heckman collection equation so you could
+do something like that which we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like that which we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like that which we haven't
+done because we left it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because we left it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because we left it very
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+very mellow so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very mellow so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very mellow so to speak
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+you go ahead and enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in 2019 when I look at the treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 2019 when I look at the treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 2019 when I look at the treatments
+number three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three and four
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most robust of effect anyways you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most robust of effect anyways you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most robust of effect anyways you have a
+p-value of 0.13 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-value of 0.13 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-value of 0.13 so
+uh for females a effect doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for females a effect doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for females a effect doesn't exist
+first for uh learning a job with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first for uh learning a job with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first for uh learning a job with
+benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+in 2019 but in 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2019 but in 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2019 but in 2020
+there is a strong event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a strong event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a strong event
+I mean not strong but closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean not strong but closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean not strong but closed
+it is a coefficient estimate becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a coefficient estimate becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a coefficient estimate becomes
+very large compared almost as large as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large compared almost as large as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large compared almost as large as
+the effect on having it being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect on having it being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect on having it being a
+cognitive employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive employee
+yeah so in print in in General job with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in print in in General job with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in print in in General job with
+benefits should should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits should should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits should should be a
+almost a separate set of government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a separate set of government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a separate set of government
+employees because all the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees because all the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees because all the government
+employees have some kind of benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees have some kind of benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees have some kind of benefits
+so the two should really be relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two should really be relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two should really be relatively
+similar with the ex especially for women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar with the ex especially for women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar with the ex especially for women
+some men get some of these wage jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some men get some of these wage jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some men get some of these wage jobs
+so in general they should look quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general they should look quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general they should look quite
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+and but then that also it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but then that also it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but then that also it comes from
+another place in the survey so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place in the survey so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place in the survey so it
+depends a bit on what people tell us but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a bit on what people tell us but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a bit on what people tell us but
+if you look at the Point estimates you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the Point estimates you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the Point estimates you
+know they are almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they are almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they are almost the same
+between the job with benefit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the job with benefit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the job with benefit and
+government job and if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government job and if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government job and if you look at the
+means there also are almost the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there also are almost the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there also are almost the same so
+basically that's the same variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's the same variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's the same variable
+for women because there are very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for women because there are very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for women because there are very few
+women who get a job with benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who get a job with benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who get a job with benefits
+especially probably in 2020 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially probably in 2020 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially probably in 2020 where
+everybody lost their job if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody lost their job if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody lost their job if they were
+under government employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under government employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under government employee
+now if you look at the men they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the men they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the men they didn't
+have that's to be the same thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that's to be the same thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that's to be the same thing which
+is you know you have made four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know you have made four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know you have made four
+percentage Point more men still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage Point more men still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage Point more men still have a
+job with benefits in 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job with benefits in 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job with benefits in 2020
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+imagine that all of the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that all of the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that all of the government
+employee are in that number as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee are in that number as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee are in that number as well
+and then the treatment effects are gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the treatment effects are gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the treatment effects are gone
+presumably a lot of people have lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably a lot of people have lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably a lot of people have lost
+this job that the Boost in treatment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this job that the Boost in treatment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this job that the Boost in treatment and
+control so the extra job which benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so the extra job which benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so the extra job which benefits
+the few like working with an NGO or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few like working with an NGO or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few like working with an NGO or
+working for the hospital and or opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for the hospital and or opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for the hospital and or opinion
+driver in a big company they've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver in a big company they've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver in a big company they've gone
+during beginning of Kuwait so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during beginning of Kuwait so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during beginning of Kuwait so that's why
+you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh so just so that I don't say good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so just so that I don't say good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so just so that I don't say good
+things about my own paper what is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about my own paper what is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about my own paper what is on
+camera in particular what is the uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera in particular what is the uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera in particular what is the uh what
+is uh what's pretty cool world what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh what's pretty cool world what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh what's pretty cool world what's
+pretty cool about this experiment what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool about this experiment what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool about this experiment what's
+uh well fairly remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well fairly remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well fairly remarkable
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um being extremely long timeline coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being extremely long timeline coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being extremely long timeline coupled
+with very low efficient yes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very low efficient yes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very low efficient yes so the
+extremely long timeline I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely long timeline I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely long timeline I don't know if
+it's very cool or if it's we it means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very cool or if it's we it means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very cool or if it's we it means we
+cannot get around to write a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get around to write a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get around to write a paper
+because we continue finding them uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we continue finding them uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we continue finding them uh but
+that's useful because we are certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful because we are certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful because we are certainly
+learning things over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning things over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning things over the years
+it's necessary because people uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's necessary because people uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's necessary because people uh you
+know some amount of time was definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some amount of time was definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some amount of time was definitely
+necessary because you need to let people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary because you need to let people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary because you need to let people
+finish secondary school start in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish secondary school start in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish secondary school start in the
+labor market the people who are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market the people who are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market the people who are in
+secondary school start with The Gap you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary school start with The Gap you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary school start with The Gap you
+know four years later so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four years later so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four years later so you need to
+give them time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them time to
+catch up in terms of experience and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up in terms of experience and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up in terms of experience and some
+something like that so you need you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so you need you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so you need you
+really need to continue a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to continue a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to continue a little bit
+but that creates the issue that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that creates the issue that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that creates the issue that you you
+might lose them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lose them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lose them
+so we were very concerned about not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were very concerned about not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were very concerned about not
+losing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing them
+um we we gave them this cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we gave them this cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we gave them this cell phones
+which we kept changing from time to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we kept changing from time to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we kept changing from time to time
+and SIM cards and call them regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and SIM cards and call them regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and SIM cards and call them regularly
+and if we couldn't find them we we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we couldn't find them we we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we couldn't find them we we went
+to look for them in a home and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for them in a home and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for them in a home and kind of
+convince them to do a survey I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince them to do a survey I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince them to do a survey I should
+say it becomes harder and harder or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it becomes harder and harder or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it becomes harder and harder or they
+are a bit tired now so I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bit tired now so I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bit tired now so I don't know how
+long we can keep them we are now doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long we can keep them we are now doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long we can keep them we are now doing
+the kids we are doing a lot of work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids we are doing a lot of work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids we are doing a lot of work with
+their children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children
+along with the psychologists that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the psychologists that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the psychologists that have
+at least spell care I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least spell care I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least spell care I'm going to talk
+more about her work on on Wednesday as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about her work on on Wednesday as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about her work on on Wednesday as
+well we are you know trying to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we are you know trying to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we are you know trying to see
+whether their children have higher human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether their children have higher human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether their children have higher human
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+but they are starting to get Diana first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are starting to get Diana first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are starting to get Diana first
+and they don't want to see us anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't want to see us anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't want to see us anymore
+but otherwise during all this time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise during all this time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise during all this time we
+keep finding them we pay them small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep finding them we pay them small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep finding them we pay them small
+amounts of money for the interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of money for the interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of money for the interview
+they're used to us Etc but it's takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used to us Etc but it's takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used to us Etc but it's takes a
+lot of effort and the attrition low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of effort and the attrition low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of effort and the attrition low
+attrition rate is is rare for this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attrition rate is is rare for this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attrition rate is is rare for this so
+that's kind of what's remarkable about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what's remarkable about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what's remarkable about
+this experiment but of course we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment but of course we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment but of course we don't
+really have what we want because then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have what we want because then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have what we want because then we
+are comparing the scholarship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comparing the scholarship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are comparing the scholarship to
+getting to not getting the scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to not getting the scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to not getting the scholarship
+and this is lecture and return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is lecture and return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is lecture and return to
+education not return on free education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education not return on free education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education not return on free education
+uh so the question is can we go one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the question is can we go one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the question is can we go one step
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+now there are good reasons why we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are good reasons why we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are good reasons why we are
+not doing it in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing it in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing it in the paper
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+which we can we'll go to towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can we'll go to towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can we'll go to towards the end
+of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture
+but it's still a good example to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still a good example to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still a good example to go to
+it's easy to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to think about
+what you might want to do and to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might want to do and to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might want to do and to do it
+for you know during the class and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know during the class and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know during the class and then
+we can discuss the the limitation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can discuss the the limitation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can discuss the the limitation of the
+exercise in this context and why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise in this context and why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise in this context and why we
+decided not to perform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to perform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to perform it
+so uh so if the question we had was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so if the question we had was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so if the question we had was that
+how education improves her earnings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how education improves her earnings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how education improves her earnings or
+test scores or health or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test scores or health or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test scores or health or whatever
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and we again say that we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we again say that we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we again say that we cannot
+manipulate the education directly but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the education directly but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the education directly but we
+have this thing that manipulates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this thing that manipulates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this thing that manipulates that
+has an effect on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an effect on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an effect on it
+then what would we do well to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what would we do well to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what would we do well to start with
+simplest case assume that we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case assume that we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case assume that we can write
+this uh where uh the treatment effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh where uh the treatment effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh where uh the treatment effect is
+constant so we don't have an indiv this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so we don't have an indiv this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so we don't have an indiv this
+individual treatment effect we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual treatment effect we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual treatment effect we started
+with I'm going to change that very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm going to change that very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm going to change that very soon
+but we'll start with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll start with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll start with that
+uh then that's that's uh that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then that's that's uh that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then that's that's uh that's um
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+we have a potential what's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a potential what's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a potential what's called an
+instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument
+in Ghana uh which is an you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ghana uh which is an you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ghana uh which is an you know
+emphasis on potential because we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on potential because we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on potential because we'll
+discuss you know what characteristic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss you know what characteristic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss you know what characteristic the
+instrument has and whether we think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument has and whether we think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument has and whether we think they
+are satisfied here and so on so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are satisfied here and so on so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are satisfied here and so on so forth
+uh the scholarship were randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the scholarship were randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the scholarship were randomly
+assigned to students who qualified uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to students who qualified uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to students who qualified uh so
+let's call Z a demi equal to one uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call Z a demi equal to one uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call Z a demi equal to one uh in
+the in if you get the scholarship in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in if you get the scholarship in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in if you get the scholarship in
+December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December
+and zero otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise
+getting the scholarship as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the scholarship as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the scholarship as we saw
+increased the probability to ever enroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the probability to ever enroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the probability to ever enroll
+in a high school by 25 percentage Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a high school by 25 percentage Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a high school by 25 percentage Point
+some kids enroll anywhere but half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kids enroll anywhere but half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kids enroll anywhere but half of
+them complete some kids don't know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them complete some kids don't know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them complete some kids don't know even
+without the scholarship about a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the scholarship about a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the scholarship about a quarter
+of people say no thank you very much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people say no thank you very much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people say no thank you very much so
+there is non-compliance both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so still despite that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so still despite that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so still despite that we can
+we can construct an instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can construct an instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can construct an instrumental
+variable estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable estimates
+in this setup we can say well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setup we can say well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setup we can say well let's
+write the treatment effect on school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the treatment effect on school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the treatment effect on school
+participation annulment or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation annulment or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation annulment or with
+years of schooling whatever we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling whatever we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling whatever we like
+and then down the road we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down the road we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down the road we can do the
+same you know as we already have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you know as we already have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you know as we already have already
+shown you the table where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you the table where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you the table where we're
+comparing earnings in treatment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing earnings in treatment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing earnings in treatment and
+control group where treatment is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group where treatment is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group where treatment is defined
+by getting the scholarship versus not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting the scholarship versus not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting the scholarship versus not
+and then I since I had written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I since I had written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I since I had written
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+why I as Alpha plus beta s i plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I as Alpha plus beta s i plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I as Alpha plus beta s i plus
+Epsilon I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon I can just
+write the expectation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the expectation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the expectation here
+and this one as well take the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one as well take the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one as well take the difference
+between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+and I'm getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm getting this
+and once I have taken the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once I have taken the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once I have taken the difference
+between the two I'm getting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two I'm getting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two I'm getting that
+um if this difference is Alpha plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times this difference so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this difference so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this difference so if I'm
+interested times this difference so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested times this difference so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested times this difference so if
+I'm interested in beta I just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in beta I just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in beta I just have to
+divide this one by this one under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this one by this one under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this one by this one under some
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+and the Assumption of course is I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Assumption of course is I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Assumption of course is I want
+to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that
+e of Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of Epsilon
+given z i equal 1 minus E of Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given z i equal 1 minus E of Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given z i equal 1 minus E of Epsilon
+given z i equals zero I would like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given z i equals zero I would like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given z i equals zero I would like to be
+able to assume that it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so when can I make this assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so when can I make this assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so when can I make this assumption
+what underlies this assumption in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what underlies this assumption in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what underlies this assumption in this
+case in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in words
+or helps and is it a good assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+in this case the instrument Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the instrument Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the instrument Z is
+randomly assigned so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assigned so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assigned so yeah
+have confidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have confidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have confidence that
+whether you're assigned or not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're assigned or not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're assigned or not is
+independent of any kind of observables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of any kind of observables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of any kind of observables
+that are captured in stepson yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are captured in stepson yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are captured in stepson yeah so
+that's good that helps but remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that helps but remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that helps but remember that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um the the Epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the Epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the Epsilon is
+is in the education equation so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the education equation so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the education equation so we know
+that we have you know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have you know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have you know from the
+discussions we had last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions we had last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions we had last time
+we know we have reliable causal estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we have reliable causal estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we have reliable causal estimate
+of the impact of the scholarship on why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the impact of the scholarship on why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the impact of the scholarship on why
+and the impact of the scholarship on Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the impact of the scholarship on Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the impact of the scholarship on Z
+because the education the scholarship is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the education the scholarship is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the education the scholarship is
+is and so the impact of the scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so the impact of the scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so the impact of the scholarship
+and why and the impact of this crushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why and the impact of this crushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why and the impact of this crushing
+on S because the education is randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on S because the education is randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on S because the education is randomly
+assigned the scholarship is randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned the scholarship is randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned the scholarship is randomly
+assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned
+so that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good
+good start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good start
+but what is kind of hiding there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is kind of hiding there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is kind of hiding there's one
+more thing that's hiding in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing that's hiding in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing that's hiding in this
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would you mind speaking up like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you mind speaking up like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you mind speaking up like you
+might be worried about unobservables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be worried about unobservables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be worried about unobservables
+that have affected by the treatment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have affected by the treatment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have affected by the treatment so
+like it could be like the cash that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could be like the cash that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could be like the cash that you
+get to go to school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so what we might be worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so what we might be worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so what we might be worried
+about we know that the people who got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we know that the people who got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we know that the people who got
+the scholarship are no different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scholarship are no different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scholarship are no different than
+the people who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who didn't
+so that's your point I'm counting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's your point I'm counting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's your point I'm counting you
+that I'm I randomly assign them I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I randomly assign them I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I randomly assign them I've
+done this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this work
+but then they got a scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they got a scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they got a scholarship
+so the further assumption that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the further assumption that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the further assumption that is
+necessary to make that claim is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to make that claim is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to make that claim is that the
+scholarship themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship themselves
+don't have a direct impact on earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a direct impact on earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a direct impact on earnings
+which they might in kailash's example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they might in kailash's example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they might in kailash's example
+because for example because I gave cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example because I gave cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example because I gave cash
+to the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the family
+maybe for the half uh for the half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for the half uh for the half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for the half uh for the half of
+the kids who would have gone to school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids who would have gone to school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids who would have gone to school
+anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+uh it's now much easier for them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's now much easier for them there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's now much easier for them there
+is not this financial strain or it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not this financial strain or it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not this financial strain or it's not
+there and so they they it's easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so they they it's easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so they they it's easier for
+for the family they better they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the family they better they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the family they better they're
+better fan and because of that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better fan and because of that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better fan and because of that they're
+on more money later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on more money later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on more money later
+uh so that's that would be one because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's that would be one because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's that would be one because I
+give the scholarship to everyone even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the scholarship to everyone even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the scholarship to everyone even
+those who would have gone to school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who would have gone to school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who would have gone to school
+anyways right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways right
+so uh in randomized experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in randomized experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in randomized experiments
+we have to be careful because the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful because the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful because the first
+one is for free from The Trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is for free from The Trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is for free from The Trial
+but when we use the instrument when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we use the instrument when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we use the instrument when we
+use the experiment as an instrument for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the experiment as an instrument for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the experiment as an instrument for
+something else the second one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else the second one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else the second one doesn't
+come for free and it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come for free and it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come for free and it's not always
+satisfied and you get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and you get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and you get a lot of
+dicey Daisy paper from going one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dicey Daisy paper from going one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dicey Daisy paper from going one step
+too far and saying well I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far and saying well I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far and saying well I'm going to use
+I'm I'm estimating my first stage that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm estimating my first stage that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm estimating my first stage that's
+the effect on education my reduced form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect on education my reduced form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect on education my reduced form
+that's the effect on on wages for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the effect on on wages for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the effect on on wages for
+example and then I can divide the two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then I can divide the two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then I can divide the two I
+have the return to education it may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the return to education it may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the return to education it may or
+may not apply depending on the depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not apply depending on the depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not apply depending on the depending
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depending on the on the setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the on the setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the on the setup
+and here this is something that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here this is something that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here this is something that we might
+want to discuss or well we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discuss or well we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discuss or well we already
+started the discussion there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the discussion there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the discussion there might be
+other reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+um nonetheless if we believe them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nonetheless if we believe them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nonetheless if we believe them then
+we obtain the effect of Education sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obtain the effect of Education sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obtain the effect of Education sorry
+on knowledge earnings anything else by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on knowledge earnings anything else by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on knowledge earnings anything else by
+dividing the effect of the program on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the effect of the program on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the effect of the program on
+say cognitive test scores if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say cognitive test scores if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say cognitive test scores if that's
+knowledge by the effect of the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge by the effect of the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge by the effect of the program
+on education or earnings or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on education or earnings or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on education or earnings or whatever you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+uh we call that guy the the first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we call that guy the the first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we call that guy the the first the
+reduced form this one is the first stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form this one is the first stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form this one is the first stage
+the the simple ratio of the two is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the simple ratio of the two is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the simple ratio of the two is the
+valid estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid estimate
+uh if you estimated and uh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you estimated and uh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you estimated and uh that's a
+simple form of the instrumental variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form of the instrumental variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form of the instrumental variable
+estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator
+instead you could run to SLS which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you could run to SLS which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you could run to SLS which
+basically involve projecting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically involve projecting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically involve projecting an
+education on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education on the on
+scholarship and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship and then
+regressing the outcome and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressing the outcome and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressing the outcome and the
+projection and then you'll get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and then you'll get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and then you'll get another
+that's your two-stage v-square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your two-stage v-square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your two-stage v-square
+so but let's calculate the wildest image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but let's calculate the wildest image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but let's calculate the wildest image
+just to make sure so for example if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure so for example if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure so for example if we
+wanted uh to do it for completed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted uh to do it for completed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted uh to do it for completed so
+first of all one choice we have is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all one choice we have is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all one choice we have is what
+what Independent by what independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Independent by what independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Independent by what independent
+variable you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you want to use
+you have one instrument for all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one instrument for all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one instrument for all of these
+things they are all it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they are all it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they are all it's a little bit
+Cosmetic in a way it's whether you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmetic in a way it's whether you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmetic in a way it's whether you want
+to because the information that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because the information that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because the information that's
+underlying it is always the same but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying it is always the same but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying it is always the same but you
+might want to say let me do it for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to say let me do it for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to say let me do it for years
+of education or let me do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of education or let me do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of education or let me do it for
+completed secondary school maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed secondary school maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed secondary school maybe it
+makes more sense to do it for to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes more sense to do it for to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes more sense to do it for to use
+completed secondary school as a mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed secondary school as a mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed secondary school as a mental
+frame because again the years it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame because again the years it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame because again the years it's not
+that you're giving people an extra year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're giving people an extra year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're giving people an extra year
+as you're giving a quarter of people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're giving a quarter of people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're giving a quarter of people for
+extra years and then so I prefer to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra years and then so I prefer to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra years and then so I prefer to use
+that so let's say it's 27 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's say it's 27 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's say it's 27 percent
+and then we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to take the
+cognitive score is point 15 so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive score is point 15 so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive score is point 15 so if you
+call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the
+2020.27 percent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020.27 percent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020.27 percent uh
+0.25 that makes it easier to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 that makes it easier to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 that makes it easier to do the
+calculation what's the valid estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation what's the valid estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation what's the valid estimate of
+education on test scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+made it easier by saying the effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it easier by saying the effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it easier by saying the effect on
+the uncompleted primary school is 0.25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point
+exactly right so that one's Point yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so that one's Point yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so that one's Point yeah
+yeah Point sixteen and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Point sixteen and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Point sixteen and then what
+from set test scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from set test scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from set test scores
+divided by the other one that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the other one that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the other one that we have to
+get 64. yeah so you divided by 0.25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 64. yeah so you divided by 0.25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 64. yeah so you divided by 0.25
+which is kind of like multiplying it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of like multiplying it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of like multiplying it by
+four we get about 0.64.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we can do the same thing for uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do the same thing for uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do the same thing for uh so
+that's give us now the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's give us now the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's give us now the effect of
+completing Secondary School on standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing Secondary School on standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing Secondary School on standard
+deviation of cognitive test scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of cognitive test scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of cognitive test scores
+that's very helpful to think even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very helpful to think even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very helpful to think even for
+the cognitive class we use now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognitive class we use now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognitive class we use now we can
+compare that with other things we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that with other things we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that with other things we could
+do that that change test scores and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that that change test scores and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that that change test scores and we
+say well that's a pretty large impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well that's a pretty large impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well that's a pretty large impact
+0.6 standard deviation on Tesco there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6 standard deviation on Tesco there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6 standard deviation on Tesco there
+are not very many things that move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very many things that move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very many things that move
+standard deviation on test scores by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation on test scores by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation on test scores by
+point six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point six
+uh we can also doing four wages so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can also doing four wages so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can also doing four wages so
+that's going to be less impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be less impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be less impressive
+because nothing is significant it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nothing is significant it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nothing is significant it's not
+going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you
+a big like a ratio which once you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big like a ratio which once you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big like a ratio which once you do it
+as standard there are with huge standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as standard there are with huge standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as standard there are with huge standard
+error but that's this is the exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error but that's this is the exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error but that's this is the exercise
+you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now once we have done that so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once we have done that so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once we have done that so suppose
+our valid estimate so with from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our valid estimate so with from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our valid estimate so with from the
+valid estimator I did the I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid estimator I did the I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid estimator I did the I did
+oh I I we don't have cognitive score so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I I we don't have cognitive score so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I I we don't have cognitive score so
+that's okay we can do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay we can do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay we can do it with
+something else for example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else for example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else for example with
+technology adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology adoption
+if we compute the valid estimate or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we compute the valid estimate or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we compute the valid estimate or the
+IV of uh education on adopting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IV of uh education on adopting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IV of uh education on adopting
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+if you remember the reduced form was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember the reduced form was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember the reduced form was
+very small and insignificant so the IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and insignificant so the IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and insignificant so the IV
+similarly is small and insignificant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly is small and insignificant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly is small and insignificant
+but then if you note the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you note the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you note the
+the OLS is simply regressing whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OLS is simply regressing whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OLS is simply regressing whether
+someone completed someone adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone completed someone adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone completed someone adopt
+technology on whether they completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology on whether they completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology on whether they completed
+Secondary School if we had run the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secondary School if we had run the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secondary School if we had run the naive
+regression that we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression that we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression that we started with
+what we have concluded education does to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have concluded education does to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have concluded education does to
+the probability of adopting a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology in general fertilizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in general fertilizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in general fertilizer
+Internet Health Technologies Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you understand what this OS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what this OS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what this OS is
+it's regressing the outcome on education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's regressing the outcome on education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's regressing the outcome on education
+so what we what would we conclude from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we what would we conclude from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we what would we conclude from
+that with Point 15 with the standard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with Point 15 with the standard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with Point 15 with the standard of
+0.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01
+yeah that education increases technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that education increases technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that education increases technology
+at all the education increase technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the education increase technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the education increase technology
+adoption and it's very precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption and it's very precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption and it's very precise
+uh uh and it's it's pretty large but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and it's it's pretty large but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and it's it's pretty large but
+then when we do the IV it's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we do the IV it's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we do the IV it's a much
+smaller coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller coefficient
+so that's relatively intuitive is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's relatively intuitive is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's relatively intuitive is saying
+while people who are prone to adopt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while people who are prone to adopt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while people who are prone to adopt to
+go to school even without scholarship or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to school even without scholarship or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to school even without scholarship or
+probably people who have money and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably people who have money and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably people who have money and then
+with the money they can do other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the money they can do other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the money they can do other things
+so we have a natural selection bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a natural selection bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a natural selection bias
+uh so that shows that that you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that shows that that you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that shows that that you know what
+the IV can do sometimes uh I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV can do sometimes uh I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV can do sometimes uh I'm not going
+to talk now about the DML but I'll go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk now about the DML but I'll go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk now about the DML but I'll go to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you can see from this equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from this equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from this equation the
+danger with IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger with IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger with IV
+is that that thing is in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that thing is in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that thing is in the denominator
+and if you have anything an IV for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have anything an IV for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have anything an IV for
+example that doesn't have a huge impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that doesn't have a huge impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that doesn't have a huge impact
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+that doesn't have a huge impact on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't have a huge impact on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't have a huge impact on your
+variable 0.25 is already pretty good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable 0.25 is already pretty good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable 0.25 is already pretty good but
+sometimes in IV the effects is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in IV the effects is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in IV the effects is much
+smaller you have an instrument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller you have an instrument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller you have an instrument that
+really doesn't move education that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't move education that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't move education that much
+if it has a direct impact on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it has a direct impact on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it has a direct impact on your
+outcome of Interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of Interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of Interest
+that's gonna be divided by a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be divided by a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be divided by a small
+number that's going to blow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's going to blow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's going to blow up
+so any bias that exists in the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any bias that exists in the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any bias that exists in the reduced
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+due for example to a direct impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due for example to a direct impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due for example to a direct impact of
+your instrument on your outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instrument on your outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instrument on your outcomes
+or in non-experimental cases due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in non-experimental cases due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in non-experimental cases due to
+selection bias that are not properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection bias that are not properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection bias that are not properly
+taken into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken into account
+any bias like that is going to explode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bias like that is going to explode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bias like that is going to explode
+which is one reason why that combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one reason why that combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one reason why that combined
+with a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain amount of
+selection bias and of what gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection bias and of what gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection bias and of what gets
+published that people you know editor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published that people you know editor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published that people you know editor
+will not publish a huge negative result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not publish a huge negative result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not publish a huge negative result
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ah so the huge negative result get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so the huge negative result get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so the huge negative result get
+canceled they stay in doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled they stay in doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled they stay in doors
+in general there is more bias so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general there is more bias so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general there is more bias so the
+estimate goal of other place because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate goal of other place because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate goal of other place because the
+bias adds to the noise to create uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias adds to the noise to create uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias adds to the noise to create uh
+estimates can be very large or very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates can be very large or very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates can be very large or very low
+depending on which side the bias goes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which side the bias goes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which side the bias goes if
+you only publish the positive one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only publish the positive one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only publish the positive one then
+you're finding yourself in a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're finding yourself in a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're finding yourself in a situation
+where all the IVs that are published and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the IVs that are published and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the IVs that are published and
+to be much larger than the urls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be much larger than the urls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be much larger than the urls
+so that is an observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is an observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is an observation that
+people have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done
+Harmon and debit card other people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmon and debit card other people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmon and debit card other people on
+that showing how the IV is always bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showing how the IV is always bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showing how the IV is always bigger
+than the URS they could be for returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the URS they could be for returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the URS they could be for returns
+to education in particular they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to education in particular they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to education in particular they could be
+substantive reason you can definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantive reason you can definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantive reason you can definitely
+think of that and will come in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that and will come in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that and will come in a minute
+for why IV might be better than better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why IV might be better than better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why IV might be better than better
+than or less for legitimate reasons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or less for legitimate reasons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or less for legitimate reasons but
+it it might also just be because the ivr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it might also just be because the ivr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it might also just be because the ivr
+selected are biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected are biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected are biased
+all the negative one the fact that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the negative one the fact that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the negative one the fact that their
+bias doesn't mean they are necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias doesn't mean they are necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias doesn't mean they are necessarily
+positively biased but you just have bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively biased but you just have bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively biased but you just have bias
+which is unlarged all of the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unlarged all of the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unlarged all of the negative
+ones are dead and then you only are left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are dead and then you only are left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are dead and then you only are left
+with the Positive large ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Positive large ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Positive large ones
+so that's the problem with IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the problem with IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the problem with IV
+and that's why you want to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you want to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you want to be very
+careful handling IV and in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful handling IV and in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful handling IV and in general
+I like it because it gives you a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it because it gives you a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it because it gives you a good
+sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of
+magnitude but in general I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude but in general I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude but in general I I
+I'm wary of it I don't so that's why for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wary of it I don't so that's why for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wary of it I don't so that's why for
+example in the Ghana people we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the Ghana people we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the Ghana people we are
+accepting that that one table which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting that that one table which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting that that one table which is
+meant to compare with the OLS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to compare with the OLS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to compare with the OLS and
+therefore we need com you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we need com you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we need com you know
+comparable magnitude I don't I I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable magnitude I don't I I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable magnitude I don't I I often
+don't tend to print them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to print them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to print them
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a lot of the literatures as is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the literatures as is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the literatures as is more
+going in this direction at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in this direction at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in this direction at least in
+development in saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in saying
+even when you have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you have something that
+affects what you might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects what you might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects what you might be interested in
+and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other
+and then that affects the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that affects the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that affects the outcome of
+interest it's a little dangerous to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest it's a little dangerous to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest it's a little dangerous to do
+an IV because of the bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an IV because of the bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an IV because of the bias
+so in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular case
+we were already worried about potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were already worried about potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were already worried about potential
+uh one potential source of direct impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one potential source of direct impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one potential source of direct impact
+and therefore bias is the giving money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore bias is the giving money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore bias is the giving money
+to the families to attend school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the families to attend school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the families to attend school
+now this is counterbalanced by the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is counterbalanced by the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is counterbalanced by the fact
+that you're taking away money from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're taking away money from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're taking away money from the
+family that do go to school that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that do go to school that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that do go to school that would
+not otherwise not have gone to school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not otherwise not have gone to school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not otherwise not have gone to school
+right some some family now needs to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some some family now needs to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some some family now needs to pay
+for the school expenditure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the school expenditure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the school expenditure and the
+scholarship doesn't cover all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship doesn't cover all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship doesn't cover all of it
+so on the one hand you're giving money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the one hand you're giving money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the one hand you're giving money
+extra money they wouldn't have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra money they wouldn't have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra money they wouldn't have had
+for people who would have gone to school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who would have gone to school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who would have gone to school
+anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+on the other end you are taking money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other end you are taking money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other end you are taking money
+away or you're making people spend more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away or you're making people spend more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away or you're making people spend more
+on education than they would have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on education than they would have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on education than they would have those
+are the compliers they end up spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the compliers they end up spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the compliers they end up spending
+more than they would have in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than they would have in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than they would have in terms of
+budget that sort of balances out given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget that sort of balances out given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget that sort of balances out given
+how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the
+the point estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point estimate
+shook out but you know that's one effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shook out but you know that's one effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shook out but you know that's one effect
+going one if one way or one if I go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going one if one way or one if I go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going one if one way or one if I go in
+the other way you you have no guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way you you have no guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way you you have no guarantee
+that they even know that's one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they even know that's one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they even know that's one problem
+what would be another problem in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be another problem in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be another problem in other
+potential violation of exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential violation of exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential violation of exclusion
+restriction coming from the scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep do you followed them for 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep do you followed them for 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep do you followed them for 10 years
+like maybe they feel very motivated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe they feel very motivated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe they feel very motivated to
+do good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm following the control group as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm following the control group as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm following the control group as well
+so over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah there might be there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah there might be there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah there might be there might be
+they might be grateful I wish they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be grateful I wish they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be grateful I wish they were
+even more grateful so we can follow them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more grateful so we can follow them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more grateful so we can follow them
+even easier but they might be grateful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even easier but they might be grateful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even easier but they might be grateful
+yes and in general you know and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and in general you know and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and in general you know and and this
+gratefulness might be high even bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratefulness might be high even bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratefulness might be high even bigger
+because we are following them we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are following them we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are following them we are
+calling them all the time we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling them all the time we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling them all the time we are
+monitoring them they feel they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring them they feel they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring them they feel they have to
+perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform
+uh and you you mentioned god-given I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you you mentioned god-given I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you you mentioned god-given I
+think so in general even in the absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so in general even in the absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so in general even in the absence
+of the experiment they might either feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment they might either feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment they might either feel
+psychologically oh I got a scholarship I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically oh I got a scholarship I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically oh I got a scholarship I
+better do something with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better do something with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better do something with it
+and therefore be motivated to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore be motivated to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore be motivated to do more
+which might bias their earnings either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might bias their earnings either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might bias their earnings either
+way because they might say well I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because they might say well I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because they might say well I'm not
+going to take any odd job on therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take any odd job on therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take any odd job on therefore
+I'm going to wait for something better I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to wait for something better I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to wait for something better I
+already had this plug I'm gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had this plug I'm gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had this plug I'm gonna have
+some more alternatively you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more alternatively you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more alternatively you know I
+better perform so there might be direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better perform so there might be direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better perform so there might be direct
+psychological effect of getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological effect of getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological effect of getting the
+scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship
+they might be direct in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be direct in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be direct in this case the
+scholarship was not tied to Performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship was not tied to Performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship was not tied to Performance
+but it often is for example there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it often is for example there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it often is for example there is a
+famous people by Joss unquest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous people by Joss unquest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous people by Joss unquest and
+Michael Kramer on trying to estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Kramer on trying to estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Kramer on trying to estimating
+the return to private school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to private school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to private school
+but they gave people a scholarship to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they gave people a scholarship to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they gave people a scholarship to go
+to private school that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to private school that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to private school that people
+that were removed if people repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were removed if people repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were removed if people repeated
+and I always found a very funny to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I always found a very funny to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I always found a very funny to use
+that as an instrument because you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an instrument because you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an instrument because you might
+expect a direct effect of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a direct effect of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a direct effect of you know
+motivation effect just to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation effect just to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation effect just to get the
+scholarship irrespective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship irrespective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship irrespective of
+so that so that's one issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that's one issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that's one issue
+uh the incentives the feeling very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the incentives the feeling very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the incentives the feeling very
+confident you want something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident you want something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident you want something
+Etc so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so those
+any other that you can think of yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other that you can think of yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other that you can think of yep
+maybe since uh they feel grateful that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe since uh they feel grateful that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe since uh they feel grateful that
+you give them a scholarship they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give them a scholarship they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give them a scholarship they feel
+tempted to say they're doing better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to say they're doing better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to say they're doing better than
+they actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually are
+yeah so then there might be a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then there might be a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then there might be a social
+experimental effect or social social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental effect or social social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental effect or social social
+bias in reporting which I don't think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in reporting which I don't think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in reporting which I don't think is
+a huge deal in this case but it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge deal in this case but it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge deal in this case but it's a very
+good thing you're pointing out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing you're pointing out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing you're pointing out because
+in a lot of experiments it might be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of experiments it might be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of experiments it might be and
+by the way this is something that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is something that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is something that it's
+not even a problem of instruments it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even a problem of instruments it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even a problem of instruments it's
+just oh it could be even more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh it could be even more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh it could be even more because
+the people who are the scholarship could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are the scholarship could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are the scholarship could
+feel even more that they feel they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel even more that they feel they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel even more that they feel they need
+to report higher higher wages because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report higher higher wages because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report higher higher wages because of
+that yeah so you could have a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah so you could have a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah so you could have a social
+desirability in the reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for example is there in the reporting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example is there in the reporting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example is there in the reporting of
+their wages and then for example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wages and then for example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wages and then for example on
+their test scores they might put a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their test scores they might put a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their test scores they might put a bit
+more effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effort
+so in fact for effort on the test scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact for effort on the test scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact for effort on the test scores
+we we try to track that how much effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we try to track that how much effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we try to track that how much effort
+they are putting on the test itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are putting on the test itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are putting on the test itself
+so all of this would create issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this would create issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this would create issues and
+I'm sure you could cook up some more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you could cook up some more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you could cook up some more uh
+given a bit more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh forgetting that for a moment let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forgetting that for a moment let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forgetting that for a moment let's
+assume this is not an issue some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this is not an issue some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this is not an issue some of this
+can be looked at in the data many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be looked at in the data many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be looked at in the data many of
+them cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cannot
+anybody can be looked at it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can be looked at it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can be looked at it can be
+looked at only in sort of circumstantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at only in sort of circumstantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at only in sort of circumstantial
+circumstantial web on the back side for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstantial web on the back side for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstantial web on the back side for
+example with the effort thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with the effort thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with the effort thing you can
+try and measure how much effort they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and measure how much effort they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and measure how much effort they put
+in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now if we had
+forgetting that issue for a moment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting that issue for a moment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting that issue for a moment at
+least for pedagogical purpose we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for pedagogical purpose we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for pedagogical purpose we can ask
+ourselves for whom the estimate we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves for whom the estimate we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves for whom the estimate we are
+calculating them from whom so already we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating them from whom so already we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating them from whom so already we
+know it's for example of kids who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's for example of kids who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's for example of kids who
+qualified but didn't have money so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified but didn't have money so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified but didn't have money so that
+already a first restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a first restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a first restriction
+now with the Navy there is a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with the Navy there is a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with the Navy there is a future
+there is one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one more
+uh as soon as you stop assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as soon as you stop assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as soon as you stop assuming the
+constant return to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant return to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant return to education
+some kids would have gone to school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kids would have gone to school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kids would have gone to school
+anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways
+some kids uh and we could lose we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kids uh and we could lose we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kids uh and we could lose we call
+these guys the compliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys the compliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys the compliers
+so they always take care this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they always take care this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they always take care this is all
+they always take they always go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always take they always go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always take they always go to
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+so they always take your treatment some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they always take your treatment some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they always take your treatment some
+kids would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids would
+did not go to school even without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not go to school even without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not go to school even without the
+scholarship we call these guys they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship we call these guys they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship we call these guys they
+never never takers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never takers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never takers
+and some kids were moved by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some kids were moved by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some kids were moved by the
+scholarship to go to school we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship to go to school we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship to go to school we know how
+many of those exist 25 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those exist 25 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those exist 25 percent
+we can also know a lot of things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also know a lot of things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also know a lot of things about
+them by looking at the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by looking at the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by looking at the average
+characteristics of those who go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of those who go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of those who go to
+school with or without the scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school with or without the scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school with or without the scholarship
+this is from work by Alberto abadi but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from work by Alberto abadi but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from work by Alberto abadi but
+we never know who they are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never know who they are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never know who they are exactly
+uh we call these guys the compliance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we call these guys the compliance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we call these guys the compliance to
+the other people who go to school with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people who go to school with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people who go to school with
+the scholarship and do not go without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scholarship and do not go without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scholarship and do not go without
+so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+one question of interest is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question of interest is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question of interest is how the
+returns line up if they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns line up if they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns line up if they are not
+homogeneous if these different groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous if these different groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous if these different groups of
+different groups who are we estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups who are we estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups who are we estimating
+the return to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to education
+so uh that takes a little bit of algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that takes a little bit of algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that takes a little bit of algebra
+so we have now our instrument we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have now our instrument we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have now our instrument we go back
+to that and because we and a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and because we and a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and because we and a little bit
+of notation because we have to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation because we have to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation because we have to keep the
+keep track of what's the instrument and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of what's the instrument and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of what's the instrument and
+the state the treatment I'm going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state the treatment I'm going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state the treatment I'm going back
+to the he immense Ruby notation of wi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the he immense Ruby notation of wi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the he immense Ruby notation of wi
+for the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the treatment
+so we have now a treatment of one if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have now a treatment of one if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have now a treatment of one if you
+got the scholarship treatment zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the scholarship treatment zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the scholarship treatment zero it's
+the if you didn't get the scholarship so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you didn't get the scholarship so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you didn't get the scholarship so
+we have potential outcome with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have potential outcome with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have potential outcome with respect
+the scholarship and potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scholarship and potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scholarship and potential outcome
+with respect to the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the treatment
+The observed treatment is uh like we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The observed treatment is uh like we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The observed treatment is uh like we had
+before the I uh w i of one plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the I uh w i of one plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the I uh w i of one plus one
+minus CI Wy of 0. okay we observe people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus CI Wy of 0. okay we observe people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus CI Wy of 0. okay we observe people
+either the one or the Lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the one or the Lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the one or the Lost
+and so that's where the notation becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's where the notation becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's where the notation becomes
+a little bit uh tricky because we have y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh tricky because we have y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit uh tricky because we have y
+i of 1 is the potential outcome if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i of 1 is the potential outcome if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i of 1 is the potential outcome if
+treated by WWI not treated by z i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated by WWI not treated by z i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated by WWI not treated by z i
+okay and similarly for y0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly for y0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly for y0
+the identification assumption so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identification assumption so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identification assumption so this is
+comes this is from a very classic paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes this is from a very classic paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes this is from a very classic paper
+by in Benson and Grace uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which one day we'll win them the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one day we'll win them the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one day we'll win them the Nobel
+Prize sometime soon hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize sometime soon hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize sometime soon hopefully
+uh which is that so the assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is that so the assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is that so the assumption is
+that all the potential outcome have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the potential outcome have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the potential outcome have to
+be independent of the instrument that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be independent of the instrument that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be independent of the instrument that's
+the kind of parallel of uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of parallel of uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of parallel of uh the the
+assumption that we were discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we were discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we were discussing
+before about our Epsilon right and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about our Epsilon right and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about our Epsilon right and again
+this implies not only on them assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies not only on them assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies not only on them assignment
+of the instrument which ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the instrument which ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the instrument which ensure that
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+directly that this is independent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that this is independent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that this is independent but
+also no direct effect on the wise which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also no direct effect on the wise which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also no direct effect on the wise which
+gives you Independence of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you Independence of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you Independence of the of the
+wise otherwise you don't get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in addition we're gonna make one extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition we're gonna make one extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition we're gonna make one extra
+assumption which is monotonicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption which is monotonicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption which is monotonicity
+what monotonicity says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what monotonicity says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what monotonicity says is that
+you're either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're either
+uh as likely to be treated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as likely to be treated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as likely to be treated with the
+instrument onto one or more likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument onto one or more likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument onto one or more likely to be
+treated but not less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated but not less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated but not less
+um you know so so people either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know so so people either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know so so people either
+never go to school regardless or always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go to school regardless or always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go to school regardless or always
+go to school regardless or are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to school regardless or are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to school regardless or are more
+likely to go to school because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to go to school because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to go to school because of the
+instrument but there are nobody who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument but there are nobody who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument but there are nobody who is
+at the fire which is they would go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the fire which is they would go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the fire which is they would go to
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+if they don't have the scholarship but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't have the scholarship but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't have the scholarship but
+they refuse to go to school if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they refuse to go to school if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they refuse to go to school if they have
+a scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scholarship
+so that's an extra assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an extra assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an extra assumption
+in further work by says Marta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in further work by says Marta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in further work by says Marta in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+you can work on some relaxing on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work on some relaxing on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work on some relaxing on this
+monosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also not particularly testable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also not particularly testable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also not particularly testable so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it's good to uh it's good to relax it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to uh it's good to relax it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to uh it's good to relax it
+but for now we are going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now we are going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now we are going to assume
+that's the Assumption so people you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Assumption so people you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Assumption so people you are
+either a complier or an always take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a complier or an always take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a complier or an always take care
+or never take care but you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or never take care but you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or never take care but you're an
+identifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier
+in most experiments honestly that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most experiments honestly that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most experiments honestly that's a
+much more plausible assumption than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more plausible assumption than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more plausible assumption than
+Independence anyways so there is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence anyways so there is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence anyways so there is not
+much to worry about but it's it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to worry about but it's it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to worry about but it's it's good
+to know that it's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that it's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that it's happening
+so we are we now have our groups we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are we now have our groups we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are we now have our groups we
+don't have Rd fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have Rd fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have Rd fire
+um and uh now we can start doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh now we can start doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh now we can start doing some
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+so like before we are going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like before we are going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like before we are going to uh
+add and subtract some terms uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and subtract some terms uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and subtract some terms uh and and
+we are going to express why I as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to express why I as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to express why I as a
+function uh you know as a full function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh you know as a full function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh you know as a full function
+of the W so that's why I'm doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the W so that's why I'm doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the W so that's why I'm doing here
+uh this y i is this one and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this y i is this one and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this y i is this one and then this is
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can
+replace some I can move things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace some I can move things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace some I can move things by
+because the expectation can be combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the expectation can be combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the expectation can be combined
+nicely uh this for to go from here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely uh this for to go from here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely uh this for to go from here from
+to here needs you you can just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here needs you you can just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here needs you you can just write
+things down and and combine them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down and and combine them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down and and combine them you
+will be convinced that it works so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be convinced that it works so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be convinced that it works so I get
+here this product of y i of 1 minus y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this product of y i of 1 minus y i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this product of y i of 1 minus y i
+f of zero multiply by y i of 1 minus y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of zero multiply by y i of 1 minus y i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of zero multiply by y i of 1 minus y i
+of 0 and these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 and these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 and these guys
+so what can I do with this guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can get rid of them by Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get rid of them by Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get rid of them by Independence
+that's nice so now uh that we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice so now uh that we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice so now uh that we have that
+we have to kind of assess how much what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to kind of assess how much what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to kind of assess how much what
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+and the the easy it's easy to to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the easy it's easy to to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the easy it's easy to to deal
+with because this is really only one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because this is really only one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because this is really only one or
+zero or minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or minus one
+right in fact can it be minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it cannot be minus one by by monotony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be minus one by by monotony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be minus one by by monotony
+so I'm left with uh so this one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm left with uh so this one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm left with uh so this one goes
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+then there is this one so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is this one so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is this one so if it's
+basically I'm I'm taking all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm I'm taking all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm I'm taking all of the
+kisses one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kisses one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kisses one by one
+uh either this is uh minus one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either this is uh minus one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either this is uh minus one this is
+the probability of that is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that is zero so
+that's gonna go away or this is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna go away or this is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna go away or this is this one
+and that's also going to go away simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also going to go away simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also going to go away simply
+because it's zero and then therefore I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's zero and then therefore I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's zero and then therefore I'm
+left with this only this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that's the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the product of
+um so then we we want to modify that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then we we want to modify that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then we we want to modify that a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's the that turns out to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that turns out to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that turns out to be so
+that's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the
+uh this probability is simply the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this probability is simply the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this probability is simply the the
+reduced form impact on this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form impact on this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form impact on this difference
+in priorities simply reduce permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in priorities simply reduce permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in priorities simply reduce permanent
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+so uh if I divide this by the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if I divide this by the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if I divide this by the reduced
+form on education which is my valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form on education which is my valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form on education which is my valid
+estimate that it is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that it is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that it is equal to the
+treatment effect for people whose who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect for people whose who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect for people whose who
+have wi of one minus w i of 0 equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wi of one minus w i of 0 equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wi of one minus w i of 0 equal to
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+so it's a treatment effect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the different the ratio of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different the ratio of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different the ratio of these
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+reduce form by the first stage which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce form by the first stage which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce form by the first stage which is
+the Value Estimate is the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Value Estimate is the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Value Estimate is the treatment
+effect for this group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for this group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for this group of people
+who are who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are who
+Who are the compliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who are the compliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who are the compliers
+so that's something you probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something you probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something you probably know
+but I think it's good to go to whites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's good to go to whites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's good to go to whites
+too once and I even I spared you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too once and I even I spared you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too once and I even I spared you that
+normally I do it on the world but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally I do it on the world but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally I do it on the world but I want
+to have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a little
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is very simple beautiful pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very simple beautiful pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very simple beautiful pieces of
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+that tells you why that Samurai is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you why that Samurai is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you why that Samurai is why
+this gives you the effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you the effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you the effect on the
+complier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's very nice uh there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very nice uh there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very nice uh there are some
+special special cases if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special special cases if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special special cases if
+the controls take control for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controls take control for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controls take control for example in
+our case of in the case of the Ultra Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case of in the case of the Ultra Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case of in the case of the Ultra Pro
+program where some of the treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where some of the treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where some of the treatment of
+used to take the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to take the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to take the program
+uh then the compliers are the are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the compliers are the are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the compliers are the are the
+treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated
+then it's the effect of treatment under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's the effect of treatment under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's the effect of treatment under
+treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated
+uh in the general case these are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the general case these are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the general case these are those
+who are compelled by the instruments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are compelled by the instruments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are compelled by the instruments to
+get the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the treatment
+and so there is further issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there is further issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there is further issue of
+external validity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external validity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external validity
+over and above the fact that we were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and above the fact that we were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and above the fact that we were in
+a small sample in addition within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small sample in addition within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small sample in addition within that
+sample we selected the people who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we selected the people who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we selected the people who who
+would have gone to school just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gone to school just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gone to school just because
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+of the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the instrument
+and then that tells us that it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that tells us that it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that tells us that it comes out
+gives us some guidance on how to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us some guidance on how to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us some guidance on how to pick
+instruments because if you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments because if you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments because if you pick
+instruments that are going to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that are going to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that are going to select
+some exotic part of exotic group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exotic part of exotic group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exotic part of exotic group of
+people then your estimate is also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people then your estimate is also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people then your estimate is also not
+going to be of great relevance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of great relevance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of great relevance
+here we are selecting the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are selecting the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are selecting the people who
+because of the scholarship are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the scholarship are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the scholarship are going to
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+so that's a group that is of Interest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a group that is of Interest so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a group that is of Interest so
+that's nice we like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice we like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice we like that
+but so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that means that
+you want to go beyond finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go beyond finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go beyond finding an
+instrument that is going to not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that is going to not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that is going to not only
+your instrument as to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instrument as to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instrument as to satisfy
+Independence that's to satisfy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence that's to satisfy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence that's to satisfy uh
+Independence of the potential outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence of the potential outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence of the potential outcomes
+with respect to the instrument it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the instrument it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the instrument it's a
+satisfied monotonistic in addition it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied monotonistic in addition it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied monotonistic in addition it
+has to be interesting because you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be interesting because you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be interesting because you're in
+the sense that it moves an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it moves an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it moves an interesting
+group of compliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of compliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of compliers
+to this one satisfies because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one satisfies because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one satisfies because in the
+real world if a government we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world if a government we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world if a government we are
+thinking of removing fees of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of removing fees of Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of removing fees of Education
+because remember they would do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember they would do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember they would do that
+keeping in mind the fact that it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind the fact that it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind the fact that it's going
+to help the people who are credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help the people who are credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help the people who are credit
+constrained to death and those are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to death and those are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to death and those are those
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+uh because they would like to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they would like to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they would like to go to
+school and they go to school as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and they go to school as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and they go to school as soon as
+they have the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so I think we went already through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I think we went already through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I think we went already through
+this so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's good
+so an advantage of doing the IV is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an advantage of doing the IV is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an advantage of doing the IV is that
+we can compare with other strategies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compare with other strategies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compare with other strategies so
+we already compared with the OLS I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already compared with the OLS I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already compared with the OLS I
+already did that before showing you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did that before showing you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did that before showing you what
+the IV was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV was
+we can do a sort of more fancy version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a sort of more fancy version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a sort of more fancy version
+of the OLS which is the OLS after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the OLS which is the OLS after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the OLS which is the OLS after
+controlling for everything we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for everything we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for everything we have in
+the database that could lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database that could lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database that could lead to
+selection we have a very very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection we have a very very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection we have a very very very very
+rich database so you might think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich database so you might think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich database so you might think that
+you know maybe this is enough to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe this is enough to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe this is enough to capture
+all the selection and in that case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the selection and in that case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the selection and in that case we
+don't need to go over all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to go over all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to go over all of this
+complicated machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated machinery
+uh but there is one issue in doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there is one issue in doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there is one issue in doing that
+when you so so what we did in that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you so so what we did in that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you so so what we did in that in
+that paper is we applied the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper is we applied the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper is we applied the double
+machine learning algorithm that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm that we
+developed in the paper by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the paper by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the paper by uh
+um Victor and Whitney and many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Victor and Whitney and many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Victor and Whitney and many many
+other quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other quarters
+which basically adopts which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically adopts which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically adopts which is
+basically a sort of fancy method to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a sort of fancy method to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a sort of fancy method to do
+freshbook if you have they taken first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshbook if you have they taken first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshbook if you have they taken first
+trial geometrics that's one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial geometrics that's one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial geometrics that's one of the first
+things you learn is fish food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you learn is fish food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you learn is fish food
+decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+which is basically you can project the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically you can project the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically you can project the
+what you're interested in on what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're interested in on what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're interested in on what you're
+not interested in and what's and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in and what's and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in and what's and then uh
+so what intro what you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what intro what you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what intro what you're interested in
+is the Y and the s and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Y and the s and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Y and the s and then when you
+regress y on S you have the the uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress y on S you have the the uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress y on S you have the the uh when
+you address the projection the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you address the projection the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you address the projection the residual
+from the projection on each other you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the projection on each other you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the projection on each other you
+get your uh you get the same beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your uh you get the same beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your uh you get the same beta
+coefficient of Interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of Interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of Interest
+so this is basically an application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically an application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically an application of
+which book and saying well we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which book and saying well we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which book and saying well we are going
+to do this projection you know as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this projection you know as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this projection you know as a
+flexible way as possible using machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible way as possible using machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible way as possible using machine
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's double machine learning then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's double machine learning then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's double machine learning then
+you have to do that in two samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do that in two samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do that in two samples
+but hence the double but the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hence the double but the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hence the double but the idea is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh so that was nice we're very happy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that was nice we're very happy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that was nice we're very happy we
+now with our paper and this is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with our paper and this is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with our paper and this is in a
+sense the the first test of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the the first test of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the the first test of these people
+because it works very nicely with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it works very nicely with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it works very nicely with in
+Monte Carlo simulation where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo simulation where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo simulation where all the
+assumptions are satisfied but we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are satisfied but we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are satisfied but we never
+know whether all the assumptions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether all the assumptions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether all the assumptions are
+satisfied for dma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied for dma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied for dma
+so what we have here is comparing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have here is comparing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have here is comparing the
+double machine learning estimate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double machine learning estimate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double machine learning estimate to the
+OLS and then to the IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OLS and then to the IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OLS and then to the IV
+and um it's very not that great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's very not that great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's very not that great because
+most of the DML look much closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the DML look much closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the DML look much closer to the
+to the OLS and despite Towing all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the OLS and despite Towing all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the OLS and despite Towing all this
+Machinery of the program you don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery of the program you don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery of the program you don't make
+so much so much Headway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much so much Headway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much so much Headway
+uh so it seems that whatever is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it seems that whatever is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it seems that whatever is the
+selection it's not easy to capture from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection it's not easy to capture from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection it's not easy to capture from
+even very very rich observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even very very rich observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even very very rich observable
+now you might think well all of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might think well all of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might think well all of that is
+not correct because in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correct because in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correct because in fact
+the IV is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV is not
+is the effect for the compliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the effect for the compliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the effect for the compliers
+so they can't be compared to the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can't be compared to the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can't be compared to the double
+machine learning estimate or to the OLS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning estimate or to the OLS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning estimate or to the OLS
+which is the effect for the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the effect for the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the effect for the population
+at large at least some other weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at large at least some other weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at large at least some other weights
+with waiting scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with waiting scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with waiting scheme
+uh the waiting scheme in OLS gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the waiting scheme in OLS gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the waiting scheme in OLS gives
+more weight to the observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more weight to the observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more weight to the observation that
+contribute the mark to the variation The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute the mark to the variation The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute the mark to the variation The
+Waiting scheme for DML is who knows I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waiting scheme for DML is who knows I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waiting scheme for DML is who knows I
+don't know it is like a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it is like a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it is like a mess
+so what we did here is that we say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did here is that we say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did here is that we say well
+let's do a double machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a double machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a double machine learning
+estimate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that
+is going to mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to mimic
+as much as we can from the observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as we can from the observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as we can from the observable
+variable the Latin estimate which is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the Latin estimate which is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the Latin estimate which is we
+are going to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to estimate
+the treatment effect for a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment effect for a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment effect for a population
+that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks
+on the observable variable of which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the observable variable of which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the observable variable of which you
+are many remember we are this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many remember we are this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many remember we are this is the
+hope the h0 here is that the Observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope the h0 here is that the Observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope the h0 here is that the Observer
+will do a good job in capturing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do a good job in capturing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do a good job in capturing the
+autogenes in December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autogenes in December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autogenes in December
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+trying to estimate the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate the the the the
+machine learning estimate the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning estimate the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning estimate the machine
+learning corrected estimate of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning corrected estimate of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning corrected estimate of education
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+a population that is weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population that is weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population that is weighted
+appropriately to look observationally by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately to look observationally by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately to look observationally by
+the like the people who are affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the people who are affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the people who are affected by
+the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument
+so what we need to do now is to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need to do now is to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need to do now is to apply
+our Machinery in another paper to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Machinery in another paper to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Machinery in another paper to look
+at heterogeneous treatment Effects by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at heterogeneous treatment Effects by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at heterogeneous treatment Effects by
+excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess
+we calculate the heterogeneous treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate the heterogeneous treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate the heterogeneous treatment
+effect by excess we don't personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect by excess we don't personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect by excess we don't personally
+want to give them a causal estimate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give them a causal estimate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give them a causal estimate but
+we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just
+use machine learning to estimate to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use machine learning to estimate to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use machine learning to estimate to get
+a sense of uh the heterogeneity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of uh the heterogeneity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of uh the heterogeneity in the
+treatment effect and then we use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect and then we use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect and then we use those
+estimates to re-weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates to re-weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates to re-weight
+so that we have the DML latte is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we have the DML latte is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we have the DML latte is a
+machine learning estimate for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning estimate for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning estimate for a
+population like looks like the complier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population like looks like the complier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population like looks like the complier
+in terms of all of the observables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of all of the observables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of all of the observables that
+we have that is it puts more weight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that is it puts more weight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that is it puts more weight on
+people on the type of the kind of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the type of the kind of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the type of the kind of people
+who seems to be more affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seems to be more affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who seems to be more affected by the
+instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments
+after all of this effort this is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all of this effort this is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all of this effort this is almost
+the same as the DML and almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the DML and almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the DML and almost the same
+of the OLS so this is not this didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the OLS so this is not this didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the OLS so this is not this didn't
+make much of a difference yeah to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make much of a difference yeah to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make much of a difference yeah to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't believe the exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't believe the exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't believe the exclusion
+restriction like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction like what
+why do you use the IBS oh yeah until now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you use the IBS oh yeah until now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you use the IBS oh yeah until now
+I believe it this is yeah so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe it this is yeah so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe it this is yeah so you could
+say well this is all this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this is all this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this is all this is all
+I can tell you now is that the DML is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you now is that the DML is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you now is that the DML is
+very similar to the URLs despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the URLs despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the URLs despite the
+addition of the controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of the controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of the controls
+DML land is still very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DML land is still very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DML land is still very similar to the
+uls despite waiting appropriately for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uls despite waiting appropriately for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uls despite waiting appropriately for
+the observable and they're all quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observable and they're all quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observable and they're all quite
+different from the IV but you could tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the IV but you could tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the IV but you could tell
+me I don't believe the IV anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I don't believe the IV anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I don't believe the IV anyways
+so that's the that's the there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the there's no
+nothing here that tells you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing here that tells you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing here that tells you you have to
+believe in one versus the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I mean you could but you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean you could but you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean you could but you would get
+nothing from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what you could do and would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you could do and would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you could do and would be
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+but we couldn't do in this data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we couldn't do in this data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we couldn't do in this data set
+is if you're new uh who you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're new uh who you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're new uh who you could
+compare a DML estimate of getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare a DML estimate of getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare a DML estimate of getting a
+scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship
+to an or less estimate of getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an or less estimate of getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an or less estimate of getting a
+scholarship in the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship in the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship in the control
+not going to school but you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to school but you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to school but you know you
+don't want to compare the dma you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to compare the dma you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to compare the dma you don't
+want to compare the going to school to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare the going to school to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare the going to school to
+getting a scholarship because that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a scholarship because that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a scholarship because that's not
+the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+you have definitely have to scale them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have definitely have to scale them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have definitely have to scale them
+somehow and then whether or not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and then whether or not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and then whether or not it's
+appropriate depends on whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate depends on whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate depends on whether or not
+your your exclusion restriction are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your exclusion restriction are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your exclusion restriction are
+valid but to not have this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid but to not have this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid but to not have this problem
+you could find a a setup where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could find a a setup where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could find a a setup where
+you are going to compare you would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to compare you would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to compare you would like
+to compare an OLS to an LS so in my case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare an OLS to an LS so in my case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare an OLS to an LS so in my case
+it would be can I compare uh the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be can I compare uh the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be can I compare uh the effect
+of getting a scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting a scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting a scholarship
+not Randomness in the control group for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Randomness in the control group for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Randomness in the control group for
+example some kids got from the sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some kids got from the sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some kids got from the sugar
+board some kids got from a Christian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board some kids got from a Christian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board some kids got from a Christian
+Church some kids got from whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church some kids got from whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church some kids got from whatever
+can I compare the effect of getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I compare the effect of getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I compare the effect of getting a
+scholarship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship
+to the effect of getting a randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the effect of getting a randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the effect of getting a randomly
+assigned scholarship and that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned scholarship and that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned scholarship and that would be a
+much easier comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier comparison
+but we don't really have that in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't really have that in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't really have that in our
+data set we in fact a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set we in fact a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set we in fact a lot of people
+scramble the money somehow without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble the money somehow without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble the money somehow without
+really a scholarship so we have we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a scholarship so we have we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a scholarship so we have we don't
+have a way of doing that but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of doing that but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of doing that but that's what
+you would like exactly and the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like exactly and the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like exactly and the original
+alone exercise poblalon is a researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone exercise poblalon is a researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone exercise poblalon is a researcher
+at Chicago who compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Chicago who compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Chicago who compared
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+non-experimental estimate of training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-experimental estimate of training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-experimental estimate of training
+programs with the experimental estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs with the experimental estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs with the experimental estimates
+and the way he did it is by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way he did it is by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way he did it is by you know
+this was comparing like to like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was comparing like to like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was comparing like to like because
+he was comparing assignment to training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was comparing assignment to training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was comparing assignment to training
+to going into training of your own will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to going into training of your own will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to going into training of your own will
+he didn't have DML but it didn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't have DML but it didn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't have DML but it didn't matter
+he didn't you know matching and whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't you know matching and whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't you know matching and whatever
+I actually didn't do much things he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually didn't do much things he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually didn't do much things he
+didn't have it at the time he did OLS or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have it at the time he did OLS or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have it at the time he did OLS or
+less with control different diff Etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less with control different diff Etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less with control different diff Etc and
+then some people added matching and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some people added matching and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some people added matching and one
+could now at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could now at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could now at this
+but I haven't seen people doing that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't seen people doing that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't seen people doing that so
+ours you're absolutely right that ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours you're absolutely right that ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours you're absolutely right that ours
+is a bit more fragile because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit more fragile because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit more fragile because you have
+to believe in the IV to Believe In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe in the IV to Believe In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe in the IV to Believe In the
+comparison being valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so a minute on the substantive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a minute on the substantive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a minute on the substantive
+finding so we find positive effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding so we find positive effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding so we find positive effect on
+all sorts of sites of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of sites of Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of sites of Education
+Financial return to education uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial return to education uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial return to education uh uh
+there are in the sense maybe not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in the sense maybe not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in the sense maybe not that
+not so much on earnings but on this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much on earnings but on this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much on earnings but on this you
+know some people get this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some people get this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some people get this box
+uh but they seem to be mostly uh private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they seem to be mostly uh private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they seem to be mostly uh private
+returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+I'm almost running out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm almost running out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm almost running out of time
+uh so I'm gonna skip uh most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm gonna skip uh most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm gonna skip uh most of
+describing how we build an IV from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how we build an IV from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing how we build an IV from uh
+from the different different deaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the different different deaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the different different deaf
+estimator in the in price paper because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator in the in price paper because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator in the in price paper because
+you've all read it and once you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all read it and once you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all read it and once you've done
+that that's just the same except that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just the same except that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just the same except that's
+a valid different diff instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid different diff instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid different diff instead of a
+while from simple difference and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while from simple difference and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while from simple difference and then
+you construct your instrument as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you construct your instrument as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you construct your instrument as the
+cohort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort
+interacted with the treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted with the treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted with the treatment effect
+cohort interacted with the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort interacted with the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort interacted with the number of
+school built in the region of Perth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll skip that that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll skip that that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll skip that that part
+there we find that differently from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we find that differently from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we find that differently from this
+setup we find that the IV is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup we find that the IV is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup we find that the IV is very very
+similar to the uls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the uls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the uls
+uh the IV and the OLS look really almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the IV and the OLS look really almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the IV and the OLS look really almost
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+so in that case we didn't find much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case we didn't find much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case we didn't find much
+evidence of of uh but what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of of uh but what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of of uh but what I want to
+talk about for for two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about for for two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about for for two minutes
+uh is once we've done that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is once we've done that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is once we've done that so we
+estimate the treatment Effect one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the treatment Effect one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the treatment Effect one thing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you follow on on the ongoing immense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow on on the ongoing immense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow on on the ongoing immense
+people are following on the compliers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are following on the compliers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are following on the compliers if
+your instrument is takes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instrument is takes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instrument is takes a lot of
+discrete value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete value
+not only the effect for the complier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the effect for the complier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the effect for the complier but
+you can show that it's a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that it's a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that it's a weighted
+average of the effect of each year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the effect of each year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the effect of each year of
+Education where the weight is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education where the weight is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education where the weight is given by
+the fraction of people who are moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of people who are moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of people who are moved to
+complete each extra year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete each extra year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete each extra year
+which is why if you remember when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why if you remember when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why if you remember when I
+started this project I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this project I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this project I wanted to
+estimate the non-parametric return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the non-parametric return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the non-parametric return to
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+but that didn't work out because all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that didn't work out because all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that didn't work out because all of
+my variation comes from primary school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there was no way I was going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was no way I was going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was no way I was going to look
+at the effect of secondary school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the effect of secondary school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the effect of secondary school
+I wouldn't worry about this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't worry about this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't worry about this negative
+estimate distance but this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate distance but this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate distance but this this
+confidence bands are hugely uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence bands are hugely uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence bands are hugely uh
+too small because they are Point by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small because they are Point by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small because they are Point by
+point and they don't take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and they don't take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and they don't take into account
+clustering and when you do all that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and when you do all that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and when you do all that just
+another actually large so you can treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another actually large so you can treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another actually large so you can treat
+that as a whole big zero uh on on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a whole big zero uh on on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a whole big zero uh on on both
+this one and this one the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one the small
+spillover on Junior High and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spillover on Junior High and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spillover on Junior High and the
+negative on Senior High if it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative on Senior High if it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative on Senior High if it's really
+it's driven by the fact that they build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's driven by the fact that they build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's driven by the fact that they build
+more Senior High School where they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Senior High School where they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Senior High School where they had
+more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more
+primary when they had more Primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary when they had more Primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary when they had more Primary
+School to start with so the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School to start with so the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School to start with so the school
+building of senior high school was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of senior high school was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of senior high school was
+negatively collected with school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively collected with school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively collected with school
+building of private school which itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of private school which itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of private school which itself
+is an issue for the exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an issue for the exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an issue for the exclusion
+restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction
+but anyway all the variation was coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway all the variation was coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway all the variation was coming
+from my complier my poor kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my complier my poor kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my complier my poor kids
+who are driven from doing one more year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are driven from doing one more year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are driven from doing one more year
+of Education two more years of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Education two more years of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Education two more years of education
+so there was no way I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was no way I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was no way I was going to
+estimate a nice non-parametric curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a nice non-parametric curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a nice non-parametric curve
+like the one I showed you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one I showed you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one I showed you at the
+beginning of the graph which had been my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the graph which had been my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the graph which had been my
+hope at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope at the beginning
+so that never happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that never happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that never happened
+uh but what did happen is something many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but what did happen is something many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but what did happen is something many
+of you asked so I want to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you asked so I want to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you asked so I want to at least
+advertise uh thinking about the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise uh thinking about the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise uh thinking about the social
+returns to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to education
+because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+and something which we talk about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something which we talk about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something which we talk about in the
+Ghana people but couldn't do because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana people but couldn't do because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana people but couldn't do because we
+have an instrument that just affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an instrument that just affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an instrument that just affects
+individuals but here the effects the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals but here the effects the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals but here the effects the the
+education policy is that the cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education policy is that the cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education policy is that the cable
+pattern lover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern lover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern lover
+and unless unless people migrate like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless unless people migrate like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless unless people migrate like
+crazy to undo all of the variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy to undo all of the variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy to undo all of the variation in
+education which we know they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education which we know they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education which we know they don't
+uh then that really provide in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then that really provide in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then that really provide in a sense
+to shock in the education level at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shock in the education level at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shock in the education level at the
+market level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market level
+so we at least have one hope to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we at least have one hope to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we at least have one hope to to
+estimate not only the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate not only the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate not only the effect of
+education on myself but it should be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education on myself but it should be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education on myself but it should be it
+should not be a better it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be a better it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be a better it should be a
+better one or a gamma the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one or a gamma the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one or a gamma the effect of the
+average education of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average education of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average education of other people
+in my uh in my district on my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my uh in my district on my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my uh in my district on my own
+earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings
+so the estimation problems now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the estimation problems now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the estimation problems now we have
+two things we need an instrument for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things we need an instrument for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things we need an instrument for my
+own education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own education
+and an instrument for the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an instrument for the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an instrument for the average
+education uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education uh
+uh in the neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here we have a nice setup for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have a nice setup for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have a nice setup for that
+because if you consider a cohort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you consider a cohort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you consider a cohort that
+was 12 or older in 1973.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 12 or older in 1973.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 12 or older in 1973.
+and that's not exposed by the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not exposed by the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not exposed by the program
+then what the program does to them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what the program does to them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what the program does to them is
+that as when they enter the labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as when they enter the labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as when they enter the labor market
+let's say they start entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they start entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they start entering the
+liberal Market in in 1980
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal Market in in 1980
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal Market in in 1980
+every year the age they get new cohort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year the age they get new cohort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year the age they get new cohort
+of educated kids who are coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of educated kids who are coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of educated kids who are coming to
+compete with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with them
+themselves never benefited from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves never benefited from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves never benefited from the
+school so there is no for this group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so there is no for this group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so there is no for this group of
+people there is no worry that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there is no worry that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there is no worry that the
+education level or the average the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education level or the average the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education level or the average the same
+thing that moved the average education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that moved the average education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that moved the average education
+level also move their own education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level also move their own education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level also move their own education
+we don't have that that bias that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that that bias that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that that bias that
+might occur in other setup because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might occur in other setup because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might occur in other setup because we
+know they weren't exposed to the schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they weren't exposed to the schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they weren't exposed to the schools
+so we can look at uh we can we but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can look at uh we can we but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can look at uh we can we but
+starting in 79 there is a a slow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in 79 there is a a slow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in 79 there is a a slow uh
+increase in the average education of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the average education of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the average education of the
+other guys so this is the effect of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys so this is the effect of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys so this is the effect of my
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+of the program on my own education on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program on my own education on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program on my own education on
+the on the education of the older cohort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the education of the older cohort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the education of the older cohort
+so this is the same pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same pattern of
+coefficient we had before except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we had before except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we had before except that
+now I had to take one labor survey for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I had to take one labor survey for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I had to take one labor survey for
+every year because I'm now looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year because I'm now looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year because I'm now looking at
+the education of all the old cohort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the education of all the old cohort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the education of all the old cohort
+are observing 86 87 88
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are observing 86 87 88
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are observing 86 87 88
+as a function of you know DD relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of you know DD relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of you know DD relative to
+the first to zero here so the old Cohen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to zero here so the old Cohen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to zero here so the old Cohen
+doesn't get more educated as they as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get more educated as they as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get more educated as they as
+they get older they've missed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get older they've missed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get older they've missed out
+but this is now the average of the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is now the average of the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is now the average of the young
+around them and you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them and you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them and you can see that the
+average of the younger on them keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the younger on them keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the younger on them keeps
+increasing because this new guys finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing because this new guys finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing because this new guys finish
+on our girls or guys in in this instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our girls or guys in in this instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our girls or guys in in this instance
+finish school and therefore they show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish school and therefore they show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish school and therefore they show up
+so now we can do the same thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can do the same thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can do the same thing for the
+wage of the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage of the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage of the old
+and if we find any effect positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we find any effect positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we find any effect positive or
+negative that's going to tell us that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's going to tell us that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's going to tell us that if
+there is an effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an effect of
+a rising effect of the program with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rising effect of the program with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rising effect of the program with
+every extra every year that passes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every extra every year that passes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every extra every year that passes on
+their wages it's the fact that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wages it's the fact that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wages it's the fact that they
+compete with those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with those guys
+and what we see is that uh there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see is that uh there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see is that uh there is
+actually a decline you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a decline you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a decline you know the
+coefficient thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient thing
+the first one is higher but then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is higher but then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is higher but then they
+tend to go down and down and down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to go down and down and down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to go down and down and down and
+down and down this is super imprecise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and down this is super imprecise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and down this is super imprecise to
+the actual tables are mush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual tables are mush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual tables are mush
+but if anything what you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if anything what you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if anything what you're looking at
+what you're finding is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're finding is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're finding is in fact a
+decrease in wages for the old uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in wages for the old uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in wages for the old uh
+educated for the old cohort as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated for the old cohort as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated for the old cohort as these
+other people enter the labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people enter the labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people enter the labor market
+and this decrease in wages is as large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this decrease in wages is as large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this decrease in wages is as large
+for the educated and the uneducated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the educated and the uneducated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the educated and the uneducated
+workers so it doesn't go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers so it doesn't go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers so it doesn't go through a
+decline in return to education so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in return to education so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in return to education so they
+appear to be substitute and substituted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be substitute and substituted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be substitute and substituted
+Away by by those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Away by by those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Away by by those guys
+and uh even though the the the the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh even though the the the the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh even though the the the the table
+the results are super imprecise you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are super imprecise you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are super imprecise you can
+sort of hold your nose and do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hold your nose and do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hold your nose and do a
+calibration to say what does this imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration to say what does this imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration to say what does this imply
+about the movement of capital to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the movement of capital to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the movement of capital to this
+region as if when more people got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region as if when more people got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region as if when more people got
+educated and basically you can't rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated and basically you can't rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated and basically you can't rule
+out that the capital is a fixed Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the capital is a fixed Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the capital is a fixed Factor
+so no one no one realized that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no one no one realized that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no one no one realized that they were
+accidentally all these educated people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally all these educated people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally all these educated people
+around and they should have built my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and they should have built my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and they should have built my
+factories and so on and so forth either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories and so on and so forth either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories and so on and so forth either
+they didn't realize or you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't realize or you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't realize or you know they
+didn't have the credit to do it or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the credit to do it or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the credit to do it or and
+therefore the uh they end up the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the uh they end up the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the uh they end up the capital
+ended up being a limited limiting factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being a limited limiting factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being a limited limiting factor
+uh in this uh in this case so I I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this uh in this case so I I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this uh in this case so I I write
+down a model which has land and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a model which has land and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a model which has land and and
+people work and people can work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people work and people can work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people work and people can work in
+factories and then I calibrate how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories and then I calibrate how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories and then I calibrate how much
+Capital you know land is fixed and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital you know land is fixed and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital you know land is fixed and then
+how much Capital could have come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much Capital could have come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much Capital could have come in and
+I saw that you know is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw that you know is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw that you know is this is
+compatible with non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with non
+um in in some simulation this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in some simulation this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in some simulation this is you
+know it was more of an intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was more of an intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was more of an intellectual
+exercise than a contribution that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise than a contribution that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise than a contribution that I want
+you to take care of the you know don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take care of the you know don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take care of the you know don't
+take necessarily the substantive license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take necessarily the substantive license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take necessarily the substantive license
+home because it's very uh it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home because it's very uh it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home because it's very uh it's very
+impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive
+but the but but technically it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the but but technically it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the but but technically it's a
+useful exercise to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful exercise to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful exercise to do
+okay let's stop here sorry for running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's stop here sorry for running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's stop here sorry for running
+over to some extent and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to some extent and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to some extent and we'll talk about
+the supply side of Education next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Io_4ZckeQ1k.txt b/Io_4ZckeQ1k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8be2e62cec1e958ce01f99b1b1a77c047fbfdb0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Io_4ZckeQ1k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2774 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Time to learn.
+
+Time to get back to business
+here in 3.091.
+
+So let's do the announcements
+first. Tomorrow quiz one,
+
+based on homework one.
+
+Ten minutes.
+
+Bring your Periodic Table,
+your table of constants,
+
+something to write with
+and a calculator.
+
+There's about a dozen or so
+copies of the text on reserve
+
+at the Hayden Library.
+
+I want you to be
+aware of that.
+
+Now some of you approached me
+last day and said is it true
+
+that we have to memorize
+the Periodic Table?
+
+Yes.
+
+But not the whole
+Periodic Table.
+
+I know some of you are going
+to say, well that's so 19th
+
+century, rote learning
+and so on.
+
+To which I say, you're wrong.
+
+Every educated person should
+know that potassium lies under
+
+sodium, which lies
+under lithium.
+
+And you are going to
+be educated whether
+
+you like it or not.
+
+But this is a lot to learn and
+so we're just going to look at
+
+the main block.
+
+We're not going to ask you to
+memorize the lanthanides,
+
+actinides and the
+super heavies.
+
+We'll leave that out.
+
+So it's quite straightforward.
+
+We've been doing this
+for many years.
+
+This is from 2004.
+
+And it's not that hard.
+
+I give you the blank here.
+
+And I even put the numbers
+on for you.
+
+And all you have to do
+is add the two-letter
+
+or one-letter symbol.
+
+You don't have to give me the
+full name of the element.
+
+You don't have to get
+me its density or
+
+its electron affinity.
+
+You've just got to put
+argon, in there.
+
+Ar.
+
+That's all you've got
+to put in there.
+
+OK?
+
+And every year people grouse
+when I announce this.
+
+But you'll find out that you'll
+breeze through it.
+
+You'll have 10 minutes.
+
+This will be on September 24.
+
+So next week there will be
+two minor celebrations.
+
+One on Tuesday and
+one on Thursday.
+
+So it's going to be a
+very festive week.
+
+And people blast through it.
+
+It's one mark off for every
+error down to zero.
+
+We don't give negative scores.
+
+And people just go
+right through it.
+
+And then they urge me
+to make sure that in
+
+future years I victimi--
+
+I mean I ask students
+to continue this.
+
+People are very proud of the
+fact they know the S, P, and D
+
+blocks of the Periodic
+Table by memory.
+
+But I don't want to neglect,
+disrespect the
+
+lanthanides and actinides.
+
+So we're going to have
+two contests.
+
+Mnemonics to help remember
+the names of the
+
+lanthanides and actinides.
+
+That's tricky to remember.
+
+So these are mnemonics
+contests.
+
+So here are some examples.
+
+Here's one, see lanthanum,
+cerium, praseodymium,
+
+neodymium and so
+on, all right?
+
+Obviously this one came from
+industry because of the slur
+
+against the Academy.
+
+Obviously, somebody in industry
+has no idea how hard
+
+we work here.
+
+And plus, look at this: "to
+dramatically help".
+
+This gigantic split
+infinitive.
+
+Clearly, clearly someone
+from industry.
+
+Here's another one that would
+help you memorize, I think.
+
+Now, this is obviously not
+referring to 3.091.
+
+It must be referring
+to some other
+
+chemistry professor here.
+
+I'll let that go unchallenged.
+
+Now, occasionally people
+ratchet up.
+
+And this was about six, seven
+years ago, a young man by the
+
+name of Blake Stacey, who was
+aware of the fact that there
+
+are 14 lanthanide elements
+because there
+
+are fourteen F electrons.
+
+And an Elizabethan sonnet
+has 14 lines.
+
+And so he took Sonnet 57 by
+Shakespeare in reference to
+
+the fact that lanthanum
+is element 57.
+
+And he wrote this in reference
+to Sonnet 57.
+
+And, of course, he knew he was
+going to win when he made
+
+samarium the word smelting,
+and being the chemical
+
+metallurgist I am, he had
+me at the fifth line.
+
+Actually, I showed this to
+Professor Sonenberg in
+
+Humanities, and she said,
+actually, this is pretty good.
+
+That's one of those times you
+look at and say, you wouldn't
+
+see this at Harvard.
+
+So now I'm going to
+show you one.
+
+Sometimes people ratchet up.
+
+A couple of years ago,
+there was a video.
+
+So let's take a look
+at that one.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: And she goes through
+various poses as a
+
+superhero of different
+elemental value.
+
+[END OF VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: But we don't
+have that much time.
+
+So anyways, September
+25, 5:00 p.m.
+
+Eastern Daylight Time.
+
+Submit your entry, whether it's
+the big canisters of the
+
+Hollywood footage or
+whether it's just a
+
+14-line mnemonic device.
+
+And the prizes--
+
+it's a contest, there
+are prizes--
+
+I have ties and scarves from the
+American Chemical Society.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: What are
+you laughing at?
+
+These things!
+
+Now look at me!
+
+This is going to be stylish.
+
+They're black.
+
+They've got elements from the
+Periodic Table on them.
+
+Very hot.
+
+Very hot.
+
+They're black.
+
+They look great.
+
+And we're going to present
+them on the Friday of the
+
+parents' weekend because the
+parents eat this stuff up.
+
+So now I think it's time to
+get back to learning.
+
+So last day we ended with the
+stoichiometry, and I showed
+
+you the Kroll process,
+how to make titanium.
+
+So the question that we never
+got to was how do we tell that
+
+magnesium has a higher affinity
+for chlorine than
+
+titanium does?
+
+How do we know that magnesium
+is going to reduce titanium
+
+tetrachloride to a sponge?
+
+So for that we have to
+look inside the atom.
+
+We have to look inside
+the atom.
+
+So that's what we're going
+to start doing today.
+
+And we're going to begin,
+as often we will,
+
+with a history lesson.
+
+So let's go back for a status
+report around the end of the
+
+19th century.
+
+So what did we know towards the
+end of the 19th century?
+
+The atom is electrically
+neutral.
+
+The negative charge is
+carried by electrons.
+
+We knew that there was some
+carrier of negative charge.
+
+We knew further that this
+electron is very, very tiny.
+
+Small mass.
+
+And so if it has a very small
+mass, then by difference, then
+
+the bulk of the mass of atom
+must be contained in the
+
+positive charge.
+
+So now the question is, what is
+the spatial distribution of
+
+charge inside an atom?
+
+You might say, well why do
+we want to know that?
+
+Well, we're trying to get a
+physical model of the atom so
+
+that then we can start to
+address the question of
+
+chemical reactivity.
+
+So we have got to know where all
+the players are before we
+
+can attribute action to them.
+
+So let's now take a look
+at models of the atom.
+
+For the first modern model
+of the atom we go to J.
+
+J.
+
+Thompson.
+
+J.
+
+J.
+
+Thompson, he was a professor of
+physics and director of the
+
+Cavendish lab at Cambridge
+University.
+
+The other Cambridge.
+
+Cambridge University.
+
+And this Cavendish Lab was named
+after Henry Cavendish.
+
+The same one who is credited
+with the discovery
+
+of hydrogen in 1766.
+
+He never married, and when he
+died he bequeathed this
+
+fortune to Cambridge University,
+and they took that
+
+money and established a physics
+laboratory, which is
+
+still in operation
+to this day.
+
+So what did J.
+
+J.
+
+Thompson tell us?
+
+He said the electrons were
+distributed throughout a
+
+uniformly charged positive
+sphere of atomic dimensions.
+
+So that's the text.
+
+Now let's make this cartoon,
+because that makes more sense.
+
+Visualize it a little
+bit better.
+
+So it looks a little
+bit like this.
+
+So here's a sphere of
+atomic dimension.
+
+Electrons are these tiny little
+things distributed
+
+throughout the positive
+sphere.
+
+And this is massive because
+the electrons have
+
+very, very low mass.
+
+And just to be clear, there
+are no protons.
+
+No protons.
+
+So this isn't positive.
+
+It's a positive chargeness.
+
+It's just a big positive blur.
+
+And then the little
+electrons inside.
+
+So the electrons are negative,
+and they're tiny and low-mass,
+
+and they're mobile.
+
+He didn't say much about how
+they move, but you can imagine
+
+that they move, and maybe
+they even spin.
+
+And so on.
+
+And this was known as the
+Plum Pudding Model.
+
+There's a big cultural
+bias here.
+
+So even though I grew up in
+British Canada, I never had
+
+this stuff.
+
+But my understanding is plum
+pudding is this dish that's
+
+served at holidays and
+Christmas-time.
+
+So the custard is the charge,
+the positive charge.
+
+And these little bits of fruit
+are the electrons.
+
+And they're throughout.
+
+At Christmas-time, they
+might even put
+
+little charms in here.
+
+Like a little wishbone or
+something for good luck.
+
+And you pull it out and all
+that kind of stuff.
+
+Yeah that's merry,
+old England.
+
+So this is the Plum
+Pudding Model.
+
+And that's what was in place.
+
+By the way, we've been using
+the term electron, but J.
+
+J.
+
+did not like the
+term electron.
+
+Actually, he won his Nobel
+Prize for the-- quote,
+
+unquote-- the discovery
+of the electron.
+
+Just as Cavendish didn't
+discover hydrogen, he
+
+characterized it.
+
+J.
+
+J.
+
+Thompson characterized
+the electron.
+
+What did he in particular
+characterize?
+
+He characterized the
+charge-to-mass ratio.
+
+He made the first quantitative
+measure of the charge-to-mass
+
+ratio of the electron.
+
+But he never used the
+term, electron.
+
+He called it the corpuscle.
+
+He called it the corpuscle of
+electrical charge, whereas
+
+this is really sort of
+an elementary charge.
+
+The corpuscle.
+
+And fortunately there was
+another British chemist. In
+
+fact, he was an electrochemist.
+His name was
+
+John Stoney, who, while I think
+that Thompson was a
+
+brilliant man, I wasn't crazy
+about his literary choices.
+
+And it was Stoney who said,
+let's call the term electron,
+
+coming from the Greek term,
+elektra, which is the Greek
+
+word for amber.
+
+And you know if you rub amber,
+you'll build up static
+
+charge, and so on.
+
+That's where we got
+the electron from.
+
+So that looks pretty good.
+
+So that's our theory.
+
+And what happens next?
+
+Well, what happens next is that
+we've got to put this
+
+theory to the test. And the
+person who puts the theory to
+
+the test is a man by the name
+of Ernest Rutherford.
+
+Rutherford was an interesting
+character.
+
+He came from New Zealand and
+he was born on a farm.
+
+It was a family with
+12 children.
+
+You notice Mendeleyev came from
+a family of 14, this guy
+
+comes from a family of 12.
+
+So you learn how to survive.
+
+He worked on a farm so he was
+very handy, and that came in
+
+to play as his career
+progressed.
+
+He was a brilliant
+experimentalist. He was able
+
+to do experiments where
+others failed.
+
+And he did this experiment where
+he was a professor of
+
+physics at Victoria University
+in Manchester in the UK.
+
+Now, he came out of New Zealand,
+got a scholarship to
+
+study at Cambridge University.
+
+And he was actually a research
+student for J.
+
+J.
+
+Thompson.
+
+And he conducted his thesis
+research under J.
+
+J.
+
+and during that time his thesis
+research was about the
+
+properties of charged
+particles.
+
+And they were very interested
+in gases and radioactive
+
+elements, ionizing radiation,
+the whole thing.
+
+The Cavendish lab was a
+beehive of activity.
+
+And what he did under his PhD
+was he understood both the
+
+alpha particle and the
+beta particle.
+
+First, he identified
+what they are.
+
+The alpha particle
+was determined to
+
+be the helium nucleus.
+
+So this is helium that's lost
+both of its electrons.
+
+So it's just protons and
+neutrons in the nucleus.
+
+Completely naked.
+
+No electrons.
+
+And then the beta particle,
+which other people in physics
+
+had been referring to this
+mysterious beta particle, he
+
+made the connection
+between the beta
+
+particle and the electron.
+
+So the same electron that's over
+here and attributed to
+
+the negative charge within the
+nucleus is also a free
+
+particle that can go
+through space.
+
+And these are taken
+from your reading.
+
+And you can see that if you send
+the particle beam through
+
+a charged plate, the negative
+plate here being the lower
+
+plate, the positive particle,
+which in this case is the
+
+alpha particle, will bend down
+towards the negative plate.
+
+And the negative particle, being
+the free electron, is
+
+bent in the opposite
+direction.
+
+So these are the kinds of
+experiments they would do.
+
+And they also looked
+at their ability to
+
+penetrate different media.
+
+So when it comes to their
+ability to penetrate solids,
+
+they differentiate themselves.
+
+So they alpha particle
+is quite poor
+
+at penetrating solids.
+
+So you see in the cartoon there,
+the alpha particle is
+
+stopped even by that little
+sheet of paper.
+
+So it doesn't do so well here,
+whereas the beta particle, the
+
+electron, can go zooming right
+through the paper and is
+
+stopped by the lead.
+
+And then over here they were
+also studying their ability to
+
+ionize gases.
+
+So if you take a gas and you
+bombard it with alpha
+
+particles, will you get
+a lot of ionization?
+
+Yes or no, et cetera.
+
+And what they found was that it
+was a complementary, that
+
+the alpha particle is pretty
+good at ionizing gases,
+
+whereas the beta particle is
+poor at ionizing gases, and in
+
+fact, is stopped.
+
+This is why, if you
+have an electron
+
+beam you need a vacuum.
+
+Otherwise, the electron will
+be dissipated in very, very
+
+short order.
+
+So after doing this
+work with J.
+
+J., he got a teaching job
+in Canada at McGill
+
+University up north.
+
+And while he was there he
+continued to do work on the
+
+origin of alpha particles and
+won the Nobel Prize for his
+
+work while he was at McGill.
+
+And so when he determined that
+the alpha particle origin in
+
+the decomposition, the
+disintegration of elements.
+
+And believe it or not, in this
+work back in 1906, 1907, he
+
+was already anticipating nuclear
+fission because he was
+
+saying that if you put thorium
+or polonium into a tube, you
+
+can expect that it will
+emit alpha particles.
+
+Well, conservation of mass
+says they have got to be
+
+coming from somewhere.
+
+And if they're not coming from
+out here, they have got to be
+
+coming from inside.
+
+This was brilliant work.
+
+This is Rutherford, young man
+in Montreal, gets the Nobel
+
+Prize in 1908.
+
+And then he goes to Victoria
+University, and he sets up
+
+this experiment.
+
+Critical experiment.
+
+I mean, imagine this guy.
+
+I mean, he's already got
+the Nobel Prize.
+
+He could just put his feet up.
+
+No, he keeps going.
+
+So this is the experiment.
+
+It's called the
+Rutherford-Geiger-Marsden
+
+experiment.
+
+Because Rutherford was the
+brains behind it and Geiger
+
+and Marsden were the
+guys in the lab.
+
+And so here's the experiment.
+
+So what he's going to do is he's
+going to put this model
+
+to the test. We're going
+to see if this model
+
+makes sense or not.
+
+So he's got a gold foil-- now
+they used different elements,
+
+but ultimately they loved gold
+because gold, first of all, is
+
+noble and it doesn't oxide.
+
+So it's pure, even in
+atmospheric oxygen.
+
+And secondly, we've known
+since antiquity we can
+
+physically deform gold and
+make it into something
+
+sub-paper thin.
+
+So that's what they did.
+
+They beat this thing
+down to 600
+
+nanometers thick, 0.6 micron.
+
+And they used alpha
+particles here.
+
+Radium, polonium, thorium as
+the source in the lead
+
+container and so on.
+
+And this stream of alpha
+particles comes zooming out at
+
+energies of 7.68 million
+electron volts per particle.
+
+So this is like a cannon with
+a pumpkin in front of it.
+
+And they're going to shoot
+these at the foil.
+
+So what's the purpose here?
+
+They want to see what's
+going on.
+
+And if you imagine that we are
+shooting alpha particles,
+
+which are positive, and I've
+got a wall here of all of
+
+these nuclei that are
+essentially positive
+
+chargeness, uniformly
+distributed with these tiny,
+
+tiny little electrons of almost
+no mass, you'd expect
+
+that most of these particles are
+just going to go zooming
+
+on through.
+
+Beyond a certain thickness,
+I might start seeing some
+
+attenuation.
+
+But if I get the gold film
+really thin, I should just go
+
+blasting these all through.
+
+Well, what they find
+is, two things.
+
+First of all, most of the
+particles do go through.
+
+When they go through, they're
+deflected a little bit.
+
+They don't just go through,
+they are deflected.
+
+And most of them are deflected
+through low angles.
+
+But a small number of them are
+deflected through high angles.
+
+They almost go straight
+back at the source.
+
+So if you've got that set of
+data, that doesn't support
+
+this model.
+
+This model cannot be sustained
+in the light of those data.
+
+It's a very important
+experiment.
+
+By the way, how do they
+count these things?
+
+Well, Geiger is the
+same guy who give
+
+us the Geiger counter.
+
+Geiger was a technician that
+worked for Rutherford.
+
+And he developed this screen,
+they called it a
+
+scintillation screen.
+
+It was coated with
+zinc sulfide.
+
+And so when alpha particles
+bounced and they hit the
+
+screen, they would excite
+electrons in the screen and
+
+then cause a scintilla,
+a spark.
+
+And then what you do is you just
+get a graduate student or
+
+some other source of abundant,
+cheap labor-- and you have a
+
+whole bunch of graduate students
+sitting here-- and
+
+they count.
+
+That's how it was done in
+good old days, 1909.
+
+And so they counted what
+the distribution was.
+
+So that's the experiment.
+
+So this is taken
+from your book.
+
+So this what you'd expect.
+
+And this is what they saw.
+
+So this is small angles and
+this is large angles.
+
+Theaters of the angle here.
+
+Now Marsden, who's the third?
+
+There's a third person.
+
+Marsden.
+
+Marsden's not too different
+from you.
+
+Marsden was about 20 years
+old at the time.
+
+He dropped out of school and
+then he came to Rutherford,
+
+and he said, I'm looking
+for a job.
+
+In those days, you couldn't
+return to college.
+
+If you dropped out, finished.
+
+You had to stay all
+the way through.
+
+Once you dropped out, they
+slam the door behind you.
+
+But Rutherford, he
+was different.
+
+He looked at people
+on the basis of
+
+their intrinsic value.
+
+He didn't care about title.
+
+And so he said to Marsden,
+OK, you want to do
+
+something for me?
+
+Here's your question, I like you
+to imagine an alternative
+
+model of the atom.
+
+And here's the alternative
+model of the atom.
+
+What Rutherford said was,
+suppose instead, if this is
+
+the dimension of the atom,
+instead of having positive
+
+charge uniformly distributed,
+he said, what if we have
+
+positive charge concentrated at
+one point and then out here
+
+we have the negative charge?
+
+So here's the positive charge.
+
+And here's a whole bunch
+of negative charge.
+
+And now here's the next one.
+
+And here's the next one.
+
+And so on.
+
+And now we're going to shoot
+these helium nuclei.
+
+See what's in between here?
+
+This is a void, taking
+from Democritus.
+
+And so now if I shoot the
+positive helium nuclei here,
+
+if they get close
+to this positive
+
+charge they'll be deflected.
+
+If they don't get close to the
+positive charge, they just go
+
+right through.
+
+And once in awhile they get
+almost on axis, in which case
+
+they fling back.
+
+This model would be consistent
+with the data set I just
+
+showed you.
+
+And then to go further, he says
+to Marsden, I'm going to
+
+tell you what the distribution
+of high-angle scattering was,
+
+you tell me what is the ratio
+between the radius of the
+
+nucleus, where the positive
+charge is to the-- excuse me,
+
+I'm showing you the diameter, so
+this is the diameter of the
+
+nucleus versus the diameter
+of the atom.
+
+What would be the ratio
+of the two?
+
+I mean, it's gold, so I know
+I got 79 plus here.
+
+And I've got 2 plus.
+
+And I've got a 79 plus.
+
+What would be the size of the
+sphere of 79 plus that would
+
+deflect something of 2 plus
+through this angle?
+
+So that's Marsden.
+
+It's not bad for a kid that's
+been out of school for a
+
+couple of years.
+
+That's his problem.
+
+So he did.
+
+He did the calculation.
+
+He did the calculation and
+Marsden figured out that the
+
+radius of the nucleus to the
+radius of the atom is on the
+
+order of about 1 to 10,000.
+
+That means most of the
+gold foil is void.
+
+Most of the gold foil
+is nothing.
+
+And you've got all this
+mass, highly dense,
+
+concentrated here.
+
+So this is the Rutherford model,
+which was called the
+
+nuclear model.
+
+This was proposed by Rutherford
+because it has such
+
+a thing is a nucleus.
+
+He coined the term, nucleus.
+
+So that's a big step forward
+from this thing here.
+
+So you'd think that the physics
+
+community would be ecstatic.
+
+That now we've got a model that
+squares with the data.
+
+Well, what do you think the
+reaction to Rutherford's
+
+announcement was?
+
+Condemnation.
+
+Derision.
+
+People didn't like it.
+
+They laughed at him.
+
+They said, well,
+this is crazy.
+
+There's a couple of problems
+with this.
+
+So strong negative reaction
+to Rutherford's model.
+
+And here the two major
+objections that people posed.
+
+First of all, they talked
+about nuclear collapse.
+
+They said if you've got a system
+of negative particles
+
+revolving around a positive
+nucleus, electrostatic forces
+
+are going to cause them to
+be drawn to one another.
+
+What's going to keep the
+electrons from collapsing into
+
+the nucleus?
+
+That was the first objection.
+
+Coulombic attraction.
+
+Coulombic, electrostatic,
+same thing.
+
+If you want to use a man's
+name, Coulombic.
+
+If you don't want to use a man's
+name, electrostatic.
+
+Coulombic attraction between
+plus and minus.
+
+And the second one was, OK,
+suppose for some reason we
+
+don't understand that the
+electron doesn't collapse, it
+
+stays in orbit, it's still
+not going to work.
+
+Because you run out of energy.
+
+If you take a charged particle,
+a charged particle
+
+that accelerates consumes
+energy.
+
+Acceleration, as you know, can
+mean either change in speed or
+
+change in direction.
+
+So if the electron is revolving
+at a constant speed,
+
+it has to change direction;
+otherwise, it will
+
+fly out of the room.
+
+So changing direction means
+acceleration, which means what
+
+keeps the energy in
+the electron?
+
+Why doesn't the electron
+just run out of
+
+energy and just stop?
+
+Even if you can prevent
+it from collapsing,
+
+it will just stop.
+
+So this is the problem
+of energy deficit.
+
+Energy deficit.
+
+Well, what powers
+the electron?
+
+What powers the accelerating
+electron?
+
+So that's a problem.
+
+So now the story continues.
+
+The next chapter is 1912.
+
+Because this is 1911.
+
+In 1912, a young Danish
+businessman by the name of
+
+Niels Bohr.
+
+Niels Bohr just finished his PhD
+in Copenhagen and he got a
+
+fellowship from the Carlsburg
+Brewery Foundation.
+
+Carlsburg Brewery put up
+money for science.
+
+So he won a Carlsburg
+fellowship.
+
+And he was a young physicist.
+And he knew that in the UK
+
+there was a controversy brewing
+between the model of
+
+Rutherford and the model of J.
+
+J.
+
+Thompson.
+
+So he says, you know what
+I'm going to do?
+
+I've got a year, I got money.
+
+I'm going to spend six
+months with J.
+
+J.
+
+Thompson, I'm going to spend
+six months with Ernest
+
+Rutherford.
+
+And that's what he did.
+
+So he goes and he spends
+six months at the
+
+Cavendish lab with J.
+
+J.
+
+and then he goes up to
+Manchester and he spends three
+
+months at Manchester
+with Rutherford.
+
+Why didn't he spend
+six months?
+
+Because he got a job offer and
+he went back to Copenhagen to
+
+start his teaching duties.
+
+And what he did is
+he developed a
+
+quantitative model for us.
+
+He developed a quantitative
+model.
+
+And that's all part of what I
+showed you the other day.
+
+We recognize patterns.
+
+That's what the Rutherford,
+Geiger, Marsden
+
+experiment gave us.
+
+The pattern of the distribution
+of alpha particle
+
+deflections.
+
+So now we need to develop a
+quantitative model that will
+
+explain the observations, and
+if it's a really good model,
+
+it will make predictions that,
+again, can be tested by
+
+experiment.
+
+So we ratchet back and forth
+between experiment, model.
+
+Experiment, model.
+
+So he proposes the model,
+not with J.
+
+J., because J.
+
+J., I don't know what
+he did there.
+
+This is where he wants
+to propose the model.
+
+Quantitative model.
+
+To Rutherford's atom.
+
+Let's take a look at what
+we've got there.
+
+Now, big lesson here.
+
+How do you announce a model?
+
+You don't put an ad
+in the newspaper.
+
+This is the scientific
+literature.
+
+This is not Google.
+
+This is not Wikipedia.
+
+This is a primary source.
+
+This is how science
+is communicated.
+
+So this is a journal.
+
+It's called Philosophical
+Magazine
+
+and Journal of Science.
+
+It goes all the way
+back to the 1600s.
+
+In fact, when I was a freshman
+at the University of Toronto
+
+we had copies of Phil
+Mag going back all
+
+the way to the 1600s.
+
+And these were not facsimiles,
+these were real copies.
+
+And I was in the stacks and I
+was reading something by--
+
+I don't know--
+
+Lord Kelvin, you know late
+1800s, and I said gee, well,
+
+if I've got Lord Kelvin, then
+maybe I can go over here to
+
+the early 1800s and read Humphry
+Davy and, gee, if can
+
+keep going, and going and I
+pull out a leather-bound
+
+edition of Phil Mag from the
+1660s, and I open the book and
+
+there's a paper about gravity
+by Isaac Newton.
+
+And that's how science
+is communicated.
+
+So I urge you to go
+to the library and
+
+read primary sources.
+
+Most of this stuff is
+available online.
+
+You can just sit at
+your desk and you
+
+can zoom in to history.
+
+So this is Phil Mag and
+this is London,
+
+Edinburgh and dublin.
+
+See this is 1913, so Ireland
+was not a free state yet.
+
+So Dublin was a British city.
+
+London, Edinburgh, Dublin.
+
+There's a close-up of it.
+
+July 1913, On the Constitution
+of Atoms and Molecules by
+
+Niels Bohr, Doctor of
+Philosophy, Copenhagen.
+
+And it was communicated by
+Professor Ernest Rutherford,
+
+FRS, Fellow of the
+Royal Society.
+
+So, let's read.
+
+It's in English.
+
+In order to explain results of
+experiments on scattering of
+
+alpha rays by matter, Professor
+Rutherford has given
+
+a theory of the structure
+of atoms. You
+
+see the dagger here?
+
+Down here, Ernest Rutherford,
+Phil Mag, duh-duh-duh-duh.
+
+There's a citation.
+
+See, attribution.
+
+According to this theory, the
+atoms consist of a positively
+
+charged nucleus surrounded by
+a system of electrons kept
+
+together by attractive forces
+from the nucleus.
+
+That's what keeps them from
+just fleeing anywhere, and
+
+they don't go in,
+but they vwomp.
+
+The total negative charge of the
+electrons is equal to the
+
+positive charge of
+the nucleus.
+
+Further, the nucleus is assumed
+to be the seat of the
+
+essential part of the mass of
+the atom and have linear
+
+dimensions exceedingly small
+compared with the linear
+
+dimensions of the whole atom.
+
+This is beautifully written.
+
+Clear.
+
+It's textbook quality and it's
+written by a man whose native
+
+language isn't even English.
+
+Read the literature.
+
+The number of electrons in
+an atom is deduced to be
+
+approximately equal to half
+the atomic weight.
+
+Great interest is to be
+attributed to this atom model.
+
+You have to know a little
+bit about Bohr.
+
+Bohr used this phrase, great
+interest. That was his way of
+
+saying, embroiled
+in controversy.
+
+If someone said something that
+he didn't agree with, instead
+
+of saying, I think that's
+nonsense, he say, very
+
+interesting.
+
+Very interesting.
+
+So great interest is to be
+attributed to this atom model.
+
+That means people are in pitched
+battle on both sides.
+
+For as Rutherford has shown,
+the assumption of the
+
+existence of nuclei as those
+in question seems to be
+
+necessary in order to account
+for the results of experiments
+
+on large-angle scattering
+of the alpha rays.
+
+Another footnote: Geiger
+and Marsden.
+
+Geiger and Marsden published
+their results in this journal.
+
+In an attempt to explain some of
+the properties of matter on
+
+the basis of this atom model,
+we meet, however, with
+
+difficulties of a serious
+nature arising from the
+
+apparent instability of the
+system of electrons.
+
+Difficulties purposely avoided
+in atom models previously
+
+considered.
+
+For instance, in the one
+proposed by Sir J.
+
+J.
+
+Thompson, which is to say, mmm,
+you know, it's curious.
+
+You condemn the Rutherford
+model because he's got
+
+electrons in motion, which means
+they're accelerating in
+
+energy deficit.
+
+But in the Plum Pudding Model,
+the electrons are
+
+in motion, and J.
+
+J.
+
+Thompson is silent about it.
+
+So this is a very aimed
+barb right at J.
+
+J.
+
+Thompson done elegantly.
+
+With this elegant slap
+in the face.
+
+You know this is how
+scientists do it.
+
+They don't go, oh you're
+ugly , and your
+
+mother dresses you funny.
+
+Instead they write things like
+this, difficulties purposely
+
+avoided in atom models
+previously
+
+considered for instance.
+
+So this is sort of yeah,
+how about you, huh?
+
+But anyway, we can
+go on and on.
+
+But down here, the result of
+the discussion of these
+
+questions seems to be a general
+acknowledgment of the
+
+inadequacy of classical
+electrodynamics in describing
+
+the behavior of systems
+of atomic size.
+
+So he's saying that you can't
+use classical electrodynamics
+
+down to subatomic dimensions.
+
+He's saying that those models,
+any more than you can use
+
+planetary models down to human
+dimensions, this, in many
+
+respects, is foretelling
+nanotechnology.
+
+He's saying the properties we
+know, of how things behave in
+
+the Newtonian world are not
+necessarily valid at atomic
+
+dimensions.
+
+This is very important stuff.
+
+Anyway, so what I did is I went
+through the paper and
+
+I've reduced the content of
+the paper to these things
+
+called postulates.
+
+So Rutherford's atom
+is correct.
+
+That's the first thing.
+
+Classical electromagnetic theory
+not applicable to the
+
+orbiting electron.
+
+And you're going to get-- the
+PDF and all this is going to
+
+be posted, so don't feel like
+you have to be a super
+
+stenographer here.
+
+Newtonian mechanics
+is applicable to
+
+the orbiting electron.
+
+So you can see, wait a minute
+it's sort of like cafeteria
+
+physics here.
+
+Electrodynamics doesn't
+apply, Newtonian
+
+mechanics does apply.
+
+And the answer is, yeah.
+
+That's what we're going
+to do here.
+
+We'll build a model and we're
+going to try these ideas out.
+
+And if they're crazy,
+how are we going to
+
+know they're crazy?
+
+Because there's going to
+be data that refute.
+
+But if we get data that supports
+all this, then
+
+there's only one conclusion.
+
+This thing makes sense
+up to a point.
+
+The energy of the electron is
+conserved in the system.
+
+It's bond is kinetic
+plus potential.
+
+The quantization through
+angular momentum.
+
+And lastly, the Planck-Einstein
+relation
+
+applying to electron
+transition.
+
+So now I'm going to take all
+this and I'm going to write
+
+out the model for you.
+
+Now, I don't want you
+to say, oh, he's
+
+going to derive something.
+
+Do we have to know
+derivations?
+
+This is the only time
+I'm going to derive
+
+something for you.
+
+The reason is, it teaches
+the model.
+
+It teaches how the
+model is based on
+
+assumptions and so on.
+
+But I don't expect you to
+memorize things because that's
+
+not the way things work.
+
+So let's go starting with
+this point here.
+
+This point here is
+Bohr model atom.
+
+So it's Bohr's representation
+of the Rutherford model.
+
+We can call it a nuclear model
+or a planetary model.
+
+Because you've got orbiting
+electrons.
+
+Now, first important point.
+
+The Bohr model is the
+simplest model.
+
+It works for a one
+electron system.
+
+So he has a single electron.
+
+Planetary model, single
+electron.
+
+And this orbits the
+positive nucleus.
+
+So you might say, one electron,
+
+well, what's that mean?
+
+Well, obviously it means
+atomic hydrogen.
+
+But it could mean helium plus.
+
+That's a one electron system.
+
+It could mean lithium 2 plus.
+
+It could mean roentgenium
+110 plus.
+
+That's a one electron system.
+
+And this is all gas.
+
+Gas phase.
+
+No solids here.
+
+Gas phase.
+
+So it's an isolated nucleus with
+one electron around it.
+
+That's how we're
+going to begin.
+
+And here's what it looks like.
+
+I'm going to put the nucleus,
+first of all not to scale,
+
+because we're not going
+to draw 10,000 to 1.
+
+Over here is the nucleus
+with z positive charge.
+
+And then out here is the
+electron in orbit.
+
+This is the lone electron
+in orbit.
+
+And this distance is r.
+
+The distance from the nucleus.
+
+You're going to say, well,
+is that from the
+
+outside or the inside?
+
+It's 10,000 to 1; it
+doesn't matter.
+
+Forget about it.
+
+So now let's use this concept.
+
+We're going to say it's a
+conservative system and so the
+
+energy of the system is
+simply going to be the
+
+energy of the electron.
+
+You might say, well, why
+don't you consider the
+
+energy of the nucleus?
+
+Because the nucleus is,
+relatively speaking,
+
+stationary.
+
+To use Rutherford's colorful
+language, he says when an
+
+elephant has fleas, it's the
+fleas that do the jumping.
+
+So you don't care about
+that energy of the
+
+nucleus in this case.
+
+So the energy of the
+electron is the
+
+kinetic plus the potential.
+
+So the kinetic energy, we're
+saying it's 1/2 mv squared
+
+because it's Newtonian
+mechanics apply.
+
+See number 3.
+
+So that's 1/2 mv squared,
+where v is the velocity.
+
+So that's the kinetic,
+and then what's
+
+the potential energy?
+
+The potential energy here
+is electrostatic.
+
+Because that's the energy that's
+stored here is due to
+
+the Coulombic forces
+between them.
+
+So that's going to be q1,
+q2 over 4 pi epsilon
+
+0 divided by r.
+
+So what I'm going to do here, we
+have to just for convention
+
+I'm going to always choose that
+q1 in my derivation, q1
+
+will be the charge on the
+nucleus. so q1 will equal z,
+
+which is the proton
+number here, times
+
+the elementary charge.
+
+Remember e is the elementary
+charge.
+
+It's not the charge
+on the electron.
+
+So sometimes I use the
+word e with a minus
+
+sign, meaning the electron.
+
+But this is e meaning the
+elementary charge.
+
+z times e and then q2, which is
+the charge on the electron,
+
+is minus the elementary
+charge e.
+
+So we're always going to
+have minus e out here.
+
+What varies is z.
+
+And so we're going to make
+some substitutions.
+
+So this is going to be what?
+
+It's going to be 1/2 mass of the
+electron times velocity of
+
+the electron squared.
+
+And now q1 is ze and
+q2 is minus z, so
+
+that's minus ze squared.
+
+And then that'll be over
+4 pi epsilon 0 r.
+
+And I'm going to call this
+thing equation 1.
+
+And by the way you can find
+all of this information by
+
+looking at your table
+of constants.
+
+So see, epsilon 0
+sitting here.
+
+Permittivity of vacuum.
+
+There it is, 8.85 times 10 to
+the minus 12 farads per meter.
+
+Elementary charge 1.6 times 10
+to the minus 19 Coulombs.
+
+Electron mass, 9.1 times 10 to
+the minus 31 kilograms. And
+
+what's this 4 pi epsilon
+0 doing here?
+
+Well we know this is going
+to give us joules.
+
+And this is going to
+give us joules.
+
+And the epsilon 0 is the
+factor that renders
+
+electrostatic units on
+to the same plane
+
+as mechanical units.
+
+If I plug in-- this is going to
+be Coulombs, it's Coulombs
+
+squared, and this is going to be
+meters, and now this things
+
+is farads per meter.
+
+And I got farads per meter
+times meters divided by
+
+Coulombs squared.
+
+I don't care.
+
+This, with impunity is joules.
+
+Because this is an
+energy unit.
+
+And this is Systeme
+Internationale.
+
+And this is kilograms times
+meters per second, meters per
+
+second and how many apples
+in a bushel and--
+
+forget it!
+
+Put this in kilograms. Put this
+in in meters per second.
+
+With impunity, it's in joules.
+
+So that's what that
+thing does there.
+
+Alright.
+
+Good.
+
+So let's keep going.
+
+Postulate 3.
+
+Newtonian mechanics applies
+to orbiting electrons.
+
+So orbiting electron, it's
+in a stationary orbit.
+
+So that's the thing.
+
+So postulate 3 implies that the
+sum of the forces acting
+
+on the electron must be 0.
+
+This is a force balance,
+right?
+
+If the forces are out of
+balance, the electrons are
+
+either going to move closer to
+the nucleus or move farther
+
+from the nucleus.
+
+So that's equal to, again--
+
+it's a sum of a dynamic force
+and a Coulombic force, or
+
+electrostatic.
+
+Here I just noticed a
+nice parity here.
+
+So these are technical terms,
+but we can give them human
+
+terms. So the dynamic force,
+there's a Newtonian force,
+
+this is a Newtonian force and
+this is a Coulombic force,
+
+after the two people that are
+associated with the ideas.
+
+Charges interaction
+are Coulombic,
+
+blah, blah, blah, blah.
+
+So now lets substitute in.
+
+So we know that if you've got
+something orbiting, something
+
+tethered, then the dynamic force
+on that, that pulls the
+
+object away on a tether
+is mv squared over r.
+
+And the electrostatic is q1 q2
+over 4 pi epsilon 0 r squared.
+
+Force goes as 1 over
+r squared.
+
+Energy goes as 1 over r.
+
+How do you know?
+
+Well, one way to think about it
+is, you know energy is the
+
+result of a force moving
+through a distance.
+
+You say, I'm working really
+hard, and I say I don't see
+
+any force moving through
+a distance.
+
+That's a joke.
+
+So here's energy.
+
+So force.
+
+So if this is 1 over r squared,
+the integral of 1
+
+over r squared is
+minus 1 over r.
+
+If you get these backwards, you
+integrate 1 over r, you're
+
+going to get natural log of
+r, which makes no sense.
+
+That's one way.
+
+Or the other way is, you
+can just remember.
+
+So anyways we're going to
+plug into those values.
+
+And what do we get?
+
+What we get there is this.
+
+We get mv squared over r.
+
+q1 is z times e.
+q2 is minus z.
+
+So it's minus ze squared over
+4 pi epsilon 0 r squared.
+
+And I'm going to call
+this equation 2.
+
+So now we keep going.
+
+Next one, energy quantized
+through its angular momentum.
+
+This is really critical.
+
+This is the major breakthrough
+by Bohr.
+
+Now what do we mean
+by quantization?
+
+I told you that in 1909,
+Millikan had figured out that
+
+electrical charge
+is quantized.
+
+Now quantization had already
+been annunciated by
+
+Max Planck in 1909.
+
+You see, the classical theory
+of radiation gave this
+
+prediction for intensity as
+a function of wavelength.
+
+They called this the
+explosion, the
+
+collapse of the theory.
+
+As you go to low wavelength,
+the intensity
+
+goes without abatement.
+
+But these are the spectra
+that were measured.
+
+Depending on the temperature
+of the gas, you get this
+
+distribution.
+
+So how to get the distribution
+to turn around at lower values
+
+of wavelength?
+
+And in order to do that, Planck
+suggested that light is
+
+composed of energy packets,
+or quanta.
+
+That light is a stream of
+individual energy bits.
+
+And the elementary unit of
+electromagnetic radiation is
+
+the photon.
+
+And you can say, well I don't
+understand, where
+
+goes he get that from?
+
+That's not the way to
+think about it.
+
+Say, if you make
+this assumption
+
+you get these curves.
+
+And then figure out
+what it means.
+
+You can't make everything
+anthropomorphic.
+
+If this were the case, and
+furthermore if the energy of
+
+one of these quanta was related
+to its frequency--
+
+and wavelength and frequency
+are inversely related--
+
+then the proportionality
+constant is h, which we now
+
+have designated the Planck
+constant in honor of Planck,
+
+then you get this.
+
+People grew to accept it.
+
+1900, he gets a Nobel
+Prize for it.
+
+La de da!
+
+But who knows what
+light is anyways.
+
+It has no mass, it's
+kind of mysterious.
+
+1900, the whole concept of
+action at a distance was
+
+strange to people.
+
+The notion that something could
+affect you, from me,
+
+without physical contact,
+this was a new idea.
+
+We take it for granted,
+but this was very new.
+
+So it's kind of mysterious,
+they said, OK, he's a
+
+physicist, who knows?
+
+And it worked!
+
+But it's light.
+
+Now what Bohr is going to say
+is the electron moving in
+
+orbit, he says, I'm going to
+apply the same concept of
+
+quantization to the electron
+moving in orbit.
+
+Well, that's different.
+
+And using this value he gives
+us mvr, which is the angular
+
+momentum is quantized
+n h over 2 pi.
+
+h is the Planck Constant
+and n is an integer.
+
+1, 2 3 4, et cetera.
+
+So this is the quantum condition
+and this will be
+
+equation 3.
+
+And I have three equations and
+three unknowns, and what I'm
+
+going to do next day is come
+back and show you the solution
+
+of the equations and how they
+give us a set of equations
+
+that allow us to compare
+with data.
+
+So let's jump to the thing.
+
+And by the way the Planck
+constant is there.
+
+Now Niels Bohr eventually
+won the Nobel Prize.
+
+He was widely revered.
+
+He achieved the stature on
+a par with Einstein.
+
+If you go to Denmark, it's still
+not part of the European
+
+Union, you can still get the 500
+Kroner note if you change
+
+a 100-dollar bill there.
+
+And there's Niels Bohr
+with this pipe.
+
+And you can see the concept
+of things rotating
+
+around it an so on.
+
+There's a young Niels Bohr.
+
+This is Bohr with Werner
+Heisenberg.
+
+Heisenberg was a post-doc who
+worked with Bohr in 1925 and
+
+annunciated the Uncertainty
+Principle, which we will study
+
+a few lectures from now.
+
+This is a chemical conference
+sponsored by
+
+chemical company Solvay.
+
+Brussels 1930, there's
+Bohr and Einstein.
+
+They loved hats.
+
+This is the Hamburg,
+this is Borsalino.
+
+Here's Bohr mixing it
+up with royalty.
+
+This is a young Queen Elizabeth
+of England.
+
+There's Prince Phillip.
+
+This is the royalty
+Danish family.
+
+Bohr loved music and here
+is with Louis Armstrong
+
+undoubtedly talking about the
+resonant structures within the
+
+tube here and how to
+get the various
+
+harmonics and overtones.
+
+Now last thing, a little
+bit about hydrogen.
+
+We've been studying hydrogen
+here, the one electron atom.
+
+But there are isotopes
+of hydrogen.
+
+The original was discovered
+by Henry Cavendish.
+
+There is one form of hydrogen
+that has a neutron in addition
+
+to the proton.
+
+That's the deuterium, from
+which we can get
+
+heavy water, D2O.
+
+This was discovered here
+in New York at Columbia
+
+University by Harold Urey.
+
+And then lastly, there's a
+second isotope of hydrogen
+
+that consists of two neutrons
+and a proton.
+
+That's tritium and it was
+discovered at the Cavendish
+
+lab by Ernest Rutherford.
+
+He was active right
+up to his death.
+
+In fact, it is argued that
+Rutherford did his best work
+
+after he got the Nobel Prize.
+
+Your book is showing this.
+
+It's nice to follow.
+
+We started with Dalton and now
+we're here and then later, in
+
+another week or so, we'll
+be down here.
+
+And here's the sort of the
+intellectual road map that
+
+takes you to modern
+atomic theory.
+
+So with that I'll dismiss
+the class and
+
+we'll see you on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/J1QaLzBuE4k.txt b/J1QaLzBuE4k.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/J1QaLzBuE4k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10043 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
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+ 
+
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+the following content is provided under
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+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
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+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
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+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
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+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good
+afternoon um so first of all Denise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon um so first of all Denise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon um so first of all Denise
+helped me by earlier in her lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me by earlier in her lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me by earlier in her lecture
+where she introduced the um the pre-sc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she introduced the um the pre-sc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she introduced the um the pre-sc
+scramble to Africa um by just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble to Africa um by just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble to Africa um by just using the
+the term anyway helped me in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term anyway helped me in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term anyway helped me in the sense
+that mine is sort of right after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mine is sort of right after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mine is sort of right after the
+scramble I'm going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble I'm going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble I'm going to be talking about
+and um what I've chosen to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what I've chosen to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what I've chosen to do is
+actually present three vignettes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually present three vignettes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually present three vignettes um
+they're not case studies because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not case studies because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not case studies because I think
+a case study would be something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case study would be something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case study would be something more
+analytical but um three vignettes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical but um three vignettes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical but um three vignettes to
+sort of look at three different examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at three different examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at three different examples
+of things that happened um in the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that happened um in the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that happened um in the 20th
+century in Africa three three very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in Africa three three very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in Africa three three very
+different things the first one being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things the first one being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things the first one being an
+example of colonialism the Italians um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of colonialism the Italians um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of colonialism the Italians um
+in as Mara in erria um and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as Mara in erria um and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as Mara in erria um and the second
+one is a kind of it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a kind of it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a kind of it's actually not
+really um a specific place it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um a specific place it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um a specific place it's not
+really alers that's a kind of code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really alers that's a kind of code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really alers that's a kind of code word
+for luser and what follows meaning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for luser and what follows meaning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for luser and what follows meaning um
+Siam and team 10 and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siam and team 10 and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siam and team 10 and things like that
+and it's really if the first one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really if the first one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really if the first one was
+about um exerting something over a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um exerting something over a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um exerting something over a place
+the second one is more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is more about the
+experiments that began with lusia but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that began with lusia but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that began with lusia but
+then evolved into something I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then evolved into something I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then evolved into something I think that
+became much more specific to the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became much more specific to the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became much more specific to the place
+meaning the that what they what what his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the that what they what what his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the that what they what what his
+colleagues and his students learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and his students learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and his students learned
+about Africa and what what followed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Africa and what what followed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Africa and what what followed that
+and then the third one um is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third one um is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third one um is um
+something from within something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from within something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from within something that
+developed from within so if the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed from within so if the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed from within so if the first
+one was from without the second one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was from without the second one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was from without the second one was
+more experimenting and eventually having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experimenting and eventually having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experimenting and eventually having
+a connection with with Within the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connection with with Within the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connection with with Within the third
+one is something that evolved from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is something that evolved from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is something that evolved from
+within and um we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within and um we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within and um we'll talk a little bit
+more about how um when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about how um when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about how um when I first
+discovered or started to look at tuba it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered or started to look at tuba it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered or started to look at tuba it
+was to me something inconceivable I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to me something inconceivable I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to me something inconceivable I had
+no idea that something like this existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea that something like this existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea that something like this existed
+but as I went further into it I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I went further into it I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I went further into it I realized
+that I knew more about it than I than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I knew more about it than I than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I knew more about it than I than I
+than I thought so anyway as I promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I thought so anyway as I promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I thought so anyway as I promised
+I'll go quickly so we'll go from east to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go quickly so we'll go from east to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go quickly so we'll go from east to
+west first um to Asmara then to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west first um to Asmara then to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west first um to Asmara then to the
+mythical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythical
+and other parts of Africa and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other parts of Africa and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other parts of Africa and then also
+and then later over to to Somalia to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later over to to Somalia to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later over to to Somalia to to
+to Tuba this is I was trying to debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Tuba this is I was trying to debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Tuba this is I was trying to debate
+which one would work the best so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one would work the best so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one would work the best so this is
+the second map um I thought it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second map um I thought it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second map um I thought it would be
+important to start with just a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to start with just a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to start with just a map
+showing the colonies and and where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the colonies and and where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the colonies and and where the
+Europeans had sort of occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europeans had sort of occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europeans had sort of occupied
+themselves the Italians in this upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves the Italians in this upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves the Italians in this upper
+area um near the Red Sea um and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um near the Red Sea um and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um near the Red Sea um and moving
+along to a map of its location Atria's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along to a map of its location Atria's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along to a map of its location Atria's
+location in Africa and then um Atria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in Africa and then um Atria and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in Africa and then um Atria and
+Asmara um this is the landscape that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asmara um this is the landscape that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asmara um this is the landscape that one
+would pass through going from the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pass through going from the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pass through going from the sea
+towards um towards asara um asara is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards um towards asara um asara is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards um towards asara um asara is 2
+kilometers above sea level um in land um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers above sea level um in land um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers above sea level um in land um
+and when the Italians first um occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the Italians first um occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the Italians first um occupied
+the the coast um they found that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the coast um they found that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the coast um they found that the the
+the weather was not satisfactory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather was not satisfactory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather was not satisfactory to
+their to their liking so they moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their to their liking so they moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their to their liking so they moved
+further Inward and um found desara to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further Inward and um found desara to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further Inward and um found desara to be
+good also there was fertile soil there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good also there was fertile soil there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good also there was fertile soil there
+and the rainfall was good so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rainfall was good so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rainfall was good so it was
+first thought of is the PO possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thought of is the PO possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thought of is the PO possibility
+of creating a agricultural a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating a agricultural a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating a agricultural a
+self-sufficient agricultural um land um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-sufficient agricultural um land um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-sufficient agricultural um land um
+and this is the city it became um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the city it became um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the city it became um that
+that evolved of course um that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evolved of course um that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evolved of course um that that the
+the the reason that that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reason that that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reason that that that the
+Italians looked towards that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians looked towards that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians looked towards that was
+partially because of of the this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially because of of the this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially because of of the this idea
+that Europe was moving towards occupying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Europe was moving towards occupying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Europe was moving towards occupying
+Africa but also because um the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa but also because um the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa but also because um the the the
+um Italians were having us a crisis at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Italians were having us a crisis at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Italians were having us a crisis at
+home in terms of populations moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home in terms of populations moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home in terms of populations moving to
+the city overpopulation in the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city overpopulation in the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city overpopulation in the cities
+and and trying to find a way to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and trying to find a way to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and trying to find a way to sort of
+solve some of those so the idea was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some of those so the idea was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some of those so the idea was to
+create these again self-sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these again self-sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these again self-sufficient
+agricultural communities where um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural communities where um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural communities where um some
+of that that strain could be taken on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that strain could be taken on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that strain could be taken on um
+but it began um it began this is a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it began um it began this is a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it began um it began this is a map
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+1895 um and it shows shows the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 um and it shows shows the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 um and it shows shows the early
+settlement of asara by the Italians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement of asara by the Italians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement of asara by the Italians and
+primarily a lot of these other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily a lot of these other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily a lot of these other uh
+indications on the map are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications on the map are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications on the map are in fact
+smaller Villages that were already there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Villages that were already there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Villages that were already there
+it began by uh one um military fort fort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it began by uh one um military fort fort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it began by uh one um military fort fort
+that was built um compo chinato which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was built um compo chinato which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was built um compo chinato which
+was built in the sort of center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built in the sort of center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built in the sort of center of the
+of the the um this area that's shown on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the um this area that's shown on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the um this area that's shown on
+the map um and um I just wanted to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map um and um I just wanted to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map um and um I just wanted to note
+on this one also this trade route this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one also this trade route this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one also this trade route this
+is a a caravan route that goes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a caravan route that goes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a caravan route that goes from the
+sea inland and connects to um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea inland and connects to um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea inland and connects to um and
+connects to more Inland towns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to more Inland towns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to more Inland towns and
+Villages partly because of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages partly because of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages partly because of the fact that
+um you know it shows that a trio was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it shows that a trio was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it shows that a trio was
+already on some kind of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already on some kind of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already on some kind of a a
+communication network but at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication network but at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication network but at the same
+time it also um it had a part to play in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it also um it had a part to play in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it also um it had a part to play in
+some of the ovs that happened in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ovs that happened in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ovs that happened in terms
+of the Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Italian
+plans so here's the the the first real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans so here's the the the first real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans so here's the the the first real
+urban plan this was when um the the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban plan this was when um the the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban plan this was when um the the city
+went from a sort of little military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from a sort of little military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from a sort of little military
+encampment to um a more urban uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encampment to um a more urban uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encampment to um a more urban uh are
+towards a more urban um development um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a more urban um development um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a more urban um development um
+this is 1913 um and uh it was done by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1913 um and uh it was done by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1913 um and uh it was done by an
+Italian uh civil engineer and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian uh civil engineer and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian uh civil engineer and you can
+see the the sort of core of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the sort of core of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the sort of core of the city
+some of this was built and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this was built and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this was built and then the
+extensions um on on on either side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions um on on on either side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions um on on on either side of
+that that core and then also you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that core and then also you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that core and then also you can
+notice in certain places Villages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in certain places Villages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in certain places Villages of
+inden which is the places for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inden which is the places for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inden which is the places for the
+inhabitants um and in the next couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitants um and in the next couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitants um and in the next couple
+slides we'll get into the sort of issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides we'll get into the sort of issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides we'll get into the sort of issue
+of um of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of um
+segregation um actually this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation um actually this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation um actually this is the one
+um this is a a few years later n 1916 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a a few years later n 1916 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a a few years later n 1916 it
+shows a plan um of asara that that trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows a plan um of asara that that trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows a plan um of asara that that trade
+route somehow passes in sort of this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route somehow passes in sort of this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route somehow passes in sort of this way
+I think at this point um but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at this point um but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think at this point um but basically
+the areas that aren't delineated are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas that aren't delineated are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas that aren't delineated are the
+areas for the indigeny the areas where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas for the indigeny the areas where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas for the indigeny the areas where
+um the the asarian would stay um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the asarian would stay um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the asarian would stay um and
+then the this this darker sort of orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the this this darker sort of orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the this this darker sort of orange
+color was the area where the atrians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color was the area where the atrians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color was the area where the atrians
+that had some or the asarian that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had some or the asarian that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had some or the asarian that had
+some relationship with the Italians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some relationship with the Italians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some relationship with the Italians
+meaning through Commerce or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning through Commerce or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning through Commerce or some other
+activities um could could enter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities um could could enter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities um could could enter that
+zone but there anyone that didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone but there anyone that didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone but there anyone that didn't have
+uh that permission was not allowed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that permission was not allowed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that permission was not allowed in
+the zone and then down below that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zone and then down below that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zone and then down below that you
+have the further development of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the further development of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the further development of um of
+Italian both Urban uh pieces as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian both Urban uh pieces as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian both Urban uh pieces as well as
+um uh more residential sort of um Villa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh more residential sort of um Villa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh more residential sort of um Villa
+like um uh neighborhoods or quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh neighborhoods or quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh neighborhoods or quarters
+this is an image of really what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an image of really what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an image of really what the
+majority of this part of the city was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of this part of the city was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of this part of the city was
+like it was and and to this day still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was and and to this day still is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was and and to this day still is
+which we can talk about at the end um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can talk about at the end um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can talk about at the end um
+some of the first early significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the first early significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the first early significant
+buildings um these two buildings I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings um these two buildings I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings um these two buildings I just
+show to give an example of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show to give an example of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show to give an example of um the
+Italians uh the sort of eclectic nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians uh the sort of eclectic nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians uh the sort of eclectic nature
+of Italian architecture that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Italian architecture that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Italian architecture that that that
+first happened there and continued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first happened there and continued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first happened there and continued to
+happen actually um up until the 30s um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen actually um up until the 30s um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen actually um up until the 30s um
+this was the the the sort of political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the the the sort of political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the the the sort of political
+seat and this is a typical Street uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat and this is a typical Street uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat and this is a typical Street uh
+scene a street front that you might find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene a street front that you might find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene a street front that you might find
+um in asara around the early 1900s um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in asara around the early 1900s um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in asara around the early 1900s um
+which is pretty reminiscent of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty reminiscent of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty reminiscent of what you
+might find in Sicily or in other part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find in Sicily or in other part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find in Sicily or in other part
+other parts of southern Italy the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of southern Italy the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of southern Italy the the
+theater which is from about 1919 1920 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater which is from about 1919 1920 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater which is from about 1919 1920 um
+was a kind of significant uh um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kind of significant uh um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kind of significant uh um in
+inclusion into the the fabric of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion into the the fabric of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion into the the fabric of the
+city in the sense that it was it created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city in the sense that it was it created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city in the sense that it was it created
+a venue where art and the artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a venue where art and the artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a venue where art and the artistic
+aspects of um of of the Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of um of of the Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of um of of the Italian
+population started to to to to engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population started to to to to engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population started to to to to engage in
+in other words some kind of art world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words some kind of art world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words some kind of art world
+started to evolve so that the Italians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to evolve so that the Italians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to evolve so that the Italians
+felt somehow more like they were in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt somehow more like they were in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt somehow more like they were in at
+home and this is a an image from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and this is a an image from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and this is a an image from
+somewhere in the 1930s that show um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the 1930s that show um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the 1930s that show um
+these zones so you can see up at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these zones so you can see up at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these zones so you can see up at this
+top one in the north this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one in the north this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one in the north this is the
+indigenous Zone um the the these uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous Zone um the the these uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous Zone um the the these uh sort
+of angled blocks were the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angled blocks were the industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angled blocks were the industrial
+zones and then you see the city being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones and then you see the city being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones and then you see the city being
+formed here later we'll come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed here later we'll come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed here later we'll come to the
+market and some other parts this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and some other parts this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and some other parts this is that
+zone that I talked about earlier which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone that I talked about earlier which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone that I talked about earlier which
+is primarily more of a Viller Zone um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is primarily more of a Viller Zone um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is primarily more of a Viller Zone um in
+the few books that exist on this I i' i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few books that exist on this I i' i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few books that exist on this I i' i'
+I'd rather speculate that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather speculate that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather speculate that they're not
+totally right on on this they they try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally right on on this they they try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally right on on this they they try
+to sort of connect every type of 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of connect every type of 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of connect every type of 20th
+century Italian architecture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Italian architecture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Italian architecture to
+something that was happening in asara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was happening in asara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was happening in asara
+and um and so they talk about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and so they talk about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and so they talk about this is
+are these these works I mean this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these these works I mean this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these these works I mean this is a
+building in Italy this is a what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in Italy this is a what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in Italy this is a what one
+might call a futurist building um all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call a futurist building um all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call a futurist building um all of
+you remember the lecture on futurism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the lecture on futurism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the lecture on futurism of
+course in marinetti and and and S ellia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in marinetti and and and S ellia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in marinetti and and and S ellia
+so I'm not going to get into that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to get into that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to get into that right
+now but um um this is an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but um um this is an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but um um this is an example of an
+asarian building two asarian build or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asarian building two asarian build or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asarian building two asarian build or
+three asarian buildings that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three asarian buildings that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three asarian buildings that are being
+uh sort of talked about as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of talked about as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of talked about as being
+futuristic um in this one which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futuristic um in this one which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futuristic um in this one which I think
+this even though I know um how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even though I know um how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even though I know um how much
+you've heard today about globalism i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard today about globalism i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard today about globalism i'
+just like to tell an anecdotal story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like to tell an anecdotal story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like to tell an anecdotal story
+about this one because I think it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one because I think it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one because I think it's kind
+of funny um this building has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funny um this building has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funny um this building has been
+described as this sort of futuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as this sort of futuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as this sort of futuristic
+building because of its wings and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building because of its wings and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building because of its wings and it's
+sort of the idea of flight as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the idea of flight as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the idea of flight as well as
+this one being sort of more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one being sort of more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one being sort of more like a
+locomotive which is I think the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotive which is I think the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotive which is I think the reason
+why this a ju Theos of those images but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this a ju Theos of those images but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this a ju Theos of those images but
+the story goes is that the engineer who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story goes is that the engineer who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story goes is that the engineer who
+actually designed the canal lver which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually designed the canal lver which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually designed the canal lver which I
+think is if I remember correctly is 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is if I remember correctly is 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is if I remember correctly is 15
+meters stood on top of the Cala with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters stood on top of the Cala with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters stood on top of the Cala with a
+gun and the two there's two stories I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun and the two there's two stories I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun and the two there's two stories I
+guess one is a pessimistic and one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one is a pessimistic and one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one is a pessimistic and one one
+is positive and one is negative the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive and one is negative the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive and one is negative the the
+and you can choose which one you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can choose which one you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can choose which one you think
+is which um he was he one story says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which um he was he one story says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which um he was he one story says
+that if it collapsed he was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it collapsed he was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it collapsed he was going to
+shoot himself as it was collapsing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot himself as it was collapsing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot himself as it was collapsing and
+the other one was that he needed the gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one was that he needed the gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one was that he needed the gun
+because he couldn't get anyone to pull a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he couldn't get anyone to pull a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he couldn't get anyone to pull a
+scaffolding out from underneath because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding out from underneath because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding out from underneath because
+no one believed that it would stand but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one believed that it would stand but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one believed that it would stand but
+it's still there today so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still there today so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still there today so it's kind of
+interesting anyway um I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting anyway um I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting anyway um I don't know what
+that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry sorry about that don't ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry about that don't ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry about that don't ask me
+again okay um so again this connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay um so again this connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay um so again this connection
+between what was happening in Italy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what was happening in Italy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what was happening in Italy and
+and and the the architecture that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the the architecture that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the the architecture that was
+evolving in that plan that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving in that plan that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving in that plan that we saw
+earlier um this is uh muo kabuta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um this is uh muo kabuta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um this is uh muo kabuta which
+is the probably the most famous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probably the most famous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probably the most famous example
+of Mento architecture um and Milan was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Mento architecture um and Milan was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Mento architecture um and Milan was a
+this is in Milan and this was a a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in Milan and this was a a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in Milan and this was a a real
+um real this is the the the most potent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um real this is the the the most potent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um real this is the the the most potent
+example of of um of novich chento and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of um of novich chento and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of um of novich chento and um
+I always see novich chento as this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always see novich chento as this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always see novich chento as this kind
+of architecture which you can find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architecture which you can find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architecture which you can find in
+almost every part of Europe which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every part of Europe which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every part of Europe which is
+this sort of struggle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of struggle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of struggle between
+neoclassicism and modernism and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neoclassicism and modernism and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neoclassicism and modernism and some
+some desire to hold on to some some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some desire to hold on to some some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some desire to hold on to some some of
+the qualities that that um that mod some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qualities that that um that mod some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qualities that that um that mod some
+to try to imbue the building with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to imbue the building with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to imbue the building with some
+of the qualities that modernism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the qualities that modernism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the qualities that modernism is
+propounding or proposing but but trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propounding or proposing but but trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propounding or proposing but but trying
+to hold on to some of the past and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold on to some of the past and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold on to some of the past and um
+obviously the the name um came from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the the name um came from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the the name um came from the
+local the locals and their attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local the locals and their attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local the locals and their attitude
+about it this is a building that um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this is a building that um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this is a building that um I
+have a little movie about but and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little movie about but and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little movie about but and I I
+know I know I I promise I'll try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know I I promise I'll try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know I I promise I'll try to get
+to it quickly but this is a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it quickly but this is a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it quickly but this is a building
+this is uh cinemar Roma which is also of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh cinemar Roma which is also of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh cinemar Roma which is also of
+noia chento so now I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noia chento so now I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noia chento so now I have to do
+alt tab oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alt oh here we go so you'll see it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alt oh here we go so you'll see it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alt oh here we go so you'll see it like
+this I think this this this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think this this this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think this this this this is a
+interesting clip because it talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting clip because it talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting clip because it talks about
+the cinema but it also talks about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cinema but it also talks about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cinema but it also talks about this
+issue of segregation that I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of segregation that I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of segregation that I talked about
+earlier videos removed due to copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+restrictions okay um at the same time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions okay um at the same time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions okay um at the same time um
+uh or shortly after in Italy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or shortly after in Italy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or shortly after in Italy um
+modernism had taken seat and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernism had taken seat and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernism had taken seat and the the
+term rationalism or rationalism um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term rationalism or rationalism um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term rationalism or rationalism um
+started to take hold this is JP's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to take hold this is JP's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to take hold this is JP's um
+casad Del fasio in Ko this is the it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casad Del fasio in Ko this is the it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casad Del fasio in Ko this is the it in
+its site um I think this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its site um I think this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its site um I think this is one of the
+early drawings of it um and um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early drawings of it um and um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early drawings of it um and um one of
+his most famous buildings this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his most famous buildings this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his most famous buildings this is also
+Tan in Kom um the nooc there's a a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tan in Kom um the nooc there's a a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tan in Kom um the nooc there's a a kind
+of very close parallel to this building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very close parallel to this building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very close parallel to this building
+that was happen that was built um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was happen that was built um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was happen that was built um some
+years later obviously in asara but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later obviously in asara but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later obviously in asara but the
+it seemed like that Asmara was this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed like that Asmara was this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed like that Asmara was this kind
+of um blank canvas that allowed or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um blank canvas that allowed or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um blank canvas that allowed or this
+safe Zone I should say that allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe Zone I should say that allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe Zone I should say that allowed
+Italian Architects to experiment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian Architects to experiment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian Architects to experiment with
+things that were which which was far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were which which was far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were which which was far
+more complex in the Urban uh setting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex in the Urban uh setting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex in the Urban uh setting of
+of Italy and and there are some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Italy and and there are some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Italy and and there are some more
+examples of of architecture that falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of of architecture that falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of of architecture that falls
+into that category of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that category of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that category of
+rationalism videos removed due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalism videos removed due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalism videos removed due to
+copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+restrictions so this is this is um Palo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions so this is this is um Palo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions so this is this is um Palo
+feta um in the courtyard that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feta um in the courtyard that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feta um in the courtyard that you just
+saw in the plan very reminiscent of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the plan very reminiscent of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the plan very reminiscent of some
+of the rationalist buildings that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rationalist buildings that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rationalist buildings that you'd
+find in um in in Mainland Italy at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in um in in Mainland Italy at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in um in in Mainland Italy at the
+time and there there are are hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and there there are are hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and there there are are hundreds
+and hundreds of these um in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hundreds of these um in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hundreds of these um in some of the
+literature that I looked at they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature that I looked at they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature that I looked at they said
+that there were more modern buildings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were more modern buildings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were more modern buildings in
+Asar than any other city and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asar than any other city and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asar than any other city and they
+compared it to places like Tel Aviv um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to places like Tel Aviv um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to places like Tel Aviv um
+which we all know have abundance of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we all know have abundance of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we all know have abundance of of
+of modernist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modernist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modernist
+architecture um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture um so
+um while all of this was happening um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um while all of this was happening um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um while all of this was happening um
+Italy was changing as well um in 1922
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy was changing as well um in 1922
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy was changing as well um in 1922
+the the um the fascist fascist party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the fascist fascist party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the fascist fascist party
+took over and um musolini had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over and um musolini had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over and um musolini had uh
+different designs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different designs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different designs on
+Asmara rather than it just being this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asmara rather than it just being this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asmara rather than it just being this
+sort of um Colonial Outpost he had he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um Colonial Outpost he had he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um Colonial Outpost he had he
+saw it as a sort of Gateway for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it as a sort of Gateway for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it as a sort of Gateway for his
+movement into uh into Ethiopia and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement into uh into Ethiopia and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement into uh into Ethiopia and other
+parts of of Africa so um the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of of Africa so um the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of of Africa so um the city
+expanded drastically 50,000 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded drastically 50,000 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded drastically 50,000 people
+within a few years so the the city got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a few years so the the city got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a few years so the the city got
+quite large so these are just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large so these are just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large so these are just some
+images of of the development of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of of the development of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of of the development of the city
+at that time including can't make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time including can't make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time including can't make this
+up very well but it's a scaffolding with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up very well but it's a scaffolding with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up very well but it's a scaffolding with
+Benito's face uh projected on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benito's face uh projected on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benito's face uh projected on it and
+then uh sort of one of the last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh sort of one of the last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh sort of one of the last uh
+stories in asara um this is a plan from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in asara um this is a plan from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in asara um this is a plan from
+1938 obviously again during the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1938 obviously again during the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1938 obviously again during the the the
+the fascist period um and it has also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fascist period um and it has also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fascist period um and it has also a
+little story that's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little story that's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little story that's kind of interesting
+the idea was to have a competition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to have a competition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to have a competition and
+um the at some point this was this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the at some point this was this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the at some point this was this was
+or organized by the the fascist party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or organized by the the fascist party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or organized by the the fascist party
+but but at some point the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but at some point the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but at some point the the the
+governor or the mayor I mean of asara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor or the mayor I mean of asara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor or the mayor I mean of asara
+decided that he would take um control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that he would take um control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that he would take um control of
+this competition and and organized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this competition and and organized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this competition and and organized the
+panel of judges and um it turned out he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel of judges and um it turned out he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel of judges and um it turned out he
+actually won um he he made a submission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually won um he he made a submission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually won um he he made a submission
+in one um which which created quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one um which which created quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one um which which created quite a
+scandal and so he was he was booted out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scandal and so he was he was booted out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scandal and so he was he was booted out
+of office and um the plan was was denied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of office and um the plan was was denied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of office and um the plan was was denied
+and so um from from uh from from uh Rome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um from from uh from from uh Rome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um from from uh from from uh Rome
+um musolini sent architect to work on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um musolini sent architect to work on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um musolini sent architect to work on uh
+a new master plan which included I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new master plan which included I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new master plan which included I mean
+it's obviously a much more extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obviously a much more extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obviously a much more extensive
+plan than some of the ones you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan than some of the ones you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan than some of the ones you saw
+earlier but these areas up here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but these areas up here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but these areas up here are the
+indigenous areas so at least they're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous areas so at least they're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous areas so at least they're at
+least being shown as somehow a um uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least being shown as somehow a um uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least being shown as somehow a um uh on
+on the plan is not just being a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the plan is not just being a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the plan is not just being a sort of
+nobul or something but they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobul or something but they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobul or something but they're actually
+shown as some kind of housing um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as some kind of housing um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as some kind of housing um and
+this is a some a little statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a some a little statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a some a little statement about
+uh the scheme and which makes it quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the scheme and which makes it quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the scheme and which makes it quite
+different from the the earlier plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the the earlier plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the the earlier plans
+that we saw um it was it um the scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw um it was it um the scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw um it was it um the scheme
+utilized the unique mixed quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized the unique mixed quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized the unique mixed quarter
+meaning a place in the center a buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning a place in the center a buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning a place in the center a buffer
+zone and he called it a diaphragm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone and he called it a diaphragm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone and he called it a diaphragm uh
+between the strictly Italian district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the strictly Italian district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the strictly Italian district
+and the indigenous areas and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the indigenous areas and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the indigenous areas and that was
+this Marketplace that was proposed which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Marketplace that was proposed which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Marketplace that was proposed which
+actually um began Construction in 38 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um began Construction in 38 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um began Construction in 38 and
+didn't it wasn't completed until 52 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it wasn't completed until 52 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it wasn't completed until 52 so
+it was in a stage of construction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in a stage of construction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in a stage of construction for
+quite a long time um but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long time um but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long time um but there is
+somewhere buried in there I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere buried in there I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere buried in there I think a
+quote of his um all of the quotes don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote of his um all of the quotes don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote of his um all of the quotes don't
+show up um which talks about the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up um which talks about the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up um which talks about the fact
+that the whites would only come in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whites would only come in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whites would only come in in
+contact with the indigenous people of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the indigenous people of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the indigenous people of of
+a of a higher category because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a higher category because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a higher category because they
+would be involved in Commerce or in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be involved in Commerce or in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be involved in Commerce or in in
+trade so this this is was his scheme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade so this this is was his scheme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade so this this is was his scheme of
+trying to sort of lessen the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sort of lessen the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sort of lessen the the the
+racial aspect of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial aspect of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial aspect of of the
+plan I mean these are just some images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan I mean these are just some images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan I mean these are just some images
+of um contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+asara and just one last building um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asara and just one last building um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asara and just one last building um
+because it's a rather unusual one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a rather unusual one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a rather unusual one and
+actually sets the stage a little bit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sets the stage a little bit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sets the stage a little bit for
+some of the things that happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that happen in the
+next um um vignette um this is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um um vignette um this is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um um vignette um this is a an
+Orthodox Church um it actually was built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orthodox Church um it actually was built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orthodox Church um it actually was built
+on the site of this on this one on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the site of this on this one on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the site of this on this one on this
+side um it's built on the site of uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um it's built on the site of uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side um it's built on the site of uh an
+orthodox church that had been there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthodox church that had been there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthodox church that had been there
+before before the Italians arrived that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before the Italians arrived that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before the Italians arrived that
+was moved by the Italians um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moved by the Italians um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moved by the Italians um and then
+rebuilt um and it's one of the few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilt um and it's one of the few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilt um and it's one of the few
+examples of a of a of a work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a of a of a work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a of a of a work of
+architecture done by an Italian who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture done by an Italian who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture done by an Italian who
+uh was actually trying to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was actually trying to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was actually trying to somehow
+understand something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something about the
+indigenous architecture so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous architecture so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous architecture so you can see
+um the zodo this is a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the zodo this is a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the zodo this is a traditional
+dwelling of this area and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwelling of this area and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwelling of this area and this kind of
+thatch roof um was used um on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatch roof um was used um on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatch roof um was used um on top of the
+the building and also in the in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building and also in the in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building and also in the in the the
+way that the corings were were worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the corings were were worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the corings were were worked
+out um between concrete and stone there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um between concrete and stone there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um between concrete and stone there
+was some semblance to a technique that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some semblance to a technique that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some semblance to a technique that
+was used uh often which you'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used uh often which you'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used uh often which you'll see in
+this another example of a building which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this another example of a building which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this another example of a building which
+was built by an Italian Architect no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built by an Italian Architect no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built by an Italian Architect no
+actually not by an ital Yeah by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not by an ital Yeah by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not by an ital Yeah by an
+Italian architect uh earlier um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian architect uh earlier um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian architect uh earlier um and this
+is called monkey head design where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called monkey head design where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called monkey head design where in
+fact within the the stonework there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact within the the stonework there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact within the the stonework there are
+there are there usually junip logs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there usually junip logs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there usually junip logs that
+are placed in as ties between the coings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are placed in as ties between the coings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are placed in as ties between the coings
+um and um and so anyway the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um and so anyway the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um and so anyway the idea is that
+that within this kind of coursing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that within this kind of coursing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that within this kind of coursing it's
+at least had some kind of semblance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least had some kind of semblance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least had some kind of semblance to
+the to this um this historic um tectonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to this um this historic um tectonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to this um this historic um tectonic
+or building type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or building type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or building type
+so that's that's vignette number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's vignette number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's vignette number one
+it's again it's it's meant to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again it's it's meant to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again it's it's meant to sort of
+spark your interest in in in in asara I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark your interest in in in in asara I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark your interest in in in in asara I
+think the the if if if the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the the if if if the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the the if if if the discussion
+would be would continue on Asar it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would continue on Asar it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would continue on Asar it would
+be interesting to talk about um how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting to talk about um how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting to talk about um how the
+the asarian have taken over the city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asarian have taken over the city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asarian have taken over the city and
+how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's
+become a city their city um in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a city their city um in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a city their city um in fact they
+were the ones that built it so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the ones that built it so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the ones that built it so the next
+the next vignette is kind of funny uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next vignette is kind of funny uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next vignette is kind of funny uh
+because as I said earlier it was labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I said earlier it was labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I said earlier it was labeled
+as alers and it's not really alers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as alers and it's not really alers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as alers and it's not really alers
+although you will see lusia's work which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you will see lusia's work which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you will see lusia's work which
+are all probably fairly familiar with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all probably fairly familiar with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all probably fairly familiar with in
+alers but it really has a little bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers but it really has a little bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers but it really has a little bit to
+a lot more to do with certain acts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more to do with certain acts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more to do with certain acts of
+experimentation that went on in Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation that went on in Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation that went on in Africa
+that began with with lusia's ideas which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that began with with lusia's ideas which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that began with with lusia's ideas which
+were sort of one-sided and utopic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of one-sided and utopic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of one-sided and utopic but
+then sort of spread out into I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of spread out into I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of spread out into I think
+much more invest investigatory kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more invest investigatory kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more invest investigatory kind of
+um um Endeavors by a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Endeavors by a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Endeavors by a number of different
+architects and the the big surprise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects and the the big surprise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects and the the big surprise for
+me in in in doing this research was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in in in doing this research was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in in in doing this research was
+discovering erns May who all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering erns May who all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering erns May who all of you
+remember from lectures on the the his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from lectures on the the his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from lectures on the the his
+work I we'll back up or go forward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I we'll back up or go forward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I we'll back up or go forward a
+little bit his work in in Frankfurt um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit his work in in Frankfurt um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit his work in in Frankfurt um
+and also this project which I think was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this project which I think was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this project which I think was
+um one of the projects that he was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the projects that he was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the projects that he was in
+the process of working on uh around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of working on uh around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of working on uh around the
+time that the fascist I mean the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the fascist I mean the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the fascist I mean the the
+Nazis took control which uh which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis took control which uh which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazis took control which uh which uh
+basically made it impossible for him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically made it impossible for him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically made it impossible for him to
+return to Germany I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Germany I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to Germany I don't understand
+completely what how he made his way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely what how he made his way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely what how he made his way to
+Africa but he stayed in Africa from 1934
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa but he stayed in Africa from 1934
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa but he stayed in Africa from 1934
+to 1953 and his the his activity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1953 and his the his activity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1953 and his the his activity there
+was pretty significant so this is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty significant so this is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty significant so this is a sort
+of introduction to this part but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introduction to this part but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introduction to this part but I just
+want to show it to you quickly he worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show it to you quickly he worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show it to you quickly he worked
+in Tanzania he worked in Kenya he worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Tanzania he worked in Kenya he worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Tanzania he worked in Kenya he worked
+in Uganda and I'll show you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Uganda and I'll show you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Uganda and I'll show you some of the
+projects that he worked on and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that he worked on and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that he worked on and if you
+remember the seedling in Frankfurt which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the seedling in Frankfurt which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the seedling in Frankfurt which
+which is exactly just to go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly just to go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly just to go back to this
+this image is exactly the reason why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image is exactly the reason why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image is exactly the reason why why
+Siam 2 happened in Frankfurt it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siam 2 happened in Frankfurt it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siam 2 happened in Frankfurt it was
+because of the seedling so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the seedling so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the seedling so all of these
+people descended on Frankfurt because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people descended on Frankfurt because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people descended on Frankfurt because
+primarily of the work that erns may had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily of the work that erns may had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily of the work that erns may had
+made there and then you know just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made there and then you know just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made there and then you know just some
+few years later he was he was in Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years later he was he was in Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years later he was he was in Africa
+um so anyway this is just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so anyway this is just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so anyway this is just to give you
+some examples of that work this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of that work this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of that work this is one
+of the first projects that he worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first projects that he worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first projects that he worked on
+when he arrived there part partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he arrived there part partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he arrived there part partly
+because it was something that he worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was something that he worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was something that he worked
+on for himself but it was also something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for himself but it was also something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for himself but it was also something
+that he he was constantly looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he he was constantly looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he he was constantly looking at
+prototypical projects which we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical projects which we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical projects which we'll see
+over and over again again in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again again in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again again in some of the
+other Architects Works in Africa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Architects Works in Africa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Architects Works in Africa and
+this was for a Farmstead um in Tanzania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for a Farmstead um in Tanzania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for a Farmstead um in Tanzania
+uh from 1935 and it was using concrete a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from 1935 and it was using concrete a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from 1935 and it was using concrete a
+concrete frame system which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete frame system which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete frame system which was
+something that hadn't been used at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that hadn't been used at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that hadn't been used at all
+in that in that area of PRI here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that area of PRI here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that area of PRI here's a
+building that he did um just a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that he did um just a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that he did um just a few years
+later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in
+Nairobi um and you know you you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nairobi um and you know you you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nairobi um and you know you you can see
+all kinds of references to I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of references to I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of references to I don't know
+mendleson and other people but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendleson and other people but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendleson and other people but some
+somehow uh and also there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh and also there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh and also there's some
+interesting structural work that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting structural work that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting structural work that's been
+done in this building but somehow read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in this building but somehow read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in this building but somehow read
+that there was his there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was his there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was his there was some
+thinking that went on in this building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that went on in this building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that went on in this building
+that had to do with the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to do with the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to do with the fact that the
+streets would were dir and he wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets would were dir and he wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets would were dir and he wanted to
+develop some kind of mechanism so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some kind of mechanism so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some kind of mechanism so where
+whereas you have breay and buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you have breay and buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you have breay and buildings
+that you'll see soon that are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see soon that are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see soon that are working
+with the light that somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the light that somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the light that somehow this
+building was working with the dust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building was working with the dust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building was working with the dust and
+the movement of dust from the streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement of dust from the streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement of dust from the streets
+and trying to keep it from actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to keep it from actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to keep it from actually
+making its way into the building whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making its way into the building whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making its way into the building whether
+that worked or not I'm not sure another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worked or not I'm not sure another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worked or not I'm not sure another
+example of some of the things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of some of the things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of some of the things that that
+Ern May was working on um this is a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ern May was working on um this is a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ern May was working on um this is a um a
+a prototype of a a construction I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prototype of a a construction I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prototype of a a construction I don't
+if you can see it well from there but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can see it well from there but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can see it well from there but it
+was a Concrete Construction of a hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Concrete Construction of a hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Concrete Construction of a hook
+slab system that that would would U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slab system that that would would U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slab system that that would would U
+create this kind of almost quantis Hut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this kind of almost quantis Hut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this kind of almost quantis Hut
+type architecture um and he also worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type architecture um and he also worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type architecture um and he also worked
+on the expansion of compo in Uganda the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the expansion of compo in Uganda the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the expansion of compo in Uganda the
+capital and but but the expansion was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and but but the expansion was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and but but the expansion was
+using um again prototypical housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um again prototypical housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um again prototypical housing
+designs that were based on similar kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs that were based on similar kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs that were based on similar kind
+of themes this was another study he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of themes this was another study he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of themes this was another study he did
+in 19 1947 which made it's a comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 19 1947 which made it's a comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 19 1947 which made it's a comparative
+analysis where you can see and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis where you can see and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis where you can see and it was
+looking at buildings on slope sites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at buildings on slope sites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at buildings on slope sites and
+how how prototypical buildings could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how prototypical buildings could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how prototypical buildings could be
+designed to work on slope sites because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to work on slope sites because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to work on slope sites because
+uh he was working on lots of slope sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was working on lots of slope sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was working on lots of slope sites
+um and so he has African examples he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so he has African examples he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so he has African examples he has
+Asian examples and he has uh somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian examples and he has uh somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian examples and he has uh somewhere
+in their American or us examples and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their American or us examples and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their American or us examples and so
+he's making a comparative analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making a comparative analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making a comparative analysis
+between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these
+buildings um and then a couple sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings um and then a couple sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings um and then a couple sort of
+Fairly significant works these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fairly significant works these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fairly significant works these are both
+done for the aaan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for the aaan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for the aaan
+um uh one was a school in Kenya both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh one was a school in Kenya both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh one was a school in Kenya both
+they're both in in kisuma uh Kenya one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both in in kisuma uh Kenya one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both in in kisuma uh Kenya one
+both both around around 1950 this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both around around 1950 this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both around around 1950 this is a a
+early childhood education center and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early childhood education center and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early childhood education center and a
+clinic and um so you can still see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic and um so you can still see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic and um so you can still see the
+the even though he was experimenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even though he was experimenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even though he was experimenting
+with lots of sort of traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of sort of traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of sort of traditional
+architectural forms there's still um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural forms there's still um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural forms there's still um an
+allegiance to some of the earlier ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiance to some of the earlier ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiance to some of the earlier ideas
+of modernism that he had been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modernism that he had been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modernism that he had been working
+with in in um in in Frankfurt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in in um in in Frankfurt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in in um in in Frankfurt and
+and one last image of his um I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one last image of his um I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one last image of his um I had to
+show this because it was to me somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this because it was to me somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this because it was to me somehow
+quite amazing to discover you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite amazing to discover you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite amazing to discover you know we
+all know Bruno went to Japan we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know Bruno went to Japan we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know Bruno went to Japan we all know
+gropus came to Boston we all know that M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gropus came to Boston we all know that M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gropus came to Boston we all know that M
+went to to to um to Chicago but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to to to um to Chicago but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to to to um to Chicago but I'm not
+I don't know I don't think many of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I don't think many of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I don't think many of us
+have ever talked about the fact or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever talked about the fact or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever talked about the fact or or
+thought about where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about where he
+went so these are one last image of him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went so these are one last image of him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went so these are one last image of him
+from a a a British newspaper talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a a a British newspaper talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a a a British newspaper talking
+about him not having been uh to England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him not having been uh to England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him not having been uh to England
+since 1927 and visiting all of the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1927 and visiting all of the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1927 and visiting all of the these
+projects that um some of the the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that um some of the the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that um some of the the next
+colleagues that we'll talk about had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues that we'll talk about had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues that we'll talk about had
+been building like the Smithson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been building like the Smithson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been building like the Smithson and
+people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like
+that so this is where we talk go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is where we talk go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is where we talk go to
+alers um and you all remember these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers um and you all remember these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers um and you all remember these
+because we've talked about Siam and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've talked about Siam and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've talked about Siam and the
+whole idea of what Siam was and how um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of what Siam was and how um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of what Siam was and how um
+little by little it became co-opted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little by little it became co-opted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little by little it became co-opted by
+the Kuser um which you remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kuser um which you remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kuser um which you remember from
+reading your Global book um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading your Global book um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading your Global book um and then
+also about uh around I think this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about uh around I think this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about uh around I think this was
+cam I forget which one 1948 cam 7 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam I forget which one 1948 cam 7 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam I forget which one 1948 cam 7 I
+guess with this whole idea of the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess with this whole idea of the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess with this whole idea of the grid
+this way of presenting material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of presenting material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of presenting material
+presenting um architectural ideas in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting um architectural ideas in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting um architectural ideas in a
+very systematic way and I show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematic way and I show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematic way and I show you this
+only because of the the methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because of the the methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because of the the methodology
+that's used and this has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used and this has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used and this has to do with
+those standard zoning terms uh which I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those standard zoning terms uh which I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those standard zoning terms uh which I I
+can't read right now but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't read right now but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't read right now but you know
+housing uh U Move uh communicating um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing uh U Move uh communicating um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing uh U Move uh communicating um
+working and um and recreating so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and um and recreating so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and um and recreating so those
+four very simple kind of ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four very simple kind of ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four very simple kind of ideas that
+bubus was interested in this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubus was interested in this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubus was interested in this is just an
+image of of the sort of systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of of the sort of systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of of the sort of systems that
+were happening although these next this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were happening although these next this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were happening although these next this
+next group of people were dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next group of people were dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next group of people were dealing with
+colonies in in in um Africa they I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies in in in um Africa they I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies in in in um Africa they I
+wouldn't put them in the same category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't put them in the same category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't put them in the same category
+as as what went on in asara they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as what went on in asara they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as what went on in asara they were
+there there was much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there was much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there was much more
+experimentation and in fact much of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation and in fact much of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation and in fact much of many
+of these projects were for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these projects were for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these projects were for the
+inhabitants as opposed opposed to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitants as opposed opposed to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitants as opposed opposed to what
+we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw
+earlier so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so here's
+alers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers in a
+postcard and some projects by luser of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcard and some projects by luser of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcard and some projects by luser of
+course just to sort of build it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course just to sort of build it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course just to sort of build it off
+because uh that would legitimize my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh that would legitimize my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh that would legitimize my
+using the word algers um but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the word algers um but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the word algers um but this is a
+project that one of the first projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that one of the first projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that one of the first projects
+He did in 1933 to 34 um when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He did in 1933 to 34 um when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He did in 1933 to 34 um when he was
+asked to do a subd develop sub division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to do a subd develop sub division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to do a subd develop sub division
+for you know many houses where of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know many houses where of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know many houses where of course
+he didn't do that he created this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't do that he created this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't do that he created this one
+enormous block for 300 inhabitants with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous block for 300 inhabitants with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous block for 300 inhabitants with
+all of the services in one connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the services in one connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the services in one connected to
+a highway which later comes back in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a highway which later comes back in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a highway which later comes back in some
+of the other works also this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other works also this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other works also this is a
+project that I hadn't looked at closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that I hadn't looked at closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that I hadn't looked at closely
+but I found rather interesting um when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I found rather interesting um when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I found rather interesting um when I
+did study it um this had to do again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did study it um this had to do again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did study it um this had to do again
+with the sort of topography dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sort of topography dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sort of topography dropping
+down to the Sea um and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the Sea um and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the Sea um and you know
+obviously there's the brolay and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's the brolay and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's the brolay and and
+other issues that have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issues that have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issues that have to do with
+sunlight which probably have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight which probably have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight which probably have similar
+conditions only um on the opposite side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions only um on the opposite side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions only um on the opposite side
+of the Mediterranean in in France where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Mediterranean in in France where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Mediterranean in in France where
+he was used to dealing with but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was used to dealing with but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was used to dealing with but this
+idea of creating this open space uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of creating this open space uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of creating this open space uh at
+the at the ground level um not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the ground level um not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the ground level um not so much
+for uh trying to lift the building off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh trying to lift the building off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh trying to lift the building off
+the ground like in the five points but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground like in the five points but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground like in the five points but
+to create a view corridor so that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a view corridor so that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a view corridor so that people
+moving along the boulevard would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along the boulevard would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along the boulevard would never
+lose sight of the of the the coast in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose sight of the of the the coast in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose sight of the of the the coast in
+the ocean um which I found kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean um which I found kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean um which I found kind of
+interesting and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and and
+strange um here's one of the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange um here's one of the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange um here's one of the largest
+projects he he was relentless in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects he he was relentless in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects he he was relentless in terms
+of trying to push these projects through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to push these projects through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to push these projects through
+um and this one was a was the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this one was a was the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this one was a was the project
+for a skyscraper which he uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a skyscraper which he uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a skyscraper which he uh he
+described as being unlike the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as being unlike the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as being unlike the The
+Accidental American form of skyscraper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accidental American form of skyscraper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accidental American form of skyscraper
+and being more from a biological kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being more from a biological kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being more from a biological kind of
+nature which is something he made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature which is something he made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature which is something he made
+Illusions to all the time that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illusions to all the time that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illusions to all the time that his
+architecture had you know this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture had you know this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture had you know this sort of
+organic biological component so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic biological component so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic biological component so that
+these these functional elements of play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these functional elements of play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these functional elements of play
+and work and all of that were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work and all of that were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work and all of that were you know
+sort of almost like circulation systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost like circulation systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost like circulation systems
+and things like that um which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that um which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that um which we'll
+we'll look at quickly again after here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at quickly again after here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at quickly again after here's
+another example of the skyscraper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the skyscraper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the skyscraper with
+its breay and and and multifunctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its breay and and and multifunctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its breay and and and multifunctions
+that are happening and this is at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are happening and this is at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are happening and this is at the at
+the Mariner in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mariner in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mariner in
+alers and then the last project uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers and then the last project uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers and then the last project uh or
+the last built or proposed built project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last built or proposed built project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last built or proposed built project
+of his was this huge U project which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his was this huge U project which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his was this huge U project which
+probably you're familiar with but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you're familiar with but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you're familiar with but um
+this a whole idea of linking the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a whole idea of linking the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a whole idea of linking the the the
+the the harbor part of of algas with a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the harbor part of of algas with a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the harbor part of of algas with a a
+some existing um um residential quarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some existing um um residential quarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some existing um um residential quarters
+that had you know were already there by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had you know were already there by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had you know were already there by
+creating this sort of Highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this sort of Highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this sort of Highway
+architecture this this sort of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture this this sort of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture this this sort of building
+that that that that also had the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that also had the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that also had the the
+highway above it um as you can see down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway above it um as you can see down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway above it um as you can see down
+here um he he he obviously was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um he he he obviously was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um he he he obviously was not a
+person that gave up easily um in 1950 he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that gave up easily um in 1950 he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that gave up easily um in 1950 he
+published this book uh the poet Po alir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this book uh the poet Po alir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this book uh the poet Po alir
+and in in it he was just reiterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in it he was just reiterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in it he was just reiterating
+again and again the same kind of concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again the same kind of concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again the same kind of concept
+so you can see you know these idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see you know these idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see you know these idea of
+view corridors and sun and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view corridors and sun and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view corridors and sun and here's the
+tree and the organic quality of his of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and the organic quality of his of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and the organic quality of his of
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+skyscraper um and also although I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyscraper um and also although I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyscraper um and also although I won't
+get into details you know the whole idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into details you know the whole idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into details you know the whole idea
+that you know they they desperately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they they desperately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they they desperately
+needed his his ideas at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed his his ideas at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed his his ideas at the same time
+other members of of of Siam were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other members of of of Siam were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other members of of of Siam were doing
+other things but also in on the African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but also in on the African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but also in on the African
+front this is a a book from 1947 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this is a a book from 1947 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this is a a book from 1947 that
+was Jane Drew and Maxwell fry who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Jane Drew and Maxwell fry who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Jane Drew and Maxwell fry who are
+both early members of Siam um some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both early members of Siam um some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both early members of Siam um some of
+you know this book I think probably very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this book I think probably very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this book I think probably very
+well now but it's a quite interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now but it's a quite interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now but it's a quite interesting
+book on at at sort of evaluating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on at at sort of evaluating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on at at sort of evaluating and
+trying to understand the indigenous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the indigenous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the indigenous uh
+culture there and trying to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture there and trying to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture there and trying to somehow
+solve its problem so in some ways it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve its problem so in some ways it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve its problem so in some ways it may
+not be so far off from the kubia but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be so far off from the kubia but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be so far off from the kubia but it
+evolved um they did study um both rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved um they did study um both rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved um they did study um both rural
+and urban architecture and eventually as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and urban architecture and eventually as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and urban architecture and eventually as
+you know from looking in your Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from looking in your Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from looking in your Global
+book that they eventually made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that they eventually made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that they eventually made some
+significant architecture um in Nigeria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant architecture um in Nigeria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant architecture um in Nigeria
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+university um but in uh in 1956 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university um but in uh in 1956 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university um but in uh in 1956 they
+also Co co-authored another book which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Co co-authored another book which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Co co-authored another book which
+became a real um significant book for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a real um significant book for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a real um significant book for
+many reasons uh one because it became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons uh one because it became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons uh one because it became a
+kind of handbook about how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of handbook about how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of handbook about how to make
+architecture in places like uh Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in places like uh Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in places like uh Africa
+and South America and other tropical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and South America and other tropical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and South America and other tropical
+zones um and it was broken down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones um and it was broken down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones um and it was broken down into
+issues that were far different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that were far different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that were far different than
+those kind of issues that kuusi had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of issues that kuusi had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of issues that kuusi had been
+thinking about in his sort of narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about in his sort of narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about in his sort of narrow
+framed um grid um uh and this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed um grid um uh and this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed um grid um uh and this is this is
+one this is the cover image from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is the cover image from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is the cover image from the
+book and I think the quote kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and I think the quote kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and I think the quote kind of
+beautiful from thinking of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful from thinking of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful from thinking of the time
+architecture in the hum Tropics is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in the hum Tropics is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in the hum Tropics is a
+collaboration with nature to establish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with nature to establish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with nature to establish a
+new order which human beings may live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new order which human beings may live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new order which human beings may live in
+harmony with their surroundings whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony with their surroundings whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony with their surroundings whatever
+that may mean um I think that book had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may mean um I think that book had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may mean um I think that book had
+quite a significant impact um all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a significant impact um all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a significant impact um all the
+way to the point that when the AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the point that when the AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the point that when the AA
+decided to begin its tropical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to begin its tropical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to begin its tropical
+architecture program which wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture program which wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture program which wasn't
+instigated by fry but was in instigated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instigated by fry but was in instigated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instigated by fry but was in instigated
+by by um someone else his name is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by um someone else his name is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by um someone else his name is there
+but I forget um anyway um fry was inv Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I forget um anyway um fry was inv Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I forget um anyway um fry was inv Ed
+and did did was the inaugural um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did did was the inaugural um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did did was the inaugural um
+Professor there for the first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor there for the first three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor there for the first three
+years of its existence and um probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of its existence and um probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of its existence and um probably
+many of you know Architects that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you know Architects that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you know Architects that have
+studied there the tropical architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied there the tropical architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied there the tropical architecture
+uh program at the AA was probably one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh program at the AA was probably one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh program at the AA was probably one of
+the most famous um programs of its type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous um programs of its type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous um programs of its type
+in the world and spurned many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world and spurned many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world and spurned many other
+schools there were schools that opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools there were schools that opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools there were schools that opened
+in Africa as well that were sort of sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Africa as well that were sort of sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Africa as well that were sort of sub
+not subsidaries but influenced by by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not subsidaries but influenced by by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not subsidaries but influenced by by the
+teaching methodology that went on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching methodology that went on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching methodology that went on there
+um and many many Architects from England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and many many Architects from England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and many many Architects from England
+as well as from the third world studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as from the third world studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as from the third world studied
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so back to lusia just for a second as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to lusia just for a second as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to lusia just for a second as a
+kind of uh another point to sort of move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh another point to sort of move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh another point to sort of move
+away from um un which is a later work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from um un which is a later work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from um un which is a later work
+after even the the PO this publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after even the the PO this publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after even the the PO this publication
+that you just saw earlier um um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just saw earlier um um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just saw earlier um um from
+1952 here's the grid that that um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1952 here's the grid that that um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1952 here's the grid that that um was
+was shown at cam7 um which was done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown at cam7 um which was done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown at cam7 um which was done by
+an architect named candilis um and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architect named candilis um and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architect named candilis um and so I
+show you these images also because both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you these images also because both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you these images also because both
+candilis as well as Woods um and josk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candilis as well as Woods um and josk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candilis as well as Woods um and josk
+who eventually will show up in these who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who eventually will show up in these who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who eventually will show up in these who
+are students who are working with luser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are students who are working with luser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are students who are working with luser
+uh on on the Marse block here are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on on the Marse block here are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on on the Marse block here are a few
+of them on the roof during construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them on the roof during construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them on the roof during construction
+they they are in many ways much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are in many ways much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are in many ways much like the
+Smithson and a number of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smithson and a number of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smithson and a number of other people
+they're they are members of Siam near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they are members of Siam near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they are members of Siam near
+the end but they are the ones that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but they are the ones that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but they are the ones that sort
+of jump Shi and and turn Siam 10 into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jump Shi and and turn Siam 10 into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jump Shi and and turn Siam 10 into
+team 10 and so they do become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team 10 and so they do become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team 10 and so they do become
+significant team 10 players so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant team 10 players so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant team 10 players so here's
+some work by candelis josk and woods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work by candelis josk and woods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work by candelis josk and woods and
+some of their this is them competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their this is them competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their this is them competition
+being judged by them um a church that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being judged by them um a church that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being judged by them um a church that
+they designed in Morocco in 1952 some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they designed in Morocco in 1952 some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they designed in Morocco in 1952 some
+housing in Algeria so we did Algeria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing in Algeria so we did Algeria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing in Algeria so we did Algeria
+does get validifi minus coru um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does get validifi minus coru um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does get validifi minus coru um in
+1954 um and some of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1954 um and some of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1954 um and some of the things that
+they're looking at are not unlike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at are not unlike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at are not unlike the
+things that you we saw in in um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you we saw in in um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you we saw in in um just
+briefly at least in the words that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly at least in the words that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly at least in the words that were
+written in the in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the in the in the
+introduction to Maxwell fry and Jane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to Maxwell fry and Jane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to Maxwell fry and Jane
+Drew's book um that they looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drew's book um that they looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drew's book um that they looking at
+these kind of things maybe in a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things maybe in a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things maybe in a somewhat
+different way than than the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way than than the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way than than the sort of
+single-minded way lusia had been for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-minded way lusia had been for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-minded way lusia had been for
+example the movement of air between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the movement of air between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the movement of air between
+units to keep coolness you know to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units to keep coolness you know to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units to keep coolness you know to keep
+keep um the the units cool during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep um the the units cool during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep um the the units cool during
+certain times of the year so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain times of the year so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain times of the year so they were
+dealing with sunlight and air and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with sunlight and air and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with sunlight and air and things
+like that and also even though this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and also even though this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and also even though this is a
+jump for us today based on the fact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump for us today based on the fact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump for us today based on the fact of
+you know sort of contextual thinking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of contextual thinking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of contextual thinking um
+the idea that this building steps like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that this building steps like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that this building steps like
+this was trying to respond to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was trying to respond to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was trying to respond to the top
+topography so that the fact that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography so that the fact that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography so that the fact that the the
+out the external I know the external uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the external I know the external uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the external I know the external uh
+movement system on the building is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement system on the building is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement system on the building is
+somehow dealing with but I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow dealing with but I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow dealing with but I mean if you
+think about it from it's from 1953 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it from it's from 1953 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it from it's from 1953 it's
+a it's a beginning it's a beginning it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a beginning it's a beginning it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a beginning it's a beginning it's
+somehow moving away from a rigid uh way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow moving away from a rigid uh way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow moving away from a rigid uh way
+of thinking and just a few last images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking and just a few last images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking and just a few last images
+of some projects that they worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some projects that they worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some projects that they worked on
+this actually I show you this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually I show you this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually I show you this one
+because this is a a a real project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a a a real project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a a a real project that
+they worked on um reconstructing a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they worked on um reconstructing a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they worked on um reconstructing a an
+indigenous um uh neighborhood uh in Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous um uh neighborhood uh in Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous um uh neighborhood uh in Al
+years um which ended up well you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um which ended up well you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um which ended up well you'll see
+it later it's ended up on a board that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it later it's ended up on a board that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it later it's ended up on a board that
+they created for one the first team 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created for one the first team 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created for one the first team 10
+uh conference and just some more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conference and just some more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conference and just some more uh
+valid something to add some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid something to add some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid something to add some more
+validity to uh the statement that I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity to uh the statement that I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity to uh the statement that I made
+earlier that there was experimenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that there was experimenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that there was experimenting
+going on that was went beyond um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on that was went beyond um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on that was went beyond um was
+looking at what was happening in Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what was happening in Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what was happening in Africa
+as opposed to imposing on it what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to imposing on it what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to imposing on it what it
+believes might be the right thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes might be the right thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes might be the right thing as
+luser was and so you can see in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luser was and so you can see in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luser was and so you can see in some of
+these examples of these drawings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples of these drawings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples of these drawings that
+they they closely studying um the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they closely studying um the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they closely studying um the way
+architecture exists in these places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture exists in these places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture exists in these places and
+so here's the here's the this is from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the here's the this is from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the here's the this is from uh
+actually this is Siam 9 so it's or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is Siam 9 so it's or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is Siam 9 so it's or it's
+the beginning of Team 10 so it's before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of Team 10 so it's before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of Team 10 so it's before
+Siam 10 but here's Allison and Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siam 10 but here's Allison and Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siam 10 but here's Allison and Peter
+smithson's board which had to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smithson's board which had to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smithson's board which had to do with
+the streets and and the life of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streets and and the life of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streets and and the life of of
+London which you know was something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London which you know was something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London which you know was something that
+had never made its way onto these boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never made its way onto these boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never made its way onto these boards
+um in such a fashion so it was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in such a fashion so it was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in such a fashion so it was pretty
+radical but below that we have the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical but below that we have the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical but below that we have the one
+by by kendis josic and and woods which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by kendis josic and and woods which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by kendis josic and and woods which
+also I know you can't make them out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I know you can't make them out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I know you can't make them out but
+there all these you'll see this image in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all these you'll see this image in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all these you'll see this image in
+a little while all these images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while all these images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while all these images that
+have to do with indigenous architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with indigenous architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with indigenous architecture
+and how they could take and learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they could take and learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they could take and learn from
+that indigenous architecture this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indigenous architecture this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indigenous architecture this is one
+of those images where they're showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those images where they're showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those images where they're showing
+you know sort of everyday objects used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of everyday objects used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of everyday objects used
+by the people in a sort of collage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the people in a sort of collage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the people in a sort of collage with
+some idea of of of of of a building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of of of of of a building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of of of of of a building a
+housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing
+footprint and then a last study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and then a last study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and then a last study of
+theirs uh for Chad for a development in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs uh for Chad for a development in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs uh for Chad for a development in
+Chad where they were looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chad where they were looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chad where they were looking at the
+indigenous architecture and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous architecture and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous architecture and then this is
+a proposal that they're making of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposal that they're making of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposal that they're making of how
+they could replicate certain conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could replicate certain conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could replicate certain conditions
+that exist within that that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist within that that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist within that that um that
+proposal and the same thing is true here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal and the same thing is true here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal and the same thing is true here
+here's an existing floor plan and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an existing floor plan and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an existing floor plan and how
+you could create something you know in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could create something you know in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could create something you know in a
+more contemporary way that would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more contemporary way that would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more contemporary way that would would
+obviously allow the same kind of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously allow the same kind of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously allow the same kind of living
+conditions and again down here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and again down here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and again down here they're
+looking at the so it goes from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the so it goes from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the so it goes from you know
+sort of the section to the plan to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the section to the plan to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the section to the plan to the
+um the urban Fabric and how they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the urban Fabric and how they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the urban Fabric and how they can
+create something although this one gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something although this one gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something although this one gets
+a little bit more problematic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more problematic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more problematic but
+somehow they could create something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow they could create something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow they could create something that
+has that same kind of nature of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that same kind of nature of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that same kind of nature of the of
+the the the the the um the streets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the um the streets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the um the streets and
+Courtyards that were were typical of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courtyards that were were typical of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courtyards that were were typical of
+these areas which leads me to probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas which leads me to probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas which leads me to probably
+the reason why I actually in in gauged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I actually in in gauged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I actually in in gauged
+this this study in the first place which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this study in the first place which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this study in the first place which
+was how I was interested in in fact how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how I was interested in in fact how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how I was interested in in fact how
+Architects were learning from Africa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects were learning from Africa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects were learning from Africa and
+bringing their work back to Europe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing their work back to Europe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing their work back to Europe and
+so here's a photograph by Yan uten from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a photograph by Yan uten from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a photograph by Yan uten from
+1947 from Morocco looking at these works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1947 from Morocco looking at these works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1947 from Morocco looking at these works
+that we've seen already in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen already in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen already in other
+people's presentations and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's presentations and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's presentations and trying to
+understand something about the courtyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something about the courtyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something about the courtyard
+structure that that was inherent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that that was inherent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that that was inherent in
+these and then himself he was invited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and then himself he was invited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and then himself he was invited
+there by family to because he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there by family to because he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there by family to because he didn't
+have any work in 47 so at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any work in 47 so at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any work in 47 so at that point
+he's he made two proposals that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he made two proposals that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he made two proposals that were
+single sheets one one page one is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sheets one one page one is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sheets one one page one is for
+housing which we could talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing which we could talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing which we could talk about some
+other time uh in Morocco and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other time uh in Morocco and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other time uh in Morocco and the other
+was for a textile Factory which um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for a textile Factory which um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for a textile Factory which um if
+you know udon's work um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know udon's work um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know udon's work um you know the
+sort of roofing system the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of roofing system the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of roofing system the the sort of
+way that he dealt with roofs and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that he dealt with roofs and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that he dealt with roofs and things
+like this are all sort of in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this are all sort of in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this are all sort of in their
+incubation stages in these early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation stages in these early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubation stages in these early
+drawings but also very much I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings but also very much I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings but also very much I think
+influenced by this this this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by this this this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by this this this idea of
+going to this place this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this place this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this place this is the
+beginning of I think what maybe Frampton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of I think what maybe Frampton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of I think what maybe Frampton
+calls what transcultural or uh this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls what transcultural or uh this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls what transcultural or uh this idea
+of drawing from from another culture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drawing from from another culture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drawing from from another culture and
+using it within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it within your
+own and then just to show you Kingo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and then just to show you Kingo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and then just to show you Kingo
+housing which you all know from from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing which you all know from from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing which you all know from from um
+talks earlier from Denmark um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks earlier from Denmark um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks earlier from Denmark um the the
+courtyard house uh in the Danish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard house uh in the Danish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard house uh in the Danish
+landscape and then another project done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and then another project done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and then another project done
+by a public agency in Casablanca um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a public agency in Casablanca um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a public agency in Casablanca um
+trying to create you know similar kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create you know similar kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create you know similar kind
+of uh quality to the to the fabric that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh quality to the to the fabric that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh quality to the to the fabric that
+pre-existed in this kind of Courtyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-existed in this kind of Courtyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-existed in this kind of Courtyard
+structure and obviously you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and obviously you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and obviously you know more
+using materials uh using contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using materials uh using contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using materials uh using contemporary
+materials and um and and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and um and and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and um and and other
+contemporary ideas so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary ideas so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary ideas so that's that's
+vignette 2 so you're still awake good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vignette 2 so you're still awake good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vignette 2 so you're still awake good
+um so this one's kind of a funny one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this one's kind of a funny one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this one's kind of a funny one
+it's the best I could find but it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best I could find but it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best I could find but it's if
+if it's wrong I apologize but it's meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's wrong I apologize but it's meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's wrong I apologize but it's meant
+to talk about the movement of Islam into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the movement of Islam into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the movement of Islam into
+into to North Africa so I'll move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into to North Africa so I'll move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into to North Africa so I'll move it
+quickly so I don't have to if I'm if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so I don't have to if I'm if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so I don't have to if I'm if I'm
+if it's bad I apologize um it was lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's bad I apologize um it was lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's bad I apologize um it was lack
+of not being able to find something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not being able to find something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not being able to find something else
+but this is the one that fell on me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the one that fell on me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the one that fell on me um
+partly from um uh our in our our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly from um uh our in our our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly from um uh our in our our main
+inspiration in this room um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration in this room um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration in this room um and this is
+uh showing the the tuba in senagal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh showing the the tuba in senagal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh showing the the tuba in senagal a
+place that had absolutely no knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that had absolutely no knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that had absolutely no knowledge
+of prior to doing this and this become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prior to doing this and this become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prior to doing this and this become
+quite fascinating um Here's the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite fascinating um Here's the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite fascinating um Here's the the the
+Google Earth image of of tuba and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Earth image of of tuba and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Earth image of of tuba and you
+can see the central mosque and the peek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the central mosque and the peek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the central mosque and the peek
+which is the Central Square um inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the Central Square um inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the Central Square um inside
+you can also make out and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also make out and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also make out and we'll talk
+more in detail but not too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in detail but not too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in detail but not too much about
+some of these axial streets that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these axial streets that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these axial streets that come
+out and um and then you can't make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and um and then you can't make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and um and then you can't make them
+out yet because it's not far enough out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yet because it's not far enough out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yet because it's not far enough out
+but there there's also sort of a ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there there's also sort of a ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there there's also sort of a ring
+that s around it um this whole um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s around it um this whole um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s around it um this whole um
+Enterprise which is probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise which is probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise which is probably the most
+shocking aspect of it is the mosque was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking aspect of it is the mosque was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking aspect of it is the mosque was
+finished in '92 I think um and the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished in '92 I think um and the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished in '92 I think um and the city
+none of the construction of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the construction of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the construction of the city
+happened until after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened until after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened until after
+1924 25 something like that and um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1924 25 something like that and um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1924 25 something like that and um if I
+can call him bomba um this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call him bomba um this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call him bomba um this is this is
+the founder he was a a a a Sufi um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founder he was a a a a Sufi um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founder he was a a a a Sufi um
+cleric or teacher um who who spent a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleric or teacher um who who spent a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleric or teacher um who who spent a lot
+of time and you'll see in in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and you'll see in in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and you'll see in in a little
+while a map on a map a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while a map on a map a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while a map on a map a lot of time
+traveling off into different parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling off into different parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling off into different parts of
+the the the region to meditate and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the region to meditate and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the region to meditate and um
+and had visions of the city and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had visions of the city and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had visions of the city and um
+believed that it was his mission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed that it was his mission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed that it was his mission to
+create this city and um and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this city and um and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this city and um and so it's
+quite amazing that someone that was born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite amazing that someone that was born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite amazing that someone that was born
+in the late 19th century um eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 19th century um eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 19th century um eventually
+by by he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by he
+wrote enormous amount some some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote enormous amount some some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote enormous amount some some some
+song I heard said that he wrote seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song I heard said that he wrote seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song I heard said that he wrote seven
+tons of of of of of of pages so he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of of of of of of pages so he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of of of of of of pages so he wrote
+a lot and in a lot of that writing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and in a lot of that writing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and in a lot of that writing is
+some of the the the indications of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the the indications of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the the indications of how
+the city is to be planned the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city is to be planned the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city is to be planned the other
+thing that's interesting about his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's interesting about his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's interesting about his life
+which I guess um this is the the babo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I guess um this is the the babo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I guess um this is the the babo
+you may be able to pronounce it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be able to pronounce it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be able to pronounce it better
+than I can but babo bobab right bobab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I can but babo bobab right bobab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I can but babo bobab right bobab
+tree um which is you know a tree you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree um which is you know a tree you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree um which is you know a tree you
+find all over Africa but is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all over Africa but is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all over Africa but is a
+significant Tree in in in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Tree in in in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Tree in in in this region
+and also um we we'll come back to it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also um we we'll come back to it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also um we we'll come back to it but
+is the tree that that that that bomba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tree that that that that bomba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tree that that that that bomba
+meditates under so also in in Sufi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditates under so also in in Sufi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditates under so also in in Sufi
+cosmology there's this diagram that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology there's this diagram that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology there's this diagram that that
+that uh describes the material world as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh describes the material world as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh describes the material world as
+being the sort of ukian um squ rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the sort of ukian um squ rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the sort of ukian um squ rectangle
+down here and and this this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and and this this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and and this this diagram
+itself is is showing tuba is at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is is showing tuba is at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is is showing tuba is at the at
+the center of it and the tree becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of it and the tree becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of it and the tree becomes
+and this is this this is this tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this this is this tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this this is this tree that
+that that um that bomba meditates under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that um that bomba meditates under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that um that bomba meditates under
+um becomes the sort of centerpiece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um becomes the sort of centerpiece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um becomes the sort of centerpiece of
+that and and as you can see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and as you can see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and as you can see the the
+whole cosmological construct of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cosmological construct of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cosmological construct of of of of
+of um of the Sufi idea ideology or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of the Sufi idea ideology or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of the Sufi idea ideology or or
+our cosmology is there and anyway I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cosmology is there and anyway I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cosmology is there and anyway I just
+read this the cosmology of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this the cosmology of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this the cosmology of the world
+tree tuba the tree of paradise is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree tuba the tree of paradise is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree tuba the tree of paradise is but
+one manifestation of the tree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one manifestation of the tree of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one manifestation of the tree of the
+world postulated by Sufi Sufi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world postulated by Sufi Sufi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world postulated by Sufi Sufi
+theosophists the world tree is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theosophists the world tree is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theosophists the world tree is a
+cosmological construct that aims to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological construct that aims to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological construct that aims to
+explain the created universe and it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the created universe and it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the created universe and it and
+the and its relationship ship to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and its relationship ship to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and its relationship ship to the
+Creator this diagram attempts to situate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creator this diagram attempts to situate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creator this diagram attempts to situate
+the Sufi city of tuba with within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sufi city of tuba with within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sufi city of tuba with within this
+cosmology but it can only begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology but it can only begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology but it can only begin to
+approximate the spatial relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the spatial relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the spatial relationships
+involved space in the imagined Realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved space in the imagined Realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved space in the imagined Realm of
+the malut the spiritual realm is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malut the spiritual realm is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malut the spiritual realm is not
+confined within the ukle and grid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined within the ukle and grid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined within the ukle and grid of
+this diagram so this is so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram so this is so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram so this is so here's the
+the theoretical grid the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical grid the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical grid the theoretical
+construct that it's created within and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that it's created within and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that it's created within and
+here's the physical reality so it begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the physical reality so it begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the physical reality so it begins
+with this grid plan which is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this grid plan which is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this grid plan which is related to
+I'll move to the next one because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move to the next one because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move to the next one because we
+have another thing to read um the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another thing to read um the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another thing to read um the design
+it has this distinctive design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this distinctive design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this distinctive design
+characterized by the cojin of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by the cojin of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by the cojin of elements
+of the square and the circle the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square and the circle the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square and the circle the square
+element consists of a grid more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element consists of a grid more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element consists of a grid more or less
+aligned to the again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned to the again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned to the again
+Kuba yeah which is obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kuba yeah which is obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kuba yeah which is obviously the
+relationship to Mecca it signifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to Mecca it signifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to Mecca it signifies
+Muslim space where Earthbound Quan daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslim space where Earthbound Quan daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslim space where Earthbound Quan daily
+acts are aligned with straight path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts are aligned with straight path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts are aligned with straight path of
+Islam the circular element which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islam the circular element which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islam the circular element which
+consists of radiating Avenues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of radiating Avenues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of radiating Avenues and
+encircling roads acts as a ver vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encircling roads acts as a ver vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encircling roads acts as a ver vertical
+Dimension to the device to the design it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension to the device to the design it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension to the device to the design it
+signifies tuba as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifies tuba as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifies tuba as
+the thanks as a place of transcendence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thanks as a place of transcendence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thanks as a place of transcendence
+where life on Earth connects to the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where life on Earth connects to the over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where life on Earth connects to the over
+overarching cosmological reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching cosmological reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching cosmological reality
+represented by the the world tree the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the the world tree the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the the world tree the
+centrality of the great mosque in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality of the great mosque in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality of the great mosque in the in
+the center and the lampf fall which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and the lampf fall which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and the lampf fall which is
+the T the name of the tallest minet um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T the name of the tallest minet um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T the name of the tallest minet um
+which we come to in a little while as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we come to in a little while as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we come to in a little while as
+this vertical marker of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertical marker of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertical marker of these two
+coexisting um uh geometries so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexisting um uh geometries so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexisting um uh geometries so anyway
+this is a bit back woods but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit back woods but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit back woods but this is a
+this is the map of of of boma's travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the map of of of boma's travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the map of of of boma's travels
+so he actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he actually was
+born um somewhere in maak maake down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born um somewhere in maak maake down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born um somewhere in maak maake down
+here and traveled in this region um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and traveled in this region um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and traveled in this region um
+meditating and and and uh having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditating and and and uh having these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditating and and and uh having these
+transcendental experiences and um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental experiences and um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental experiences and um in
+reading about it it was almost there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about it it was almost there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about it it was almost there was
+almost the sort of images of Life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the sort of images of Life of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the sort of images of Life of
+Brian that he couldn't get away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian that he couldn't get away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian that he couldn't get away from
+people the people were chasing him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the people were chasing him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the people were chasing him
+wherever he went and that he kept trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever he went and that he kept trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever he went and that he kept trying
+to find uh a place to be alone and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find uh a place to be alone and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find uh a place to be alone and so he
+he did find this place and I guess tuba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did find this place and I guess tuba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did find this place and I guess tuba
+was the place where he had this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the place where he had this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the place where he had this this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+transcendental experience of of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental experience of of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental experience of of of this
+great City but also there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great City but also there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great City but also there's another
+interesting aspect of his life and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspect of his life and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspect of his life and that
+was that he had he then went into Exile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that he had he then went into Exile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that he had he then went into Exile
+the the the French found some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the French found some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the French found some of his
+thinking too dangerous so he went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking too dangerous so he went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking too dangerous so he went into
+to to Exile which um was perfect for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Exile which um was perfect for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Exile which um was perfect for him
+because he felt this Exile was exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he felt this Exile was exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he felt this Exile was exactly
+what needed to happen for him to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needed to happen for him to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needed to happen for him to be able
+to carry forth this idea idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry forth this idea idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry forth this idea idea of
+building this great new city so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this great new city so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this great new city so anyway
+here's the the center of the city as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the the center of the city as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the the center of the city as you
+and we'll see the mosque in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see the mosque in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see the mosque in a little
+while and when you if you see this plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and when you if you see this plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and when you if you see this plan
+first and you don't see how new the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and you don't see how new the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and you don't see how new the
+mosque is or how recently it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosque is or how recently it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosque is or how recently it was
+constructed it's kind of shocking but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed it's kind of shocking but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed it's kind of shocking but
+here's the center of the city so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the center of the city so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the center of the city so this is
+the peek or the the the pink or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peek or the the the pink or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peek or the the the pink or the the
+Central Square of the main part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Square of the main part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Square of the main part of the
+city it's connected with the cemetery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city it's connected with the cemetery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city it's connected with the cemetery
+which is also considered a a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also considered a a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also considered a a space of
+trans you know Transcendence um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans you know Transcendence um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans you know Transcendence um and it's
+also has a number of other um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a number of other um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a number of other um uh
+significant buildings around it um every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant buildings around it um every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant buildings around it um every
+year the there are two dates where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year the there are two dates where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year the there are two dates where there
+are our pilgrimages to to this space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our pilgrimages to to this space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our pilgrimages to to this space and
+two million people it's interesting go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two million people it's interesting go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two million people it's interesting go
+to YouTube there have all these pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to YouTube there have all these pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to YouTube there have all these pictures
+of people in cars and buses and vans on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in cars and buses and vans on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in cars and buses and vans on
+their way there but two million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way there but two million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way there but two million people
+go to this and also um once a or twice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to this and also um once a or twice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to this and also um once a or twice a
+year women are allowed to go which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year women are allowed to go which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year women are allowed to go which is
+also kind of interesting um here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of interesting um here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of interesting um here's an
+aerial photograph of the mosque and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerial photograph of the mosque and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerial photograph of the mosque and you
+can see the the square scale the SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the the square scale the SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the the square scale the SC
+scale of the square is in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the square is in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the square is in in some
+relationship to the to the quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the to the quantity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the to the quantity of
+people that do arrive for this event and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that do arrive for this event and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that do arrive for this event and
+this is just a sketch that was in a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a sketch that was in a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a sketch that was in a book
+I found of this tree and it it's which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found of this tree and it it's which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found of this tree and it it's which
+is absolutely unfortunately is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely unfortunately is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely unfortunately is no longer
+there but it's actually right at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it's actually right at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it's actually right at the at
+the edge of the cemetery and it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of the cemetery and it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of the cemetery and it had a
+significance that people actually would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance that people actually would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance that people actually would
+go there and carve their names in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and carve their names in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and carve their names in the
+tree which invent which unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which invent which unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which invent which unfortunately
+probably killed the tree as from what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably killed the tree as from what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably killed the tree as from what I
+read um because that by by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read um because that by by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read um because that by by making
+connection with this tree they were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with this tree they were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with this tree they were were
+making connection with the Divine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making connection with the Divine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making connection with the Divine
+world so here it is I was going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so here it is I was going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so here it is I was going to put
+it in black and white but I decided no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in black and white but I decided no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in black and white but I decided no
+anyway this is the lamp fall and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is the lamp fall and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is the lamp fall and it
+comes from two different words lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from two different words lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from two different words lamp
+which is from the French word which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is from the French word which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is from the French word which
+obviously means illumination and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously means illumination and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously means illumination and uh and
+and fall had something to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fall had something to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fall had something to do with the
+name of a follower not that he fell but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of a follower not that he fell but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of a follower not that he fell but
+was a follower of his so um it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a follower of his so um it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a follower of his so um it also
+signifies um the place where where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifies um the place where where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifies um the place where where where
+bambba had this this um this vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bambba had this this um this vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bambba had this this um this vision and
+also signifies the relationship to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also signifies the relationship to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also signifies the relationship to his
+maum it also can be seen from According
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maum it also can be seen from According
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maum it also can be seen from According
+to readings 15 kilometers away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to readings 15 kilometers away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to readings 15 kilometers away from the
+city on a clear day um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city on a clear day um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city on a clear day um this is the
+entrance into the into the mosque and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance into the into the mosque and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance into the into the mosque and
+boma's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boma's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boma's um
+mum and another image of lampf Fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mum and another image of lampf Fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mum and another image of lampf Fall
+Again sort of the symbolic architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again sort of the symbolic architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again sort of the symbolic architecture
+architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural
+tree and the other thing I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and the other thing I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and the other thing I found
+interesting is it was I found a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it was I found a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it was I found a number
+of images of the building not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of images of the building not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of images of the building not in
+construction but in reconstruction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction but in reconstruction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction but in reconstruction and
+made me think of Gothic Cathedrals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me think of Gothic Cathedrals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me think of Gothic Cathedrals and
+other forms of architecture that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms of architecture that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms of architecture that are
+never complete that are always in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never complete that are always in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never complete that are always in a
+state of transition of transformation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of transition of transformation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of transition of transformation so
+just the last couple images of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the last couple images of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the last couple images of the
+inside of the and just a one a few last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the and just a one a few last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the and just a one a few last
+words um because I think these these you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words um because I think these these you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words um because I think these these you
+you only know about the mosque what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only know about the mosque what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only know about the mosque what
+about the city that was my big question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the city that was my big question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the city that was my big question
+so here you can see that that ring road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can see that that ring road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can see that that ring road
+but tu's Urban mandala design results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but tu's Urban mandala design results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but tu's Urban mandala design results
+results from the city being laid out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from the city being laid out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from the city being laid out as
+a concentric grid the square components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentric grid the square components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentric grid the square components
+of the configuration is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the configuration is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the configuration is determined by
+its direction to Mecca uh and tubis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its direction to Mecca uh and tubis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its direction to Mecca uh and tubis
+concentric component represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric component represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric component represents
+represented by the radial arteries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the radial arteries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the radial arteries and
+the encircling roads marked the holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encircling roads marked the holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encircling roads marked the holy
+city as a transcendental place a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city as a transcendental place a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city as a transcendental place a place
+where the material world connects with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the material world connects with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the material world connects with
+the with Ultimate Reality so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with Ultimate Reality so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with Ultimate Reality so there's the
+there's this idea of the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this idea of the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this idea of the the the the the
+path in the real world and this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path in the real world and this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path in the real world and this sort of
+transcendental World in one and um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental World in one and um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental World in one and um and I
+read also that this this ring Road in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read also that this this ring Road in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read also that this this ring Road in a
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+helps Define or or hold together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps Define or or hold together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps Define or or hold together this
+idea of of of the city um and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of of the city um and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of of the city um and then the
+question is so what about the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is so what about the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is so what about the rest of
+the city well the actually the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city well the actually the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city well the actually the rest of
+the city is constructed in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city is constructed in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city is constructed in such a way
+that it's there each neighborhood is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's there each neighborhood is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's there each neighborhood is a
+mini component of tuba itself so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini component of tuba itself so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini component of tuba itself so you
+have this public square and a mosque um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this public square and a mosque um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this public square and a mosque um
+and you'll see some images of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see some images of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see some images of that and
+the way that the that that it worked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the that that it worked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the that that it worked you
+don't go to a real estate agent to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go to a real estate agent to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go to a real estate agent to find
+your your your flat there but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your flat there but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your flat there but it was
+organized in the sense that that Bamba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized in the sense that that Bamba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized in the sense that that Bamba
+gave um the first pieces of land to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave um the first pieces of land to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave um the first pieces of land to his
+sons his sons who were both also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sons his sons who were both also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sons his sons who were both also
+teachers and had followers and so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and had followers and so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and had followers and so their
+groups lived within that and they passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups lived within that and they passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups lived within that and they passed
+on other pieces of land so all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other pieces of land so all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other pieces of land so all of the
+neighborhoods are not just organized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods are not just organized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods are not just organized in
+terms of you know people Gathering there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know people Gathering there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know people Gathering there
+but they're they belong to to a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're they belong to to a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're they belong to to a teacher
+and and and yeah that the teacher forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and yeah that the teacher forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and yeah that the teacher forms
+the sort of center of their community so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of center of their community so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of center of their community so
+here's one example of of one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one example of of one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one example of of one of those
+neighborhoods with with that Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods with with that Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods with with that Central
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+and just another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just another example
+here and here's some images of what some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here's some images of what some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here's some images of what some
+of these places look like within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these places look like within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these places look like within the
+within the city itself with with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees and then I think I've already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and then I think I've already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and then I think I've already said
+this but the last couple images are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but the last couple images are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but the last couple images are
+really about um the aspect that oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about um the aspect that oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about um the aspect that oh this
+one is let me just go back a second this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is let me just go back a second this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is let me just go back a second this
+one's kind of interesting this limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's kind of interesting this limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's kind of interesting this limit of
+special status has to do with the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special status has to do with the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special status has to do with the actual
+political economic uh reality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economic uh reality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economic uh reality of the
+city it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city it's it's
+not uh it's it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh it's it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh it's it's it's it's
+hierarchically organized by the clerics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchically organized by the clerics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchically organized by the clerics
+but it's not a political system and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a political system and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a political system and and
+so um everything is done through a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um everything is done through a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um everything is done through a sort
+of series of of of I don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of series of of of I don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of series of of of I don't know what the
+correct term would be but sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct term would be but sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct term would be but sort of
+pecking orders in terms of who makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking orders in terms of who makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking orders in terms of who makes
+decisions about what um but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about what um but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about what um but they have
+complete control over the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete control over the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete control over the center of the
+city in in terms of the sagales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city in in terms of the sagales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city in in terms of the sagales
+government they they there's they deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they they there's they deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they they there's they deal
+with ta whatever ta the senales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ta whatever ta the senales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ta whatever ta the senales
+government cannot tax them um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government cannot tax them um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government cannot tax them um they
+there's no alcohol or cigarettes or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no alcohol or cigarettes or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no alcohol or cigarettes or any
+worldly things that are allowed within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldly things that are allowed within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldly things that are allowed within
+that Circle but also it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Circle but also it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Circle but also it's it's
+completely under that control it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely under that control it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely under that control it's it's
+it's fairly unheard of from from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly unheard of from from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly unheard of from from my
+readings in terms of a kind of political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings in terms of a kind of political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings in terms of a kind of political
+entity and um this just just to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity and um this just just to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity and um this just just to show you
+a kind of shocking thing if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of shocking thing if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of shocking thing if you haven't
+never heard of the city before that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of the city before that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of the city before that you
+know in 1912 there were 300 people there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in 1912 there were 300 people there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in 1912 there were 300 people there
+in 20 2002 there were almost well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20 2002 there were almost well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20 2002 there were almost well
+421,000 people and that that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+421,000 people and that that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+421,000 people and that that by the
+projection that they'll be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection that they'll be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection that they'll be somewhere
+near a milon 300 by 2019 it's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a milon 300 by 2019 it's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a milon 300 by 2019 it's kind of an
+extraordinary um Revelation so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary um Revelation so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary um Revelation so here's
+sort of this issue this is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this issue this is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this issue this is that that
+originating Village that that bomba was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originating Village that that bomba was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originating Village that that bomba was
+born in and his these are this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in and his these are this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in and his these are this is the
+area of his his his pilgrimages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of his his his pilgrimages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of his his his pilgrimages and
+here's the city in its larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the city in its larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the city in its larger
+format videos removed due to copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format videos removed due to copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format videos removed due to copyright
+restrictions when I was when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions when I was when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions when I was when I was
+working on this on Sunday trying to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this on Sunday trying to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this on Sunday trying to pull
+it together you I thought I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together you I thought I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together you I thought I you know
+this is amazing i' this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is amazing i' this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is amazing i' this has been
+wonderful to learn about this place I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful to learn about this place I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful to learn about this place I
+know nothing about all of a sudden I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nothing about all of a sudden I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nothing about all of a sudden I
+real I I this this image came to my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real I I this this image came to my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real I I this this image came to my mind
+of of yesu nador who's an extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of yesu nador who's an extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of yesu nador who's an extraordinary
+musician all of you probably know but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician all of you probably know but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician all of you probably know but I
+went to the CD my CD collection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the CD my CD collection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the CD my CD collection and
+pulled this CD out and that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled this CD out and that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled this CD out and that piece of
+music is called uh tuba um city of peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is called uh tuba um city of peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is called uh tuba um city of peace
+and the rest of the album which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the album which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the album which is
+called Egypt Strangely I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Egypt Strangely I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Egypt Strangely I don't know
+quite I can't I haven't had time to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite I can't I haven't had time to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite I can't I haven't had time to make
+the connection but the rest of the album
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection but the rest of the album
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection but the rest of the album
+at least a third or more of the album is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a third or more of the album is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a third or more of the album is
+about tuba and about bomba and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about tuba and about bomba and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about tuba and about bomba and about
+this whole thing so which that what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing so which that what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing so which that what that
+asked me to do is to sort of dig more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me to do is to sort of dig more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me to do is to sort of dig more
+and so I went to sites and I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I went to sites and I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I went to sites and I realized
+there are huge followings in in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are huge followings in in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are huge followings in in England
+there are some in the United States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some in the United States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some in the United States and
+so when these when these pilgrimages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when these when these pilgrimages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when these when these pilgrimages
+happen which is the only good picture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen which is the only good picture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen which is the only good picture I
+could find unless you want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find unless you want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find unless you want to go to
+YouTube later um people people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube later um people people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube later um people people are
+coming from all over the world to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from all over the world to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from all over the world to to to
+to to visit this place during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to visit this place during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to visit this place during
+pilgrimages which is I guess you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilgrimages which is I guess you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilgrimages which is I guess you can do
+that one next time so anyway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it thank you for staying awake even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thank you for staying awake even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thank you for staying awake even even
+when I only teach like to students who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I only teach like to students who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I only teach like to students who
+just came in for the first time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came in for the first time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came in for the first time they
+don't look this awake
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JHIAvS5NHsY.txt b/JHIAvS5NHsY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79156b452bf1ff41a36c83761996216a781c90f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JHIAvS5NHsY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so maybe with some of the SCH and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe with some of the SCH and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe with some of the SCH and
+shogy stuff you thinking to yourself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shogy stuff you thinking to yourself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shogy stuff you thinking to yourself you
+know this is interesting but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is interesting but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is interesting but it doesn't
+really apply to my research I tox I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really apply to my research I tox I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really apply to my research I tox I do
+temperature plasmas we don't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature plasmas we don't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature plasmas we don't really have
+high enough density to use visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough density to use visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough density to use visible
+radiation uh like lasers and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation uh like lasers and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation uh like lasers and so we're
+not really going to be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really going to be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really going to be able to see
+things like shocks even if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like shocks even if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like shocks even if there were
+shocks and there probably aren't shocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks and there probably aren't shocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks and there probably aren't shocks
+inside your tooma plasma everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your tooma plasma everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your tooma plasma everything is
+nicely subsonic so that's okay maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely subsonic so that's okay maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely subsonic so that's okay maybe you
+tun out a little bit but today we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tun out a little bit but today we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tun out a little bit but today we have a
+topic which is applicable really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is applicable really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is applicable really to
+every form of plasma which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every form of plasma which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every form of plasma which is
+interferometry because we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometry because we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometry because we can do
+interferometry all the way from very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometry all the way from very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometry all the way from very
+very low densities all the way up to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low densities all the way up to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low densities all the way up to uh
+it is possible or at least applicable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible or at least applicable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible or at least applicable to
+very high densities as long as we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high densities as long as we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high densities as long as we have
+some provin radiation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some provin radiation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some provin radiation which is
+sufficient to penetrate your plas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to penetrate your plas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to penetrate your plas so
+this is interferometry and I spend an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interferometry and I spend an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interferometry and I spend an
+awful lot of my time thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of my time thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of my time thinking about
+interferograms and so I really like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferograms and so I really like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferograms and so I really like this
+stuff and hopefully we'll have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and hopefully we'll have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and hopefully we'll have a good
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+learning as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the basic principle of infmetry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the basic principle of infmetry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the basic principle of infmetry is
+that previously you know for theography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that previously you know for theography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that previously you know for theography
+or the schan we were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the schan we were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the schan we were interested in
+gradients in the refractive index which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients in the refractive index which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients in the refractive index which
+were of course gradients in the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were of course gradients in the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were of course gradients in the electron
+density but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density but in
+deometry we're interested in refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deometry we're interested in refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deometry we're interested in refractive
+indices which are varying in some way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices which are varying in some way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices which are varying in some way so
+they're not just equal to one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just equal to one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just equal to one which is
+the refract index or the vacuum so as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refract index or the vacuum so as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refract index or the vacuum so as in
+deometry we're looking at this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deometry we're looking at this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deometry we're looking at this uh
+refractive index capital N again which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index capital N again which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index capital N again which
+as we've written a couple of times in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've written a couple of times in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've written a couple of times in a
+cold uh high frequency unmagnetized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold uh high frequency unmagnetized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold uh high frequency unmagnetized
+plasma looks like one minus Omega s over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma looks like one minus Omega s over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma looks like one minus Omega s over
+Omega p^ 2 and then we wrote that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega p^ 2 and then we wrote that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega p^ 2 and then we wrote that as
+square root of one minus the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of one minus the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of one minus the density
+over the critical density and I promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the critical density and I promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the critical density and I promised
+I would Define the critical density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would Define the critical density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would Define the critical density
+because I forgot to do it one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I forgot to do it one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I forgot to do it one of the
+earlier lectures so here's critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lectures so here's critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lectures so here's critical
+density it's a find as Epsilon me e^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it's a find as Epsilon me e^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it's a find as Epsilon me e^2
+time Omega s so you can see there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Omega s so you can see there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Omega s so you can see there's a
+different critical density for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different critical density for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different critical density for every
+probing frequency and the rest of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing frequency and the rest of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing frequency and the rest of it
+just depends on these fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on these fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on these fundamental
+constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+so that doesn't change at all here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that doesn't change at all here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that doesn't change at all here
+okay and one of the things we want is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one of the things we want is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one of the things we want is to
+be able to refr this refractive index so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to refr this refractive index so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to refr this refractive index so
+we can work out how our how it relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work out how our how it relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work out how our how it relates
+to the frequency and the K Vector of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the frequency and the K Vector of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the frequency and the K Vector of our
+wave because those are the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave because those are the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave because those are the things that
+go into the phase of our way so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the phase of our way so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the phase of our way so just
+here I'm just going to write that n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just going to write that n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just going to write that n is
+actually defined as the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined as the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined as the speed of light
+over the phase velocity of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the phase velocity of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the phase velocity of the wave
+which is equal to the K Vector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the K Vector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the K Vector of the
+wave find the speed of light over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave find the speed of light over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave find the speed of light over the
+frequency of the way so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the way so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the way so we're going to
+be using the link between these two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using the link between these two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using the link between these two here
+which means that if we can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that if we can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that if we can measure
+something to do with the K vector or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the K vector or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the K vector or the
+frequency of the wave we can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the wave we can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the wave we can measure
+something to do with the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the electron
+density inside the plasma and the setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density inside the plasma and the setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density inside the plasma and the setup
+that we'll have we'll have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma like this and maybe it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma like this and maybe it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma like this and maybe it's got
+some length capital L like this we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some length capital L like this we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some length capital L like this we'll
+put our probing radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our probing radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our probing radiation
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+plasma and it's got some electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and it's got some electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and it's got some electron
+density associated with it as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density associated with it as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density associated with it as well and
+that electron density can vary right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron density can vary right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron density can vary right it
+can just be a function of position or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just be a function of position or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just be a function of position or of
+time we might be interested in measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we might be interested in measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we might be interested in measuring
+the variation in space or in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation in space or in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation in space or in time
+here and we call this beam that's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we call this beam that's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we call this beam that's gone
+through the plasma the probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the plasma the probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the plasma the probe
+beam and you know so far this looks an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and you know so far this looks an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and you know so far this looks an a
+like CH orography the trick is we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like CH orography the trick is we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like CH orography the trick is we also
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+a beam that does not go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam that does not go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam that does not go through the
+plasma that goes around it it could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that goes around it it could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that goes around it it could go
+through the same vacuum chamber in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same vacuum chamber in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same vacuum chamber in a
+region where there is no plasma it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where there is no plasma it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where there is no plasma it could
+go around the vacuum chamber doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around the vacuum chamber doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around the vacuum chamber doesn't
+really matter and we'll call this beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter and we'll call this beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter and we'll call this beam
+the reference beam or bre for short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference beam or bre for short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference beam or bre for short
+here and what we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what we're interested in
+knowing is what phase the probe beam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing is what phase the probe beam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing is what phase the probe beam and
+the reference beam acquire so the probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference beam acquire so the probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference beam acquire so the probe
+beam is going to acquire a phase by Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam is going to acquire a phase by Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam is going to acquire a phase by Pro
+now remember the phase is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember the phase is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember the phase is the thing
+when we have our oscillating electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have our oscillating electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have our oscillating electric
+and magnetic fields we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magnetic fields we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magnetic fields we have this
+exponential I of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I of a
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+xus Omega T like this add this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus Omega T like this add this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus Omega T like this add this quantity
+here which is the phase so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the phase so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the phase so if we want to
+work this out and we just want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this out and we just want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this out and we just want to know
+what it is at an instant in time we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is at an instant in time we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is at an instant in time we can
+drop the time variation here and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the time variation here and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the time variation here and so this
+phase that this probe beam picks up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that this probe beam picks up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that this probe beam picks up is
+going to be equal to the integral of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the integral of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the integral of K
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+DL where DL is some infimal distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL where DL is some infimal distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL where DL is some infimal distance
+along the probing line of sight and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the probing line of sight and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the probing line of sight and that
+k. DL is going to be equal to using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. DL is going to be equal to using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. DL is going to be equal to using this
+definition here the integral of n Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here the integral of n Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here the integral of n Omega
+upon c d like that from the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon c d like that from the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon c d like that from the reference
+beam the situation is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the situation is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the situation is very similar
+so we have by reference the reference me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have by reference the reference me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have by reference the reference me
+is going through a medium where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going through a medium where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going through a medium where the
+refractive index is just unity and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index is just unity and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index is just unity and so we
+can just write this as the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write this as the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write this as the integral of
+Omega 1 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 C
+DL and that means that there's a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL and that means that there's a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL and that means that there's a phase
+shift between these two quantities Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift between these two quantities Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift between these two quantities Delta
+which is equal to the phase of the being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the phase of the being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the phase of the being
+going through the plasma minus the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the plasma minus the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the plasma minus the phase
+of the beam going around the plasma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beam going around the plasma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beam going around the plasma and
+that is going to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be equal to the
+integral of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of n minus
+one Omega upon c d l like this now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Omega upon c d l like this now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Omega upon c d l like this now for
+the electromagnetic radiation Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic radiation Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic radiation Omega is
+going to be constant uh in this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be constant uh in this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be constant uh in this system
+like it does the frequency of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it does the frequency of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it does the frequency of the wave
+doesn't change as it go goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change as it go goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change as it go goes through the
+plasma the speed of light is constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the speed of light is constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the speed of light is constant so
+really this is just an integral Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is just an integral Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is just an integral Over N
+minus one here and using our tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one here and using our tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one here and using our tailor
+expansion here so we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion here so we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion here so we assume
+that any is much much less than and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any is much much less than and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any is much much less than and
+critical we can get out an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical we can get out an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical we can get out an expression
+here where Delta Pi is roughly minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where Delta Pi is roughly minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where Delta Pi is roughly minus
+Omega over 2 C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over 2 C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over 2 C and
+critical integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical integral of
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+D so we now have a phase which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so we now have a phase which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so we now have a phase which is
+literally proportional for this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally proportional for this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally proportional for this quantity
+the line integrated electron density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integrated electron density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integrated electron density so
+say for example our DL roughly in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example our DL roughly in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example our DL roughly in the Z
+direction we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we would have
+any as a function of X and why for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any as a function of X and why for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any as a function of X and why for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+here okay and there's probably still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and there's probably still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and there's probably still
+some time variation inside this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time variation inside this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time variation inside this as well
+this could be a function of time as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a function of time as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a function of time as well
+so we could be trying to probe how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could be trying to probe how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could be trying to probe how this
+phase changes in time or how this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase changes in time or how this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase changes in time or how this phase
+changes in space and we'll look at both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in space and we'll look at both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in space and we'll look at both
+types of interferometers so the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of interferometers so the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of interferometers so the goal
+clearly now is to try and measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly now is to try and measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly now is to try and measure this
+phas so that we can get out the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas so that we can get out the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas so that we can get out the electron
+density any questions so far yes uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density any questions so far yes uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density any questions so far yes uh so
+in the lines where you're defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lines where you're defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lines where you're defining
+capital n as the sare root of oneus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n as the sare root of oneus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n as the sare root of oneus
+Omega Oma and then right below you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Oma and then right below you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Oma and then right below you say
+that n is K on Omega K is a vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is K on Omega K is a vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is K on Omega K is a vector and
+so n is also a vector how do we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n is also a vector how do we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n is also a vector how do we get the
+vectorial information from that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorial information from that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorial information from that first
+line defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line defining
+n so the question was um this K here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so the question was um this K here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so the question was um this K here is
+a vector and so this n should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and so this n should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and so this n should be a
+vector and so where have I lost right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and so where have I lost right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and so where have I lost right
+the vector nature of it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so n definitely is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tensor I think in reality so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor I think in reality so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor I think in reality so I'm not
+even that that that complicated even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that that that complicated even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that that that complicated even
+further where does the tensor nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further where does the tensor nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further where does the tensor nature of
+it go away I think at this level I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go away I think at this level I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go away I think at this level I'm
+just going to say that this plasma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say that this plasma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say that this plasma is
+isotropic and so it doesn't matter when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic and so it doesn't matter when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic and so it doesn't matter when
+we bring in the magnetic field later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring in the magnetic field later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring in the magnetic field later on
+we'll find out that n isn't isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find out that n isn't isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find out that n isn't isotropic
+anymore and you might have to think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and you might have to think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and you might have to think more
+carefully about the direction your probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about the direction your probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about the direction your probe
+is going in it's going to have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going in it's going to have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going in it's going to have something
+to do with the direction of K here so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the direction of K here so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the direction of K here so um
+I just want to point out that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to point out that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to point out that I'm
+actually deriving all of this at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deriving all of this at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deriving all of this at least
+in many places just using capital N but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places just using capital N but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places just using capital N but
+uh if that means that later on you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if that means that later on you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if that means that later on you want
+to go and work out what this is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and work out what this is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and work out what this is for a
+like a magnetized plasma toac where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a magnetized plasma toac where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a magnetized plasma toac where this
+really matters whether you're doing X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters whether you're doing X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters whether you're doing X
+mode or o mode all that good stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode or o mode all that good stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode or o mode all that good stuff you
+can go back and rederive this I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back and rederive this I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back and rederive this I just
+want to try and keep this as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try and keep this as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try and keep this as simple as
+possible this start and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this start and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this start and I don't know
+exactly where uh we're sort of losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where uh we're sort of losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where uh we're sort of losing
+the vector nature so I'm being a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector nature so I'm being a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector nature so I'm being a bit
+wishy-washy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishy-washy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishy-washy
+any other questions any questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions any questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions any questions for
+online um yeah I don't maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online um yeah I don't maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online um yeah I don't maybe this is
+what was just asked um but could like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was just asked um but could like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was just asked um but could like
+couldn't depending on the type of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't depending on the type of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't depending on the type of wave
+couldn't the like Omega depend change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't the like Omega depend change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't the like Omega depend change
+when it um goes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it um goes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it um goes in the
+plasma so the frequency of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma so the frequency of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma so the frequency of the wave
+doesn't change but the wave number does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change but the wave number does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change but the wave number does
+the wave length does but the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave length does but the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave length does but the frequency
+of a wave won't change as it propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wave won't change as it propagates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wave won't change as it propagates
+through a plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a plasma
+first this Omega definitely work sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this Omega definitely work sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this Omega definitely work sorry
+this K definitely work the wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K definitely work the wave numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K definitely work the wave numbers
+the wavelength of the past moment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of the past moment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of the past moment the
+frequency of your radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay and so we'll talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay and so we'll talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay and so we'll talk about a
+few different schematics for actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different schematics for actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different schematics for actually
+interfering this reference and prob be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering this reference and prob be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering this reference and prob be
+in a moment but for now just imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment but for now just imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment but for now just imagine
+that we've somehow managed to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've somehow managed to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've somehow managed to get the
+reference in the probe into the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference in the probe into the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference in the probe into the same
+place and so these two uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and so these two uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and so these two uh be
+of radiation are interfering and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation are interfering and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation are interfering and then
+calculate what we're going to see on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what we're going to see on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what we're going to see on our
+detector and our detector you know could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and our detector you know could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and our detector you know could
+be some sort of diode that resolves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some sort of diode that resolves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some sort of diode that resolves a
+signal in time or it could be some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in time or it could be some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in time or it could be some sort
+of camera that resolves a signal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of camera that resolves a signal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of camera that resolves a signal in
+space it doesn't really matter for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it doesn't really matter for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it doesn't really matter for our
+purposes here so we're going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes here so we're going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes here so we're going to have an
+electric field due to the probe beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field due to the probe beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field due to the probe beam
+which is equal to whatever the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to whatever the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to whatever the strength
+of the probe beam is times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probe beam is times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probe beam is times this
+exponential of I a do xus Omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of I a do xus Omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of I a do xus Omega t
+plus Delta 5 so this is the key bit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta 5 so this is the key bit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta 5 so this is the key bit this
+uh wave is now ahead or behind in Phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wave is now ahead or behind in Phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wave is now ahead or behind in Phase
+by an amount Delta F and that Delta f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an amount Delta F and that Delta f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an amount Delta F and that Delta f is
+this quantity here that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here that we're trying to
+measure the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the reference
+beam is much simpler it just again has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam is much simpler it just again has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam is much simpler it just again has a
+strength of the reference beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the reference beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the reference beam
+exponential of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of I
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+xus Omega T there's no additional turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus Omega T there's no additional turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus Omega T there's no additional turn
+here where we actually start the zero of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we actually start the zero of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we actually start the zero of
+the phas is arbitrary and I've chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phas is arbitrary and I've chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phas is arbitrary and I've chosen to
+put the zero the phase such that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the zero the phase such that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the zero the phase such that all the
+phase shift is in the prob beam I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift is in the prob beam I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift is in the prob beam I can do
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+thing doesn't matter and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing doesn't matter and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing doesn't matter and then we will
+have a total electric field that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total electric field that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total electric field that's
+hitting the detector which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the detector which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the detector which is equal to
+the probe electric field plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe electric field plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe electric field plus the
+reference electric field that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference electric field that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference electric field that is going
+to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to
+the strength of the probe beam times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the probe beam times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the probe beam times the
+exension of I Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exension of I Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exension of I Delta
+pi plus the strength of the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi plus the strength of the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi plus the strength of the reference
+beam and all of this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and all of this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and all of this is going to be
+timed by our old friend exponential of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timed by our old friend exponential of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timed by our old friend exponential of I
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xus Omega T like that now we don't sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus Omega T like that now we don't sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus Omega T like that now we don't sense
+electric Fields uh with our detector um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric Fields uh with our detector um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric Fields uh with our detector um
+because these electric fields are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these electric fields are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these electric fields are
+probably oscillating far too fast for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably oscillating far too fast for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably oscillating far too fast for
+our detect city right so even if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our detect city right so even if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our detect city right so even if you're
+using visible light it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using visible light it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using visible light it's very hard to
+get detected it's fast enough to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get detected it's fast enough to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get detected it's fast enough to see
+that um if you even if you're going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if you even if you're going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if you even if you're going down
+into a gigahertz even a 10 gz detect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a gigahertz even a 10 gz detect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a gigahertz even a 10 gz detect is
+very expensive so we don't resolve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive so we don't resolve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive so we don't resolve the
+actual oscillations here what we resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual oscillations here what we resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual oscillations here what we resolve
+is the time average power hitting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time average power hitting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time average power hitting our
+detector and so we're averaging over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and so we're averaging over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and so we're averaging over
+some cycle and so this intensity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cycle and so this intensity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cycle and so this intensity is
+equal to these brackets here which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to these brackets here which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to these brackets here which are
+going to indicate time averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to indicate time averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to indicate time averaging
+and then the total electric field times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the total electric field times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the total electric field times
+the complex conate of the total electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conate of the total electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conate of the total electric
+field that's going to give us a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's going to give us a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's going to give us a real
+value here which is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here which is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here which is proportional to the
+square of the absolute Val here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the absolute Val here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the absolute Val here that
+when you work through all of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work through all of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work through all of this you
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+out the strength of the prob beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the strength of the prob beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the strength of the prob beam
+squared plus the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus the strength of the
+reference beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference beam
+squared all of that times one plus run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all of that times one plus run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all of that times one plus run
+of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space
+squash this up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space okay strength of probe squ plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay strength of probe squ plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay strength of probe squ plus
+strength of reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of reference
+squ Time 1 plus two strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ Time 1 plus two strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ Time 1 plus two strength of the
+probe Str reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe Str reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe Str reference
+over sum of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this
+times cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of and during this avering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and during this avering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and during this avering
+process we've effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we've effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we've effectively
+averaged this ulating function times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged this ulating function times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged this ulating function times
+this complex conate and when we average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex conate and when we average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex conate and when we average
+over multiple periods this goes to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over multiple periods this goes to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over multiple periods this goes to one
+which is why we don't see this any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we don't see this any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we don't see this any more
+so when we're measuring the signal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're measuring the signal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're measuring the signal here
+what we're seeing as a signal depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing as a signal depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing as a signal depends on
+Delta 5 it doesn't depend on any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 5 it doesn't depend on any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 5 it doesn't depend on any of
+these little details because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little details because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little details because these are
+all fluctuating far too fast for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fluctuating far too fast for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fluctuating far too fast for us to
+see so this is a function which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so this is a function which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so this is a function which has
+intensity in and that intensity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in and that intensity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in and that intensity is
+linked to Delta F here um anyone know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to Delta F here um anyone know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to Delta F here um anyone know if
+I want to measure Delta F very nicely I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to measure Delta F very nicely I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to measure Delta F very nicely I
+clearly want to maximize this term with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly want to maximize this term with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly want to maximize this term with
+respect to this term do you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this term do you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this term do you know what
+values of uh the pro field strength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of uh the pro field strength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of uh the pro field strength and
+the reference field strength I need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference field strength I need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference field strength I need in
+order to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that do you want it to be equal yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do you want it to be equal yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do you want it to be equal yeah so
+if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+this equal for this then I will maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal for this then I will maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal for this then I will maximize
+this and then in fact I can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then in fact I can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then in fact I can write this
+as I over i z identifying this as i z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I over i z identifying this as i z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I over i z identifying this as i z
+here and this will be equal to one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this will be equal to one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this will be equal to one plus
+the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine
+of Delta F like that and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta F like that and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta F like that and so this is
+quite neat it's actually relatively easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite neat it's actually relatively easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite neat it's actually relatively easy
+to balance these you could just put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to balance these you could just put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to balance these you could just put some
+attenuators in until they're about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuators in until they're about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuators in until they're about the
+right strength even the super sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right strength even the super sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right strength even the super sensitive
+function so if you don't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if you don't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if you don't get it
+perfectly right you'll still get nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly right you'll still get nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly right you'll still get nice
+balance but this function clearly goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance but this function clearly goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance but this function clearly goes
+between zero and two like that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and two like that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and two like that so you
+can have constructive interference where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have constructive interference where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have constructive interference where
+you have twice as much intensity as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have twice as much intensity as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have twice as much intensity as you
+had initially and destru interference or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had initially and destru interference or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had initially and destru interference or
+you have half much right you come across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have half much right you come across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have half much right you come across
+presum construed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presum construed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presum construed and
+destu okay any questions on that yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destu okay any questions on that yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destu okay any questions on that yes so
+maybe I'm asking this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm asking this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'm asking this question
+prematurely but it seems like a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prematurely but it seems like a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prematurely but it seems like a major
+limitation of this is that you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of this is that you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of this is that you you have
+some cyclic pattern where a phase offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cyclic pattern where a phase offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cyclic pattern where a phase offset
+of zero yeah we're gonna yeah so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero yeah we're gonna yeah so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero yeah we're gonna yeah so the the
+the fact we can only mod measure Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact we can only mod measure Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact we can only mod measure Delta
+Pi modular 2 pi is a problem we're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi modular 2 pi is a problem we're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi modular 2 pi is a problem we're about
+to address it but it's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to address it but it's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to address it but it's a great question
+so I see a question on Jacob hi yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see a question on Jacob hi yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see a question on Jacob hi yeah um
+does the like the length of the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the like the length of the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the like the length of the time you
+send out the pro matter because like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out the pro matter because like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out the pro matter because like if
+you send the pro for too short of a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send the pro for too short of a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send the pro for too short of a time
+then are you not going to be able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then are you not going to be able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then are you not going to be able to uh
+average it over a certain like is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it over a certain like is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it over a certain like is there
+a certain amount of time you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of time you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of time you have to
+average it over or is it I mean you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it over or is it I mean you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it over or is it I mean you want
+to average it over a few Cycles really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to average it over a few Cycles really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to average it over a few Cycles really
+you strictly speaking you only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you strictly speaking you only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you strictly speaking you only need to
+average it over one cycle or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it over one cycle or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it over one cycle or you know
+one one over Omega but in reality it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one over Omega but in reality it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one over Omega but in reality it's
+actually really hard to make a prob beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really hard to make a prob beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really hard to make a prob beam
+that's that short right and so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that short right and so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that short right and so I think
+people who do like ftoc lasers and ftoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do like ftoc lasers and ftoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do like ftoc lasers and ftoc
+interferometry might begin to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometry might begin to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometry might begin to have to
+worry about that but most of us don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that but most of us don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that but most of us don't
+have to worry about that yeah so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about that yeah so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about that yeah so in this
+case here this is just a statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here this is just a statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here this is just a statement that
+your detector can't possibly catch up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your detector can't possibly catch up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your detector can't possibly catch up
+and so it is going to average anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it is going to average anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it is going to average anyway so
+except for if you're doing like very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for if you're doing like very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for if you're doing like very low
+frequency radio interferometry where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency radio interferometry where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency radio interferometry where you
+could actually track the waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually track the waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually track the waves
+independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently
+yeah other questions I one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other questions I one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other questions I one over
+there okay so this is your result I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so this is your result I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so this is your result I now
+just want to take a little detour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to take a little detour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to take a little detour and
+show you some ways in which you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some ways in which you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some ways in which you would
+set up this so that we can measure Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up this so that we can measure Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up this so that we can measure Delta
+pi and then we'll talk about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and then we'll talk about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and then we'll talk about some of the
+limitations and ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations and ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations and ways
+to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limitations so again our goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+measure Delta five the phase between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Delta five the phase between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Delta five the phase between the
+so one configuration that we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one configuration that we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one configuration that we can use
+which is uh quite popular is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh quite popular is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh quite popular is something
+called a mark Zender andrometer so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a mark Zender andrometer so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a mark Zender andrometer so we
+have our plasma here we send our prob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our plasma here we send our prob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our plasma here we send our prob
+beam towards it we put a beam splitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam towards it we put a beam splitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam towards it we put a beam splitter
+in beam splitter and we send half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in beam splitter and we send half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in beam splitter and we send half the
+beam through the plasma and half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam through the plasma and half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam through the plasma and half the
+beam around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma always have to remember to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma always have to remember to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma always have to remember to get
+the beam Splitters the right orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam Splitters the right orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam Splitters the right orientation
+very stupid splitter and then this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stupid splitter and then this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stupid splitter and then this goes
+through to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to our
+detector here so the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector here so the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector here so the nice thing about
+this setup I should give the name for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup I should give the name for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup I should give the name for it
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zer and the nice thing about a mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer and the nice thing about a mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer and the nice thing about a mark
+Zender is you set it up so that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zender is you set it up so that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zender is you set it up so that in the
+absence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of a
+plasma this length L probe is equal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma this length L probe is equal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma this length L probe is equal so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+length L reference that's pretty useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length L reference that's pretty useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length L reference that's pretty useful
+if you're using pulse radiation uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're using pulse radiation uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're using pulse radiation uh if
+these two parts are different lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two parts are different lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two parts are different lengths
+and the pulses arrive at different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pulses arrive at different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pulses arrive at different times
+at the detector you won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the detector you won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the detector you won't get
+interference so you want them to arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so you want them to arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so you want them to arrive
+at the same time so you like to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so you like to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so you like to have it
+balanced here um it's also it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced here um it's also it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced here um it's also it's a nice
+setup here because it's very flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup here because it's very flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup here because it's very flexible
+these are very easy to set up you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very easy to set up you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very easy to set up you don't
+have to have this beautiful Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this beautiful Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this beautiful Square
+configuration if for some reason your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration if for some reason your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration if for some reason your
+lab is a weird shape and you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that you can do something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can do something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can do something like that
+as long as you keep the lengths about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you keep the lengths about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you keep the lengths about
+the same so uh that's quite nice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so uh that's quite nice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so uh that's quite nice the
+trouble with these things is that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with these things is that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with these things is that you do
+need to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the
+alignment very good so I'm putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment very good so I'm putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment very good so I'm putting a
+negative sign here because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign here because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign here because this is a
+negative of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of this set
+up um when you're positioning all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um when you're positioning all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um when you're positioning all of
+these mirrors you need to get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mirrors you need to get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mirrors you need to get them
+within What's called the coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within What's called the coherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within What's called the coherence
+length of your laser beam and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of your laser beam and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of your laser beam and that
+coherence length for a laser could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence length for a laser could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence length for a laser could be
+maybe a centimeter or so if it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a centimeter or so if it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a centimeter or so if it's like a
+nanc pulse if you're dealing with PC or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanc pulse if you're dealing with PC or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanc pulse if you're dealing with PC or
+FC pulses that distance could be only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FC pulses that distance could be only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FC pulses that distance could be only
+microns and then you've got to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns and then you've got to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns and then you've got to get the
+mirrors in the right place within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors in the right place within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors in the right place within a
+micron that's very very challenging so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron that's very very challenging so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron that's very very challenging so
+this is a problem with alignment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem with alignment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem with alignment and
+coherence fuel laser so they're easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence fuel laser so they're easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence fuel laser so they're easy to
+set up but they may be very tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up but they may be very tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up but they may be very tricky
+depending on the pulse length that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the pulse length that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the pulse length that
+you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working
+with the next one that you have probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the next one that you have probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the next one that you have probably
+heard about in other contexts in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about in other contexts in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about in other contexts in physics
+is the Mickelson right so a Mickelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Mickelson right so a Mickelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Mickelson right so a Mickelson
+perometer has a beam coming in and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perometer has a beam coming in and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perometer has a beam coming in and it's
+got a beam splitter it's got a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a beam splitter it's got a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a beam splitter it's got a beam
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+up and we put a plasma in one arm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and we put a plasma in one arm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and we put a plasma in one arm of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+beam and the beam goes up and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and the beam goes up and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and the beam goes up and then it
+bounces back down at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces back down at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces back down at the same time
+because this is a beam splitter some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a beam splitter some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a beam splitter some of
+the light is transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is transmitted
+through reflects off another mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through reflects off another mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through reflects off another mirror
+comes back reflects off and these two go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back reflects off and these two go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back reflects off and these two go
+down to your detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to your detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to your detector
+the hi is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hi is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hi is a
+mlon of the famous M Moy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mlon of the famous M Moy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mlon of the famous M Moy
+experiment um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um this
+is very sensitive the reason it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very sensitive the reason it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very sensitive the reason it's so
+sensitive is we have a double pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here if your plasma density isn't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if your plasma density isn't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if your plasma density isn't very
+high then you can increase your signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high then you can increase your signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high then you can increase your signal
+Delta 5 by going through twice that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 5 by going through twice that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 5 by going through twice that just
+comes about because when you evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes about because when you evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes about because when you evaluate
+this DL here you're obviously doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DL here you're obviously doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DL here you're obviously doing the
+integral through the plasma and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral through the plasma and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral through the plasma and then
+back through the plasma the other way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back through the plasma the other way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back through the plasma the other way so
+this enhances your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensitivity um but of course there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity um but of course there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity um but of course there is a
+problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+that you don't want your plasma to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want your plasma to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want your plasma to
+change while you're doing this bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change while you're doing this bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change while you're doing this bounce
+right if your plasma Dynamics is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if your plasma Dynamics is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if your plasma Dynamics is such
+that the density changes as you bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the density changes as you bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the density changes as you bounce
+through and come back on the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and come back on the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and come back on the other way
+then you'll be measuring effectively a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll be measuring effectively a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll be measuring effectively a
+different plasma and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plasma and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plasma and so this
+approximation of the density is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the density is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the density is sort of
+constant as you go through in time won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as you go through in time won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as you go through in time won't
+be very good so you do have some issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very good so you do have some issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very good so you do have some issues
+of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resolution yeah does that really come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution yeah does that really come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution yeah does that really come up
+that much in practice though because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much in practice though because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much in practice though because
+like you're talking Transit over size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment I do not a second experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I do not a second experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I do not a second experiments
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+okay but it might not be a problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it might not be a problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it might not be a problem for
+you you know the experiment your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know the experiment your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know the experiment your
+thinking of right so uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of right so uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of right so uh if you're
+thinking of like a toac or something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of like a toac or something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of like a toac or something we
+don't tend to look at Dynamics on NC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to look at Dynamics on NC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to look at Dynamics on NC
+time scales there but they might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales there but they might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales there but they might be a
+problem for some people so it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for some people so it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for some people so it's worth
+it's worth thinking about yeah uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth thinking about yeah uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth thinking about yeah uh any
+other questions on these two as we pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on these two as we pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on these two as we pause
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+second I got one third one show yes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I got one third one show yes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I got one third one show yes uh
+the one left not ma yes um you said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one left not ma yes um you said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one left not ma yes um you said you
+just need the leg Lings to be reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need the leg Lings to be reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need the leg Lings to be reasonably
+close together but at these you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together but at these you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together but at these you know
+high frequencies I would imag that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies I would imag that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies I would imag that the
+length need to be you know like the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length need to be you know like the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length need to be you know like the a
+between them needs to be approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them needs to be approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them needs to be approximately
+like a wavelength or a coup W no doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a wavelength or a coup W no doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a wavelength or a coup W no doesn't
+matter um it doesn't matter as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um it doesn't matter as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um it doesn't matter as long
+because we can only measure the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can only measure the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can only measure the phase
+difference modul 2 pi so if it's if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference modul 2 pi so if it's if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference modul 2 pi so if it's if your
+reference beam goes another 100 phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference beam goes another 100 phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference beam goes another 100 phase
+units radians right but we can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units radians right but we can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units radians right but we can only
+measure the phase difference modul 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the phase difference modul 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the phase difference modul 2 pi
+in the absence of any plasma we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absence of any plasma we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absence of any plasma we'll just
+see the same result as if you went zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same result as if you went zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same result as if you went zero
+phase units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase units
+okay yeah so they can be they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so they can be they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so they can be they can be
+different by like many wavelengths but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by like many wavelengths but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by like many wavelengths but
+they have to be the same within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be the same within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be the same within the
+coherence length of your source which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence length of your source which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence length of your source which
+defines the length scale over which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the length scale over which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the length scale over which you
+can get interference if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get interference if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get interference if they're not
+coherent they can't interfere which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent they can't interfere which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent they can't interfere which is
+by the way one reason why we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way one reason why we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way one reason why we use the
+same source and we use beam Splitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same source and we use beam Splitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same source and we use beam Splitters
+here if anyone was wondering you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if anyone was wondering you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if anyone was wondering you might
+think oh I could just use two lasers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh I could just use two lasers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh I could just use two lasers but
+if you have two lasers even if by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two lasers even if by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two lasers even if by the
+same manufacturer sitting in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same manufacturer sitting in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same manufacturer sitting in the same
+laser Bay at the same temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser Bay at the same temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser Bay at the same temperature
+because of the very slight differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the very slight differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the very slight differences
+in how those sources are made they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how those sources are made they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how those sources are made they will
+not be coherent with each other and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be coherent with each other and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be coherent with each other and so
+you are better off splitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are better off splitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are better off splitting the
+radiation and interfering The Beam with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and interfering The Beam with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and interfering The Beam with
+itself yes so if I'm understanding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself yes so if I'm understanding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself yes so if I'm understanding it
+correctly that means the lengths of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly that means the lengths of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly that means the lengths of the
+two arms can be different but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arms can be different but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arms can be different but they have
+to be different by two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be different by two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be different by two pi
+mulle and if they were different by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulle and if they were different by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mulle and if they were different by a
+two Pi multiple that would also be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Pi multiple that would also be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Pi multiple that would also be okay
+okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I we'll get on to this in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we'll get on to this in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we'll get on to this in a little bit
+but anyway so if I plot the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so if I plot the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so if I plot the intensity
+which is 1 plus cine of Delta Pi here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 plus cine of Delta Pi here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 plus cine of Delta Pi here
+maybe I plot it in time right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I plot it in time right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I plot it in time right and I
+think about a case where I got these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a case where I got these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a case where I got these two
+beams uh with exactly the same length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams uh with exactly the same length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams uh with exactly the same length
+right so if they're going at exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if they're going at exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if they're going at exactly the
+same length when they interfere they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same length when they interfere they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same length when they interfere they're
+going to interfere constructively so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interfere constructively so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interfere constructively so
+we'll get an intensity of two up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get an intensity of two up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get an intensity of two up here
+right so this is where my initial Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is where my initial Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is where my initial Delta
+Pi is zero and I'm not putting any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi is zero and I'm not putting any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi is zero and I'm not putting any
+Plasma in here so I just watch my Di and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plasma in here so I just watch my Di and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plasma in here so I just watch my Di and
+it reads two and it just reads two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reads two and it just reads two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reads two and it just reads two for
+all time say I now check change this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all time say I now check change this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all time say I now check change this so
+that the difference in length between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the difference in length between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the difference in length between
+these two gives me like so this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two gives me like so this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two gives me like so this could be
+zero 2 pi four Pi something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 2 pi four Pi something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 2 pi four Pi something like that
+what happens if I have a Delta Pi of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I have a Delta Pi of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I have a Delta Pi of Pi
+or three Pi something like that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three Pi something like that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three Pi something like that I've
+chosen my length so my part my phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen my length so my part my phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen my length so my part my phase
+difference is pi or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is pi or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is pi or
+three zero zero and my detector just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three zero zero and my detector just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three zero zero and my detector just
+read zero forever and if I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read zero forever and if I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read zero forever and if I choose
+something in the middle it will read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the middle it will read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the middle it will read
+like one forever when I put the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one forever when I put the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one forever when I put the plasma
+in the signal will start to deviate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the signal will start to deviate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the signal will start to deviate from
+this and that's what I'll be measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that's what I'll be measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that's what I'll be measuring
+but the sort of background signal my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the sort of background signal my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the sort of background signal my
+Baseline I can just measure that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline I can just measure that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline I can just measure that in
+advance so it doesn't it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so it doesn't it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so it doesn't it doesn't
+actually matter in reality so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matter in reality so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matter in reality so it's like
+a where we can only measure the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a where we can only measure the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a where we can only measure the time
+change and when we start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and when we start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and when we start talking about
+temporally hrry in a moment we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporally hrry in a moment we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporally hrry in a moment we will see
+a very deep link between uh what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very deep link between uh what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very deep link between uh what you're
+talking about there we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about there we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about there we're really
+measuring time der derives of phase but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring time der derives of phase but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring time der derives of phase but
+it doesn't really look like it start but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really look like it start but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really look like it start but
+we'll get on to the point where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get on to the point where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get on to the point where we are
+measuring actually changes in yeah we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring actually changes in yeah we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring actually changes in yeah we're
+only sensitive to changes in Phase I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sensitive to changes in Phase I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sensitive to changes in Phase I
+guess that's the main thing yeah whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's the main thing yeah whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's the main thing yeah whether
+that's a Time derivative or spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Time derivative or spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Time derivative or spatial
+derivative doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative doesn't
+matter okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so then the final type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so then the final type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so then the final type of
+ineter I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineter I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineter I want to talk
+about is very simple to set up you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is very simple to set up you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is very simple to set up you have
+your probing radiation coming through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probing radiation coming through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probing radiation coming through
+you got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got your
+plasma like this and then um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma like this and then um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma like this and then um on the
+other side of your plasma you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of your plasma you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of your plasma you
+have uh What's this called I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh What's this called I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh What's this called I believe
+this is called a wallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a wallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a wallon
+prism this special device called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism this special device called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism this special device called a
+wallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallon
+prism and the cool thing about a wallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism and the cool thing about a wallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism and the cool thing about a wallon
+prism is that it splits your light into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism is that it splits your light into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism is that it splits your light into
+two orthogonal polarizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orthogonal polarizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orthogonal polarizations and
+separates them by angle so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates them by angle so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates them by angle so this is the
+by refringent material it sends out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by refringent material it sends out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by refringent material it sends out some
+of the light up here and that light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light up here and that light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light up here and that light is
+going to have maybe polarization in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have maybe polarization in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have maybe polarization in this
+direction and the other little light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the other little light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the other little light is
+going to come down here that light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come down here that light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come down here that light is
+going to have polarization in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have polarization in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have polarization in this
+direction then we put a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then we put a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then we put a lens
+here start sending these two back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here start sending these two back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here start sending these two back
+together and if you know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and if you know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and if you know something about
+infmetry you're thinking well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infmetry you're thinking well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infmetry you're thinking well this is
+useless because these two are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless because these two are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless because these two are not
+actually going to interfere because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to interfere because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to interfere because
+they've got all foral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got all foral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got all foral
+polarizations you you can prove that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations you you can prove that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations you you can prove that to
+yourself if you go through this and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if you go through this and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if you go through this and do
+it in Vector notation instead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Vector notation instead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Vector notation instead you
+eventually end up with a ep. erer and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually end up with a ep. erer and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually end up with a ep. erer and so
+if they orthal to each other you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they orthal to each other you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they orthal to each other you don't
+get any interference the beams don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any interference the beams don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any interference the beams don't see
+each other but the really clever thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but the really clever thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but the really clever thing
+here is you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you put
+in 45 degree polarizer so again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 45 degree polarizer so again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 45 degree polarizer so again this
+beam's coming in polarized in this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam's coming in polarized in this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam's coming in polarized in this plane
+this beam's coming in polarized out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beam's coming in polarized out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beam's coming in polarized out of
+the plane but this 45 degree polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane but this 45 degree polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane but this 45 degree polarizer
+picks out the 45 degree component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks out the 45 degree component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks out the 45 degree component of
+this the 45 degree component of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the 45 degree component of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the 45 degree component of this so
+by the time they hit your detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time they hit your detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time they hit your detector
+they've both got the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've both got the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've both got the same
+polarization and so then they interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and so then they interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and so then they interfere
+with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each
+other you're effectively creating your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you're effectively creating your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you're effectively creating your
+reference and proam from the same beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and proam from the same beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and proam from the same beam
+so the idea here is that in fact and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here is that in fact and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here is that in fact and run
+it very well you have an expanded beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very well you have an expanded beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very well you have an expanded beam
+it goes some of it goes around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes some of it goes around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes some of it goes around the
+plasma and you effectively end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and you effectively end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and you effectively end up
+interfering this bit that's gone around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering this bit that's gone around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering this bit that's gone around
+the plasma with the bit that's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma with the bit that's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma with the bit that's gone
+through the plasma on the inside so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the plasma on the inside so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the plasma on the inside so this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called um the nice thing about anas it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called um the nice thing about anas it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called um the nice thing about anas it's
+very easy to align because we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to align because we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to align because we talked
+before about how if you have sort of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about how if you have sort of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about how if you have sort of f
+Toc beams trying to get all these Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toc beams trying to get all these Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toc beams trying to get all these Optics
+in the right places very hard well here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right places very hard well here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right places very hard well here
+all of the splitting takes place within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the splitting takes place within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the splitting takes place within
+the same optic so it's always in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same optic so it's always in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same optic so it's always in the
+right place like that but because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place like that but because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place like that but because you're
+interfering a bit of the plasma a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering a bit of the plasma a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering a bit of the plasma a bit of
+the beam that's outside the plasma with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam that's outside the plasma with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam that's outside the plasma with
+a bit of beam inside the plasma you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of beam inside the plasma you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of beam inside the plasma you have
+a limited field of view so you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited field of view so you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited field of view so you can only
+image something that's as big as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image something that's as big as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image something that's as big as the
+wallison prism you can afford to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallison prism you can afford to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallison prism you can afford to buy
+those things are expensive but they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are expensive but they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are expensive but they've
+got very small fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and also we'll talk about Spa hometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and also we'll talk about Spa hometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and also we'll talk about Spa hometry
+in a little bit uh it's to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit uh it's to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit uh it's to do with the
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+between these two beams here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two beams here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two beams here and that
+angle is set by your wall prism and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is set by your wall prism and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is set by your wall prism and so
+your sort of Fringe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sort of Fringe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sort of Fringe
+pattern which we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which we'll talk more about
+later is fixed you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later is fixed you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later is fixed you don't have any
+ability to modify which you do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to modify which you do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to modify which you do is the
+other two Diagnostics here so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two Diagnostics here so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two Diagnostics here so this is uh
+the sort of thing you'd use on a fosc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing you'd use on a fosc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing you'd use on a fosc
+laser experiment or PC laser experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser experiment or PC laser experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser experiment or PC laser experiment
+where you really really need to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you really really need to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you really really need to have an
+ultra stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra stable
+inom but you wouldn't necessarily use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inom but you wouldn't necessarily use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inom but you wouldn't necessarily use
+this on many other sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on many other sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on many other sorts
+of okay any questions on that before Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay any questions on that before Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay any questions on that before Oh
+yes many okay so the set up it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes many okay so the set up it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes many okay so the set up it seems
+like you could only get out sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you could only get out sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you could only get out sort of
+spatially average quantities or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially average quantities or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially average quantities or the
+electron temperature you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron temperature you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron temperature you have to
+basically capsulate the whole plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically capsulate the whole plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically capsulate the whole plasma
+with your beam so what did you say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your beam so what did you say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your beam so what did you say about
+the electron temperature that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron temperature that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron temperature that means
+electr oh okay cool yes yeah yeah um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr oh okay cool yes yeah yeah um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr oh okay cool yes yeah yeah um so
+the question was do you only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was do you only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was do you only get
+spatially average quantities effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially average quantities effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially average quantities effectively
+if your beam is like you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your beam is like you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your beam is like you're if you're
+looking into the beam your beam is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into the beam your beam is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into the beam your beam is like
+this and your plasma is about this size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and your plasma is about this size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and your plasma is about this size
+within it you'll be able to resolve all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within it you'll be able to resolve all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within it you'll be able to resolve all
+of the line integrated electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line integrated electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line integrated electron density
+within this region so you'll get a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this region so you'll get a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this region so you'll get a map
+of any DL that's a function of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any DL that's a function of X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any DL that's a function of X and Y
+here as long as you can fit your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as long as you can fit your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as long as you can fit your entire
+plasma into the rest of the like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma into the rest of the like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma into the rest of the like if you
+sort of Imagine translating if it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Imagine translating if it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Imagine translating if it fits
+inside the rest of the be you'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the rest of the be you'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the rest of the be you'll still
+get a limit of the lere ELR density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a limit of the lere ELR density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a limit of the lere ELR density so
+it's not averaged over X and Y it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not averaged over X and Y it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not averaged over X and Y it's
+obviously averaged in the probing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously averaged in the probing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously averaged in the probing
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this might make more sense when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this might make more sense when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this might make more sense when we
+talk about the spatially het pretry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the spatially het pretry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the spatially het pretry and
+I realize now it was a mistake to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realize now it was a mistake to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realize now it was a mistake to
+introduce some of this stuff before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some of this stuff before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some of this stuff before we
+talked about something advanc techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about something advanc techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about something advanc techniques
+so maybe we'll make more sense later we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe we'll make more sense later we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe we'll make more sense later we
+talk about so I saw another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about so I saw another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about so I saw another question
+there yeah yeah I wanted to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah yeah I wanted to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah yeah I wanted to mention
+another geometry that hasn't been used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another geometry that hasn't been used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another geometry that hasn't been used a
+lot is the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot is the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot is the self
+mixing which has like a it uses di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing which has like a it uses di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing which has like a it uses di
+lasers with a photo diod behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers with a photo diod behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers with a photo diod behind the
+laser so that the plasma beam just goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser so that the plasma beam just goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser so that the plasma beam just goes
+through the the prob beam goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the prob beam goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the prob beam goes through
+the plasma off the mirror and comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma off the mirror and comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma off the mirror and comes back
+into the same Di and mixes with the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the same Di and mixes with the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the same Di and mixes with the r
+that goes the other side of the laser so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes the other side of the laser so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes the other side of the laser so
+you're talking about a system where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a system where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a system where you
+got a laser like this it sends out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a laser like this it sends out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a laser like this it sends out a
+beam yeah and then it comes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam yeah and then it comes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam yeah and then it comes back and
+where's the detector detector is behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the detector detector is behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the detector detector is behind
+theer yeah okay and then how did you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theer yeah okay and then how did you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theer yeah okay and then how did you get
+what's this interfering with that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this interfering with that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this interfering with that's
+interfering with the coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with the coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with the coming from the
+presentator backwards okay right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentator backwards okay right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentator backwards okay right yeah so
+it's a very simple geometry this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple geometry this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple geometry this is a
+type of nichelson kind of yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of nichelson kind of yeah it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of nichelson kind of yeah it's it's
+a variation I I agree it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variation I I agree it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variation I I agree it's different
+it's a variation onon yeah yeah yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a variation onon yeah yeah yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a variation onon yeah yeah yeah but
+you're right I'm not saying that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right I'm not saying that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right I'm not saying that these
+are the only three interpreters like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only three interpreters like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only three interpreters like
+people have made a lot of them I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made a lot of them I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made a lot of them I'm just
+this is detailing three popular ones but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is detailing three popular ones but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is detailing three popular ones but
+yeah you're absolutely right that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're absolutely right that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're absolutely right that s
+thing is interesting I'm not coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is interesting I'm not coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is interesting I'm not coming
+cross it before so thank you uh I saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross it before so thank you uh I saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross it before so thank you uh I saw a
+question online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question online
+Nigel so which two beams are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigel so which two beams are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigel so which two beams are actually
+like interfering with each other in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interfering with each other in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interfering with each other in the
+numari setup oh yeah again I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numari setup oh yeah again I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numari setup oh yeah again I think I
+should have introduced this later on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have introduced this later on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have introduced this later on so
+bear with me it will make later on I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me it will make later on I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me it will make later on I'll
+try and cycle Circle back the naski once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and cycle Circle back the naski once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and cycle Circle back the naski once
+we've done the bit of uh the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done the bit of uh the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done the bit of uh the lecture
+that explains what's going on but thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains what's going on but thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains what's going on but thank
+you yeah what does Fringe fix mean again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah what does Fringe fix mean again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah what does Fringe fix mean again
+uh again we're going to talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again we're going to talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again we're going to talk about what
+fringes do lat what what fringes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes do lat what what fringes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes do lat what what fringes are
+later on but effectively you are fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but effectively you are fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but effectively you are fixed
+in a single configuration and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single configuration and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single configuration and so you can
+only measure um yeah you you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only measure um yeah you you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only measure um yeah you you don't have
+very much flexibility to change how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much flexibility to change how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much flexibility to change how your
+infometer is set up so really this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infometer is set up so really this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infometer is set up so really this uh
+fixed fringes is meant to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fringes is meant to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fringes is meant to be in
+comparison to the flexibility of the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to the flexibility of the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to the flexibility of the max
+Zender and to be honest the mlon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zender and to be honest the mlon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zender and to be honest the mlon is
+pretty flexible as well but we'll get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty flexible as well but we'll get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty flexible as well but we'll get on
+to what fringes are and how we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what fringes are and how we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what fringes are and how we change
+the Fringe pattern and in fact that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fringe pattern and in fact that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fringe pattern and in fact that's a
+big part of the problem set as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of the problem set as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of the problem set as well as
+learning about what these look like by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about what these look like by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about what these look like by
+doing sythetic diagnostics for them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing sythetic diagnostics for them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing sythetic diagnostics for them we
+only have questions yes what's the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have questions yes what's the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have questions yes what's the name
+of the polarizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarizing
+material oh I think this is I'm almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material oh I think this is I'm almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material oh I think this is I'm almost
+certain that this is a wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pres and I think it is two slices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pres and I think it is two slices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pres and I think it is two slices of
+some B refringent material like calite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some B refringent material like calite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some B refringent material like calite
+that have been cut and then rotated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been cut and then rotated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been cut and then rotated and
+glued back together in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued back together in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued back together in such a way that
+they do this splitting and actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do this splitting and actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do this splitting and actually was
+a basis for how the Vikings navigated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis for how the Vikings navigated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis for how the Vikings navigated
+during how days across that but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during how days across that but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during how days across that but we'll
+talk about that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any other
+questions all right let us get into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right let us get into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right let us get into some
+of the ambiguity which has already mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ambiguity which has already mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ambiguity which has already mean
+reference okay so I think this has come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay so I think this has come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay so I think this has come
+up a few times so you probably know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a few times so you probably know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a few times so you probably know what
+the answer is to this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is to this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is to this but
+say I'm your advisor or maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm your advisor or maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm your advisor or maybe a
+diagnostician A d3d or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostician A d3d or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostician A d3d or something like
+that and I come and I give you a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I come and I give you a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I come and I give you a time
+trace on the inter prometer and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go what's the
+den can you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+den can you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+den can you tell
+me but what's the phase shift maybe is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but what's the phase shift maybe is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but what's the phase shift maybe is a
+more reasonable question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so is it obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's draw out a sort of a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw out a sort of a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw out a sort of a tree
+diagram of different phases it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of different phases it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of different phases it could be
+okay so this is time here this is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is time here this is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is time here this is Delta
+Pi I'm going to be nice I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi I'm going to be nice I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi I'm going to be nice I'm going to say
+let's assume we started at zero so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume we started at zero so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume we started at zero so that
+going back this signal was like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back this signal was like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back this signal was like that and
+then the plasma started here at T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the plasma started here at T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the plasma started here at T equals
+z and then this signal started W okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and then this signal started W okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and then this signal started W okay so
+this looks like for the best of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like for the best of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like for the best of my
+drawing ability some sort of cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing ability some sort of cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing ability some sort of cosine
+function right and it seems to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right and it seems to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right and it seems to be a
+coine and again the rest of my drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coine and again the rest of my drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coine and again the rest of my drawing
+ability maybe these all evenly spaced PS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability maybe these all evenly spaced PS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability maybe these all evenly spaced PS
+and so maybe this is just a drawing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe this is just a drawing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe this is just a drawing of
+cosine Delta where Delta f is just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Delta where Delta f is just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Delta where Delta f is just equal
+to some constant times time right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some constant times time right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some constant times time right it's
+just linearly ramping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up like that that's certainly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like that that's certainly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like that that's certainly one
+possible trajectory any other possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible trajectory any other possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible trajectory any other possible
+trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories
+could be negative could be negative I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be negative could be negative I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be negative could be negative I
+have no way of telling the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no way of telling the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no way of telling the difference
+between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those
+two now let's put let's start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now let's put let's start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now let's put let's start making
+this interesting let's say this is pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interesting let's say this is pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interesting let's say this is pi
+and this is two Pi here it's minus Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is two Pi here it's minus Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is two Pi here it's minus Pi
+this is minus 2 pi any ideas for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus 2 pi any ideas for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus 2 pi any ideas for other
+trajectories now yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories now yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories now yeah I
+add yeah it could start going down or oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add yeah it could start going down or oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add yeah it could start going down or oh
+no start going up uh what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no start going up uh what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no start going up uh what what what
+happens here do I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here do I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here do I just
+continue what else could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue what else could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue what else could I
+do down okay so here I have a choice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do down okay so here I have a choice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do down okay so here I have a choice to
+go up like this here I got a choice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up like this here I got a choice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up like this here I got a choice to
+go here like this here I got a choice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here like this here I got a choice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here like this here I got a choice to
+go like this or like that I also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like this or like that I also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like this or like that I also have a
+choice coming from the other way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice coming from the other way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice coming from the other way to go
+like this like this and it's now like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this like this and it's now like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this like this and it's now like
+driving in Boston right it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving in Boston right it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving in Boston right it's getting
+extremely complicating and I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complicating and I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complicating and I can just
+keep playing this game right I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep playing this game right I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep playing this game right I don't
+have to stop any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop any
+time right I am going to insist on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right I am going to insist on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right I am going to insist on
+causality I don't think the plasma goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality I don't think the plasma goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality I don't think the plasma goes
+back in time so we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time so we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time so we don't have to worry
+about that um but in general this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um but in general this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um but in general this gets
+very complicated you cannot tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated you cannot tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated you cannot tell me what
+Delta F and therefore what the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F and therefore what the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F and therefore what the density
+is doing you're quite right a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing you're quite right a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing you're quite right a solution
+to list is a linearly ramping up density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to list is a linearly ramping up density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to list is a linearly ramping up density
+another solution is a s too um it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another solution is a s too um it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another solution is a s too um it could
+be something that goes like this hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that goes like this hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that goes like this hard to
+get Negative density but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Negative density but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Negative density but you know
+something like that where you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that where you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that where you start with
+some background density here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some background density here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some background density here and then
+density drops and goes back up there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density drops and goes back up there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density drops and goes back up there's
+lots and lots of different solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of different solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of different solutions and
+so the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is
+that for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all of
+these 5 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 5 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 5 T
+fracks we end up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracks we end up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracks we end up with the
+same intensity signal and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same intensity signal and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same intensity signal and so this is the
+inverse problem we want to go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse problem we want to go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse problem we want to go from the
+data on our diagnostic back to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on our diagnostic back to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on our diagnostic back to what the
+plasma is doing and we can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is doing and we can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is doing and we can't do it
+because it's not well posed there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not well posed there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not well posed there are
+multiple different solutions this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different solutions this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different solutions this is not
+completely hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely hope
+right we are physicists and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we are physicists and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we are physicists and so we have
+some Intuition or priers about the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Intuition or priers about the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Intuition or priers about the world
+so we might be able to use our I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might be able to use our I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might be able to use our I'll call
+them prior because that makes it sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them prior because that makes it sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them prior because that makes it sound
+like some basan person but I can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some basan person but I can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some basan person but I can give
+them just as intuition so you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just as intuition so you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just as intuition so you might say
+well you know a reasonable thing for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know a reasonable thing for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know a reasonable thing for any
+plasma to do would be to not exist exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma to do would be to not exist exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma to do would be to not exist exist
+and then not exist again like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then not exist again like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then not exist again like
+this some sort of shape that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some sort of shape that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some sort of shape that comes from
+simulations something that and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations something that and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations something that and so if you
+count the fringes here eventually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the fringes here eventually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the fringes here eventually they
+will stop right I mean we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stop right I mean we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stop right I mean we assume that
+plasma won't go on forever and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma won't go on forever and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma won't go on forever and then
+maybe we could pair up all of these with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could pair up all of these with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could pair up all of these with
+these and count and make sure we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and count and make sure we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and count and make sure we've got
+an even number and an odd number of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even number and an odd number of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even number and an odd number of that
+and then we can s reconstruct this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can s reconstruct this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can s reconstruct this but
+of course there's no guarantee that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's no guarantee that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's no guarantee that in
+the middle it doesn't do that okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle it doesn't do that okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle it doesn't do that okay so it
+may have a more complicated shape um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a more complicated shape um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a more complicated shape um
+again we could just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we could just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we could just do a
+simulation and from our simulation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and from our simulation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and from our simulation we
+should could get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should could get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should could get a
+synthetic I of T and then we could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic I of T and then we could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic I of T and then we could go
+hey my simulation says this my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey my simulation says this my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey my simulation says this my data
+squint looks the same therefore it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squint looks the same therefore it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squint looks the same therefore it's the
+same as a simulation but you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a simulation but you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a simulation but you haven't
+proved it right you just said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved it right you just said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved it right you just said it's
+consistent with your simulation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with your simulation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with your simulation you
+can't prove anything using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't prove anything using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't prove anything using this
+technique or what we're going to do in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique or what we're going to do in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique or what we're going to do in a
+moment which are Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Techniques and in the problem set you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Techniques and in the problem set you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Techniques and in the problem set you
+will encounter at least two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encounter at least two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encounter at least two other
+Advanced Techniques which we will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Techniques which we will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Techniques which we will not be
+covering in class uh which help to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering in class uh which help to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering in class uh which help to try
+and avoid this phase ambigu we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and avoid this phase ambigu we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and avoid this phase ambigu we're going
+to jump straight to the gold standard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump straight to the gold standard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump straight to the gold standard in
+my opinion but those other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion but those other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion but those other two
+techniques sign that and so you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques sign that and so you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques sign that and so you can get
+away with doing them you would do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with doing them you would do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with doing them you would do those
+instead so any questions on the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so any questions on the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so any questions on the phase
+ambiguity before we jump into the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity before we jump into the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity before we jump into the really
+good stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um quick question yeah so is there not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quick question yeah so is there not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quick question yeah so is there not
+information about the phase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the phase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the phase in the
+incoming light at all then or but isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming light at all then or but isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming light at all then or but isn't
+there usually like can't you find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there usually like can't you find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there usually like can't you find some
+phase bipolarization and such in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase bipolarization and such in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase bipolarization and such in the
+light I don't think the phase is link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light I don't think the phase is link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light I don't think the phase is link
+polarization no I can have any arbitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization no I can have any arbitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization no I can have any arbitary
+polarization with any arbitary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization with any arbitary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization with any arbitary phase
+they're not linked quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not linked quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not linked quantities
+okay if we had a detector that was fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we had a detector that was fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we had a detector that was fast
+enough then we could actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then we could actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then we could actually measure
+the pH KX minus Omega T but we can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH KX minus Omega T but we can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH KX minus Omega T but we can't do
+that we can only measure the phas shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can only measure the phas shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can only measure the phas shift
+with respect to our reference beam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to our reference beam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to our reference beam and
+that is with this setup ambiguous yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is with this setup ambiguous yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is with this setup ambiguous yeah
+okay I see was that another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I see was that another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I see was that another
+question all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this briefly looked into getting one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this briefly looked into getting one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this briefly looked into getting one of
+these fancy AI cameras that would rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fancy AI cameras that would rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fancy AI cameras that would rotate
+and follow me around the room so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow me around the room so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow me around the room so that I
+could use all of these boards and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use all of these boards and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use all of these boards and still
+broadcast but the reviews were not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast but the reviews were not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast but the reviews were not very
+good seems like it should be easy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good seems like it should be easy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good seems like it should be easy like
+isn't there something that can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there something that can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there something that can just
+point at me all the time and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at me all the time and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at me all the time and I can
+wander around but anyway if anyone needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander around but anyway if anyone needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander around but anyway if anyone needs
+a startup idea and think of dropping out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup idea and think of dropping out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup idea and think of dropping out
+that's one for free really really huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one for free really really huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one for free really really huge
+market for like egotistical academics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for like egotistical academics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for like egotistical academics
+who wants to be filmed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time the mering capture Golem suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right oh well it can't be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh well it can't be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh well it can't be more
+ridiculous than I normally were right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous than I normally were right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous than I normally were right so
+what we're going to talk about is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about is a
+technique called hetero dining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or we might call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we might call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we might call this
+aerodine system that right and heter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodine system that right and heter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodine system that right and heter or
+hetr system this is very similar to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetr system this is very similar to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetr system this is very similar to how
+FM radio works so FM radio anyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM radio works so FM radio anyone know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM radio works so FM radio anyone know
+what the f and the m stand for radio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the f and the m stand for radio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the f and the m stand for radio is
+this thing we had before podcasts okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing we had before podcasts okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing we had before podcasts okay
+yes frequency modulated frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes frequency modulated frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes frequency modulated frequency
+modulated okay cool and so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated okay cool and so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated okay cool and so what we're
+going to be doing is using some tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing is using some tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing is using some tricks
+uh to separate the signal that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to separate the signal that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to separate the signal that we want
+Delta fi from some larger background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta fi from some larger background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta fi from some larger background
+signal um which is the reason we use FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal um which is the reason we use FM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal um which is the reason we use FM
+but in this case we're also using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case we're also using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case we're also using this
+trick because it helps us distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick because it helps us distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick because it helps us distinguish
+between uh the phase going down and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the phase going down and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the phase going down and the
+phase going up and also the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase going up and also the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase going up and also the phase
+rolling over to Pi and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling over to Pi and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling over to Pi and so these
+techniques are extremely powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are extremely powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are extremely powerful and
+the way that we do that is we notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we do that is we notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we do that is we notice
+that um we've got this phase here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we've got this phase here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um we've got this phase here right
+and remember this phase shows up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember this phase shows up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember this phase shows up in a
+function that looks like exponential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that looks like exponential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that looks like exponential of
+I A dox minus Omega t plus Delta F by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I A dox minus Omega t plus Delta F by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I A dox minus Omega t plus Delta F by
+the way I'm probably going to drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I'm probably going to drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I'm probably going to drop the
+delta in most of this because it's oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta in most of this because it's oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta in most of this because it's oh no
+it looks like I've kept it I've kept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like I've kept it I've kept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like I've kept it I've kept the
+Delta okay ignore me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay ignore me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay ignore me
+so you notice when you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you notice when you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you notice when you look at this
+Delta fi which should be inside these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta fi which should be inside these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta fi which should be inside these
+brackets because we multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets because we multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets because we multiply by
+imaginary unit um looks an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary unit um looks an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary unit um looks an awful lot
+like a frequency times a time or a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a frequency times a time or a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a frequency times a time or a k
+times an X and this means that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times an X and this means that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times an X and this means that we can
+sort of say e what if we thought that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say e what if we thought that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say e what if we thought that we
+had some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some sort of
+frequency which was equal to the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which was equal to the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which was equal to the change
+in phase in time or some sort of a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase in time or some sort of a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase in time or some sort of a that
+was proportional or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proportional or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proportional or equal to the
+gradient of the phase in space and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the phase in space and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the phase in space and then
+if we put these in into this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put these in into this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put these in into this equation
+they would actually end up looking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would actually end up looking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would actually end up looking a
+little bit like an effective K vector or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like an effective K vector or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like an effective K vector or
+an effective frequency so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective frequency so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective frequency so this is the
+basis for it hold that thought and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for it hold that thought and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for it hold that thought and we're
+going to go see how that works and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go see how that works and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go see how that works and why
+this is a really really good idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really really good idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really really good idea so
+let's have a think about a system now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a think about a system now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a think about a system now
+where we put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we put some
+radiation through a plasma it's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation through a plasma it's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation through a plasma it's got some
+frequency Omega one here and we mix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega one here and we mix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega one here and we mix it
+with another beam which has a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another beam which has a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another beam which has a frequency
+Omega 2 so you can think about these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 so you can think about these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 so you can think about these as
+the probe and the reference beam but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe and the reference beam but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe and the reference beam but
+they no longer got the same frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they no longer got the same frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they no longer got the same frequency
+we'll talk about how you get that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how you get that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how you get that in the
+end and that means that the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and that means that the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and that means that the electric
+field that you have on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that you have on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that you have on the other side
+here has got some you know default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has got some you know default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has got some you know default
+electric field strength but then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field strength but then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field strength but then it's
+got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a
+cosine of Omega 1 t plus Delta Pi that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega 1 t plus Delta Pi that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of Omega 1 t plus Delta Pi that's
+the one that's gone through the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's gone through the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's gone through the plasma
+and a cosine of Omega 2 T that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cosine of Omega 2 T that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cosine of Omega 2 T that's the one
+that's gone around the plasma so the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone around the plasma so the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone around the plasma so the on
+gone through the plasma has picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through the plasma has picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through the plasma has picked up
+our standard phase shift but we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard phase shift but we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard phase shift but we're also
+keeping track of the fact that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of the fact that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of the fact that in the
+time it's taken for them to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's taken for them to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's taken for them to go through
+this plasma we've had a different number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plasma we've had a different number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plasma we've had a different number
+of oscillations because one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oscillations because one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oscillations because one of them is
+oscillating at Omega one the every one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at Omega one the every one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at Omega one the every one's
+oscillating at Omega two we do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at Omega two we do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at Omega two we do the same
+thing again and we work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again and we work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again and we work out the
+intensity here and we get out cosine s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity here and we get out cosine s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity here and we get out cosine s
+of Omega 1 t plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega 1 t plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega 1 t plus Delta
+5 plus cosine s of Omega 2 T so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 plus cosine s of Omega 2 T so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 plus cosine s of Omega 2 T so again
+I'm just squaring these brackets here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just squaring these brackets here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just squaring these brackets here
+it's not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not particularly
+complicated and then we have the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and then we have the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and then we have the cross
+term here 2 cosine of Omega 1 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deline of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deline of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deline of 2
+T okay then we squint at this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay then we squint at this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay then we squint at this for a
+little bit and we realize we know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and we realize we know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and we realize we know some
+very clab trig identities and we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clab trig identities and we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clab trig identities and we end up
+with this formula which looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this formula which looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this formula which looks like
+cosine of squ of Omega 1 T sorry just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coine just coine cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coine just coine cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coine just coine cosine of
+I'm going to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L cosine of a term that looks like Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L cosine of a term that looks like Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L cosine of a term that looks like Omega
+1 minus Omega 2 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Omega 2 t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Omega 2 t
+plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta
+5 and a second term that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and a second term that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and a second term that looks like
+cosine of Omega 1 plus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Del and probably a lot of you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del and probably a lot of you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del and probably a lot of you have seen
+this before when you've looked at wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before when you've looked at wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before when you've looked at wave
+mixing because you see that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing because you see that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing because you see that we have a
+term which is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is the difference
+term and we have a term which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we have a term which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we have a term which is
+oscillating at the sum frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the sum frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the sum frequency and
+sometimes this difference term is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this difference term is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this difference term is called
+the beat frequency because this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat frequency because this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat frequency because this is the
+sort of slow modulating beat where play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of slow modulating beat where play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of slow modulating beat where play
+two notes slightly Out Of Tune that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two notes slightly Out Of Tune that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two notes slightly Out Of Tune that's
+the beat frequency that you hear and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat frequency that you hear and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat frequency that you hear and in
+fact that analogy is quite good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that analogy is quite good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that analogy is quite good because
+in general we can detect the beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we can detect the beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we can detect the beat
+frequency our detectors are fast enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency our detectors are fast enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency our detectors are fast enough
+to detect Omega 1 minus Omega 2 assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect Omega 1 minus Omega 2 assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect Omega 1 minus Omega 2 assuming
+that Omega 1 and Omega 2 are quite close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Omega 1 and Omega 2 are quite close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Omega 1 and Omega 2 are quite close
+but our detectors are still not fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our detectors are still not fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our detectors are still not fast
+enough to detect this sum frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to detect this sum frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to detect this sum frequency and
+so when we do averaging over a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we do averaging over a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we do averaging over a few
+periods this some frequency on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods this some frequency on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods this some frequency on any
+reasonable detector is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable detector is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable detector is just going to be
+averaged out and it's just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged out and it's just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged out and it's just going to be
+uh zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is the term that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the term that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the term that we're going to
+be able to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here let's just do a little check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's just do a little check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's just do a little check for
+our sanity if we say that Omega one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sanity if we say that Omega one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sanity if we say that Omega one is
+equal to Omega 2 we've gone back to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega 2 we've gone back to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega 2 we've gone back to one
+of our standard homod not hrod homod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our standard homod not hrod homod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our standard homod not hrod homod
+interferometers and our homine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometers and our homine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometers and our homine
+interferometer is going to have I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer is going to have I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer is going to have I is
+equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't ask me where the one came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from have to check that later the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from have to check that later the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from have to check that later the one
+shows up somewhere I'm confident I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up somewhere I'm confident I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up somewhere I'm confident I'm
+pretty certain it doesn't show up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty certain it doesn't show up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty certain it doesn't show up here
+because the average of a coine is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the average of a coine is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the average of a coine is just
+zero I'm wondering if it shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm wondering if it shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm wondering if it shows up
+somewhere between these steps is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between these steps is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between these steps is just
+the one out the front there I suspect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one out the front there I suspect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one out the front there I suspect it
+does but I can't prove that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you'll end up with a COS s Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you'll end up with a COS s Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you'll end up with a COS s Omega
+t plus a sin squ Omega T and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus a sin squ Omega T and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus a sin squ Omega T and that will
+give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you
+okay but in the case that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in the case that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in the case that we're
+interested in because we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in because we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in because we don't want to
+just simply reproduce What We derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply reproduce What We derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply reproduce What We derived
+before with much more algebra we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with much more algebra we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with much more algebra we would
+get out for different frequencies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out for different frequencies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out for different frequencies we
+would have I is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have I is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have I is equal to one
+plus should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus should be a
+Delta coine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Omega 1 minus Omega 2 and then a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega 1 minus Omega 2 and then a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega 1 minus Omega 2 and then a term
+that we're going to say looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to say looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to say looks like the
+time rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time rate of
+change of the phase which we said is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the phase which we said is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the phase which we said is a
+frequency like quantity so you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency like quantity so you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency like quantity so you got the
+right units all times time like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this detector when the phase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero when you know D DT is just zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when you know D DT is just zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when you know D DT is just zero so
+say this is pi like this in time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is pi like this in time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is pi like this in time this is
+intensity our detector is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity our detector is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity our detector is just going to
+chug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chug
+along recording a signal which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along recording a signal which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along recording a signal which is
+oscillating at the beat frequency Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the beat frequency Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the beat frequency Omega
+oneus Omega 2 but when that phase begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneus Omega 2 but when that phase begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneus Omega 2 but when that phase begins
+to change this frequency itself is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change this frequency itself is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change this frequency itself is going
+to begin to change and what we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin to change and what we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin to change and what we tend to
+do is we set our beat frequency Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we set our beat frequency Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we set our beat frequency Omega 1
+minus Omega 2 to be much larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega 2 to be much larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega 2 to be much larger than the
+effective frequency we get in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective frequency we get in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective frequency we get in the time
+rate of change of the phase and now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of the phase and now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of the phase and now let
+me draw you a sketch of what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw you a sketch of what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw you a sketch of what might be
+happening here and then we can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here and then we can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here and then we can have a
+chat about what's going up so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat about what's going up so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat about what's going up so let's
+imagine we've got some time trace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we've got some time trace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we've got some time trace of
+density and it's just something sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and it's just something sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and it's just something sort of
+peak like this and then we think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak like this and then we think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak like this and then we think what
+are we going to see on our interet here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to see on our interet here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to see on our interet here
+like I said um in the absence of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said um in the absence of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said um in the absence of any
+plasma here our interferometer would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma here our interferometer would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma here our interferometer would
+just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a
+signal looks like this right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal looks like this right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal looks like this right so this is
+where any equals zero so therefore Del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where any equals zero so therefore Del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where any equals zero so therefore Del
+the is zero but when we add the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is zero but when we add the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is zero but when we add the plasma
+in we're going to see something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're going to see something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're going to see something very
+interesting we're going to start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we're going to start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we're going to start off
+when the gradients are small with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the gradients are small with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the gradients are small with
+exactly the same signal but as we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same signal but as we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same signal but as we get to
+the point where the gradients are large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where the gradients are large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where the gradients are large
+here this frequency is going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this frequency is going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this frequency is going to start
+increasing we're going to have a faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing we're going to have a faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing we're going to have a faster
+signal now around the pink here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal now around the pink here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal now around the pink here where
+dmdt is zero we should end up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmdt is zero we should end up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmdt is zero we should end up with the
+same frequency which is pretty hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency which is pretty hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency which is pretty hard to
+draw but I'm trying just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw but I'm trying just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw but I'm trying just draw
+the inverse of this one here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of this one here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of this one here and then
+what happens here is the NDT is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here is the NDT is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here is the NDT is now
+negative and instead of having fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and instead of having fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and instead of having fast
+waves here we're going to have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves here we're going to have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves here we're going to have a more
+slowly oscillating system so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly oscillating system so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly oscillating system so it's going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+look like that before eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that before eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that before eventually
+following the ne equals z signal here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the ne equals z signal here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the ne equals z signal here so
+here we get oscillations which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get oscillations which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get oscillations which are
+closer so higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega and here we get oscillations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and here we get oscillations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and here we get oscillations which
+are further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are further
+apart corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart corresponding to
+lower Omega and I may have screwed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Omega and I may have screwed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Omega and I may have screwed this
+up by getting my sign on which I have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by getting my sign on which I have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by getting my sign on which I have as
+the phase is negative of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase is negative of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase is negative of the electron
+density so I apologize for that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so I apologize for that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so I apologize for that but you
+get the idea if I redrew this and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea if I redrew this and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea if I redrew this and I had
+the further space fringes here as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the further space fringes here as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the further space fringes here as the
+density ramps up and the farther apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density ramps up and the farther apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density ramps up and the farther apart
+part the closest space ones here as then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the closest space ones here as then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the closest space ones here as then
+back down that would be and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down that would be and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down that would be and you have a
+chance to get the sign right when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to get the sign right when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to get the sign right when you do
+this in your problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your problem as
+well and I will say one more thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and I will say one more thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and I will say one more thing and
+then I'll take questions of which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll take questions of which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll take questions of which I'm
+sure there are many we now have an un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous
+signal in the sense that the signal we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in the sense that the signal we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in the sense that the signal we
+get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from
+u5 Less Than Zero is not equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 Less Than Zero is not equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 Less Than Zero is not equal the
+signal we get when the 5dt is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal we get when the 5dt is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal we get when the 5dt is greater
+than zero and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero and if you
+remember that was the problem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that was the problem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that was the problem that we
+had back here where we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had back here where we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had back here where we had this
+ambiguity where we couldn't tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity where we couldn't tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity where we couldn't tell whether
+five was going up or down when we reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five was going up or down when we reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five was going up or down when we reach
+these inflection we've now solved it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inflection we've now solved it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inflection we've now solved it but
+this is a great okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions yes so we've been R D5 by is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so we've been R D5 by is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so we've been R D5 by is
+that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like
+Del yeah sorry I think I did drop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somewhere everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here might have missed in a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here might have missed in a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here might have missed in a few other
+places there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places there's one
+there sorry should have been Delta 5 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sorry should have been Delta 5 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sorry should have been Delta 5 so
+this is the change in the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the change in the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the change in the difference
+between the reference and the probe be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the reference and the probe be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the reference and the probe be
+okay so sort of few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sort of few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sort of few different
+differences in deltas and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in deltas and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in deltas and stuff like
+that going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going on
+yeah another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question no absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question no absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question no absolutely
+not uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh it
+works it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it
+works well with both but it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well with both but it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well with both but it certainly
+works well with a CW system maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well with a CW system maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well with a CW system maybe
+better you want you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you want you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you want you would like to
+probably have the length of your pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have the length of your pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have the length of your pulse
+be longer than the lifetime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be longer than the lifetime of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be longer than the lifetime of the
+plasma because you'd like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma because you'd like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma because you'd like to be able to
+see this increase at least the increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this increase at least the increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this increase at least the increase
+in here if you started your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here if you started your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here if you started your
+sorry this is in time yes I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is in time yes I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is in time yes I'm doing
+sorry this is the temporary hetr version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is the temporary hetr version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is the temporary hetr version
+we'll do the specially one later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the specially one later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the specially one later
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+sood into perometry on to okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sood into perometry on to okay other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sood into perometry on to okay other
+question if we have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if we have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if we have two different
+frequencies of how do we get around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of how do we get around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of how do we get around the
+cerence length effects that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerence length effects that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerence length effects that we were
+talking about before when we had only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about before when we had only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about before when we had only
+one the question was we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the question was we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the question was we have two
+different frequencies of Light how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies of Light how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies of Light how do we
+get around the interference effects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around the interference effects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around the interference effects that
+we had before the coherent site effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before the coherent site effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before the coherent site effects
+we will show in the next set of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show in the next set of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show in the next set of the next
+page of notes how we derive two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of notes how we derive two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of notes how we derive two
+different frequencies from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies from the same
+source so and then and then they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so and then and then they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so and then and then they will
+have the same coherence but we will this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same coherence but we will this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same coherence but we will this
+this I should be very clear that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I should be very clear that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I should be very clear that like
+the difference between the frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the frequencies
+we can call it Delta Omega is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can call it Delta Omega is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can call it Delta Omega is very small
+so this is like detuning your laser by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like detuning your laser by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like detuning your laser by
+one part in 10 to the eight or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part in 10 to the eight or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part in 10 to the eight or something
+like that right is extraordinarily small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right is extraordinarily small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right is extraordinarily small
+fre frequency changes you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre frequency changes you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre frequency changes you don't need
+very much to do this technique yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much to do this technique yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much to do this technique yeah
+still the same source and so what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the same source and so what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the same source and so what we'll
+show is that you can use the same source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is that you can use the same source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is that you can use the same source
+and so it'll have the same coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it'll have the same coherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it'll have the same coherence
+points but we will shift one of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but we will shift one of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but we will shift one of them in
+frequency very slightly so I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency very slightly so I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency very slightly so I see a
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+online uh hi yeah could you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online uh hi yeah could you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online uh hi yeah could you just
+reiterate over um the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate over um the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate over um the relationship
+between the density and the intensity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the density and the intensity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the density and the intensity on
+that you drew on the right so the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you drew on the right so the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you drew on the right so the peak
+density right there you have it it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density right there you have it it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density right there you have it it's as
+it's as if there is no phase change yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if there is no phase change yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if there is no phase change yeah
+so at this peak density there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this peak density there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this peak density there is no
+phase change and so the frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase change and so the frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase change and so the frequency of the
+wave will be the same as the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave will be the same as the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave will be the same as the frequency
+of the the Green Wave which is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the Green Wave which is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the Green Wave which is what I
+drew is like the background signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew is like the background signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew is like the background signal and
+because I drawn the wrong number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I drawn the wrong number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I drawn the wrong number of
+oscillations it's now got the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations it's now got the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations it's now got the opposite
+phase but that doesn't matter it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but that doesn't matter it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but that doesn't matter it's still
+got the same frequency I tried to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the same frequency I tried to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the same frequency I tried to draw
+it so it sort of has the same looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it sort of has the same looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it sort of has the same looking
+wavelength here it's frequency say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength here it's frequency say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength here it's frequency say
+wavelength but this is in time so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but this is in time so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength but this is in time so it's
+frequency yeah it's frequency but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency yeah it's frequency but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency yeah it's frequency but it's
+inversed because yeah it's got the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversed because yeah it's got the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversed because yeah it's got the it's
+got the I've tried to draw it so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the I've tried to draw it so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the I've tried to draw it so it has
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+so in reality if you actually fulfill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in reality if you actually fulfill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in reality if you actually fulfill
+this condition Omega oneus Omega 2 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition Omega oneus Omega 2 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition Omega oneus Omega 2 then
+uh is is much greater than this then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is much greater than this then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is much greater than this then I
+will show you from the data I managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you from the data I managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you from the data I managed to
+find online later what your signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find online later what your signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find online later what your signal
+actually looks like is just like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like is just like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like is just like this
+because it's oscillating incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's oscillating incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's oscillating incredibly
+quickly and there were just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and there were just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and there were just like
+incredibly tiny changes to The Fringe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly tiny changes to The Fringe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly tiny changes to The Fringe
+spacing but that's not very informative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing but that's not very informative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing but that's not very informative
+if I try and draw that on the board so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I try and draw that on the board so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I try and draw that on the board so
+I've done like a shitty version where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done like a shitty version where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done like a shitty version where I
+haven't actually fulfilled this criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually fulfilled this criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually fulfilled this criteria
+but at least intuitively you can see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least intuitively you can see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least intuitively you can see and
+and again when you do the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again when you do the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again when you do the problem set
+you'll be coding this up yourself so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be coding this up yourself so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be coding this up yourself so you
+can have a play with changing this beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a play with changing this beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a play with changing this beat
+frequency compared to how much the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency compared to how much the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency compared to how much the phase
+is changing and you can see for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing and you can see for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing and you can see for yourself
+like what criteria you need to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what criteria you need to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what criteria you need to get a
+good signal out and how this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good signal out and how this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good signal out and how this actually
+works but it's pretty hard to draw it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but it's pretty hard to draw it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but it's pretty hard to draw it on
+the board unfortunately but yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board unfortunately but yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board unfortunately but yeah that's
+the idea is what you're meant to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is what you're meant to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is what you're meant to get
+from this is the frequency is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is the frequency is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is the frequency is higher
+here the same here and lower here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the same here and lower here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the same here and lower here and
+that's directly related to the gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's directly related to the gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's directly related to the gradients
+of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron
+with respect to time yeah got it thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time yeah got it thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to time yeah got it thank
+you you're welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're welcome
+sorry sorry if I missed this earlier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry if I missed this earlier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry if I missed this earlier is
+there kind of limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there kind of limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there kind of limit
+on the frequency of density changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frequency of density changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frequency of density changes in
+time that we can resolve you can so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we can resolve you can so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we can resolve you can so if
+your density is changing rapidly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your density is changing rapidly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your density is changing rapidly you
+need to have a higher beat frequency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a higher beat frequency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a higher beat frequency to
+rege resolve it so you need to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rege resolve it so you need to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rege resolve it so you need to keep this
+going right so if you have like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right so if you have like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right so if you have like a very
+rapidly changing density like on a nanc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly changing density like on a nanc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly changing density like on a nanc
+time scale then you need to have a beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale then you need to have a beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale then you need to have a beat
+frequency which is larger than that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which is larger than that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which is larger than that um
+and then your trouble is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your trouble is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your trouble is your
+digitizer so if you want to resolve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizer so if you want to resolve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizer so if you want to resolve that
+beat frequency which you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat frequency which you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat frequency which you actually have
+to do here previously I was like hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here previously I was like hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here previously I was like hey we
+don't care about the frequencies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the frequencies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the frequencies because
+we'll just average it out but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just average it out but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just average it out but you do
+need to resolve the beat frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to resolve the beat frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to resolve the beat frequency
+because you do need to see this then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you do need to see this then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you do need to see this then you
+have to get a very expensive digitizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get a very expensive digitizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get a very expensive digitizing
+like if you can get a 50 gigz digitizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you can get a 50 gigz digitizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you can get a 50 gigz digitizer
+you're pretty happy these days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pretty happy these days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pretty happy these days and
+that's going to cost you tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to cost you tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to cost you tens of
+thousands of dollars right so they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars right so they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars right so they do
+this at San National Labs for a related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at San National Labs for a related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at San National Labs for a related
+technique and there they have like 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and there they have like 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and there they have like 24
+channels at 50 GHz and it cost them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels at 50 GHz and it cost them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels at 50 GHz and it cost them
+millions of dollars to do it so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars to do it so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars to do it so this is
+completely that those sort of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely that those sort of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely that those sort of time
+scales are completely out of reach of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales are completely out of reach of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales are completely out of reach of a
+university level if you're doing this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university level if you're doing this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university level if you're doing this on
+a toac you can do it much more slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toac you can do it much more slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toac you can do it much more slowly
+and then you can use a megahertz scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use a megahertz scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use a megahertz scope
+which you can get for like $200 off eBay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can get for like $200 off eBay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can get for like $200 off eBay
+so then that would be acceptable so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then that would be acceptable so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then that would be acceptable so yeah
+when we're teaching the when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're teaching the when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're teaching the when I'm
+teaching the course you know it's ment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the course you know it's ment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the course you know it's ment
+about principles so I don't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about principles so I don't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about principles so I don't talk about
+technology too much but like every now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology too much but like every now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology too much but like every now
+and again there are some really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there are some really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there are some really hard
+technological limits that means these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological limits that means these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological limits that means these
+techniques will work in some regimes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques will work in some regimes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques will work in some regimes and
+not in other regimes as well you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in other regimes as well you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in other regimes as well you also
+need a detector that can detect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a detector that can detect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a detector that can detect that
+their frequency so we have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frequency so we have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their frequency so we have good
+detectors in the infrared and uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors in the infrared and uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors in the infrared and uh in the
+gigahertz and in the visible but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz and in the visible but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz and in the visible but we
+don't have good detectors really for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have good detectors really for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have good detectors really for
+X-rays and we don't have good detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays and we don't have good detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays and we don't have good detectors
+in the terahertz range at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the terahertz range at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the terahertz range at the moment
+we're getting better so there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting better so there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting better so there are some
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+technological yeah another question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological yeah another question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological yeah another question yeah
+so you mentioned that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you mentioned that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you mentioned that this is an
+advanced technique and to me this seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced technique and to me this seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced technique and to me this seems
+like resolving what is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like resolving what is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like resolving what is a pretty
+substantial flaw with the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial flaw with the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial flaw with the simpler
+technique so do does anyone in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so do does anyone in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so do does anyone in reality
+implement the simp techniques or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the simp techniques or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the simp techniques or this
+pretty much what everyone has to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what everyone has to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what everyone has to do the
+question is does everyone do temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does everyone do temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does everyone do temp
+heometry or they do the homod pretry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heometry or they do the homod pretry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heometry or they do the homod pretry I
+don't think most people will do homod in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think most people will do homod in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think most people will do homod in
+deometry uh I lose it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deometry uh I lose it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deometry uh I lose it I think
+it's I guess this is a sample homine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I guess this is a sample homine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I guess this is a sample homine
+signal you could imagine if you only had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you could imagine if you only had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you could imagine if you only had
+very small phase shifts less than two Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small phase shifts less than two Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small phase shifts less than two Pi
+then homod would be fine like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then homod would be fine like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then homod would be fine like if you
+knew what the top your head or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what the top your head or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what the top your head or from
+other experiments the signal just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other experiments the signal just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other experiments the signal just did
+that and never got the ambiguous phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and never got the ambiguous phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and never got the ambiguous phase
+down here then homod is fine uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here then homod is fine uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here then homod is fine uh if you
+don't have a lot of funding then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a lot of funding then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a lot of funding then that's
+fine as well no I'm serious like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as well no I'm serious like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as well no I'm serious like because
+this this hetr technique is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this hetr technique is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this hetr technique is very
+expensive right and you've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive right and you've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive right and you've got to be
+able to generate two different very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to generate two different very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to generate two different very
+closely and precisely tuned frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely and precisely tuned frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely and precisely tuned frequency so
+you've got to be very stable frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to be very stable frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to be very stable frequency
+sources because if they start drifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources because if they start drifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources because if they start drifting
+with respect to each other during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to each other during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to each other during the
+experiment you can't tell whether that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can't tell whether that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can't tell whether that's
+due to plasma or due to drift right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to plasma or due to drift right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to plasma or due to drift right and
+so this that is a this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this that is a this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this that is a this is a very
+expensive technique and in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive technique and in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive technique and in the problem
+set you'll come across two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you'll come across two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you'll come across two other
+techniques called quadr and trure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques called quadr and trure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques called quadr and trure which
+actually resolve this phase ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually resolve this phase ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually resolve this phase ambiguity
+Quadra almost resolves it but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quadra almost resolves it but it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quadra almost resolves it but it has a
+pathological case which hopefully you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological case which hopefully you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological case which hopefully you'll
+find Tria does resolve it and that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Tria does resolve it and that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Tria does resolve it and that only
+requires two or three slow detectors as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires two or three slow detectors as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires two or three slow detectors as
+opposed to one very fast detector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to one very fast detector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to one very fast detector so
+there's good reasons for using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's good reasons for using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's good reasons for using those
+simpler techniques yeah uh yeah this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler techniques yeah uh yeah this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler techniques yeah uh yeah this one
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+really kind of a Pryer but in in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of a Pryer but in in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of a Pryer but in in most
+cases the shift from going upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the shift from going upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the shift from going upwards
+density and then going downwards it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then going downwards it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then going downwards it's
+not going to be necessarily like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be necessarily like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be necessarily like the
+point where the phase is exactly Pi or 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the phase is exactly Pi or 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the phase is exactly Pi or 2
+pi so it's going to be you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so it's going to be you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so it's going to be you're going to
+be able to like determine that like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to like determine that like here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to like determine that like here
+my face shift is going started going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my face shift is going started going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my face shift is going started going
+backwards from just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from just a
+Hine image so you're not you can tell by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hine image so you're not you can tell by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hine image so you're not you can tell by
+looking at it that at some point you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it that at some point you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it that at some point you can
+guess that it's probably the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that it's probably the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that it's probably the point where
+the F started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F started
+you said you can guess that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you can guess that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you can guess that it's
+probably so you're talking I agree about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably so you're talking I agree about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably so you're talking I agree about
+priers so you can use this technique if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priers so you can use this technique if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priers so you can use this technique if
+you have strong priors and this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have strong priors and this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have strong priors and this is one
+of the reasons why these are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why these are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why these are actually
+relatively hard to automate like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively hard to automate like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively hard to automate like you
+often need a human to have a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often need a human to have a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often need a human to have a look at the
+sign but I completely agree like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign but I completely agree like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign but I completely agree like you can
+do a lot of stuff if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of stuff if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of stuff if you have some
+strong prize about what your plasma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong prize about what your plasma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong prize about what your plasma is
+doing if you are trying to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing if you are trying to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing if you are trying to measure
+density fluctuations in the edge of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density fluctuations in the edge of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density fluctuations in the edge of a
+toac I would argue that it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac I would argue that it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac I would argue that it's very hard
+to have good prior for what that is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have good prior for what that is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have good prior for what that is and
+so this is a very difficult technique if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very difficult technique if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very difficult technique if
+you're trying to measure the Afterglow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to measure the Afterglow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to measure the Afterglow
+of a plasma discharge where you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plasma discharge where you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plasma discharge where you know it
+exponentially decays then yeah it's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decays then yeah it's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decays then yeah it's fine
+so but yeah I agree like you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but yeah I agree like you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but yeah I agree like you can you can
+get around these with a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around these with a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around these with a little bit of
+extra knowledge but if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra knowledge but if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra knowledge but if you don't have
+any good priers if you're too stupid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good priers if you're too stupid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good priers if you're too stupid to
+have any intuition you can spend a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any intuition you can spend a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any intuition you can spend a lot
+of money and disolve that ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and disolve that ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and disolve that ambiguity
+entirely so that's always a nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely so that's always a nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely so that's always a nice thing
+in diagnos so any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diagnos so any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diagnos so any other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+yeah you start this discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's over here so we had if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over here so we had if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over here so we had if I if I
+skipped a line here it was because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped a line here it was because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped a line here it was because this
+bracket is really Omega 1 minus Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket is really Omega 1 minus Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket is really Omega 1 minus Omega 2
+* T I think we can agree on that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* T I think we can agree on that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* T I think we can agree on that it's
+actually sorry it's up here right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry it's up here right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry it's up here right so we
+definitely have omega 1 minus Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have omega 1 minus Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have omega 1 minus Omega 2
+time T what's interesting is outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T what's interesting is outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T what's interesting is outside the
+times T we still have this Delta 5 Base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T we still have this Delta 5 Base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T we still have this Delta 5 Base
+but if Delta I is changing in time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if Delta I is changing in time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if Delta I is changing in time the
+oscillations which it produces in I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations which it produces in I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations which it produces in I are
+going to look like the oscillations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like the oscillations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like the oscillations that
+we produced if we treated DT as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produced if we treated DT as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produced if we treated DT as a
+frequency and I think that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and I think that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and I think that's kind of a
+difficult thing to get your head around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult thing to get your head around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult thing to get your head around
+but like if this changes in time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like if this changes in time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like if this changes in time you're
+going to see changes in I that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see changes in I that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see changes in I that look like
+oscillations and those oscillations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and those oscillations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and those oscillations are
+going to look like the same oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like the same oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like the same oscillations
+you get from having a frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from having a frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from having a frequency so
+effectively this forms a thir frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this forms a thir frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this forms a thir frequency
+Omega 3 this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 3 this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 3 this one
+here which is mixed in with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is mixed in with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is mixed in with the other
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+we oh that's spatially heometry we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we oh that's spatially heometry we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we oh that's spatially heometry we'll
+talk about that next think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this yeah so what we're doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what we're doing here is we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're doing here is we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're doing here is we just have
+a single ray of light going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single ray of light going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single ray of light going through the
+plasma and a detector which is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and a detector which is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and a detector which is not an
+Imaging Det Tor it's just like a diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging Det Tor it's just like a diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging Det Tor it's just like a diode
+which is recording a signal in time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is recording a signal in time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is recording a signal in time if
+we want to use this and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use this and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use this and we want to
+measure gradients in fi then we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure gradients in fi then we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure gradients in fi then we need to
+have an Imaging detector like a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an Imaging detector like a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an Imaging detector like a camera
+and it's likely that if we do have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's likely that if we do have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's likely that if we do have an
+Imaging detector like a camera we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging detector like a camera we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging detector like a camera we will
+not have the resolution on it to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have the resolution on it to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have the resolution on it to detect
+frequency changes or get like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency changes or get like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency changes or get like one
+picture or something like that and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture or something like that and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture or something like that and so we
+usually either do this temporary hrod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually either do this temporary hrod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually either do this temporary hrod
+version or the spatially hetr version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version or the spatially hetr version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version or the spatially hetr version
+and when we do specially hetr we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do specially hetr we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do specially hetr we're not
+mixing in Omega 1 and Omega 2 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing in Omega 1 and Omega 2 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing in Omega 1 and Omega 2 we're
+mixing in K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing in K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing in K1
+K2 and we'll talk about that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 and we'll talk about that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 and we'll talk about that in a moment
+they're mathematically identical it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mathematically identical it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mathematically identical it's
+very beautiful um this one is simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful um this one is simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful um this one is simpler
+because we don't have any dot products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have any dot products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have any dot products
+in it and so I'd like to start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and so I'd like to start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and so I'd like to start with this
+one and this is also the one that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is also the one that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is also the one that the
+poac folks more like to use but in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poac folks more like to use but in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poac folks more like to use but in my
+research we use the spati verion like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research we use the spati verion like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research we use the spati verion like
+this which gives you pictures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which gives you pictures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which gives you pictures of the
+plasma and the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and the electron
+lens okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe I should have draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earlier so actually the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so actually the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so actually the way you
+interpret this temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this temp
+system is you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is you're going to be
+doing forer transforms on this uh signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing forer transforms on this uh signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing forer transforms on this uh signal
+and you're doing for transforms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're doing for transforms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're doing for transforms with
+small window so that you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small window so that you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small window so that you get the
+frequency within a small window because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency within a small window because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency within a small window because
+obviously the frequency of your blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the frequency of your blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the frequency of your blue
+curve is changing in time and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is changing in time and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is changing in time and that's
+what you want to detect so you can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to detect so you can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to detect so you can plot
+this thinking in frequency space so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thinking in frequency space so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thinking in frequency space so we
+take our for transform of I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our for transform of I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our for transform of I of
+T and we get out some frequency space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and we get out some frequency space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and we get out some frequency space
+inity for a homod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inity for a homod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inity for a homod
+system we have omega here and zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have omega here and zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have omega here and zero at
+the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center
+here we might for example have a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we might for example have a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we might for example have a signal
+here which corresponds to D5 DT so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which corresponds to D5 DT so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which corresponds to D5 DT so on
+some short time window this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some short time window this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some short time window this is the
+frequency induced by the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency induced by the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency induced by the change in the
+phase but we can't tell the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but we can't tell the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but we can't tell the difference
+between this signal and one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this signal and one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this signal and one at a
+negative frequency so when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative frequency so when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative frequency so when we look at
+the fre picture we see why there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fre picture we see why there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fre picture we see why there's this
+fundamental ambiguity so this is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental ambiguity so this is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental ambiguity so this is for a
+homod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and the equivalence of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the equivalence of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the equivalence of these two
+is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ambiguity when we have a hetr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system we have zero here Omega here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have zero here Omega here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have zero here Omega here we
+are mixing in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mixing in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mixing in our
+uh phase signal with this beat frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phase signal with this beat frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phase signal with this beat frequency
+and so this beat frequency Omega oneus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this beat frequency Omega oneus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this beat frequency Omega oneus
+Omega 2 means that if Omega 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 means that if Omega 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 means that if Omega 1 minus
+Omega 2 is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 is greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d5t then the signal that we would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d5t then the signal that we would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d5t then the signal that we would get
+from plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus
+d5t now occurs at a different frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d5t now occurs at a different frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d5t now occurs at a different frequency
+from the signal that we would get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the signal that we would get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the signal that we would get at
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+DT and so you can clearly resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and so you can clearly resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and so you can clearly resolve
+whether You' got plus DT or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether You' got plus DT or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether You' got plus DT or
+minus here so this is the heton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and this is where the link to FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this is where the link to FM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this is where the link to FM
+radio comes in in FM radio we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio comes in in FM radio we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio comes in in FM radio we have a
+high frequency carrier signal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency carrier signal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency carrier signal that's
+equivalent to our beat frequency and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to our beat frequency and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to our beat frequency and the
+audio is encoded as a modulation to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio is encoded as a modulation to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio is encoded as a modulation to that
+high frequency carrier signal for FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency carrier signal for FM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency carrier signal for FM
+it's so that we can filter out around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so that we can filter out around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so that we can filter out around
+that carry signal and those carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carry signal and those carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carry signal and those carry
+signals transmit better in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals transmit better in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals transmit better in this case
+that does help with um the signals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does help with um the signals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does help with um the signals and
+noise issues but also more importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise issues but also more importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise issues but also more importantly
+um it means that again we can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it means that again we can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it means that again we can tell
+whether theid is positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether theid is positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether theid is positive or negative
+whereas in this case it would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this case it would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this case it would give us
+with the symmetry of the F transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the symmetry of the F transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the symmetry of the F transform the
+equivalent signal to if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent signal to if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent signal to if we had a
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+frequency so hopefully that helps those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so hopefully that helps those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so hopefully that helps those
+of you who like for transforms think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who like for transforms think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who like for transforms think
+about it if not maybe something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if not maybe something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if not maybe something
+Ponder okay so just quick note on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ponder okay so just quick note on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ponder okay so just quick note on
+practicalities so practicalities in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicalities so practicalities in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicalities so practicalities in this
+case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generating Omega one and Omega 2 so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating Omega one and Omega 2 so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating Omega one and Omega 2 so as
+we already said we really want just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said we really want just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said we really want just one
+source so that we can keep cerence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one thing you can do is you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you can do is you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you can do is you can put
+in you could split off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you could split off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you could split off
+your incoming laser at Omega one with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your incoming laser at Omega one with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your incoming laser at Omega one with a
+beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+splitter and you could reflect half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and you could reflect half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and you could reflect half the
+light off a mirror which you are rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light off a mirror which you are rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light off a mirror which you are rapidly
+accelerating towards or away from the be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating towards or away from the be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating towards or away from the be
+and then we would have Omega 2 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would have Omega 2 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would have Omega 2 is equal
+to Omega 1 1 plus v upon C we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Omega 1 1 plus v upon C we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Omega 1 1 plus v upon C we're able to
+get the mirror to go B obviously this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mirror to go B obviously this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mirror to go B obviously this is
+only going to work for relatively low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to work for relatively low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to work for relatively low
+frequencies where we only want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies where we only want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies where we only want a
+relatively low frequency shift we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low frequency shift we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low frequency shift we can't
+have this mirror going velocities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this mirror going velocities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this mirror going velocities but
+for small frequencies the Dr the ship on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small frequencies the Dr the ship on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small frequencies the Dr the ship on
+that will be pretty significant and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be pretty significant and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be pretty significant and that
+works pretty well the trouble is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works pretty well the trouble is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works pretty well the trouble is of
+course presuming your mirror has to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course presuming your mirror has to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course presuming your mirror has to stop
+somewhere and so you have a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and so you have a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and so you have a limited
+amount of time you can accelerate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time you can accelerate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time you can accelerate the
+mirror for or the move the mirror in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror for or the move the mirror in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror for or the move the mirror in One
+Direction or it stops and so that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction or it stops and so that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction or it stops and so that will
+limit the length of pul if you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the length of pul if you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the length of pul if you want a
+continuous version of this you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous version of this you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous version of this you have a
+reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting
+wheel that is going at some frequency V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel that is going at some frequency V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel that is going at some frequency V
+like this and you bounce your light off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you bounce your light off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you bounce your light off
+it Omega one comes in Omega 2 comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Omega one comes in Omega 2 comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Omega one comes in Omega 2 comes out
+like that and we find that Omega 2 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and we find that Omega 2 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and we find that Omega 2 here
+is going to be equal to Omega one 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to Omega one 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to Omega one 1 plus
+v c over 1 minus v c because it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v c over 1 minus v c because it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v c over 1 minus v c because it actually
+gets doctor shifted twice once on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets doctor shifted twice once on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets doctor shifted twice once on the
+way in once on the way out uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in once on the way out uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in once on the way out uh this
+should probably be more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably be more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably be more like a
+grazing reflection in order to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grazing reflection in order to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grazing reflection in order to be able
+to use this otherwise there' be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this otherwise there' be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this otherwise there' be some
+geometric direction to it and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric direction to it and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric direction to it and then the
+final thing you can do is this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final thing you can do is this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final thing you can do is this really
+neat technique uh which is called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat technique uh which is called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat technique uh which is called an
+ACO Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modulator these are useful for very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulator these are useful for very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulator these are useful for very many
+different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+and effectively it's a material that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effectively it's a material that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effectively it's a material that has
+strong sound waves inside it and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong sound waves inside it and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong sound waves inside it and you put
+in one of your beams of light and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of your beams of light and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of your beams of light and when
+it reflects off it's undergone an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects off it's undergone an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects off it's undergone an
+interaction with the sound waves here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the sound waves here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the sound waves here so
+we have a photon or Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scattering depending on the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering depending on the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering depending on the frequency of
+that phon on uh we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phon on uh we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phon on uh we can get
+out a different frequency here so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a different frequency here so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a different frequency here so those
+are three different ways that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three different ways that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three different ways that you can
+get out different frequencies that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out different frequencies that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out different frequencies that you
+can then use these hrod techniques but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then use these hrod techniques but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then use these hrod techniques but
+all using Just One Source here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all using Just One Source here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all using Just One Source here so you
+know there would be a beam splitter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there would be a beam splitter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there would be a beam splitter here
+that takes off some of the Omega one go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes off some of the Omega one go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes off some of the Omega one go
+through plasma and the other part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through plasma and the other part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through plasma and the other part of the
+Omega one reflects off the wheel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega one reflects off the wheel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega one reflects off the wheel and
+then that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interfered okay any questions on any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these the heter system do you determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the heter system do you determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the heter system do you determine
+the path L just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path L just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path L just by
+where you're putting your you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're putting your you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're putting your you know
+Joiner or is there some systa oh like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joiner or is there some systa oh like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joiner or is there some systa oh like a
+pul where where you want to get within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pul where where you want to get within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pul where where you want to get within
+the coherence length right yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherence length right yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherence length right yeah you
+you'll have to tune it I mean what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to tune it I mean what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to tune it I mean what I
+would do is I measure it by hand very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is I measure it by hand very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is I measure it by hand very
+closely first and then I would move an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely first and then I would move an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely first and then I would move an
+optic backward and forward until I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic backward and forward until I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic backward and forward until I got a
+good signal on my um system or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good signal on my um system or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good signal on my um system or you can
+do a lot of this in fiber depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of this in fiber depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of this in fiber depending on
+if you want to use like Telecom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use like Telecom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use like Telecom
+wavelengths 1550 nmet you can use fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths 1550 nmet you can use fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths 1550 nmet you can use fiber
+optics and stuff like that and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and stuff like that and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and stuff like that and then you
+know your fibers are the right thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your fibers are the right thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your fibers are the right thing and
+so that's very convenient so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very convenient so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very convenient so if you're
+doing CW The coherence length on CW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing CW The coherence length on CW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing CW The coherence length on CW
+beams continuous wave beams is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams continuous wave beams is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams continuous wave beams is extremely
+long it could be like kilometers on a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it could be like kilometers on a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it could be like kilometers on a t
+so you don't have you only have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have you only have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have you only have to get
+right within a kilometer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right within a kilometer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right within a kilometer which is
+usually easy in a university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually easy in a university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually easy in a university
+lab okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I had some pictures to show but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some pictures to show but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some pictures to show but we
+haven't got far enough yet so I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got far enough yet so I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got far enough yet so I'll have
+to show the pictures next time there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the pictures next time there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the pictures next time there are
+some nice ones in HS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're not dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're not dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're not dealing with
+signals at very in time we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals at very in time we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals at very in time we're interested
+in signals at a single time but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in signals at a single time but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in signals at a single time but now
+making an image of the plasma and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an image of the plasma and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an image of the plasma and I've
+warned you that I've been drawing lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warned you that I've been drawing lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warned you that I've been drawing lots
+of Ray diagrams and I would eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ray diagrams and I would eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ray diagrams and I would eventually
+come back to drawing wavefront diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to drawing wavefront diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to drawing wavefront diagrams
+and here I'm going to make good on my so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm going to make good on my so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm going to make good on my so
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our
+proam coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proam coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proam coming in
+now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in
+reality this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality this is going to be a
+two-dimensional system so if I look dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional system so if I look dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional system so if I look dead
+onto the plasma I will see the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the plasma I will see the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the plasma I will see the plasma
+here and I'll see like th probing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll see like th probing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'll see like th probing
+radiation source which ideally would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation source which ideally would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation source which ideally would be
+bigger than the plasma the reasons we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the plasma the reasons we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the plasma the reasons we'll
+discuss later on but I'm just drawing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later on but I'm just drawing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later on but I'm just drawing it
+from the side and I'm drawing it in 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the side and I'm drawing it in 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the side and I'm drawing it in 1D
+but you know you could imagine I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you could imagine I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you could imagine I could
+draw these a sort of square PL of Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these a sort of square PL of Bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these a sort of square PL of Bas
+fronts coming in we're not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronts coming in we're not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronts coming in we're not going to do
+that just want to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea we can do all of this just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we can do all of this just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we can do all of this just thinking
+about there's a 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there's a 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there's a 1D
+system okay and we've split some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay and we've split some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay and we've split some of this
+light and we have sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and we have sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and we have sent
+it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around plasma so this is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around plasma so this is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around plasma so this is coming
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+A2 this one is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 this one is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 this one is going
+K one the K's here are vectors right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K one the K's here are vectors right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K one the K's here are vectors right and
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+KS refer to the direction the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS refer to the direction the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS refer to the direction the radiation
+is traveling in they refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is traveling in they refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is traveling in they refer to the
+normals the phase fronts uh and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals the phase fronts uh and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals the phase fronts uh and so this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh yeah this is a a vector system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah this is a a vector system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah this is a a vector system in
+this case here and then this is our beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case here and then this is our beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case here and then this is our beam
+splitter and just to test you I've draun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and just to test you I've draun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter and just to test you I've draun
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong of course it needs to reflect off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong of course it needs to reflect off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong of course it needs to reflect off
+like this maybe I should put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this maybe I should put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this maybe I should put these
+reference themes in a different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference themes in a different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference themes in a different color
+might my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easier in the absence of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier in the absence of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier in the absence of any
+plasma the beam is just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through and the phas fronts will all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and the phas fronts will all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and the phas fronts will all
+remain completely FL and then on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain completely FL and then on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain completely FL and then on our
+detector which is somewhere back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will get a nice overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get a nice overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get a nice overlap
+between perfectly flat phase front that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between perfectly flat phase front that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between perfectly flat phase front that
+has not gone through any plasma could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not gone through any plasma could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not gone through any plasma could
+have done and a perfectly flat phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done and a perfectly flat phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done and a perfectly flat phase
+front that hasn't gone any through any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front that hasn't gone any through any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front that hasn't gone any through any
+plasma because it's the reference one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma because it's the reference one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma because it's the reference one
+here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reference so on my detector I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so on my detector I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so on my detector I just have
+the same phase maybe they're in phase we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phase maybe they're in phase we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phase maybe they're in phase we
+get constructive interference and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get constructive interference and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get constructive interference and so the
+image if I expand this detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out like this it would just be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like this it would just be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like this it would just be one
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color one uniform shade of gray and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one uniform shade of gray and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one uniform shade of gray and that
+uniform shade of gray would be two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform shade of gray would be two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform shade of gray would be two in
+the sense that it's twice as bright as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it's twice as bright as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it's twice as bright as
+either of as you would expect if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of as you would expect if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of as you would expect if you
+didn't know anything about okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about okay now
+let's put the plasma in and let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put the plasma in and let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put the plasma in and let's see
+how the plasma the storts these thre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the plasma the storts these thre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the plasma the storts these thre
+remember that if there's any density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if there's any density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if there's any density
+inside here our phase velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here our phase velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here our phase velocity is
+actually faster right our refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually faster right our refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually faster right our refractive
+index is less than one n is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is less than one n is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is less than one n is equal to 1
+minus NE 2 NC so when this uh this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus NE 2 NC so when this uh this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus NE 2 NC so when this uh this phase
+front encounters the plasma it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front encounters the plasma it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front encounters the plasma it will
+start to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faster and in fact it will start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and in fact it will start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and in fact it will start to
+distort outwards like this and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort outwards like this and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort outwards like this and then when
+it exits the plasma it will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exits the plasma it will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exits the plasma it will still be
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+faster like that now when it reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster like that now when it reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster like that now when it reaches
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+detector the reference beam is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector the reference beam is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector the reference beam is still
+going to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same
+but our probe beam is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our probe beam is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our probe beam is going to have a
+Delta 5 which is larger right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 5 which is larger right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 5 which is larger right and that
+Delta f is going to be different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta f is going to be different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta f is going to be different in
+different places there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places there's going to be a
+Delta Pi here which is relatively small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Pi here which is relatively small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Pi here which is relatively small
+and a Delta Pi here which is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Delta Pi here which is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Delta Pi here which is relatively
+large and so what that might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and so what that might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and so what that might look like
+in our detector for a homod system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our detector for a homod system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our detector for a homod system and
+this is still homod at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still homod at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still homod at this
+point is we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we might
+have ringes like this regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ringes like this regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ringes like this regions of
+lightness which are just concentric like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightness which are just concentric like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightness which are just concentric like
+that and the trouble with these fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the trouble with these fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the trouble with these fringes
+is exactly the same problem we had with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the same problem we had with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the same problem we had with
+the homine tempor hetr in prometer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homine tempor hetr in prometer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homine tempor hetr in prometer if
+you're trying to take a line out cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to take a line out cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to take a line out cross
+here and you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signal like this in intensity and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal like this in intensity and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal like this in intensity and now
+instead of time this is some spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of time this is some spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of time this is some spatial
+coordinate you can't tell me whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate you can't tell me whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate you can't tell me whether the
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+goes like that or whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like that or whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like that or whether it
+goes like this because you can't tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this because you can't tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this because you can't tell me
+each time I get to a Constructor with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time I get to a Constructor with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time I get to a Constructor with
+the Fringe whether that's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fringe whether that's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fringe whether that's because the
+phase has gone up by 2 pi or back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase has gone up by 2 pi or back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase has gone up by 2 pi or back down
+by 2 pi or even worse has stayed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi or even worse has stayed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi or even worse has stayed the
+same okay so this this is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma this is the homod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma this is the homod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma this is the homod
+system and now finally we can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and now finally we can consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and now finally we can consider
+the hetr system so in the hrod system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hetr system so in the hrod system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hetr system so in the hrod system we
+tilt these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilt these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilt these
+fringes and so we have a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes and so we have a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes and so we have a slightly
+offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset
+A2 that means that we have tilted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 that means that we have tilted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 that means that we have tilted
+fringes coming in to our detector so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes coming in to our detector so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes coming in to our detector so in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+absence of any plasma this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of any plasma this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of any plasma this is
+now p no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma we will still have interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma we will still have interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma we will still have interference
+fringes because we've tilted one phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes because we've tilted one phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes because we've tilted one phase
+FR with respect to the other and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR with respect to the other and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR with respect to the other and we'll
+just have straight interference fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this but when we put the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in these fringes will now be bent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these fringes will now be bent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these fringes will now be bent so
+maybe they'll still be straight at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll still be straight at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll still be straight at the
+edges at the outsides of the beam where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges at the outsides of the beam where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges at the outsides of the beam where
+there is no plasma but in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no plasma but in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no plasma but in the middle of
+the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this and can you see once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and can you see once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and can you see once again
+that the fringes are getting further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fringes are getting further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fringes are getting further
+spaced apart and bunched up together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced apart and bunched up together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced apart and bunched up together
+again and this corresponds to Regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this corresponds to Regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this corresponds to Regions
+where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there
+is high density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high density
+gradient and regions where there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and regions where there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and regions where there is a
+low density gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density gradient
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+so this looks like if I take a line out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like if I take a line out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like if I take a line out
+in this direction here I would end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction here I would end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction here I would end up
+with a signal that looks an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a signal that looks an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a signal that looks an awful lot
+like the one if I've still got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh that signal there that's hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that signal there that's hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that signal there that's hiding
+underneath so it might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so it might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so it might look like
+something that has big fringes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has big fringes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has big fringes and then
+very rapid fringes like that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid fringes like that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid fringes like that so this
+would be intensity and again this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be intensity and again this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be intensity and again this would
+be some coordinate like why not time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some coordinate like why not time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some coordinate like why not time but
+you can see there's a very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there's a very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there's a very deep
+mathematical link between the two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical link between the two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical link between the two of
+them I take a slice through any of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I take a slice through any of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I take a slice through any of my
+spacy hetr interferograms I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacy hetr interferograms I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacy hetr interferograms I'll get
+something that looks like be temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like be temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like be temporary
+hetr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetr
+interferogram I am running over I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferogram I am running over I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferogram I am running over I will
+take some questions but we will pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some questions but we will pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some questions but we will pick
+this up next lecture do a review of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up next lecture do a review of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up next lecture do a review of all
+of this hopefully it will start to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this hopefully it will start to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this hopefully it will start to make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+online okay we'll pause there you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online okay we'll pause there you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online okay we'll pause there you can
+spend the weekend thinking about hometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the weekend thinking about hometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the weekend thinking about hometry
+come back a fresh on Tuesday it'll all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back a fresh on Tuesday it'll all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back a fresh on Tuesday it'll all
+make sense that prise okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that prise okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that prise okay thank you
+very much see you guys later
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JV12FObiQ38.txt b/JV12FObiQ38.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee4db1605dbb1276209a4aa8a6dd4ad327935a6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JV12FObiQ38.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+LINA: I feel like relationships
+complicate
+
+everything.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+LINA: Emily's actually
+the biggest
+
+matchmaker you've ever seen.
+
+EMILY: Speaking about
+personalize lives, this
+
+prompted Lina to start asking
+everyone personal questions.
+
+LINA: How did you and your
+husband get together?
+
+Do you ever matchmake people?
+
+When you look at all of us,
+do you matchmake us?
+
+PHIL: No.
+
+They find each other.
+
+LINA: Really?
+
+Oh.
+
+A lot of people seem to enjoy
+giving me advice.
+
+One of the reasons my parents
+wanted me to come to MIT was
+
+so I could find a really
+nice MIT man.
+
+They want my husband
+to make the money.
+
+I want to be a strong woman
+who can support herself.
+
+I'm going to be raising my own
+household of one person.
+
+I'm going to live by myself on a
+really nice mountain next to
+
+a waterfall, play music, just
+commune with God and nature.
+
+They tell me I'm really weird.
+
+ANTHONY: Dating here is just
+like dating anywhere else.
+
+IKE: I'm single.
+
+I'm single.
+
+I can't commit right now.
+
+ROO-RA: I just don't
+like relationships.
+
+IKE: Girls like too much
+attention, you know?
+
+ROO-RA: I'm not into the
+whole clingy thing.
+
+IKE: Because they're going
+to be, oh could you
+
+come take me out?
+
+Call me.
+
+Text me.
+
+ROO-RA: Let's hang out all the
+time and call each other--
+
+I don't know.
+
+IKE: I can't do all that.
+
+It's too much.
+
+Too much pressure.
+
+ROO-RA: Too much drama.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Jf2PgGInUEk.txt b/Jf2PgGInUEk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1fd89644898e7ef494b5124a9dd3fb700fdd4dee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Jf2PgGInUEk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we begin with multiplication of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin with multiplication of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin with multiplication of a vector
+by a scalar when you multiply a vector a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a scalar when you multiply a vector a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a scalar when you multiply a vector a
+by a scalar this multiplicative Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a scalar this multiplicative Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a scalar this multiplicative Factor
+just rescales the magnitude or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rescales the magnitude or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rescales the magnitude or the
+length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the
+vector let us look at the vector 2 * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector let us look at the vector 2 * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector let us look at the vector 2 * a
+this is in the same direction as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the same direction as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the same direction as the
+vector a but is twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a but is twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a but is twice as
+long this is Vector b a vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this is Vector b a vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this is Vector b a vector is
+defined by its magnitude and Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by its magnitude and Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by its magnitude and Direction
+so this Vector B is the same anywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Vector B is the same anywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Vector B is the same anywhere in
+space including at the origin if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space including at the origin if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space including at the origin if I want
+minus5 * B this Vector is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 * B this Vector is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 * B this Vector is in the
+opposite direction of B and is half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length now let's look at vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length now let's look at vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length now let's look at vector
+addition here's a vector a here is B how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition here's a vector a here is B how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition here's a vector a here is B how
+do we add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we add them
+graphically we Slide the tail of B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically we Slide the tail of B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically we Slide the tail of B to
+the head of a and their sum is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of a and their sum is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of a and their sum is a vector
+drawn from the tail of a to the head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from the tail of a to the head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from the tail of a to the head of
+B I could have also added a to B by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I could have also added a to B by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I could have also added a to B by
+sliding the tail of a to the head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding the tail of a to the head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding the tail of a to the head of
+B you can see that this makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you can see that this makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you can see that this makes a
+parallelogram and the sum Vector C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram and the sum Vector C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram and the sum Vector C is
+just the diagonal of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallelogram subtraction can be thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram subtraction can be thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram subtraction can be thought
+of as just multiplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as just multiplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as just multiplication and
+addition if I have C is equal to a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition if I have C is equal to a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition if I have C is equal to a minus
+B I just need to add a a to the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I just need to add a a to the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I just need to add a a to the vector
+minus B minus B is -1 * B which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B minus B is -1 * B which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B minus B is -1 * B which is this
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+here now I only have to add a to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I only have to add a to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I only have to add a to minus
+B let's do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's do another
+example here my vectors A and B do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here my vectors A and B do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here my vectors A and B do not
+start at the origin but since vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the origin but since vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the origin but since vectors
+are the same anywhere in space I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same anywhere in space I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same anywhere in space I can go
+through the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process
+here I want a minus B so I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want a minus B so I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want a minus B so I first
+multiply B by minus one to find minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply B by minus one to find minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply B by minus one to find minus B
+and then I move the tail of minus B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I move the tail of minus B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I move the tail of minus B to
+the head of a and add the two like this
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KPJvO_00LKQ.txt b/KPJvO_00LKQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e70cddd965b96906eddae0edc5e3731c96bc6b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KPJvO_00LKQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10261 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+a a great day we're talking about we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a great day we're talking about we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a great day we're talking about we're
+having our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having our second
+lecture on glass and we've got a demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on glass and we've got a demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on glass and we've got a demo
+where did peter go okay so we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did peter go okay so we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did peter go okay so we've got a
+demo uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo uh
+uh coming up for you from the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming up for you from the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming up for you from the director
+of the glassblowing lab here at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the glassblowing lab here at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the glassblowing lab here at mit
+um uh and uh now before we start i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and uh now before we start i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and uh now before we start i just
+wanna mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna mention
+so uh next monday so we're gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh next monday so we're gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh next monday so we're gonna talk
+today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to
+continue what we started which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue what we started which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue what we started which is the
+chemistry of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of glass
+and we'll talk about that cooling curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that cooling curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that cooling curve
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+or the effects of of different things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the effects of of different things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the effects of of different things on
+the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass
+formation and then how to engineer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and then how to engineer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and then how to engineer the
+properties of the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the glass
+before i start i just want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i start i just want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i start i just want to mention
+that on next monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on next monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on next monday
+uh we have something called the wolfe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have something called the wolfe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have something called the wolfe
+lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and
+um this is a lecture that is open to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a lecture that is open to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a lecture that is open to the
+public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+it's geared towards freshmen it's put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's geared towards freshmen it's put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's geared towards freshmen it's put on
+by the department of materials science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the department of materials science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the department of materials science
+and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering
+every year and it's it's usually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year and it's it's usually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year and it's it's usually some
+sort of really interesting exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of really interesting exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of really interesting exciting
+topic and usually a very dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and usually a very dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and usually a very dynamic
+lecture and in this case it's one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and in this case it's one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and in this case it's one of our
+very own sam shames who graduated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very own sam shames who graduated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very own sam shames who graduated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he'll he'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he'll he'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he'll he'll be talking about
+his adventures uh as a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his adventures uh as a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his adventures uh as a material
+scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist
+and and how he's used that knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how he's used that knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how he's used that knowledge
+in his life um and also in the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his life um and also in the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his life um and also in the company
+that he founded which is now selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he founded which is now selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he founded which is now selling
+products in over 70 countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in over 70 countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in over 70 countries
+uh around the world so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh around the world so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh around the world so um so
+uh i think that'll be a lot of fun if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think that'll be a lot of fun if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think that'll be a lot of fun if
+you can make it it's next monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it it's next monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it it's next monday
+uh from four to five p.m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from four to five p.m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from four to five p.m
+okay now the second uh point i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the second uh point i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the second uh point i want to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+is uh that so uh there's a mistake on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that so uh there's a mistake on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that so uh there's a mistake on
+tomorrow's quiz so quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's quiz so quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's quiz so quiz
+in in the in the schedule no just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the schedule no just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the schedule no just in the
+schedule so quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so quiz
+eight quiz number eight will be given at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight quiz number eight will be given at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight quiz number eight will be given at
+the beginning of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of class
+quiz eight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz eight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz eight is
+at beginning of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at beginning of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at beginning of class
+um not the end i think it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not the end i think it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not the end i think it might
+mistakenly say the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakenly say the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakenly say the end
+and and uh so you might notice there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh so you might notice there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh so you might notice there's
+been a little bit of you know sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a little bit of you know sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a little bit of you know sometimes
+the quiz is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz is
+is you know so tomorrow the quiz is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know so tomorrow the quiz is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know so tomorrow the quiz is
+going to cover defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover defects
+uh right and then what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right and then what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right and then what was
+uh whatever was covered up until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever was covered up until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever was covered up until you
+know monday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know monday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know monday's lecture
+and tuesday's recitation which includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tuesday's recitation which includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tuesday's recitation which includes
+the beginning of what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of what we talked about
+okay let's let's not do that let's turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's not do that let's turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's not do that let's turn
+that off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off
+okay and um and and part of the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um and and part of the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um and and part of the you know
+we had an exam on a monday and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an exam on a monday and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an exam on a monday and so we
+didn't want to give you a quiz that week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to give you a quiz that week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to give you a quiz that week
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+uh you know so so that's why things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know so so that's why things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know so so that's why things have
+something you know so we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know so we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know so we're doing
+defects tomorrow even though we covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects tomorrow even though we covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects tomorrow even though we covered
+defects last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects last week
+um and and then we didn't we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and then we didn't we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and then we didn't we didn't
+really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to
+you know we didn't want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we didn't want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we didn't want to give you a
+quiz right before or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz right before or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz right before or
+on thanksgiving that didn't seem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thanksgiving that didn't seem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thanksgiving that didn't seem right
+uh so for the next quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for the next quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for the next quiz
+um uh what we're doing is we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what we're doing is we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what we're doing is we're still
+making a quiz for you to have but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a quiz for you to have but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a quiz for you to have but
+and we're going to give it to you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give it to you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give it to you next
+week but we're not going to count it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but we're not going to count it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but we're not going to count it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so next week you will still get a quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next week you will still get a quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next week you will still get a quiz
+that you have for your studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have for your studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have for your studying
+uh and just to sort of you know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just to sort of you know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just to sort of you know because
+i know you'll miss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know you'll miss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know you'll miss it
+um but in case you're not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in case you're not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in case you're not here
+or you don't want to do the quiz over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you don't want to do the quiz over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you don't want to do the quiz over
+your turkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your turkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your turkey
+we're not going to count that one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to count that one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to count that one so
+quiz 9 won't be counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz 9 won't be counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz 9 won't be counted
+okay all right so that's the quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's the quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's the quizzes
+oh now where were we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we are you know speaking of quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are you know speaking of quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are you know speaking of quiz
+material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and
+uh potential like thinking about glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential like thinking about glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential like thinking about glass
+as a potential problem on tomorrow's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a potential problem on tomorrow's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a potential problem on tomorrow's
+quiz uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz uh
+yes uh you might want to know about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh you might want to know about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh you might want to know about some
+of the things we talked about monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we talked about monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we talked about monday
+here's like an example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like an example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like an example okay
+here's a question uh i have two glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a question uh i have two glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a question uh i have two glasses
+they form from liquids and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form from liquids and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form from liquids and they're
+cooled to some temperature i call t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled to some temperature i call t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled to some temperature i call t1
+and i tell you that t1 is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i tell you that t1 is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i tell you that t1 is greater than
+tm which is the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tm which is the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tm which is the melting point
+of the material now remember the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material now remember the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material now remember the melting
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+is the same it's a number the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same it's a number the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same it's a number the melting
+point of silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of silica
+right that's a number but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a number but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a number but when
+the material forms a glass can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material forms a glass can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material forms a glass can vary
+why does a glass form well a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does a glass form well a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does a glass form well a glass
+forms uh this is what we covered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh this is what we covered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh this is what we covered on
+money it can form because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it can form because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it can form because of
+of sort of three different things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of three different things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of three different things right
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+is the crystal complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's important another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important another
+is the viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the third is the cooling rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are those are the three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are those are the three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are those are the three things
+that we covered our money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we covered our money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we covered our money
+for on monday for reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for on monday for reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for on monday for reasons why
+a glass might form and then we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glass might form and then we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glass might form and then we started
+kind of talking about the cooling rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of talking about the cooling rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of talking about the cooling rate
+that's what we need to understand to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we need to understand to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we need to understand to
+answer this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question
+right so okay two glasses forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay two glasses forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay two glasses forming
+liquids are cooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids are cooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids are cooked
+one glass is formed plot the molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one glass is formed plot the molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one glass is formed plot the molar
+volume versus temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume versus temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume versus temperature
+all right so now okay let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now okay let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now okay let's see how
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+could this be the volume per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this be the volume per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this be the volume per mole
+versus temperature so i'm going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus temperature so i'm going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus temperature so i'm going to try
+it out here i'm going to go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out here i'm going to go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out here i'm going to go like this
+i'm going to go like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go like this and
+that looks like the liquid maybe okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like the liquid maybe okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like the liquid maybe okay
+and then i'm going to go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to go like this
+and maybe this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe this and
+we'll call that t1 does that look right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no this can't be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this can't be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this can't be right
+this can't be right because you see i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can't be right because you see i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can't be right because you see i
+said that t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that t1
+this this is a glass transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a glass transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a glass transition
+that's a glass transition that's a tg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a glass transition that's a tg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a glass transition that's a tg
+that's another tg but i've said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another tg but i've said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another tg but i've said in the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+t1 is greater than tm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 is greater than tm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 is greater than tm
+t1 is greater than tm well so this can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 is greater than tm well so this can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 is greater than tm well so this can't
+be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true
+because t tm has to be out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because t tm has to be out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because t tm has to be out here
+tm is out here where there's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tm is out here where there's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tm is out here where there's a different
+transition that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that occurs
+and it turns into a crystal right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns into a crystal right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns into a crystal right so
+this could this couldn't be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could this couldn't be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could this couldn't be right
+t one greater than tm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what about another one let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what about another one let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what about another one let's try
+another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+so how about if i okay volume per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about if i okay volume per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about if i okay volume per mole
+now i'm gonna go like this okay so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm gonna go like this okay so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm gonna go like this okay so i'm
+gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go
+like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and
+uh okay so now here comes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so now here comes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so now here comes one
+and here comes the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here comes the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here comes the other
+okay and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you know
+okay so and i'm gonna put now uh t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and i'm gonna put now uh t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and i'm gonna put now uh t1
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+let's try it t1 is going to be out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try it t1 is going to be out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try it t1 is going to be out here
+and tm uh would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tm uh would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tm uh would be
+actually let me let me do it differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me let me do it differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me let me do it differently
+sorry i'm going to go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll just connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just connect
+how do i want to do this i wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i want to do this i wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i want to do this i wanted to
+join these up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join these up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join these up there
+yeah that's a good that's another good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good that's another good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good that's another good
+mistake i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake i'm
+making mistakes on purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making mistakes on purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making mistakes on purpose
+on purpose and let's make t1 be out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on purpose and let's make t1 be out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on purpose and let's make t1 be out here
+okay so t1 is here and then tm could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so t1 is here and then tm could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so t1 is here and then tm could
+still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be
+there this could be tm and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this could be tm and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this could be tm and then maybe
+is that right is that a possible curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right is that a possible curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right is that a possible curve
+well i i've fixed the t1 tn problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i i've fixed the t1 tn problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i i've fixed the t1 tn problem
+because t1 is now greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because t1 is now greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because t1 is now greater than
+than tm like i said in the question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than tm like i said in the question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than tm like i said in the question but
+what is going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on here
+what is going on you say well but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on you say well but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on you say well but i
+cooled one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled one
+faster than the other isn't that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the other isn't that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the other isn't that kind of
+what's happening here and maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here and maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here and maybe i
+started changing the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started changing the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started changing the curve
+you know i start no that's not what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i start no that's not what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i start no that's not what this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so don't make that mistake this you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't make that mistake this you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't make that mistake this you see
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+the slope the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope the slope
+is equal to the thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the thermal expansion
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+right thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thermal expansion
+coefficient and those slopes are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and those slopes are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and those slopes are the
+same for the different glasses just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for the different glasses just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for the different glasses just
+because i've cooled one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've cooled one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've cooled one
+differently that's not they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently that's not they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently that's not they're not going
+to have different slopes and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have different slopes and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have different slopes and this is the
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+challenge that this is the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that this is the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that this is the fundamental
+confusion point that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion point that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion point that happens
+which is that this is not time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that this is not time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that this is not time this
+axis is not time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is not time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is not time
+so what we're doing so this is wrong too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're doing so this is wrong too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're doing so this is wrong too
+what we're doing is we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is we're talking about
+something involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something involving
+time cooling rate okay but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cooling rate okay but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cooling rate okay but we're
+plotting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting it
+on something that doesn't involve time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something that doesn't involve time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something that doesn't involve time
+and that can lead to confusion so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can lead to confusion so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can lead to confusion so i
+wanted to point that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point that out
+you say well shouldn't the slope be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well shouldn't the slope be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well shouldn't the slope be
+different because you're cooling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because you're cooling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because you're cooling it
+slower or faster no that's not what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower or faster no that's not what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower or faster no that's not what this
+slope is this slope is a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is this slope is a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is this slope is a thermal
+expansion coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient
+so the right answer to this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the right answer to this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the right answer to this must be
+that you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have your
+nice liquid phase and you've made your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice liquid phase and you've made your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice liquid phase and you've made your
+two glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two glasses
+okay so here's one this was cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's one this was cooled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's one this was cooled
+this is cooled faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is cooled faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is cooled faster
+this is slower right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is slower right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is slower right
+this would be tg this would be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be tg this would be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be tg this would be another
+tg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tg
+right maybe tg1 tg2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe tg1 tg2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe tg1 tg2 and
+the tm would come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tm would come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tm would come down
+and have you know okay well i've run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you know okay well i've run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you know okay well i've run out
+of room here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room here
+but tm might come down like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but tm might come down like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but tm might come down like this
+and so t1 must be somewhere up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so t1 must be somewhere up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so t1 must be somewhere up here
+right okay that would be a correct plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay that would be a correct plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay that would be a correct plot
+for that question basically i just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that question basically i just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that question basically i just want
+you to get a feeling for this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get a feeling for this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get a feeling for this plot
+right we introduced it monday and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we introduced it monday and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we introduced it monday and i
+really want you to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want you to feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want you to feel
+your oneness with this plot because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oneness with this plot because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oneness with this plot because it's
+a very important plot to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important plot to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important plot to understand
+why glasses form okay all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why glasses form okay all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why glasses form okay all right now
+moving on there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on there's
+a lot of properties of of glasses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of properties of of glasses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of properties of of glasses and
+here i'm talking about oxide glasses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm talking about oxide glasses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm talking about oxide glasses so
+silica right remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica right remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica right remember
+silicon oxide oxide silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon oxide oxide silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon oxide oxide silica
+right alumina but these are you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right alumina but these are you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right alumina but these are you know uh
+oxide okay we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide okay we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide okay we talked about that
+chemically inert electrically insulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically inert electrically insulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically inert electrically insulating
+mechanically brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically brittle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically brittle
+optically transparent visually arresting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically transparent visually arresting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically transparent visually arresting
+i like that one these are the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like that one these are the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like that one these are the properties
+that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know
+about about these kinds of glasses we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about these kinds of glasses we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about these kinds of glasses we
+already know them but what i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know them but what i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know them but what i want to
+talk about today is how they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today is how they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today is how they can be
+engineered and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered and and
+this plot this plot is a basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot this plot is a basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot this plot is a basis for
+understanding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that
+and so is spaghetti and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is spaghetti and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is spaghetti and that's what
+we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about
+but so so the very first one which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so so the very first one which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so so the very first one which will
+set up our demo in just a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up our demo in just a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up our demo in just a few minutes
+the very first one that i want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first one that i want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first one that i want to talk
+about is the mechanical properties we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the mechanical properties we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the mechanical properties we
+know glass to be very brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know glass to be very brittle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know glass to be very brittle
+right but could we change its mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but could we change its mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but could we change its mechanical
+properties could we do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties could we do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties could we do something
+about the mechanical properties and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mechanical properties and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mechanical properties and by
+the way if those are the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way if those are the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way if those are the things that
+that dictate whether a glass forms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dictate whether a glass forms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dictate whether a glass forms or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+then those are the things that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those are the things that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those are the things that you might
+think we might try to engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we might try to engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we might try to engineer
+if we want to change the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to change the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to change the properties of
+glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+all right you can imagine i'm a silica i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you can imagine i'm a silica i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you can imagine i'm a silica i
+got to pass this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pass this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pass this out
+i'm a big silicate an sio4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a big silicate an sio4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a big silicate an sio4
+and i'm connected to these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm connected to these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm connected to these other
+silicate groups through this shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate groups through this shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate groups through this shared
+bridged oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridged oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridged oxygen
+right and it's i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's i'm a
+bulky thing and i'm trying to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulky thing and i'm trying to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulky thing and i'm trying to move
+around in the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the liquid
+right crystal complexity i'm cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right crystal complexity i'm cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right crystal complexity i'm cooling
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+and i'm trying to move around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm trying to move around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm trying to move around and
+waze told me to go that way but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waze told me to go that way but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waze told me to go that way but it's
+actually over there there's no building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually over there there's no building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually over there there's no building
+there and i don't know where to go where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and i don't know where to go where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and i don't know where to go where
+is the lattice site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lattice site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lattice site
+it's complicated glass could form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complicated glass could form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complicated glass could form
+glass could form or maybe i'm a silicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass could form or maybe i'm a silicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass could form or maybe i'm a silicate
+group and i'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and i'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and i'm like
+hey could you please get out of my way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey could you please get out of my way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey could you please get out of my way
+you're really slowing things down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really slowing things down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really slowing things down
+you other silicate group that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you other silicate group that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you other silicate group that i'm
+attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to
+viscous get out of my way no i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous get out of my way no i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous get out of my way no i can't
+viscous or or maybe you're a silicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous or or maybe you're a silicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous or or maybe you're a silicate
+group and you're cooling down and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and you're cooling down and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and you're cooling down and you're
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that was that was very sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was very sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was very sudden
+i didn't even realize that happened all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't even realize that happened all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't even realize that happened all
+of a sudden i'm supposed to be a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden i'm supposed to be a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden i'm supposed to be a solid
+right this is what's happening and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is what's happening and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is what's happening and so
+instead of getting into this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of getting into this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of getting into this beautiful
+quartz crystal it doesn't get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartz crystal it doesn't get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartz crystal it doesn't get there
+it doesn't get there a super cold liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't get there a super cold liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't get there a super cold liquid
+wants to be a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to be a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to be a solid
+it wants to but it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants to but it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants to but it can't
+for some reason for some reason that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason for some reason that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason for some reason that is
+one of that has to do with those right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of that has to do with those right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of that has to do with those right
+so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just
+have this in our hands while we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this in our hands while we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this in our hands while we're
+listening and thinking about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and thinking about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and thinking about things
+and let me just tell you about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just tell you about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just tell you about this one
+very one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very one way
+let's you know if i take a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's you know if i take a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's you know if i take a piece of
+glass if i take a piece of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass if i take a piece of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass if i take a piece of glass
+and now imagine that i take some part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now imagine that i take some part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now imagine that i take some part of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+like this part here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this part here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this part here okay
+and and in this part i'm gonna cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this part i'm gonna cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this part i'm gonna cool
+faster in this part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in this part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster in this part here
+i'm going to cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slower so it's imagine it's a slab of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so it's imagine it's a slab of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so it's imagine it's a slab of
+glass and it's like the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the edges are cooled at a different rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges are cooled at a different rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges are cooled at a different rate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's actually exactly why a car window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually exactly why a car window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually exactly why a car window
+if you look at it through polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it through polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it through polarized
+glasses has spots on it those spots some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses has spots on it those spots some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses has spots on it those spots some
+of you may have seen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you may have seen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you may have seen these
+those spots are changes purposeful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spots are changes purposeful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spots are changes purposeful
+changes in the mechanical properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the mechanical properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the mechanical properties of
+the glass to keep you safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass to keep you safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass to keep you safe
+why this if you cool it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this if you cool it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this if you cool it
+slower then you might have some volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower then you might have some volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower then you might have some volume
+that you want right the volume here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want right the volume here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want right the volume here
+let's call this v b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this v b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this v b
+and let's call this v a that goes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call this v a that goes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call this v a that goes along
+with the graph we used before b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the graph we used before b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the graph we used before b
+and a right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a right so
+so it wants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it wants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it wants the
+uh what did i do b this wants v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what did i do b this wants v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what did i do b this wants v
+a yeah but look what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah but look what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah but look what happens if
+if i make a piece if i purposely cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i make a piece if i purposely cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i make a piece if i purposely cool
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+really fast or maybe i make spots that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast or maybe i make spots that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast or maybe i make spots that i
+cool fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool fast
+right then what happens well this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then what happens well this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then what happens well this this
+wants to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to have
+volume a uh inside this wants to have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume a uh inside this wants to have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume a uh inside this wants to have on
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+this cools first right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cools first right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cools first right
+so this cools first so so inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this cools first so so inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this cools first so so inside
+so what happens as i cool it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens as i cool it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens as i cool it now
+i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is now a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a glass
+this is now a solid i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a solid i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a solid i should say
+you know glass uh solid okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know glass uh solid okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know glass uh solid okay so it's
+solidified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidified
+and this wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this wants
+to have a lower volume lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lower volume lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lower volume lower
+volume it wants a lower volume but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it wants a lower volume but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it wants a lower volume but
+that's been frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been frozen
+at a higher volume why i cooled it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a higher volume why i cooled it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a higher volume why i cooled it
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+that's it i cooled it faster and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it i cooled it faster and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it i cooled it faster and now the
+inside is like wait a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is like wait a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is like wait a second
+i'm not cooling so fast i don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not cooling so fast i don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not cooling so fast i don't need
+such a high volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a high volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a high volume
+can i please get a smaller volume out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i please get a smaller volume out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i please get a smaller volume out of
+this and the top is like well i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the top is like well i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the top is like well i'm
+already stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already stuck
+i'm already a solid and what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm already a solid and what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm already a solid and what happens is
+it pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you get you get what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you get what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you get what you get
+is once lower volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once lower volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is once lower volume
+pulls on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls on the surface
+and that means that this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that this is going to be
+the top if i'll just draw it one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top if i'll just draw it one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top if i'll just draw it one more
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+will be under compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+under compression and the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under compression and the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under compression and the inside
+will be under tensile stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can kind of under tensile stress you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of under tensile stress you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of under tensile stress you
+can kind of imagine this right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of imagine this right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of imagine this right you can
+see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+i i'm frozen the top because of cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i'm frozen the top because of cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i'm frozen the top because of cooling
+rate it's right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it's right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it's right here
+i just cool the top faster the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just cool the top faster the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just cool the top faster the inside
+isn't cold yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't cold yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't cold yet
+it starts to cool and it it tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to cool and it it tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to cool and it it tries to
+solidify at a different volume it pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify at a different volume it pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify at a different volume it pulls
+it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+but see that changes the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see that changes the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see that changes the mechanical
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+of the surface that's called tempering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the surface that's called tempering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the surface that's called tempering
+that's called tempered glass this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called tempered glass this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called tempered glass this is
+tempered glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempered glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempered glass
+and there is no better example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is no better example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is no better example of
+tempered glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempered glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempered glass
+than the prince rupert's drop which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the prince rupert's drop which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the prince rupert's drop which is
+the demo that peter has come now peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demo that peter has come now peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demo that peter has come now peter
+here's peter there's peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's peter there's peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's peter there's peter
+blowing some glass is what he does you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing some glass is what he does you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing some glass is what he does you
+know in in his free time he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in in his free time he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in in his free time he just
+throws these big glass bowling parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws these big glass bowling parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws these big glass bowling parties
+he also happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also happens to be
+the director of the glass lab like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director of the glass lab like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director of the glass lab like i
+said he also teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he also teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he also teaches
+the classes the glassblowing classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classes the glassblowing classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classes the glassblowing classes
+there's one for freshmen during iep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one for freshmen during iep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one for freshmen during iep
+and there's another one in the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another one in the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another one in the spring
+they're very popular but because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very popular but because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very popular but because you're
+in 309
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 309
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 309
+one he'll get you in he doesn't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one he'll get you in he doesn't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one he'll get you in he doesn't like it
+when i say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say that
+it's because it's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it's not true
+but but come talk to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but come talk to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but come talk to him
+he's right here and and i think you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's right here and and i think you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's right here and and i think you got
+a demo for us right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demo for us right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demo for us right
+so so i'm going to let peter take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i'm going to let peter take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i'm going to let peter take the
+stage and show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and show you
+the best example of tempered glass you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best example of tempered glass you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best example of tempered glass you
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+and and if you want to use the mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you want to use the mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you want to use the mic
+if you want to talk kit out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one year professor sema when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year professor sema when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year professor sema when he was
+teaching this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class
+told the class that they had to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told the class that they had to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told the class that they had to come to
+the lottery for the glassblowing club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery for the glassblowing club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery for the glassblowing club
+and it's a big it's a big class and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a big it's a big class and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a big it's a big class and so
+dutifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dutifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dutifully
+everyone came to the lottery we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone came to the lottery we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone came to the lottery we already
+have about 150 students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 150 students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 150 students
+plus 3091 and the lottery was in room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3091 and the lottery was in room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3091 and the lottery was in room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we overflowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we overflowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we overflowed
+by a lot so i told michael don't ever do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lot so i told michael don't ever do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lot so i told michael don't ever do
+that again please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again please
+which is why i do it every year um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why i do it every year um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why i do it every year um but
+we like 309 students we'll try to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like 309 students we'll try to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like 309 students we'll try to give
+them preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them preference
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+he says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so get out the secret weapon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many of you have seen through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have seen through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have seen through
+conduction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction for
+some people yeah there's a lot of online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people yeah there's a lot of online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people yeah there's a lot of online
+stuff about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you get to see a live one today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the difference between a
+prince rupert drop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince rupert drop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince rupert drop and
+tempered glass like the jeff just heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempered glass like the jeff just heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempered glass like the jeff just heard
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+anybody want to take a guess at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to take a guess at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to take a guess at that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+they're both under stress but the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both under stress but the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both under stress but the stress
+is generated in different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generated in different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generated in different ways
+so the dots that were on that windshield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dots that were on that windshield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dots that were on that windshield
+are formed by air cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formed by air cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formed by air cooling
+that's how tempered glass is made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how tempered glass is made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how tempered glass is made it
+goes through what's called a leer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through what's called a leer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through what's called a leer
+or a rolling conveyor and it's heated up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a rolling conveyor and it's heated up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a rolling conveyor and it's heated up
+very very quickly and then it's cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly and then it's cooled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly and then it's cooled
+very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+and it's cooled by this array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's cooled by this array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's cooled by this array of
+compressed air jets on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed air jets on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed air jets on both sides
+that take it from almost the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take it from almost the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take it from almost the transition
+temperature from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from
+it's just about wants to move but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just about wants to move but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just about wants to move but it
+doesn't fight down to room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fight down to room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fight down to room temperature
+in three minutes or so and that rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three minutes or so and that rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three minutes or so and that rapid
+super rapid cooling is what generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super rapid cooling is what generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super rapid cooling is what generates
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that stress on the the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stress on the the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stress on the the difference
+between the inside and the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the inside and the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the inside and the outside
+temperature and the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the glass
+and so it's air cooled but a prince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's air cooled but a prince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's air cooled but a prince
+rupert drop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupert drop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupert drop is
+cooled by anyone that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled by anyone that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled by anyone that we get
+water yeah by water so water is a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water yeah by water so water is a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water yeah by water so water is a better
+coolant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant right
+so as a result you get a lot more stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result you get a lot more stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result you get a lot more stress
+embodied in the glass a lot more stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied in the glass a lot more stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied in the glass a lot more stress
+and so that's relevant because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's relevant because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's relevant because
+i mean you don't want to make a window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you don't want to make a window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you don't want to make a window
+that breaks with that kind of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks with that kind of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks with that kind of energy
+so you get explosive energy all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get explosive energy all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get explosive energy all over the
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+so tempered glass is engineered to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tempered glass is engineered to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tempered glass is engineered to fail
+it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+very strong but it's underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong but it's underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong but it's underneath
+engineered to fail so when it breaks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered to fail so when it breaks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered to fail so when it breaks it
+breaks into small pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks into small pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks into small pieces
+so that if you're walking along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you're walking along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you're walking along the
+sidewalk and the skyscraper blows out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalk and the skyscraper blows out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalk and the skyscraper blows out a
+window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+you don't get huge shards of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get huge shards of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get huge shards of glass
+falling down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling down and
+hurting people you get little pellets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting people you get little pellets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting people you get little pellets
+gently raining down which isn't such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gently raining down which isn't such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gently raining down which isn't such a
+bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing
+so i've got two kinds of french grouper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got two kinds of french grouper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got two kinds of french grouper
+drops that i made here and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops that i made here and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops that i made here and uh
+and a vessel in which to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a vessel in which to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a vessel in which to demonstrate
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first i'm going to show you they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first i'm going to show you they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first i'm going to show you they're
+both cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cool
+rather quickly the one was cooled in air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather quickly the one was cooled in air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather quickly the one was cooled in air
+one's cooled in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's cooled in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's cooled in water
+this is the one that's cooled in air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that's cooled in air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that's cooled in air
+so what i'm going to do by the way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm going to do by the way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm going to do by the way i
+used to give a demo in the glass lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to give a demo in the glass lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to give a demo in the glass lab
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+i would take the prince group or drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would take the prince group or drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would take the prince group or drop
+put it on a steel table that we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on a steel table that we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on a steel table that we call the
+marver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marver
+and hit it with a hammer as hard as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit it with a hammer as hard as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit it with a hammer as hard as i
+could i was never able to shatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i was never able to shatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i was never able to shatter
+this head with a hammer in fact i dented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this head with a hammer in fact i dented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this head with a hammer in fact i dented
+the marbler so many times that i stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marbler so many times that i stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marbler so many times that i stopped
+doing that demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that demo
+so i have a different way of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a different way of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a different way of doing it
+now which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which is
+i won't do that today but usually i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't do that today but usually i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't do that today but usually i'll
+have a student come and try to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a student come and try to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a student come and try to break the
+princebook or drop in their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princebook or drop in their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princebook or drop in their hands
+it's really hard to do most people can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to do most people can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to do most people can't
+do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but
+the air-cooled prince rupert drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air-cooled prince rupert drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air-cooled prince rupert drop
+doesn't have the same kind of strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the same kind of strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the same kind of strength
+so watch what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's try down farther maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's try down farther maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's try down farther maybe
+there's more stress there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nope not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should we try one more time maybe where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we try one more time maybe where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we try one more time maybe where
+it's thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's thicker
+maybe there'll be more stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the one that's water cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay don't blink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five four three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five four three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five four three
+two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that that's the speed of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's the speed of sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's the speed of sound
+in glass which is i think about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glass which is i think about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glass which is i think about three
+times faster than the speed of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times faster than the speed of sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times faster than the speed of sound
+in air so you can't see it but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in air so you can't see it but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in air so you can't see it but there's
+some great high-speed video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great high-speed video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great high-speed video
+maybe some of you have seen that online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you have seen that online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you have seen that online
+of prince rupert drops exploding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prince rupert drops exploding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prince rupert drops exploding
+and actually up in the androgen center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually up in the androgen center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually up in the androgen center
+they have a camera that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a camera that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a camera that can
+catch that and we've got some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch that and we've got some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch that and we've got some really
+cool video i'm going to leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool video i'm going to leave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool video i'm going to leave this
+this is a very cool fragment that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very cool fragment that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very cool fragment that shows
+the fracture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fracture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fracture
+the failure pattern which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure pattern which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure pattern which is really
+interesting it fails from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it fails from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it fails from the center
+of the drop radially out at an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drop radially out at an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drop radially out at an angle
+that looks to be about 45 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks to be about 45 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks to be about 45 degrees
+you can probably explain that that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably explain that that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably explain that that'll be
+on the quiz tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the quiz tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the quiz tomorrow
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there a question i'm going to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a question i'm going to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a question i'm going to do one
+more just in case anybody blinked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just in case anybody blinked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just in case anybody blinked
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way jeff mentioned that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way jeff mentioned that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way jeff mentioned that we have
+an iep class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iep class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iep class
+that starts during iep for freshmen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts during iep for freshmen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts during iep for freshmen
+and a spring class that's open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a spring class that's open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a spring class that's open to
+everybody at the institute so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at the institute so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at the institute so if you're
+not a freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a freshman
+you can come to the lottery the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come to the lottery the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come to the lottery the
+lotteries for all of our classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries for all of our classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries for all of our classes
+are shown on the glass lab website and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shown on the glass lab website and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shown on the glass lab website and i
+think we're going to be doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to be doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to be doing the
+lottery for the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery for the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery for the spring
+for the iap class in november late this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the iap class in november late this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the iap class in november late this
+month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month
+and then the spring pass will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the spring pass will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the spring pass will probably
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+sometime in january and it starts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in january and it starts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in january and it starts in
+march okay ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march okay ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march okay ready
+five four three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five four three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five four three two
+one that was a bigger one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that was a bigger one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that was a bigger one
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks peter
+that was that was awesome and i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was awesome and i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was awesome and i actually
+do have a high speed video of it so i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have a high speed video of it so i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have a high speed video of it so i'll
+show that to you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that to you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that to you now
+um and and again um if you know so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and again um if you know so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and again um if you know so if
+you have questions about glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have questions about glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have questions about glass
+if you want to watch peter can make like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to watch peter can make like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to watch peter can make like
+animals for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals for you
+i think on request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but anyway thanks a lot peter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but anyway thanks a lot peter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but anyway thanks a lot peter for
+coming by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming by um
+and and you know there's nothing like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know there's nothing like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know there's nothing like as
+you know i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm
+i'm a big believer in in hands-on seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a big believer in in hands-on seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a big believer in in hands-on seeing
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and um can we pass is this no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um can we pass is this no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um can we pass is this no that's
+well i don't want pure call okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't want pure call okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't want pure call okay yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so now you know on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now you know on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now you know on
+on on parents day right when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on parents day right when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on parents day right when we have
+parents here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents here
+we have the two sheets of glass one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the two sheets of glass one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the two sheets of glass one is
+called annealed it's it just means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called annealed it's it just means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called annealed it's it just means it's
+not tempered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tempered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tempered
+and and the baseball was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the baseball was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the baseball was supposed to
+break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it
+it didn't peter's got very good in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't peter's got very good in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't peter's got very good in the
+old glass he's the one that gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old glass he's the one that gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old glass he's the one that gave us
+those big sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those big sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those big sheets
+and it breaks into these huge dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it breaks into these huge dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it breaks into these huge dangerous
+shards whereas if you notice thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shards whereas if you notice thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shards whereas if you notice thanks
+peter take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peter take care
+if you notice um oh yeah let's thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice um oh yeah let's thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice um oh yeah let's thank you
+if you notice when i the the tempered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice when i the the tempered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice when i the the tempered
+glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+we tried to break it it also doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to break it it also doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to break it it also doesn't
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+it was supposed to be the only one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was supposed to be the only one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was supposed to be the only one that
+didn't break um but then you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't break um but then you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't break um but then you take a
+little hammer at the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hammer at the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hammer at the edge
+and you just you just lightly tap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just you just lightly tap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just you just lightly tap the
+edge and the whole thing breaks why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and the whole thing breaks why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and the whole thing breaks why
+because it's got so much built-in stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got so much built-in stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got so much built-in stress
+it's got all this compressive stress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got all this compressive stress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got all this compressive stress and
+the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge
+isn't protecting that the edge of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't protecting that the edge of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't protecting that the edge of that
+tempered glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempered glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempered glass
+isn't protecting the stress so when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't protecting the stress so when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't protecting the stress so when i
+just dig it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dig it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dig it a little bit
+it's able to all crack and release that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's able to all crack and release that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's able to all crack and release that
+stress right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress right
+so that's what happened on family day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what happened on family day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what happened on family day
+here's a high speed video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a high speed video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a high speed video
+these are two guys from corning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two guys from corning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two guys from corning and
+we can listen to this they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can listen to this they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can listen to this they're actually
+pretty cool so there's a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so there's a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so there's a few things
+going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+the cold water rapidly cools the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold water rapidly cools the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold water rapidly cools the
+exterior surface of the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior surface of the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior surface of the glass
+hardening it almost immediately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardening it almost immediately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardening it almost immediately the
+interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior
+still molten cools more slowly as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still molten cools more slowly as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still molten cools more slowly as it
+cools it contracts and attempts to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools it contracts and attempts to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools it contracts and attempts to pull
+the surface in with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface in with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface in with it
+but it can't well not very much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can't well not very much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can't well not very much the
+surface has already hardened so it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface has already hardened so it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface has already hardened so it gets
+pulled in only a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled in only a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled in only a little
+compressing it while also creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing it while also creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing it while also creating an
+internal layer that remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal layer that remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal layer that remains
+forever under tension it is this action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever under tension it is this action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever under tension it is this action
+that gives the glass its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives the glass its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives the glass its
+uncharacteristic strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncharacteristic strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncharacteristic strength
+we call it compressive strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it compressive strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it compressive strength
+it sounds like the same principle is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like the same principle is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like the same principle is how
+an arch provides strength in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arch provides strength in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arch provides strength in
+structural engineering yes kind of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural engineering yes kind of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural engineering yes kind of now
+jamie i'm going to ask for your help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamie i'm going to ask for your help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamie i'm going to ask for your help
+we're going to attempt to destroy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to attempt to destroy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to attempt to destroy this
+prince rupert drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince rupert drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince rupert drop
+i just want you to tip that hammer past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want you to tip that hammer past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want you to tip that hammer past
+its center point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its center point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its center point
+go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead
+that's what peter was talking about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what peter was talking about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what peter was talking about so
+you can hit it really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hit it really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hit it really hard
+i feel like we've been swindled swindled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like we've been swindled swindled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like we've been swindled swindled
+not we have just experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we have just experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we have just experienced
+power of fighting it does however have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of fighting it does however have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of fighting it does however have
+an achilles heel take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an achilles heel take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an achilles heel take
+those nippers right there and nip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nippers right there and nip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nippers right there and nip
+the back side of the tail of this prince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back side of the tail of this prince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back side of the tail of this prince
+rupert drop and watch what happens wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupert drop and watch what happens wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupert drop and watch what happens wait
+wait cue the high speed camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait cue the high speed camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait cue the high speed camera
+okay here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+that was even cooler than i thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was even cooler than i thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was even cooler than i thought it
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+so that's that's what you just saw live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what you just saw live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what you just saw live
+and and what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what that is
+is it's a relief of thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a relief of thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a relief of thank you
+why not yeah sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not yeah sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not yeah sure
+what you saw you know as peter said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw you know as peter said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw you know as peter said
+tempered glass like in your car it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempered glass like in your car it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempered glass like in your car it's
+done with air cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with air cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with air cooling
+right that's literally what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's literally what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's literally what those
+circles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles are
+if you cool it even faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bam faster cooling you now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bam faster cooling you now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bam faster cooling you now know
+what does faster cooling mean well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does faster cooling mean well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does faster cooling mean well if
+it's to form a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to form a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to form a glass
+you might be all the way near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be all the way near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be all the way near the
+melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point
+and you're going to have an even higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to have an even higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to have an even higher
+volume per mole which is going to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume per mole which is going to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume per mole which is going to cause
+even more stress within the glass which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more stress within the glass which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more stress within the glass which
+is going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to make
+the surface very strong right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface very strong right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface very strong right because
+it's all compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all compressed
+but it's also going to have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also going to have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also going to have a lot of
+energy in it that it wants to release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in it that it wants to release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in it that it wants to release
+okay okay now but let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now but let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now but let's see
+we were here on monday and because i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were here on monday and because i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were here on monday and because i was
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+other ways to change the properties in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to change the properties in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to change the properties in
+fashion remember i showed you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion remember i showed you a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion remember i showed you a couple
+of different examples of glass right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different examples of glass right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different examples of glass right a
+glass cup and and a glass bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass cup and and a glass bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass cup and and a glass bottle
+and and it turns out there's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it turns out there's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it turns out there's not just
+silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica
+in it there's all these other things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it there's all these other things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it there's all these other things in
+it and and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and there's
+many many kinds of glass and i listed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many kinds of glass and i listed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many kinds of glass and i listed a
+few here this was from monday so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few here this was from monday so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few here this was from monday so i'm
+showing it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it again
+and going all the way back to glass made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going all the way back to glass made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going all the way back to glass made
+in ancient rome you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ancient rome you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ancient rome you'll find
+that it's got these other ingredients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got these other ingredients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got these other ingredients
+why so that's what i want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so that's what i want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so that's what i want to talk about
+next right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next right
+so um oh let's use this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um oh let's use this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um oh let's use this so
+um if you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you notice
+and this is where we left off monday if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where we left off monday if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where we left off monday if
+you notice something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice something like
+uh calcium oxide well it's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calcium oxide well it's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calcium oxide well it's going to go
+to ca2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ca2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ca2 plus
+and o two minus so okay let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and o two minus so okay let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and o two minus so okay let's look at
+na2o na2o is going to go to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na2o na2o is going to go to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na2o na2o is going to go to two
+n a plus plus o two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a plus plus o two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a plus plus o two minus
+uh how about alumina that's on there al2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how about alumina that's on there al2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how about alumina that's on there al2
+well that's going to go to 2 a l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's going to go to 2 a l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's going to go to 2 a l
+3 plus plus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 plus plus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 plus plus 3
+o 2 minus notice a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o 2 minus notice a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o 2 minus notice a pattern
+the pattern is you get o2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is you get o2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is you get o2 minus
+o 2 minus and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o 2 minus and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o 2 minus and we know
+we can understand why o2 minus has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can understand why o2 minus has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can understand why o2 minus has been
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+why chemistry has been used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why chemistry has been used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why chemistry has been used
+to change the properties of glass for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the properties of glass for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the properties of glass for
+millennia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and the reason goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the reason goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the reason goes back to the
+pictures that we drew on monday where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that we drew on monday where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that we drew on monday where we
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+by talking about the chemistry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about the chemistry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about the chemistry of the
+silicate group right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate group right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate group right
+and so remember you know s i remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so remember you know s i remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so remember you know s i remember
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+right like an s i o four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like an s i o four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like an s i o four
+is happy if it's got four minus charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happy if it's got four minus charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happy if it's got four minus charges
+remember that okay and it saw we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that okay and it saw we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that okay and it saw we started
+with lewis and it satisfies the octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lewis and it satisfies the octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lewis and it satisfies the octet
+but then in glass what happens is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then in glass what happens is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then in glass what happens is you
+bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge
+and so you have this and i won't draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have this and i won't draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have this and i won't draw
+all of them i'll just draw it the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them i'll just draw it the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them i'll just draw it the way we
+drew it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it before
+okay and you have these bridges and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you have these bridges and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you have these bridges and all
+of the oxygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oxygens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oxygens
+are are bridges in glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are bridges in glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are bridges in glass
+right uh but so now say well what if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but so now say well what if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but so now say well what if i
+wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+to remember these are these are forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember these are these are forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember these are these are forming
+these long viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long viscous
+chains what if i wanted to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains what if i wanted to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains what if i wanted to make them
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+a little more easily what if i wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more easily what if i wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more easily what if i wanted
+them to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to form
+shorter chains what if i wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter chains what if i wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter chains what if i wanted to
+cut the pasta don't do it in italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the pasta don't do it in italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the pasta don't do it in italy
+they'll get really upset but americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get really upset but americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get really upset but americans
+are okay with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay with it
+if you need to cut the pasta it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need to cut the pasta it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need to cut the pasta it's okay
+in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country
+okay if i need to cut the pasta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i need to cut the pasta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i need to cut the pasta in
+chemistry and it's glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and it's glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and it's glass
+that i'm cutting o2 minus is my knife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm cutting o2 minus is my knife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm cutting o2 minus is my knife
+it's my chemical scissors chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my chemical scissors chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my chemical scissors chemical
+scissors i like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors i like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors i like that
+chemical scissors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical scissors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical scissors
+why well you can see because i go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well you can see because i go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well you can see because i go back
+what did the oxygen do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the oxygen do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the oxygen do it
+it by bridging it didn't need that extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by bridging it didn't need that extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by bridging it didn't need that extra
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+but if i bring now something like na2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i bring now something like na2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i bring now something like na2
+you know na2o so i've got an o2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know na2o so i've got an o2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know na2o so i've got an o2 minus
+now i'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to add
+add an o2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then what'll happen is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what'll happen is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what'll happen is you're going to
+cut this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this
+right so now i'll just draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now i'll just draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now i'll just draw the
+i'll see if i can okay so now i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll see if i can okay so now i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll see if i can okay so now i've
+added not just an oxygen atom but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added not just an oxygen atom but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added not just an oxygen atom but the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+charges that each of them needed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges that each of them needed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges that each of them needed before
+they bridged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bridged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bridged
+you see to be happy right and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see to be happy right and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see to be happy right and so now
+this can have one of those charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can have one of those charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can have one of those charges
+and over here you can have another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on okay and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay and so on
+let's see now i've cut i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see now i've cut i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see now i've cut i've
+cut the glass pasta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the glass pasta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the glass pasta
+and i've done it chemically and i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've done it chemically and i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've done it chemically and i've
+done it from understanding of octet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it from understanding of octet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it from understanding of octet and
+lewis from basic chemistry principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis from basic chemistry principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis from basic chemistry principles
+that we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned
+whereas the sodium go well they're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the sodium go well they're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the sodium go well they're you
+know they'll be like a sodium it'll want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they'll be like a sodium it'll want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they'll be like a sodium it'll want
+to hang out close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hang out close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hang out close
+by these right there'll be these ions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these right there'll be these ions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these right there'll be these ions in
+there these sodium ions will be in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there these sodium ions will be in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there these sodium ions will be in there
+still right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still right
+if it was you know if it was na2o if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was you know if it was na2o if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was you know if it was na2o if
+it's something else and it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else and it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else and it's a different
+kind of ion that might be left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ion that might be left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ion that might be left over
+but the main thing is i've delivered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main thing is i've delivered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main thing is i've delivered the
+chemistry needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry needed
+to cut this and this is called chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut this and this is called chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut this and this is called chain
+incision there's a term for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incision there's a term for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incision there's a term for it
+chain precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the technical term for cutting glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical term for cutting glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical term for cutting glass
+pasta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta
+well this is powerful and this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is powerful and this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is powerful and this is very
+powerful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because
+if i can cut this these those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can cut this these those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can cut this these those are the
+silicate groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate groups
+right and and if i can cut them then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and if i can cut them then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and if i can cut them then i
+can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change
+another property look i can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another property look i can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another property look i can change the
+viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity
+i've hit another one of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've hit another one of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've hit another one of those three
+reasons why glass forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why glass forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why glass forms
+right um and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so
+i'll show you a slide in a minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you a slide in a minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you a slide in a minute to
+show you the change in the viscosity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the change in the viscosity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the change in the viscosity but
+just to give you a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a sense
+of what can happen how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what can happen how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what can happen how does that
+impact right how does that impact well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact right how does that impact well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact right how does that impact well
+for silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crystal the transition the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal the transition the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal the transition the melting point
+is greater than 1200 c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay for tg of soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for tg of soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for tg of soda
+lime glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's 500c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can imagine now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine now
+i've got another mechanism i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got another mechanism i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got another mechanism i've got
+another way not just processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way not just processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way not just processing
+not just cooling rate but chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just cooling rate but chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just cooling rate but chemistry
+to mess with this curve right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess with this curve right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess with this curve right because
+you can imagine now that i might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine now that i might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine now that i might be able
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+to a lower and lower transition points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lower and lower transition points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lower and lower transition points
+right you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see this
+i might be able to get to lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might be able to get to lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might be able to get to lower and
+lower transition points if these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower transition points if these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower transition points if these things
+can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move
+faster and not get locked in to a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and not get locked in to a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and not get locked in to a solid
+as easily if i add more and more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as easily if i add more and more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as easily if i add more and more of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+chemical scissors right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical scissors right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical scissors right and so
+so maybe this this one now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this this one now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this this one now instead of
+being cooled slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cooled slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cooled slower
+maybe this one had more soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this one had more soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this one had more soda
+right than this one maybe now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right than this one maybe now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right than this one maybe now they're
+cooled at the same rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled at the same rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled at the same rate
+but i've changed the the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i've changed the the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i've changed the the amount of
+impurities that are the amount of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities that are the amount of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities that are the amount of oxygen
+o2 minus very specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 minus very specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 minus very specifically
+that i've put in right so it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've put in right so it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've put in right so it's another
+way now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now
+to change this uh this curve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change this uh this curve okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change this uh this curve okay
+now these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are called
+you know the the thing that forms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the thing that forms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the thing that forms the
+glass and we're really only talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and we're really only talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and we're really only talking
+about silica as our glass you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about silica as our glass you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about silica as our glass you can make
+other types of glass not made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of glass not made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of glass not made from
+silica we're talking about silicon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica we're talking about silicon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica we're talking about silicon in
+this class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so
+silicon is the atom that is making those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is the atom that is making those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is the atom that is making those
+long spaghetti strands and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long spaghetti strands and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long spaghetti strands and it's called
+the network former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network former
+silicon is called the network former and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is called the network former and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is called the network former and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the thing that i put in there the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that i put in there the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that i put in there the thing
+that i put in there that modified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i put in there that modified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i put in there that modified the
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+is called the network modifier so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the network modifier so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the network modifier so you
+can see on this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see on this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see on this graph
+that you got your you know what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got your you know what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got your you know what you've
+got is your bridging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got is your bridging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got is your bridging
+you know the the bridging there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the bridging there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the bridging there uh
+that's going between two network formers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going between two network formers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going between two network formers
+and and then you've got these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you've got these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you've got these these
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+that are hanging out near a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hanging out near a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hanging out near a place where
+you've broken a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've broken a bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've broken a bridge
+so those would be modifiers those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those would be modifiers those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those would be modifiers those are
+called network modifiers these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called network modifiers these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called network modifiers these are just
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+that you will hear and see when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will hear and see when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will hear and see when you
+think about glass network formers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about glass network formers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about glass network formers
+network modifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network modifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network modifiers
+the chemistry that you introduce is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry that you introduce is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry that you introduce is
+modifying the network and it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying the network and it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying the network and it's what
+is done in many many different ways with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done in many many different ways with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done in many many different ways with
+many many different dopants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different dopants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different dopants
+to change the properties of glass okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the properties of glass okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the properties of glass okay
+and so here's here's the curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's here's the curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's here's the curve that
+shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you
+another kind of important way of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of important way of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of important way of looking
+at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this
+and i don't need you to remember all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't need you to remember all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't need you to remember all
+these terms but i want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms but i want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms but i want to show you
+because this is how glass is engineered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is how glass is engineered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is how glass is engineered
+remember today i want to talk about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember today i want to talk about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember today i want to talk about you
+know this the topic is how do we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this the topic is how do we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this the topic is how do we change
+the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties
+so talk about cooling rate now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talk about cooling rate now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talk about cooling rate now we're
+talking about adding chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about adding chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about adding chemicals
+um notice and so now when you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice and so now when you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice and so now when you're you're
+going to work with the glass to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work with the glass to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work with the glass to do
+something with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with it
+if you're going to do that this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to do that this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to do that this is one
+of the first plots you'll look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first plots you'll look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first plots you'll look up
+right and it shows you it plots the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it shows you it plots the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it shows you it plots the
+temperature this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this
+really doesn't work at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't work at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't work at all the
+temperature on one axis so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on one axis so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on one axis so that's like
+the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis
+and on the y-axis is the viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the y-axis is the viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the y-axis is the viscosity
+because now that's the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now that's the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now that's the property that
+we're changing right the viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're changing right the viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're changing right the viscosity
+and notice that when i at okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that when i at okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that when i at okay so
+there's silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's silica
+up in the upper right you see that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the upper right you see that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the upper right you see that so
+fused silica that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused silica that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused silica that's basically
+almost quartz that's basically quartz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost quartz that's basically quartz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost quartz that's basically quartz
+right so you are really close to making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you are really close to making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you are really close to making
+a nice crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice crystal
+right but notice how high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but notice how high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but notice how high
+a viscosity you have versus temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a viscosity you have versus temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a viscosity you have versus temperature
+notice that you're at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you're at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you're at this
+very very high value for viscosity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very high value for viscosity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very high value for viscosity it's
+a really thick material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really thick material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really thick material
+and and people care a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and people care a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and people care a lot about
+viscosity when they work with glass why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity when they work with glass why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity when they work with glass why
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+you need to know for example is it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know for example is it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know for example is it is it
+at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a point
+you know is the viscosity a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is the viscosity a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is the viscosity a point where
+i can work with it can i shape it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can work with it can i shape it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can work with it can i shape it
+that's the bottom right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bottom right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bottom right that's the
+region that says working range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that says working range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that says working range
+i can still shape it i can make a window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can still shape it i can make a window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can still shape it i can make a window
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh okay there it flows under its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay there it flows under its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay there it flows under its own
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+so now i could shape it and it'll lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i could shape it and it'll lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i could shape it and it'll lose
+the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape
+that's kind of important to know like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of important to know like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of important to know like if
+i'm making like a glass animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm making like a glass animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm making like a glass animal
+okay uh oh there it's um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh oh there it's um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh oh there it's um it
+its stress can still be relieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its stress can still be relieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its stress can still be relieved
+remaining stress can still be relieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining stress can still be relieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining stress can still be relieved
+and up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up there
+you can rapidly cool it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rapidly cool it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rapidly cool it without
+introducing new defects right but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing new defects right but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing new defects right but look
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+the trade-off between the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-off between the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-off between the temperature
+that you have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to go to
+and the viscosity and the viscosity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the viscosity and the viscosity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the viscosity and the viscosity that
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+so if you go now from the this almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go now from the this almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go now from the this almost
+quartz all the way down okay there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartz all the way down okay there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartz all the way down okay there's you
+take a little bit of stuff and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little bit of stuff and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little bit of stuff and you put
+it in but it's still 96 silica and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in but it's still 96 silica and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in but it's still 96 silica and now
+you go to borosilicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to borosilicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to borosilicate
+remember it's like 75 80 silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's like 75 80 silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's like 75 80 silica
+plus you know other additives and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know other additives and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know other additives and look
+at how much you've changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how much you've changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how much you've changed
+the temperature so i can now work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature so i can now work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature so i can now work with
+this material below a thousand c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material below a thousand c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material below a thousand c
+that has huge consequences for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has huge consequences for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has huge consequences for
+industry right for actually making uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry right for actually making uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry right for actually making uh
+different things out of glass which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things out of glass which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things out of glass which we
+now do regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do regularly
+but but and the romans did it too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but and the romans did it too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but and the romans did it too but
+they didn't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know why
+they said well you have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said well you have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said well you have a little bit of
+this dirt something different happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dirt something different happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dirt something different happens
+let's try a little bit of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try a little bit of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try a little bit of that one
+right now we know we know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we know we know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we know we know why
+and and you know the and so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know the and so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know the and so so this
+curve now is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now is something that we
+understand and we understand how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and we understand how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and we understand how to
+control it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control it
+and if you go back to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go back to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go back to the um
+the example of making glass tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of making glass tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of making glass tough
+you know i was just showing you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i was just showing you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i was just showing you these
+ions right these these sodium ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions right these these sodium ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions right these these sodium ions
+they're left in there well it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're left in there well it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're left in there well it turns out
+that you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put
+ions into glass and maybe you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions into glass and maybe you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions into glass and maybe you're doing
+it to change the viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to change the viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to change the viscosity
+so the thing stays liquid for longer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing stays liquid for longer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing stays liquid for longer and
+you can maybe work with it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can maybe work with it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can maybe work with it in in
+different regimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regimes
+but maybe you're putting the ions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you're putting the ions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you're putting the ions in
+there to do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to do something else
+right uh and and so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and and so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and and so actually
+there's a whole nother thing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole nother thing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole nother thing you can do
+once you have ions in the glass like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have ions in the glass like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have ions in the glass like
+sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium
+you can substitute them out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can substitute them out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can substitute them out right
+imagine that i have that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that i have that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that i have that's what this
+picture this next picture is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this next picture is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this next picture is showing
+imagine okay that i've got a glass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine okay that i've got a glass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine okay that i've got a glass in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and those red circles are sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those red circles are sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those red circles are sodium
+but now i've introduced a different ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i've introduced a different ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i've introduced a different ion
+on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface
+that's potassium what happens well if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's potassium what happens well if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's potassium what happens well if i
+have a high concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high concentration
+of potassium and i put it on a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potassium and i put it on a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potassium and i put it on a surface
+of glass that has a bunch of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass that has a bunch of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass that has a bunch of sodium
+in it so now i've got a glass with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so now i've got a glass with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so now i've got a glass with
+sodium ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium ions
+in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and
+i expose it to a potassium bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i expose it to a potassium bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i expose it to a potassium bath
+so now i've got potassium right up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i've got potassium right up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i've got potassium right up here
+and what happens is if the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is if the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is if the concentration
+is high enough and the conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high enough and the conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high enough and the conditions are
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+i can get potassium to go in for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can get potassium to go in for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can get potassium to go in for the
+sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium
+right and so actually now i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so actually now i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so actually now i can
+substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute
+so these these were here i can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these these were here i can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these these were here i can now
+substitute those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute those
+for potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this is a big deal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a big deal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a big deal because
+potassium is bigger than sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium is bigger than sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium is bigger than sodium
+and and so if i if i am able to on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so if i if i am able to on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so if i if i am able to on the
+surface let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface let's say
+put put something bigger in there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put something bigger in there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put something bigger in there then
+you can imagine that it's pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that it's pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that it's pushing
+the other stuff into each other that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other stuff into each other that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other stuff into each other that's
+causing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the same
+stress k plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress k plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress k plus
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than sodium and this causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sodium and this causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sodium and this causes
+this huge surface tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same principle as tempering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principle as tempering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principle as tempering
+but now i've done it chemically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i've done it chemically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i've done it chemically this
+is gorilla glass this is all phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gorilla glass this is all phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gorilla glass this is all phone
+screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens
+this is what they do right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they do right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they do right because you
+can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get
+really really hard glass this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard glass this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard glass this way and
+and if you go back to these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go back to these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go back to these guys
+they have a little this is just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a little this is just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a little this is just a very
+short video they've got this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short video they've got this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short video they've got this sort of
+longer videos on the corning website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer videos on the corning website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer videos on the corning website
+that talk about this they shoot bullets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk about this they shoot bullets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk about this they shoot bullets
+through gorilla glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through gorilla glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through gorilla glass
+you can make glass really strong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make glass really strong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make glass really strong with
+just chemical substitutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chemical substitutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chemical substitutions
+and all you're thinking about is atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you're thinking about is atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you're thinking about is atom
+size because by putting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size because by putting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size because by putting this
+larger atom in you cause the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger atom in you cause the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger atom in you cause the same kind
+of compressive stress at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find over time but like all gorilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find over time but like all gorilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find over time but like all gorilla
+glass variants that came before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass variants that came before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass variants that came before it
+it is compressive strength glass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is compressive strength glass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is compressive strength glass but
+it's not made in the same way as we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not made in the same way as we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not made in the same way as we just
+demonstrated the rapid cooling method no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated the rapid cooling method no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated the rapid cooling method no
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+corning uses an ion exchange process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corning uses an ion exchange process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corning uses an ion exchange process to
+break it down simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it down simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it down simply
+the surface ion particles that naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface ion particles that naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface ion particles that naturally
+form during the manufacture are replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form during the manufacture are replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form during the manufacture are replaced
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+larger ion particles once exchanged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ion particles once exchanged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ion particles once exchanged the
+larger ion particles create the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ion particles create the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ion particles create the same
+sort of inward pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inward pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inward pressure
+that we see on the prince rupert drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see on the prince rupert drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see on the prince rupert drop
+and with this method they are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this method they are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this method they are able to
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+and manage the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manage the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manage the resulting
+the resulting what what was he gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting what what was he gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting what what was he gonna say
+i don't know actually i don't remember i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know actually i don't remember i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know actually i don't remember i
+have to go watch it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go watch it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go watch it now
+uh so that's that's just a video showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's that's just a video showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's that's just a video showing
+you what i just showed you which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what i just showed you which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what i just showed you which is that
+that's yet another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yet another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yet another way
+of engineering the properties of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering the properties of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering the properties of glass
+and there are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are so
+many more and and this is really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more and and this is really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more and and this is really you
+know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what
+one of the points i want to make today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the points i want to make today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the points i want to make today
+about how to engineer glass so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to engineer glass so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to engineer glass so we're
+talking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how to
+change this curve maybe we change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this curve maybe we change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this curve maybe we change the
+viscosity by adding o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity by adding o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity by adding o2
+which changes you know the curve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changes you know the curve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changes you know the curve here
+maybe we change the cooling rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we change the cooling rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we change the cooling rate
+right um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um uh uh
+maybe i can use additives uh ions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can use additives uh ions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can use additives uh ions in
+different ways but it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways but it turns out that
+we have come to a place where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have come to a place where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have come to a place where we can
+engineer every single one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer every single one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer every single one of these
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+we can make conducting glass even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make conducting glass even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make conducting glass even though
+it's usually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually been
+and usually is insulating we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually is insulating we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually is insulating we can make
+chemically active glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically active glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically active glass
+right as you just saw we can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you just saw we can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you just saw we can change the
+mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+properties there are now flexible rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties there are now flexible rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties there are now flexible rolls
+of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass
+that look literally like saran wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look literally like saran wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look literally like saran wrap
+almost but they're glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost but they're glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost but they're glass
+right um and and so it all comes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so it all comes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so it all comes down to
+the pasta and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pasta and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pasta and so
+where we are if we use the pasta analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are if we use the pasta analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are if we use the pasta analogy
+which as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as you
+i think can understand i really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think can understand i really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think can understand i really like
+because i really like pasta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i really like pasta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i really like pasta
+this is a great analogy for glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great analogy for glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great analogy for glass
+because it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like
+you know in in the in the roman time all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in the in the roman time all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in the in the roman time all
+we had was one sauce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had was one sauce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had was one sauce
+everything just mix it all in meatballs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything just mix it all in meatballs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything just mix it all in meatballs
+pesto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pesto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pesto
+red sauce carbonara i could go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red sauce carbonara i could go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red sauce carbonara i could go on
+and that's all they did they just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all they did they just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all they did they just didn't
+know why things were happening but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why things were happening but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why things were happening but now
+that we know about the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know about the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know about the electronic
+structure of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of atoms
+we can make glass into any delicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make glass into any delicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make glass into any delicious
+pasta dish we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta dish we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta dish we want
+right okay don't eat it but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay don't eat it but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay don't eat it but you know
+what i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean
+and so i'll give you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'll give you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'll give you a couple of
+examples so the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so the point is
+the last 20 centuries we're really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 20 centuries we're really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 20 centuries we're really just
+getting warmed up when it comes to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting warmed up when it comes to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting warmed up when it comes to this
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+and and what it's led to are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what it's led to are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what it's led to are
+you know what the recent understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the recent understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the recent understanding
+of how to engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to engineer
+this material has led to our real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material has led to our real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material has led to our real
+breakthrough ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough ideas
+and so i'll show you just a couple um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'll show you just a couple um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'll show you just a couple um in
+my why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters
+because you know glass is after all made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know glass is after all made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know glass is after all made
+of there it is up there in case you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there it is up there in case you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there it is up there in case you can
+see it this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it this is the
+abundance of elements versus atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of elements versus atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of elements versus atomic
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+and you notice the very top two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you notice the very top two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you notice the very top two elements
+are silicon and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are silicon and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are silicon and oxygen
+right and and and so it'd be really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and and so it'd be really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and and so it'd be really nice
+if we could make a lot of stuff out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could make a lot of stuff out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could make a lot of stuff out of
+these really abundant cheap elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these really abundant cheap elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these really abundant cheap elements
+think sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think sand
+right could i take sand and make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could i take sand and make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could i take sand and make a lot
+of stuff out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff out of it
+well not if i can't control it not if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not if i can't control it not if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not if i can't control it not if i
+have to heat it up to 3000 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to heat it up to 3000 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to heat it up to 3000 degrees
+or its viscosity isn't what i want or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its viscosity isn't what i want or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its viscosity isn't what i want or it
+doesn't give me the properties i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give me the properties i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give me the properties i want
+but that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that has
+changed that has fundamentally changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that has fundamentally changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that has fundamentally changed
+so we can now look at materials like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can now look at materials like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can now look at materials like
+this these super abundant materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these super abundant materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these super abundant materials and
+we can completely rethink them and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can completely rethink them and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can completely rethink them and i'll
+give you one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you one example
+it's our it's already a few years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our it's already a few years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our it's already a few years old
+but i think it's just a really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think it's just a really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think it's just a really cool
+uh idea which is called the solar center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh idea which is called the solar center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh idea which is called the solar center
+and and here he's he's developed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here he's he's developed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here he's he's developed this
+machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that
+is entirely solar powered the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entirely solar powered the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entirely solar powered the solar
+cells for the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells for the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells for the electricity
+and it's a focused uh beam of light from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a focused uh beam of light from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a focused uh beam of light from
+the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun
+that gets hot enough to engineer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets hot enough to engineer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets hot enough to engineer the
+glass so he takes sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass so he takes sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass so he takes sand
+from the desert that he's in he puts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the desert that he's in he puts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the desert that he's in he puts it
+in a container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a container
+and he's got a 3d printer that he's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's got a 3d printer that he's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's got a 3d printer that he's made
+it's entirely solar-powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's entirely solar-powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's entirely solar-powered
+there's no fossil fuels but he can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no fossil fuels but he can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no fossil fuels but he can take
+sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand
+and turn it into something structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into something structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into something structural
+right and so there's a vase that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's a vase that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's a vase that he's
+made and you can take that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and you can take that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and you can take that out
+and and again that's just the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again that's just the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again that's just the beginning
+of rethinking what we could do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rethinking what we could do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rethinking what we could do with
+these super abundant materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these super abundant materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these super abundant materials
+here's an example from also a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example from also a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example from also a few years
+ago from an mit lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago from an mit lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago from an mit lab
+um this is neri oxman's lab and she's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is neri oxman's lab and she's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is neri oxman's lab and she's in
+the mediated matter lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mediated matter lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mediated matter lab
+at uh here at mit and she's developed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh here at mit and she's developed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh here at mit and she's developed a
+3d printer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so there it is printing uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there it is printing uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there it is printing uh something
+with glass right and she can print lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glass right and she can print lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glass right and she can print lots
+of different designs now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different designs now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different designs now
+using glass he has a cool video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using glass he has a cool video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using glass he has a cool video
+um and there's the print head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1900 fahrenheit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's the printer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not sure that i want a 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure that i want a 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure that i want a 1900
+fahrenheit printer on my desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fahrenheit printer on my desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fahrenheit printer on my desktop
+um but as you can imagine you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as you can imagine you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as you can imagine you know
+what what they had to do i'll just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they had to do i'll just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they had to do i'll just give
+you one more example and then a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one more example and then a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one more example and then a little
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+what they had to do was understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they had to do was understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they had to do was understand
+everything we've just talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've just talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've just talked about how
+do you engineer the viscosity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you engineer the viscosity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you engineer the viscosity the
+melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point
+to make it all work in a 3d printer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it all work in a 3d printer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it all work in a 3d printer the
+last point i'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last point i'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last point i'll give you
+is this i love this this is from a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this i love this this is from a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this i love this this is from a few
+years ago it's a group in japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago it's a group in japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago it's a group in japan
+that made a glass that is as strong as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made a glass that is as strong as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made a glass that is as strong as
+steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel
+and what they talk about this is what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they talk about this is what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they talk about this is what i
+like they say just think of a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they say just think of a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they say just think of a world
+where your smartphone wouldn't shatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your smartphone wouldn't shatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your smartphone wouldn't shatter
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+cool buildings could be bolstered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool buildings could be bolstered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool buildings could be bolstered
+against natural disasters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against natural disasters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against natural disasters
+even cooler and then somehow they bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cooler and then somehow they bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cooler and then somehow they bring
+it down wine glasses are reassuringly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down wine glasses are reassuringly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down wine glasses are reassuringly
+safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe
+was that really a problem i i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that really a problem i i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that really a problem i i don't know
+and what they did fabrication was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did fabrication was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did fabrication was
+conducted using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted using an
+aerodynamic levitation furnace where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamic levitation furnace where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamic levitation furnace where
+ingredients were floated in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients were floated in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients were floated in the air
+using oxygen gas and melted together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using oxygen gas and melted together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using oxygen gas and melted together
+using co2 lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using co2 lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using co2 lasers
+and they get a transparent super glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get a transparent super glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get a transparent super glass
+of 50 alumina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 50 alumina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 50 alumina
+that was so hard to do because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was so hard to do because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was so hard to do because the
+aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum
+didn't want to be a glass it wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to be a glass it wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to be a glass it wanted to
+go and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and become
+a metal a structural a crystal but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal a structural a crystal but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal a structural a crystal but by
+doing it this way they were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it this way they were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it this way they were able to
+capture it in the disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it in the disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it in the disorder
+okay all right have a great night see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right have a great night see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right have a great night see
+you guys on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KT3yNuY_FPM.txt b/KT3yNuY_FPM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21da56612e61a5c96b9b7010e9030653b99c03fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KT3yNuY_FPM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1865 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MITOpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, today, we have
+a chance to put away the
+
+equations and have some fun.
+
+With me is Professor Sandy Hill
+from the University of
+
+Massachusetts at Amherst.
+
+And Sandy, maybe you could just
+give us a quick tour of
+
+what we have here.
+
+SANDY HILL: OK.
+
+We'll be dealing with about
+four instruments today.
+
+Two of them generate signals,
+and two of them display and
+
+analyze signals.
+
+The first, and perhaps simplest,
+is simply an RC
+
+audio generator, that will put
+out a variety wave shapes.
+
+And we'll look at that
+in a moment.
+
+Over to the right is a device
+that will allow us to study
+
+amplitude modulation and the
+various flavors of it.
+
+Down below is a standard
+oscilloscope to look at the
+
+signals in the time domain so
+we can see their shape.
+
+And then, finally the spectrum
+analyzer will analyze the
+
+signal into its Fourier
+components.
+
+And we'll display those, so you
+get to see the spectral
+
+content of a signal.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now, we'll be seeing
+all of these in a fair
+
+amount of detail as we go
+through the demonstrations.
+
+But maybe we can begin just
+with the signal generator.
+
+SANDY HILL: OK, let's
+look quickly at the
+
+various buttons involved.
+
+There's a lot of flexibility
+with this device.
+
+The top three buttons here allow
+us to change from one
+
+simple wave form to another one,
+a sine wave, a triangle
+
+wave, a square wave.
+
+And right below it is a button
+that will allow us to change
+
+the size of the signal.
+
+Moving over towards the left,
+we can change the DC offset
+
+which varies the signal,
+the level upon
+
+which the signal rides.
+
+PROFESSOR: And we'll be using
+that actually when we
+
+demonstrate amplitude
+modulation.
+
+SANDY HILL: That's right And
+then finally, there's a way of
+
+changing the frequency of the
+signal, either changing it by
+
+a factor of 10 or a vernier
+adjustment, if you want very
+
+specific adjustments, very
+delicate changes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So maybe we can just vary some
+of this and see what a little
+
+bit of it looks like.
+
+SANDY HILL: All right.
+
+What we have displayed at this
+point is the effect of pushing
+
+the sine wave button.
+
+And so displayed down here
+is a 500 Hertz sine wave.
+
+In fact, let's listen to that.
+
+PROFESSOR: Great.
+
+SANDY HILL: And the scope is
+said to have one millisecond
+
+for each division here.
+
+By varying the amplitude
+knob can make the sine
+
+wave smaller or larger.
+
+The ear isn't too sensitive
+to that.
+
+By changing the DC offset,
+it simply rides
+
+on a different level.
+
+It's like putting a
+battery in series.
+
+And changing the frequency,
+you get a very perceptible
+
+change, a lower frequency.
+
+It takes longer to sweep
+through a period.
+
+Higher frequency, it takes
+a shorter amount of time.
+
+And also, we can change the wave
+shape itself from a sine
+
+wave to a triangle wave--
+
+and you notice that has
+a richer sound to it--
+
+and then finally to a square
+wave, which is an even
+
+brighter sound.
+
+PROFESSOR: And actually, as you
+realize from the previous
+
+lectures, with the triangle and
+square wave with the same
+
+fundamental as the sine wave,
+the richness comes in because
+
+of the higher harmonics in the
+Fourier series representation.
+
+OK, well let's go back
+to the sine wave.
+
+And we'll use that to take
+a closer look at
+
+the spectrum analyzer.
+
+SANDY HILL: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: We'll look at a block
+diagram of the spectrum
+
+analyzer shortly, but first
+let's just look at a few quick
+
+things to get a feel for it.
+
+We have, of course,
+the time domain
+
+display of the sine wave.
+
+And the spectrum analyzer gives
+us a frequency domain
+
+analysis and display.
+
+And the vertical axis
+is the amplitude.
+
+The horizontal axis
+is frequency.
+
+And as it's set currently, the
+frequency axis goes from DC--
+
+zero--
+
+up to 2 kilohertz.
+
+And that, of course,
+can be varied on
+
+the spectrum analyzer.
+
+And since we have a sine wave
+input, we get, as we would
+
+expect, a line spectrum,
+corresponding to the frequency
+
+of the sine wave.
+
+Now, in fact, we can measure
+that frequency because the
+
+spectrum analyzer has a cursor
+associated with it, which I've
+
+just enabled.
+
+And this line is the
+cursor line.
+
+There is a read out for the
+frequency and a read out for
+
+the amplitude.
+
+And let's position
+the cursor on the
+
+frequency of the sine wave.
+
+And we're getting close.
+
+And there we are at the
+frequency of the sine wave.
+
+And we can read out, in fact,
+that it's 500 cycles.
+
+And this is the amplitude.
+
+And, of course, you could verify
+the frequency also in
+
+the time domain display,
+simply by measuring the
+
+frequency or the period.
+
+SANDY HILL: This is set at
+still one millisecond per
+
+centimeter.
+
+So that is 500 Hertz.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Well now maybe what we can
+do is vary the frequency.
+
+Let's vary the frequency of
+the sine wave generator.
+
+Maybe also listen to it?
+
+SANDY HILL: I'll turn
+on the tone.
+
+Yep.
+
+OK, I'll make the frequency
+higher.
+
+And you'll see a
+
+correspondence in the time domain.
+
+The frequency clearly goes up,
+and that line of the spectrum
+
+also migrates up away
+from the cursor.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, and let me just
+point out again that this is
+
+the cursor line.
+
+This isn't the spectra line.
+
+And this is the frequency
+content of the sine wave.
+
+SANDY HILL: We can also change
+the amplitude of that line by
+
+making the sine wave
+itself smaller.
+
+And you notice the intensity
+of it goes--
+
+PROFESSOR: While you do that,
+let me just position the
+
+cursor if I can on
+the sine wave.
+
+And now as you vary the
+amplitude, we should, in fact,
+
+see this vary.
+
+SANDY HILL: Well,
+that's right.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Now as Sandy varied the
+frequency, he did it slowly
+
+and we saw the line move
+as a single line.
+
+Maybe now, Sandy, you
+could vary the
+
+frequency more rapidly.
+
+And what will happen is that, in
+fact, what we'll get if I--
+
+SANDY HILL: There'll be
+a spreading as we go--
+
+PROFESSOR: Let me turn
+the cursor off.
+
+And what we'll see is a
+spreading of the line, so that
+
+the frequency content
+is richer.
+
+And, in fact, the analysis of
+this is considerably more
+
+complicated.
+
+It corresponds to frequency
+modulation, where Sandy is now
+
+the modulating signal.
+
+SANDY HILL: That's right.
+
+PROFESSOR: And we won't really
+be going into issues of
+
+frequency modulation in any
+more detail in this
+
+demonstration.
+
+SANDY HILL: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, well now let's
+go to the overhead projector
+
+and take a look at a
+block diagram of
+
+the spectrum analyzer.
+
+The specific spectrum analyzer
+that we're using in the
+
+demonstration is made by
+Rockland Systems, referred to
+
+as the Rockland Systems
+Model FFT 512.
+
+And basically, the idea is to
+sample the incoming wave form,
+
+convert that into digital form,
+and then the spectrum,
+
+in fact, is computed digitally
+using a microprocessor.
+
+So the overall system block
+diagram first consists of a
+
+system which is a
+low pass filter.
+
+And this low pass filter is
+used in advance of the
+
+sampling process to basically
+reduce the artifacts that are
+
+introduced due to sampling.
+
+And although we haven't talked
+yet about sampling and the
+
+associated artifacts, basically,
+as we'll see in the
+
+upcoming lectures, in order to
+sample a wave form and convert
+
+it into digital form, it
+requires that the wave form
+
+first be low pass filtered.
+
+So this low pass filter is
+referred to-- and will be in
+
+later lectures--
+
+as an anti-aliasing filter.
+
+And this low pass filtered wave
+form is then converted to
+
+a sequence.
+
+And so a sequence is generated
+for which the sequence values
+
+are simply samples of the
+low pass filtered input.
+
+This low pass filtered
+input is then put
+
+into digital memory.
+
+Basically, a time block of it
+is put into digital memory,
+
+and so that's what we
+have down here.
+
+Here is the sequence.
+
+The sequence is put into
+digital memory.
+
+And then an arithmetic processor
+computes for the
+
+samples in this memory.
+
+It computes the Fourier
+transform or the spectrum.
+
+And after the spectrum is
+computed and put either into
+
+the same or a different memory,
+that is then put
+
+through a conversion process
+back to a continuous time
+
+signal, and finally, put out on
+the display that we've been
+
+seeing in the demonstration.
+
+And so this is just indicative
+of the display.
+
+So basically, the idea then
+is that the input
+
+wave form comes in.
+
+It's filtered and sampled and
+captured on a block basis, put
+
+into a digital memory, and then,
+a digital computer or
+
+microprocessor computes
+the Fourier transform.
+
+And then that Fourier transform
+is what we see on
+
+the display.
+
+So what we're computing, of
+course, are samples of the
+
+Fourier transform.
+
+And so, for example, if the
+input-- let's say--
+
+was a rectangular pulse whose
+Fourier transform is of the
+
+form of a sine(x) over x
+function, what we would, in
+
+fact, see on the display are
+samples of that at discrete
+
+frequencies.
+
+Or if as we have an input which
+is a square wave, what
+
+will generate through the
+spectrum analyzer are the
+
+Fourier series coefficients or
+equivalently, the harmonics
+
+associated with the
+square wave.
+
+OK, well, let's now go back to
+the equipment and look at the
+
+spectrum analyzer.
+
+We'll look at the square wave
+through the spectrum analyzer
+
+shortly, but first what we have
+is what we saw before,
+
+which is the sine wave.
+
+And just to point out, again,
+the fact that the sine wave
+
+spectrum, of course, is just a
+single line corresponding to
+
+the fundamental frequency.
+
+And here we have a frequency
+scale now that goes from 0 to
+
+5 kilohertz.
+
+And this is then the 500
+cycle sine wave.
+
+And, in fact, we can flip the
+cursor on and I happen to just
+
+magically have it positioned
+correctly.
+
+And we see that it's a
+500 cycle sine wave.
+
+SANDY HILL: Might be
+interesting, Al, to go and
+
+look at a richer set of signals,
+such as the triangle
+
+wave and the square wave--
+things that are conveniently
+
+on the signal generator
+itself.
+
+I'll switch over to
+a square wave now.
+
+And what you see is
+all the harmonics
+
+coming up, being displayed.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, it's actually
+interesting to point out, I
+
+think, that the square wave,
+as we know, is an
+
+odd harmonic function.
+
+And so, in fact, the even
+harmonics are missing in the
+
+square wave.
+
+So this is the fundamental.
+
+This is the third harmonic,
+fifth harmonic, et cetera.
+
+And then the amplitude of
+the square wave decays
+
+proportional to 1 over f, which
+is the kind of analysis
+
+that we've gone through in
+looking at Fourier series.
+
+SANDY HILL: Right, and if we
+switch to the triangle wave,
+
+instead of their decaying as 1
+over f, the harmonics decay as
+
+1 over f squared.
+
+And you see they drop off
+much more quickly.
+
+PROFESSOR: And again,
+of course, it's an
+
+odd harmonic signal.
+
+And so the even numbered
+harmonics are missing.
+
+And maybe just to kind of
+emphasize the point, we can
+
+show the sine wave again and
+the square wave again.
+
+SANDY HILL: We'll go through
+from the most bland to the
+
+richer to the richest.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, and it's
+really kind of
+
+interesting and dramatic--
+
+SANDY HILL: It's
+fun to do that.
+
+PROFESSOR: --to see the
+harmonics pop in.
+
+SANDY HILL: While we're at the
+square wave, let me fiddle
+
+with the frequency of the square
+wave, and we can see
+
+the duality of the time
+and frequency domains.
+
+That is, as you compress things
+in the time domain,
+
+such as this, going to a higher
+frequency square wave,
+
+the harmonics wonder further
+away from each other.
+
+SANDY HILL: So this is
+the fundamental.
+
+The second harmonic
+is missing.
+
+This is the third harmonic.
+
+And of course, the fifth.
+
+SANDY HILL: And as we take this
+to an extreme by going to
+
+very low repetition rate
+square waves, all those
+
+harmonics come scurrying in and
+cluster together near DC.
+
+PROFESSOR: Kind of fun with
+Fourier transforms.
+
+Well, speaking of time and
+frequency scaling, recall that
+
+we had demonstrated time and
+frequency scaling previously
+
+with the glockenspiel.
+
+And what we had done there was
+to record a particular
+
+glockenspiel note, and
+then we played that
+
+back at half speed.
+
+And what we had done in that
+case is expanded things in
+
+time, consequently compress
+them in frequency.
+
+And so, comparing that with a
+note an octave lower than we
+
+saw that, in fact, the
+time scaling had led
+
+to a frequency scaling.
+
+And then we also played the same
+note back at twice speed.
+
+And in that case, the
+frequencies were all scaled up
+
+by a factor of 2.
+
+And again, we illustrated that
+by comparing with the
+
+glockenspiel note a
+full octave up.
+
+Now when we did that, we didn't
+actually look at the
+
+time wave forms or spectra.
+
+And having the equipment that we
+have here gives us kind of
+
+a nice opportunity to do that.
+
+So what I have is the tape that
+we had originally made of
+
+the glockenspiel, the original
+note that we recorded.
+
+And what we'll do is look at the
+spectrum of that, and then
+
+compare that spectrum when we
+play the tape at half speed
+
+and also play it
+at twice speed.
+
+So let's play the tape.
+
+And what we have is the
+glockenspiel right now
+
+displayed on a frequency scale
+from 0 to 5 kilohertz.
+
+Let's just change that to
+zero to 10 kilohertz.
+
+So here is this spectrum.
+
+Over here we have the
+time wave form.
+
+And here is then the first
+spectral line, and we can see
+
+where that is by setting
+up the cursor.
+
+And magically, once again, I
+have the cursor positioned at
+
+just the right spot.
+
+The first spectral line
+is at 1.775 kilohertz.
+
+And so this is the spectrum
+then of the original
+
+glockenspiel note.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's stop the tape
+and rewind it.
+
+And now what we want to do is
+play that back at half speed.
+
+Played at half speed,
+the frequencies
+
+should be scaled down.
+
+And, in particular then the
+first spectra line should be
+
+at a lower frequency.
+
+So let's play that now.
+
+SANDY HILL: There are really
+very complicated signals,
+
+aren't they?
+
+PROFESSOR: They really are.
+
+Here we have the first
+spectral line.
+
+And we can compare that with the
+first spectral line that
+
+we had before which was
+at 1.775 kilohertz.
+
+And, once again, you see that
+the time wave form over here
+
+has been scaled by
+a factor of 2.
+
+So, once again, we see that
+time and frequency scaling
+
+really works.
+
+Incidentally as Sandy pointed
+out, and rightfully so, the
+
+glockenspiel really is a pretty
+complicated signal, as
+
+a graduate student and I found
+out when we were preparing the
+
+original glockenspiel demo.
+
+SANDY HILL: Speaking of
+complicated signals, one of my
+
+favorites is to look
+at speech.
+
+I set this up so that what's
+coming into my microphone is
+
+indeed what you're going to
+see on the two screens.
+
+The telephone company thinks of
+speech, basically in terms
+
+of bandwidth, that it extends
+from about 300
+
+Hertz to 3,300 Hertz.
+
+But, as we'll see in the
+spectrum analyzer, there's a
+
+lot of leakage outside
+of that.
+
+The telephone company just
+filters out everything outside
+
+of that and things of that
+as a speech signal.
+
+So it doesn't have the high
+fidelity that you might have
+
+on high fire equipment.
+
+As we look at the scope, again,
+the time wave form is
+
+extremely complicated, seems to
+have some periodicities in
+
+it, although they're
+short-lived, and then it goes
+
+on to some other
+periodic chunk.
+
+And over in the frequency
+domain, you can see as we
+
+extend from 0 to 10 kilohertz,
+that as I speak, there are
+
+trenchants that have spectral
+content in them, covering that
+
+entire band.
+
+I can try some simpler
+signals.
+
+A whistle is almost a sinusoid,
+but as you'll see
+
+isn't terribly sinusoidal.
+
+[HIGH-PITCHED WHISTLE]
+
+That's the best I can do.
+
+I can sing, a little bit
+embarrassedly, a B,
+
+[HIGH-PITCHED]
+
+Boo, and things like that.
+
+PROFESSOR: They don't
+ask me to, Sandy.
+
+SANDY HILL: And then different
+vowel sounds have a lot of
+
+energy in, like the letter A.
+(SUNG) A. Whereas some of the
+
+others are very impulsive,
+like--
+
+[HISSING]
+
+Or puh and tuh.
+
+And it's a little hard to grab
+them at the right time.
+
+But what's fascinating is just
+to stare at equipment like
+
+this and try different speech
+sounds, and you begin to get
+
+sort of a sense of the
+complicated nature of them.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, well that's a
+look at some spectra signals.
+
+And now what we'd like to focus
+on is the modulator and
+
+talk a little bit about
+modulation and demodulation
+
+and demonstrate it.
+
+And let's begin that by first
+taking a look at a block
+
+diagram of the modulator
+system.
+
+Well, as we've discussed in a
+previous lecture, amplitude
+
+modulation basically consists of
+multiplying the modulating
+
+signal by an appropriate
+carrier, illustrated here, as
+
+we've seen previously, for the
+case of a sinusoidal carrier.
+
+And then, specifically for
+sinusoidal amplitude
+
+modulation, we may or may not
+inject some carrier signal--
+
+A times the carrier.
+
+Or equivalently, if we look at
+the modulated output, the
+
+injection of the carrier is
+equivalent, mathematically, to
+
+simply adding a DC offset
+or a constant to
+
+the modulating signal.
+
+And, as you recall when we
+talked about this, the idea of
+
+injecting a carrier or not is
+related to the issue of
+
+whether or not we want to do
+synchronous or asynchronous
+
+demodulation.
+
+The asynchronous demodulation
+corresponding to the simple
+
+use of an envelope detector.
+
+And to remind you of the wave
+forms that are involved,
+
+again, I show two that
+we saw previously.
+
+And for the case, this is for
+one value of the amount of
+
+carrier that's injected.
+
+And this is for an amount of
+carrier injected that's less.
+
+And this, in fact, corresponds
+to what we refer to as 50%
+
+modulation, and this is the
+case of 100% modulation.
+
+Well, the modulating system
+that we're using in this
+
+demonstration is basically
+of the form that
+
+we're indicating here.
+
+And a simple block diagram for
+it is more or less identical
+
+to what we just saw.
+
+Specifically, the modulating
+signal is
+
+multiplied by the carrier.
+
+And there also is the capability
+of injecting some
+
+additional carrier, meaning
+adding it to the output of
+
+this product.
+
+And so the modulated output can
+have a variable percent
+
+modulation--
+
+the percent modulation being
+changed, depending on how we
+
+set this variable gain.
+
+Now, in addition to sinusoidal
+modulation--
+
+in fact, for the particular
+system that we're using, we
+
+have somewhat more
+flexibility.
+
+We can use, in addition to a
+sinusoidal carrier at this
+
+point, we can alternatively
+choose a square wave carrier
+
+or a triangular carrier.
+
+And, as we'll indicate in a
+moment when we illustrate
+
+this, there are some specific
+advantages to using, for
+
+example, a square
+wave carrier.
+
+So this is a somewhat simplified
+version of--
+
+or rather block diagram of the
+modulating system that we're
+
+demonstrating.
+
+The external modulating input
+here, a choice of carrier with
+
+also the capability for
+injecting some additional
+
+carrier into the output.
+
+OK, now let's go back
+to the equipment and
+
+take a look at this.
+
+Well, Sandy, maybe to begin,
+you can just point out what
+
+some of the controls are
+on the modulator box.
+
+SANDY HILL: OK, there
+are some interesting
+
+points to look at here.
+
+This is an input for
+an external signal.
+
+We'll be taking a signal right
+out of the signal generator
+
+and putting it in here.
+
+And that will be the signal
+that will be modulated,
+
+according to the carrier.
+
+The carrier is generated
+internally in this device.
+
+And there are several ways
+of controlling it.
+
+One is the amount of
+carrier injection.
+
+One is the wave form of the
+carrier itself-- and this is
+
+typically sinusoidal in the
+broadcast industry, but others
+
+are interesting to
+look at as well.
+
+The output that will be
+displaying on both the
+
+spectrum analyzer and scope
+comes out here.
+
+And then farther over to the
+left, there are some knobs for
+
+changing the frequency of
+the carrier signal.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let me also
+just point out again for
+
+emphasis that changing the
+carrier level, as we've talked
+
+about, is mathematically
+equivalent to changing the DC
+
+level of the modulating
+signal.
+
+And that's also what affects the
+percent modulation as we
+
+had just discussed.
+
+Now what we have set up is a
+sinusoidal modulating signal
+
+and a sinusoidal
+little carrier.
+
+And, as usual, we have the time
+wave form displayed here.
+
+And so this is the
+modulated signal.
+
+And then on the spectrum
+analyzer, we have
+
+the spectral display.
+
+And this is the carrier
+signal.
+
+That's the carrier frequency.
+
+And these side bands then
+correspond to the side bands
+
+associated with the
+modulating signal.
+
+So this is the spectrum of the
+total modulated output, right?
+
+SANDY HILL: Right.
+
+It's interesting to vary some
+of these parameters.
+
+You can see the sinusoidal
+modulating
+
+shape at this point.
+
+Let me switch that to
+a triangular shape.
+
+And, again, it's a little hard
+to sink in both the modulating
+
+signal and the carrier, so you
+see the carrier kind of
+
+wondering by, but there it is.
+
+Another thing that can be varied
+is the amplitude of the
+
+modulating signal.
+
+I'll make it smaller--
+
+you'll see the side
+bands go away--
+
+until finally we have a pure
+sinusoidal carrier--
+
+as I bring them back in.
+
+Again, this is triangular.
+
+There would be harmonics there
+that maybe they're a little
+
+hard to see in the spectrum
+analyzer.
+
+I'll go back first to a square
+wave modulating signal, which
+
+is, again, you can see the
+square wave on top and one on
+
+the bottom.
+
+PROFESSOR: And so all of this,
+then, represents side bands.
+
+Is that--
+
+SANDY HILL: That's right.
+
+Those are the side bands due to
+the square wave modulation.
+
+Going back to the simplest,
+the sinusoidal carrier.
+
+Another thing we can do is to
+vary the frequency of the
+
+sinusoidal signal that's
+modulating it.
+
+I'll make it higher.
+
+And you'll notice that the side
+bands wander away from
+
+the carrier signal
+in the spectrum.
+
+The spectrum, the carrier signal
+of that, doesn't have a
+
+frequency that's changing
+as I do this.
+
+It's just the width of
+the band, due to
+
+the modulating signal.
+
+PROFESSOR: So this
+is the carrier.
+
+And these are the side bands.
+
+SANDY HILL: That's right.
+
+Now as we go out very far, those
+side bands get gobbled
+
+up by the carrier itself.
+
+I'll come back to a nice
+reasonable point there.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, now, we can
+change also the carrier
+
+frequency and, as Sandy's
+indicated, various parameters.
+
+Now let me just point out, since
+I didn't previously,
+
+that the frequency scale that
+we're looking at here is a
+
+frequency scale out
+to 20 kilohertz.
+
+And we had talked about--
+or Sandy had indicated--
+
+that we can change the
+carrier signal shape.
+
+And let me change the carrier
+signal from a sine wave to a
+
+square wave.
+
+Now you haven't seen any change
+on this particular
+
+display , but let me change
+the frequency scale.
+
+And what you see now is the
+modulating signal showing up
+
+around harmonics associated
+with the carrier.
+
+And those harmonics will go
+away when we go back to a
+
+sinusoidal carrier.
+
+SANDY HILL: This is actually
+called a ring modulator.
+
+It's very simple to multiply
+a signal by a square wave.
+
+It's just a chopping process.
+
+And so a square wave carrier
+signal is very
+
+convenient to generate.
+
+And then you simply filter out
+the higher order harmonics.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, I'll
+go back to the
+
+scale that we had before.
+
+And Sandy had also commented
+that we can
+
+change the carrier level.
+
+And let's do that on
+the modulator box.
+
+We could do that either by
+changing a DC offset on the
+
+modulating signal or by changing
+the amount of carrier
+
+that's injected.
+
+And as we decrease the amount
+of carrier, in fact, going
+
+down to no carrier at all
+or almost no carrier.
+
+That's suppressed carrier.
+
+We have only the two side bands
+and the signal is now
+
+highly over-modulated.
+
+We bring the carrier back up and
+when we do that, then we
+
+are reducing the percent
+modulation and simultaneously
+
+obviously related to that is
+changing the carrier level.
+
+Now I had indicated in previous
+lectures that
+
+reducing the carrier is
+efficient in terms of power
+
+transmission, but requires a
+synchronous demodulator,
+
+whereas if there's carrier
+injected, as we have here, so
+
+that we're not over-modulating--
+
+the percent modulation
+is less than 100--
+
+then because of the shape of the
+time wave form, as you can
+
+see here, you can do the
+demodulation with a more or
+
+less simple envelope detector.
+
+And in fact, a envelope detector
+of the type that
+
+we've talked about before is
+exactly what is used in AM
+
+radios, because of the fact
+that it's so inexpensive.
+
+And so here the power
+transmitted required is
+
+higher, but the demodulator,
+based on using an envelope
+
+detector, is considerably
+simpler.
+
+Well, speaking of AM radios,
+what we'd like to now
+
+demonstrate is modulation and
+demodulation with an AM radio,
+
+which Sandy happens
+to have here.
+
+And let's see, I guess, what
+you're going to do, Sandy, is
+
+take it apart for us, right?
+
+SANDY HILL: Right.
+
+I've taken off the back.
+
+And I'm just now going to slip
+out the guts of it all, and
+
+try and set it up so you can see
+it conveniently, such as
+
+right there.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now, this is your
+daughter's radio that you
+
+promised to give back.?
+
+SANDY HILL: I would say was
+my daughter's radio.
+
+And now let's start attaching
+clip leads, because what we're
+
+going to want to do is to be
+able to see the signals coming
+
+out of the radio.
+
+We want to see both the audio
+and then the modulated signal
+
+and try and see them on
+the oscilloscope.
+
+So I'll start setting
+that up now.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let me--
+
+while you're doing that-- also
+just comment that the kind of
+
+AM radio that we're looking
+at here is called a
+
+superheterodyne receiver.
+
+And the way that it does the
+demodulation is not exactly
+
+the way we've talked about
+it in the lectures.
+
+It's very close.
+
+The idea is this the RF signal,
+the radio frequency
+
+signal, first gets modulated
+down to what's called an IF
+
+stage-- the intermediate
+frequency stage.
+
+And then it's that signal that
+goes to an envelope detector
+
+of the type we've talked
+about to generate
+
+the demodulated signal.
+
+So, I guess what Sandy has
+some probes on are the RF
+
+input and a ground--
+
+SANDY HILL: That's right.
+
+The red lead here is a ground.
+
+It's common for both the signals
+we'll be looking at.
+
+This is at the audio.
+
+We're actually looking at the
+signal going directly into the
+
+speaker across these
+two leads.
+
+And then this probe down here,
+which I found by hunting and
+
+pecking, is the IF signal, the
+intermediate frequency signal,
+
+with a station on it that I'll
+now try and get something that
+
+sounds reasonable.
+
+[RADIO FEEDBACK]
+
+SANDY HILL: OK.
+
+A little sports.
+
+PROFESSOR: Never quite know what
+you're going to get when
+
+you turn this on.
+
+SANDY HILL: That's
+right, you don't.
+
+Make some adjustments there.
+
+And what you can see right
+here is the audio signal.
+
+I'll give it a little
+bit more game.
+
+And this is the actual
+intermediate frequency,
+
+modulated by the audio.
+
+And there's a correspondence
+between them that goes by
+
+awfully fast, but I think it's
+pretty simple to see.
+
+PROFESSOR: So basically the top
+trace is the envelope of
+
+the bottom right.
+
+SANDY HILL: That's right.
+
+This is what comes out of
+the envelope detector.
+
+And this is the signal into the
+envelope detector, in this
+
+particular radio.
+
+What I'd like to do for a last
+experiment is what we've been
+
+doing at this point--
+
+I'll turn this off
+for a moment--
+
+is we're taking something that's
+coming in over the
+
+airwaves, as they used to say,
+and we're simply viewing it.
+
+What I'd like to do now is
+generate our own radio
+
+frequency signal, tune it
+up so this radio is
+
+going to hear it--
+
+whatever that means--
+
+and display it here.
+
+What we're going to do then is
+use the audio oscillator,
+
+along with the amplitude
+modulator.
+
+And we're going to take from the
+output now the lead here.
+
+And this will act
+as the antenna.
+
+This device was not designed
+to put out a lot of power.
+
+But fortunately we don't have a
+lot of distance to go over.
+
+What I'm going to do is turn
+myself into an antenna--
+
+I'm basically 150 pounds
+of salt water--
+
+and when I touch this, the
+signal coming in here, which
+
+is radiating a little from the
+wire, is going to suddenly
+
+radiate from my whole body and
+hopefully will be enough
+
+to be picked up.
+
+So what I'll do is I'm going
+to turn this on--
+
+excuse the noise.
+
+Now I've set this up so it's
+tuned to a particular radio
+
+station, and I hope
+I can find it now.
+
+It takes a little fussing.
+
+That's not it.
+
+That sounds like it now.
+
+OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So this gets billed
+as Sandy Hill, human antenna.
+
+SANDY HILL: That's right.
+
+What you're looking at here is
+I've got the antenna at this
+
+point, and what we're going
+to do is you're
+
+seeing the audio signal.
+
+This is coming from the signal
+generator up here.
+
+And this is the intermediate
+frequency signal again.
+
+You can hear it's much stronger
+when my body becomes
+
+the antenna.
+
+And I'll leave it
+on for a second.
+
+And I can switch to
+square wave--
+
+doesn't look much like
+a square wave.
+
+Various things.
+
+There's significant distortion,
+because of all the
+
+transformations that the signal
+is going through.
+
+But it does indeed work, and
+we're picking up a frequency
+
+that the radio is tuned to.
+
+And that's it.
+
+PROFESSOR: So Sandy has
+now been modulated and
+
+demodulated.
+
+SANDY HILL: That's right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, hopefully, all
+the things that we've gone
+
+through in the process of this
+tape and this set of
+
+demonstrations gives you a feel
+for at least some of the
+
+things that we've talked about
+so far in the course.
+
+And Sandy, I'd really like to
+thank you for joining us, for
+
+sharing your insights with us,
+as well as sharing your
+
+equipment with us.
+
+Thanks a lot.
+
+SANDY HILL: It was a treat.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KXJVqsbh_4Y.txt b/KXJVqsbh_4Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7cc3816d0e9e800bab58489aa9ffa7e6f1bcc9b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KXJVqsbh_4Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu thank you all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu thank you all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu thank you all for
+coming I'm glad to see that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming I'm glad to see that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming I'm glad to see that our
+attendance after the first lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance after the first lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance after the first lecture is
+not dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not dropped
+dramatically a little bit that's to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically a little bit that's to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically a little bit that's to be
+expected but uh so far I haven't managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected but uh so far I haven't managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected but uh so far I haven't managed
+to scare you all off so um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scare you all off so um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scare you all off so um this is the
+second lecture of the uh signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lecture of the uh signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lecture of the uh signal
+processing on database uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing on database uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing on database uh
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+uh the format of the of the lecture will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the format of the of the lecture will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the format of the of the lecture will
+be the same as as the last one we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as as the last one we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as as the last one we'll
+have some slide material that will cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some slide material that will cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some slide material that will cover
+you know the first half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the first half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the first half of the course
+and then um we'll take a short break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um we'll take a short break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um we'll take a short break and
+then uh there'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there'll be some
+example demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example demo
+programs and so with that we'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and so with that we'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and so with that we'll get into
+it um and all this material is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and all this material is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and all this material is is
+available in your L grid accounts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in your L grid accounts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in your L grid accounts in the
+tools directory you get a directory like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools directory you get a directory like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools directory you get a directory like
+this and the documents the slides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the documents the slides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the documents the slides are
+right here so we'll go to lecture 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for those of you who weren't there or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who weren't there or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who weren't there or to
+recap for those who will be viewing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap for those who will be viewing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap for those who will be viewing this
+on the on the web later title of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the web later title of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the web later title of the
+course is signal processing on databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is signal processing on databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is signal processing on databases
+two terms that we often don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms that we often don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms that we often don't see
+together the signal processing element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the signal processing element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the signal processing element
+is really alluding to detection Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really alluding to detection Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really alluding to detection Theory
+and the deeper sort of linear algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the deeper sort of linear algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the deeper sort of linear algebraic
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+of detection Theory the databases is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detection Theory the databases is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detection Theory the databases is
+really alluding to unstructured data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really alluding to unstructured data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really alluding to unstructured data
+data that we often represent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we often represent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we often represent with
+strings and words and those and and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and words and those and and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and words and those and and sort
+of sparse relationships and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sparse relationships and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sparse relationships and so this
+course is really bringing these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is really bringing these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is really bringing these sort of
+two normally quite separate ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two normally quite separate ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two normally quite separate ideas and
+bringing them together in a way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing them together in a way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing them together in a way uh
+because there's a lot of of need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of of need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of of need to do
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+um again this is the first course ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again this is the first course ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again this is the first course ever
+taught on this topic they really isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught on this topic they really isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught on this topic they really isn't a
+prior model for how to teach this um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior model for how to teach this um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior model for how to teach this um so
+the approach that we're taking is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach that we're taking is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach that we're taking is we're
+going to have a lot of examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a lot of examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a lot of examples that
+show how people use this technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how people use this technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how people use this technology and
+and hopefully see that um and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully see that um and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully see that um and then we'll
+also have some Theory and as well as a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have some Theory and as well as a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have some Theory and as well as a a
+lot of examples and so hopefully through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of examples and so hopefully through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of examples and so hopefully through
+some combination of those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of those those
+different types of teaching Vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of teaching Vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of teaching Vehicles
+each of you will be able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of you will be able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of you will be able to find
+something that is um is helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the um outline of today's lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the um outline of today's lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the um outline of today's lecture is
+I'm going to go through an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through an example where
+we analyzed uh some citation data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we analyzed uh some citation data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we analyzed uh some citation data so
+citation data is one of the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation data is one of the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation data is one of the most common
+examples used in the field because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples used in the field because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples used in the field because it's
+so readily available and so easy to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so readily available and so easy to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so readily available and so easy to get
+and uh and so there's no issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so there's no issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so there's no issues
+associated with it so uh you have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it so uh you have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it so uh you have lots
+of academics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of academics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of academics
+analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing
+themselves which is of course Very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves which is of course Very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves which is of course Very
+symmetric right um and so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right um and so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right um and so there's a lot
+of work on citation data um we take we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on citation data um we take we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on citation data um we take we
+are going to be looking at CIT some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be looking at CIT some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be looking at CIT some
+citation data here but um doing it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation data here but um doing it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation data here but um doing it using
+the technology the d4m technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology the d4m technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology the d4m technology that
+that you all have access to um doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all have access to um doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all have access to um doing it
+in in the way that that that will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the way that that that will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the way that that that will work
+well there which we think is is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there which we think is is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there which we think is is more
+efficient both in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient both in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient both in terms of the
+performance that you'll receive get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that you'll receive get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that you'll receive get on
+your analytics and just in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analytics and just in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analytics and just in terms of the
+total time it will take you of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total time it will take you of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total time it will take you of course it
+does require a a certain level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does require a a certain level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does require a a certain level of
+comfort with linear algebra that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort with linear algebra that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort with linear algebra that's sort
+of the the mathematical foundation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the mathematical foundation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the mathematical foundation of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+class so we're going to get right into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so we're going to get right into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so we're going to get right into
+it and I talked about this in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I talked about this in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I talked about this in the in the
+the previous lecture these special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture these special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture these special
+schemas that we set up for processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemas that we set up for processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemas that we set up for processing
+this kind of data um that allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of data um that allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of data um that allow us to
+essentially take any kind of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially take any kind of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially take any kind of data and
+sort of pull it into sort of one basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pull it into sort of one basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pull it into sort of one basic
+architecture that is really a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that is really a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that is really a good
+starting point for for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for for for
+analysis so here's a very classic type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so here's a very classic type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so here's a very classic type
+of of of data that you might get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of data that you might get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of data that you might get in
+citation data here so you uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation data here so you uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation data here so you uh in this
+particular data set we have a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular data set we have a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular data set we have a universal
+identifier for each citation so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier for each citation so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier for each citation so every
+single citation is just given some index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single citation is just given some index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single citation is just given some index
+this data set and and we'll have uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set and and we'll have uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set and and we'll have uh an
+author uh a doc ID and then a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author uh a doc ID and then a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author uh a doc ID and then a reference
+doc ID so um this basically is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc ID so um this basically is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc ID so um this basically is the
+document ID of the uh the uh the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document ID of the uh the uh the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document ID of the uh the uh the uh the
+document that's being referenced and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that's being referenced and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that's being referenced and the
+uh and the one that the reference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the one that the reference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the one that the reference is
+coming from that may seem a little OPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from that may seem a little OPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from that may seem a little OPP
+it but that's sort of what it means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's sort of what it means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's sort of what it means and
+you can have absences of both you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have absences of both you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have absences of both you can
+have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+references where there is it's referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references where there is it's referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references where there is it's referring
+to another document for which they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another document for which they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another document for which they have
+not constructed some kind of document ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constructed some kind of document ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not constructed some kind of document ID
+you can also have references that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have references that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have references that are
+within a document that just for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a document that just for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a document that just for some
+reason other doesn't have a document ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason other doesn't have a document ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason other doesn't have a document ID
+as well so I think the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so I think the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so I think the important thing
+to understand here is that this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand here is that this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand here is that this kind of
+incompleteness you know on a on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness you know on a on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness you know on a on a on a
+data set which might be as clean a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set which might be as clean a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set which might be as clean a data
+set as you would expect which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set as you would expect which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set as you would expect which is the
+scientific citation data set this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific citation data set this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific citation data set this kind
+of incompleteness is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incompleteness is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incompleteness is very
+normal we always you never get data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal we always you never get data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal we always you never get data sets
+that are even remotely perfect if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are even remotely perfect if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are even remotely perfect if you
+get data sets that feel even like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data sets that feel even like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data sets that feel even like about
+80% solid that's you're doing very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% solid that's you're doing very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% solid that's you're doing very well
+and it's very very common to have data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very very common to have data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very very common to have data
+sets that are incomplete to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that are incomplete to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that are incomplete to have
+mistakes null values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes null values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes null values
+mislabeled Fields etc etc it is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mislabeled Fields etc etc it is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mislabeled Fields etc etc it is just a
+natural part of the process I think even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural part of the process I think even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural part of the process I think even
+though more and more these data sets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though more and more these data sets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though more and more these data sets are
+are created by machines and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are created by machines and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are created by machines and we were
+hoping that would eliminate some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that would eliminate some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that would eliminate some of
+those issues well the machines have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues well the machines have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues well the machines have the
+same problems and they can make mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problems and they can make mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problems and they can make mistakes
+on much larger scale more quickly than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on much larger scale more quickly than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on much larger scale more quickly than
+than than humans can so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than humans can so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than humans can so so
+incompleteness definitely exists um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness definitely exists um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness definitely exists um we
+pull this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this data
+into this this data is a sort of a stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this this data is a sort of a stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this this data is a sort of a stand
+you know SQL or tabular format here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know SQL or tabular format here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know SQL or tabular format here in
+which you have records and columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have records and columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have records and columns and
+then values and what we T generally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then values and what we T generally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then values and what we T generally do
+is pull it into what we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pull it into what we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pull it into what we call this
+exploded schema where we have we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema where we have we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema where we have we we
+still use the records those are the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use the records those are the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use the records those are the row
+Keys we create column Keys which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys we create column Keys which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys we create column Keys which are
+essentially the the column label and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the column label and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the column label and the
+column value appended together so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column value appended together so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column value appended together so every
+single unique value will have its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unique value will have its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unique value will have its own
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+and then we sort of build it out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we sort of build it out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we sort of build it out that
+way and this creates this very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this creates this very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this creates this very very
+large sparse structure which um once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sparse structure which um once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sparse structure which um once we
+store the transpose of that in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the transpose of that in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the transpose of that in our
+database as well we get essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database as well we get essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database as well we get essentially
+constant access to any string constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant access to any string constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant access to any string constant
+time access to any string in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time access to any string in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time access to any string in the
+database so we can now look up any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database so we can now look up any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database so we can now look up any
+author very quickly any document very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author very quickly any document very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author very quickly any document very
+quickly any record very quickly and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly any record very quickly and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly any record very quickly and so
+it's a very natural schema for handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very natural schema for handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very natural schema for handling
+this kind of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of of
+data typically we just hold the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data typically we just hold the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data typically we just hold the value
+one in the actual value of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the actual value of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the actual value of of the
+database uh we can we can put other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh we can we can put other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh we can we can put other
+numbers in there um but um it generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in there um but um it generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in there um but um it generally
+should be a number that you would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a number that you would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a number that you would never
+want to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to search
+on because in in in in in many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because in in in in in many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because in in in in in many of the
+data sets that we have or the databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets that we have or the databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets that we have or the databases
+they're working with they can look up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working with they can look up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working with they can look up a
+row key or with the schema you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row key or with the schema you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row key or with the schema you know a
+column key very quickly but to look up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column key very quickly but to look up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column key very quickly but to look up a
+value requires a complete traversal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value requires a complete traversal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value requires a complete traversal of
+the table which is by definition very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table which is by definition very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table which is by definition very
+expensive so there's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so there's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so there's definitely
+information you can put in there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can put in there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can put in there but
+just generally information you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generally information you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generally information you would
+never want to really look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never want to really look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never want to really look
+up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in
+addition for this particular data set we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition for this particular data set we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition for this particular data set we
+have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+fields that are quite long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+so um we might have the fully formatted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we might have the fully formatted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we might have the fully formatted
+reference which in a journal article can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference which in a journal article can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference which in a journal article can
+be quite long you know if it's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite long you know if it's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite long you know if it's got the
+full name and the journal volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full name and the journal volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full name and the journal volume and
+maybe all the authors and all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all the authors and all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all the authors and all that stuff
+that can keep quite long it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can keep quite long it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can keep quite long it's very
+unstructured um we might have the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured um we might have the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured um we might have the title
+we might have the abstract these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might have the abstract these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might have the abstract these are
+long longer Blobs of data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long longer Blobs of data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long longer Blobs of data that we
+um maybe our our other data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe our our other data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe our our other data set
+essentially has extracted all the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially has extracted all the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially has extracted all the key
+information from that but often we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from that but often we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from that but often we still
+want to have access to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have access to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have access to this
+information as a complete sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as a complete sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as a complete sort of
+uninterrupted piece of data so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted piece of data so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted piece of data so if you
+actually find a record you like well I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find a record you like well I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find a record you like well I'd
+like to see the abstract as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see the abstract as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see the abstract as it was
+actually in the journal formatted as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the journal formatted as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the journal formatted as it
+was in the journal because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the journal because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the journal because a lot of
+times when you pull this stuff out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when you pull this stuff out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when you pull this stuff out and
+do keywords you might lose punctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do keywords you might lose punctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do keywords you might lose punctuation
+capitalization other types of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization other types of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization other types of thing that
+just make it generally easier to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it generally easier to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it generally easier to read
+but don't really help you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't really help you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't really help you with
+indexing uh so we actually recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing uh so we actually recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing uh so we actually recommend
+that that kind of information be stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of information be stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of information be stored
+in a completely separate table uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a completely separate table uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a completely separate table uh a
+traditional table which would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional table which would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional table which would just be
+some kind of row key and then the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of row key and then the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of row key and then the actual
+reference with the values there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference with the values there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference with the values there um
+you're never going to search the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to search the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to search the
+contents of this but this allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of this but this allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of this but this allows you to
+um to at least have access to the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to at least have access to the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to at least have access to the data
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+so this is sort of a small addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of a small addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of a small addition to
+our standard schema where we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard schema where we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard schema where we have the
+exploded schema with all the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema with all the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema with all the sort of
+information that we would ever want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we would ever want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we would ever want to
+search on with its transpose which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on with its transpose which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on with its transpose which gives
+us very fast search you may have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us very fast search you may have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us very fast search you may have an
+additional table which just stores the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional table which just stores the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional table which just stores the
+data in a raw format um separately you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in a raw format um separately you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in a raw format um separately you
+can look it up quickly but it won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look it up quickly but it won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look it up quickly but it won't get
+in the away it won't get in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the away it won't get in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the away it won't get in the way of
+any of your searches the the problem can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of your searches the the problem can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of your searches the the problem can
+be if you're doing searches and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you're doing searches and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you're doing searches and you have
+very large Fields mixed in with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large Fields mixed in with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large Fields mixed in with very
+small Fields it can become a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Fields it can become a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Fields it can become a performance
+bottleneck to be handling these at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck to be handling these at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck to be handling these at the
+exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time another table that we used in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time another table that we used in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time another table that we used in this
+data set which was to essentially index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set which was to essentially index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set which was to essentially index
+all the words in the title and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the words in the title and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the words in the title and the
+abstract and they're engrams and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and they're engrams and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and they're engrams and so so
+you you know the one gram would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know the one gram would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know the one gram would just be
+the individual words in a title if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual words in a title if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual words in a title if a
+word appeared in a title you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word appeared in a title you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word appeared in a title you would
+create a a new column for that word with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a a new column for that word with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a a new column for that word with
+respect to that reference an engram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that reference an engram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that reference an engram
+would be word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be word
+pairs a trigram would be all words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs a trigram would be all words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs a trigram would be all words that
+occur together in threes and on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur together in threes and on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur together in threes and on and on
+and on and so often for text analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on and so often for text analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on and so often for text analytics
+you want to store all of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to store all of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to store all of these and
+essentially you might have here an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you might have here an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you might have here an input
+data set with various identifiers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set with various identifiers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set with various identifiers a
+title that consists of a set of words an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title that consists of a set of words an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title that consists of a set of words an
+abstract that consists of set of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract that consists of set of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract that consists of set of words
+and then we create typically what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we create typically what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we create typically what we
+would do is we would say for the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is we would say for the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is we would say for the word
+the one gr of the title A we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one gr of the title A we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one gr of the title A we might
+format it like this and then here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format it like this and then here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format it like this and then here we
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+hold where that appeared in the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold where that appeared in the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold where that appeared in the document
+so this allows you to essentially come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this allows you to essentially come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this allows you to essentially come
+back and reconstruct the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and reconstruct the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and reconstruct the original
+document so that's not something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document so that's not something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document so that's not something we
+that's a perfectly good example of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a perfectly good example of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a perfectly good example of of of
+something that we don't tend to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we don't tend to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we don't tend to need to
+search on which is the exact position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on which is the exact position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on which is the exact position of
+a word in a document we don't tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word in a document we don't tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word in a document we don't tend to
+really care that the word was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care that the word was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care that the word was in the
+eighth position or the 10th position or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth position or the 10th position or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth position or the 10th position or
+whatever so we can just create a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so we can just create a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so we can just create a list of
+all these of these values in that way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these of these values in that way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these of these values in that way if
+you want to then later reconstruct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to then later reconstruct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to then later reconstruct the
+original text you can do that between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original text you can do that between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original text you can do that between
+the the column and its positions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the column and its positions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the column and its positions you
+have enough information to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough information to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough information to do that so
+that's an example of another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of another type of
+schema that we admit and how we handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema that we admit and how we handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema that we admit and how we handle
+this type of data for doing these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of data for doing these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of data for doing these types
+of searches and now it makes it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of searches and now it makes it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of searches and now it makes it very
+easy to say show me if I wanted to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to say show me if I wanted to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to say show me if I wanted to look
+up please give me all documents that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up please give me all documents that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up please give me all documents that had
+the uh the word uh D this this this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the word uh D this this this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the word uh D this this this word
+d in the abstract I would simply go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d in the abstract I would simply go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d in the abstract I would simply go over
+here find look up the Rog key get get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here find look up the Rog key get get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here find look up the Rog key get get uh
+get uh get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh get these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+columns and then I could take those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and then I could take those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and then I could take those two
+column labels and then look them up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column labels and then look them up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column labels and then look them up here
+and I would get all the engrams or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would get all the engrams or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would get all the engrams or I
+could then take those those row keys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then take those those row keys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then take those those row keys and
+look them up in any of the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look them up in any of the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look them up in any of the previous
+tables and get that information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and get that information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and get that information so
+that's kind of what you can do there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what you can do there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what you can do there
+again going over this kind of quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going over this kind of quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going over this kind of quickly
+the examples go through this in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples go through this in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples go through this in very
+specific detail but this is kind of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific detail but this is kind of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific detail but this is kind of just
+showing you how we tend to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you how we tend to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you how we tend to think about
+these data sets in a way that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data sets in a way that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data sets in a way that's very
+flexible but showing you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible but showing you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible but showing you some of the
+nuances it's not just the one table it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuances it's not just the one table it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuances it's not just the one table it
+it ends up being two or three tables but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up being two or three tables but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up being two or three tables but
+still that that really covers um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still that that really covers um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still that that really covers um what
+you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the
+um when you're processing data like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're processing data like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're processing data like this
+you're always thinking about a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always thinking about a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always thinking about a a
+pipeline and d4m and the Technologies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline and d4m and the Technologies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline and d4m and the Technologies to
+talk about only one piece of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about only one piece of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about only one piece of that
+pipeline we're not saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline we're not saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline we're not saying that the
+Technologies we're talking about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies we're talking about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies we're talking about are
+cover every single step of that pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover every single step of that pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover every single step of that pipeline
+so in this particular data set that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular data set that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular data set that we
+had which I think was 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had which I think was 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had which I think was 150
+gigabyte data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte data set
+um so step one was getting a a hard disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so step one was getting a a hard disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so step one was getting a a hard disk
+drive sent to us and copying it it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive sent to us and copying it it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive sent to us and copying it it came
+as a giant XML zip file obviously we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a giant XML zip file obviously we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a giant XML zip file obviously we had
+to UNC uncompress it so we had the zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to UNC uncompress it so we had the zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to UNC uncompress it so we had the zip
+file we uncompressed pressed it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file we uncompressed pressed it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file we uncompressed pressed it and then
+from there we had to write a parser of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we had to write a parser of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we had to write a parser of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+XML that then spat that out into just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML that then spat that out into just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML that then spat that out into just a
+series of triples that then could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of triples that then could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of triples that then could be
+inserted into our database the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into our database the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into our database the way we
+want um well d4m is very good for sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um well d4m is very good for sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um well d4m is very good for sort
+of developing how you're going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of developing how you're going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of developing how you're going to want
+to parse those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parse those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parse those
+triples initially if you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples initially if you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples initially if you're going to do
+a high volume parsing of of data I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high volume parsing of of data I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high volume parsing of of data I would
+really recommend using like a a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really recommend using like a a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really recommend using like a a low
+language like C um generally C is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like C um generally C is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like C um generally C is an
+outstanding language for doing this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding language for doing this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding language for doing this very
+sort of repetitive monotonous par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of repetitive monotonous par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of repetitive monotonous par
+parsing and it has excellent support for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsing and it has excellent support for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsing and it has excellent support for
+things like XML and other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like XML and other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like XML and other types of
+things and it will run as fast as as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it will run as fast as as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it will run as fast as as as
+as you can and it's generally yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can and it's generally yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can and it's generally yeah you
+end up WR writing more code to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up WR writing more code to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up WR writing more code to do that
+but it tends to be kind of a a do once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tends to be kind of a a do once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tends to be kind of a a do once
+type of thing uh you actually do it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing uh you actually do it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing uh you actually do it more
+than once uh usually to get it right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than once uh usually to get it right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than once uh usually to get it right but
+it's nice when I think our parser could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice when I think our parser could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice when I think our parser could
+that we wrote in C++ take this several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wrote in C++ take this several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wrote in C++ take this several
+hundred meab gigabytes of XML data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred meab gigabytes of XML data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred meab gigabytes of XML data and
+convert it in triples you know in under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it in triples you know in under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it in triples you know in under
+an hour and so that's a that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and so that's a that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and so that's a that's a nice
+thing in other environments if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in other environments if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in other environments if you if
+you try and do this and say in python or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try and do this and say in python or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try and do this and say in python or
+other types of things or even in d4m at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of things or even in d4m at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of things or even in d4m at
+high volume it's going to take a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high volume it's going to take a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high volume it's going to take a lot
+longer so the right tool for the job it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so the right tool for the job it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so the right tool for the job it
+will take you more lines of code to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take you more lines of code to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take you more lines of code to do
+it but we have found that it's usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but we have found that it's usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but we have found that it's usually a
+worthwhile investment because it it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile investment because it it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile investment because it it can
+take a long time once we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time once we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time once we have the
+triples typically what we then do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples typically what we then do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples typically what we then do is
+read them into d4m and construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them into d4m and construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them into d4m and construct
+associative arrays out of them talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays out of them talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays out of them talked a
+little bit about associative arrays last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about associative arrays last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about associative arrays last
+time I'll I'll get to that again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll I'll get to that again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll I'll get to that again but
+these are essentially a mat lab data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are essentially a mat lab data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are essentially a mat lab data
+structure um and then um and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um and then um and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um and then um and then we
+generally save them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally save them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally save them to
+files um we always recommend right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files um we always recommend right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files um we always recommend right
+before you do an insert into a database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you do an insert into a database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you do an insert into a database
+often even when you write high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often even when you write high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often even when you write high
+performance parsers or if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance parsers or if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance parsers or if you're not
+writing in a harbor the parsing can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing in a harbor the parsing can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing in a harbor the parsing can be a
+sign ific activity and if you write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign ific activity and if you write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign ific activity and if you write the
+data out in some sort of efficient file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out in some sort of efficient file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out in some sort of efficient file
+format right before you insert it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format right before you insert it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format right before you insert it if you
+ever need to go back and reinsert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever need to go back and reinsert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever need to go back and reinsert the
+data it's now a very very fast thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's now a very very fast thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's now a very very fast thing to
+do you'll often have databases that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you'll often have databases that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you'll often have databases that get
+especially during development they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially during development they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially during development they can
+get corrupted you try and recover them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get corrupted you try and recover them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get corrupted you try and recover them
+but they don't recover and again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't recover and again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't recover and again just
+knowing that you have the parsed files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that you have the parsed files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that you have the parsed files
+laying around someplace and you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying around someplace and you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying around someplace and you can just
+process them whenever you want is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process them whenever you want is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process them whenever you want is a very
+useful technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful technique
+um and usually is not uh such a large uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and usually is not uh such a large uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and usually is not uh such a large uh
+expensive from a data perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive from a data perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive from a data perspective and
+can allow you to sort of essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can allow you to sort of essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can allow you to sort of essentially
+reinsert the data at the full rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinsert the data at the full rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinsert the data at the full rate the
+database can handle it as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database can handle it as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database can handle it as opposed to
+having to redo your parsing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to redo your parsing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to redo your parsing which
+sometimes can take 10 times as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes can take 10 times as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes can take 10 times as long
+we've definitely seen many folks who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've definitely seen many folks who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've definitely seen many folks who
+they do full parsing text parsing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do full parsing text parsing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do full parsing text parsing in
+Java or python that often is 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java or python that often is 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java or python that often is 10 times
+slower than the actual insert part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than the actual insert part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than the actual insert part of
+the database so it's nice to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database so it's nice to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database so it's nice to be able to
+sort of checkpoint that that data um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of checkpoint that that data um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of checkpoint that that data um and
+then from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from there
+we read the files in and then insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read the files in and then insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read the files in and then insert
+them into our three two two database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into our three two two database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into our three two two database
+pairs the the keys and the transpose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs the the keys and the transpose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs the the keys and the transpose the
+engrams and the transpose and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engrams and the transpose and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engrams and the transpose and then the
+actual raw text it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual raw text it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual raw text it
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+um I should also say um keeping these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I should also say um keeping these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I should also say um keeping these
+associative arrays around as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays around as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays around as
+files is uh is also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files is uh is also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files is uh is also very
+useful um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um because
+um the database as we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the database as we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the database as we talked about
+before is very good if you have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is very good if you have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is very good if you have a large
+volume of data and you want to look up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of data and you want to look up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of data and you want to look up a
+small piece of it quickly if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rraey in the entire data set that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rraey in the entire data set that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rraey in the entire data set that's
+going to take about the same time as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take about the same time as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take about the same time as it
+took to insert the data so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took to insert the data so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took to insert the data so you're going
+to be having to pull all the data out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be having to pull all the data out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be having to pull all the data out if
+you're going to be wanting to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be wanting to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be wanting to analyze
+all of it there's no sort of magic there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it there's no sort of magic there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it there's no sort of magic there
+so the is very useful for looking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the is very useful for looking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the is very useful for looking up
+small pieces but if you want to Traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces but if you want to Traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces but if you want to Traverse
+the whole thing in which case having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing in which case having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing in which case having
+those files around is a very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those files around is a very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those files around is a very convenient
+thing if you're like I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you're like I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you're like I'm going to
+Traverse all the data I might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse all the data I might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse all the data I might as well
+just begin with the files and Traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just begin with the files and Traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just begin with the files and Traverse
+them and that's a very easy the the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's a very easy the the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's a very easy the the file
+system will read it in much faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will read it in much faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will read it in much faster than
+the database the the bandwidth of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database the the bandwidth of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database the the bandwidth of of the
+file systems are much higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file systems are much higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file systems are much higher than
+databases and it's also very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and it's also very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and it's also very easy to
+handle in a parallel way you just send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle in a parallel way you just send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle in a parallel way you just send
+se you know different processes parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se you know different processes parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se you know different processes parts
+and pro and reading in different files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pro and reading in different files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pro and reading in different files
+so if you're going to be doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're going to be doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're going to be doing something
+that traverses an entire VA set of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that traverses an entire VA set of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that traverses an entire VA set of data
+we really recommend that you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really recommend that you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really recommend that you you know
+might do that in files in fact we even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do that in files in fact we even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do that in files in fact we even
+see folks it's like well I I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see folks it's like well I I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see folks it's like well I I might have
+a query that requires 3 or 4% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a query that requires 3 or 4% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a query that requires 3 or 4% of the
+data well then we would recommend often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data well then we would recommend often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data well then we would recommend often
+times if you know you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times if you know you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times if you know you're going to be
+working on that same data set over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that same data set over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that same data set over and
+over again quering it out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again quering it out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again quering it out of the
+database saving to a set of files and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database saving to a set of files and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database saving to a set of files and
+then just working with those files over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just working with those files over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just working with those files over
+and over again now you never have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again now you never have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again now you never have to
+deal with the latencies or other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the latencies or other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the latencies or other issues
+associated with the database you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the database you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the database you've
+completely isolated yourself from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely isolated yourself from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely isolated yourself from that
+so databases are great you need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so databases are great you need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so databases are great you need to use
+them for the right thing but the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the right thing but the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the right thing but the file
+system is also great and often in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is also great and often in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is also great and often in the
+kind of work that we do that algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work that we do that algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work that we do that algorithm
+development people do testing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development people do testing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development people do testing and
+developing on the files is often better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing on the files is often better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing on the files is often better
+than than than using the database as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than than using the database as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than than using the database as
+your sort of fine grain rudimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sort of fine grain rudimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sort of fine grain rudimentary
+access type of type of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access type of type of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access type of type of thing
+so cover that so this particular data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cover that so this particular data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cover that so this particular data
+set had 42 million records and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set had 42 million records and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set had 42 million records and just to
+kind of show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of show
+you um how long it took using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um how long it took using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um how long it took using the
+pipeline we uncompressed the XML file in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline we uncompressed the XML file in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline we uncompressed the XML file in
+one hour so it's just running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hour so it's just running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hour so it's just running
+gzip uh our parser that converted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gzip uh our parser that converted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gzip uh our parser that converted the
+XML binary structure into triples using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML binary structure into triples using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML binary structure into triples using
+C this was written in in C was 2 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C this was written in in C was 2 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C this was written in in C was 2 hours
+so that's you know very very nice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know very very nice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know very very nice we
+could as we debug the parser you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could as we debug the parser you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could as we debug the parser you know we
+could rerun it and not have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could rerun it and not have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could rerun it and not have to worry
+about oh my goodness this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh my goodness this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh my goodness this is going to be
+days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and
+days the constructing of the d4m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days the constructing of the d4m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days the constructing of the d4m
+associated raise from the triples took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated raise from the triples took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated raise from the triples took
+about a day so it just kind of shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a day so it just kind of shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a day so it just kind of shows you
+there and then uh inserting the triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then uh inserting the triples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then uh inserting the triples
+into accumulo the this is a this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into accumulo the this is a this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into accumulo the this is a this was a
+single node database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single node database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single node database
+um very um not a powerful computer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very um not a powerful computer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very um not a powerful computer it
+was a dual core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a dual core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a dual core
+2006 server um but we sustained an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 server um but we sustained an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 server um but we sustained an
+insert rate of about 10,000 to 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert rate of about 10,000 to 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert rate of about 10,000 to 100,000
+entries per second which is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries per second which is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries per second which is extremely
+good for this particular database which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for this particular database which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for this particular database which
+was a cumulo so inserting the keys took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cumulo so inserting the keys took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cumulo so inserting the keys took
+about two days inserting the text took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two days inserting the text took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two days inserting the text took
+about one day took coning the engrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one day took coning the engrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one day took coning the engrams
+took about 10 days in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took about 10 days in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took about 10 days in this particular
+data set we ended up not using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set we ended up not using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set we ended up not using the
+engrams very much in this particular set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engrams very much in this particular set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engrams very much in this particular set
+mostly the keys um and so there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly the keys um and so there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly the keys um and so there you go
+that gives you an idea if the database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an idea if the database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an idea if the database
+had self is running in parallel you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had self is running in parallel you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had self is running in parallel you can
+increase those insert rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase those insert rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase those insert rates
+significantly but these are the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly but these are the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly but these are the basic
+sort of single node insert performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of single node insert performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of single node insert performance
+that we tend to see yes question over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tend to see yes question over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tend to see yes question over
+here question AUM typ of datab ah yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here question AUM typ of datab ah yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here question AUM typ of datab ah yes so
+I talked about that a little bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about that a little bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about that a little bit in the
+first class uh so accumulo is a type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class uh so accumulo is a type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class uh so accumulo is a type of
+database called a triple store or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database called a triple store or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database called a triple store or
+sometimes called a nosql database um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called a nosql database um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called a nosql database um
+it's a new class of database that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new class of database that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new class of database that's
+based on the architecture published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the architecture published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the architecture published in
+the Google big table paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google big table paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google big table paper
+which is about five or 6 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about five or 6 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about five or 6 years old
+there's a number of databases that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of databases that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of databases that have
+been built with this technology um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been built with this technology um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been built with this technology um it
+sits on top of a a file system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on top of a a file system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on top of a a file system
+infrastructure called Hadoop and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure called Hadoop and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure called Hadoop and it's a
+very very high performance database for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very high performance database for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very high performance database for
+what it what it does um and it's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what it does um and it's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what it does um and it's and
+that's the database that we use here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the database that we use here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the database that we use here and
+it's open source a part of the Apache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's open source a part of the Apache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's open source a part of the Apache
+project um you know you you you can down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um you know you you you can down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um you know you you you can down
+download it and uh at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it and uh at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download it and uh at the end of the
+class we'll actually be doing examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll actually be doing examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll actually be doing examples
+working with databases uh we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with databases uh we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with databases uh we are
+developing an infrastructure P of L grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing an infrastructure P of L grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing an infrastructure P of L grid
+to host these databases so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to host these databases so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to host these databases so that you
+don't really have to kind of mess around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have to kind of mess around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have to kind of mess around
+with the details of them and our hope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the details of them and our hope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the details of them and our hope is
+to have that infrastructure ready by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that infrastructure ready by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that infrastructure ready by the
+last two classes so you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two classes so you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two classes so you guys can
+actually try it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the next thing we want to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the next thing we want to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the next thing we want to do here
+is uh after we built these databases I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh after we built these databases I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh after we built these databases I
+want to show you how we construct graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you how we construct graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you how we construct graphs
+from this exploded scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this exploded scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this exploded scheme
+um formally this exploded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um formally this exploded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um formally this exploded
+schema is what you would call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema is what you would call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema is what you would call an
+incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence
+Matrix so in graph Theory graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so in graph Theory graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so in graph Theory graphs
+generally can be represented as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally can be represented as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally can be represented as two
+different types of Matrix an adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of Matrix an adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of Matrix an adjacency
+Matrix which is a matrix where each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which is a matrix where each row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which is a matrix where each row
+and column is a vertex and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column is a vertex and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column is a vertex and then if
+there's an edge between two vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge between two vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge between two vertices
+there'll be a value associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a value associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a value associated with that
+generally very sparse in the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally very sparse in the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally very sparse in the types of
+data sets that we work with um that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets that we work with um that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets that we work with um that is
+great for covering certain types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for covering certain types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for covering certain types of
+graphs it handles um directed graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs it handles um directed graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs it handles um directed graphs
+very well it does not handle graphs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well it does not handle graphs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well it does not handle graphs with
+multiple edges very well it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple edges very well it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple edges very well it does not
+handle graphs with Hyper edges these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle graphs with Hyper edges these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle graphs with Hyper edges these are
+edges that connect multiple vertices at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that connect multiple vertices at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that connect multiple vertices at
+the same time and the data that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and the data that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and the data that we have
+here is very much in that latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is very much in that latter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is very much in that latter
+category a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category a
+citation is or uh is is essentially is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation is or uh is is essentially is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation is or uh is is essentially is a
+hyper Edge or this type it basically one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper Edge or this type it basically one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper Edge or this type it basically one
+of these things it connects a document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things it connects a document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things it connects a document
+with sets of people with sets of titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sets of people with sets of titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sets of people with sets of titles
+with sets of all different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sets of all different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sets of all different types of
+things so it's a very very rich Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so it's a very very rich Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so it's a very very rich Edge
+that's connecting a lot of vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's connecting a lot of vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's connecting a lot of vertices and
+so a traditional adjacency Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a traditional adjacency Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a traditional adjacency Matrix
+doesn't really capture it so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really capture it so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really capture it so that's why
+we store the data as an incidence Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we store the data as an incidence Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we store the data as an incidence Matrix
+which is essentially one row for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially one row for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially one row for each
+Edge and then a and then you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and then a and then you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and then a and then you know and
+then the columns are vertices and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the columns are vertices and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the columns are vertices and then
+you basically have information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have information that
+shows which vertices are connected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows which vertices are connected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows which vertices are connected by
+that edge so that's how we store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge so that's how we store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge so that's how we store the
+data in a sort of a lossless fashion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in a sort of a lossless fashion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in a sort of a lossless fashion and
+we have a mechanism for storing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a mechanism for storing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a mechanism for storing it and
+indexing it fairly fairly efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing it fairly fairly efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing it fairly fairly efficiently
+that said the types of anal analyses we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said the types of anal analyses we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said the types of anal analyses we
+want to do tend to very quickly get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do tend to very quickly get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do tend to very quickly get us
+to adjacency matrices I almost sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjacency matrices I almost sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjacency matrices I almost sort of
+for those of you who are familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are familiar with
+radar this is probably the only place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar this is probably the only place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar this is probably the only place
+where I could say that um I almost think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I could say that um I almost think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I could say that um I almost think
+of one as kind of the voltage domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one as kind of the voltage domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one as kind of the voltage domain and
+the other the power domain you do lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the power domain you do lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the power domain you do lose
+information when you go to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information when you go to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information when you go to the power
+domain but often to make progress on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain but often to make progress on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain but often to make progress on
+your analytics you need to that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analytics you need to that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analytics you need to that's just
+you have to do that and so the adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do that and so the adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do that and so the adjacency
+Matrix is a formal projection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a formal projection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a formal projection of the
+incidence Matrix you essentially by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix you essentially by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix you essentially by
+multiplying the incidence matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the incidence matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the incidence matrix by
+itself or squaring it can get can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or squaring it can get can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or squaring it can get can get
+the uh The adjacency Matrix so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh The adjacency Matrix so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh The adjacency Matrix so let's
+look at that so here's an adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so here's an adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so here's an adjacency
+Matrix of this data that shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of this data that shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of this data that shows the
+source document and the cited do cited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source document and the cited do cited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source document and the cited do cited
+document and so this just shows uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and so this just shows uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and so this just shows uh what
+what we see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see in this
+dat Corner up here if you see my mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dat Corner up here if you see my mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dat Corner up here if you see my mouse
+going up here scream so we'll stay stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up here scream so we'll stay stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up here scream so we'll stay stay
+in the safe area so this is the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the safe area so this is the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the safe area so this is the source
+document and this is the cited document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and this is the cited document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and this is the cited document
+this is a significant subset of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a significant subset of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a significant subset of this
+data set um I think it's only a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set um I think it's only a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set um I think it's only a thousand
+records it's a random sample I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records it's a random sample I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records it's a random sample I showed
+you the real full data said obviously it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the real full data said obviously it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the real full data said obviously it
+would just be solid blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be solid blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be solid blue
+um the uh the the uh the source document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the the uh the source document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the the uh the source document
+ID tends to incre you know is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID tends to incre you know is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID tends to incre you know is is
+decreasing in in uh you know basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing in in uh you know basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing in in uh you know basically
+newer documents are at the bottom older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer documents are at the bottom older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer documents are at the bottom older
+documents at the top I assume everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents at the top I assume everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents at the top I assume everyone
+can know why we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know why we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know why we have this
+sharp edged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp edged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp edged
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+here you can't site future documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can't site future documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can't site future documents
+right this is the the uh the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the the uh the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the the uh the Einstein
+event cone of this data set right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event cone of this data set right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event cone of this data set right you
+can't site documents into the into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't site documents into the into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't site documents into the into the
+future so that's why we have that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so that's why we have that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so that's why we have that that
+boundary uh uh uh there and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary uh uh uh there and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary uh uh uh there and you can
+almost see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost see it
+here you see and I don't think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see and I don't think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see and I don't think that's
+just an optical loose you see how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an optical loose you see how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an optical loose you see how it's
+getting it's denser here and sparer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it's denser here and sparer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it's denser here and sparer here
+which just shows as documents get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just shows as documents get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just shows as documents get
+published over time they get cited less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published over time they get cited less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published over time they get cited less
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+less going into the going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less going into the going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less going into the going into the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+um I think uh one statistic is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think uh one statistic is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think uh one statistic is that if
+you eliminated self citations most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eliminated self citations most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eliminated self citations most
+published Journal AR articles are never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published Journal AR articles are never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published Journal AR articles are never
+cited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited
+so so thank God for self citation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um this shows the degree distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this shows the degree distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this shows the degree distribution of
+this data we'll get into this in much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data we'll get into this in much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data we'll get into this in much
+greater detail but this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater detail but this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater detail but this just
+shows here on this small subset of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows here on this small subset of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows here on this small subset of data
+basically for each Dot document we count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for each Dot document we count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for each Dot document we count
+how many times it was cited so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times it was cited so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times it was cited so these are
+documents that are cited more and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that are cited more and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that are cited more and then
+we count how many documents have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we count how many documents have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we count how many documents have that
+number of citations so these are the doc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of citations so these are the doc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of citations so these are the doc
+this is 10 to the 0o is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 10 to the 0o is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 10 to the 0o is basically
+documents that are cited once this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that are cited once this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that are cited once this shows
+the number of documents in this set here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of documents in this set here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of documents in this set here
+which was you know what was it 20 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was you know what was it 20 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was you know what was it 20 30
+40,000 that have one citation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 that have one citation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 that have one citation and then
+going on down here to the one that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on down here to the one that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on down here to the one that is is
+cited the most this is what is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited the most this is what is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited the most this is what is called a
+power law distribution basically it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law distribution basically it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law distribution basically it just
+says most things are not cited very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says most things are not cited very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says most things are not cited very
+often and some things are cited a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and some things are cited a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and some things are cited a long
+time you see there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you see there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you see there's an
+approximately linear negative slope in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately linear negative slope in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately linear negative slope in a
+log log plot this is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log plot this is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log plot this is something that we
+see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the
+time I should say in what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I should say in what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I should say in what we call
+subsampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsampled
+data where essentially the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where essentially the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where essentially the space of
+citations has not been fully sampled if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations has not been fully sampled if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations has not been fully sampled if
+people stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stopped
+publishing all right and we created new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing all right and we created new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing all right and we created new
+documents and all citations only were of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents and all citations only were of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents and all citations only were of
+older things then over time you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older things then over time you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older things then over time you would
+probably see this thing begin to take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably see this thing begin to take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably see this thing begin to take on
+a bit more of a bell-shaped curve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more of a bell-shaped curve okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more of a bell-shaped curve okay
+but as long as you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as you're an
+expanding world then you will get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding world then you will get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding world then you will get this
+type of power law and a great many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of power law and a great many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of power law and a great many of
+the data sets that we tend to work work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data sets that we tend to work work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data sets that we tend to work work
+with fall in this category and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fall in this category and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fall in this category and in fact
+it's it's um if you see if you work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's um if you see if you work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's um if you see if you work with
+data that is a byproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of artificial human induced phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artificial human induced phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artificial human induced phenomena
+this is what you should expect and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you should expect and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you should expect and if
+you don't see it then then you you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see it then then you you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see it then then you you kind
+of want to question what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of want to question what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of want to question what's going on
+there there's usually something going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's usually something going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's usually something going on
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so those are some overall statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so those are some overall statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so those are some overall statistics
+those are two things that we T The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two things that we T The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two things that we T The
+adjacency Matrix and the uh the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix and the uh the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix and the uh the degree
+distribution are two things that we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution are two things that we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution are two things that we uh
+that we often look at I'm going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we often look at I'm going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we often look at I'm going to sort
+of move things forward here and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of move things forward here and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of move things forward here and talk
+about the different types of adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different types of adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different types of adjacency
+Matrix we might construct from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we might construct from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we might construct from the
+incident Matrix so uh in general uh The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident Matrix so uh in general uh The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident Matrix so uh in general uh The
+adjacency Matrix is often devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix is often devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix is often devoted
+devoted denoted by the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and incidence
+matrices uh you think we might use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices uh you think we might use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices uh you think we might use the
+word the letter I but I has obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word the letter I but I has obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word the letter I but I has obviously
+been taken in Matrix Theory uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taken in Matrix Theory uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taken in Matrix Theory uh so we
+tend to use the the letter e sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use the the letter e sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use the the letter e sometimes
+we it says you know for the edge Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it says you know for the edge Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it says you know for the edge Matrix
+so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've
+used e is the sort of this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used e is the sort of this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used e is the sort of this is the
+associative array representation of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array representation of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array representation of my
+Edge Matrix here and if I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge Matrix here and if I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge Matrix here and if I want to find
+the author author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author author
+correlation Matrix I just basically can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation Matrix I just basically can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation Matrix I just basically can
+do e starts with author transpose times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do e starts with author transpose times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do e starts with author transpose times
+e starts with author so basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e starts with author so basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e starts with author so basically this
+gets the the the starts with author gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the the the starts with author gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the the the starts with author gets
+the gets the part of the incident Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gets the part of the incident Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gets the part of the incident Matrix
+the that has just the authors I now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that has just the authors I now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that has just the authors I now have
+an associative array of just authors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array of just authors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array of just authors and
+then I Square it with itself and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I Square it with itself and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I Square it with itself and you get
+obviously a square symmetric Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a square symmetric Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a square symmetric Matrix that
+is dense along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dense along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dense along the
+diagonal because um every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal because um every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal because um every single
+document you know the author appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document you know the author appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document you know the author appears
+with itself and then this just shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself and then this just shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself and then this just shows you
+which author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which author
+appear with which other Au authors so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear with which other Au authors so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear with which other Au authors so if
+if two authors appeared on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if two authors appeared on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if two authors appeared on the
+same Artic article together they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Artic article together they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Artic article together they would
+get a DOT and so this a very classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a DOT and so this a very classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a DOT and so this a very classic
+type of graph the co-author graph it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of graph the co-author graph it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of graph the co-author graph it's
+well studied um you know has a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well studied um you know has a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well studied um you know has a variety
+of phenomena associated with it and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phenomena associated with it and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phenomena associated with it and here
+it's constructed very simply from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's constructed very simply from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's constructed very simply from this
+uh Matrix Matrix M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiply I'm going to call this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply I'm going to call this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply I'm going to call this sort of
+the inner Square so we actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner Square so we actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner Square so we actually have a
+shortcut for this in in in in D form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut for this in in in in D form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut for this in in in in D form
+called Square in so Square N means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Square in so Square N means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Square in so Square N means the
+Matrix transposed times itself it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix transposed times itself it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix transposed times itself it's sort
+of has an inner produly feel to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has an inner produly feel to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has an inner produly feel to it
+um no one has their name associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no one has their name associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no one has their name associated with
+this product seems like someone missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product seems like someone missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product seems like someone missed
+an opportunity there to to you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity there to to you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity there to to you know some
+all the special matrices are named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the special matrices are named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the special matrices are named after
+Germans and so someone someone some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans and so someone someone some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans and so someone someone some
+German missed an opportunity there back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German missed an opportunity there back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German missed an opportunity there back
+in the early days so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days so
+uh maybe we can call it the inner Kepner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe we can call it the inner Kepner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe we can call it the inner Kepner
+product that would sufficiently exper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that would sufficiently exper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that would sufficiently exper uh
+uh obscure it like uh like the hadamard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obscure it like uh like the hadamard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obscure it like uh like the hadamard
+product which I always have to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which I always have to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which I always have to look up
+um and here's the outer product so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here's the outer product so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here's the outer product so this
+shows you the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the distribution of the
+documents that share common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that share common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that share common
+authors so it's the same so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors so it's the same so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors so it's the same so that's
+that's it just sort of show what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it just sort of show what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it just sort of show what I'm
+trying to show you is these adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show you is these adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show you is these adjacency
+matrices are formally projections of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are formally projections of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are formally projections of the
+incidence Matrix onto a Subspace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix onto a Subspace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix onto a Subspace and
+whether you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do the
+inner squaring or the outer squaring uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner squaring or the outer squaring uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner squaring or the outer squaring uh
+product um those are both have valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um those are both have valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um those are both have valuable
+information one of them showed us which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information one of them showed us which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information one of them showed us which
+authors have have uh have published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors have have uh have published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors have have uh have published
+together the other one shows us which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the other one shows us which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the other one shows us which
+documents have common authors both very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents have common authors both very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents have common authors both very
+legitimate pieces to analyze and in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate pieces to analyze and in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate pieces to analyze and in each
+case we've lost some information by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we've lost some information by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we've lost some information by
+constructing it but probably out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing it but probably out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing it but probably out of
+necessity we have to do this to make to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity we have to do this to make to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity we have to do this to make to
+make progress on the analysis what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress on the analysis what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress on the analysis what we're
+doing and continue it we can we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and continue it we can we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and continue it we can we can look
+at the institutions so here's the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the institutions so here's the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the institutions so here's the inner
+institution uh squaring product and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution uh squaring product and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution uh squaring product and uh
+so this shows you which Institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shows you which Institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shows you which Institution
+you know are on the same paper and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are on the same paper and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are on the same paper and then
+likewise this shows us which documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise this shows us which documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise this shows us which documents
+share the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the same
+institution you the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution you the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution you the same thing with
+keywords okay which keywords are shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords okay which keywords are shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords okay which keywords are shared
+you know which pairs of keywords occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which pairs of keywords occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which pairs of keywords occur
+in the same document which documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same document which documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same document which documents
+share the same keywords etc etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the same keywords etc etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the same keywords etc etc etc
+typically when we do this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when we do this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when we do this Matrix
+multiply if we have the value be a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply if we have the value be a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply if we have the value be a one
+then actually the the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually the the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually the the value of the
+result will be the count so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result will be the count so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result will be the count so this would
+show you how many keywords are shared by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how many keywords are shared by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how many keywords are shared by
+the document or in the previous one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the document or in the previous one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the document or in the previous one um
+um um uh how many times a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh how many times a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh how many times a pair of
+keywords appear in the same document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords appear in the same document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords appear in the same document
+together again valuable information for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together again valuable information for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together again valuable information for
+constructing uh analytics and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing uh analytics and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing uh analytics and so these
+these uh uh these uh these uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh uh these uh these uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh uh these uh these uh uh uh
+inner and outer uh uh ker products or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner and outer uh uh ker products or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner and outer uh uh ker products or
+whatever we want to call them are uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we want to call them are uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we want to call them are uh are
+are very useful in that in that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very useful in that in that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very useful in that in that in that
+regard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard so
+um the uh now we're going to turn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh now we're going to turn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh now we're going to turn a
+little bit uh take a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh take a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh take a little bit of a
+turn here this is really going to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn here this is really going to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn here this is really going to lead
+you up into the examples so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up into the examples so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up into the examples so we're going
+to get back into this point I made and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back into this point I made and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back into this point I made and
+kind of revisit it again which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of revisit it again which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of revisit it again which is the
+the uh issues associated with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh issues associated with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh issues associated with uh
+adjacency Matrix hyper graphs multi-edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix hyper graphs multi-edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix hyper graphs multi-edge
+graphs and those types of things I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and those types of things I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and those types of things I think
+I already talked about this just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already talked about this just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already talked about this just to
+remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind
+people here's a graph a directed graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here's a graph a directed graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here's a graph a directed graph
+okay we've numbered all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've numbered all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've numbered all the
+vertices this is the adjacency Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices this is the adjacency Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices this is the adjacency Matrix of
+that of that graph so basically two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of that graph so basically two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of that graph so basically two
+vertices have an edge they get a DOT the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have an edge they get a DOT the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have an edge they get a DOT the
+fundamental operation of graph theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental operation of graph theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental operation of graph theory is
+what we call breadth for search so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call breadth for search so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call breadth for search so you
+start at a vertex and then go to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at a vertex and then go to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at a vertex and then go to its
+neighbors following the the edges the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors following the the edges the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors following the the edges the
+fundamental operation of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental operation of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental operation of linear algebra
+is is is Vector Matrix multiply so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is Vector Matrix multiply so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is Vector Matrix multiply so if I
+construct a vector with a value in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a vector with a value in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a vector with a value in the
+in a particular vertex and I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular vertex and I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular vertex and I do the
+Matrix multiply I find the edges and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix multiply I find the edges and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix multiply I find the edges and I
+result in the uh the the neighbors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in the uh the the neighbors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in the uh the the neighbors and
+so you have this formal duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this formal duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this formal duality
+between uh the fundamental operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the fundamental operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the fundamental operation of
+graph Theory here which is uh bread for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph Theory here which is uh bread for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph Theory here which is uh bread for
+search and linear algebra and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and linear algebra and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and linear algebra and so this is
+philosophically how we will think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically how we will think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically how we will think about
+that I think we've already shown a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think we've already shown a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think we've already shown a
+little bit of that when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of that when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of that when we talk about
+these projections from incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projections from incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projections from incidence
+matrices to uh to um to um adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to uh to um to um adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to uh to um to um adjacency
+matrices and again why why uh so so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and again why why uh so so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and again why why uh so so to
+get into that a little bit further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that a little bit further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that a little bit further and
+make that bring that point home you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that bring that point home you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that bring that point home you know
+the traditional graph theory that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional graph theory that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional graph theory that we are
+taught in graph Theory courses tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught in graph Theory courses tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught in graph Theory courses tends to
+focus on what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on what we call
+directed um I mean sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed um I mean sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed um I mean sorry
+undirected um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected um
+unweighted graphs so these are graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted graphs so these are graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted graphs so these are graphs
+with uh with vertices and you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with vertices and you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with vertices and you just say
+whether there's a connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a connection between
+vertices and you may not have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and you may not have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and you may not have any
+information about you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about you know there's
+multiple connections between a ver disas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple connections between a ver disas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple connections between a ver disas
+and you certainly can't do hyperedges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you certainly can't do hyperedges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you certainly can't do hyperedges
+and sort of this gives you this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of this gives you this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of this gives you this very
+black and white picture of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white picture of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white picture of the world
+here which is not really what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is not really what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is not really what what the
+world really looks like and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world really looks like and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world really looks like and in
+fact there's a painting courtesy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's a painting courtesy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's a painting courtesy of a
+friend of mine who's an artist uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine who's an artist uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine who's an artist uh who
+who does this this this type of painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does this this this type of painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does this this this type of painting
+I I I tend to like it and um this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I tend to like it and um this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I tend to like it and um this uh
+this is the same painting you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same painting you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same painting you know what
+I showed before but what it really looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed before but what it really looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed before but what it really looks
+like okay okay and what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay okay and what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay okay and what you see is that
+this is really more representative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really more representative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really more representative of
+the true world just drawing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true world just drawing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true world just drawing some
+straight edge lines with colors on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight edge lines with colors on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight edge lines with colors on a
+canvas we already have gone well beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas we already have gone well beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas we already have gone well beyond
+what we could easily represent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could easily represent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could easily represent with
+undirected unweighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected unweighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected unweighted
+graphs first of all our edges in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs first of all our edges in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs first of all our edges in this
+case have color we have five distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case have color we have five distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case have color we have five distinct
+colors which is information that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors which is information that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors which is information that would
+not be C captured in the tradic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be C captured in the tradic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be C captured in the tradic
+traditional unweighted undirected graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional unweighted undirected graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional unweighted undirected graph
+represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presentation we have 20 distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we have 20 distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we have 20 distinct
+vertices here so I've labeled every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here so I've labeled every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here so I've labeled every
+intersection or ending of a line as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection or ending of a line as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection or ending of a line as a
+Vertex so we have five colors and 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex so we have five colors and 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex so we have five colors and 20
+distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices we have 12 things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices we have 12 things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices we have 12 things that we
+really should consider to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should consider to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should consider to be
+multi-edges okay these are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-edges okay these are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-edges okay these are essentially
+multiple edges that connect the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple edges that connect the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple edges that connect the same
+vertices and I've labeled them by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and I've labeled them by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and I've labeled them by their
+color here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have 19 hyperedges these are edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 19 hyperedges these are edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 19 hyperedges these are edges
+that fundamentally connect more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fundamentally connect more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fundamentally connect more than one
+vertex so if we look at this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so if we look at this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so if we look at this example
+here P3 connects this vertex this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here P3 connects this vertex this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here P3 connects this vertex this vertex
+this vertex and this vertex with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex and this vertex with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex and this vertex with one
+Edge we could of course topologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge we could of course topologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge we could of course topologically
+say well this is the same you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this is the same you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this is the same you know the
+same as just having an edge from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as just having an edge from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as just having an edge from here to
+here or here to here here but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or here to here here but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or here to here here but that's not
+what's really going on we are throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on we are throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on we are throwing
+away information if we de decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away information if we de decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away information if we de decompose
+that finally we often have a concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finally we often have a concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finally we often have a concept of
+edge ordering the order that the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge ordering the order that the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge ordering the order that the lines
+are drawn here is uh is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are drawn here is uh is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are drawn here is uh is actually
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um the order that the line is drawn here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the order that the line is drawn here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the order that the line is drawn here
+you can infer just from the layering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can infer just from the layering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can infer just from the layering of
+the lines that certain edges occur for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines that certain edges occur for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines that certain edges occur for
+others and ordering is also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and ordering is also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and ordering is also very
+important and uh any want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and uh any want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and uh any want to
+guess what color was the first color of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what color was the first color of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what color was the first color of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+painting when the artist started they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting when the artist started they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting when the artist started they
+painted one color first anyone want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted one color first anyone want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted one color first anyone want to
+guess what that color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what that color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what that color
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was
+orange it was orange and I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange it was orange and I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange it was orange and I would have
+never guessed that except by talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never guessed that except by talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never guessed that except by talking to
+the artist which is which is uh which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artist which is which is uh which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artist which is which is uh which I
+found interesting and it shows you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found interesting and it shows you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found interesting and it shows you and
+when she was telling me how she did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was telling me how she did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was telling me how she did it
+it was so counterintuitive to to to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so counterintuitive to to to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so counterintuitive to to to sort
+of kind of maybe the perception of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of maybe the perception of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of maybe the perception of the
+work which I think is is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting so uh if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so uh if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so uh if you were to
+represent this in a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this in a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this in a standard
+graph you would create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you would create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you would create
+53 standard edges right you would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 standard edges right you would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+53 standard edges right you would you
+would say this this this hyper edge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say this this this hyper edge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say this this this hyper edge here
+we would you break up into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would you break up into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would you break up into three
+separate edges this hyper Edge you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate edges this hyper Edge you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate edges this hyper Edge you would
+break up into two separate edges etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up into two separate edges etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up into two separate edges etc etc
+so you have 53 standard edges so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have 53 standard edges so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have 53 standard edges so one of
+the basic observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic observations
+is that you know the standard Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know the standard Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know the standard Edge
+representation the fragments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation the fragments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation the fragments or
+hyperedges a lot of information is lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperedges a lot of information is lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperedges a lot of information is lost
+the diagraph representation compresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagraph representation compresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagraph representation compresses
+the multi- edges and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi- edges and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi- edges and a lot of
+information is lost the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is lost the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is lost the Matrix
+representations drops the edge labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations drops the edge labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations drops the edge labels
+and a lot of information is lost and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of information is lost and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of information is lost and so
+so and the standard graph representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the standard graph representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the standard graph representing
+drops is The Edge order and again more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops is The Edge order and again more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops is The Edge order and again more
+information law so we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information law so we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information law so we really need
+something better than the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better than the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better than the traditional
+way to do that and so the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that and so the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that and so the solution to
+this problem is to use the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is to use the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is to use the incident
+Matrix formulation where we assign every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix formulation where we assign every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix formulation where we assign every
+single edge a label a color an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single edge a label a color an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single edge a label a color an order
+that it was laid down and then for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was laid down and then for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was laid down and then for every
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+vertex okay we can just so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex okay we can just so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex okay we can just so this is this
+this Edge B1 is blue it's the it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge B1 is blue it's the it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge B1 is blue it's the it's in
+the second Order Group and it connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Order Group and it connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Order Group and it connects
+these three vertices and you see various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three vertices and you see various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three vertices and you see various
+structures here appearing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures here appearing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures here appearing for the
+different types of things so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of things so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of things so this is how
+we would represent this data as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would represent this data as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would represent this data as an
+incidence Matrix in a way that preserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix in a way that preserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix in a way that preserves
+all the information and so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information and so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information and so that's really
+kind of the power of the incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the power of the incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the power of the incidence
+Matrix uh approach to this all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh approach to this all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh approach to this all right so
+that actually brings us to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually brings us to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually brings us to the end of
+the first oh so we have a question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first oh so we have a question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first oh so we have a question here
+so but what this is great and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but what this is great and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but what this is great and I've
+worked with before but what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with before but what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with before but what kind of
+analysis can you actually do question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can you actually do question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can you actually do question so
+the analysis you typically do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis you typically do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis you typically do is you
+take projections into adjacency matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take projections into adjacency matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take projections into adjacency matrices
+yep yep so this way you can you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep so this way you can you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yep so this way you can you're
+preserving the ability to do all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving the ability to do all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving the ability to do all those
+projections you know and it's not to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections you know and it's not to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections you know and it's not to say
+sometimes the right thing to do isn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the right thing to do isn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the right thing to do isn't be
+like sometimes to make progress if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes to make progress if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes to make progress if your
+data sets are large you're just forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets are large you're just forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets are large you're just forced
+you have to just make some projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to just make some projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to just make some projections
+to get started you know sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started you know sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started you know sometimes you
+know I mean theoretically one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean theoretically one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean theoretically one could
+argue that the right way to proceed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the right way to proceed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the right way to proceed is
+you you have the incidence Matrix you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have the incidence Matrix you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have the incidence Matrix you
+derive the analytics you want you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the analytics you want you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the analytics you want you know
+maybe you use adjy matrices an analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you use adjy matrices an analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you use adjy matrices an analytic
+intermediate step but then once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate step but then once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate step but then once you
+figured out the analysis you then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the analysis you then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the analysis you then go
+back and make sure that the analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and make sure that the analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and make sure that the analytic
+runs just on the raw incidence Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs just on the raw incidence Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs just on the raw incidence Matrix
+itself and save yourself the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and save yourself the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and save yourself the time of
+actually constructing the adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually constructing the adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually constructing the adjacency
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+sometimes this space is so large though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this space is so large though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this space is so large though
+it can be difficult for us to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be difficult for us to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be difficult for us to get our
+mind around it and sometimes it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind around it and sometimes it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind around it and sometimes it can be
+useful just like you know what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful just like you know what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful just like you know what I really
+think that these projections are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that these projections are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that these projections are going
+to be useful ones to get started rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be useful ones to get started rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be useful ones to get started rather
+than trying to just sort of get lost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than trying to just sort of get lost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than trying to just sort of get lost in
+this Force sometimes it's better just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Force sometimes it's better just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Force sometimes it's better just
+like I'm going to start by projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to start by projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to start by projecting
+you know I'm going to create a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm going to create a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm going to create a few of
+these adjacency matrices to get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these adjacency matrices to get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these adjacency matrices to get started
+make progress do my analytics and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress do my analytics and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress do my analytics and then
+figure out if I need to to to fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out if I need to to to fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out if I need to to to fix it
+from there because uh working in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there because uh working in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there because uh working in this
+space directly can be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space directly can be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space directly can be a little bit
+tricky every single analysis it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky every single analysis it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky every single analysis it's like
+working in the voltage domain you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the voltage domain you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the voltage domain you're
+constantly having to keep sort of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly having to keep sort of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly having to keep sort of extra
+theoretical Machinery around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical Machinery around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical Machinery around and
+sometimes to make progress you're better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to make progress you're better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to make progress you're better
+off just going to the power domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off just going to the power domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off just going to the power domain
+making progress and maybe discover later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress and maybe discover later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress and maybe discover later
+if you can if you can if you can fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can if you can if you can fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can if you can if you can fix it
+up you know doing other types of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know doing other types of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know doing other types of things
+so are there other questions before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are there other questions before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are there other questions before we
+come to the end of this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the end of this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the end of this part of the
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+great okay thank you so we'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay thank you so we'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay thank you so we'll take a
+short break here um and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short break here um and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short break here um and then we'll
+proceed to the demo there is a signup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to the demo there is a signup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to the demo there is a signup
+sheet here if you haven't signed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet here if you haven't signed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet here if you haven't signed up
+please write it down apparently this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please write it down apparently this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please write it down apparently this is
+extremely important for the accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important for the accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important for the accounting
+purposes of the laboratory so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of the laboratory so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of the laboratory so I would
+encourage you to to do that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to to do that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to to do that so that
+we'll uh we'll we'll start up again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll uh we'll we'll start up again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll uh we'll we'll start up again in
+about five minutes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KZMHfXW5UwU.txt b/KZMHfXW5UwU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc8596bc05638e32c78f01686520014fc8ac7451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KZMHfXW5UwU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is where we were at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we were at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we were at the end of the
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+lecture i think i said a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture i think i said a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture i think i said a little bit
+about how the cerebellum can fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the cerebellum can fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the cerebellum can fit in
+to this kind of scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this kind of scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this kind of scheme
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+corpus triado now concerning the corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triado now concerning the corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triado now concerning the corpus
+triada in this book of readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triada in this book of readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triada in this book of readings
+there are some very interesting chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some very interesting chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some very interesting chapters
+here at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+pathologies of corpus triadon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies of corpus triadon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies of corpus triadon
+okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+it starts out with the chapter called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts out with the chapter called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts out with the chapter called
+still smiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still smiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still smiling
+newt it's in the book newton's madness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newt it's in the book newton's madness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newt it's in the book newton's madness
+for the tales of clinical neurology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tales of clinical neurology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tales of clinical neurology
+by harold clowns a neurologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the very interesting story is it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very interesting story is it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very interesting story is it gives
+you a real feel it's not it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a real feel it's not it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a real feel it's not it's very easy
+reading i'd like you to read those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading i'd like you to read those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading i'd like you to read those
+chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there will be some things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be some things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be some things about
+these dyskinesias abnormal movements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dyskinesias abnormal movements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dyskinesias abnormal movements in
+not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just
+huntington's korea and parkinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's korea and parkinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huntington's korea and parkinson's
+disease but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease but
+some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other
+pathologies of corpus tree animals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want you to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to remember that
+the neocortex in mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's it's the defining structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the defining structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the defining structure of
+mammals in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals in the brain
+we have a neocortex even if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a neocortex even if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a neocortex even if we're
+a ten wreck or an insectivore okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ten wreck or an insectivore okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ten wreck or an insectivore okay
+they have very little neocortex or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very little neocortex or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very little neocortex or a
+hedgehog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedgehog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedgehog
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they still have probably more than ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still have probably more than ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still have probably more than ten
+percent of their brain is neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of their brain is neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of their brain is neocortex
+in us it's enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in us it's enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in us it's enormous
+and the neocortex affects all levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neocortex affects all levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neocortex affects all levels of
+the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system
+including both of these major output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including both of these major output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including both of these major output
+systems of the end brain medial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of the end brain medial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of the end brain medial and
+lateral for brain bundles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral for brain bundles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral for brain bundles
+and this is the scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the scheme
+pretty similar to what i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to what i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to what i showed you
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+with neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+having not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having not only
+a direct output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct output
+to the brain stem and spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the brain stem and spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the brain stem and spinal cord
+and that includes the upper brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that includes the upper brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that includes the upper brain stem
+like the tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the tectum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain
+and finally the spinal cord but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the spinal cord but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the spinal cord but it also
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+just about every area of neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about every area of neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about every area of neocortex
+projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+to the dorsal part of the corpuscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dorsal part of the corpuscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dorsal part of the corpuscle
+which has an output to the brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an output to the brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an output to the brain stem
+also but it has a much larger output to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but it has a much larger output to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but it has a much larger output to
+the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamus
+the part of the thalamus that projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the thalamus that projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the thalamus that projects
+to the motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the motor cortex
+so the major output in higher mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the major output in higher mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the major output in higher mammals
+especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially
+for striatum to influence movement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for striatum to influence movement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for striatum to influence movement is
+through the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cortex
+and it gets input from all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets input from all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets input from all over the
+cortex too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex too
+and so it's doing something special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's doing something special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's doing something special
+that the neocortex needs in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neocortex needs in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neocortex needs in addition to
+what it can do with its direct outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it can do with its direct outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it can do with its direct outputs
+and we think it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think it has to do
+with implicit learning reward learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learning of skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning of skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning of skills
+which are very highly developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very highly developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very highly developed in
+animals with large neocortex but now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals with large neocortex but now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals with large neocortex but now in
+addition neocortex talks to limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition neocortex talks to limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition neocortex talks to limbic
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and the connections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the connections are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the connections are
+even though that many more synapses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that many more synapses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that many more synapses are
+involved they're parallel because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved they're parallel because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved they're parallel because
+limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic
+in brain structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brain structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brain structures
+connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+also to the film i should have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the film i should have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the film i should have another
+picture here to make it a little even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here to make it a little even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here to make it a little even
+more parallel though it gets a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more parallel though it gets a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more parallel though it gets a little
+hairy and looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairy and looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairy and looking at it
+it has a loop back through the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a loop back through the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a loop back through the ventral
+striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+as well as the thalamus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the thalamus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the thalamus okay
+the thalamic connections go to neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamic connections go to neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamic connections go to neocortex
+just like these did but they are not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like these did but they are not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like these did but they are not as
+voluminous as for the dorsal striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluminous as for the dorsal striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluminous as for the dorsal striatum
+okay but the ventral striatum is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the ventral striatum is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the ventral striatum is really
+part of it's right in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it's right in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it's right in front of the
+hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+and basal forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basal forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basal forebrain
+and highly connected with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and highly connected with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and highly connected with these
+structures that affect motivation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that affect motivation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that affect motivation and
+emotion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion okay
+now what about other motor systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about other motor systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about other motor systems
+first of all remember that the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all remember that the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all remember that the neocortex
+controls movement independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls movement independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls movement independent of the
+pyramidal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramidal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramidal tract
+don't always just think of motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always just think of motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always just think of motor cortex
+when you think of cortical control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of cortical control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of cortical control of
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've mentioned how the cortex projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've mentioned how the cortex projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've mentioned how the cortex projects
+to the midbrain tectum and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the midbrain tectum and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the midbrain tectum and we'll talk
+more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that
+when we get to the visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same is true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true of
+other of major sensory regions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of major sensory regions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of major sensory regions of the
+posterior neocortex also project to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior neocortex also project to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior neocortex also project to the
+midbrain tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain tectum
+and deeper in the midbrain as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in addition besides the primary motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition besides the primary motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition besides the primary motor
+cortex there are other motor cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex there are other motor cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex there are other motor cortical
+areas and for those of you who did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and for those of you who did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and for those of you who did that
+reading in the textbook you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading in the textbook you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading in the textbook you already know
+about that they have slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that they have slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that they have slightly different
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+but now what about the limbic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what about the limbic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what about the limbic system
+it controls movement too and if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it controls movement too and if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it controls movement too and if we go
+into this hypothalamus for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this hypothalamus for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this hypothalamus for example and
+stimulate we certainly get an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate we certainly get an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate we certainly get an animal
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+its movements in fact we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its movements in fact we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its movements in fact we can get
+specific patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific patterns of
+what looks like motivated behavior fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks like motivated behavior fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what looks like motivated behavior fixed
+action patterns and so forth by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns and so forth by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns and so forth by
+stimulating there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating there
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+but we usually don't call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we usually don't call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we usually don't call that
+motor system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system
+okay we think we're affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we think we're affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we think we're affecting
+the urge to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urge to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urge to move
+and not the movement control itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the movement control itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the movement control itself
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but you see it's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see it's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see it's a little bit of a
+that's just the way we choose to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way we choose to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way we choose to talk
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right in the files i put up on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the files i put up on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the files i put up on the web
+it includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it includes
+23 to 25. i gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 to 25. i gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 to 25. i gave you
+the first half of that today we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of that today we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of that today we're not
+going to make it clear through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it clear through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it clear through
+the handout you have today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout you have today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout you have today
+so bring it back with you next time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bring it back with you next time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bring it back with you next time and
+we'll probably have the second hand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll probably have the second hand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll probably have the second hand out
+for you next time also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you next time also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you next time also
+and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with
+last year it took about three and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year it took about three and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year it took about three and a half
+classes to get through all of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to get through all of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to get through all of that but
+we'll see if we can do it in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see if we can do it in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see if we can do it in three
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+discussing temporary pattern temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing temporary pattern temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing temporary pattern temporary
+pattern movements in rhythmic output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern movements in rhythmic output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern movements in rhythmic output
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll describe some temporal patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll describe some temporal patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll describe some temporal patterns
+we'll review some studies of locomotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll review some studies of locomotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll review some studies of locomotion
+a little bit and then we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and then we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and then we'll talk about
+circadian rhythms and sleep and dreaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian rhythms and sleep and dreaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian rhythms and sleep and dreaming
+a little bit on rhythms today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit on rhythms today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit on rhythms today
+we'll get to sleep and dreaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to sleep and dreaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to sleep and dreaming
+probably in the third class but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in the third class but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in the third class but maybe
+maybe next time we'll get started on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe next time we'll get started on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe next time we'll get started on
+that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also
+one of the favorite topics of 901
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the favorite topics of 901
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the favorite topics of 901
+students is that topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students is that topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students is that topic
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first of all we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all we'll talk about the
+different types of explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of explanations
+we have for explaining temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for explaining temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for explaining temporal
+patterning and movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the straight through processing concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight through processing concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight through processing concepts
+based on sr models feedback circuitry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on sr models feedback circuitry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on sr models feedback circuitry
+and spontaneous cns activity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spontaneous cns activity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spontaneous cns activity and then
+we'll go through a little model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through a little model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through a little model the
+control of the respiratory rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how can you explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how can you explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how can you explain
+timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing
+of movements and reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movements and reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movements and reflexes
+if you just have an sr model well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just have an sr model well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just have an sr model well first
+of all conduction time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all conduction time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all conduction time
+we can talk about the temporal pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about the temporal pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about the temporal pattern
+in the startle reflex just by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the startle reflex just by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the startle reflex just by talking
+about the time it takes for the input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the time it takes for the input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the time it takes for the input to
+conduct the various levels of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct the various levels of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct the various levels of the
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+but then we can also introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we can also introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we can also introduce this
+concept of chaining okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of chaining okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of chaining okay
+that one reflex movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one reflex movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one reflex movement
+because the body moves it will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the body moves it will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the body moves it will lead to
+another stimulus and that stimulus then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another stimulus and that stimulus then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another stimulus and that stimulus then
+can lead to another reflex and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to another reflex and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to another reflex and so forth
+so you could explain a temporal pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could explain a temporal pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could explain a temporal pattern
+as a chain of reflexes and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chain of reflexes and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chain of reflexes and in fact
+reflexologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexologists
+were doing that for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in that context we'll discuss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that context we'll discuss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that context we'll discuss a
+famous paper by carl ashley that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paper by carl ashley that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paper by carl ashley that he
+wrote 1917 before he did the studies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote 1917 before he did the studies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote 1917 before he did the studies we
+talked about in the introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the introductory
+lectures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on
+memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and
+rats for mazes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats for mazes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats for mazes
+he was thinking about this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was thinking about this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was thinking about this problem
+and he wrote a paper called the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote a paper called the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote a paper called the problem
+of serial order and behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of serial order and behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of serial order and behavior
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+the startle reflex the temple pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startle reflex the temple pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startle reflex the temple pattern
+when you get a startle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a nice startle reflex from some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice startle reflex from some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice startle reflex from some of you
+okay the first thing that you did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first thing that you did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first thing that you did and
+you might not have noted it but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not have noted it but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not have noted it but it was
+an eye blink that's the first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye blink that's the first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye blink that's the first thing that
+happens then you get other facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then you get other facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then you get other facial
+muscles contracting and then if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles contracting and then if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles contracting and then if it
+depends on how loud it is but let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how loud it is but let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how loud it is but let's say
+it's really loud like a bomb okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really loud like a bomb okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really loud like a bomb okay then
+you'll get neck flexion arm flexion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get neck flexion arm flexion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get neck flexion arm flexion and
+with very intense sound actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very intense sound actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very intense sound actually the
+legs will flex you know people go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs will flex you know people go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs will flex you know people go like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and they might even fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might even fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might even fall
+now we can explain the timing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can explain the timing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can explain the timing of the
+movements in terms of conduction time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements in terms of conduction time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements in terms of conduction time
+which is affected by the fiber size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is affected by the fiber size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is affected by the fiber size
+synaptic delays and temple summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic delays and temple summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic delays and temple summation
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but for longer patterns of movement we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for longer patterns of movement we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for longer patterns of movement we
+can't use such explanations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i behave the behavior of a fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i behave the behavior of a fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i behave the behavior of a fish
+the stickleback and its court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stickleback and its court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stickleback and its court
+courtship pattern tinberg in 1951 did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtship pattern tinberg in 1951 did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtship pattern tinberg in 1951 did an
+analysis of these movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of these movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of these movements
+analyze them as a series of basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them as a series of basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them as a series of basically an
+sr series he was really dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sr series he was really dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sr series he was really dealing with
+what we would probably call fixed action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would probably call fixed action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would probably call fixed action
+patterns but it was it could be broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns but it was it could be broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns but it was it could be broken
+up into these series of movements each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into these series of movements each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into these series of movements each
+with a specific stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a specific stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a specific stimulus
+and a response that led to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a response that led to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a response that led to the next
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+then we'll talk about reflex swallowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about reflex swallowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about reflex swallowing
+which i've mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've mentioned before
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now in timber again study he's dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in timber again study he's dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in timber again study he's dealing
+with movements by a pair of animals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with movements by a pair of animals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with movements by a pair of animals and
+not just one animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one animal
+the interesting thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing about this
+movement which is described in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement which is described in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement which is described in the next
+slide is that if you interrupt one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is that if you interrupt one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is that if you interrupt one step
+the sequence stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence stops
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so each step gives a necessary stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each step gives a necessary stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each step gives a necessary stimulus
+for triggering the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did i not have that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i not have that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i not have that here
+here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it starts when the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts when the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts when the female
+appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears
+near the male and she's got a swollen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the male and she's got a swollen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the male and she's got a swollen
+belly and that is the trigger for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belly and that is the trigger for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belly and that is the trigger for the
+male's zigzag dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male's zigzag dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male's zigzag dance
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that dance makes the female approach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dance makes the female approach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dance makes the female approach the
+male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male
+so that's her courtship response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's her courtship response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's her courtship response
+the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male
+swims towards the nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she responds by following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+her following him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her following him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her following him
+is necessary to get the next step which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessary to get the next step which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessary to get the next step which
+is a special posture here so he assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a special posture here so he assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a special posture here so he assumes
+at the entrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the entrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the entrance
+to the nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nest
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+posture causes her to enter the nest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture causes her to enter the nest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture causes her to enter the nest and
+if she enters the nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she enters the nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she enters the nest
+okay he makes this trembling movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he makes this trembling movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he makes this trembling movement
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+with his snout her tail which then makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his snout her tail which then makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his snout her tail which then makes
+him uh she causes her to spawn and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him uh she causes her to spawn and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him uh she causes her to spawn and then
+causes him that causes him to fertilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes him that causes him to fertilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes him that causes him to fertilize
+the eggs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eggs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eggs
+now if you interrupt that at any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you interrupt that at any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you interrupt that at any one
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+the whole thing stops okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing stops okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing stops okay
+so in that sense we can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that sense we can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that sense we can think of it as
+an sr sequence a chaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an sr sequence a chaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an sr sequence a chaining
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+sr movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sr movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sr movements
+similar studies were done in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar studies were done in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar studies were done in the case of
+reflex deglutition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex deglutition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex deglutition
+the swallowing reflex okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swallowing reflex okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swallowing reflex okay
+it's a complicated movement involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complicated movement involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complicated movement involves
+about 20 muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 muscles
+controlled by neurons from the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by neurons from the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by neurons from the midbrain
+to the cervical spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in this case the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this case the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this case the pattern of
+contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction
+appears to be centrally programmed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be centrally programmed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be centrally programmed the
+whole pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it'll actually you can trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll actually you can trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll actually you can trigger
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+have the right stimulus you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right stimulus you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right stimulus you can have a
+steady stimulus a continuous stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady stimulus a continuous stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady stimulus a continuous stimulus
+okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the
+you will swallow repeatedly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will swallow repeatedly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will swallow repeatedly with the
+rhythm as long as you have that stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once i start talking about i'm suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i start talking about i'm suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i start talking about i'm suddenly
+aware that i'm swallowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that pattern isn't changed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pattern isn't changed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pattern isn't changed by
+eliminating proprioceptive feedback from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating proprioceptive feedback from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating proprioceptive feedback from
+the movements you can literally cut out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movements you can literally cut out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movements you can literally cut out
+some of the muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the muscles
+they don't do this in humans of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do this in humans of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do this in humans of course
+and to eliminate some of the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to eliminate some of the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to eliminate some of the feedback
+from the intervening movements but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the intervening movements but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the intervening movements but the
+the sequence will continue just without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence will continue just without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence will continue just without
+some of the elements if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's normally triggered by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's normally triggered by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's normally triggered by this
+stimulation in the back of the throat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation in the back of the throat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation in the back of the throat
+back of the tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the tongue
+you have a little row of papillae there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little row of papillae there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little row of papillae there
+the circumvallate papillae and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circumvallate papillae and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circumvallate papillae and if you
+slide a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide a little
+probe a stick or your finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe a stick or your finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe a stick or your finger
+as soon as it gets back up back beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as it gets back up back beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as it gets back up back beyond
+that spot you'll start to gag you'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spot you'll start to gag you'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spot you'll start to gag you'll try
+to swallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swallow
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it's we i think it's closer to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we i think it's closer to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we i think it's closer to what we
+call a fixed action pattern because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a fixed action pattern because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a fixed action pattern because
+there is an endogenous input that builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an endogenous input that builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an endogenous input that builds
+up over time so it's a motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over time so it's a motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over time so it's a motivated
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+it's just that the motivation to swallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the motivation to swallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the motivation to swallow
+its major input is from the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its major input is from the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its major input is from the back of the
+tongue but it also has a spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue but it also has a spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue but it also has a spontaneous
+contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that builds up in the nervous system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that builds up in the nervous system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that builds up in the nervous system and
+that lowers the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lowers the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lowers the threshold
+so finally you will tend to swallow with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally you will tend to swallow with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally you will tend to swallow with
+the slightest stimulus just moving your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slightest stimulus just moving your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slightest stimulus just moving your
+tongue during talking for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue during talking for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue during talking for example and
+you will swallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will swallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will swallow
+which of course has a function to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course has a function to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course has a function to keep
+the throat lubricated and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just mention now lashley's argument 1917
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention now lashley's argument 1917
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention now lashley's argument 1917
+in the prize the problem of serial order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the prize the problem of serial order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the prize the problem of serial order
+and behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and behavior
+he was very interested in hand movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was very interested in hand movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was very interested in hand movements
+and you know how do we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how do we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how do we do that
+how do we control that sequence or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we control that sequence or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we control that sequence or any
+sequence of the fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of the fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of the fingers
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and he he realized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he realized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he realized by
+filming a musician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming a musician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming a musician
+and noting how fast his fingers move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noting how fast his fingers move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noting how fast his fingers move
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he can be doing 16 movements uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can be doing 16 movements uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can be doing 16 movements uh in a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+with a specific order of successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a specific order of successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a specific order of successive
+finger movements that he's learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger movements that he's learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger movements that he's learned
+and he realized lashley realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he realized lashley realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he realized lashley realized that
+the succession of movements is too quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the succession of movements is too quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the succession of movements is too quick
+even for reaction time there could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for reaction time there could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for reaction time there could not
+be a chain of reflexes explaining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a chain of reflexes explaining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a chain of reflexes explaining that
+because that would take too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would take too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would take too long
+okay so there has to be a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there has to be a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there has to be a central
+generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator
+central program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central program
+generator and when lashley wrote this he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and when lashley wrote this he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and when lashley wrote this he
+didn't have the concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the concepts
+from ethology yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ethology yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ethology yet
+and he didn't have the concepts from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he didn't have the concepts from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he didn't have the concepts from
+cns physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cns physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cns physiology
+that would help him explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would help him explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would help him explain it
+but he knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he knew
+just from the behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the behavioral
+observations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that
+we would have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to have
+on what he knew about reflex timing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what he knew about reflex timing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what he knew about reflex timing of
+reflexes from sharington's work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes from sharington's work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes from sharington's work and
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+that would have to be some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have to be some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have to be some kind of
+central generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how could you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could you do that
+what's the cns doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cns doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cns doing
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could have self-re-exciting loops of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have self-re-exciting loops of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have self-re-exciting loops of
+activity within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity within
+by little circuits of neurons which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by little circuits of neurons which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by little circuits of neurons which
+could lead to regular bursts of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lead to regular bursts of action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lead to regular bursts of action
+potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+and i have that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have that here
+in my little picture this has to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my little picture this has to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my little picture this has to make
+some pretty big assumptions about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty big assumptions about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty big assumptions about how
+simplifying assumptions about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumptions about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumptions about how
+neurons are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are working
+okay but let's say this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+in the center there the dark and neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center there the dark and neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center there the dark and neuron
+requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+summation to fire okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation to fire okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation to fire okay
+so if you have a steady input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the neuron won't fire but the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron won't fire but the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron won't fire but the membrane
+will be depolarized and if a pulse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be depolarized and if a pulse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be depolarized and if a pulse of
+input arrives in another pathway then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input arrives in another pathway then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input arrives in another pathway then an
+action potential will be fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potential will be fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potential will be fired
+okay and let's say it fires a burst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's say it fires a burst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's say it fires a burst of
+action potentials when that happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials when that happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentials when that happens and
+that's enough to trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough to trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough to trigger
+an action potential in this interneuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action potential in this interneuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action potential in this interneuron
+which has an axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has an axon
+that goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back
+through another neuron or directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through another neuron or directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through another neuron or directly to
+this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neuron
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now that's also excitatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's also excitatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's also excitatory
+the result will be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result will be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result will be if
+the neuron the synapses are sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron the synapses are sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron the synapses are sensitive
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+this will be the result if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the result if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the result if you have a
+steady input one pulse of activity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady input one pulse of activity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady input one pulse of activity here
+will lead to a self-re-exciting circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to a self-re-exciting circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to a self-re-exciting circuit
+okay and you'll have a series of pulses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you'll have a series of pulses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you'll have a series of pulses
+coming out and the timing will depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and the timing will depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and the timing will depend on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+time delay in the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's one way to do it positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way to do it positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way to do it positive
+feedback you can also have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback you can also have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback you can also have a negative
+feedback like a homeostatic mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback like a homeostatic mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback like a homeostatic mechanisms
+where a homeostatic mechanism where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a homeostatic mechanism where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a homeostatic mechanism where
+as you probably know the response will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you probably know the response will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you probably know the response will
+oscillate around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate around
+some set point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set point
+the homeostat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homeostat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homeostat
+homeostatic mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostatic mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostatic mechanism
+is a governor of some sort or it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a governor of some sort or it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a governor of some sort or it's like
+a thermostat that controls your furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thermostat that controls your furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thermostat that controls your furnace
+and of course the furnace comes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the furnace comes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the furnace comes on the
+heat goes up the thing goes off because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat goes up the thing goes off because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat goes up the thing goes off because
+it gets negative feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets negative feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets negative feedback
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+we have the problem of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the problem of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the problem of how
+you get more complex patterns other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more complex patterns other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more complex patterns other than
+such just a rhythmic pattern but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such just a rhythmic pattern but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such just a rhythmic pattern but we know
+that you could combine more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could combine more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could combine more than one
+such circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such circuit
+and you could get a pattern of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could get a pattern of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could get a pattern of any
+arbitrary complexity depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary complexity depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary complexity depending on how
+you combine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine them
+then of course we have the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course we have the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course we have the problem of
+how you stop the rhythm you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you stop the rhythm you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you stop the rhythm you're going to
+have to inhibit those cells at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to inhibit those cells at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to inhibit those cells at some
+point in order to stop the thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in order to stop the thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in order to stop the thing because
+it's a cell free exciting circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that's again these are not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's again these are not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's again these are not the only
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+methods the straight through processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods the straight through processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods the straight through processing
+feedback circuitry you also we know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback circuitry you also we know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback circuitry you also we know we
+have spontaneous cns activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spontaneous cns activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spontaneous cns activity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are
+generating their own rhythmic changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating their own rhythmic changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating their own rhythmic changes in
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first really good studies of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first really good studies of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first really good studies of this
+that i've seen were by felix framasser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've seen were by felix framasser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've seen were by felix framasser
+who was studying the sea slug the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was studying the sea slug the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was studying the sea slug the
+applejacks also became famous later for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applejacks also became famous later for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applejacks also became famous later for
+studies of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of learning
+simple conditioning procedures in eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple conditioning procedures in eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple conditioning procedures in eric
+kendell's lab but before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kendell's lab but before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kendell's lab but before that
+streamwester was studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamwester was studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamwester was studying
+large abdominal ganglion neurons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large abdominal ganglion neurons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large abdominal ganglion neurons in the
+applesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applesia
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was a secretory neuron that he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a secretory neuron that he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a secretory neuron that he could
+identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+from animal to animal he could keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from animal to animal he could keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from animal to animal he could keep
+finding the same neuron which is why he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the same neuron which is why he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the same neuron which is why he
+liked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked it
+okay and he found one neuron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he found one neuron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he found one neuron that
+generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated
+a rhythmic potential change with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rhythmic potential change with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rhythmic potential change with a
+period of about 40 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of about 40 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of about 40 seconds
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that means if you look at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means if you look at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means if you look at the bottom
+curve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here
+sorry the upper curve it's just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the upper curve it's just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the upper curve it's just this is
+the membrane potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane potential
+and as the membrane potential it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the membrane potential it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the membrane potential it becomes
+more depolarization is up okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depolarization is up okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depolarization is up okay and we
+see it's generating action potentials as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's generating action potentials as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's generating action potentials as
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+membrane becomes more depolarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane becomes more depolarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane becomes more depolarized
+then it becomes less polarized it stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes less polarized it stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes less polarized it stops
+generating the action potentials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the action potentials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the action potentials and
+that keeps happening okay and the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps happening okay and the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps happening okay and the period
+means the time from one peak to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the time from one peak to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the time from one peak to the next
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and that was about 40 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was about 40 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was about 40 seconds
+now if he applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if he applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if he applied
+if he blocked the action potentials by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he blocked the action potentials by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he blocked the action potentials by
+applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the
+poison throttle toxin okay he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison throttle toxin okay he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison throttle toxin okay he could
+block the action potentials but he found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the action potentials but he found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the action potentials but he found
+that the membrane potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the membrane potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the membrane potential
+kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept
+cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+as you see there on the bottom curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if he used block the sodium pump however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he used block the sodium pump however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he used block the sodium pump however
+with a different chemical lobbying here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different chemical lobbying here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different chemical lobbying here
+then he didn't get the potential changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he didn't get the potential changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he didn't get the potential changes
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell
+sometimes he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess he must have been pretty excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess he must have been pretty excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess he must have been pretty excited
+about these studies because to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these studies because to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these studies because to stay
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+more than 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 24 hours
+well i guess some of the physiologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess some of the physiologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i guess some of the physiologists
+in this building might do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this building might do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this building might do that
+occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally
+but they work in teams right well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they work in teams right well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they work in teams right well maybe
+strongmonster had a team too but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongmonster had a team too but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongmonster had a team too but he
+found he found that in fact these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found he found that in fact these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found he found that in fact these cells
+could change with a 24-hour rhythm to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change with a 24-hour rhythm to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change with a 24-hour rhythm to or
+something close to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something close to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something close to it
+if it's a rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a rhythm
+in the vicinity of 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vicinity of 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vicinity of 24 hours
+if the period is with in that vicinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the period is with in that vicinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the period is with in that vicinity
+we call it a circadian rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it a circadian rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it a circadian rhythm
+circa approximately about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circa approximately about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circa approximately about
+the day about a day in length okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day about a day in length okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day about a day in length okay
+and that rhythm he could entrain he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that rhythm he could entrain he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that rhythm he could entrain he
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+synchronize with the light cycle he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize with the light cycle he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize with the light cycle he
+could affect by exposing the animal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could affect by exposing the animal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could affect by exposing the animal to
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many animals have what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many animals have what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many animals have what we call a
+biological clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological clock
+that we know depends on neurons like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know depends on neurons like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know depends on neurons like
+this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the
+firing with a periodic change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing with a periodic change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing with a periodic change
+of about 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 24 hours
+you can record their activity rhythms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can record their activity rhythms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can record their activity rhythms
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we'll review some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll review some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll review some of that
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+you can record if you're recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can record if you're recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can record if you're recording
+activity continuously with mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity continuously with mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity continuously with mice
+so you get the actual period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the actual period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the actual period
+and then you give them heavy water d2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you give them heavy water d2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you give them heavy water d2o
+this must have been done at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must have been done at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must have been done at mit
+you give them heavy water and their free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give them heavy water and their free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give them heavy water and their free
+running circadian rhythm slows down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running circadian rhythm slows down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running circadian rhythm slows down
+and how much it slows down depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much it slows down depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much it slows down depends on
+the proportion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportion of
+the heavy water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy water
+in their drinking water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their drinking water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their drinking water
+d2l instead of h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we'll come back to that topic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll come back to that topic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll come back to that topic a
+little later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since that time now they've discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that time now they've discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that time now they've discovered
+specific genes that must be causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific genes that must be causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific genes that must be causing
+proteins membrane proteins that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins membrane proteins that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins membrane proteins that in fact
+generate these rhythms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know less about genes controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know less about genes controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know less about genes controlling
+shorter term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter term
+rhythmic changes in membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's go through this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go through this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go through this little
+model of the respiratory cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the initial facts we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the initial facts we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the initial facts we need to
+start talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about this
+and we're certainly not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're certainly not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're certainly not going to go
+through to the most complicated recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the most complicated recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the most complicated recent
+studies of respiratory rhythm i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of respiratory rhythm i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of respiratory rhythm i just
+want to give you some basic things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you some basic things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you some basic things to
+help you understand how this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you understand how this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you understand how this has been
+studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we know
+that we have stretch receptors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have stretch receptors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have stretch receptors in the
+lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs
+so if you expand the lungs you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you expand the lungs you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you expand the lungs you're
+causing input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing input
+go into the nervous system by way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the nervous system by way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the nervous system by way of the
+vagus nerve the vagus nerve carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagus nerve the vagus nerve carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagus nerve the vagus nerve carries
+sensory fibers as well as motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second of all we know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of all we know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of all we know if you
+electrically stimulate the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically stimulate the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically stimulate the hindbrain
+you find some areas where you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find some areas where you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find some areas where you make the
+animal breathe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal breathe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal breathe in
+you'll just breathe in and stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just breathe in and stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just breathe in and stop
+you have other areas if you stimulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have other areas if you stimulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have other areas if you stimulate
+electrically he will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically he will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically he will
+breathe out he will expire so he will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe out he will expire so he will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe out he will expire so he will
+inspire and he will expire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using expire in its literal mainly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you make lesions you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you make lesions you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you make lesions you find that
+there's a dominance of the inspiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dominance of the inspiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dominance of the inspiratory
+center okay most lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay most lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay most lesions
+will cause the interrupt breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause the interrupt breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause the interrupt breathing
+well the animal will die in a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the animal will die in a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the animal will die in a state of
+inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration
+okay so let's go through the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go through the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go through the model
+to start with very simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with very simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with very simple model
+we have stretch reset the lungs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have stretch reset the lungs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have stretch reset the lungs here
+when they inflate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they inflate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they inflate
+due to movement of the diaphragm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to movement of the diaphragm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to movement of the diaphragm here
+give rise to input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to input
+this comes through the vagus nerve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes through the vagus nerve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes through the vagus nerve that
+stimulates neurons in the hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulates neurons in the hind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulates neurons in the hind brain
+then that stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that stimuli
+what we'll call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll call the
+expiratory center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiratory center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiratory center
+we should really start with this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should really start with this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should really start with this group
+of neurons the inspiratory center it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neurons the inspiratory center it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neurons the inspiratory center it's
+dominant and tonically active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and tonically active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and tonically active
+okay that means that without any inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means that without any inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means that without any inputs
+at all it's firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it's firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it's firing
+it's activating cells at the c4 level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's activating cells at the c4 level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's activating cells at the c4 level
+and leading to contraction of through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leading to contraction of through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leading to contraction of through
+the phrenic nerve here of the diaphragm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phrenic nerve here of the diaphragm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phrenic nerve here of the diaphragm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so those are active all the time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are active all the time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are active all the time so
+that's all that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that's happening
+the animal inspires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal inspires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal inspires
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+when he inspires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he inspires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he inspires
+the lungs inflate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these stretch receptors are activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stretch receptors are activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stretch receptors are activated
+these neurons then are turned on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons then are turned on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons then are turned on and
+through neurons here in the area we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through neurons here in the area we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through neurons here in the area we'll
+call the expiratory center because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the expiratory center because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the expiratory center because of
+its result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its result
+it inhibits the neurons of the ex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inhibits the neurons of the ex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inhibits the neurons of the ex the
+inspiratory center and turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiratory center and turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiratory center and turns
+these neurons off then and the diaphragm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons off then and the diaphragm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons off then and the diaphragm
+will relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will relax
+okay so with a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with a very simple
+feedback control from the lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback control from the lungs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback control from the lungs
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a
+respiratory rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that doesn't deal with any other effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't deal with any other effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't deal with any other effects
+that we know about breathing but it gent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know about breathing but it gent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know about breathing but it gent
+with that model is capable of generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that model is capable of generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that model is capable of generating
+a respiratory rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a respiratory rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a respiratory rhythm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so how do we test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we test it
+well cut the vagus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cut the vagus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cut the vagus
+branch that goes to the lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch that goes to the lungs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch that goes to the lungs
+and we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find
+the rhythm is altered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhythm is altered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhythm is altered
+but it persists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it persists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it persists
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we know that model doesn't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that model doesn't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that model doesn't completely
+explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it
+okay we're just doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we still get a rhythm but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we still get a rhythm but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we still get a rhythm but it's not
+quite the same it looks different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+here's another model that doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another model that doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another model that doesn't depend
+on the input this is a model to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the input this is a model to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the input this is a model to explain
+well what might be happening without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what might be happening without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what might be happening without any
+input from the lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from the lungs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from the lungs
+so here with a little feedback circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here with a little feedback circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here with a little feedback circuit
+within the brain here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the brain here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the brain here's our
+inspiratory center tonically active same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiratory center tonically active same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiratory center tonically active same
+as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before
+causing contraction the diaphragm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing contraction the diaphragm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing contraction the diaphragm
+but now we have collaterals of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have collaterals of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have collaterals of these
+neurons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that are
+exciting neurons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting neurons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting neurons in
+this center in the high brain which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this center in the high brain which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this center in the high brain which then
+provides the inhibitory feedback here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the inhibitory feedback here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the inhibitory feedback here so
+depending on the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the timing
+of that loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that loop
+okay the activity of these neurons will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the activity of these neurons will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the activity of these neurons will
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are what we now know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are what we now know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are what we now know from
+lesion effects we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion effects we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion effects we know that
+inspiration seems to be the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration seems to be the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration seems to be the dominant
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+so we think those neurons are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think those neurons are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think those neurons are always
+active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+but the lesions also indicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lesions also indicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lesions also indicate that
+there's a more rostral center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more rostral center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more rostral center
+in addition to the ones in the hind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the ones in the hind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the ones in the hind
+brain which promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain which promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain which promote
+expiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiring
+breathing out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing out okay
+and that's been called the pneumotoxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's been called the pneumotoxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's been called the pneumotoxic
+center it's in the midbrain you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center it's in the midbrain you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center it's in the midbrain you can
+breathe without it but you drastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe without it but you drastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe without it but you drastically
+affect breathing when you make lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect breathing when you make lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect breathing when you make lesions
+so this and other information they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this and other information they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this and other information they've
+gathered it led to a little more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered it led to a little more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered it led to a little more complex
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+still of course much simpler probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still of course much simpler probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still of course much simpler probably
+what we actually have you can be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually have you can be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually have you can be sure
+that anything controlling something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anything controlling something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anything controlling something so
+vital is going to have some redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vital is going to have some redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vital is going to have some redundant
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+well this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is still
+at the simple level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the simple level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the simple level
+so let's start here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start here
+here's the tonically active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tonically active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tonically active
+inspire inspiratory center neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspire inspiratory center neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspire inspiratory center neurons
+affecting through the phrenic nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting through the phrenic nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting through the phrenic nerve
+the diaphragm notice that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diaphragm notice that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diaphragm notice that those
+go out at c4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out at c4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out at c4
+okay that means if a person has a spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means if a person has a spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means if a person has a spinal
+transection below c4 he will keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transection below c4 he will keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transection below c4 he will keep
+breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+if he has a high break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he has a high break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he has a high break
+and he interrupts this pathway he won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he interrupts this pathway he won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he interrupts this pathway he won't
+be able to breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to breathe
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so they call that high break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they call that high break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they call that high break the
+hangman's break because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangman's break because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangman's break because
+when someone is hung their right neck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone is hung their right neck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone is hung their right neck
+usually breaks very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually breaks very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually breaks very high
+and he doesn't breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he doesn't breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he doesn't breathe
+sorry to be so morbid but it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to be so morbid but it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to be so morbid but it's important
+in clinical neurology to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clinical neurology to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clinical neurology to know
+that these neurons controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these neurons controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these neurons controlling the
+diaphragm go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaphragm go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaphragm go out
+very high at c4 we think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high at c4 we think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high at c4 we think of the
+diaphragm being way down here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaphragm being way down here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaphragm being way down here it's
+actually controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from much higher up in the cervical cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from much higher up in the cervical cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from much higher up in the cervical cord
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we have the feedback going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the feedback going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the feedback going to the
+midbrain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just like in the little model we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in the little model we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in the little model we had
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+inhibiting then through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibiting then through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibiting then through
+this group of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of neurons
+these neurons that gives us a lot timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons that gives us a lot timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons that gives us a lot timing
+delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay
+through that pathway to the midbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that pathway to the midbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that pathway to the midbrain and
+now we have modulation from inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have modulation from inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have modulation from inputs
+coming from the periphery this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the periphery this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the periphery this is the
+one we talked about before stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we talked about before stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we talked about before stretch
+receptors in the lungs coming through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors in the lungs coming through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors in the lungs coming through
+the vagus nerve the tenth cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vagus nerve the tenth cranial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vagus nerve the tenth cranial nerve
+okay two interneurons then that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two interneurons then that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two interneurons then that are
+exciting these neurons in the expiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting these neurons in the expiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting these neurons in the expiratory
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but we know another influence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know another influence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know another influence on
+breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+this is the carotid body here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the carotid body here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the carotid body here at the
+branch of the carotid artery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the carotid artery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the carotid artery
+it's responding to co2 levels in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's responding to co2 levels in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's responding to co2 levels in the
+blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood
+okay so with more co2 in the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with more co2 in the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with more co2 in the blood
+these neurons respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons respond
+fire action potentials that nerve is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire action potentials that nerve is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire action potentials that nerve is the
+ninth cranial nerve glossopharyngeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth cranial nerve glossopharyngeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth cranial nerve glossopharyngeal
+nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+okay which comes in then through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which comes in then through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which comes in then through the
+ninth cranial nerve and excites neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth cranial nerve and excites neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth cranial nerve and excites neurons
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+excite neurons in the inspiratory center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite neurons in the inspiratory center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite neurons in the inspiratory center
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so that model then can explain more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that model then can explain more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that model then can explain more
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+effects of breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that
+expiratory center here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiratory center here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiratory center here
+sometimes called in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called in
+accumulator of inspiratory activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator of inspiratory activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator of inspiratory activity
+because the longer this goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the longer this goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the longer this goes on
+the more input it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more input it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more input it gets
+and if it because of temple summation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it because of temple summation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it because of temple summation it
+will build up its level of excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will build up its level of excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will build up its level of excitation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then it will finally turn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will finally turn off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will finally turn off the
+neurons of the inspiratory center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know that the co2 effects speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the co2 effects speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the co2 effects speed up
+the inspiratory rhythm and we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspiratory rhythm and we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspiratory rhythm and we have that
+happening that's what would happen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that's what would happen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that's what would happen in a
+model like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like this
+if we have this connection that excites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have this connection that excites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have this connection that excites
+these neurons it would basically speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons it would basically speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons it would basically speed
+up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that
+cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it explains more the effects of lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it explains more the effects of lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it explains more the effects of lesions
+than we could with the simpler models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we could with the simpler models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we could with the simpler models
+for example if you ablate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you ablate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you ablate that
+pneumotoxic center in the midbrain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumotoxic center in the midbrain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumotoxic center in the midbrain the
+breathing cycle becomes dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing cycle becomes dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing cycle becomes dependent on the
+input from the lungs by the vagus nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from the lungs by the vagus nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from the lungs by the vagus nerve
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+this lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lesion
+you eliminate that pathway you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eliminate that pathway you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eliminate that pathway you can still
+breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe
+but now you have to have the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you have to have the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you have to have the input
+coming from the lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk a little bit about
+locomotion studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the terms i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the terms i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the terms i want
+to try to get across the notion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get across the notion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get across the notion of the
+command neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command neuron
+and these are neurons generally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are neurons generally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are neurons generally in
+invertebrate animals which single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertebrate animals which single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertebrate animals which single
+neurons which when stimulated lead to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons which when stimulated lead to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons which when stimulated lead to a
+movement sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement sequence
+okay a fixed action pattern of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a fixed action pattern of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a fixed action pattern of some sort
+and we'll talk about pattern generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about pattern generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about pattern generation
+various sorts we've already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sorts we've already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sorts we've already talked about
+that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit
+these are terms used in studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are terms used in studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are terms used in studies of
+locomotion in a limb phase and sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion in a limb phase and sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion in a limb phase and sensor
+modulation of the movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation of the movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation of the movement
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+these four short articles on locomotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four short articles on locomotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four short articles on locomotor
+patterns i'm not sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns i'm not sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns i'm not sure we
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are those have you ever seen such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those have you ever seen such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those have you ever seen such
+articles maybe they're not in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles maybe they're not in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles maybe they're not in your
+readers and i will have to i can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers and i will have to i can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers and i will have to i can explain
+a little bit now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll see if we can get those up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all the notion of a command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the notion of a command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the notion of a command
+neuron you can find specific neurons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron you can find specific neurons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron you can find specific neurons in
+the crayfish for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that when stimulated lead to this tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when stimulated lead to this tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when stimulated lead to this tail
+flip response and escape response there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip response and escape response there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip response and escape response there
+are similar neurons in the goldfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar neurons in the goldfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar neurons in the goldfish
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+there aren't many vertebrates that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't many vertebrates that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't many vertebrates that have
+single neurons that will lead to a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single neurons that will lead to a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single neurons that will lead to a whole
+fixed action path but there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action path but there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action path but there are the
+large mother cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large mother cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large mother cells
+in goldfish which when stimulated will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in goldfish which when stimulated will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in goldfish which when stimulated will
+lead to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the
+tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+that occurs in escape responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs in escape responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs in escape responses
+so that's the notion of the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the notion of the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the notion of the command
+neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+pattern generation has been studied in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern generation has been studied in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern generation has been studied in a
+number of animals this these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of animals this these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of animals this these are
+this is a summary of some data on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a summary of some data on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a summary of some data on the
+medicinal leech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicinal leech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicinal leech
+which has been used in a few labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been used in a few labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been used in a few labs
+because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of
+the very nice rhythmic output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very nice rhythmic output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very nice rhythmic output
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+generating the movements of locomotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the movements of locomotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the movements of locomotion
+and they've worked out for specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've worked out for specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've worked out for specific
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+an anterior and a posterior ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anterior and a posterior ganglion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anterior and a posterior ganglion
+and other parts of the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other parts of the nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other parts of the nervous system
+that if if they're connected in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if they're connected in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if they're connected in a
+specific way they can explain the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way they can explain the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way they can explain the whole
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+okay explain the firing of muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay explain the firing of muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay explain the firing of muscles
+and this has been done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has been done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has been done for
+the flight behavior of the locust for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight behavior of the locust for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight behavior of the locust for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as well as some locomotor patterns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as some locomotor patterns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as some locomotor patterns in
+other animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals
+and the models have been tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the models have been tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the models have been tested
+extensively by single unit recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively by single unit recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively by single unit recording
+so when they draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they draw this
+neurons of specific this these diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of specific this these diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of specific this these diagrams
+of significant neurons hooked up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of significant neurons hooked up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of significant neurons hooked up in a
+certain way it's not just theory okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way it's not just theory okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way it's not just theory okay
+they do have the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have the data
+there are some anatomical studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some anatomical studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some anatomical studies and
+mostly physiological work that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly physiological work that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly physiological work that shows
+these connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other studies have been done on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other studies have been done on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other studies have been done on the
+turtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they find for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find for example that
+without the brain connected at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the brain connected at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the brain connected at all so
+the with spinal transection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with spinal transection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with spinal transection
+you will get specific locomotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get specific locomotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get specific locomotor
+movements which if they occur at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements which if they occur at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements which if they occur at
+different rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rates
+will change the relative coordination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change the relative coordination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change the relative coordination of
+the in the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the circuit
+so here they're plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here they're plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here they're plotting
+here they're plotting the period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're plotting the period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're plotting the period of the
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+against the latency between the movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the latency between the movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the latency between the movement
+of one limb and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one limb and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one limb and another
+okay the interlimb phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the interlimb phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the interlimb phase
+now they're just showing some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're just showing some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're just showing some of the
+recordings for these quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings for these quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings for these quantitative
+studies they're recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies they're recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies they're recording
+the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and those require those require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those require those require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those require those require
+specific connections within the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific connections within the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific connections within the pattern
+generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's some interesting studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some interesting studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some interesting studies of
+modulation during movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation during movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation during movement
+studies of dogfish that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of dogfish that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of dogfish that have been
+spinalized for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this particular study is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular study is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular study is a
+a spinal dog fish which is also cured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spinal dog fish which is also cured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spinal dog fish which is also cured
+okay so he's not actually moving at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he's not actually moving at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he's not actually moving at all
+he's paralyzed but even in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's paralyzed but even in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's paralyzed but even in such a
+paralyzed animal you still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the motor neurons firing okay it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor neurons firing okay it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor neurons firing okay it's just
+that because these muscles can't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because these muscles can't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because these muscles can't move
+uh you can't get any feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can't get any feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can't get any feedback
+by any reflex pathway so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any reflex pathway so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any reflex pathway so there's no
+feedback nothing's changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback nothing's changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback nothing's changing
+in the periphery that's way they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the periphery that's way they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the periphery that's way they know
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they're what they're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're what they're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're what they're interested in
+is what the what the sensory input does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the what the sensory input does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the what the sensory input does
+and so they impose a movement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they impose a movement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they impose a movement for
+example here's the movement and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's the movement and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's the movement and you see
+the rhythmic changes in the movement if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhythmic changes in the movement if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhythmic changes in the movement if
+they just slow it down by holding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just slow it down by holding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just slow it down by holding on
+with the tail and moving it more slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tail and moving it more slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tail and moving it more slowly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change the
+firing of the motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'd like to get you those articles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to get you those articles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to get you those articles so
+you can read this yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read this yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read this yourself
+there's a number of studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of studies of
+locomotion like that it's easiest to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion like that it's easiest to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion like that it's easiest to do
+it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in
+these lower animals though there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lower animals though there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lower animals though there's
+there's a number of interesting studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of interesting studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of interesting studies
+of vertebrates also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the command they're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the command they're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the command they're on
+in in higher animals we usually talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in higher animals we usually talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in higher animals we usually talk
+about a command tract because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a command tract because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a command tract because it's
+always more than one neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always more than one neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always more than one neuron
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+even in the goldfish where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the goldfish where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the goldfish where there's
+muffler cells there's a few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muffler cells there's a few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muffler cells there's a few of them
+but they come closest to being command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they come closest to being command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they come closest to being command
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the
+central pattern generator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pattern generator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pattern generator which is
+usually an internal network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually an internal network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually an internal network
+though it could be a single neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it could be a single neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it could be a single neuron
+usually the ones that have been studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the ones that have been studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the ones that have been studied
+or a small network of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a small network of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a small network of neurons
+we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about
+interlimb phasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlimb phasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlimb phasing
+we had that one study where they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you change the relation of one limb to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the relation of one limb to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the relation of one limb to
+another but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but in fact
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+four limbs have to be coordinated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four limbs have to be coordinated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four limbs have to be coordinated with
+the hind limbs as well as the right hind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hind limbs as well as the right hind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hind limbs as well as the right hind
+limb with the left hind limb and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb with the left hind limb and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb with the left hind limb and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+and they're coordinated in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're coordinated in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're coordinated in different
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+to get different gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get different gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get different gates
+and like walking trotting galloping well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like walking trotting galloping well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like walking trotting galloping well
+where is that done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that done
+it's done at the spinal level okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done at the spinal level okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done at the spinal level okay
+so when the rate changes the animal will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the rate changes the animal will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the rate changes the animal will
+change the coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the coordination
+between different parts of the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different parts of the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different parts of the spinal
+cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that doesn't depend on brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they talk about coordinating neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about coordinating neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about coordinating neurons
+which are really intersegmental neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are really intersegmental neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are really intersegmental neurons
+going from one level of the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one level of the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one level of the spinal cord
+to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another
+that interconnect these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interconnect these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interconnect these
+central pattern generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now a lot of that is postulated based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of that is postulated based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of that is postulated based on
+the behavioral studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavioral studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavioral studies
+but they also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also do
+there are some studies where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some studies where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some studies where they
+actually make cuts between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make cuts between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make cuts between different
+levels and so they can disrupt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so they can disrupt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so they can disrupt that
+to show that it depends on connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that it depends on connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that it depends on connections
+within the chord and not just peripheral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the chord and not just peripheral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the chord and not just peripheral
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you have these changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have these changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have these changes in
+reflex during the movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex during the movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex during the movement
+so in different stages of the cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in different stages of the cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in different stages of the cyclic
+movement this the animal can respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement this the animal can respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement this the animal can respond
+differently to sensory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to sensory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to sensory input
+obviously that's very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's very important to
+coordinate your movement your walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i only i gave a very simple example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only i gave a very simple example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only i gave a very simple example of
+the dog fish but there are also many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog fish but there are also many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog fish but there are also many
+studies of the cat that have been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we only have a few more minutes i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have a few more minutes i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have a few more minutes i just
+mentioned here the diaphragmation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here the diaphragmation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here the diaphragmation
+studies of locomotion what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of locomotion what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of locomotion what is the
+afferentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you deaferant the arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you deaferant the arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you deaferant the arm
+you would cut all the sensory input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would cut all the sensory input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would cut all the sensory input from
+the arm okay and you can study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm okay and you can study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm okay and you can study the
+movement of the arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+there have been studies of fish where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been studies of fish where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been studies of fish where
+they cut all the dorsal roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cut all the dorsal roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cut all the dorsal roots
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+very difficult to do that but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to do that but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to do that but if you
+cause such a drastic de-afferentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause such a drastic de-afferentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause such a drastic de-afferentiation
+in a fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fish
+you still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still get
+locomotor patterns okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor patterns okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor patterns okay
+and if you even in spinalized fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you even in spinalized fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you even in spinalized fish
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if you do it in the fog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it in the fog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it in the fog
+and cut all the dorsal roots so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cut all the dorsal roots so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cut all the dorsal roots so there's
+no sensory input he doesn't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sensory input he doesn't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sensory input he doesn't move
+but if you give just a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you give just a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you give just a little bit like
+if you leave one dorsal root so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you leave one dorsal root so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you leave one dorsal root so the
+spinal cord is getting some input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord is getting some input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord is getting some input
+then you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get
+the locomotor movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's unlikely that very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's unlikely that very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's unlikely that very specific
+patterns of inputs are needed in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of inputs are needed in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of inputs are needed in order
+to get the movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in spinal cats i mentioned before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spinal cats i mentioned before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spinal cats i mentioned before in
+class the rhythmic stepping you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the rhythmic stepping you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the rhythmic stepping you can get
+in a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cat
+he's had the spinal cord transected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's had the spinal cord transected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's had the spinal cord transected and
+he's had time to recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's had time to recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's had time to recover
+okay is reflexes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is reflexes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is reflexes so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you put the animal on a treadmill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put the animal on a treadmill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put the animal on a treadmill
+okay and provide some stimulation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and provide some stimulation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and provide some stimulation they
+usually do it with peri anal stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do it with peri anal stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do it with peri anal stimulation
+just happens to be particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to be particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to be particularly
+effective they can get rhythmic stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective they can get rhythmic stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective they can get rhythmic stepping
+even though he's a spinal animal and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though he's a spinal animal and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though he's a spinal animal and i
+think i also mentioned the scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i also mentioned the scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i also mentioned the scratch
+reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex
+in a spinal cat you put say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a spinal cat you put say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a spinal cat you put say a
+large paper clip on his back and a cat a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large paper clip on his back and a cat a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large paper clip on his back and a cat a
+normal cat will reach up with his hind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cat will reach up with his hind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cat will reach up with his hind
+limb and scratch that off will so will a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb and scratch that off will so will a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb and scratch that off will so will a
+spinal animal okay if he's recovered for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal animal okay if he's recovered for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal animal okay if he's recovered for
+a while from the dioceses effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there are also studies of monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are also studies of monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are also studies of monkeys
+where they deafen an arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they deafen an arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they deafen an arm
+okay and basically he'll let that arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and basically he'll let that arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and basically he'll let that arm
+hang limp and he'll use his other arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang limp and he'll use his other arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang limp and he'll use his other arm
+unless you tie down the good arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you tie down the good arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you tie down the good arm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then he will start using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a number of studies like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of studies like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of studies like that
+they've been on the monkeys they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been on the monkeys they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been on the monkeys they were
+rather controversial and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather controversial and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather controversial and uh
+but where the monkey should be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where the monkey should be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where the monkey should be used for
+such things but they did provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things but they did provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things but they did provide
+clinicians with some data that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians with some data that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians with some data that was
+important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for
+developmental rehabilitation procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental rehabilitation procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental rehabilitation procedures
+of people that have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people that have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people that have had
+damage to their the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to their the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to their the inputs
+there's also some interesting studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also some interesting studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also some interesting studies of
+grooming in mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grooming in mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grooming in mice
+if you have mice they show very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have mice they show very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have mice they show very specific
+patterns of grooming movements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of grooming movements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of grooming movements and
+slightly different species of these mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different species of these mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different species of these mice
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+different strands of mice will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strands of mice will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strands of mice will show
+slightly different patterns it's under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different patterns it's under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different patterns it's under
+some it's under genetic control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some it's under genetic control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some it's under genetic control
+and we know that it's mostly depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that it's mostly depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that it's mostly depends on
+central pattern generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pattern generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pattern generation
+and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not
+they don't need the feedback you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't need the feedback you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't need the feedback you for
+example in a mouse if you generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a mouse if you generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a mouse if you generate a
+specific grooming sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific grooming sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific grooming sequence
+that involves for example scratching at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves for example scratching at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves for example scratching at
+certain areas movement over his nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain areas movement over his nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain areas movement over his nose
+licking of his foot and then scratching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licking of his foot and then scratching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licking of his foot and then scratching
+his face as part of their grooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can get the same thing if you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the same thing if you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the same thing if you remove
+the limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb
+well how would you get that well he will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how would you get that well he will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how would you get that well he will
+just move his shoulder and he will lick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move his shoulder and he will lick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move his shoulder and he will lick
+an absent limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absent limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absent limb
+he'll show the movement pattern it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll show the movement pattern it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll show the movement pattern it's a
+fixed action pattern and even without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action pattern and even without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action pattern and even without
+the sensory feedback he will go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory feedback he will go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory feedback he will go through
+that movement even if part of this body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movement even if part of this body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movement even if part of this body
+is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is missing
+so we know it's a fixed action pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know it's a fixed action pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know it's a fixed action pattern
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+central pattern generators in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pattern generators in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pattern generators in the brain
+controlling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling it
+so in general we know that reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general we know that reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general we know that reflexes
+aren't critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't critical
+to much pattern generation and motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to much pattern generation and motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to much pattern generation and motor
+control both are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control both are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control both are very important
+modulators of the movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulators of the movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulators of the movements
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so just take a look at these the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just take a look at these the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just take a look at these the basic
+organizing concepts for thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing concepts for thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing concepts for thinking about
+circuits in the nervous system and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits in the nervous system and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits in the nervous system and we'll
+start out there next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KxG5v5mRMwc.txt b/KxG5v5mRMwc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1e7bfd36c4e571eea8d7b92e29f4add57edd706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KxG5v5mRMwc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencare continue to offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencare continue to offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencare continue to offer
+highquality educational resources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highquality educational resources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highquality educational resources for
+free to make a donation or view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to make a donation or view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to make a donation or view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay hi uh Martin War uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay hi uh Martin War uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay hi uh Martin War uh so
+my talk again today is uh entitled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my talk again today is uh entitled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my talk again today is uh entitled
+Health Services Research Health Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Services Research Health Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Services Research Health Systems
+research operations research um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research operations research um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research operations research um but
+we'll primarily focus on somea case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll primarily focus on somea case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll primarily focus on somea case
+studies make a couple of pro provocative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies make a couple of pro provocative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies make a couple of pro provocative
+comments uh and hopefully get some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments uh and hopefully get some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments uh and hopefully get some of
+you guys to talk cuz heish told me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to talk cuz heish told me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to talk cuz heish told me it's
+tied to your grade uh so Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to your grade uh so Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to your grade uh so Health
+Information Systems to improve quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Systems to improve quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Systems to improve quality
+of care and resource uh poor settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care and resource uh poor settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care and resource uh poor settings
+that's the of the cause uh which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the of the cause uh which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the of the cause uh which I
+thought was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was kind of
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because just to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just to go through the
+definitions of the three main components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of the three main components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of the three main components
+of uh this class right so we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh this class right so we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh this class right so we talking
+about resource poor countries and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about resource poor countries and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about resource poor countries and again
+most of you are very familiar with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you are very familiar with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you are very familiar with this
+I won't beay by the point uh but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't beay by the point uh but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't beay by the point uh but in this
+case we're talking about the low income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're talking about the low income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're talking about the low income
+and low to Middle income countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low to Middle income countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low to Middle income countries and
+this is in real dollars not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in real dollars not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in real dollars not uh
+purchasing priority go to the World Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing priority go to the World Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing priority go to the World Bank
+site they list a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site they list a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site they list a whole bunch of
+countries as lowincome countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries as lowincome countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries as lowincome countries and
+this was from this year most of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was from this year most of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was from this year most of them are
+in subsaharan Africa or southeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in subsaharan Africa or southeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in subsaharan Africa or southeast
+Asia and then you have the Low Middle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia and then you have the Low Middle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia and then you have the Low Middle to
+Middle inome countries uh which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle inome countries uh which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle inome countries uh which is a
+whole bunch of other countries including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of other countries including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of other countries including
+China and India uh but what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and India uh but what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and India uh but what you see
+there is when you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is when you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is when you're talking about
+resource poor countries you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource poor countries you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource poor countries you're talking
+about a broad array of countries with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a broad array of countries with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a broad array of countries with
+actually big differences in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually big differences in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually big differences in their
+technological capabilities is and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological capabilities is and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological capabilities is and also
+the the resources available to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the resources available to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the resources available to do some
+of these things so just have that uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things so just have that uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things so just have that uh as
+a thought there and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought there and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought there and then the second
+thing in your class is uh quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in your class is uh quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in your class is uh quality of
+care okay I'm sure somebody must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care okay I'm sure somebody must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care okay I'm sure somebody must have
+defined what quality of care is and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined what quality of care is and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined what quality of care is and I
+get it from The Institute of medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it from The Institute of medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it from The Institute of medicine
+which typically is kind of a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which typically is kind of a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which typically is kind of a world
+leader in terms of at least in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader in terms of at least in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader in terms of at least in the US
+kind of Define uh uh helping move move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Define uh uh helping move move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Define uh uh helping move move
+medicine forward especially in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine forward especially in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine forward especially in terms of
+um what standards we should use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what standards we should use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what standards we should use for
+different things so they Define quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so they Define quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so they Define quality
+of care as the degree to which health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care as the degree to which health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care as the degree to which health
+services for individual populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services for individual populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services for individual populations
+increase the likelihood of desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the likelihood of desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the likelihood of desired
+Health outcomes and are consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health outcomes and are consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health outcomes and are consistent with
+the uh current professional guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh current professional guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh current professional guidelines
+or a standard of care okay so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a standard of care okay so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a standard of care okay so again
+quality of care most of the time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care most of the time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care most of the time you're
+really talking about what the outcome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about what the outcome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about what the outcome is
+and does the care help lead to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does the care help lead to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does the care help lead to those
+outcomes okay now if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes okay now if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes okay now if you look at the
+elements for quality of care okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for quality of care okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for quality of care okay it's
+pretty simple uh recognize which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple uh recognize which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple uh recognize which
+patients at risk for particular diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients at risk for particular diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients at risk for particular diseases
+uh give them the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give them the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give them the appropriate
+evaluation uh provide them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation uh provide them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation uh provide them with
+appropriate diagnosis and treatment make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate diagnosis and treatment make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate diagnosis and treatment make
+sure they get the appropriate followup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they get the appropriate followup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they get the appropriate followup
+and uh make sure that they adhere to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh make sure that they adhere to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh make sure that they adhere to the
+care that they should be getting okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care that they should be getting okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care that they should be getting okay so
+again just definition here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just definition here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just definition here that's
+quality of care okay and then health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care okay and then health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care okay and then health
+information technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology
+which if you talk to many people you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you talk to many people you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you talk to many people you'll
+find that nobody really knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that nobody really knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that nobody really knows what
+exactly they mean when they talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly they mean when they talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly they mean when they talk about
+health information technology and health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information technology and health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information technology and health
+information systems which is in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems which is in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems which is in your
+cause because somebody could say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause because somebody could say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause because somebody could say well
+her health information system does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her health information system does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her health information system does not
+require anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require anything
+electronic right you could have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic right you could have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic right you could have a simple
+paper based system that works very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper based system that works very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper based system that works very well
+a very efficient work process and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very efficient work process and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very efficient work process and good
+doctors taking good care of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors taking good care of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors taking good care of patients
+with no electronic medical records so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no electronic medical records so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no electronic medical records so
+when we talking about health information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talking about health information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talking about health information
+systems what do we exactly mean okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems what do we exactly mean okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems what do we exactly mean okay my
+extrapolation was that you are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation was that you are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation was that you are talking
+about some form of electronic technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some form of electronic technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some form of electronic technology
+as part of the framework for this cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the framework for this cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the framework for this cause
+so I kind of just uh try to get what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I kind of just uh try to get what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I kind of just uh try to get what we
+classically mean by the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically mean by the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically mean by the definition of
+Health it I could be wrong but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health it I could be wrong but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health it I could be wrong but you
+correct me if that was okay so uh health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me if that was okay so uh health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me if that was okay so uh health
+information Technologies again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Technologies again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Technologies again
+application of information processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of information processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of information processing
+involving use of computers or similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving use of computers or similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving use of computers or similar
+kind of electronic Technologies like M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of electronic Technologies like M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of electronic Technologies like M
+Health uh that deals with storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health uh that deals with storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health uh that deals with storage
+retrieval sharing and using health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieval sharing and using health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieval sharing and using health
+information uh data and knowledge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh data and knowledge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh data and knowledge for
+communication and for decision making so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and for decision making so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and for decision making so
+not only do you collect retrieve and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do you collect retrieve and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do you collect retrieve and use
+the information but you can also use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information but you can also use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information but you can also use it
+for artificial intelligence computerized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for artificial intelligence computerized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for artificial intelligence computerized
+decision support and things of that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support and things of that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support and things of that sort
+okay so given those three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given those three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given those three three
+definitions um you end up saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions um you end up saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions um you end up saying well
+let's make some statements and ask some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make some statements and ask some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make some statements and ask some
+questions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions right
+so I think most people in this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think most people in this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think most people in this group
+would agree that you know maybe we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would agree that you know maybe we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would agree that you know maybe we have
+poor quality of care in resource limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor quality of care in resource limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor quality of care in resource limited
+settings uh you can say well patients at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings uh you can say well patients at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings uh you can say well patients at
+risk for diseases are not recognized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk for diseases are not recognized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk for diseases are not recognized for
+example a lot of people who have HIV uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a lot of people who have HIV uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a lot of people who have HIV uh
+don't know that HIV positive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that HIV positive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that HIV positive in
+developing countries but the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries but the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries but the same
+happens in developed countries right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in developed countries right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in developed countries right
+patients don't receive appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients don't receive appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients don't receive appropriate
+evaluations they don't get appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations they don't get appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations they don't get appropriate
+diagnosis uh most of them can't even get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis uh most of them can't even get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis uh most of them can't even get
+the treatment and a lot of them end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment and a lot of them end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment and a lot of them end up
+not getting the appropriate followup so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting the appropriate followup so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting the appropriate followup so
+not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very
+controversial statement but again maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial statement but again maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial statement but again maybe
+a little bit more extreme in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more extreme in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more extreme in the
+developing or resource poor countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing or resource poor countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing or resource poor countries
+but we see a lot of this here too okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we see a lot of this here too okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we see a lot of this here too okay
+now you could say quality of care is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could say quality of care is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could say quality of care is
+linked to the resources again it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to the resources again it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to the resources again it's a
+general extrapolation you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general extrapolation you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general extrapolation you know you could
+argue for example that okay us spends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue for example that okay us spends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue for example that okay us spends a
+lot of money uh for its medical care but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money uh for its medical care but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money uh for its medical care but
+it's not the best in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the best in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the best in terms of the
+quality of care that people receive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care that people receive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care that people receive but
+on a larger scheme of things generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a larger scheme of things generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a larger scheme of things generally
+the more money you spend and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more money you spend and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more money you spend and if it's
+spent appropriately the better quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent appropriately the better quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent appropriately the better quality
+of care you have and also the more human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care you have and also the more human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care you have and also the more human
+resources you have to take care of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources you have to take care of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources you have to take care of your
+people theoretically the better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people theoretically the better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people theoretically the better the
+quality of care they should receive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care they should receive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care they should receive okay
+uh and again the exceptions here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and again the exceptions here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and again the exceptions here and
+there then end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then end up
+asking is are the resources either here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is are the resources either here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is are the resources either here
+or in developing countries or resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in developing countries or resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in developing countries or resource
+poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+countries currently being optimally used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries currently being optimally used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries currently being optimally used
+uh for the care that they're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the care that they're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the care that they're supposed to
+be providing that's number one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be providing that's number one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be providing that's number one and then
+number two is are they spending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is are they spending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two is are they spending the
+appropriate amount of resources relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate amount of resources relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate amount of resources relative
+to the pie that they have to take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pie that they have to take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pie that they have to take care
+of their population again that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their population again that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their population again that's just
+something to think about okay and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about okay and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about okay and um
+this is I don't know if you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I don't know if you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I don't know if you can see that
+well but you know kind of to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but you know kind of to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but you know kind of to make the
+point that you know resource poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that you know resource poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that you know resource poor
+countries offer worse quality of care we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries offer worse quality of care we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries offer worse quality of care we
+look at the just ma major health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the just ma major health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the just ma major health
+indicators you know from life expectancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators you know from life expectancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators you know from life expectancy
+on the left side is Africa the third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side is Africa the third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side is Africa the third one
+is Sub sub uh southeast Asia so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sub sub uh southeast Asia so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sub sub uh southeast Asia so the the
+two which kind of typically have most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which kind of typically have most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which kind of typically have most of
+the resource poor countries so the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resource poor countries so the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resource poor countries so the life
+expectancy uh at Birth is lower for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy uh at Birth is lower for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy uh at Birth is lower for
+these countries relatively uh adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries relatively uh adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries relatively uh adult
+mortality is a little bit higher Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality is a little bit higher Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality is a little bit higher Africa
+again is on the left uh southeast Asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is on the left uh southeast Asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is on the left uh southeast Asia
+is the third one there and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the third one there and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the third one there and five
+mortality is higher for both you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality is higher for both you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality is higher for both you know
+and you go through all those things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go through all those things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go through all those things and
+it kind of uh reflects that General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of uh reflects that General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of uh reflects that General
+Trend that resource poor countries a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend that resource poor countries a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend that resource poor countries a
+little bit of lower quality of care in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of lower quality of care in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of lower quality of care in
+terms of outcome and then Health Care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of outcome and then Health Care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of outcome and then Health Care
+expenditure is the low lower um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure is the low lower um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure is the low lower um right
+hand corner there and as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand corner there and as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand corner there and as you can see
+they end up spending a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up spending a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up spending a little bit less
+on their healthare relative to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their healthare relative to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their healthare relative to the other
+countries okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now then we talk about health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then we talk about health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then we talk about health
+information technology and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology and the question
+now comes does Health Information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now comes does Health Information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now comes does Health Information
+Technology improve quality of care okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology improve quality of care okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology improve quality of care okay
+and I know we all sitting here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know we all sitting here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know we all sitting here because
+we obviously interested in the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obviously interested in the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obviously interested in the role of
+Health Information Technology in quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Information Technology in quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Information Technology in quality
+of care so this review which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care so this review which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care so this review which is a
+systematic review of other systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic review of other systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic review of other systematic
+reviews just came out this year okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews just came out this year okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews just came out this year okay and
+I don't like to quote big chunks of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like to quote big chunks of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like to quote big chunks of um
+of articles but I felt that we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articles but I felt that we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articles but I felt that we needed to
+kind of just put this straight and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just put this straight and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just put this straight and again
+remember this refers to developing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this refers to developing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this refers to developing and
+developed country most of the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed country most of the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed country most of the data is
+from developed countries okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from developed countries okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from developed countries okay so this is
+what they say we found that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they say we found that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they say we found that the that
+despite support from policy makers there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite support from policy makers there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite support from policy makers there
+was little empiric evidence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was little empiric evidence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was little empiric evidence to
+substantiate the claim made in relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantiate the claim made in relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantiate the claim made in relation
+to these Technologies meaning Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these Technologies meaning Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these Technologies meaning Health
+Information Technology whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Technology whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Technology whether the
+success of those relatively few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of those relatively few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of those relatively few
+Solutions identified to improve quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions identified to improve quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions identified to improve quality
+and safety would would continue if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and safety would would continue if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and safety would would continue if they
+were deployed beyond the context in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were deployed beyond the context in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were deployed beyond the context in
+which they originally developed has yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they originally developed has yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they originally developed has yet
+to be established importantly best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be established importantly best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be established importantly best
+practice guidelines in effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice guidelines in effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice guidelines in effective
+development and deployment strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and deployment strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and deployment strategies
+are lacking okay so maybe I P some cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lacking okay so maybe I P some cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lacking okay so maybe I P some cold
+water on the enthusiasm here okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water on the enthusiasm here okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water on the enthusiasm here okay but
+this is actually the facts on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the facts on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the facts on the ground
+and I think you know policy makers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you know policy makers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you know policy makers and
+other people in the group uh need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in the group uh need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in the group uh need to
+know that you know there's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know there's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know there's a little bit
+of disc connect in terms of what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disc connect in terms of what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disc connect in terms of what we are
+saying these Technologies can do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying these Technologies can do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying these Technologies can do and
+actually the facts on the ground okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the facts on the ground okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the facts on the ground okay so
+the conclusion of this paper and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion of this paper and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion of this paper and this is
+hopefully the largest chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the largest chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the largest chunk of
+quotations I'll have for you so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotations I'll have for you so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotations I'll have for you so there's
+a large gap between the postulated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large gap between the postulated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large gap between the postulated and
+empirically demonstrated benefits of he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically demonstrated benefits of he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically demonstrated benefits of he
+Health Technologies in addition there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Technologies in addition there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Technologies in addition there's
+a lack of robust research on the risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lack of robust research on the risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lack of robust research on the risks
+of implementing these Technologies their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of implementing these Technologies their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of implementing these Technologies their
+cost Effectiveness has yet to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost Effectiveness has yet to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost Effectiveness has yet to be
+demonstrated despite beinge frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated despite beinge frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated despite beinge frequently
+promoted by policy makers and techno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted by policy makers and techno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted by policy makers and techno
+enthusiasts as if they were given okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasts as if they were given okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasts as if they were given okay
+so to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to me
+um I think we should see by the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think we should see by the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think we should see by the way this
+is I'm an electronic medical records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm an electronic medical records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm an electronic medical records
+person but you know at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but you know at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but you know at the end of the
+day we have to say where is the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we have to say where is the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we have to say where is the data
+that we are claiming these things can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are claiming these things can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are claiming these things can do
+okay this is not to say that in limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is not to say that in limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is not to say that in limited
+settings health information technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings health information technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings health information technology
+has not been shown to work okay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been shown to work okay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been shown to work okay there
+several settings we demonstrate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several settings we demonstrate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several settings we demonstrate some
+here where this technology actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where this technology actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where this technology actually
+works well okay but the question is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well okay but the question is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well okay but the question is can
+we translate this technology into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we translate this technology into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we translate this technology into
+broader policy you know if I say people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader policy you know if I say people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader policy you know if I say people
+need to be immunized for measles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be immunized for measles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be immunized for measles you
+know we know it works if you take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know it works if you take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know it works if you take it
+another country we know it works okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another country we know it works okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another country we know it works okay
+how about health information technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about health information technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about health information technology
+can we just blankly say well Kenya where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just blankly say well Kenya where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just blankly say well Kenya where
+I'm from Implement electronic medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from Implement electronic medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from Implement electronic medical
+records everywhere you know as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records everywhere you know as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records everywhere you know as the
+minister of Health has said show me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister of Health has said show me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister of Health has said show me the
+evidence unfortunately some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence unfortunately some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence unfortunately some of that
+evidence is lacking right now anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is lacking right now anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is lacking right now anyway so
+the evidence in resource poor countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence in resource poor countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence in resource poor countries
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+lacking first of all but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacking first of all but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacking first of all but you have to
+remember again lack of evidence does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember again lack of evidence does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember again lack of evidence does not
+mean necessarily lack of benefit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean necessarily lack of benefit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean necessarily lack of benefit right
+so we have to actually do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to actually do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to actually do a little bit
+more to try to find the evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to try to find the evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to try to find the evidence for
+these Technologies okay and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Technologies okay and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Technologies okay and then you
+could even say you know for resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even say you know for resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even say you know for resource
+limited countries you know could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited countries you know could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited countries you know could they
+actually potentially benefit more from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually potentially benefit more from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually potentially benefit more from
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+Technologies primarily because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies primarily because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies primarily because they
+don't have the resources right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the resources right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the resources right so for
+example if we don't have enough doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we don't have enough doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we don't have enough doctors
+in a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a country
+okay could you say well how about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay could you say well how about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay could you say well how about using
+nurses assisted by technology to almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses assisted by technology to almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses assisted by technology to almost
+act like doctors okay so theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act like doctors okay so theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act like doctors okay so theoretically
+there's a potential that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a potential that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a potential that actually
+technology might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology might have
+even more impact in these countries if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more impact in these countries if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more impact in these countries if
+implemented well still not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented well still not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented well still not completely
+proven but at least it's it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven but at least it's it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven but at least it's it's worth
+thinking about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about okay
+so at least at this stage in the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least at this stage in the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least at this stage in the game
+for a lot of the health it things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of the health it things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of the health it things and
+again I I'll welcome discussions later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I I'll welcome discussions later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I I'll welcome discussions later
+on or even now I think we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or even now I think we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or even now I think we're in the
+stage where we have to say now let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage where we have to say now let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage where we have to say now let's try
+to figure out the aspects of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the aspects of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the aspects of health
+information technology that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology that actually
+make a difference or make an impact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference or make an impact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference or make an impact in
+these settings and the aspects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these settings and the aspects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these settings and the aspects that
+actually do not make an impact and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do not make an impact and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do not make an impact and then
+Advocate or uh vote against uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advocate or uh vote against uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advocate or uh vote against uh the
+things that uh advocate for those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh advocate for those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh advocate for those that
+make a difference and those that do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference and those that do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference and those that do not
+make a difference and the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference and the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference and the the other
+point I wanted to make on this slide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I wanted to make on this slide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I wanted to make on this slide is
+you know when you listen to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you listen to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you listen to a lot of
+these discussions about these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discussions about these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discussions about these systems
+including part of my talk today you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including part of my talk today you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including part of my talk today you're
+going to hear several things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear several things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear several things you know
+I'll tell you now we had an impact okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you now we had an impact okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you now we had an impact okay
+but typically it's an impact on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically it's an impact on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically it's an impact on a
+healthcare process okay the clinic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare process okay the clinic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare process okay the clinic the
+clinic worked better people liked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic worked better people liked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic worked better people liked it
+people changed their behavior or did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people changed their behavior or did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people changed their behavior or did
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+else but a lot of times we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but a lot of times we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but a lot of times we are not
+impacting the outcome or we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting the outcome or we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting the outcome or we have not
+shown any impact on the outcome so no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown any impact on the outcome so no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown any impact on the outcome so no we
+really have to be clear what we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to be clear what we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to be clear what we talking
+about here are we talking about know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here are we talking about know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here are we talking about know
+changing outcome measures or changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing outcome measures or changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing outcome measures or changing
+Behavior or are we talking about outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior or are we talking about outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior or are we talking about outcome
+now remember the definition of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember the definition of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember the definition of quality
+of care okay it was primarily outcome it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care okay it was primarily outcome it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of care okay it was primarily outcome it
+wasn't on process measures but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't on process measures but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't on process measures but maybe
+process measures are way to lead you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process measures are way to lead you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process measures are way to lead you to
+outcome measures but again right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome measures but again right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome measures but again right now
+most of the data is on outcome behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the data is on outcome behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the data is on outcome behavior
+and things like that and and sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that and and sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that and and sorry
+behavior and process measures and not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and process measures and not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and process measures and not on
+outcomes okay and then even when you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes okay and then even when you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes okay and then even when you can
+tell me that something has a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that something has a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that something has a positive
+outcome you have to prove to me that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome you have to prove to me that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome you have to prove to me that it
+is cost effective in that setting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cost effective in that setting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cost effective in that setting okay
+if I'm sitting in a hospital and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm sitting in a hospital and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm sitting in a hospital and I don't
+have oral rehydration therapy I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oral rehydration therapy I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oral rehydration therapy I don't
+have basic medication for malaria okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basic medication for malaria okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basic medication for malaria okay
+where does Health Information Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does Health Information Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does Health Information Technology
+fall on that scheme of things in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall on that scheme of things in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall on that scheme of things in terms
+of where I should spend my resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where I should spend my resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where I should spend my resources and
+you can argue one or the other but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue one or the other but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue one or the other but you
+you really have to say okay you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to say okay you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to say okay you know how
+much will it cost me to realize those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much will it cost me to realize those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much will it cost me to realize those
+benefits relative to all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits relative to all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits relative to all the other
+things that I have to take care of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I have to take care of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I have to take care of in
+these places that don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these places that don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these places that don't have the
+resources to do it and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to do it and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to do it and those are the
+discussions nobody's having at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions nobody's having at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions nobody's having at this
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+okay anyway so I just had to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway so I just had to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway so I just had to get that
+off my back so potential but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off my back so potential but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off my back so potential but I think
+it's a worthwh discussion uh to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a worthwh discussion uh to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a worthwh discussion uh to have
+just to frame a cause like this okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to frame a cause like this okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to frame a cause like this okay now
+the potential role of Health Information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential role of Health Information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential role of Health Information
+Technology in any Healthcare System is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology in any Healthcare System is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology in any Healthcare System is
+kind of basic and also it's good to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of basic and also it's good to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of basic and also it's good to kind
+of separate okay you can use Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separate okay you can use Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separate okay you can use Health
+Information Technology just to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Technology just to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Information Technology just to help you
+understand how the system works okay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the system works okay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the system works okay as
+an example in in the US right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example in in the US right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example in in the US right
+now because I get messages for almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because I get messages for almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because I get messages for almost
+every event that happens for a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every event that happens for a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every event that happens for a patient
+in the hospital I could easily track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hospital I could easily track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hospital I could easily track
+what happens from the time the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens from the time the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens from the time the patient
+walks into the hospital what medications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks into the hospital what medications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks into the hospital what medications
+they're getting and when to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting and when to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting and when to the time
+when they're going for tests and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're going for tests and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're going for tests and things
+like that so just having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so just having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so just having that
+information can make you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can make you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can make you better
+understand how the health system works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the health system works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the health system works
+okay uh you can say Health Information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you can say Health Information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you can say Health Information
+Technology can help you in improving how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology can help you in improving how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology can help you in improving how
+the system functions as a consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system functions as a consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system functions as a consequence
+help improve outcomes so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help improve outcomes so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help improve outcomes so for example the
+typical stuff you know make people more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical stuff you know make people more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical stuff you know make people more
+efficient and things like that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and things like that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and things like that and then
+as a result improve care and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result improve care and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result improve care and then
+there's the last category where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the last category where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the last category where the
+health information technology itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information technology itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information technology itself is
+the intervention okay so you say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intervention okay so you say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intervention okay so you say you
+know I'm going to implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going to implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going to implement this
+decision support kind of reminder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support kind of reminder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support kind of reminder to
+tell them you have to order this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them you have to order this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them you have to order this test
+now okay uh in which case you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay uh in which case you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay uh in which case you decide
+well does the technology itself actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does the technology itself actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does the technology itself actually
+end up leading to change in care or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up leading to change in care or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up leading to change in care or uh
+patient outcome directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient outcome directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient outcome directly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um some are got tied into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some are got tied into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some are got tied into this
+operations research talk type things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations research talk type things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations research talk type things so
+I'll try to sneak a few things here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to sneak a few things here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to sneak a few things here and
+there okay if you're going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay if you're going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay if you're going to introduce
+any health it solution uh in any place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any health it solution uh in any place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any health it solution uh in any place
+the first thing you have to ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you have to ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you have to ask yourself
+is what problem am I trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what problem am I trying to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what problem am I trying to solve
+right and how will my technology affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and how will my technology affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and how will my technology affect
+uh the system that I'm implementing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the system that I'm implementing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the system that I'm implementing it
+in okay I'll give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay I'll give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay I'll give you an
+example so we go make a sale to Uganda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we go make a sale to Uganda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we go make a sale to Uganda
+who Ministry of Health and say hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Ministry of Health and say hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Ministry of Health and say hey we
+have this perfect electronic medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this perfect electronic medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this perfect electronic medical
+record system we want to implement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record system we want to implement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record system we want to implement it
+here okay and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and they say
+well know our guests don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well know our guests don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well know our guests don't know how to
+use computers you're going to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use computers you're going to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use computers you're going to make them
+slower na na n so you know can you prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower na na n so you know can you prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower na na n so you know can you prove
+to us that this technology actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us that this technology actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us that this technology actually
+won't make things worse or better well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make things worse or better well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make things worse or better well
+for you to do that you have to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do that you have to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do that you have to first
+know how the clinic works you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how the clinic works you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how the clinic works you know how
+they spend their time and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend their time and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend their time and things like
+that before you can say well my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before you can say well my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before you can say well my
+technology actually did not make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology actually did not make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology actually did not make them
+any worse and maybe made them better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any worse and maybe made them better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any worse and maybe made them better
+okay so we did some work okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we did some work okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we did some work okay and
+patterns of care to HIV clinics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of care to HIV clinics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of care to HIV clinics in
+Uganda but this is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda but this is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda but this is actually pretty
+instrumental to some of the reading I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental to some of the reading I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental to some of the reading I
+don't know if it was for this week uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it was for this week uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it was for this week uh
+that this is maybe the most relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is maybe the most relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is maybe the most relevant
+part of the reading it's not very health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reading it's not very health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reading it's not very health
+information technology like but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology like but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology like but at least
+it's a little bit relevant okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit relevant okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit relevant okay so we
+went to Uganda against a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Uganda against a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Uganda against a little bit of
+uh information about Uganda there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh information about Uganda there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh information about Uganda there the
+two clinics we were interested in were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two clinics we were interested in were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two clinics we were interested in were
+in barara and uh masaka which are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in barara and uh masaka which are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in barara and uh masaka which are in
+southwest and Uganda it's a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwest and Uganda it's a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwest and Uganda it's a beautiful
+beautiful place again um know mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful place again um know mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful place again um know mortality
+life expectancy is in the low 50s um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life expectancy is in the low 50s um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life expectancy is in the low 50s um
+High infant mortality rates and uh uh G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High infant mortality rates and uh uh G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High infant mortality rates and uh uh G
+gross uh gni per capita is about 460 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross uh gni per capita is about 460 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross uh gni per capita is about 460 and
+again that's um real dollars okay uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's um real dollars okay uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's um real dollars okay uh we
+um kind of this is my sketch of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of this is my sketch of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of this is my sketch of how the
+clinic works you know you your readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic works you know you your readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic works you know you your readings
+had a lot more elaborate stuff so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot more elaborate stuff so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot more elaborate stuff so if
+your field is more particular don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your field is more particular don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your field is more particular don't
+worry about this how these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about this how these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about this how these things are
+drawn but you know when you take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn but you know when you take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn but you know when you take a look
+here like this a typical Clinic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like this a typical Clinic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like this a typical Clinic they
+have one reception point it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one reception point it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one reception point it doesn't
+really matter where the patient is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter where the patient is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter where the patient is going
+and then you know patient comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know patient comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know patient comes in and
+then they they say well we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they they say well we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they they say well we're going to
+register you for the day and then or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register you for the day and then or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register you for the day and then or you
+to V you're going to this you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V you're going to this you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V you're going to this you're going
+to this okay uh we were particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this okay uh we were particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this okay uh we were particularly
+interested in those people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in those people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in those people who are
+coming for their return visits where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming for their return visits where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming for their return visits where we
+our system was going to be used now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system was going to be used now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system was going to be used now they
+go retrieve the charts and again say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go retrieve the charts and again say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go retrieve the charts and again say
+okay you're too ill you're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're too ill you're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're too ill you're going to go
+see the doctor you just you need anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the doctor you just you need anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the doctor you just you need anti
+retrovirals initiated you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrovirals initiated you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrovirals initiated you need some
+counseling and then go see the doctor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counseling and then go see the doctor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counseling and then go see the doctor so
+it's a little bit complex and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit complex and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit complex and then some
+patients go to Pharmacy some patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients go to Pharmacy some patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients go to Pharmacy some patients
+are admitted to the hospital typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are admitted to the hospital typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are admitted to the hospital typical
+kind of uh Clinic Hospital type setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh Clinic Hospital type setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh Clinic Hospital type setting
+okay and from your readings it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from your readings it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from your readings it's like
+multi-stage system where you go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-stage system where you go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-stage system where you go one
+place and you know and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and you know and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and you know and then you can
+start thinking about all the queing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about all the queing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about all the queing
+things that you could use and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you could use and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you could use and all that
+stuff okay and we can talk about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay and we can talk about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay and we can talk about that a
+little bit later uh in the slides okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later uh in the slides okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later uh in the slides okay
+so what we wanted to do was just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we wanted to do was just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we wanted to do was just say
+well how do uh patients spend their time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do uh patients spend their time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do uh patients spend their time
+when they come to clinic and how do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they come to clinic and how do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they come to clinic and how do a
+Physicians spend their time when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physicians spend their time when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physicians spend their time when they're
+taking care of patients and typically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking care of patients and typically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking care of patients and typically at
+least in the medical field there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the medical field there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the medical field there are
+several uh methods uh of looking at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several uh methods uh of looking at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several uh methods uh of looking at time
+use and I have a couple of references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and I have a couple of references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and I have a couple of references
+there for you we decided to use a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for you we decided to use a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for you we decided to use a Time
+motion methodology which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion methodology which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion methodology which I'll
+describe excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe excuse
+me basically what what you do in a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me basically what what you do in a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me basically what what you do in a Time
+motion methodology is you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion methodology is you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion methodology is you have an
+observer with a device of some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer with a device of some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer with a device of some kind
+thank you with a device of some kind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you with a device of some kind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you with a device of some kind uh
+tracking every activity that a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking every activity that a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking every activity that a patient
+or uh the subject is doing and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh the subject is doing and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh the subject is doing and for each
+activity there's a time stamp to it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity there's a time stamp to it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity there's a time stamp to it uh
+you can imagine this is very boring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this is very boring so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this is very boring so
+you get people who like to do like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get people who like to do like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get people who like to do like very
+routine stuff okay uh but no uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine stuff okay uh but no uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine stuff okay uh but no uh for this
+stud we observed uh adult patients about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stud we observed uh adult patients about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stud we observed uh adult patients about
+80 returning and 20 new patients all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 returning and 20 new patients all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 returning and 20 new patients all
+primary uh care providers again Primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary uh care providers again Primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary uh care providers again Primary
+Care Providers here for one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care Providers here for one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care Providers here for one of the
+clinics it was actually doctors clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics it was actually doctors clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics it was actually doctors clinical
+officers and uh nurse practitioners or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officers and uh nurse practitioners or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officers and uh nurse practitioners or
+people equivalent to nurse practitioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people equivalent to nurse practitioners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people equivalent to nurse practitioners
+and then in the other uh Clinic it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the other uh Clinic it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the other uh Clinic it was
+uh purely uh doctors so we also observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh purely uh doctors so we also observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh purely uh doctors so we also observed
+registration staff Pharmacy and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration staff Pharmacy and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration staff Pharmacy and um
+things like that I'll only report on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that I'll only report on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that I'll only report on the
+patient and uh doctor data okay but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and uh doctor data okay but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and uh doctor data okay but of
+course for you to to know what to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for you to to know what to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for you to to know what to record
+you have to kind of sit there know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to kind of sit there know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to kind of sit there know what
+they do come up with the activities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do come up with the activities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do come up with the activities we
+used um we programmed all the activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um we programmed all the activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um we programmed all the activities
+into a device uh using Pendragon forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a device uh using Pendragon forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a device uh using Pendragon forms
+there are lot of tools you could use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lot of tools you could use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lot of tools you could use to
+program it and uh Train The Observers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it and uh Train The Observers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it and uh Train The Observers
+and then the observers uh go out and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the observers uh go out and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the observers uh go out and do
+the observations okay so this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations okay so this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations okay so this is kind of
+an example some of the physician tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example some of the physician tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example some of the physician tasks
+so we have activities on the left so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have activities on the left so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have activities on the left so
+let's say now they're putting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say now they're putting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say now they're putting some
+documents in the record or doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents in the record or doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents in the record or doing some
+filing so that will say it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filing so that will say it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filing so that will say it's more than
+administrative Tas task if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative Tas task if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative Tas task if they're
+talking to a patient or family would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a patient or family would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a patient or family would say
+that's direct patient care you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's direct patient care you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's direct patient care you know
+things like that you know if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you know if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you know if they're
+reading a patient's chat it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a patient's chat it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a patient's chat it's uh
+indirect patient care cuz they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect patient care cuz they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect patient care cuz they're not
+really communicating with the patient at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really communicating with the patient at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really communicating with the patient at
+that point same with uh patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point same with uh patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point same with uh patient
+activities you know if somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities you know if somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities you know if somebody's
+getting examined by a doctor you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting examined by a doctor you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting examined by a doctor you know
+you say that's that's a time with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that's that's a time with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that's that's a time with a
+physician and things like that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician and things like that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician and things like that okay so
+you uh you do your observations on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh you do your observations on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh you do your observations on the
+device you transfer them to a database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you transfer them to a database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you transfer them to a database
+of some kind and then you you analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind and then you you analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind and then you you analyze
+them in this case we Ed uh Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in this case we Ed uh Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in this case we Ed uh Microsoft
+Access you could use anything we use SAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access you could use anything we use SAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access you could use anything we use SAS
+for statistical analysis you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for statistical analysis you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for statistical analysis you could use
+any of the statistical software out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the statistical software out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the statistical software out
+there okay uh boring kind of routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay uh boring kind of routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay uh boring kind of routine
+stuff you know but uh interesting what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know but uh interesting what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know but uh interesting what
+you find Once the results start coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find Once the results start coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find Once the results start coming
+back okay so for the providers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so for the providers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so for the providers we
+observe providers for about 140 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe providers for about 140 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe providers for about 140 hours
+total okay so the amount of time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total okay so the amount of time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total okay so the amount of time they
+spent in the clinic okay about about 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent in the clinic okay about about 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent in the clinic okay about about 5
+hours or so uh at the two clinics for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or so uh at the two clinics for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours or so uh at the two clinics for an
+8 hour work day on average during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 hour work day on average during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 hour work day on average during the
+clinic for 5 hours okay they did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic for 5 hours okay they did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic for 5 hours okay they did not
+like that result at all um is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that result at all um is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that result at all um is that you
+heish uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heish uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heish uh let's see
+here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah
+okay and then if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then if you look at the
+different St times of the clinic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different St times of the clinic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different St times of the clinic right
+so from about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from about
+8:56 to uh to 10:57 that's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:56 to uh to 10:57 that's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:56 to uh to 10:57 that's when the
+clinic started at some time and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic started at some time and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic started at some time and then a
+little bit different in the other Clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different in the other Clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different in the other Clinic
+okay so basically for one of the clinics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically for one of the clinics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically for one of the clinics
+on one day they were just hanging out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one day they were just hanging out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one day they were just hanging out
+until 11: before they started clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until 11: before they started clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until 11: before they started clinic
+right and these are the types of clinics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and these are the types of clinics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and these are the types of clinics
+where patients show up fasting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where patients show up fasting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where patients show up fasting in the
+morning I mean there's always a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I mean there's always a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I mean there's always a huge
+line um waiting uh in the morning okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um waiting uh in the morning okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um waiting uh in the morning okay
+if you look at the clinic end times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the clinic end times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the clinic end times
+again one dat ended at 12:30 and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one dat ended at 12:30 and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one dat ended at 12:30 and another
+dat ended at 5:21 okay so huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dat ended at 5:21 okay so huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dat ended at 5:21 okay so huge
+variabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variabilities
+okay and then the number of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the number of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the number of patients
+seen kind look at the range one day they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen kind look at the range one day they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen kind look at the range one day they
+saw uh 16 so this is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw uh 16 so this is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw uh 16 so this is p
+provider like the range is 16 patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider like the range is 16 patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider like the range is 16 patients
+per day to 48 patients per day and 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day to 48 patients per day and 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day to 48 patients per day and 19
+for 200 patients per day at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 200 patients per day at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 200 patients per day at the other
+Clinic okay and the mean number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clinic okay and the mean number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clinic okay and the mean number of
+patients seen per hour is again they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients seen per hour is again they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients seen per hour is again they're
+pretty busy when they're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty busy when they're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty busy when they're working
+okay so interesting in itself when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so interesting in itself when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so interesting in itself when you
+think about a health system standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a health system standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a health system standpoint
+and how a system works and I'm sure many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how a system works and I'm sure many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how a system works and I'm sure many
+people from different places are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from different places are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from different places are
+thinking okay I understand it or I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking okay I understand it or I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking okay I understand it or I know
+why but it it the simple boring data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but it it the simple boring data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but it it the simple boring data
+actually tells you a lot about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells you a lot about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells you a lot about how the
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+functions uh how they spend their time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh how they spend their time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh how they spend their time
+when they're taking care of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're taking care of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're taking care of patients
+look look at the last two right columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look look at the last two right columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look look at the last two right columns
+which just aggregate things so like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just aggregate things so like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just aggregate things so like if
+you look at um indirect patient care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at um indirect patient care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at um indirect patient care
+direct patient care which is really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct patient care which is really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct patient care which is really what
+doctors are supposed to be doing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors are supposed to be doing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors are supposed to be doing they're
+spend about 50% of their time doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend about 50% of their time doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend about 50% of their time doing that
+the rest of the time they're doing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the time they're doing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the time they're doing a lot
+of the other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other stuff
+okay and um if you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um if you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um if you now
+take how much time does a provider spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take how much time does a provider spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take how much time does a provider spend
+with each patient when the patient walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each patient when the patient walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each patient when the patient walks
+into the room from the time the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the room from the time the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the room from the time the patient
+walks to the time the patient leaves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks to the time the patient leaves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks to the time the patient leaves in
+direct or indirect care of the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or indirect care of the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct or indirect care of the patient
+okay about 3 minutes in indirect care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay about 3 minutes in indirect care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay about 3 minutes in indirect care
+and no 2 to 3 minutes for direct care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no 2 to 3 minutes for direct care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no 2 to 3 minutes for direct care of
+the patient so about 7 to 8 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient so about 7 to 8 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient so about 7 to 8 minutes
+total talking to the patient about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total talking to the patient about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total talking to the patient about their
+care or things that are relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or things that are relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or things that are relevant to
+their care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their care
+okay and then let's go to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then let's go to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then let's go to the other side
+of the patients uh in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the patients uh in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the patients uh in terms of what
+happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to
+patients first of all we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients first of all we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients first of all we look at the
+sensus um you know about patients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensus um you know about patients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensus um you know about patients are
+107 at the other clinic but the range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107 at the other clinic but the range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107 at the other clinic but the range is
+you know one day they get 71 the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one day they get 71 the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one day they get 71 the other
+day they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day they get
+197 same with the other Clinic 62 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+197 same with the other Clinic 62 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+197 same with the other Clinic 62 and
+172 okay and then the mean patient visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+172 okay and then the mean patient visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+172 okay and then the mean patient visit
+length was uh 77 minutes with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length was uh 77 minutes with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length was uh 77 minutes with a lot of
+variability and then 196 minutes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and then 196 minutes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and then 196 minutes at the
+other Clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Clinic
+okay now how do patients spend their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how do patients spend their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how do patients spend their
+time okay so waiting right so like most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so waiting right so like most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so waiting right so like most
+of the time they're just hanging out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time they're just hanging out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time they're just hanging out and
+then a little bit of time kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a little bit of time kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a little bit of time kind of
+getting care okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting care okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting care okay
+uh so it doesn't take much brain power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it doesn't take much brain power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it doesn't take much brain power
+to figure out what types of discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what types of discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what types of discussions
+you can have about this right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have about this right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have about this right you know
+providers who are supposed to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers who are supposed to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers who are supposed to be there
+and not there you know when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not there you know when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not there you know when they're
+there most of their time is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there most of their time is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there most of their time is actually
+spent on tasks that are not related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on tasks that are not related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on tasks that are not related to
+what they're supposed to be doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're supposed to be doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're supposed to be doing and
+you could kind of come up with many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could kind of come up with many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could kind of come up with many many
+things that are not even health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not even health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not even health
+information technology related to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology related to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology related to kind
+of help uh the system work better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of help uh the system work better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of help uh the system work better and
+this list cannot be exhaustive in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list cannot be exhaustive in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list cannot be exhaustive in any
+way because there are so many possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because there are so many possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because there are so many possible
+things there okay same with the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there okay same with the patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there okay same with the patients
+right uh the good thing about again time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh the good thing about again time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh the good thing about again time
+motion data is you kind of identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion data is you kind of identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion data is you kind of identify
+where most of the bottlenecks are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of the bottlenecks are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of the bottlenecks are in
+this case it was actually waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it was actually waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it was actually waiting for
+the clinician um and then of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinician um and then of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinician um and then of course you
+know large variability in start time end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know large variability in start time end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know large variability in start time end
+times patient censuses and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times patient censuses and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times patient censuses and things like
+that okay now the people in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now the people in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now the people in this class
+can spend time figuring out no how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spend time figuring out no how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spend time figuring out no how do
+you manage the queue better because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manage the queue better because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manage the queue better because
+you've read your academic papers about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read your academic papers about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read your academic papers about
+how to do it but I mean when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it but I mean when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it but I mean when you go to
+the real world it's going to be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world it's going to be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world it's going to be slightly
+different a little bit complex model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a little bit complex model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a little bit complex model and
+also the medical system is what you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the medical system is what you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the medical system is what you call
+a complex adaptive system so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex adaptive system so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex adaptive system so what you
+think theoretically Works might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think theoretically Works might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think theoretically Works might not
+actually end up working there or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up working there or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up working there or it
+could be uh it could lead to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh it could lead to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh it could lead to other
+changes that uh counter what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that uh counter what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that uh counter what you're
+trying to do so again whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do so again whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do so again whatever
+implementation you end up having for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation you end up having for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation you end up having for
+managing the hospital floor you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing the hospital floor you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing the hospital floor you have to
+actually look to see if that's the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look to see if that's the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look to see if that's the true
+effect okay you could take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay you could take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay you could take advantage of
+the waiting time okay and actually a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiting time okay and actually a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiting time okay and actually a lot
+of the patients there don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the patients there don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the patients there don't have a
+problem waiting you know cuz they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem waiting you know cuz they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem waiting you know cuz they just
+end up chatting with their friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up chatting with their friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up chatting with their friends and
+but you know you could actually use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you could actually use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you could actually use that
+opportunity because if they come there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity because if they come there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity because if they come there
+once a month or once every two months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a month or once every two months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a month or once every two months
+it's a perfect opportunity to do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a perfect opportunity to do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a perfect opportunity to do other
+things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay
+but I think uh one of your articles uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think uh one of your articles uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think uh one of your articles uh
+which said something which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which said something which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which said something which is very
+obvious you know assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious you know assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious you know assign
+responsibility for something obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for something obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for something obviously
+and this to me is uh what you typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this to me is uh what you typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this to me is uh what you typically
+find uh in some of our settings is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh in some of our settings is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh in some of our settings is
+nobody cares you know like it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares you know like it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares you know like it's almost
+like nobody um is saying okay the clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nobody um is saying okay the clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nobody um is saying okay the clinic
+has not started in good time you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not started in good time you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not started in good time you know we
+need to get going on these patients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get going on these patients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get going on these patients are
+waiting too long so somehow the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting too long so somehow the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting too long so somehow the system
+needs to figure out a way of getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to figure out a way of getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to figure out a way of getting the
+leadership to get some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership to get some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership to get some of these things
+moving okay and then of course figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving okay and then of course figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving okay and then of course figure
+out ways to manage the sensus better you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out ways to manage the sensus better you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out ways to manage the sensus better you
+know whether it's telling some people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's telling some people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's telling some people to
+come in the afternoon because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the afternoon because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the afternoon because in the
+afternoon there's almost nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon there's almost nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon there's almost nobody
+everybody's in the morning or evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's in the morning or evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's in the morning or evening
+out the days and things like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the days and things like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the days and things like that okay
+anyway we found that stuff because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we found that stuff because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we found that stuff because we
+were trying to figure out how our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to figure out how our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to figure out how our system
+would impact the care uh I mean the care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would impact the care uh I mean the care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would impact the care uh I mean the care
+system itself but the care system itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system itself but the care system itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system itself but the care system itself
+is kind of not functioning very well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of not functioning very well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of not functioning very well we
+implemented openms which you all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented openms which you all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented openms which you all very
+familiar with and it's been implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with and it's been implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with and it's been implemented
+in a whole bunch of places and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole bunch of places and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole bunch of places and the
+system we implemented had uh an ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we implemented had uh an ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we implemented had uh an ugly
+looking summary but it was a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking summary but it was a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking summary but it was a summary
+nonetheless of the patients kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless of the patients kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless of the patients kind of
+clinical data okay and basically what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical data okay and basically what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical data okay and basically what we
+did is just compare what happens what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is just compare what happens what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is just compare what happens what
+happened before and what happened after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened before and what happened after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened before and what happened after
+our system was implemented obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system was implemented obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system was implemented obviously
+after the first set of data came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first set of data came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first set of data came in
+which was like late 2006 early 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was like late 2006 early 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was like late 2006 early 2007
+people started changing doctors started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started changing doctors started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started changing doctors started
+showing up a little bit more for work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up a little bit more for work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up a little bit more for work so
+now they're spending 6 and A2 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're spending 6 and A2 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're spending 6 and A2 hours
+instead of you know 5 hours uh so number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of you know 5 hours uh so number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of you know 5 hours uh so number
+of Physicians was the same our in clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Physicians was the same our in clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Physicians was the same our in clinic
+was about the same before and after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about the same before and after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about the same before and after the
+amount of time nothing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time nothing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time nothing here
+statistically significantly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significantly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significantly different
+between the before and after time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the before and after time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the before and after time period
+the number of doctors we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of doctors we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of doctors we're dealing with
+is very small you know it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small you know it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small you know it's hard to
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+tell that much at least what we can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that much at least what we can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that much at least what we can tell
+those guys is oh by the way we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys is oh by the way we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys is oh by the way we didn't
+make things that much worse off okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things that much worse off okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things that much worse off okay but
+some of the negatives that have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the negatives that have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the negatives that have changed
+could most likely not have anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could most likely not have anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could most likely not have anything to
+do with our electronic medical record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with our electronic medical record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with our electronic medical record
+system more that between the pre and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system more that between the pre and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system more that between the pre and
+posst implementation period something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posst implementation period something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posst implementation period something
+might have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have changed
+okay um and then if you look at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and then if you look at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and then if you look at the time
+there was a concern that oh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a concern that oh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a concern that oh if you
+implement this system our doctors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this system our doctors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this system our doctors are
+going to be spending a lot longer doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be spending a lot longer doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be spending a lot longer doing
+some paperwork like indirect care type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paperwork like indirect care type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paperwork like indirect care type
+of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff
+and basically what we showed is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what we showed is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what we showed is you know
+before and after the system is in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after the system is in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after the system is in place
+they don't spend that much time doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't spend that much time doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't spend that much time doing
+more the uh writing of charts and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the uh writing of charts and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the uh writing of charts and things
+like that which was what um one of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that which was what um one of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that which was what um one of uh
+was one of the concerns by the Ministry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the concerns by the Ministry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the concerns by the Ministry
+of Health and the W okay and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Health and the W okay and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Health and the W okay and you know
+they spend a little bit more time taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend a little bit more time taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spend a little bit more time taking
+direct care of patients um and again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct care of patients um and again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct care of patients um and again you
+can spin that whichever way you want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spin that whichever way you want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spin that whichever way you want is
+that a good thing or a bad thing I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a good thing or a bad thing I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a good thing or a bad thing I'd say
+it's a good thing okay now if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good thing okay now if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good thing okay now if you look
+at patient time before and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at patient time before and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at patient time before and after
+implementation the things that I little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation the things that I little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation the things that I little
+bit highlighted are the ones which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit highlighted are the ones which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit highlighted are the ones which were
+statistically uh significantly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically uh significantly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically uh significantly different
+meaning P less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning P less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning P less than
+0.05 um again you find that they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 um again you find that they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 um again you find that they end up
+spending more time with staff a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending more time with staff a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending more time with staff a little
+bit more time with Pharmacy but to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more time with Pharmacy but to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more time with Pharmacy but to me
+that has nothing to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has nothing to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has nothing to do with the
+electronic medical record system it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic medical record system it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic medical record system it's
+just what we observed and again I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we observed and again I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we observed and again I think
+there are some other systemic changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other systemic changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other systemic changes in
+between um but they ended up waiting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um but they ended up waiting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um but they ended up waiting a
+lot less than they were waiting before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less than they were waiting before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less than they were waiting before
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what what what we're showing here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what we're showing here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what we're showing here is our
+system is not making things that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not making things that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not making things that much
+more worse and of course there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more worse and of course there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more worse and of course there are some
+things going on in the background in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on in the background in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on in the background in
+this organizations to uh to tell us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organizations to uh to tell us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organizations to uh to tell us uh
+that things are improving somewhat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things are improving somewhat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things are improving somewhat and
+you ask the providers do you like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask the providers do you like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask the providers do you like this
+system do like this summary and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system do like this summary and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system do like this summary and you know
+they're like yeah we are satisfied with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like yeah we are satisfied with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like yeah we are satisfied with
+the summary you know we don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary you know we don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary you know we don't think it's
+difficult to understand you know uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand you know uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand you know uh it's
+often complete so the the in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often complete so the the in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often complete so the the in general the
+satisfaction is fine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction is fine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction is fine okay
+now so doesn't make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so doesn't make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so doesn't make things
+worse they're satisfied with it nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse they're satisfied with it nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse they're satisfied with it nothing
+to do with quality of care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with quality of care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with quality of care
+necessarily at this point just nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily at this point just nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily at this point just nice
+operational data you know but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational data you know but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational data you know but at
+least answers a question if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least answers a question if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least answers a question if somebody
+comes and says do these systems always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and says do these systems always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and says do these systems always
+make your the Healthcare System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your the Healthcare System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your the Healthcare System
+inefficient you can point to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient you can point to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient you can point to something
+like this and say not necessarily but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and say not necessarily but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and say not necessarily but
+again a lot of it might depend on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a lot of it might depend on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a lot of it might depend on how
+the implementation is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation is done
+okay the other part uh you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other part uh you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other part uh you have to think
+about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is
+um what uh implementation models will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what uh implementation models will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what uh implementation models will
+work to make sure that you bring down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to make sure that you bring down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to make sure that you bring down
+the costs and then can we do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs and then can we do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs and then can we do other
+things that have more direct patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have more direct patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have more direct patient
+impact okay I just put this up there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact okay I just put this up there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact okay I just put this up there uh
+to just highlight some of the ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just highlight some of the ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just highlight some of the ways you
+can implement it if you look at the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement it if you look at the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement it if you look at the way
+Rwanda for example is implementing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda for example is implementing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda for example is implementing uh
+Partners in Health Systems and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners in Health Systems and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners in Health Systems and the way
+we're implementing our systems at ampath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're implementing our systems at ampath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're implementing our systems at ampath
+we have our own guys we have our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our own guys we have our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our own guys we have our own
+programmers our own it people doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers our own it people doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers our own it people doing
+everything but in some of these smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but in some of these smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but in some of these smaller
+clinics what you need is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics what you need is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics what you need is actually a
+central governing body that can do most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central governing body that can do most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central governing body that can do most
+of the high level technical staff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the high level technical staff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the high level technical staff and
+then uh on the ground you just have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh on the ground you just have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh on the ground you just have like
+data entry clars and um basic it people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry clars and um basic it people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry clars and um basic it people
+who end up actually providing most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who end up actually providing most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who end up actually providing most of
+the services so somebody has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the services so somebody has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the services so somebody has to be
+thinking about what models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what models of
+implementation can work in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation can work in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation can work in these
+settings uh that do not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings uh that do not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings uh that do not depend on
+Western expertise and also do not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western expertise and also do not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western expertise and also do not depend
+on very highly trained IT personnel okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the big push for health information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the big push for health information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the big push for health information
+Technologies um to say you know what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies um to say you know what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies um to say you know what we
+can actually improve quality of care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually improve quality of care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually improve quality of care if
+we use whatever data We Gather to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use whatever data We Gather to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use whatever data We Gather to remind
+providers when they're missing stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers when they're missing stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers when they're missing stuff
+okay uh so that's kind of the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so that's kind of the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so that's kind of the realm of
+kind of computerized clinical decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of computerized clinical decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of computerized clinical decision
+support and I just want to uh walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and I just want to uh walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and I just want to uh walk you
+through some of the we've done in Kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of the we've done in Kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of the we've done in Kenya
+which heish I think pointed a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which heish I think pointed a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which heish I think pointed a little bit
+to uh that tries to get to you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh that tries to get to you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh that tries to get to you know some
+of the quality of care issues so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quality of care issues so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quality of care issues so in this
+case we trying to say well are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we trying to say well are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we trying to say well are the
+patients actually getting appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients actually getting appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients actually getting appropriate
+evaluation for their care okay um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation for their care okay um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation for their care okay um this
+work is done in the usid ampath program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is done in the usid ampath program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is done in the usid ampath program
+in Western Kenya it's actually one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Western Kenya it's actually one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Western Kenya it's actually one of
+the largest uh HIV treatment programs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest uh HIV treatment programs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest uh HIV treatment programs in
+subsaharan Africa uh and I hope people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsaharan Africa uh and I hope people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsaharan Africa uh and I hope people
+know where Kenya and Uganda is cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where Kenya and Uganda is cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where Kenya and Uganda is cuz I
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+give you a big map of Africa uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a big map of Africa uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a big map of Africa uh I don't
+know where some countries are so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where some countries are so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where some countries are so I don't
+make any assumptions um so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any assumptions um so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any assumptions um so this is one
+of the clinics just to give you um give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clinics just to give you um give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clinics just to give you um give
+you an example of how different some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of how different some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of how different some of
+the Care uh provision is in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Care uh provision is in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Care uh provision is in those
+settings okay so what you observe here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings okay so what you observe here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings okay so what you observe here
+is one it'll be a little bit difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one it'll be a little bit difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one it'll be a little bit difficult
+to have a computer right here uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a computer right here uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a computer right here uh in this
+kind of setting where you almost have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of setting where you almost have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of setting where you almost have no
+desk space you know and then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk space you know and then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk space you know and then you have a
+couple of patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of patient
+sitting next to each other and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting next to each other and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting next to each other and most
+likely um they don't have electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely um they don't have electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely um they don't have electricity
+okay so the way we end up implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way we end up implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way we end up implementing
+our systems and I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our systems and I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our systems and I don't know if you
+explain this to them so some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this to them so some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this to them so some of the
+systems where you have a paper based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where you have a paper based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where you have a paper based
+encounter form which is almost like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter form which is almost like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter form which is almost like your
+checklist to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist to make sure that the
+providers actually do the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers actually do the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers actually do the things you
+want them to do okay and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to do okay and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to do okay and then that
+encounter form goes to a data entry kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter form goes to a data entry kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter form goes to a data entry kind
+of place and uh the open mares interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of place and uh the open mares interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of place and uh the open mares interface
+which you see on the right uh is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see on the right uh is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see on the right uh is almost
+similar to to um the paper based en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to to um the paper based en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to to um the paper based en
+counter form the data entry CLS don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter form the data entry CLS don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter form the data entry CLS don't
+need to know much medicine or almost n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know much medicine or almost n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know much medicine or almost n
+because everything is right in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything is right in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything is right in front of
+them they just have to um to record that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they just have to um to record that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they just have to um to record that
+information again potentially a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information again potentially a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information again potentially a source
+of error there though and uh from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error there though and uh from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error there though and uh from that
+then you know you can generate a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you can generate a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you can generate a patient
+clinical a patient specific clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical a patient specific clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical a patient specific clinical
+summary that can be made available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary that can be made available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary that can be made available to
+the provider because they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provider because they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provider because they don't have
+computers they have to do it on paper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers they have to do it on paper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers they have to do it on paper or
+some other approach which like handheld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other approach which like handheld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other approach which like handheld
+devices or things like that and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices or things like that and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices or things like that and then at
+the bottom what we've done is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom what we've done is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom what we've done is we have
+specific reminders based on the data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific reminders based on the data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific reminders based on the data we
+have for the patient on um on what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the patient on um on what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the patient on um on what um
+the care guidelines should be that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the care guidelines should be that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the care guidelines should be that they
+have in complied with okay in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in complied with okay in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in complied with okay in this case
+for example patients are due for a rep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example patients are due for a rep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example patients are due for a rep
+CD4 if they're on anti retrovirals after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD4 if they're on anti retrovirals after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD4 if they're on anti retrovirals after
+every 12 month for this group and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 12 month for this group and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 12 month for this group and a lot
+of the patients just weren't doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the patients just weren't doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the patients just weren't doing it
+okay so we didn't know whether they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we didn't know whether they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we didn't know whether they were
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+uh responding to the ant retrov virals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh responding to the ant retrov virals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh responding to the ant retrov virals
+or whether they are getting resistant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether they are getting resistant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether they are getting resistant to
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+okay now our first attempt at doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now our first attempt at doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now our first attempt at doing this
+failed okay and that's the part you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed okay and that's the part you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed okay and that's the part you
+never hear most of the time okay I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never hear most of the time okay I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never hear most of the time okay I mean
+we just tried to do it and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just tried to do it and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just tried to do it and it just
+didn't work so he wrote a paper about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work so he wrote a paper about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work so he wrote a paper about it
+um so what ended up happening is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what ended up happening is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what ended up happening is just
+know the usual stuff you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the usual stuff you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the usual stuff you know the
+computers don't work there's no power we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers don't work there's no power we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers don't work there's no power we
+rent out of printer paper no there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent out of printer paper no there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent out of printer paper no there are
+viruses you know just like every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses you know just like every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses you know just like every single
+thing that you can think about and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can think about and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can think about and again
+we've had a good chunk of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had a good chunk of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had a good chunk of experience
+with this I mean we've been doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this I mean we've been doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this I mean we've been doing this
+since 2001 at least and this is 2007 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2001 at least and this is 2007 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2001 at least and this is 2007 and
+we're still having these problems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still having these problems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still having these problems okay
+and then the nurses basically just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the nurses basically just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the nurses basically just say
+you know what that's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what that's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what that's a little bit more
+work for me I'm not printing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for me I'm not printing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for me I'm not printing the
+summaries you know pay me more and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries you know pay me more and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries you know pay me more and then
+you know occasionally you end up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know occasionally you end up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know occasionally you end up having
+I think you guys are laughing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you guys are laughing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you guys are laughing because
+you can kind of uh understand you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of uh understand you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of uh understand you know
+you end up getting in accurate reminders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up getting in accurate reminders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up getting in accurate reminders
+so you have the best intentions turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the best intentions turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the best intentions turns
+out our Labs which are supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our Labs which are supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our Labs which are supposed to be
+imported automatically into our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported automatically into our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported automatically into our system
+weren't getting imported because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't getting imported because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't getting imported because they
+occasionally problems right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally problems right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally problems right so the
+providers still get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers still get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers still get their
+results through a paper format sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results through a paper format sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results through a paper format sometimes
+and they're like well I have this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're like well I have this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're like well I have this result
+in front of me how come your summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of me how come your summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of me how come your summary
+doesn't have the result okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the result okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the result okay and then
+the data entry clars also make errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data entry clars also make errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data entry clars also make errors
+which so if they say a patient is not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so if they say a patient is not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so if they say a patient is not on
+antiretrovirals and they on anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiretrovirals and they on anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiretrovirals and they on anti
+retrovirals you end up getting a wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrovirals you end up getting a wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrovirals you end up getting a wrong
+reminder because these reminders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder because these reminders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder because these reminders are
+based on whether patient is on anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on whether patient is on anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on whether patient is on anti
+retrovirals or not okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrovirals or not okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrovirals or not okay and then
+occasionally there's just delay in data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally there's just delay in data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally there's just delay in data
+entry okay and then sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry okay and then sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry okay and then sometimes the
+providers just think they know best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers just think they know best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers just think they know best
+right so they could be blatantly wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they could be blatantly wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they could be blatantly wrong
+but they'll say no I'm not changing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'll say no I'm not changing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'll say no I'm not changing my
+practice pattern and occasionally there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice pattern and occasionally there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice pattern and occasionally there
+might be a situation that's genuine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a situation that's genuine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a situation that's genuine
+maybe a patient is very sick on that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a patient is very sick on that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a patient is very sick on that day
+there a lot of other things going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of other things going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of other things going on
+that ordering CD4 might be the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ordering CD4 might be the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ordering CD4 might be the lowest
+thing on the priority for that day so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the priority for that day so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the priority for that day so um
+one com I just the that I gave we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one com I just the that I gave we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one com I just the that I gave we
+actually independently looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually independently looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually independently looked at this
+whole problem of getting C4 data into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole problem of getting C4 data into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole problem of getting C4 data into
+the system because we had the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system because we had the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system because we had the exact same
+type of problems and so the two were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of problems and so the two were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of problems and so the two were
+running in parallel very much the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in parallel very much the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in parallel very much the same
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+and the point here is we know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point here is we know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point here is we know how to do
+this stuff we've done it maybe longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff we've done it maybe longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff we've done it maybe longer
+than anybody has done it in subsaharan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anybody has done it in subsaharan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anybody has done it in subsaharan
+Africa and we are running to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and we are running to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and we are running to this
+problem tell me what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem tell me what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem tell me what's going to happen
+when you say now implement it throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say now implement it throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say now implement it throughout
+the country okay um anyway so after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country okay um anyway so after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country okay um anyway so after all
+our struggles and spending a good chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our struggles and spending a good chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our struggles and spending a good chunk
+of money you know we have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money you know we have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money you know we have a system
+running now abort fund has been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running now abort fund has been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running now abort fund has been very
+nice to us uh but know we're able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to us uh but know we're able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to us uh but know we're able to get
+summaries pretty reliably uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries pretty reliably uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries pretty reliably uh to the
+sites and um know we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites and um know we have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites and um know we have different
+types of summaries based on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of summaries based on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of summaries based on what the
+patient characteristics are and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient characteristics are and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient characteristics are and uh we
+keep increasing the number of reminders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep increasing the number of reminders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep increasing the number of reminders
+that we're giving to them okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're giving to them okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're giving to them okay and I
+think you showed them this right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you showed them this right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you showed them this right the
+like where so if you look let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where so if you look let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where so if you look let's say we
+took two clinics one where we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two clinics one where we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two clinics one where we didn't
+Implement uh the reminder system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement uh the reminder system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement uh the reminder system and
+another one where we implemented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one where we implemented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one where we implemented the
+reminder system if you look before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder system if you look before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder system if you look before the
+implementation uh basically they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation uh basically they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation uh basically they were
+complying with about 30% order rates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complying with about 30% order rates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complying with about 30% order rates for
+the overdue CD Falls okay if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overdue CD Falls okay if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overdue CD Falls okay if you look
+after the intervention after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the intervention after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the intervention after the
+intervention obviously the control group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention obviously the control group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention obviously the control group
+didn't get anything okay whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get anything okay whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get anything okay whereas the
+intervention group were being told hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention group were being told hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention group were being told hey
+you need to order this CD4 you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to order this CD4 you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to order this CD4 you can see
+that the intervention group went from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the intervention group went from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the intervention group went from uh
+uh before implementation period of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before implementation period of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before implementation period of uh
+percentage of 38 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of 38 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of 38 to
+63% compliance okay whereas the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63% compliance okay whereas the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63% compliance okay whereas the control
+group went from 36% to 42% okay so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group went from 36% to 42% okay so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group went from 36% to 42% okay so again
+you almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you almost
+double um you almost double uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double um you almost double uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double um you almost double uh the
+compliance rates uh with reminders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance rates uh with reminders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance rates uh with reminders and
+obviously there's a big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's a big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's a big difference
+between the two clinics uh uh after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two clinics uh uh after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two clinics uh uh after the
+implementation because uh most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation because uh most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation because uh most likely
+it's not because of changes within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because of changes within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because of changes within the
+clinic but because of uh the remainer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic but because of uh the remainer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic but because of uh the remainer
+the remainder system in place and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder system in place and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder system in place and again
+these clinics are in the same building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clinics are in the same building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clinics are in the same building
+same patient population they're just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same patient population they're just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same patient population they're just we
+call the modules they're just different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the modules they're just different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the modules they're just different
+modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules
+okay now that's um you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that's um you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that's um you know something
+about doing the appropriate evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing the appropriate evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing the appropriate evaluation
+yes going back to PR slide yeah give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scenario yeah I think it's a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario yeah I think it's a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario yeah I think it's a combination
+of several things um one is now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several things um one is now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several things um one is now they
+have the information right in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information right in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information right in front of
+them versus having to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them versus having to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them versus having to go through the
+chat and try to figure out um whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat and try to figure out um whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat and try to figure out um whether
+it's there or not the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there or not the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there or not the other thing is
+these guys sometimes are so busy anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys sometimes are so busy anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys sometimes are so busy anyway
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that even with the best intentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even with the best intentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even with the best intentions
+there's a paper which uh was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paper which uh was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paper which uh was written
+many many years ago which actually or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years ago which actually or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years ago which actually or
+even The Institute of medicine to air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even The Institute of medicine to air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even The Institute of medicine to air is
+human Okay uh to basically making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Okay uh to basically making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Okay uh to basically making
+Institute of medicine has this report I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute of medicine has this report I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute of medicine has this report I
+don't know if you've spoken to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you've spoken to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you've spoken to them
+about called to air is human which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about called to air is human which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about called to air is human which is
+basically saying human beings by Nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying human beings by Nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying human beings by Nature
+will miss stuff will make errors okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will miss stuff will make errors okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will miss stuff will make errors okay so
+uh the way reminder systems work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way reminder systems work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way reminder systems work is
+basically just say oh by the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just say oh by the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just say oh by the way we're
+not saying it's bad to be wrong but know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying it's bad to be wrong but know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying it's bad to be wrong but know
+here's something that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's something that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's something that you might have
+missed so even with the best intention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed so even with the best intention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed so even with the best intention
+sometimes they could just miss stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they could just miss stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they could just miss stuff
+occasionally they're just too busy to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally they're just too busy to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally they're just too busy to go
+through everything as you're saying some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through everything as you're saying some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through everything as you're saying some
+cases they didn't even know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they didn't even know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they didn't even know that that
+was the guideline in itself you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the guideline in itself you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the guideline in itself you know so
+it's a combination of multiple things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a combination of multiple things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a combination of multiple things um
+and it gets kind of if you talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets kind of if you talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets kind of if you talk to
+Medical informaticians uh there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical informaticians uh there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical informaticians uh there's this
+what you call the basic theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you call the basic theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you call the basic theorem of
+medical informatics is you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical informatics is you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical informatics is you know if you
+get a computer and a human being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a computer and a human being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a computer and a human being that
+going to be better than a human being so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be better than a human being so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be better than a human being so
+it's kind of a combination of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a combination of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a combination of that that
+type of stuff am I answering your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of stuff am I answering your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of stuff am I answering your
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway uh once a month yeah once a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh once a month yeah once a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh once a month yeah once a month
+and also what you can do in these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also what you can do in these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also what you can do in these types
+of studies and or these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of studies and or these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of studies and or these types of
+analysis you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you can say
+well how about if we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how about if we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how about if we looked at the
+compliance rates over 6 months instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance rates over 6 months instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance rates over 6 months instead
+of this per individual visits right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this per individual visits right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this per individual visits right so
+suppose I come to clinic today with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I come to clinic today with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I come to clinic today with no
+reminders one provider misses next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders one provider misses next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders one provider misses next time
+I come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come to
+Clinic another provider Miss maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clinic another provider Miss maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clinic another provider Miss maybe the
+third time somebody will catch it so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third time somebody will catch it so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third time somebody will catch it so uh
+when you look at this data also you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at this data also you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at this data also you have
+to think well let us look at this over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think well let us look at this over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think well let us look at this over a
+period of time to really say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time to really say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time to really say
+okay this decision support uh reminders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this decision support uh reminders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this decision support uh reminders
+actually make a difference cuz you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a difference cuz you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a difference cuz you might
+find that maybe after about 6 months the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that maybe after about 6 months the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that maybe after about 6 months the
+Gap might narrow or might get wider you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap might narrow or might get wider you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap might narrow or might get wider you
+never know but those are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know but those are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know but those are some of the
+things to look into when when when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to look into when when when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to look into when when when you
+read some of this stuff okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some of this stuff okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some of this stuff okay so what's
+the answer here uh so in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here uh so in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here uh so in this case it
+was per encounter okay we haven't looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was per encounter okay we haven't looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was per encounter okay we haven't looked
+at six months rate and actually we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at six months rate and actually we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at six months rate and actually we we
+are doing another study which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing another study which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing another study which is a
+little bit more robust than this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more robust than this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more robust than this we're
+doing a randomized study because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a randomized study because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a randomized study because um
+before and after is not the best kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after is not the best kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after is not the best kind of
+standard of um when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of um when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of um when you look at the
+quality of data I mean the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of data I mean the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of data I mean the quality of
+the results random my stud is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results random my stud is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results random my stud is much
+better and that's what we are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and that's what we are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and that's what we are doing
+right now okay so hopefully we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay so hopefully we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay so hopefully we'll have
+some answers for you soon okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some answers for you soon okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some answers for you soon okay so that
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+Pati responsility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeahs C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeahs C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeahs C
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indivs and everything if the guy counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivs and everything if the guy counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivs and everything if the guy counts
+months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah we haven't checked it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah we haven't checked it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah we haven't checked it's a
+great idea and there's a move in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea and there's a move in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea and there's a move in terms
+of know what role should patients play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know what role should patients play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know what role should patients play
+in their care and what role uh should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their care and what role uh should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their care and what role uh should
+Physicians play like in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physicians play like in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physicians play like in terms of what
+the relationship is there I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship is there I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship is there I think that's
+a very interesting thing to do um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting thing to do um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting thing to do um and
+actually could have some impact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could have some impact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could have some impact uh
+especially if you can explain to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you can explain to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you can explain to them
+and make them understand uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make them understand uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make them understand uh some of
+these things cuz you end up finding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things cuz you end up finding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things cuz you end up finding that
+some patients actually are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some patients actually are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some patients actually are very very
+Vigilant about their healthare and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vigilant about their healthare and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vigilant about their healthare and it's
+just a matter of Education we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of Education we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of Education we didn't do
+it okay uh and let me tell you why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh and let me tell you why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh and let me tell you why we
+didn't do it is because there's no money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it is because there's no money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it is because there's no money
+to do it right so typically when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it right so typically when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it right so typically when we do
+these things is um you're answering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is um you're answering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is um you're answering a
+very specific question for very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific question for very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific question for very specific
+purpose unless you have this like big br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose unless you have this like big br
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose unless you have this like big br
+like the T she's getting I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the T she's getting I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the T she's getting I'm just
+kidding yeah to kind of do you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding yeah to kind of do you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding yeah to kind of do you know so
+for example here I'd say well we have 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here I'd say well we have 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here I'd say well we have 20
+clinics why didn't we do them in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics why didn't we do them in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics why didn't we do them in all the
+20 clinics right CU you'll need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 clinics right CU you'll need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 clinics right CU you'll need
+Personnel at each of the clinic so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Personnel at each of the clinic so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Personnel at each of the clinic so these
+things actually require a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things actually require a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things actually require a little bit of
+resources but I think uh patient uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources but I think uh patient uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources but I think uh patient uh
+Centric type of interventions actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric type of interventions actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric type of interventions actually
+can have a big potential impact and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a big potential impact and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a big potential impact and some
+people have done work to that effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done work to that effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done work to that effect
+okay uh I wanted to touch on some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I wanted to touch on some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I wanted to touch on some of the
+quality of care staff uh how many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care staff uh how many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of care staff uh how many more
+minutes do I have um 15 oh I'll be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes do I have um 15 oh I'll be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes do I have um 15 oh I'll be done
+um some of the other quality of care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the other quality of care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the other quality of care
+type stuff that we've done just to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type stuff that we've done just to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type stuff that we've done just to have
+did you have a question yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+providers especially busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers especially busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers especially busy
+set institions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set institions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set institions
+they their time a lot and I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they their time a lot and I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they their time a lot and I think if
+there's proper channel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's proper channel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's proper channel of
+communication in every stage of that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication in every stage of that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication in every stage of that you
+can actually prove from a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually prove from a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually prove from a process
+changes process that is link to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes process that is link to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes process that is link to
+particular outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular outcomes
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+willed yeah I like know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes possible from the yeah so very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes possible from the yeah so very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes possible from the yeah so very good
+point uh uh so first of all most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh uh so first of all most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh uh so first of all most of our
+most of us are the providers in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us are the providers in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us are the providers in this
+setting just to um give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting just to um give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting just to um give you some
+background so but the more I do this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so but the more I do this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so but the more I do this the
+more the deeper Insight I get into just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the deeper Insight I get into just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the deeper Insight I get into just
+how the exact thing you're saying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the exact thing you're saying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the exact thing you're saying what
+what what is the incentive for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the incentive for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the incentive for the
+provider in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider in a particular
+setting what I'm finding out is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting what I'm finding out is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting what I'm finding out is for
+example Kenya and Uganda might be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Kenya and Uganda might be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Kenya and Uganda might be very
+different like there's a lot of ingrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like there's a lot of ingrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like there's a lot of ingrant
+cultural things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural things that
+might not actually make some logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not actually make some logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not actually make some logical
+Sense on the surface to begin with I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sense on the surface to begin with I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sense on the surface to begin with I'm
+going to get into anthropology medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into anthropology medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into anthropology medical
+anthropology type stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropology type stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropology type stuff
+here by nature and anybody who designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by nature and anybody who designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by nature and anybody who designs
+this system will tell you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system will tell you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system will tell you you don't
+Implement things that you think work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement things that you think work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement things that you think work for
+you okay you implement things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay you implement things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay you implement things that
+should work for the providers in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work for the providers in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work for the providers in that
+setting so you know you go to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so you know you go to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting so you know you go to them and
+say you know is this what you want no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know is this what you want no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know is this what you want no
+with for example one thing they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for example one thing they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for example one thing they've
+always wanted is tell us the date a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wanted is tell us the date a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wanted is tell us the date a drug
+was started you know but we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was started you know but we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was started you know but we haven't
+implemented it because every time we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented it because every time we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented it because every time we try
+to implement there so many errors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement there so many errors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement there so many errors we
+can't really tell because they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really tell because they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really tell because they start
+stop start stop so you talk to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop start stop so you talk to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop start stop so you talk to them and
+say know what makes sense in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say know what makes sense in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say know what makes sense in your
+priority of things uh to have in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of things uh to have in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of things uh to have in uh the
+clinical summary know they come to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical summary know they come to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical summary know they come to you
+and say these charts are too thick we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say these charts are too thick we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say these charts are too thick we
+can't go through them that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go through them that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go through them that's why we
+aggregate everything for them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate everything for them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate everything for them in the
+summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary
+so one you try as best as possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one you try as best as possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one you try as best as possible to
+conform to what you think they want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to what you think they want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to what you think they want and
+then even after you implement you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even after you implement you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even after you implement you keep
+talking to them uh to say you know does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to them uh to say you know does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to them uh to say you know does
+this actually work for you or not I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually work for you or not I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually work for you or not I can
+tell you over the last two days or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you over the last two days or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you over the last two days or so
+I've changed a summary maybe four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've changed a summary maybe four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've changed a summary maybe four times
+just because they keep saying well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they keep saying well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they keep saying well the
+wording for this is not right but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wording for this is not right but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wording for this is not right but that's
+what you do I mean what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do I mean what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do I mean what's that
+what's yeah now let let me go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's yeah now let let me go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's yeah now let let me go to the
+other side okay what I'm finding though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side okay what I'm finding though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side okay what I'm finding though
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh I hope nobody is going to kill me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I hope nobody is going to kill me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I hope nobody is going to kill me
+here sometimes these guys actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes these guys actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes these guys actually don't
+care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the
+patient I mean it's it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient I mean it's it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient I mean it's it's a little bit
+crazy but you know you're like well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy but you know you're like well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy but you know you're like well I
+have everything in front of you here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything in front of you here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything in front of you here uh
+can you explain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you explain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you explain to
+me why you're not doing it and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why you're not doing it and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why you're not doing it and it just
+doesn't make sense like you could be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense like you could be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense like you could be in
+a hospital and you say okay this patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital and you say okay this patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital and you say okay this patient
+has diabetic KD dois we need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has diabetic KD dois we need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has diabetic KD dois we need to check
+the blood sugar and you need to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood sugar and you need to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood sugar and you need to give the
+insulin or the patient will die and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin or the patient will die and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin or the patient will die and then
+somebody doesn't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody doesn't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody doesn't do it
+and once you start getting into why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you start getting into why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you start getting into why
+they're not doing it it becomes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not doing it it becomes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not doing it it becomes a lot
+more complicated than just I have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than just I have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than just I have too
+much work or I have something else going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work or I have something else going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work or I have something else going
+on so there are some other larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there are some other larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there are some other larger
+systemic things going on that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic things going on that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic things going on that we can
+discuss outside this forum uh but simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss outside this forum uh but simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss outside this forum uh but simply
+saying you know people are rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know people are rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know people are rational
+thinkers and they'll do what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers and they'll do what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers and they'll do what's the best
+for the patient all the time time even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the patient all the time time even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the patient all the time time even
+when you make their lives easier doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make their lives easier doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make their lives easier doesn't
+always translate okay I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always translate okay I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always translate okay I'll give you
+another example just yesterday we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example just yesterday we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example just yesterday we have a
+reminder for them for kids saying if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder for them for kids saying if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder for them for kids saying if the
+C score is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C score is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C score is less than
+1.5 refer the patient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 refer the patient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 refer the patient to
+nutrition right so the child is severely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition right so the child is severely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition right so the child is severely
+malnourished we have a nice nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malnourished we have a nice nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malnourished we have a nice nutrition
+program that should work so 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that should work so 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that should work so 10 times
+somebody checked on the encounter form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody checked on the encounter form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody checked on the encounter form
+saying I refer the patient to nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I refer the patient to nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I refer the patient to nutrition
+what do we do we go to nutrition see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do we go to nutrition see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do we go to nutrition see if
+the patient was seen 10 out of 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient was seen 10 out of 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient was seen 10 out of 10 times
+the patient was not seen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient was not seen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient was not seen at
+nutrition okay and then you say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition okay and then you say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition okay and then you say what's
+going on here isn't nutrition seeing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here isn't nutrition seeing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here isn't nutrition seeing our
+patients you know what's what else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients you know what's what else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients you know what's what else is
+going on oh the providor like oh we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on oh the providor like oh we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on oh the providor like oh we just
+checked on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked on the
+encounter but we didn't feel a referal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter but we didn't feel a referal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter but we didn't feel a referal
+form which they're supposed to feel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which they're supposed to feel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which they're supposed to feel to
+tell them to go to nutrition and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them to go to nutrition and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them to go to nutrition and there's
+a good chance we didn't tell them to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good chance we didn't tell them to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good chance we didn't tell them to go
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+nutrition okay so you're like so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition okay so you're like so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition okay so you're like so but
+every time you dig it's just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you dig it's just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you dig it's just a little
+bit more complicated that's why when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated that's why when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated that's why when you
+know think about simplistic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think about simplistic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think about simplistic kind of
+operational research standpoint gets I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational research standpoint gets I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational research standpoint gets I
+mean these are small baby steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these are small baby steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these are small baby steps to
+improve a system and some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve a system and some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve a system and some of our
+interventions are only just uncovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions are only just uncovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions are only just uncovering
+some of the systems problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the systems problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the systems problems and
+hopefully you walk through them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you walk through them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you walk through them and
+eventually get somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get somewhere
+that works I don't know if I answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works I don't know if I answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works I don't know if I answered
+your question or I tried to that think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question or I tried to that think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question or I tried to that think
+you mentioned it very briefly but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned it very briefly but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned it very briefly but it's
+the change in leadership of management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in leadership of management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in leadership of management
+of the system and I think if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system and I think if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system and I think if that's
+coupled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with
+h I think that's when the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h I think that's when the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h I think that's when the system
+actually gets you see the results but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets you see the results but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets you see the results but
+yeah once there's no change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once there's no change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once there's no change in the
+cultural attitude of the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural attitude of the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural attitude of the organization
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I couldn't agree with you more okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I couldn't agree with you more okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I couldn't agree with you more okay
+so in fact we were joking today we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we were joking today we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we were joking today we like
+are we really evaluating Health it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we really evaluating Health it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we really evaluating Health it or
+are we are we doing a health it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we are we doing a health it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we are we doing a health it
+intervention or are we doing a health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention or are we doing a health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention or are we doing a health
+system intervention anyway uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system intervention anyway uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system intervention anyway uh some of
+the other work we've done I'll take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other work we've done I'll take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other work we've done I'll take two
+minutes on this you got 10 minutes 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on this you got 10 minutes 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on this you got 10 minutes 10
+I'll take 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take 10 minutes
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+no so I kind of uded to this earlier on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so I kind of uded to this earlier on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so I kind of uded to this earlier on
+in my slide just some some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my slide just some some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my slide just some some of the other
+work we doing so you have a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we doing so you have a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we doing so you have a whole bunch
+of people who are HIV positive but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are HIV positive but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are HIV positive but they
+just don't know their status because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know their status because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know their status because
+they've never been tested okay uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never been tested okay uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never been tested okay uh now
+Health System uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health System uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health System uh in terms of
+identifying uh people who are at risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying uh people who are at risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying uh people who are at risk of
+diseases for example if you're HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases for example if you're HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases for example if you're HIV
+positive risk of AIDS and it's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive risk of AIDS and it's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive risk of AIDS and it's uh the
+association opportunistic infections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association opportunistic infections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association opportunistic infections and
+then also just making sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also just making sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also just making sure that the
+people get the appropriate diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get the appropriate diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get the appropriate diagnosis
+right so we doing the um Home Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we doing the um Home Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we doing the um Home Health
+counseling and testing program uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counseling and testing program uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counseling and testing program uh where
+we just decided you know what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just decided you know what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just decided you know what we've
+tried to treat people for the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to treat people for the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to treat people for the last 10
+years and they just keep showing up if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and they just keep showing up if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and they just keep showing up if
+we're going to actually take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to actually take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to actually take care of
+Staff we need to take care of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staff we need to take care of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staff we need to take care of people
+when uh before they end up having AIDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh before they end up having AIDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh before they end up having AIDS
+and also before they infect uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also before they infect uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also before they infect uh other
+people okay so now we decided you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay so now we decided you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay so now we decided you know
+let's go to the community and do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the community and do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to the community and do this uh
+in this case you know it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you know it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you know it's very
+difficult to power paper system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to power paper system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to power paper system and
+things like that so we said let's try an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so we said let's try an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so we said let's try an
+electronic system which can help us get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic system which can help us get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic system which can help us get
+the data into the electronic medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data into the electronic medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data into the electronic medical
+record and things like that in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and things like that in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and things like that in this case
+Health it is just part of a larger care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health it is just part of a larger care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health it is just part of a larger care
+system and hopefully uh will make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and hopefully uh will make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and hopefully uh will make it a
+little bit more efficient okay the goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more efficient okay the goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more efficient okay the goals
+of our home visits outlined here we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our home visits outlined here we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our home visits outlined here we want
+to identify HIV patients who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify HIV patients who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify HIV patients who are not
+aware of their status offer services for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of their status offer services for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of their status offer services for
+those who have been identified identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who have been identified identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who have been identified identify
+pregnant women who are not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant women who are not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant women who are not getting
+antinal care especially those who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antinal care especially those who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antinal care especially those who are
+HIV POS positive identify orphant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV POS positive identify orphant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV POS positive identify orphant and
+vulnerable children children who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable children children who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable children children who don't
+have appropriate immunization people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have appropriate immunization people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have appropriate immunization people who
+at risk of TV we get sputum cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at risk of TV we get sputum cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at risk of TV we get sputum cancer
+samples from those uh do some rapid HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples from those uh do some rapid HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples from those uh do some rapid HIV
+testing for everyone get give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for everyone get give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for everyone get give some
+deaming medication and uh give some bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaming medication and uh give some bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaming medication and uh give some bed
+nets so it's really a comprehensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets so it's really a comprehensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets so it's really a comprehensive
+program and your health it tool is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and your health it tool is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and your health it tool is
+really just to assist the program okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just to assist the program okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just to assist the program okay
+and again talking about know engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again talking about know engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again talking about know engaging
+the stakeholders this is kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders this is kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders this is kind of you
+know you go to the community and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you go to the community and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you go to the community and you
+talk to the leaders of the hospitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the leaders of the hospitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the leaders of the hospitals and
+things like that because they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that because they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that because they'll be
+getting a big influx of patients you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a big influx of patients you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a big influx of patients you
+know deciding what what things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know deciding what what things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know deciding what what things to
+collect and what things not to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect and what things not to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect and what things not to collect
+especially because everybody when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because everybody when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because everybody when
+something like this comes up wants to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this comes up wants to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this comes up wants to do
+something for their project but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for their project but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for their project but maybe
+the community has some other interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community has some other interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community has some other interest in
+terms of what they want to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what they want to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what they want to collect
+themselves and then you know understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and then you know understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and then you know understand
+how it's it's going to work and how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's it's going to work and how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's it's going to work and how it's
+going to actually get implemented so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually get implemented so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually get implemented so we
+ended up creating this um handheld data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up creating this um handheld data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up creating this um handheld data
+collection system which was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection system which was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection system which was pretty
+comprehensive household information with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive household information with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive household information with
+GPS locations we can talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS locations we can talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS locations we can talk about that
+later um and then some different modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um and then some different modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um and then some different modules
+HIV module example here I'm giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV module example here I'm giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV module example here I'm giving you
+kind of getting the HIV testing history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of getting the HIV testing history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of getting the HIV testing history
+and also the results of the test done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the results of the test done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the results of the test done
+during that um during the home based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that um during the home based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that um during the home based
+counseling and testing process doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counseling and testing process doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counseling and testing process doing
+some TB screening questions and also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some TB screening questions and also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some TB screening questions and also uh
+giving some referrals for those who turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving some referrals for those who turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving some referrals for those who turn
+out to be positive or not immunized or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be positive or not immunized or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be positive or not immunized or
+things like that okay first version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay first version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that okay first version of
+our system this was before the fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system this was before the fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system this was before the fancy
+smartphones we had just a PDA and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphones we had just a PDA and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphones we had just a PDA and then
+an external GPS device connected via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external GPS device connected via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an external GPS device connected via
+cable okay uh Community mobilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable okay uh Community mobilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable okay uh Community mobilization
+kind of just making sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just making sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just making sure that the
+leaders and everyone can say okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders and everyone can say okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders and everyone can say okay you
+can go to our households and uh talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to our households and uh talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to our households and uh talk to
+the people in the different households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in the different households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in the different households
+just giving kind of community consent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving kind of community consent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving kind of community consent
+before you go to the household and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go to the household and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go to the household and get
+household consent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household consent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household consent
+okay and then you know you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you know you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you know you have your
+teams that are armed with their GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams that are armed with their GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams that are armed with their GPS
+devices and smartphones and the HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and smartphones and the HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and smartphones and the HIV
+testing kits you have now the rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing kits you have now the rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing kits you have now the rapid
+testing kits which give you results very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing kits which give you results very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing kits which give you results very
+fast um and you know the home already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast um and you know the home already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast um and you know the home already
+knows that they're going to be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that they're going to be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that they're going to be coming
+and you know the Amper people are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the Amper people are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the Amper people are coming
+so they wait for them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wait for them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wait for them um
+and there are a lot of discussion points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a lot of discussion points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a lot of discussion points
+here but you know the counseling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you know the counseling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you know the counseling
+sometimes is given to the whole house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is given to the whole house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is given to the whole house
+like to with everybody there or to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to with everybody there or to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to with everybody there or to just
+the husband and wife and then the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the husband and wife and then the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the husband and wife and then the kids
+or to each person individually uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to each person individually uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to each person individually uh the
+family decides uh then you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family decides uh then you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family decides uh then you do the
+testing again sometimes done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing again sometimes done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing again sometimes done
+individually sometimes done uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually sometimes done uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually sometimes done uh
+together um and basically those are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um and basically those are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um and basically those are some
+of the testing kits and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the testing kits and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the testing kits and then of course
+you collect uh you record the data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collect uh you record the data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collect uh you record the data in
+your handheld device and this was from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your handheld device and this was from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your handheld device and this was from
+2008 we've tested uh maybe 400 500,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 we've tested uh maybe 400 500,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 we've tested uh maybe 400 500,000
+people by now uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people by now uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people by now uh but
+500,000 yeah okay um but uh some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 yeah okay um but uh some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 yeah okay um but uh some of the
+things know for example 45% of the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things know for example 45% of the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things know for example 45% of the women
+were pregnant but they'd never gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pregnant but they'd never gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pregnant but they'd never gone to
+for antinal care um we had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for antinal care um we had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for antinal care um we had um
+693 of the HIV positive patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+693 of the HIV positive patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+693 of the HIV positive patients
+basically 61.3% of the HIV positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 61.3% of the HIV positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 61.3% of the HIV positive
+patients identified had never known that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients identified had never known that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients identified had never known that
+they were HIV positive uh and had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were HIV positive uh and had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were HIV positive uh and had never
+sought care for it um and about 376
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sought care for it um and about 376
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sought care for it um and about 376
+individuals were at highrisk for TB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals were at highrisk for TB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals were at highrisk for TB and
+they'd never really been tested for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd never really been tested for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd never really been tested for it
+so we took some speedum counil uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we took some speedum counil uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we took some speedum counil uh
+samples and there's a lot more data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and there's a lot more data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and there's a lot more data to
+to this but this is just one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this but this is just one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this but this is just one of the
+manuscripts that we wrote on this um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscripts that we wrote on this um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscripts that we wrote on this um so
+the idea was to kind of test 2 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to kind of test 2 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to kind of test 2 million
+people in 3 years kind of estimate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in 3 years kind of estimate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in 3 years kind of estimate how
+many PDS you'll need yes just a Qui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many PDS you'll need yes just a Qui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many PDS you'll need yes just a Qui
+question um was the positive negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um was the positive negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um was the positive negative
+rates your T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates your T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates your T
+um actually we do two tests uh back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually we do two tests uh back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually we do two tests uh back to
+back and then we do a third tie breaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then we do a third tie breaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then we do a third tie breaker
+test and I think it was like no 97 98%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and I think it was like no 97 98%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and I think it was like no 97 98%
+type thing for sensitivity specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type thing for sensitivity specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type thing for sensitivity specificity
+type when you do that combination yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type when you do that combination yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type when you do that combination yeah I
+remember we had uh big arguments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had uh big arguments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had uh big arguments about
+whether if somebody was positive should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether if somebody was positive should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether if somebody was positive should
+we do a second test na na na so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a second test na na na so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a second test na na na so I think
+now so we we eventually change it where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we we eventually change it where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we we eventually change it where
+if you're positive we don't do a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're positive we don't do a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're positive we don't do a second
+test if you are negative we do a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if you are negative we do a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if you are negative we do a second
+test and then if it's different with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and then if it's different with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and then if it's different with
+tiebreak because after looking at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiebreak because after looking at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiebreak because after looking at those
+numbers we didn't see the reason if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we didn't see the reason if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we didn't see the reason if you
+did once and it turned up positive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did once and it turned up positive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did once and it turned up positive you
+had to do it again okay uh but I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do it again okay uh but I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do it again okay uh but I can get
+to the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the exact
+numbers for it okay um quick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for it okay um quick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for it okay um quick question
+yeah so uh testing these people um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh testing these people um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh testing these people um I
+guess you have the resources in place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you have the resources in place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you have the resources in place to
+treat people hi yes and yeah that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat people hi yes and yeah that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat people hi yes and yeah that that
+was the key because we have um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the key because we have um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the key because we have um our
+program has about 23 clinics in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has about 23 clinics in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has about 23 clinics in that
+catchment area and 23 satellite clinics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catchment area and 23 satellite clinics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catchment area and 23 satellite clinics
+affiliated with those clinics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliated with those clinics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliated with those clinics so
+basically our clinics cover the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our clinics cover the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our clinics cover the all the
+whole area and part of the preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole area and part of the preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole area and part of the preparation
+process was to tell uh our clinics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was to tell uh our clinics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was to tell uh our clinics
+you're going to be getting more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be getting more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be getting more people
+and we're doing the same thing now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're doing the same thing now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're doing the same thing now for
+hypertension uh saying you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension uh saying you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension uh saying you know if you
+go to the community and start checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the community and start checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the community and start checking
+blood pressures and blood blood sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressures and blood blood sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressures and blood blood sugars
+for diabetes who's going to be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diabetes who's going to be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diabetes who's going to be taking
+care of these people so we need to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of these people so we need to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of these people so we need to come
+up with a a better model for taking care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a a better model for taking care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a a better model for taking care
+of those people otherwise it's silly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those people otherwise it's silly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those people otherwise it's silly to
+say Hey you have HIV good luck you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Hey you have HIV good luck you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Hey you have HIV good luck you know
+so yeah and again try to put some costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah and again try to put some costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah and again try to put some costs
+to to the system taking let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the system taking let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the system taking let's say you
+know how how often do our devices break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how often do our devices break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how often do our devices break
+know uh how many um how much programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh how many um how much programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh how many um how much programming
+time do you need you know just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do you need you know just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do you need you know just this is
+not a rigorous kind of cost analysis uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a rigorous kind of cost analysis uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a rigorous kind of cost analysis uh
+by any means but at least gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any means but at least gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any means but at least gives you some
+numbers of how much it would cost us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of how much it would cost us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of how much it would cost us
+from a technology standpoint to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a technology standpoint to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a technology standpoint to actually
+implement this of course there are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this of course there are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this of course there are still
+the costs associated with um testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs associated with um testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs associated with um testing
+people hiring the counil and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hiring the counil and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hiring the counil and things like
+that but if you are going to compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but if you are going to compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but if you are going to compare the
+technology versus using a paper system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology versus using a paper system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology versus using a paper system
+which has to be transcribed or entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be transcribed or entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to be transcribed or entered
+into a database you find that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a database you find that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a database you find that actually
+using the technology might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the technology might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the technology might actually be
+cheaper than having all these Encounters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper than having all these Encounters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper than having all these Encounters
+in paper forms hiring data entry clerks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in paper forms hiring data entry clerks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in paper forms hiring data entry clerks
+who we pay about 17 bucks a day uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we pay about 17 bucks a day uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we pay about 17 bucks a day uh to
+enter about 80 forms a day okay so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter about 80 forms a day okay so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter about 80 forms a day okay so just
+kind of some stuff now we've uh We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some stuff now we've uh We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some stuff now we've uh We've
+implemented this in Android um open data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented this in Android um open data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented this in Android um open data
+kit is a nice U uh Android based kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit is a nice U uh Android based kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit is a nice U uh Android based kind of
+tool which has different things where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool which has different things where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool which has different things where uh
+it can support data collection data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can support data collection data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can support data collection data
+display voice and things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display voice and things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display voice and things like that so
+we're doing it on odk right now but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it on odk right now but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it on odk right now but but
+again I can stand here and say it's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I can stand here and say it's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I can stand here and say it's nice
+and easy but this is sometimes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy but this is sometimes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy but this is sometimes what
+happens when in fact the other day they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when in fact the other day they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when in fact the other day they
+had to take boats to get to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take boats to get to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take boats to get to one of the
+place because it's an island and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because it's an island and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because it's an island and so it's
+just life but then when you go there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just life but then when you go there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just life but then when you go there you
+find that no people are actually sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that no people are actually sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that no people are actually sick
+okay and some people thought they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and some people thought they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and some people thought they could
+be HIV positive turn out to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be HIV positive turn out to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be HIV positive turn out to be negative
+so you could actually have counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could actually have counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could actually have counter
+effects but anyway um so that's my talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects but anyway um so that's my talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects but anyway um so that's my talk
+oh and then at the end of the day with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and then at the end of the day with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and then at the end of the day with
+the all the skepticism about know does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the skepticism about know does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the skepticism about know does
+Health it help or not kind of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health it help or not kind of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health it help or not kind of having a
+framework saying okay if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework saying okay if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework saying okay if you're going to
+implement a health it solution um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a health it solution um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a health it solution um what's
+a nice approach for it you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice approach for it you know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice approach for it you know kind of
+uh Bill Bill stead came up with a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Bill Bill stead came up with a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Bill Bill stead came up with a nice
+outline of how you could do that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of how you could do that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of how you could do that okay
+thank you and I think I can open for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and I think I can open for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you and I think I can open for
+questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussions e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L4tEwAsVW0I.txt b/L4tEwAsVW0I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e41a8803fcc114edb28d5920af1b7619cb140a07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L4tEwAsVW0I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so on Monday we talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so on Monday we talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so on Monday we talked about how
+cell division is regulated at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division is regulated at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division is regulated at this
+single cell level on Wednesday we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell level on Wednesday we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell level on Wednesday we talked
+about how regeneration is mediated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how regeneration is mediated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how regeneration is mediated at
+the level of an entire tissue and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of an entire tissue and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of an entire tissue and today
+we're going to talk about how all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how all of
+that can go wrong okay and when all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go wrong okay and when all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go wrong okay and when all of
+this goes wrong it results in a disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes wrong it results in a disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes wrong it results in a disease
+that's actually many different diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually many different diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually many different diseases
+but are commonly known as cancer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are commonly known as cancer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are commonly known as cancer okay
+and as illustrated in this cartoon what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as illustrated in this cartoon what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as illustrated in this cartoon what
+you see is that cancer can often be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that cancer can often be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that cancer can often be
+defined as having distinct steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as having distinct steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as having distinct steps and
+it's a progressive essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a progressive essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a progressive essentially
+deregulation of normal cell and tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deregulation of normal cell and tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deregulation of normal cell and tissue
+behavior okay so when we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior okay so when we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior okay so when we're thinking
+about cancer we're thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cancer we're thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cancer we're thinking about a
+stepwise degeneration and cancer is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepwise degeneration and cancer is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepwise degeneration and cancer is a
+disease that affects an individual's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that affects an individual's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that affects an individual's own
+cells but those cells get progressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but those cells get progressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but those cells get progressively
+and progressively dysregulated in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and progressively dysregulated in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and progressively dysregulated in their
+behavior and their court the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and their court the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and their court the
+coordination of their behavior with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination of their behavior with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination of their behavior with the
+rest of the tissue so it's a stepwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the tissue so it's a stepwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the tissue so it's a stepwise
+degeneration of normal cell behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration of normal cell behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration of normal cell behavior and
+it results from mutations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it results from mutations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it results from mutations that are
+occurring in the cell and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in the cell and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in the cell and we'll talk
+about what types of mutations right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what types of mutations right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what types of mutations right now
+and then we'll I'll take you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll I'll take you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll I'll take you through
+some examples of different signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of different signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of different signaling
+pathways and we'll try to classify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and we'll try to classify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and we'll try to classify what
+different types of genes should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of genes should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of genes should be
+labeled as okay so first I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as okay so first I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as okay so first I want to talk
+about classes of genes and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about classes of genes and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about classes of genes and their
+involvement in cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the first example that I'll take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first example that I'll take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first example that I'll take you
+through is known as an oncogene and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through is known as an oncogene and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through is known as an oncogene and it's
+referred to as an oncogene after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as an oncogene after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as an oncogene after the
+mutation has already happened and so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation has already happened and so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation has already happened and so an
+oncogene oncogenic mutation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogene oncogenic mutation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogene oncogenic mutation is a
+mutation that's going to promote growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that's going to promote growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that's going to promote growth
+and survival of an of a cell so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and survival of an of a cell so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and survival of an of a cell so this
+promotes growth before the gene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes growth before the gene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes growth before the gene is
+mutated it's referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated it's referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated it's referred to as a
+proto-oncogene so before mutated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-oncogene so before mutated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-oncogene so before mutated the
+gene is labeled a proto-oncogene and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is labeled a proto-oncogene and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is labeled a proto-oncogene and the
+normal function of these proto-oncogenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal function of these proto-oncogenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal function of these proto-oncogenes
+is also to promote growth and survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also to promote growth and survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also to promote growth and survival
+but they do so in a regulated manner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do so in a regulated manner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do so in a regulated manner so
+gene becomes an oncogene when there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene becomes an oncogene when there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene becomes an oncogene when there's a
+mutation that causes it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that causes it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that causes it to be
+unregulated by the environment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unregulated by the environment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unregulated by the environment of the
+cell or even the surroundings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell or even the surroundings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell or even the surroundings of the
+cell and so you can think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and so you can think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and so you can think of this as a
+constitutive activation often oncogenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive activation often oncogenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive activation often oncogenes
+are constitutively active forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constitutively active forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constitutively active forms of
+normal genes okay and one way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal genes okay and one way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal genes okay and one way to think
+about this is you have a gene whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is you have a gene whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is you have a gene whose
+normal function is to promote growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal function is to promote growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal function is to promote growth and
+it's kind of stuck in the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of stuck in the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of stuck in the state of the
+gene that always promotes growth which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that always promotes growth which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that always promotes growth which
+is not normally how it works normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not normally how it works normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not normally how it works normally
+there are signals that tell us cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are signals that tell us cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are signals that tell us cell to
+grow and those signals come and go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and those signals come and go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and those signals come and go and
+that's how the body regulates when cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the body regulates when cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the body regulates when cells
+divide but you can have a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide but you can have a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide but you can have a situation
+where it's essentially the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's essentially the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's essentially the equivalent of
+what you might consider a stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might consider a stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might consider a stuck
+accelerator if you're thinking about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator if you're thinking about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator if you're thinking about an
+automobile so if you have this stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile so if you have this stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile so if you have this stuck
+accelerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator
+and you can only speed up and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can only speed up and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can only speed up and you can't
+slow down this is analogous to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down this is analogous to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down this is analogous to an
+oncogenic mutation now a different class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogenic mutation now a different class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogenic mutation now a different class
+of gene that's actually the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gene that's actually the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gene that's actually the kind of the
+opposite of an ink Anka gene is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of an ink Anka gene is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of an ink Anka gene is called a
+tumor suppressor and tumor suppressors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor and tumor suppressors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor and tumor suppressors
+are genes whose normal function is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are genes whose normal function is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are genes whose normal function is to
+inhibit growth or even promote death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit growth or even promote death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit growth or even promote death
+okay so tumor suppressors inhibit growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or promote death right you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or promote death right you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or promote death right you can see how
+these two different things would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different things would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two different things would have
+the same effect and that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effect and that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effect and that it's not
+allowing one cell to become a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing one cell to become a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing one cell to become a lot of
+cells because the tumor suppressor will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells because the tumor suppressor will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells because the tumor suppressor will
+either prevent it from dividing or will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either prevent it from dividing or will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either prevent it from dividing or will
+cause the cells to die okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the cells to die okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the cells to die okay
+and so the cancer phenotype is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the cancer phenotype is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the cancer phenotype is
+associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+a loss of function of the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loss of function of the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loss of function of the tumor
+suppressor okay so these result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor okay so these result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor okay so these result from
+loss of function mutations in the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of function mutations in the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of function mutations in the tumor
+suppressors right so if you remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressors right so if you remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressors right so if you remove the
+thing that's inhibiting growth then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's inhibiting growth then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's inhibiting growth then that
+allows the cells to divide in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the cells to divide in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the cells to divide in a more
+unregulated way okay and so sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unregulated way okay and so sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unregulated way okay and so sticking
+with the analogy of an automobile you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the analogy of an automobile you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the analogy of an automobile you
+could think of a tumor suppressor music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of a tumor suppressor music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of a tumor suppressor music
+mutation as a cell having defective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation as a cell having defective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation as a cell having defective
+breaks okay so we can think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks okay so we can think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks okay so we can think of this as
+defective breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's the loss of function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's the loss of function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's the loss of function of
+these that lead to cancer now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that lead to cancer now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that lead to cancer now I want to
+tell you about one last class of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about one last class of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about one last class of genes
+that are implicated in cancer and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are implicated in cancer and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are implicated in cancer and these
+are what in the diagram up there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what in the diagram up there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what in the diagram up there are
+referred to as caretaker genes and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as caretaker genes and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as caretaker genes and what
+that refers to is the fact that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refers to is the fact that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refers to is the fact that these
+genes are involved in maintaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are involved in maintaining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are involved in maintaining the
+genomic integrity of a cell okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic integrity of a cell okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic integrity of a cell okay and
+they can do that by mediating DNA repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do that by mediating DNA repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do that by mediating DNA repair
+when it needs to happens so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it needs to happens so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it needs to happens so these are
+involved in in the repair of DNA or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in in the repair of DNA or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in in the repair of DNA or
+actually I know it all say we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I know it all say we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I know it all say we'll say
+genome it's involved in genome repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome it's involved in genome repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome it's involved in genome repair
+but not only repair but also genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not only repair but also genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not only repair but also genome
+stability right so making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability right so making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability right so making sure that
+chromosomes are equally segregated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are equally segregated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are equally segregated to
+daughter cells so that you don't end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells so that you don't end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells so that you don't end up
+with cells with extra chromosomes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cells with extra chromosomes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cells with extra chromosomes or
+lacking entire chromosomes which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacking entire chromosomes which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacking entire chromosomes which is
+known as being an employed so genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as being an employed so genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as being an employed so genome
+repair and also integrity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair and also integrity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair and also integrity okay
+and again it's because these promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's because these promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's because these promote
+genome integrity it's a loss of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome integrity it's a loss of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome integrity it's a loss of the
+function of these genes that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of these genes that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of these genes that is what
+promotes cancer okay so a loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes cancer okay so a loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes cancer okay so a loss of
+function mutations and caretaker genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function mutations and caretaker genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function mutations and caretaker genes
+are what can drive a cancer phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what can drive a cancer phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what can drive a cancer phenotype
+and that's because if you lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because if you lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because if you lose a
+caretaker gene that's involved in DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caretaker gene that's involved in DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caretaker gene that's involved in DNA
+repair actually one of one example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair actually one of one example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair actually one of one example of a
+caretaker gene is the brca1 gene which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caretaker gene is the brca1 gene which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caretaker gene is the brca1 gene which
+is involved in breast cancer and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in breast cancer and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in breast cancer and so if
+you lack this brca1 gene it makes it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lack this brca1 gene it makes it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lack this brca1 gene it makes it so
+that the cells are not as good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cells are not as good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cells are not as good at
+repairing their da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repairing their da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repairing their da
+and then the cell can accumulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the cell can accumulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the cell can accumulate
+additional mutations and the cell might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional mutations and the cell might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional mutations and the cell might
+get an oncogenic mutation or it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an oncogenic mutation or it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an oncogenic mutation or it might
+lose tumor suppressors and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose tumor suppressors and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose tumor suppressors and that's what
+drives the cancer phenotype okay now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the cancer phenotype okay now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the cancer phenotype okay now I
+just want to point out something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out something that
+just happened this week which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened this week which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened this week which is that
+one of our very own colleagues here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our very own colleagues here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our very own colleagues here at
+MIT and gelik aiment on whose lab has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and gelik aiment on whose lab has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and gelik aiment on whose lab has
+done a lot of research that has provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of research that has provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of research that has provided
+fundamental insights into how a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental insights into how a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental insights into how a lack of
+genome integrity influences both normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome integrity influences both normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome integrity influences both normal
+and cancer cells she just won what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cancer cells she just won what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cancer cells she just won what's
+known as the breakthrough prize and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the breakthrough prize and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the breakthrough prize and so
+this is a prize that was initiated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a prize that was initiated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a prize that was initiated by a
+Chan Zuckerberg initiative so it's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chan Zuckerberg initiative so it's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chan Zuckerberg initiative so it's out
+of Silicon Valley and the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Silicon Valley and the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Silicon Valley and the point of the
+prize is to basically celebrate science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is to basically celebrate science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize is to basically celebrate science
+like we would like movies at the Oscars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we would like movies at the Oscars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we would like movies at the Oscars
+and so this is Angelica here receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is Angelica here receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is Angelica here receiving
+this breakthrough award and this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this breakthrough award and this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this breakthrough award and this just
+happened this past weekend and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened this past weekend and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened this past weekend and this is
+for her fundamental work on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her fundamental work on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her fundamental work on how
+aneuploidy influences the biology not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aneuploidy influences the biology not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aneuploidy influences the biology not
+only of normal cells but also cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only of normal cells but also cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only of normal cells but also cancer
+cells okay because it plays an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay because it plays an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay because it plays an important
+role in the biology of cancer all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in the biology of cancer all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in the biology of cancer all right
+so now that we've defined some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've defined some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've defined some of these
+key genes I want to talk about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key genes I want to talk about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key genes I want to talk about one
+example of a pathway that influences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a pathway that influences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a pathway that influences
+cell division and we'll go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division and we'll go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division and we'll go through all
+the genes in this pathway and decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes in this pathway and decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes in this pathway and decide
+whether or not they should be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they should be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they should be considered
+oncogenes tumor suppressors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogenes tumor suppressors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogenes tumor suppressors or
+caretakers and the pathway we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caretakers and the pathway we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caretakers and the pathway we're going
+to look at involves the g1 to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at involves the g1 to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at involves the g1 to ask
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you'll recall that this g12 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll recall that this g12 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll recall that this g12 s
+transition in the cell cycle is referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in the cell cycle is referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in the cell cycle is referred
+to as start and is the point in which an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as start and is the point in which an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as start and is the point in which an
+individual cell commits to going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cell commits to going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cell commits to going through
+the entire cell cycle okay so this g1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cell cycle okay so this g1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cell cycle okay so this g1 s
+transition or start what kicks off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition or start what kicks off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition or start what kicks off the
+whole process is the expression of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process is the expression of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process is the expression of a
+cyclin and that is specifically the g1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin and that is specifically the g1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin and that is specifically the g1
+cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this g1 cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many different things and we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different things and we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different things and we've talked
+about a lot of them first of all there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of them first of all there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of them first of all there
+are growth signals these are secreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growth signals these are secreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growth signals these are secreted
+proteins that allow cells to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that allow cells to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that allow cells to communicate
+with each other and many growth signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and many growth signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and many growth signals
+promote growth and cell division by up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote growth and cell division by up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote growth and cell division by up
+regulating this g1 cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating this g1 cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating this g1 cyclin
+regulating the gene expression of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating the gene expression of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating the gene expression of this
+particular cyclin gene okay we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cyclin gene okay we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cyclin gene okay we also
+talked about wint and wint is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about wint and wint is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about wint and wint is another
+type of signaling system and one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of signaling system and one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of signaling system and one of its
+target is target's is also the g1 cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target is target's is also the g1 cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target is target's is also the g1 cyclin
+so both of these signals promote growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of these signals promote growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of these signals promote growth
+there are also other types of signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also other types of signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also other types of signals
+like cytokines which also promote g1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cytokines which also promote g1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cytokines which also promote g1
+cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control point for the cell to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control point for the cell to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control point for the cell to decide
+whether or not to enter into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not to enter into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not to enter into the cell
+cycle I'll point out that there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I'll point out that there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I'll point out that there are also
+other types of signals that inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of signals that inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of signals that inhibit
+growth and I'll call those growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and I'll call those growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and I'll call those growth
+inhibitors and so these growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors and so these growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors and so these growth
+inhibitors inhibit g1 cyclic spreche in'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors inhibit g1 cyclic spreche in'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors inhibit g1 cyclic spreche in'
+so if you have a cell in your body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a cell in your body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a cell in your body and
+it's trying to decide whether or not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to decide whether or not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to decide whether or not to
+divide its it's basically reading out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide its it's basically reading out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide its it's basically reading out
+like how many growth positive signals at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how many growth positive signals at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how many growth positive signals at
+seeing versus growth negative signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing versus growth negative signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing versus growth negative signals
+and it's able to integrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's able to integrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's able to integrate that
+information based on how much g1 cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information based on how much g1 cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information based on how much g1 cyclin
+that determines whether or not it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines whether or not it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines whether or not it goes
+into the cell cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell cycle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell cycle okay
+so g1 cyclin d1 cyclin functions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so g1 cyclin d1 cyclin functions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so g1 cyclin d1 cyclin functions with
+cyclin-dependent kinase so this depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin-dependent kinase so this depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin-dependent kinase so this depends
+on cyclin dependent kinase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cyclin dependent kinase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cyclin dependent kinase this
+eventually leads to the expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually leads to the expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually leads to the expression of
+the g1 to s cyclin and it's the g1 to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the g1 to s cyclin and it's the g1 to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the g1 to s cyclin and it's the g1 to s
+cyclin which is responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin which is responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin which is responsible for
+activating the transition from g1 to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating the transition from g1 to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating the transition from g1 to s
+which is known as start in yeast in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as start in yeast in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as start in yeast in the
+restriction point in mammalian cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction point in mammalian cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction point in mammalian cells
+okay but it all starts really with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it all starts really with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it all starts really with this
+g1 cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1 cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1 cyclin
+so i want to talk about this step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to talk about this step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to talk about this step in the
+cell cycle and I'll show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle and I'll show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle and I'll show you the
+nitty-gritty of the mechanisms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty of the mechanisms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty of the mechanisms that are
+involved and we'll talk about what types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and we'll talk about what types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and we'll talk about what types
+of genes all of these genes are and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes all of these genes are and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes all of these genes are and it's
+going to involve a very important gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to involve a very important gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to involve a very important gene
+that's gonna that I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna that I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna that I'm going to tell you
+a lot more about in just a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more about in just a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more about in just a few minutes
+alright so the critical determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the critical determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the critical determinant of
+start is this g1 s cyclin so I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start is this g1 s cyclin so I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start is this g1 s cyclin so I'm drawing
+a piece of DNA here here's the g1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA here here's the g1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA here here's the g1 s
+cyclin gene so this is DNA just drew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin gene so this is DNA just drew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin gene so this is DNA just drew a
+piece of DNA part of the genome this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA part of the genome this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA part of the genome this is
+the g1 s cyclin gene okay and this gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the g1 s cyclin gene okay and this gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the g1 s cyclin gene okay and this gene
+is activated its transcription is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is activated its transcription is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is activated its transcription is
+activated by a transcription factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated by a transcription factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated by a transcription factor
+known as e to F ok so we'll keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as e to F ok so we'll keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as e to F ok so we'll keep track
+of what these are e to F is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what these are e to F is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what these are e to F is a
+transcription factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so e to F is a transcription factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so e to F is a transcription factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so e to F is a transcription factor
+that will activate the expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will activate the expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will activate the expression of
+this G 1s cyclin but in early g1 there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G 1s cyclin but in early g1 there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G 1s cyclin but in early g1 there's
+a protein that binds to e to F and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein that binds to e to F and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein that binds to e to F and this
+protein is called RB I'll tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is called RB I'll tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is called RB I'll tell you what
+RB stands for in just a minute but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB stands for in just a minute but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB stands for in just a minute but what
+RB does is it binds to e to F and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB does is it binds to e to F and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB does is it binds to e to F and it
+inhibits its transcriptional activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits its transcriptional activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits its transcriptional activity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so an early g1 e to F is inhibited and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an early g1 e to F is inhibited and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an early g1 e to F is inhibited and
+the expression of this G 1s cyclin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression of this G 1s cyclin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression of this G 1s cyclin is
+off okay so this is off or repressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so this is off or repressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so this is off or repressed
+okay okay so before the cell passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so before the cell passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so before the cell passes
+start this expression is off okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this expression is off okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this expression is off okay so
+this is early g1 before start now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is early g1 before start now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is early g1 before start now what
+happens is this state is changed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is this state is changed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is this state is changed by the
+g1 cyclin d1 adequate levels of g1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1 cyclin d1 adequate levels of g1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1 cyclin d1 adequate levels of g1
+cyclin dependent kinase B as cyclones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin dependent kinase B as cyclones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin dependent kinase B as cyclones
+always their functions are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always their functions are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always their functions are always
+mediated through cyclin dependent kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated through cyclin dependent kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated through cyclin dependent kinase
+so the Cyclones are never as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Cyclones are never as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Cyclones are never as far as I
+know functioning on there by themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know functioning on there by themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know functioning on there by themselves
+they're always functioning through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always functioning through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always functioning through this
+site one of the cyclin dependent kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site one of the cyclin dependent kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site one of the cyclin dependent kinase
+is okay so g1 cyclin-cdk phosphorylates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so g1 cyclin-cdk phosphorylates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so g1 cyclin-cdk phosphorylates
+RB and so you then get an RB that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB and so you then get an RB that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB and so you then get an RB that has a
+bunch of phosphates attached to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this inhibits our bees function such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this inhibits our bees function such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this inhibits our bees function such
+that it can't bind to e to F so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can't bind to e to F so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can't bind to e to F so when
+cyclic g1 cyclin-cdk phosphorylates our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic g1 cyclin-cdk phosphorylates our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic g1 cyclin-cdk phosphorylates our
+bee that causes our bee to go away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bee that causes our bee to go away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bee that causes our bee to go away from
+the promoter of the g1 s cyclin and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promoter of the g1 s cyclin and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promoter of the g1 s cyclin and now
+you have this transcription factor e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this transcription factor e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this transcription factor e to
+F free to transcribe the g1 s cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F free to transcribe the g1 s cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F free to transcribe the g1 s cyclin
+gene okay so this now gets turned on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene okay so this now gets turned on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene okay so this now gets turned on and
+it's this activation of g1 s gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this activation of g1 s gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this activation of g1 s gene
+expression which is the signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is the signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is the signal to
+undergo you get g1 s cyclin CDK because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo you get g1 s cyclin CDK because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo you get g1 s cyclin CDK because
+you express this gene and that activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you express this gene and that activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you express this gene and that activates
+the transition into S phase okay alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition into S phase okay alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition into S phase okay alright
+now take a look at sort of everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take a look at sort of everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take a look at sort of everything I
+just drew on the board who can tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drew on the board who can tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drew on the board who can tell me
+where the tumor suppressors are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tumor suppressors are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tumor suppressors are in this
+pathway miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway miles
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Arby is a tumor-suppressor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arby is a tumor-suppressor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arby is a tumor-suppressor that's
+exactly right let me get some colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right let me get some colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right let me get some colored
+chalk here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk here
+alright I'm gonna circle tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I'm gonna circle tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I'm gonna circle tumor
+suppressors in pink there are any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressors in pink there are any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressors in pink there are any other
+tumor suppressors so RB is a tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressors so RB is a tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressors so RB is a tumor
+suppressor yeah Amanda did you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor yeah Amanda did you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor yeah Amanda did you have one
+Amanda Georgia Georgia sorry the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amanda Georgia Georgia sorry the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amanda Georgia Georgia sorry the growth
+inhibitors are also tumor suppressors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors are also tumor suppressors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors are also tumor suppressors
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how about uncle genes or what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about uncle genes or what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about uncle genes or what would
+be considered a proto-oncogene in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered a proto-oncogene in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered a proto-oncogene in the
+system jeremy cdk would be one yep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system jeremy cdk would be one yep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system jeremy cdk would be one yep so
+uncle genes cdk could be considered in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle genes cdk could be considered in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle genes cdk could be considered in a
+proto-oncogene anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what defines an oncogene or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what defines an oncogene or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what defines an oncogene or a
+proto-oncogene what's its normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-oncogene what's its normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-oncogene what's its normal
+function in the cell carbon yes mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the cell carbon yes mm-hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the cell carbon yes mm-hmm
+so it promotes growth and moving a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it promotes growth and moving a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it promotes growth and moving a cell
+along the cell cycle will promote growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the cell cycle will promote growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the cell cycle will promote growth
+so yes exactly so anything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes exactly so anything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes exactly so anything here
+promoting growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting growth
+besides CDK e to F would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides CDK e to F would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides CDK e to F would be a
+proto-oncogene sure Jeremy did you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-oncogene sure Jeremy did you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-oncogene sure Jeremy did you have
+an idea g1 cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea g1 cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea g1 cyclin
+everything else here would be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else here would be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else here would be considered
+a proto-oncogene right Winstar proto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proto-oncogene right Winstar proto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proto-oncogene right Winstar proto
+oncogenes they're promoting growth by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogenes they're promoting growth by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogenes they're promoting growth by
+promoting the expression of g1 cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting the expression of g1 cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting the expression of g1 cyclin
+B's growth signaling the the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's growth signaling the the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's growth signaling the the growth
+signaling pathway all of those genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling pathway all of those genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling pathway all of those genes
+would be considered proto oncogenes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be considered proto oncogenes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be considered proto oncogenes and
+so anything that is promoting growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that is promoting growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that is promoting growth
+will be a proto-oncogene here great all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a proto-oncogene here great all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a proto-oncogene here great all
+right so now we're gonna move on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we're gonna move on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we're gonna move on and
+talk about this RB gene which I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this RB gene which I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this RB gene which I just
+showed you mechanistically what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you mechanistically what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you mechanistically what it does
+but what RB stands for is retinoblastoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our B stands for retinoblastoma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our B stands for retinoblastoma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our B stands for retinoblastoma and
+this RB gene as you suggested is a tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RB gene as you suggested is a tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RB gene as you suggested is a tumor
+suppressor it was actually the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor it was actually the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor it was actually the first
+tumor suppressor that was cloned and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor that was cloned and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor that was cloned and so
+retinoblastoma as the name implies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinoblastoma as the name implies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinoblastoma as the name implies is
+involved in a human disease and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a human disease and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a human disease and it's
+involved in a rare childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I tumor so I'm gonna show you one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tumor so I'm gonna show you one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tumor so I'm gonna show you one last
+weird I picture if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird I picture if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird I picture if you don't want to
+look look down or look the other way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look look down or look the other way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look look down or look the other way I'm
+gonna show you a child that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show you a child that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show you a child that has
+retinoblastoma and what it looks like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinoblastoma and what it looks like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinoblastoma and what it looks like so
+it's gonna appear right now so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna appear right now so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna appear right now so this is
+an individual with retinal blastoma you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual with retinal blastoma you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual with retinal blastoma you
+can see that there's something inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there's something inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there's something inside
+the eye growing in the back of it and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye growing in the back of it and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye growing in the back of it and to
+give you a better picture of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a better picture of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a better picture of what is
+happening this is now a cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening this is now a cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening this is now a cross-section
+through a normal eye this is a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a normal eye this is a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a normal eye this is a cartoon
+of the normal eye and individuals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the normal eye and individuals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the normal eye and individuals with
+retinal blastoma have a growth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal blastoma have a growth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal blastoma have a growth in the
+back of the eye which is the rep from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the eye which is the rep from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the eye which is the rep from
+the retinal tissue you can see this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retinal tissue you can see this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retinal tissue you can see this huge
+tumor that's present in the back of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor that's present in the back of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor that's present in the back of this
+eye okay so this disease involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye okay so this disease involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye okay so this disease involves the
+formation of these tumors in the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of these tumors in the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of these tumors in the eye
+that originated from the retinal tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so so this this disease results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so so this this disease results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so so this this disease results
+it is this is a tumor suppressor it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this is a tumor suppressor it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this is a tumor suppressor it's a
+loss of function in the retinoblastoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of function in the retinoblastoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of function in the retinoblastoma
+so there's a defect in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a defect in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a defect in the
+retinoblastoma gene but this disease of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinoblastoma gene but this disease of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinoblastoma gene but this disease of
+retinal blastoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal blastoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal blastoma
+manifests itself in different ways okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests itself in different ways okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests itself in different ways okay
+so there are different forms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are different forms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are different forms of the
+disease and I'll tell you how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and I'll tell you how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and I'll tell you how they're
+different right now so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right now so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right now so there are two
+forms of the disease the first is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the disease the first is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the disease the first is called
+it's called sporadic sporadic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's called sporadic because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called sporadic because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called sporadic because this is
+a form of the disease that arises in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of the disease that arises in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of the disease that arises in
+families that have no history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families that have no history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families that have no history of the
+disease so the sporadic form the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so the sporadic form the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so the sporadic form the family
+has no history of the disease and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no history of the disease and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no history of the disease and this
+disease presents in a certain way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease presents in a certain way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease presents in a certain way the
+first is is what is known as unilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is is what is known as unilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is is what is known as unilateral
+meaning it usually only one eye is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it usually only one eye is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it usually only one eye is
+affected so it usually involves only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected so it usually involves only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected so it usually involves only one
+eye and this this disease can be treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and this this disease can be treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and this this disease can be treated
+in children and if it's this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in children and if it's this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in children and if it's this particular
+the sporadic form of the disease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sporadic form of the disease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sporadic form of the disease is
+treated in the child then later on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated in the child then later on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated in the child then later on in
+life that individual does not have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that individual does not have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that individual does not have an
+increased risk of getting further tumors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased risk of getting further tumors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased risk of getting further tumors
+okay so there's no increased risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's no increased risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's no increased risk of
+cancer later in life for example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer later in life for example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer later in life for example in a
+different organ okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organ okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organ okay
+so this is one form of the disease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one form of the disease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one form of the disease the
+other form of the disease is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other form of the disease is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other form of the disease is called
+familial and as the name implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial and as the name implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial and as the name implies
+familial means that the disease runs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial means that the disease runs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial means that the disease runs in
+the family okay so both familial means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family okay so both familial means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family okay so both familial means
+is there's there's some inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's there's some inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's there's some inheritance
+there's an inherited form of the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an inherited form of the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an inherited form of the disease
+okay and the familial form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the familial form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the familial form of the
+disease can be distinguished from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease can be distinguished from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease can be distinguished from the
+sporadic form because it presents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporadic form because it presents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporadic form because it presents
+differently the way the familial form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the way the familial form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the way the familial form
+presents is it's often bilateral meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents is it's often bilateral meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents is it's often bilateral meaning
+that both eyes become affected so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both eyes become affected so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both eyes become affected so it
+affects both eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also in individuals with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in individuals with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in individuals with the
+familial form even when they're cured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial form even when they're cured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial form even when they're cured
+from the eye tumors they have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the eye tumors they have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the eye tumors they have a higher
+risk of getting other tumors and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of getting other tumors and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of getting other tumors and other
+organs of their body later on in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs of their body later on in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs of their body later on in life
+okay so there's in this case there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's in this case there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's in this case there is
+later an increased risk of cancer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later an increased risk of cancer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later an increased risk of cancer in
+other organs so this is an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organs so this is an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organs so this is an example of a
+familial form of retinoblastoma where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial form of retinoblastoma where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial form of retinoblastoma where
+affected individuals here are colored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected individuals here are colored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected individuals here are colored in
+green so what would you say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so what would you say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so what would you say the
+inheritance pattern is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance pattern is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance pattern is for this
+particular phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Carmen why do you say autosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carmen why do you say autosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carmen why do you say autosomal
+recessive can you explain your logic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive can you explain your logic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive can you explain your logic so
+Carmen is exactly right and she's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carmen is exactly right and she's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carmen is exactly right and she's saying
+that both males and females are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both males and females are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both males and females are getting
+it so it looks like that would argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it looks like that would argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it looks like that would argue
+that it's not sex linked but autosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not sex linked but autosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not sex linked but autosomal
+so it looks autosomal and why do you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks autosomal and why do you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks autosomal and why do you say
+recessive can you explain your logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive can you explain your logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive can you explain your logic
+there yep yeah so Carmen is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yep yeah so Carmen is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yep yeah so Carmen is exactly
+right if you have she's looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have she's looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have she's looking at this
+individual here and in this case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual here and in this case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual here and in this case this
+individual was not affected with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual was not affected with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual was not affected with the
+disease but passed on the disease to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease but passed on the disease to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease but passed on the disease to
+their daughters okay now I think one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their daughters okay now I think one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their daughters okay now I think one one
+thing this is an exception to the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is an exception to the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is an exception to the rule
+what you see in pretty much all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see in pretty much all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see in pretty much all the
+other cases is that individuals in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases is that individuals in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases is that individuals in this
+generation in the middle here do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation in the middle here do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation in the middle here do have
+the disease and they pass on the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease and they pass on the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease and they pass on the disease
+to the next generation so because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next generation so because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next generation so because I'm
+seeing the disease in all generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the disease in all generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the disease in all generations
+all I would say that this is more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I would say that this is more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I would say that this is more likely
+to be autosomal dominant and Carmen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be autosomal dominant and Carmen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be autosomal dominant and Carmen
+Carmen picked up on something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carmen picked up on something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carmen picked up on something that I
+want to come to it so happens that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come to it so happens that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come to it so happens that this
+individual was not affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual was not affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual was not affected by the
+disease and but still clearly carried a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and but still clearly carried a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and but still clearly carried a
+disease allele and I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease allele and I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease allele and I'm going to talk
+about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why
+this is an exception and why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exception and why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exception and why this is
+still an autosomal dominant inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an autosomal dominant inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an autosomal dominant inheritance
+pattern okay but this if we take for if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern okay but this if we take for if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern okay but this if we take for if
+we take it that this is an autosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take it that this is an autosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take it that this is an autosomal
+dominant disease this kind of brings up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant disease this kind of brings up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant disease this kind of brings up
+this kind of counterintuitive at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of counterintuitive at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of counterintuitive at least
+to me and maybe to you because I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and maybe to you because I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and maybe to you because I just
+told you that tumor suppressors result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that tumor suppressors result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that tumor suppressors result
+from a loss of function of the gene okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a loss of function of the gene okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a loss of function of the gene okay
+and we're used to seeing loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're used to seeing loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're used to seeing loss of
+function mutations being recessive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function mutations being recessive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function mutations being recessive okay
+and actually at the cellular level it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually at the cellular level it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually at the cellular level it's
+true this is the cancer is recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true this is the cancer is recessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true this is the cancer is recessive
+okay but in this case what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in this case what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in this case what you see is
+that at the organismal level that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the organismal level that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the organismal level that the
+inheritance pattern actually acts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance pattern actually acts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance pattern actually acts as a
+dominant phenotype okay so there's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant phenotype okay so there's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant phenotype okay so there's kind
+of a difference between the inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a difference between the inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a difference between the inheritance
+pattern at the cell level and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern at the cell level and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern at the cell level and at the
+organismal level okay and I want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organismal level okay and I want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organismal level okay and I want to tell
+you why that is because I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why that is because I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why that is because I think it's
+important for understanding you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for understanding you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for understanding you know the
+risk to cancer and so what's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk to cancer and so what's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk to cancer and so what's being
+inherited here is not what's inherited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited here is not what's inherited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited here is not what's inherited
+is not the full-blown disease okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the full-blown disease okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the full-blown disease okay
+what's inherited in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inherited in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inherited in the case of
+retinoblastoma and many other cancers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinoblastoma and many other cancers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinoblastoma and many other cancers is
+a predisposition to the disease okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predisposition to the disease okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predisposition to the disease okay so
+what is inherited is the predisposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the disease okay and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the disease okay and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the disease okay and that's because
+if we look at let's consider the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at let's consider the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at let's consider the top
+male up here right if that mal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male up here right if that mal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male up here right if that mal is
+heterozygous for the RB gene then it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for the RB gene then it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for the RB gene then it can
+then he can have a gamete which is RB -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he can have a gamete which is RB -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he can have a gamete which is RB -
+okay so lacking a functional copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lacking a functional copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lacking a functional copy of the
+RB gene and he married an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB gene and he married an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB gene and he married an individual
+without a disease allele so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a disease allele so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a disease allele so there's
+gonna gonna just make RB plus gametes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna gonna just make RB plus gametes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna gonna just make RB plus gametes
+okay and if you if they have children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you if they have children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you if they have children
+and the children of the children gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the children of the children gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the children of the children gets a
+gamete that is derived from the RB minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamete that is derived from the RB minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamete that is derived from the RB minus
+allele then you get an individual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele then you get an individual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele then you get an individual and
+the zygote here which has one functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zygote here which has one functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zygote here which has one functional
+copy of the RB gene and one mutant copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the RB gene and one mutant copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the RB gene and one mutant copy
+of the RB gene okay so that's the egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the RB gene okay so that's the egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the RB gene okay so that's the egg
+and then that egg is going to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that egg is going to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that egg is going to develop
+and give rise to all of the cells of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give rise to all of the cells of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give rise to all of the cells of the
+body and so in this case all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and so in this case all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and so in this case all of the
+somatic cells from this individual are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic cells from this individual are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic cells from this individual are
+going to be heterozygous for the RB gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be heterozygous for the RB gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be heterozygous for the RB gene
+so all somatic cells are heterozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for RB so there are RV + / RB - and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for RB so there are RV + / RB - and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for RB so there are RV + / RB - and the
+effect of that is is it means that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of that is is it means that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of that is is it means that each
+of the cells and this individual are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells and this individual are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells and this individual are
+only one step away or one mutation away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one step away or one mutation away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one step away or one mutation away
+from lacking both copies of our B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lacking both copies of our B okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lacking both copies of our B okay
+so by being heterozygous it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by being heterozygous it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by being heterozygous it means that
+all cells and the individual are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cells and the individual are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cells and the individual are just
+one mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mutation
+or step from losing our be okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or step from losing our be okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or step from losing our be okay and so
+the inheritance pattern what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inheritance pattern what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inheritance pattern what you're
+looking at is the predisposition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is the predisposition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is the predisposition to the
+disease and the predisposition doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and the predisposition doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and the predisposition doesn't
+mean that a person is guaranteed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that a person is guaranteed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that a person is guaranteed to get
+the disease and that's illustrated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease and that's illustrated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease and that's illustrated in
+this family tree right there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this family tree right there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this family tree right there was an
+individual here this male here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual here this male here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual here this male here with the
+arrow who clearly was a carrier for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow who clearly was a carrier for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow who clearly was a carrier for the
+disease because he passed on the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease because he passed on the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease because he passed on the disease
+to his children but who himself never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his children but who himself never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his children but who himself never
+actually was affected by the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was affected by the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was affected by the disease
+okay so because it's a predisposition it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so because it's a predisposition it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so because it's a predisposition it
+doesn't mean there's a guarantee that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean there's a guarantee that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean there's a guarantee that if
+you if you are heterozygous for RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you are heterozygous for RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you are heterozygous for RB
+there's not a guarantee that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a guarantee that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a guarantee that you're
+going to have the disease but you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the disease but you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the disease but you are
+going to be predisposed to it and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be predisposed to it and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be predisposed to it and in the
+case of RB more often than not if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of RB more often than not if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of RB more often than not if you
+lack one functional copy of RB and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack one functional copy of RB and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack one functional copy of RB and are
+heterozygous for all your cells then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for all your cells then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for all your cells then
+you're going to be affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be affected by the
+disease does that make sense Carmen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease does that make sense Carmen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease does that make sense Carmen okay
+so it's basically because the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically because the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically because the yeah
+Jeremy well actually if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy well actually if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy well actually if you are
+homozygous from RB the individual would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous from RB the individual would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous from RB the individual would
+probably not be born yeah so it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not be born yeah so it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not be born yeah so it would be
+almost I think would be impossible to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost I think would be impossible to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost I think would be impossible to be
+heterozygous for RB yeah so really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for RB yeah so really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for RB yeah so really what
+you're inheriting here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inheriting here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inheriting here is the
+predisposition and because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition and because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition and because the
+predisposition just requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition just requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition just requires
+heterozygosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygosity
+it manifests itself like a dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it manifests itself like a dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it manifests itself like a dominant
+phenotype right because you only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype right because you only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype right because you only need to
+inherit one allele that's mutant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit one allele that's mutant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit one allele that's mutant in
+order to be predisposed to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be predisposed to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be predisposed to get the
+disease okay so that that's why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease okay so that that's why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease okay so that that's why it
+appears that the organismal level to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears that the organismal level to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears that the organismal level to be
+a dominantly inherited phenotype okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dominantly inherited phenotype okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dominantly inherited phenotype okay
+but then to get the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then to get the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then to get the disease
+you need to lose a second copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to lose a second copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to lose a second copy of the
+gene and so for the sporadic form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and so for the sporadic form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and so for the sporadic form of the
+disease so we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so we just talked about
+hereditary or familial retinoblastoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hereditary or familial retinoblastoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hereditary or familial retinoblastoma
+all of the cells of the individual will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the cells of the individual will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the cells of the individual will
+start out being heterozygous and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out being heterozygous and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out being heterozygous and then
+some of them will lose what is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will lose what is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will lose what is known as
+lose hetero zygosity and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose hetero zygosity and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose hetero zygosity and become
+homozygous mutant in a particular tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous mutant in a particular tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous mutant in a particular tissue
+okay and that would be the tumor tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that would be the tumor tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that would be the tumor tissue
+so what are some ways that there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some ways that there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some ways that there could
+be this loss of heterozygosity can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this loss of heterozygosity can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this loss of heterozygosity can you
+guys come up with some possible ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys come up with some possible ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys come up with some possible ways to
+do that hetero zygosity how might a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that hetero zygosity how might a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that hetero zygosity how might a cell
+lose that second copy of RB what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that second copy of RB what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that second copy of RB what are
+some potential mechanisms that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potential mechanisms that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potential mechanisms that you could
+lose it Rachel it could be a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose it Rachel it could be a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose it Rachel it could be a point
+mutation exactly right so one way would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation exactly right so one way would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation exactly right so one way would
+be point mutation in RB other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah Patricia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so if you like lose a chromosome right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you like lose a chromosome right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you like lose a chromosome right
+so if you guys remember back remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guys remember back remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guys remember back remember
+way back when we are all young men and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back when we are all young men and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back when we are all young men and
+women in early October we did the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women in early October we did the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women in early October we did the whole
+demonstration with mitosis and we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration with mitosis and we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration with mitosis and we had a
+case where you we had two good friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you we had two good friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you we had two good friends
+across the metaphase plate and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the metaphase plate and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the metaphase plate and that
+brought both pairs that all both sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought both pairs that all both sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought both pairs that all both sister
+chromatids off to one side right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatids off to one side right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatids off to one side right that
+would result in loss of a chromosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result in loss of a chromosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result in loss of a chromosome and
+in this case if you have a division and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case if you have a division and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case if you have a division and
+you lose the wild type copy of RB if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose the wild type copy of RB if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose the wild type copy of RB if you
+lose that entire chromosome then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that entire chromosome then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that entire chromosome then you're
+going to be left with only the mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be left with only the mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be left with only the mutant
+copy of the RB okay so another mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the RB okay so another mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the RB okay so another mechanism
+would be chromosome loss with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be chromosome loss with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be chromosome loss with a
+chromosome that's lost as the chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that's lost as the chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that's lost as the chromosome
+with the wild-type rb+ allele okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wild-type rb+ allele okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wild-type rb+ allele okay and
+the other ideas as to how you might lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ideas as to how you might lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ideas as to how you might lose
+the the second functional copy of RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah miles yeah you could have DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah miles yeah you could have DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah miles yeah you could have DNA
+damage you have like a deletion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage you have like a deletion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage you have like a deletion that
+deletes the entire region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes the entire region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes the entire region of the
+chromosome that contains our B there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that contains our B there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that contains our B there
+could be even like chromosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be even like chromosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be even like chromosomal
+abnormalities like translocations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities like translocations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities like translocations that
+somehow delete RB so I'll just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow delete RB so I'll just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow delete RB so I'll just say
+deletion for now any others can anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion for now any others can anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion for now any others can anyone
+think of something that wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of something that wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of something that wouldn't be
+necessarily a genetic change but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a genetic change but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a genetic change but more
+than epigenetic change so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah Natalie with without being what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Natalie with without being what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Natalie with without being what are
+you being mutagenize but then that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you being mutagenize but then that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you being mutagenize but then that would
+cause a mutation which would might fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a mutation which would might fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a mutation which would might fall
+into one of these three classes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these three classes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these three classes here
+what about without being mutagen eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about without being mutagen eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about without being mutagen eyes
+non mutagenic non mutagen non mutagenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non mutagenic non mutagen non mutagenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non mutagenic non mutagen non mutagenic
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+Maxwell they're environmental factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell they're environmental factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell they're environmental factors
+that control expression yeah so Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that control expression yeah so Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that control expression yeah so Maxwell
+is saying what else would control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying what else would control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying what else would control the
+expression of the RB gene right what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the RB gene right what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the RB gene right what if
+you had an effect that would basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had an effect that would basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had an effect that would basically
+cause that functional copy of RB to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that functional copy of RB to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that functional copy of RB to be
+not expressed okay and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expressed okay and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expressed okay and so this is
+another way that you can lose hetero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way that you can lose hetero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way that you can lose hetero
+zygosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygosity
+as you have repression of transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have repression of transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have repression of transcription
+and I'm not going to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to go through the
+nitty-gritty of the details but one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty of the details but one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty of the details but one way
+in which genes are regulated is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which genes are regulated is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which genes are regulated is by
+modification of DNA by chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of DNA by chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of DNA by chemical
+modifications like methylation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications like methylation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications like methylation and so
+promoter methylation is a mechanism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter methylation is a mechanism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter methylation is a mechanism that
+causes repression of gene expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes repression of gene expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes repression of gene expression and
+in many cases in cancer the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases in cancer the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases in cancer the functional
+copy of a tumor suppressor will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a tumor suppressor will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of a tumor suppressor will
+basically be lost by promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be lost by promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be lost by promoter
+methylation so that you no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylation so that you no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylation so that you no longer
+express that gene in that cancer cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that gene in that cancer cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that gene in that cancer cell
+and therefore the the cancer cell has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the the cancer cell has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the the cancer cell has a
+cancer phenotype okay any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer phenotype okay any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer phenotype okay any questions on
+RB before I move on okay everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB before I move on okay everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB before I move on okay everyone
+understands why retinal blastoma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands why retinal blastoma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands why retinal blastoma is
+dominant at the organismal level yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant at the organismal level yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant at the organismal level yet
+recessive at the cell level that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive at the cell level that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive at the cell level that's an
+important point right because it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point right because it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point right because it's also
+the the concept behind that is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the concept behind that is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the concept behind that is also the
+same for brca1 and other tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for brca1 and other tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for brca1 and other tumor
+suppressors like p53 and APC which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressors like p53 and APC which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressors like p53 and APC which
+you'll see in just a minute okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now I want to move up kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I want to move up kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I want to move up kind
+of from thinking about the mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from thinking about the mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from thinking about the mechanism of
+cancer at the level of a cell and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer at the level of a cell and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer at the level of a cell and let's
+think about it at the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it at the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it at the level of the
+tissue and as an example I want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and as an example I want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and as an example I want to use
+colon cancer and you'll recall from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon cancer and you'll recall from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon cancer and you'll recall from
+Wednesday I talked about the intestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday I talked about the intestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday I talked about the intestine
+as a system and the way it works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a system and the way it works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a system and the way it works is
+pretty much the same for both the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same for both the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same for both the small
+and the large intestine it just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the large intestine it just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the large intestine it just happens
+in the large intestine or the colon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the large intestine or the colon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the large intestine or the colon you
+don't have villi but you do still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have villi but you do still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have villi but you do still have
+these crypts okay so that would be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crypts okay so that would be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crypts okay so that would be what
+a colon would look like more or less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a colon would look like more or less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a colon would look like more or less or
+at least one crypt of a colon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one crypt of a colon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one crypt of a colon and
+remember there was this at the base of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was this at the base of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was this at the base of
+the crypt there was a specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crypt there was a specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crypt there was a specialized
+compartment which was the stem cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment which was the stem cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment which was the stem cell
+niche and this is where renewal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niche and this is where renewal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niche and this is where renewal was
+happening and renewal and cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and renewal and cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and renewal and cell division
+down at the base of the crypt then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the base of the crypt then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at the base of the crypt then
+results in this conveyor belt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in this conveyor belt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in this conveyor belt like
+movement up to the region of the tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement up to the region of the tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement up to the region of the tissue
+near the lumen where cells are shed off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the lumen where cells are shed off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the lumen where cells are shed off
+into the lumen okay so what might be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the lumen okay so what might be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the lumen okay so what might be one
+step you can envision that a cancer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can envision that a cancer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can envision that a cancer or
+one barrier to cancer that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one barrier to cancer that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one barrier to cancer that has to be
+overcome in order for a tumor to form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome in order for a tumor to form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome in order for a tumor to form in
+this organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so miles is saying is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so miles is saying is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so miles is saying is that these
+cells are going to move up and get shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are going to move up and get shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are going to move up and get shut
+off and so if you have a mutation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and so if you have a mutation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and so if you have a mutation in
+either an oncogenic mutations or loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either an oncogenic mutations or loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either an oncogenic mutations or loss of
+tumor suppressors right if it goes up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressors right if it goes up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressors right if it goes up in
+sheds and is removed from the organ it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheds and is removed from the organ it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheds and is removed from the organ it
+doesn't matter that cell is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that cell is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that cell is not going to
+be able to form a tumor so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to form a tumor so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to form a tumor so one thing
+that has to happen for a cell to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to happen for a cell to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to happen for a cell to form a
+tumor in this system is this treadmill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor in this system is this treadmill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor in this system is this treadmill
+has to be blocked such that cells are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be blocked such that cells are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be blocked such that cells are no
+longer exiting the organ so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer exiting the organ so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer exiting the organ so that you
+have a cell actually stay in the organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cell actually stay in the organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cell actually stay in the organ
+that would be able to accumulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be able to accumulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be able to accumulate
+additional mutations and undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional mutations and undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional mutations and undergo
+tumorigenesis okay and this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumorigenesis okay and this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumorigenesis okay and this is this is
+what happens B as we know in colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens B as we know in colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens B as we know in colon
+cancer one of the first steps in colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer one of the first steps in colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer one of the first steps in colon
+cancer is dysregulation of the signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer is dysregulation of the signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer is dysregulation of the signaling
+that really regulates this movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really regulates this movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really regulates this movement of
+cells and the sort of homeostasis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and the sort of homeostasis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and the sort of homeostasis of the
+tissue okay so step one here step one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue okay so step one here step one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue okay so step one here step one is
+to dis regulate the main signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dis regulate the main signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dis regulate the main signaling
+pathway that's involved in this which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that's involved in this which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that's involved in this which is
+wind signaling and so another famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind signaling and so another famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind signaling and so another famous
+tumor suppressor is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor is called
+the APC gene this is a tumor suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this APC gene is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this APC gene is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this APC gene is associated with
+another familial form of cancer in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another familial form of cancer in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another familial form of cancer in this
+case its familial adenomatous polyposis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case its familial adenomatous polyposis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case its familial adenomatous polyposis
+and so this is a normal colon normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a normal colon normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a normal colon normally
+your colon has a smooth surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colon has a smooth surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colon has a smooth surface
+it's basically smooth here I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically smooth here I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically smooth here I mean there
+are some folds but I'm not sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some folds but I'm not sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some folds but I'm not sure that
+that's not an effect of having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an effect of having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an effect of having this
+dissected out of the organism but within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissected out of the organism but within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissected out of the organism but within
+individuals with familial adenomatous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals with familial adenomatous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals with familial adenomatous
+polyposis what happens is that the colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyposis what happens is that the colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyposis what happens is that the colon
+forms many of these polyps which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms many of these polyps which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms many of these polyps which are
+benign sort of cancer out growths okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign sort of cancer out growths okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign sort of cancer out growths okay
+but you see all these polyps here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see all these polyps here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see all these polyps here and
+you see how very different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how very different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how very different the
+morphology of the colon is from a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology of the colon is from a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology of the colon is from a normal
+individual and an individual that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and an individual that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and an individual that has
+familial adenomatous polyposis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial adenomatous polyposis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial adenomatous polyposis okay
+so this is the formation of a polyp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the formation of a polyp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the formation of a polyp is
+kind of equivalent to something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equivalent to something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equivalent to something like
+this it's it's not invasive yet it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's it's not invasive yet it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's it's not invasive yet it's it
+would be known as benign but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be known as benign but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be known as benign but you can see
+that there's clearly a dysregulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's clearly a dysregulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's clearly a dysregulation and
+how this tissue is behaving because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this tissue is behaving because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this tissue is behaving because you
+get all of these polyps forming and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of these polyps forming and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of these polyps forming and it's
+thought that frank carcinoma then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that frank carcinoma then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that frank carcinoma then
+results from one of these polyps cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from one of these polyps cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from one of these polyps cells
+in one of these polyps accumulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of these polyps accumulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of these polyps accumulating
+additional mutations that then cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional mutations that then cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional mutations that then cause the
+cancer to progress to a more malignant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer to progress to a more malignant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer to progress to a more malignant
+stage okay so I told you that APC is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage okay so I told you that APC is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage okay so I told you that APC is the
+tumor suppressor that is and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor that is and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor that is and in this
+case it's frequently well it's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's frequently well it's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's frequently well it's in this
+case this tumor suppressor is associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this tumor suppressor is associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this tumor suppressor is associated
+with this disease right here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this disease right here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this disease right here and I
+showed you the wind pathway last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the wind pathway last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the wind pathway last week
+and I went through it quickly but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I went through it quickly but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I went through it quickly but you
+notice this central protein right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this central protein right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this central protein right here
+in this destruction complex that's APC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this destruction complex that's APC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this destruction complex that's APC
+APC stands for adenomatous polyposis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APC stands for adenomatous polyposis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APC stands for adenomatous polyposis
+coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli
+I'll will rote write that down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll will rote write that down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll will rote write that down so
+adenomatous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polyposis coli okay and what a PC does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyposis coli okay and what a PC does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyposis coli okay and what a PC does
+is as represented in that slide above is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as represented in that slide above is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as represented in that slide above is
+it's part of this destruction complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of this destruction complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of this destruction complex
+that destroys beta catenin which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that destroys beta catenin which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that destroys beta catenin which is the
+downstream step of wind signaling so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream step of wind signaling so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream step of wind signaling so the
+wild type function of a PC is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild type function of a PC is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild type function of a PC is to
+basically inhibit beta catenin which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically inhibit beta catenin which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically inhibit beta catenin which
+then is mediating the effects of wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is mediating the effects of wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is mediating the effects of wind
+signaling okay so you can think of a PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling okay so you can think of a PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling okay so you can think of a PC
+as one of the genes that's the break on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of the genes that's the break on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of the genes that's the break on
+wind signaling okay and normally it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind signaling okay and normally it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind signaling okay and normally it's
+regulated by wynt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated by wynt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated by wynt
+right but if you so wint would normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you so wint would normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you so wint would normally
+inhibit a PC but if you just delete a PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit a PC but if you just delete a PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit a PC but if you just delete a PC
+in a cell then it's like the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell then it's like the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell then it's like the cell is
+seeing went all the time so by deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing went all the time so by deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing went all the time so by deleting
+a PC you get a constitutive activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PC you get a constitutive activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PC you get a constitutive activation
+of beta catenin and you get constitutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta catenin and you get constitutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta catenin and you get constitutive
+active activation of wind signaling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active activation of wind signaling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active activation of wind signaling so
+if the organism starts out being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the organism starts out being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the organism starts out being
+heterozygous for a PC then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for a PC then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous for a PC then there's a
+high probability that a second meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability that a second meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability that a second meet
+another mutation will take out the wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mutation will take out the wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mutation will take out the wild
+type function of a PC or the wild type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type function of a PC or the wild type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type function of a PC or the wild type
+allele of it and when you take out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele of it and when you take out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele of it and when you take out that
+allele now you all of a sudden start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele now you all of a sudden start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele now you all of a sudden start
+having these cells that are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these cells that are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these cells that are basically
+feeling like your seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like your seats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like your seats
+it's like they are always seeing wynt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like they are always seeing wynt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like they are always seeing wynt
+even though they're not okay and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they're not okay and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they're not okay and so if
+you constitutively active eight when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you constitutively active eight when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you constitutively active eight when
+signaling what that does is it prevents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling what that does is it prevents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling what that does is it prevents
+the cells from leaving the go organ okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells from leaving the go organ okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells from leaving the go organ okay
+so they're stuck okay so normally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're stuck okay so normally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're stuck okay so normally you
+know in a normal colon cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a normal colon cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a normal colon cells that are
+renewed at the bottom of the crypt they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed at the bottom of the crypt they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed at the bottom of the crypt they
+move up and then they're shed into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up and then they're shed into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up and then they're shed into the
+lumen but in an APC a mutant they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumen but in an APC a mutant they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumen but in an APC a mutant they the
+cells are constantly feeling like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are constantly feeling like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are constantly feeling like
+they're getting wind signal and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting wind signal and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting wind signal and so they
+stay in the colon and that allows them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the colon and that allows them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the colon and that allows them
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+accumulate further mutations okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate further mutations okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate further mutations okay so
+step step one in colon cancer is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step step one in colon cancer is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step step one in colon cancer is to
+dysregulated signaling and that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysregulated signaling and that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysregulated signaling and that really
+disrupts the whole tissue homeostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts the whole tissue homeostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts the whole tissue homeostatic
+mechanism of the intestine okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of the intestine okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of the intestine okay then
+there would be further steps at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be further steps at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be further steps at least
+three usually in colon cancer and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three usually in colon cancer and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three usually in colon cancer and that
+would involve mutations uncle genic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would involve mutations uncle genic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would involve mutations uncle genic
+mutations loss of tumor suppressors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations loss of tumor suppressors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations loss of tumor suppressors and
+that would just cause the the cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would just cause the the cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would just cause the the cells to
+get more and more oncogenic and more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more and more oncogenic and more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more and more oncogenic and more and
+more transformed and eventually they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more transformed and eventually they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more transformed and eventually they can
+become invasive and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become invasive and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become invasive and we'll talk about
+what happens when cells become invasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when cells become invasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when cells become invasive
+invasive next week alright so I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasive next week alright so I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasive next week alright so I wanted
+to end today's lecture by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end today's lecture by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end today's lecture by talking about
+targeted treatments for cancer just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted treatments for cancer just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted treatments for cancer just to
+see how they interface with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how they interface with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how they interface with the
+mechanisms that we've discussed and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that we've discussed and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that we've discussed and of
+course you know some of the primary ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know some of the primary ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know some of the primary ways
+to treat cancer are through surgery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat cancer are through surgery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat cancer are through surgery and
+also chemotherapy but there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also chemotherapy but there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also chemotherapy but there are also
+more directed ways to target cancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directed ways to target cancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directed ways to target cancer and
+because time's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because time's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because time's up
+yes well I have one minute I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well I have one minute I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well I have one minute I'll tell you
+about the first one and then I'll if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first one and then I'll if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first one and then I'll if I
+have more to go I'll start with that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more to go I'll start with that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more to go I'll start with that and
+next week's lecture so the first one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week's lecture so the first one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week's lecture so the first one I
+wanted to tell you about is this disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you about is this disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you about is this disease
+chronic myelogenous myelogenous leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic myelogenous myelogenous leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic myelogenous myelogenous leukemia
+which involves activation of the able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves activation of the able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves activation of the able
+gene and it's activated in this case by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and it's activated in this case by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and it's activated in this case by
+a translocation between two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a translocation between two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a translocation between two different
+chromosomes so this is chromosome 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes so this is chromosome 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes so this is chromosome 22
+this is chromosome 9 and in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is chromosome 9 and in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is chromosome 9 and in many
+patients with chronic myelogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with chronic myelogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with chronic myelogenous
+leukemia a large part of chromosome 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia a large part of chromosome 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia a large part of chromosome 22
+is translocated onto chromosome 9 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is translocated onto chromosome 9 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is translocated onto chromosome 9 and a
+little bit of chromosome 9 is attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of chromosome 9 is attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of chromosome 9 is attached
+to chromosome 2 and this translocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chromosome 2 and this translocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chromosome 2 and this translocation
+generates a gene fusion between the BCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a gene fusion between the BCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a gene fusion between the BCR
+gene and the able gene okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and the able gene okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and the able gene okay
+and so Abel is a non receptor tyrosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Abel is a non receptor tyrosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Abel is a non receptor tyrosine
+kinase so it's a tyrosine kinase that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase so it's a tyrosine kinase that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase so it's a tyrosine kinase that is
+present in the cytoplasm in the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the cytoplasm in the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the cytoplasm in the cell and
+promotes growth so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes growth so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes growth so this is a
+proto-oncogene and when Abel becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-oncogene and when Abel becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto-oncogene and when Abel becomes
+hooked up to BCR then this results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up to BCR then this results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up to BCR then this results in
+the constitutive activation of BCR Abel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constitutive activation of BCR Abel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constitutive activation of BCR Abel
+okay so this is now constitutively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is now constitutively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is now constitutively
+active kinase now when this was realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active kinase now when this was realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active kinase now when this was realized
+then researchers started looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then researchers started looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then researchers started looking for
+small molecules that would inhibit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules that would inhibit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules that would inhibit the
+kinase activity of Abel and the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase activity of Abel and the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase activity of Abel and the famous
+example is Gleevec and this is a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is Gleevec and this is a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is Gleevec and this is a picture
+of Gleevec here you can see it's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Gleevec here you can see it's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Gleevec here you can see it's a small
+molecule and what Gleevec does is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and what Gleevec does is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and what Gleevec does is now
+this is a crystal structure of the Abel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a crystal structure of the Abel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a crystal structure of the Abel
+tyrosine kinase in green and it has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine kinase in green and it has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine kinase in green and it has two
+lobes an n-terminal lobe a C terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes an n-terminal lobe a C terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes an n-terminal lobe a C terminal
+lobe like a lot of kinase --is and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe like a lot of kinase --is and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe like a lot of kinase --is and what
+Gleevec does is to bind in the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gleevec does is to bind in the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gleevec does is to bind in the interface
+between these two lobes and it locks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two lobes and it locks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two lobes and it locks
+this kinase in an inactive conformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinase in an inactive conformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinase in an inactive conformation
+such that if cells see this Gleevec then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if cells see this Gleevec then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if cells see this Gleevec then
+they're able tyrosine kinase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able tyrosine kinase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able tyrosine kinase is
+inhibited and this is the driver of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited and this is the driver of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited and this is the driver of
+chronic myelogenous leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic myelogenous leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic myelogenous leukemia
+so Gleevec has been very effective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Gleevec has been very effective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Gleevec has been very effective in
+treating this type of leukemia and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating this type of leukemia and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating this type of leukemia and it
+results in a pretty good prognosis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a pretty good prognosis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a pretty good prognosis for
+patients alright so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients alright so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients alright so we'll talk about
+more therapies next Wednesday but have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more therapies next Wednesday but have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more therapies next Wednesday but have a
+good holiday weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LPh2Ut7D4WA.txt b/LPh2Ut7D4WA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f606b8084e1312664f7f016854ad9b5c910185e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LPh2Ut7D4WA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2985 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's get started.
+
+Can you go ahead and take 10
+more seconds on this first
+
+clicker question here?
+
+OK.
+
+So it looks like most of you
+got that the electron
+
+configuration that we're writing
+here is for copper.
+
+So I'm actually going to give
+the benefit of the doubt that
+
+the people that didn't get it
+right were rushing to get out
+
+their clickers and didn't
+have time to think
+
+it all the way through.
+
+Remember that when we're talking
+about 4 s 1, 3 d 10,
+
+that's one of those exceptions
+where a completely filled d
+
+orbital is more stable
+than we would expect.
+
+So, that's actually the electron
+configuration we have
+
+when we're talking about
+copper and some other
+
+exceptions in the periodic table
+that you're going to be
+
+looking at.
+
+So, hopefully, if you were to go
+back and look you could see
+
+that this is, in fact, copper.
+
+We're actually going to do one
+more clicker question to get
+
+started with today, and as we
+do, I'll explain something
+
+we're going to be trying today,
+which is a little bit
+
+of a friendly competition in
+terms of answering the clicker
+
+questions correctly.
+
+So we've tagged each of your
+numbers to your actual
+
+recitation, so we can see
+today which recitation
+
+actually is going to be doing
+the best in terms of clicker
+
+questions, who's going to get
+the most correct today.
+
+So, you may or may not know this
+about your TAs, but this
+
+is a pretty competitive group of
+TAs we have this year, and
+
+they like to brag about how
+smart their recitation is, how
+
+good questions they're getting
+in the recitation section.
+
+So, do your TA proud today and
+see if you can be part of the
+
+recitation that gets the most
+correct in terms of a
+
+percentage.
+
+And at the end of class we'll
+announce which recitation that
+
+is, we'll also make sure to
+give you a little bit of a
+
+prize if you are, in fact,
+in that recitation.
+
+So we have extra incentive
+to get these
+
+clicker questions right.
+
+So, in this one we're selecting
+the correct
+
+electronic configuration
+for an ion.
+
+So, why don't you go ahead and
+take 10 more seconds on this
+
+second clicker question
+for our intro.
+
+OK.
+
+So, it looks like we have
+a little bit of a mixed
+
+consensus here.
+
+Let's go over this question.
+
+And I know there's a lot to
+talk about about this
+
+competition, but let's just get
+into listening mode here
+
+and talk about how we can figure
+out what the correct
+
+electron configuration
+is for this ion.
+
+Remember, ions are a little
+bit different.
+
+The first thing we need to
+do is write the electron
+
+configuration for the atom
+itself, and then we need to
+
+take an electron away.
+
+So here we're talking about v
+plus 1, so if we were to write
+
+it just for the neutral electron
+itself, we would find
+
+that the electron configuration
+is argon, that's
+
+the filled shell
+in front of it.
+
+Then 4 s 2 and 3 d 3.
+
+So this would be for the actual
+filled, the completely
+
+neutral atom.
+
+But remember what we said,
+which was when we talked
+
+about, this is at the end of
+class on Friday, we said that
+
+it turns out that even though
+3 d is higher in energy when
+
+it's not filled, once we fill
+it with an electron, these 2
+
+orbitals actually switch place
+in terms of energy.
+
+So if we were to write this in
+terms of energy, we would
+
+actually have to rewrite it
+has 3 d 3, and then 4 s 2.
+
+So, which orbital would we take
+an electron out of if we
+
+were ionizing this atom here?
+
+The s.
+
+So, we would actually take an
+electron out of the s, which
+
+gives us 3 d 3 and then 4 s 1.
+
+So, it's a little bit of
+a trick when you're
+
+dealing with ions.
+
+The best suggestion is just to
+write it out completely for
+
+the neutral atom, and then you
+want to take an electron out
+
+of the highest orbital.
+
+It makes sense that it's going
+to come out of the highest
+
+occupied atomic orbital, because
+that's going to be the
+
+lowest amount of energy
+that's required to
+
+actually eject an electron.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's go to today's notes.
+
+And actually before we start
+into today's topics, I want to
+
+remind everyone and hopefully
+you all do remember that our
+
+first exam is coming up and it's
+coming up in exactly a
+
+week, so it'll be a week from
+today, next Wednesday.
+
+And on Friday in class, at the
+beginning of class, I'll go
+
+over just in all the detail
+you could possibly imagine
+
+everything you need to know
+logistically for the exam --
+
+where it is, what you do, what
+kind of calculators you can
+
+bring, which by the way
+are any calculator.
+
+So you'll get all of that
+information on Friday.
+
+So don't worry if you have
+some questions right now.
+
+I just want to let
+you know that.
+
+The other thing I want to let
+you know is that instead of
+
+having a new problem-set that
+you'll be assigned this
+
+Friday, what we'll do instead
+is we'll give you some
+
+practice problems, and these
+will be just more of the same
+
+type of problems that you saw
+before but that's another
+
+chance to try them out more.
+
+These won't be graded, you don't
+have to turn them in,
+
+it's just to give you some extra
+practice if you want
+
+while you're studying
+for the exam.
+
+We'll also post an exam from
+a previous year so you can
+
+actually see exactly what the
+format's going to look like.
+
+So when you go into the exam a
+week from today, it'll all
+
+look really familiar, you'll be
+comfortable with the format
+
+and you can just dive
+right in and start
+
+answering the questions.
+
+So you'll have all that
+information and we'll get it
+
+to you on Friday.
+
+The other quick thing I want
+to say is that I do have
+
+office hours today from 3 to 5,
+so feel free to stop by if
+
+you have questions about
+problem-set 3 that you're
+
+finishing up.
+
+And also, for those of you that
+did sign up for the pizza
+
+forum tonight, that's going to
+be at 5 o'clock, it's in room
+
+56-502, so we'll see some of you
+tonight for that as well.
+
+All right.
+
+So, let's move on to what we're
+talking about today.
+
+What we're going to start with
+is discussing photoelectron
+
+spectroscopy, which is a
+spectroscopy technique that
+
+will give us some information
+about energy levels in
+
+multielectron atoms. We'll then
+take a turn to talking
+
+about the periodic table,
+we'll look at a bunch of
+
+periodic trends, including
+ionization energy, electron
+
+affinity, electronegativity
+and atomic radius.
+
+And then, if we have time at the
+end, we'll introduce one
+
+last topic, which is
+isoelectronic atoms and ions.
+
+I also want to note that the end
+of the material today, so
+
+this last topic here, that's the
+end of the material that's
+
+going to be on this
+first exam.
+
+So whether we finish it today,
+or more likely when we finish
+
+it up on Friday, once we get
+passed isoelectronic atoms,
+
+that's it, that's all you need
+to study for this first exam.
+
+So from that point on it'll be
+exam 2 material, so depending
+
+on how you like to come
+compartmentalize your
+
+information, you can separate
+that in your brain in terms of
+
+what you're trying to learn
+right now versus what you can
+
+put off until a little
+bit later.
+
+So, let's start with talking
+about photoelectron
+
+spectroscopy.
+
+This actually relates very
+closely to what we discussed
+
+in class on Friday before the
+long weekend, and what we were
+
+talking about is the energy
+levels of multielectron atoms.
+
+So what we'll start with today
+is talking about the technique
+
+that's primarily used to
+actually experimentally figure
+
+out what these different
+energy levels are.
+
+And this is called photoelectron
+spectroscopy,
+
+and essentially what it is is
+very similar conceptually to
+
+what we were talking about way
+back in the first couple
+
+lectures when we were
+talking about the
+
+photoelectric effect.
+
+Because here what we have is
+some atom that we're studying,
+
+in the case, it's going to be
+a gas, and we hit it with a
+
+photon that has some
+incident energy.
+
+So e sub i, some energy that the
+photon comes in with, and
+
+if it has sufficient energy to
+eject an electron, it will do
+
+that, and our electron will be
+ejected with a certain kinetic
+
+energy, which is going to be
+whatever energy is left over
+
+from the initial energy we put
+in minus what was taken up in
+
+order to actually ionize
+or eject the electron.
+
+So, you can see how this can
+directly give us different
+
+ionization energies for
+any atom that we're
+
+interested in studying.
+
+For example, with neon we can
+think about all of the
+
+different orbital energies
+we could be looking at.
+
+In the first case, so
+here is the electron
+
+configuration of neon.
+
+So we can think about what
+is our most loosely-bound
+
+electron, what's that highest
+energy orbital, and it's going
+
+to be the 2 p orbital,
+that's going to be
+
+what's highest in energy.
+
+So if we're going to eject an
+electron using a minimum
+
+amount of energy, that's where
+it's going to come from.
+
+So, you can imagine, that we'll
+actually probably have a
+
+lot of kinetic energy left over
+if we put a lot of energy
+
+in in the first place.
+
+We're only using up a little
+bit to eject the electron,
+
+then we'll have a
+lot left over.
+
+So, one difference between
+photoelectron spectroscopy
+
+and, for example, the
+photoelectric effect is that
+
+in this case, we're not just
+looking at one energy level,
+
+which is what we were looking
+at from the surface of a
+
+metal, now we're talking about
+this gaseous atom.
+
+So we can actually pop an
+electron or eject an electron
+
+from any single orbital that is
+occupied within the atom.
+
+So, for example, it's not just
+the 2 p that we could actually
+
+take an electron from, we
+could also think about
+
+ejecting an electron from
+the 2 s orbital.
+
+Now this, of course, is going to
+take more energy because a
+
+2 s is lower, it has has a more
+negative binding energy
+
+than the 2 p, but that's OK as
+long as we put in enough
+
+energy, but what we're going to
+find is the kinetic energy
+
+coming out with the electron
+is actually going to be a
+
+little bit less, right, because
+we had to use up more
+
+energy to eject the electron,
+so we don't have
+
+as much left over.
+
+There's actually one more
+orbital that we could talk
+
+about if we're talking about
+this sample case of neon,
+
+which is a 1 s orbital, and if
+we're talking about a 1 s
+
+orbital, now we're going to be
+even lower in energy still, so
+
+that means the minimum energy
+required to eject an electron
+
+is going to be at its highest,
+so that means the energy that
+
+we have left over that turns
+into kinetic energy for the
+
+electron, is now going to
+be really quite small.
+
+And what happens when you
+irradiate one of these atoms
+
+that you're studying with this
+light is in photoelectron
+
+spectroscopy, you want to make
+sure that you put in enough
+
+energy to actually ionize any
+single electron that you have
+
+in the atom.
+
+So the way that we really make
+sure this is done is that we
+
+use x-rays.
+
+So you know that x-rays are
+higher frequency than UV
+
+light, for example, that means
+it's also higher energy than
+
+UV light, and if you think
+back to our photoelectric
+
+effect experiments, do you
+remember what type of light we
+
+were usually using for those?
+
+Does anyone remember?
+
+Yeah.
+
+It was UV light that we used.
+
+Well, we can't guarantee with
+UV light we'll have enough
+
+energy to eject every single
+electron, so that's why when
+
+we use x-rays, they're higher
+energy, you can pretty much be
+
+guaranteed we're going
+to eject all of
+
+those electrons there.
+
+So I said that this technique
+was used to experimentally
+
+determine what the different
+binding energies or the
+
+different ionization energies
+are for the different states
+
+in a multielectron atom.
+
+Another way to say
+states is to talk
+
+about different orbitals.
+
+So we can do this directly as
+long as we have certain types
+
+of information.
+
+The first that we need to know
+the energy of the photon
+
+that's incident on
+our gaseous atom.
+
+The second piece of information
+we need to know is
+
+what actually the kinetic
+energy is of the ejected
+
+electron, and that's something
+we can just measure by
+
+measuring its velocity.
+
+So we can use an equation to
+relate the incident energy and
+
+the kinetic energy to the
+ionization energy, or the
+
+energy that's required
+to eject an electron.
+
+This should all sound incredibly
+familiar, like I'm
+
+just repeating myself in terms
+of photoelectric effect,
+
+because essentially that's what
+I'm doing, and that's one
+
+reason we spent so much time
+and did so many problem-set
+
+problems on the photoelectric
+effect.
+
+So what we're saying here is
+the incident energy, so the
+
+energy coming in, is just equal
+to the minimum energy
+
+that's required to a
+eject an electron.
+
+When we talked about the
+photoelectric effect, that was
+
+called the work function.
+
+In this case, it's called the
+ionization energy, plus
+
+whatever kinetic energy we have
+
+left over in the electron.
+
+So if we want to solve for
+ionization energy, we can just
+
+rearrange this equation.
+
+Our ionization energy is going
+to be equal to the incident
+
+energy coming in, minus
+the kinetic
+
+energy of the electron.
+
+So, let's take a look at the
+different kinetic energies
+
+that would be observed in a
+spectrum for neon where we had
+
+this incident energy here.
+
+And it turns out that the first
+kinetic energy that we
+
+would see or the highest kinetic
+energy, would be 12 32
+
+electron volts.
+
+So if that's the case doing a
+quick little calculation, what
+
+would the ionization energy be
+for a 2 p electron in neon?
+
+Yup, 22.
+
+So, basically all we did was
+take 12 54, subtract 12 32,
+
+and we got 22 electron volts.
+
+We can do the same thing
+for the other
+
+observed kinetic energy.
+
+So, for example, in the second
+case, we say that we see 12 06
+
+in terms of the kinetic
+energy.
+
+Same sort of subtraction
+problem, what do we have for
+
+the ionization energy
+of the 2 s electron?
+
+Good, quick math.
+
+All right, so 48
+electron volts.
+
+And let's look at the final
+kinetic energy that we'd
+
+observe in this spectrum, which
+is 384 electron volts,
+
+so what is that third
+
+corresponding ionization energy?
+
+I couldn't quite hear, but I
+have a feeling everyone said
+
+870 electron volts.
+
+So, we can actually kind of
+visualize what we would see if
+
+we were looking at a
+photoelectron spectrum.
+
+And what we would see if we were
+graphing, for example,
+
+increasing kinetic energy,
+is we would see 1 line
+
+corresponding to each of these
+energies of electrons that we
+
+see coming out.
+
+And, of course, each of those
+electrons correspond to an
+
+electron coming out of
+a particular orbital.
+
+So in the case of 12 32, that is
+our highest kinetic energy,
+
+that means it's our lowest
+ionization energy -- it's the
+
+smallest amount of energy it
+takes to pop an electron out
+
+of that orbital.
+
+So that's why we see the 2 p
+here, the 2 s is 12 06, and it
+
+makes sense that what we see
+as the greatest ionization
+
+energy, which is also the
+smallest kinetic energy is
+
+that 1 s orbital.
+
+Remember, because that 1 s
+orbital is all the way down in
+
+terms of if we're thinking about
+an energy diagram, we're
+
+all the way down here, so we
+have a huge amount of energy
+
+we have to put into the system
+in order to eject an electron.
+
+So what I want to point out when
+you're kind of looking at
+
+these numbers here, what the
+significance is, look at that
+
+huge difference between what
+the ionization energies are
+
+for what we call those valence
+electrons, those outer shell
+
+electrons, versus the ionization
+energy for the 1 s
+
+orbital -- those are core
+electrons there.
+
+So we can think about something
+I mentioned last
+
+time, which is when we're
+thinking about chemistry and
+
+what's really interesting in
+terms of chemical reactions,
+
+it's mostly valence electrons
+we're talking about, those are
+
+the ones that tend to be
+
+involved in chemical reactions.
+
+It makes a lot of sense when we
+look at it energetically,
+
+because if we think about a 1 s
+core electron, that's going
+
+to be held really, really
+tightly to the nucleus.
+
+We see that we have to put
+this huge energy in to
+
+actually get a 1 s electron
+ejected, so it makes a lot of
+
+sense that we wouldn't want to
+pay that energy cost in a
+
+normal chemical reaction.
+
+And we don't -- we very rarely
+would see these core electrons
+
+actually being involved in
+any type of a reaction.
+
+All right, so one thing that I
+want to point out, which I
+
+said many, many times on Friday,
+and this is perhaps
+
+the last time I'll say it, but
+one last time is we can think
+
+about why we only see a line for
+the 2 p orbital, versus we
+
+don't see separate lines for a
+2 p x, a 2 p y, and a 2 p z.
+
+Remember, we need those three
+quantum numbers to completely
+
+describe the orbital.
+
+Why do we just see one
+for all the p's?
+
+And the reason is that the
+energy of the orbitals, depend
+
+on two quantum numbers, and
+that's quantum number n, and
+
+quantum number l.
+
+M does not actually have an
+effect, in this case, on the
+
+energy of the orbital.
+
+So that's why we're not
+seeing separate
+
+lines in this spectrum.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's go ahead and try an
+example here in thinking about
+
+photoelectron spectroscopy.
+
+So, let's say we're looking at
+an element and we have an
+
+emission spectra, and we know
+that it has five distinct
+
+different kinetic energies
+in that spectrum.
+
+We might be asked, for example,
+to determine what all
+
+of the different elements could
+be that would produce a
+
+spectrum that gave us
+5 different lines.
+
+So the first thing that we want
+to do, if we're thinking
+
+about something like this, is
+just to determine exactly what
+
+orbitals are causing the five
+different lines that we're
+
+seeing in the spectrum.
+
+So, if we're talking about five
+different orbitals and
+
+we're talking about a ground
+state atom, we know that we
+
+just need to start
+at the bottom and
+
+work our way out up.
+
+So, our first orbital that an
+electron must be coming from
+
+is the 1 s.
+
+What comes after that?
+
+2 s.
+
+All right, then what?
+
+2 p.
+
+After that?
+
+3 s.
+
+Next?
+
+3 p, and that's 1, 2, 3, 4 --
+that gives us five different
+
+options, five different
+orbitals, five different
+
+energies right there.
+
+So, then all we need to do to
+determine which elements that
+
+corresponds to is take a look
+at our periodic table.
+
+So we want to look at any
+element that has a 3 p orbital
+
+filled, but that does not then
+go on and have a 4 s, because
+
+if it had the 4 s filled then
+we would actually see six
+
+lines in the spectrum.
+
+So that is relevant for all
+of these atoms here, so we
+
+actually have several different
+possibilities.
+
+It could be aluminum, silicone,
+phosphorous, sulfur,
+
+chlorine or argon.
+
+Any one of these different
+elements could actually
+
+produce a photoelectron
+spectroscopy spectrum that has
+
+five distinct lines.
+
+If I went on and told you what
+the different incident light
+
+was, and what the electrons were
+ejected with, and then
+
+you could look up the ionization
+energy for the
+
+particular different elements,
+you should be able to actually
+
+determine exactly which element
+it is, but just with
+
+the information given, we can
+only narrow it down to these
+
+choices here.
+
+So let's actually let you try
+another example of solving a
+
+problem that has to do with
+one of the spectrums. So,
+
+let's turn to another clicker
+question here.
+
+Remember, your answer holds
+great weight in terms of the
+
+state of the TA bragging
+for next week.
+
+So, how many distinct, so again,
+we're talking about
+
+distinct kinetic energies, would
+be displayed if you're
+
+talking about a spectrum for the
+element hafnium, and I'll
+
+tell you here that it has a z
+of 72, so you don't have to
+
+spend two minutes searching
+your periodic table.
+
+The period of table's on the
+back page of your notes if you
+
+don't see that there.
+
+All right.
+
+It looks like a lot of you are
+done, so let's take 10 more
+
+seconds here.
+
+Part of the challenge is speed,
+too, how quickly you
+
+can get these answers in terms
+of getting them in on time.
+
+So let's see what we say.
+
+All right.
+
+So I think I can safely say that
+most people had the right
+
+idea and were counting quickly,
+though I have a
+
+feeling that some people who
+wrote 13 might have forgotten
+
+about those 4 f, the
+4 f electrons.
+
+So, remember when you're looking
+at your periodic
+
+table, don't forget about the
+lanthinides, sometimes they
+
+come into play.
+
+So it's actually 14, and the
+way that we got that answer
+
+was we just wrote out or just
+looked at your period table,
+
+figured out all of the different
+orbitals that you
+
+could have in terms of the
+principle quantum number, and
+
+then the l quantum number, and
+then write them all down -- it
+
+turns out to be 14, so that's
+what the answer is.
+
+So, it looks like this is good,
+because we'll have some
+
+separation in terms of not
+everyone's going to get 100%
+
+in terms of recitations here,
+which is what we're going for.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's turn our attention to a
+new topic, which is thinking
+
+a little bit about the periodic
+table, and also
+
+talking about periodic trends.
+
+And there's a lot we can explain
+by talking about what
+
+we see in the periodic table
+in terms of what different
+
+trends are in grouping
+different elements in
+
+different spots within
+the periodic table.
+
+So, here we have a picture of
+Dmitri Mendeleev, who is one
+
+of the scientists responsible
+for first compiling the
+
+periodic table.
+
+You'll notice I have what's a
+very flattering picture of him
+
+up here, and if you haven't done
+the reading yet you might
+
+not think this is particularly
+flattering, but if you look at
+
+the picture of him in the book,
+you'll notice I chose a
+
+very flattering picture of
+Dmitri up here, and here he's
+
+pondering putting these
+elements together in a
+
+periodic table.
+
+And he actually did this in the
+late 1800's, back before
+
+even all of the elements that we
+know today were discovered,
+
+really only about 60% or so, 70%
+were discovered then that
+
+we now know today.
+
+But still, he was able to put
+together a periodic table.
+
+And what he did what he actually
+grouped things in
+
+terms of their chemical
+properties.
+
+So the way that we like to
+think of things now is in
+
+terms of electron
+configurations, right, but at
+
+the time that wasn't
+really understood.
+
+So, instead, it was amazing he
+was able to group things in
+
+terms of the properties
+that he saw.
+
+So, for example, if he was
+talking about the group one
+
+metals, lithium, sodium,
+potassium -- he noticed these
+
+were all very soft reactive
+metals, those
+
+were grouped together.
+
+Versus looking at, for example,
+helium or neon or
+
+argon, these are all inert
+gases, inert meaning
+
+essentially do not react, those
+were grouped together in
+
+the periodic table.
+
+So basically, at the time he
+was just going on size and
+
+then traits, but what we
+actually know today is that we
+
+can also order things in the
+periodic table by electron
+
+configuration.
+
+In fact, that is the most
+logical way for us
+
+to look at it now.
+
+So, for example, if we're
+actually thinking about
+
+electron configuration and we
+look at lithium, sodium and
+
+potassium, these all have
+one valence electron.
+
+So basically, that means one
+electron in an s orbital in
+
+their outer-most most shell.
+
+So that explains why they're so
+reactive, they're all very
+
+willing to give up that 1 s
+orbital and then drop to a
+
+lower energy level.
+
+In contrast, helium, neon, and
+argon all have filled shells.
+
+That also explains why
+they're very stable.
+
+They're not going to want to
+add on another electron,
+
+because then it'll have to jump
+a very large energy level
+
+and start filling in another
+shell -- go from n equals 2,
+
+to n equals 3, and n equals
+4, and so on.
+
+So it turns out that we can
+really know a lot just by
+
+looking at the periodic table.
+
+You will never in this class
+have to memorize anything
+
+about the periodic table.
+
+Depending on what kind of
+chemistry you go in to, you
+
+might accidentally memorize
+parts of the table, which is
+
+fine, but what you really want
+to know how to do is know how
+
+to use the periodic table.
+
+But you actually need to keep
+a few caveats in mind as you
+
+do this, which is the fact that
+trends predict a lot of
+
+chemical properties, but they
+can't predict everything in
+
+terms of biological
+properties.
+
+And after the periodic table
+was developed in the late
+
+1800's, people didn't understand
+this quite as well,
+
+they took things a little
+more literally.
+
+They thought, for example, if
+you could do something with
+
+one element, if you looked at
+an element very close to it,
+
+it would be similar enough that
+you could maybe replace
+
+it with that.
+
+Today we know, for example, if
+you can put one certain kind
+
+of element in your mouth
+or eat that, it doesn't
+
+necessarily mean you want to put
+the element next to it and
+
+your mouth as well, that
+might not be safe.
+
+But this is things we've learned
+as the years have gone
+
+past.
+
+So, let's just take a quick
+example to show how not
+
+completely you can use these
+periodic trends, that there
+
+are limits.
+
+So if we consider lithium,
+potassium, and sodium, they're
+
+all together in the same group
+on the periodic table, knowing
+
+what we do about biology we
+can immediately think of
+
+sodium and potassium, or even
+just knowing what you know
+
+about table salt, for example,
+that these are two elements
+
+that we find, and particularly
+in the ion form in very high
+
+concentrations in our body.
+
+For example, sodium in our blood
+plasma is almost to the
+
+point sometimes of 100 millimol
+or that's very, very
+
+concentrated.
+
+Similarly, we find it in table
+salt, we're taking it in all
+
+the time, the same with
+potassium, think of bananas,
+
+were always eating potassium.
+
+Not so with lithium.
+
+I don't think too many
+people and here are
+
+probably taking lithium.
+
+It turns out there's actually
+no natural function known in
+
+the body for lithium.
+
+So there's nothing naturally
+going on unless we were to
+
+introduce it ourselves in our
+body that we know of, at
+
+least, that involves lithium.
+
+But this did not stop people,
+for example, in the late
+
+1800's, early 1900's, and, in
+fact, in 1927 a new soft drink
+
+was put on to the market and
+they wanted to make a
+
+lemon-lime soft drink, these
+were very popular in the early
+
+1900's, and to get sort of
+that lemony flavor, they
+
+decided to use citric acid, so
+that's a good idea, that gives
+
+that soury taste.
+
+And they wanted to use a soluble
+salt of citric acid,
+
+so they could have
+used sodium, they
+
+could have used potassium.
+
+But, you know why not do
+something a little special,
+
+little different,
+and they decided
+
+instead to use lithium.
+
+So, here we have this soda with
+lithium citrate, some of
+
+you might be familiar with this,
+soda is called 7-Up.
+
+So, 7-Up no longer has lithium
+in it, but from 1927 to 1950
+
+it did, and, in fact, not only
+did they not try to hide the
+
+fact that there's lithium in the
+soda, this they used as a
+
+really special marketing
+technique, they really pointed
+
+out this is something that
+stands out about our soda,
+
+this is something special.
+
+There's a lot of good things
+about lithium.
+
+I don't know if you can see,
+probably not, what's written
+
+on here, so let me point out
+to you a few things.
+
+Lithium, slenderizing, that's
+great to see in a soda.
+
+Other nice things about lithium
+in your soda, it
+
+dispells hangovers, takes
+the ouch out of grouch.
+
+That's very nice.
+
+So basically, you get a lot of
+benefit supposedly from this
+
+7-Up soda from the
+1920's or so.
+
+And this went on and was
+unregulated for some time, but
+
+at some point the Food and Drug
+Administration did take a
+
+step in, so here's a case where
+they did do something
+
+important -- that's not what I
+mean at all -- where they did
+
+take the step, they do many
+things that are important,
+
+often not quickly enough.
+
+Here's a -- actually here it
+did take 25 years, but they
+
+did, they did eventually
+step on before we
+
+started drinking 7-Up.
+
+And what they said was, look,
+you can't put this in, we're
+
+starting to notice it does
+some strange things.
+
+Because it was in the 1950's or
+so, maybe the late 1940's,
+
+that people started to discover
+lithium, even though
+
+it had no natural function,
+it did do
+
+something in our bodies.
+
+Does anyone know what was
+lithium's used for?
+
+Yeah, it's an anti-psychotic
+drug, so, for example, some
+
+people with bipolar disorder
+even today still take it, it
+
+works really well for some
+people, for other people it
+
+doesn't work so well.
+
+But anyway, this isn't really
+something you want to have in
+
+your soda, so they did take
+it out eventually.
+
+Another side effect if you
+take too much lithium is
+
+death, so that's no good to have
+in sodas either, and it
+
+might not have been as big a
+deal back in the 1920's, but
+
+you can imagine with supersizing
+today, this might
+
+be a bigger problem.
+
+So anyway, when we talk about
+periodic trends, it doesn't
+
+always match up.
+
+This was eventually taken out,
+and actually just for your
+
+interest, there was no overlap
+between the time when cocaine
+
+was in Coca Cola and lithium
+was in 7-Up, so there was a
+
+few years difference between
+those two times, but it's
+
+amazing to think about what does
+go into processed foods.
+
+And the other thing to point
+out, which I don't know if
+
+this is true or not, but does
+anyone know -- well that's
+
+part's true, does anyone know
+what the atomic mass of
+
+lithium is?
+
+Yes, it's 7.
+
+So, I don't know if this is true
+or not, but I wonder if
+
+that's where the actual
+name 7-Up came from.
+
+So, even though we don't have
+the lithium anymore, we still
+
+keep that atomic number
+7 around.
+
+All right.
+
+So that is an anti-example
+of using periodic trends.
+
+So let's go to some actual real
+examples, which might
+
+come more in handy
+for this class.
+
+So it's going to keep in mind
+the limitations, so let's
+
+start off with talking about
+ionization energy.
+
+Now this is a good place to
+start, because we are very
+
+familiar with ionization energy,
+we've been talking
+
+about it in a lot of different
+forms for quite a while --
+
+it's that minimum energy
+required to remove an electron
+
+from an atom.
+
+And specifically, when we talk
+about ionization energy, it's
+
+assumed that what we mean
+is actually the
+
+first ionization energy.
+
+So, you can imagine, we could
+talk about any of the
+
+different electrons, or we could
+talk about taking out an
+
+electron and taking out
+second electron.
+
+Whenever you hear the term
+ionization energy, make sure
+
+you keep in mind that unless
+we say otherwise, we're
+
+talking about that first
+ionization energy.
+
+And we know what that's equal
+to, this is something we've
+
+been over and over, ionization
+energy is simply equal to the
+
+negative of the binding
+energy.
+
+So negative e, which is sub n l,
+because it's a function of
+
+n and l in terms of
+quantum numbers.
+
+So, let's think about kind of
+differentiating, however,
+
+between first ionization energy
+or just ionization
+
+energy, and other types such as
+second or third ionization
+
+energy, and let's take boron
+as an example here.
+
+So, if we want to think about
+what the first ionization
+
+energy is of boron, what you
+want to do is write out the
+
+electron configuration, because
+then you can think
+
+about where it is that the
+electron's coming out of.
+
+The electron's going to come out
+of that highest occupied
+
+atomic orbital, that one that's
+the highest in energy,
+
+because that's going to be the
+at least amount of energy it
+
+needs to eject something.
+
+So what we'll end up with is
+boron plus, 1 s 2, 2 s 2, and
+
+what we say is the delta energy
+or the change in energy
+
+as the same thing as saying
+the energy of the products
+
+minus the energy of our reactant
+here, and we just
+
+call that the ionization energy
+-- that's how much
+
+energy we have to put into the
+system to eject an electron.
+
+And again, this is just the
+negative, the binding energy,
+
+when we're talking about
+the 2 p orbital.
+
+So, this is first ionization
+energy, let's think about
+
+second ionization energy.
+
+So, second ionization energy
+simply means you've already
+
+taken one electron out, now how
+much energy does it take
+
+for you to take a second
+electron out.
+
+So in the case of boron here,
+what we're starting with is
+
+the ion, boron 1 s 2, 2 s 2,
+and now we're going to pull
+
+one more electron out.
+
+The highest occupied orbital
+is now the 2 s orbital, so
+
+we're going to end up with boron
+2 plus 1 s 2, 2 s 1,
+
+plus the electron coming
+out of there.
+
+And what we say when we talk
+about the delta energy is that
+
+this is going to be equal to i
+e 2, or the second ionization
+
+energy, or we could say the
+negative of the binding energy
+
+of a 2 s electron in b plus. so
+it's important to note that
+
+it's not in b, now we're talking
+about b plus, because
+
+we've already taken an
+electron out here.
+
+So, similarly if we start
+talking about our third
+
+ionization energy, this is going
+to be going from b plus
+
+2, to 1 s 2, 2 s 1.
+
+Now we're going to pull that
+second electron out of the 2
+
+s, so we end up with boron
+plus 3, and then the
+
+configuration is just 1 s 2,
+plus our extra electron here.
+
+So, what we call this is the
+third ionization energy, or
+
+the negative of the binding
+energy, again of the 2 s
+
+orbital, but now it's in boron
+plus 2 to we're starting with.
+
+So, this raises kind of an
+interesting question in terms
+
+of what the difference is
+between these two cases, and
+
+we're talking about
+numbers of energy.
+
+So let's address this by
+considering another example,
+
+which should clarify what the
+difference is between these
+
+ionization energies.
+
+So let's think about the energy
+required now to remove
+
+a 2 s electron, let's say we're
+removing it from boron
+
+plus 1 versus neutral boron.
+
+So, in the case of boron plus
+1, what we are starting with
+
+is the ion, so we're starting
+with a 2 s electron, and then
+
+we're going to 2 s 1 here.
+
+And what we call the binding
+energy is negative 2 s in b
+
+plus -- this is what we
+saw on the last slide.
+
+And the second case here looks
+a lot more like what we saw
+
+when we were talking about
+photoelectron spectroscopy,
+
+because here we want to remove
+a 2 s electron, but it's
+
+actually not the highest
+occupied orbital, so that's
+
+not the one that would naturally
+come out first, but
+
+let's say we're hitting it
+with high energy light
+
+sufficient to knock out all the
+different electrons, and
+
+one that we end up knocking
+out is this 2 s here.
+
+So if we think about what that
+delta energy is, we call that
+
+the ionization of the 2 s,
+that's different from saying
+
+second ionization energy.
+
+And that's going to be equal
+to the negative the binding
+
+energy of 2 s in b,
+in neutral boron.
+
+So, my question to you is are
+these two energies equal?
+
+No.
+
+All right, good answer.
+
+So, we can think about why is
+it that these are not equal.
+
+In both cases we're
+taking an electron
+
+out of the 2 s orbital.
+
+And it turns out that if we're
+talking about a 2 s orbital in
+
+an ion, that means it doesn't
+have as many electrons in it,
+
+so what we're going to see
+is less sheilding.
+
+There are fewer electrons around
+to shield some of that
+
+nuclear charge.
+
+So what we're going to see is
+less sheilding, which means
+
+that it will actually feel
+a higher z effective.
+
+So even though they're both 2 s
+electrons, in one case it's
+
+going to think its feeling more
+pull from the nucleus,
+
+and it, in fact, will be, than
+in the other case, and if its
+
+feeling a higher z effective,
+then it's actually going to
+
+require more energy to remove
+that electron, right, it's
+
+being pulled in closer and more
+tightly to the nucleus,
+
+you have to put in more energy
+to rip it away from that very
+
+close interaction.
+
+So, that's the difference in
+thinking about different types
+
+of ionization energy, so it can
+get a little bit confusing
+
+with terminology if you're
+just looking at something
+
+quickly, so make sure you look
+really carefully about what
+
+we're discussing here.
+
+If you see a problem that asks
+you, for example, the third
+
+ionization energy versus taking
+a second electron out
+
+of the 2 s in a photoelectron
+spectroscopy experiment, those
+
+are two very different things.
+
+So, let's make sure everyone
+kind of has this down, let's
+
+do another clicker
+question here.
+
+And in this case we're going to
+look at silicone, and we'll
+
+say if you can point out to me
+which requires the least
+
+amount of energy.
+
+So, which has the smallest
+energy that you have to put in
+
+in order to eject
+this electron?
+
+Will it be if you take a 3
+s electron from neutral
+
+silicone, if you take a 3 p
+electron from the neutral
+
+atom, or if you take
+a 3 p from the ion?
+
+So this you should be able to
+know pretty quickly, so let's
+
+just take 10 seconds here.
+
+All right, great.
+
+So most of you see that, in
+fact, the energy that's going
+
+to be the least that we need to
+put in is in case 2 here.
+
+Let's compare case 2 and 3,
+since this where some people
+
+seem to have gotten confused.
+
+In case 2, we're taking it out
+of -- oh, it's kind of hard to
+
+compare case 2 and 3 when
+we can't see it anymore.
+
+In case 2, we're taking the 3
+p out of the neutral atom,
+
+whereas in case 3, we're taking
+it out of the ion.
+
+Remember in the ion, we're going
+to have less electrons
+
+around to counteract the
+pull from the nucleus.
+
+So we're going to feel a higher
+z effective in the case
+
+of the ion compared to
+the neutral atom.
+
+If we have a higher z effective,
+it's pulled in
+
+tighter, we have to put in more
+energy in order to eject
+
+an electron, so it turns out
+that that's why case 2 is
+
+actually the lowest energy
+that we need to put in.
+
+The z effective is lower, so we
+have to put less energy in
+
+to get an ion out.
+
+So, let's take a look at this in
+terms of periodic trends --
+
+that's our topic here, we're
+talking about periodic trends.
+
+So as we go across the row,
+and this is my beautiful
+
+picture of a periodic
+table here.
+
+As we go across the row what
+happens is that the ionization
+
+energy actually increases, and
+we can think about logically
+
+why it is that that's
+happening.
+
+As we go across the row, what we
+have happening is that the
+
+z or the atomic charge --
+
+I'm not talking about z
+effective here, I'm just
+
+talking about z -- the z is
+increasing as we go across a
+
+row, that's easy to see.
+
+But we're still in the same
+shell, so we still have the
+
+same n value as we go all the
+way across a row in the
+
+periodic table.
+
+So, in general what we're going
+to see is that what
+
+happens to z effective if we
+have z increasing but we're in
+
+the same shell here.
+
+Would it increase or decrease
+z effective?
+
+All right.
+
+Kind of mixed thoughts here.
+
+So it turns out that it
+increases, and the reason is
+
+because the predominant thing
+that's going on here is that z
+
+is increasing.
+
+So the z is increasing, and
+what goes along with it is
+
+that the z effective is
+increasing, because it turns
+
+out that while we're in the same
+n, even though we know
+
+that energy depends on both the
+n and the l in terms of
+
+quantum numbers, while we're
+in the same n, the distance
+
+from the nucleus, it's
+pretty close,
+
+it's not hugely different.
+
+So the factor that predominates
+is that we're
+
+actually increasing z.
+
+That's why we see z effective
+increase, and that's why we
+
+see ionization energy
+increase.
+
+As we go down a column, what
+happens is that the ionization
+
+energy decreases.
+
+We can also think about this
+in terms of z effective.
+
+This is because even though z,
+the atomic number is still
+
+increasing, we are also
+getting further
+
+away from the nucleus.
+
+So, remember when we talk about
+Coulomb force, what's
+
+holding the nucleus and the
+electron together, there's 2
+
+things we need to think about.
+
+The first is this the z
+effective, or how much charge
+
+is actually in the nucleus
+that's felt, or the I guess we
+
+would say the z, how much the
+charge is on the nucleus that
+
+holds it close together.
+
+But the second factor
+is how far away we
+
+are from the nucleus.
+
+So, if we're really close to
+the nucleus, that's when z
+
+effective is high, but if we
+get really far away, then z
+
+effective is going to get low,
+because even though we have
+
+the same charge in the
+nucleus, the z
+
+effective gets lower.
+
+So this is not even thinking
+about the other electron
+
+shielding, just if we think of
+the fact, all we need to think
+
+about is that the effect of
+going to a further away n
+
+actually dominates as we
+go down the table.
+
+We're getting further away from
+the nucleus because we're
+
+jumping, for example, from the
+n equals 2 to the n equals 3
+
+shell, or from the n equals
+3 to the n equals 4 shell.
+
+And when you're switching n's,
+you're actually getting quite
+
+a bit farther away.
+
+That's why in the earlier models
+of the atom, they're
+
+not horrible to sometimes think
+about just each n value
+
+as a little ring around.
+
+It's not complete and it's not
+accurate, but it's OK to kind
+
+of think of it in terms of how
+far we're getting away from
+
+the nucleus.
+
+So, as we go down a column, we
+see ionization energy's going
+
+to decrease.
+
+So, this means we have the
+general trends down, so we
+
+should be able to look at actual
+atoms in our periodic
+
+table and graph them
+and see that they
+
+match up with our trends.
+
+So here we have that graphed
+here, we have atomic number z
+
+graphed against ionization
+energy, so, let's fill in what
+
+the actual atoms are here, and
+we can see in general, yes,
+
+we're following the trend.
+
+For row one, we're increasing,
+as we should, across the row.
+
+Let's look at row two also.
+
+Well, we're generally increasing
+here, we'll talk
+
+about that more in a minute.
+
+And also in a row three, yeah,
+we're generally increasing,
+
+there's some glitches
+here, but the
+
+general trend holds true.
+
+Similarly we see as we go down
+the table, so as we're going
+
+from one row to the next row,
+so, for example, between
+
+helium and lithium, we see a
+drop; the same with neon to
+
+sodium, we see a drop here.
+
+So it looks like we're generally
+following our trend,
+
+that's a good thing.
+
+But hopefully, you will not be
+satisfied to just make a
+
+general statement here when
+we do have these glitches.
+
+So you can see, for example, we
+have several places where
+
+instead of going up as we go
+across the row, we actually go
+
+down in ionization energy
+a little bit.
+
+So between b e, and b, between
+n and o, magesium and
+
+aluminum, and then phosphorous
+and sulfur, what we see here
+
+is that we're kind of going
+down, or quite specifically,
+
+we are going down.
+
+So, let's take a look at one of
+these rows in more detail
+
+to think about why this might be
+happening, and it turns out
+
+the reason that these glitches
+occur are because the sub
+
+shell structure predominates
+in certain instances, and
+
+that's where these glitches
+take place.
+
+So I've sort of just spread out
+what we have as the second
+
+row here, graphed against
+the ionization energy.
+
+So, let's consider specifically
+where these
+
+glitches are taking place.
+
+So, let's look at the first
+one between beryllium and
+
+boron here.
+
+And the glitch that doesn't
+make sense just through
+
+periodic trends, is that it
+turns out that the ionization
+
+energy of boron is actually
+less than the ionization
+
+energy up beryllium.
+
+So I put the electron
+configurations and actually
+
+drew it on an energy diagram
+here, so we can actually think
+
+about why this might
+be happening.
+
+So what is this, which element
+did I chart here?
+
+Which one is that, the boron
+or the beryllium?
+
+I couldn't tell what
+you said, sorry.
+
+So, I'm going to assume that
+was beryllium, and then it
+
+turns out that if that's
+beryllium, the
+
+other one must be boron.
+
+So, we have beryllium in the
+first case here, it has four
+
+electrons, that's how we
+know it's beryllium,
+
+boron has five electrons.
+
+So, just looking at putting in
+the electrons, filling up the
+
+energy diagram here, we should
+be able to see a little bit
+
+why this is happening.
+
+And the reason is simply because
+the energy that we
+
+gain in terms of moving up in z,
+so from going to z equals 4
+
+to z equals 5, is actually
+outweighed by the energy it
+
+takes to go into this new
+shell, to go into
+
+this new sub shell.
+
+So to jump from the 2 s to the 2
+p, takes more energy than we
+
+can actually compensate with
+by increasing the pull from
+
+the nucleus.
+
+So, it turns out that in this
+case, and any time that we see
+
+we're going from a 2 s to 2 p,
+filling in of electrons, we
+
+actually see that little
+bit of glitch
+
+in ionization energy.
+
+So it's shown here for the
+second row, but it's actually
+
+also going to be true
+for the third row.
+
+The same thing when you're going
+from filling in the 2 s
+
+to putting that first electron
+into the 2 p.
+
+So that explains one of our
+glitches here, but we have
+
+another glitch, and that second
+glitch comes between
+
+nitrogen and oxygen.
+
+So, these sound more different,
+so I think I'll be
+
+able to distinguish.
+
+Which element is shown here?
+
+Yeah, nitrogen.
+
+So, nitrogen is shown
+here, we know that
+
+because it has 7 electrons.
+
+In this case, we're
+talking about 8
+
+electrons, which is oxygen.
+
+So if we're comparing the
+difference between these 2
+
+now, what you'll notice is that
+in nitrogen we have all
+
+half-filled 2 p orbitals, and
+now, once we move into oxygen,
+
+we actually have to add
+1 more electron into
+
+1 of the 2 p orbitals.
+
+There's no more 2 p orbitals to
+put it into, so we're going
+
+to actually have to double up.
+
+So now we're putting 2 electrons
+into the same p
+
+orbital, that's not a problem,
+we can do it, it's not a huge
+
+energy cost to do that.
+
+But actually there is a little
+bit of an energy cost into
+
+doubling up into a single
+orbital, because, of course,
+
+it takes energy when you
+create more electron
+
+repulsion, that's not something
+we want to do, but
+
+we have to do it here, and it
+turns out that that effect
+
+predominates over, again, the
+energy that we gain by
+
+increasing the atomic
+number by one.
+
+So, our two glitches we see when
+we go from the 2 p, or
+
+from 2 s to start filling the
+2 p, and then we also get
+
+another glitch when we've
+half-filled the 2 p, and now
+
+we're adding and having
+to double up in
+
+one of those p orbitals.
+
+Again, we see the same
+effect as we go into
+
+different rows as well.
+
+So let's talk about another
+periodic trend, this one is
+
+called electron affinity.
+
+Electron affinity is actually
+the ability of an atom, or we
+
+could also talk about an
+ion to gain electrons.
+
+So it's the affinity it has for
+electrons, it's how much
+
+it likes to get an electron.
+
+We can write out what it is for
+any certain atom or ion x,
+
+so it's just x plus an electron
+gives us x minus.
+
+We have the minus because we're
+adding a negative charge
+
+from the electron.
+
+So, basically any time we have
+a really high positive number
+
+of electron affinity, it means
+that that atom or ion really
+
+wants to gain another electron,
+and it will be very
+
+stable and happy
+if it does so.
+
+So let's look at an example
+of chlorine here.
+
+So chlorine, if we talk about
+it in terms of electron
+
+affinity, we would be writing
+that we're actually gaining an
+
+electron here, and getting
+the ion, c l minus.
+
+And the change in energy for
+this reaction is negative 349
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+So if we have a negative change
+in energy for any
+
+reaction as it's written, what
+that actually means is we're
+
+giving off energy as the
+reaction proceeds.
+
+So, in other words, this c l
+minus is actually lower in
+
+energy than the reactants
+were.
+
+So that's why we're giving
+off extra energy.
+
+We saw a similar thing as we
+saw electrons move from
+
+different levels.
+
+We can think of it in the same
+type of way when we're talking
+
+about actual reactions
+happening.
+
+So, if we have energy that's
+released, would you say that
+
+the chlorine ion is more
+or less stable than
+
+the chlorine atom?
+
+Who thinks it's more stable,
+show of hands?
+
+All right, who thinks
+it's less stable?
+
+Very good.
+
+So it turns out it is,
+in fact, more stable.
+
+It's more stable because you
+actually -- this happens
+
+spontaneously, you actually get
+energy out of the reaction
+
+as this happens.
+
+And we haven't talked about
+reactions at all yet, so you
+
+don't need to worry about the
+specifics of that exactly, but
+
+just that if you have this
+negative change in energy, you
+
+have a more stable product
+than you do reactant.
+
+So, we were talking, however,
+about energy in terms of
+
+electron affinity, so we can
+actually relate electron
+
+affinity to any reaction by
+saying if we have this
+
+reaction written as here where
+we're gaining an electron, we
+
+say that electron affinity is
+just equal to the negative of
+
+that change in energy.
+
+So, for example, for the
+chlorine case, we would say
+
+that the electron affinity for
+chlorine is actually positive
+
+349 kilojoules per mole.
+
+That's a very large number,
+it's all relative, so you
+
+don't necessarily know it's
+large without me telling you
+
+or giving you other ions to
+compare to, but chlorine does
+
+have a very large affinity,
+meaning it's really likes
+
+getting an electron and becoming
+a chlorine ion.
+
+One major difference between
+electron affinity and
+
+ionization energy is that when
+we talked about ionization
+
+energy, remember ionization
+energy
+
+always has to be positive.
+
+We will never have a case where
+
+ionization energy is negative.
+
+Electron affinity, however, can
+be either negative or it
+
+can be positive.
+
+So let's look at a
+case where it's
+
+actually going to be negative.
+
+So, if we took the case of
+nitrogen, if we add an
+
+electron to nitrogen and go to
+n minus, we find that the
+
+change in energy is 7
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+This means in order to do that
+we actually have to put 7
+
+kilojoules per mole
+of energy into the
+
+reaction to make it happen.
+
+So this is not going to be a
+favorable process, we're going
+
+to find that the electron
+affinity is actually a
+
+negative 7 kilojoules per
+mole for nitrogen.
+
+So this means nitrogen has low
+electron affinity, it doesn't
+
+actually want to gain
+an electron.
+
+So, that also tells us that the
+n minus ion is less stable
+
+than the neutral atom itself.
+
+So, we can think about trends in
+electron affinity just like
+
+we did for ionization energy,
+and what we see
+
+is a similar trend.
+
+Electron affinity increases as
+we go across a row in the
+
+periodic table, and
+it decreases as
+
+we go down a column.
+
+I left out the noble gases here
+because they do something
+
+a little bit special, and
+actually, I'm going to give
+
+you one last clicker question
+today to see if you can tell
+
+me what you think
+noble gases do.
+
+To answer this question you
+just really want to think
+
+about what does electron
+affinity means.
+
+It means how much a certain
+atom actually
+
+wants to get an electron.
+
+So do you think noble gases
+would have a high positive
+
+electron affinity, a
+low positive, or
+
+negative electron affinity?
+
+So, let's take 10
+seconds on that.
+
+All right.
+
+Great.
+
+So most of you recognize, if we
+switch back to the notes,
+
+that they do have a negative
+electron affinity.
+
+This should make sense to you,
+because they don't, in fact,
+
+want to gain another electron,
+because that would mean that
+
+electron would have to go into a
+new value of n, a new shell,
+
+and that's really going
+to increase the
+
+energy of the system.
+
+So they'd much rather just stay
+the way they are and not
+
+have another electron come on,
+and it turns out that halogens
+
+have the highest electron
+affinities.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LW-8wbtPQIE.txt b/LW-8wbtPQIE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39867bc0130607f10803f8239f2f08a6db4af0cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LW-8wbtPQIE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+Here's a failed attempt at pipelining a circuit.
+
+For what value of K is the circuit a K-pipeline?
+
+Well, let's count the number of registers
+along each path from system inputs to system
+
+outputs.
+
+The top path through the A and C components
+has 2 registers.
+
+As does the bottom path through the B and
+C components.
+
+But the middle path through all three components
+has only 1 register.
+
+Oops, this not a well-formed K-pipeline.
+
+Why do we care?
+
+We care because this pipelined circuit does
+not compute the same answer as the original
+
+unpipelined circuit.
+
+The problem is that successive generations
+of inputs get mixed together during processing.
+
+For example, during cycle i+1, the B module
+is computing with the current value of the
+
+X input but the previous value of the Y input.
+
+This can't happen with a well-formed K-pipeline.
+
+So we need to develop a technique for pipelining
+a circuit that guarantees the result will
+
+be well-formed.
+
+Here's our strategy that will ensure if we
+add a pipeline register along one path from
+
+system inputs to system outputs, we will add
+pipeline registers along every path.
+
+Step 1 is to draw a contour line that crosses
+every output in the circuit and mark its endpoints
+
+as the terminal points for all the other contours
+we'll add.
+
+During Step 2 continue to draw contour lines
+between the two terminal points across the
+
+signal connections between modules.
+
+Make sure that every signal connection crosses
+the new contour line in the same direction.
+
+This means that system inputs will be one
+side of the contour and system outputs will
+
+be on the other side.
+
+These contours demarcate pipeline stages.
+
+Place a pipeline register wherever a signal
+connection intersects the pipelining contours.
+
+Here we've marked the location of pipeline
+registers with large black dots.
+
+By drawing the contours from terminal point
+to terminal point we guarantee that we cross
+
+every input-output path, thus ensuring our
+pipeline will be well-formed.
+
+Now we can compute the system's clock period
+by looking for the pipeline stage with the
+
+longest register-to-register or input-to-register
+propagation delay.
+
+With these contours and assuming ideal zero-delay
+pipeline registers, the system clock must
+
+have a period of 8 ns to accommodate the operation
+of the C module.
+
+This gives a system throughput of 1 output
+every 8 ns.
+
+Since we drew 3 contours, this is a 3-pipeline
+and the system latency is 3 times 8 ns or
+
+24 ns total.
+
+Our usual goal in pipelining a circuit is
+to achieve maximum throughput using the fewest
+
+possible registers.
+
+So our strategy is to find the slowest system
+component (in our example, the C component)
+
+and place pipeline registers on its inputs
+and outputs.
+
+So we drew contours that pass on either side
+of the C module.
+
+This sets the clock period at 8 ns, so we
+position the contours so that longest path
+
+between any two pipeline registers is at most
+8.
+
+There are often several choices for how to
+draw a contour while maintaining the same
+
+throughput and latency.
+
+For example, we could have included the E
+module in the same pipeline stage as the F
+
+module.
+
+Okay, let's review our pipelining strategy.
+
+First we draw a contour across all the outputs.
+
+This creates a 1-pipeline, which, as you can
+see, will always have the same throughput
+
+and latency as the original combinational
+circuit.
+
+Then we draw our next contour, trying to isolate
+the slowest component in the system.
+
+This creates a 2-pipeline with a clock period
+of 2 and hence a throughput of 1/2, or double
+
+that of the 1-pipeline.
+
+We can add additional contours, but note that
+the 2-pipeline had the smallest possible clock
+
+period, so after that additional contours
+add stages and hence increase the system's
+
+latency without increasing its throughput.
+
+Not illegal, just not a worthwhile investment
+in hardware.
+
+Note that the signal connection between the
+A and C module now has two back-to-back pipelining
+
+registers.
+
+Nothing wrong with that; it often happens
+when we pipeline a circuit where the input-output
+
+paths are of different lengths.
+
+So our pipelining strategy will be to pipeline
+implementations with increased throughput,
+
+usually at the cost of increased latency.
+
+Sometimes we get lucky and the delays of each
+pipeline stage are perfectly balanced, in
+
+which case the latency will not increase.
+
+Note that a pipelined circuit will NEVER have
+a smaller latency than the unpipelined circuit.
+
+Notice that once we've isolated the slowest
+component, we can't increase the throughput
+
+any further.
+
+How do we continue to improve the performance
+of circuits in light of these performance
+
+bottlenecks?
+
+One solution is to use pipelined components
+if they're available!
+
+Suppose we're able to replace the original
+A component with a 2-stage pipelined version
+
+A-prime.
+
+We can redraw our pipelining contours, making
+sure we account for the internal pipeline
+
+registers in the A-prime component.
+
+This means that 2 of our contours have to
+pass through the A-prime component, guaranteeing
+
+that we'll add pipeline registers elsewhere
+in the system that will account for the two-cycle
+
+delay introduced by A-prime.
+
+Now the maximum propagation delay in any stage
+is 1 ns, doubling the throughput from 1/2
+
+to 1/1.
+
+This is a 4-pipeline so the latency will be
+4 ns.
+
+This is great!
+
+But what can we do if our bottleneck component
+doesn't have a pipelined substitute.
+
+We'll tackle that question in the next section.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MYXMC7koJyY.txt b/MYXMC7koJyY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5889cf68a941cdb5394c33441ea40d3fe721fe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MYXMC7koJyY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to
+recitation in this video we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation in this video we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation in this video we're going to
+do another solid of Revolution problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another solid of Revolution problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another solid of Revolution problem
+so what I'd like to do in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like to do in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like to do in this problem
+is to find the volume of the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find the volume of the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find the volume of the solid
+generated by rotating the region bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by rotating the region bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by rotating the region bounded
+by the following curves yal 0 xal 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the following curves yal 0 xal 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the following curves yal 0 xal 4 and
+yal < TK X around the Line xals 6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal < TK X around the Line xals 6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal < TK X around the Line xals 6 and
+you can choose your favorite method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose your favorite method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose your favorite method to
+do this what I would what I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this what I would what I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this what I would what I would like
+first when you're doing this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first when you're doing this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first when you're doing this kind of
+problem is get a rough sketch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is get a rough sketch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is get a rough sketch of the
+region so you have some picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so you have some picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so you have some picture of
+what's actually going to happen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually going to happen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually going to happen you
+don't necessarily need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily need a
+three-dimensional picture but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional picture but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional picture but at least
+have the two-dimensional region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the two-dimensional region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the two-dimensional region and
+understand the rot where the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the rot where the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the rot where the rotation
+line is with respect to that region so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is with respect to that region so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is with respect to that region so I
+will give you a little bit of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a little bit of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a little bit of time to
+work on that problem and when I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that problem and when I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that problem and when I come
+back I'll show you how I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay welcome back so again what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back so again what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back so again what we're
+doing in this in this video is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this in this video is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this in this video is we're
+going to be looking at finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at finding the
+volume of a solid of Revolution and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of a solid of Revolution and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of a solid of Revolution and as I
+mentioned the first thing you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the first thing you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the first thing you want to do
+is get a rough picture of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is get a rough picture of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is get a rough picture of what the
+region looks like that's being rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region looks like that's being rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region looks like that's being rotated
+so I'm going to draw a rough sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to draw a rough sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to draw a rough sketch of
+that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+here so my axes here's my x axis and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so my axes here's my x axis and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so my axes here's my x axis and my
+y axis and I will draw first the curve y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y axis and I will draw first the curve y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y axis and I will draw first the curve y
+equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's y equals 0 and I'm next going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's y equals 0 and I'm next going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's y equals 0 and I'm next going to
+draw the curve y equal otk of x to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the curve y equal otk of x to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the curve y equal otk of x to make
+this a little easier for myself to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little easier for myself to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little easier for myself to do
+that one first so y equal otk of X looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one first so y equal otk of X looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one first so y equal otk of X looks
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+roughly and then x equal four because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and then x equal four because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and then x equal four because
+it's a very rough sketch I can just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very rough sketch I can just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very rough sketch I can just draw
+this line right here and say that Line's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line right here and say that Line's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line right here and say that Line's
+x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal
+4 and I want the region bounded by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and I want the region bounded by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and I want the region bounded by those
+three curves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three curves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three curves so
+this region right here and my rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region right here and my rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region right here and my rotating
+line in this case is xal 6 so to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in this case is xal 6 so to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in this case is xal 6 so to give
+myself some perspective I remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself some perspective I remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself some perspective I remember this
+is xal 4 here's x equals 0 so xals 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is xal 4 here's x equals 0 so xals 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is xal 4 here's x equals 0 so xals 6
+it's maybe right about here I'll draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe right about here I'll draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe right about here I'll draw a
+dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted
+line and I'm going to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and I'm going to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and I'm going to draw a
+little arrow around there so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrow around there so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrow around there so I know
+that's the line I'm rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line I'm rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line I'm rotating
+about now we notice there's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now we notice there's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now we notice there's a little bit
+of a gap here but you can actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gap here but you can actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gap here but you can actually work
+on this problem quite simply if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem quite simply if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem quite simply if we use
+the shell method we won't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell method we won't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell method we won't have to worry
+about the Gap at all uh we will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Gap at all uh we will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Gap at all uh we will have to
+be careful in how we determine our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful in how we determine our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful in how we determine our
+radius that's actually where you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius that's actually where you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius that's actually where you'll see
+this sort of Gap coming up so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of Gap coming up so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of Gap coming up so when I
+rotate this around going to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this around going to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this around going to get some
+object that's going to have a nice curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that's going to have a nice curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that's going to have a nice curve
+here and there's going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's going to be a little
+cutout a c cylinder missing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutout a c cylinder missing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutout a c cylinder missing in the
+middle when I rotate it so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle when I rotate it so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle when I rotate it so I'm going to
+use the shell method I like the shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the shell method I like the shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the shell method I like the shell
+method for this problem you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for this problem you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for this problem you could use
+the washer method for this problem but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the washer method for this problem but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the washer method for this problem but I
+like the shells and that's what I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the shells and that's what I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the shells and that's what I'm I'm
+going to use so to do the shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method remember we are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method remember we are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method remember we are going to be
+interested in 2 pi RH that's really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in 2 pi RH that's really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in 2 pi RH that's really what
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+need and now what we want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and now what we want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and now what we want to figure out
+is do I want to do this in terms of X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do I want to do this in terms of X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do I want to do this in terms of X or
+in terms of Y right this is when I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Y right this is when I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Y right this is when I talk
+about these shells is it better to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these shells is it better to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these shells is it better to think
+about them as functions of X or Y and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them as functions of X or Y and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them as functions of X or Y and it
+will you'll see it's we sort of have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you'll see it's we sort of have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you'll see it's we sort of have to
+think about them in a certain way so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them in a certain way so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them in a certain way so if
+I draw let's think about if I draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw let's think about if I draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw let's think about if I draw a
+straight line down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line down
+and I rotate it around the the Line xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I rotate it around the the Line xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I rotate it around the the Line xal
+6 which I should have labeled here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 which I should have labeled here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 which I should have labeled here then
+I get my shell so I need these lines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get my shell so I need these lines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get my shell so I need these lines to
+go from zero to four I need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from zero to four I need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from zero to four I need to have
+those lines go from Zer to four and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines go from Zer to four and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines go from Zer to four and so I
+see that it's the x value I'm varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's the x value I'm varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's the x value I'm varying
+over so I know this is all going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so I know this is all going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so I know this is all going to be
+this is going to be an integral in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be an integral in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be an integral in terms
+of X so let's keep that in mind so R I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X so let's keep that in mind so R I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X so let's keep that in mind so R I
+should write as a function of X and H I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write as a function of X and H I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write as a function of X and H I
+should write as a function of X so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write as a function of X so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write as a function of X so if I
+examine this segment again here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine this segment again here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine this segment again here
+the height is fairly simple because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is fairly simple because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is fairly simple because what
+is this curve this is the curve yal otk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this curve this is the curve yal otk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this curve this is the curve yal otk
+of X so the height is just square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X so the height is just square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X so the height is just square root
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+x so H is equal to root of x and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so H is equal to root of x and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so H is equal to root of x and so now
+I just need R in terms of X well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just need R in terms of X well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just need R in terms of X well let's
+look at a let's look at a this segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a let's look at a this segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a let's look at a this segment
+again it's just a generic position how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's just a generic position how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's just a generic position how
+would I find that radius what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I find that radius what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I find that radius what is the
+radius well I'm going to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius well I'm going to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius well I'm going to draw the
+three-dimensional picture over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional picture over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional picture over
+here that that's this curve this segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that that's this curve this segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that that's this curve this segment
+rotated about the line x = 6 right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated about the line x = 6 right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated about the line x = 6 right and
+the radius is not X it's the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is not X it's the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is not X it's the distance
+from xals 6 to my segment that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from xals 6 to my segment that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from xals 6 to my segment that's an
+important distinction we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction we should
+understand if we come back and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if we come back and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if we come back and look at
+this picture this is not the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture this is not the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture this is not the radius
+right the radius is the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the radius is the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the radius is the distance from
+this X from this value to this value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X from this value to this value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X from this value to this value in
+X and how do I measure that well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and how do I measure that well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and how do I measure that well that's
+fairly straightforward that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly straightforward that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly straightforward that's the the
+difference in X values between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in X values between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in X values between these two
+the x value here is six and the x value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x value here is six and the x value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x value here is six and the x value
+here this was a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this was a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this was a generic
+X so the difference the distance is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so the difference the distance is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so the difference the distance is just
+6 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x right this is just a simple case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right this is just a simple case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right this is just a simple case of
+the distance formula because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance formula because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance formula because I'm not
+interested in the changes in Y at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the changes in Y at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the changes in Y at all
+I'm just interested in the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just interested in the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just interested in the difference
+between these two x values so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two x values so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two x values so it's
+simply 6 - x that's our radius so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply 6 - x that's our radius so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply 6 - x that's our radius so now I
+have the radius in terms of X and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the radius in terms of X and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the radius in terms of X and I have
+the height in terms of X so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height in terms of X so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height in terms of X so I can
+completely set up my integral so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely set up my integral so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely set up my integral so let me
+come a little bit further over and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come a little bit further over and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come a little bit further over and set
+up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral so I know I'm integrating we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so I know I'm integrating we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so I know I'm integrating we
+even said what we were integrating from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even said what we were integrating from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even said what we were integrating from
+and two already I'm starting X at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two already I'm starting X at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two already I'm starting X at
+zero and I'm stopping at x equal 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm stopping at x equal 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm stopping at x equal 4 and
+then I want to integrate 2 pi RH so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to integrate 2 pi RH so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to integrate 2 pi RH so I'll
+put the 2 pi out in front the radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the 2 pi out in front the radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the 2 pi out in front the radius is
+6 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 -
+x oops and the height is square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x oops and the height is square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x oops and the height is square root of
+x and then I'm integrating it all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and then I'm integrating it all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and then I'm integrating it all in
+DX and at this point solving the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and at this point solving the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and at this point solving the problem
+is fairly straightforward I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly straightforward I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly straightforward I can write
+square root of x as x to the 1/2 to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of x as x to the 1/2 to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of x as x to the 1/2 to make
+myself feel a little better about it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself feel a little better about it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself feel a little better about it I
+can then distribute and then I just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then distribute and then I just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then distribute and then I just use
+the power rule to do the to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power rule to do the to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power rule to do the to do the
+integration and evaluate to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and evaluate to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and evaluate to get an
+actual number to get that volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual number to get that volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual number to get that volume
+so I'm going to go back and just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to go back and just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to go back and just make
+sure we we remember what all the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we we remember what all the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we we remember what all the pieces
+are and that we feel comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that we feel comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that we feel comfortable with
+doing this type of problem and I'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this type of problem and I'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this type of problem and I'll let
+you finish and evaluate that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finish and evaluate that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finish and evaluate that if you
+would like to know an actual number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know an actual number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know an actual number so
+let's come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back
+over we were finding the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we were finding the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we were finding the volume of the
+solid generated by rotating a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid generated by rotating a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid generated by rotating a certain
+region around the Line xals 6 the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region around the Line xals 6 the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region around the Line xals 6 the way
+this might be different from some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be different from some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be different from some of the
+problems you've seen before is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you've seen before is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you've seen before is it's not
+the x or y AIS and the region has a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x or y AIS and the region has a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x or y AIS and the region has a gap
+between or the region is not connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between or the region is not connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between or the region is not connected
+to the line of rotation so if we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the line of rotation so if we come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the line of rotation so if we come to
+see our picture we can see that clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see our picture we can see that clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see our picture we can see that clearly
+the rotating region is the blue region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotating region is the blue region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotating region is the blue region
+the line of rotation is the dotted line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of rotation is the dotted line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of rotation is the dotted line
+so there's a little bit of a gap there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little bit of a gap there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little bit of a gap there I
+let you pick your favorite method I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you pick your favorite method I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you pick your favorite method I
+chose shells because I didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose shells because I didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose shells because I didn't have to
+worry about subtracting off pieces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about subtracting off pieces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about subtracting off pieces this
+little piece here it was inherent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece here it was inherent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece here it was inherent in the
+radius the way I determine the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius the way I determine the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius the way I determine the radius
+and the X values that I chose so I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X values that I chose so I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X values that I chose so I used
+shell method and so how did I I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell method and so how did I I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell method and so how did I I had to
+figure out a couple things I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a couple things I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a couple things I had to
+figure out first what variable I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out first what variable I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out first what variable I was
+doing this in X or Y and then I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in X or Y and then I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in X or Y and then I had to
+figure out the radius and height in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the radius and height in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the radius and height in
+terms of that variable you figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that variable you figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that variable you figure out
+what what variable you need by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what variable you need by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what variable you need by saying
+okay if I'm doing shells I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I'm doing shells I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I'm doing shells I'm looking at
+these kinds of segments and I'm varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of segments and I'm varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of segments and I'm varying
+X values then as I move and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X values then as I move and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X values then as I move and look at
+those different segments so I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different segments so I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different segments so I know that
+this is a DX type of problem I know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a DX type of problem I know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a DX type of problem I know I'm
+integrating something in X so then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating something in X so then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating something in X so then I
+have to find radius and height in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find radius and height in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find radius and height in terms
+of X the heights the 3B it's just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X the heights the 3B it's just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X the heights the 3B it's just from
+zero up to the function the radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero up to the function the radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero up to the function the radius is
+maybe a little harder but that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little harder but that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little harder but that's still
+just the distance between the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the distance between the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the distance between the line of
+rotation and the point where you are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and the point where you are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and the point where you are and
+so that's 6 - x and then I just set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's 6 - x and then I just set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's 6 - x and then I just set up
+the integral from there so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from there so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from there so that's really
+what the idea is in doing these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the idea is in doing these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the idea is in doing these types of
+problems and because we get to pick this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and because we get to pick this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and because we get to pick this
+our simplest way this for me it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our simplest way this for me it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our simplest way this for me it was
+shells maybe you picked washers but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells maybe you picked washers but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells maybe you picked washers but for
+me this problem the simplest way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this problem the simplest way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this problem the simplest way is
+shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells
+so I guess that's where I'll stop
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MaHkWlaqxsY.txt b/MaHkWlaqxsY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b63ea634bac5f69efcfaff86e094208b40a9abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MaHkWlaqxsY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, but I am really glad to uh invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but I am really glad to uh invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but I am really glad to uh invite
+Nikki Bruno up to speak not about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikki Bruno up to speak not about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikki Bruno up to speak not about what
+keeps her awake at night in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps her awake at night in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps her awake at night in the middle
+of the night, but instead Well, I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the night, but instead Well, I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the night, but instead Well, I guess
+it is the same thing, isn't it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same thing, isn't it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same thing, isn't it?
+>> Different twist. Yes. Uh so thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Different twist. Yes. Uh so thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Different twist. Yes. Uh so thank you so
+much for for sharing uh your perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for for sharing uh your perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for for sharing uh your perspective
+on scaling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on scaling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on scaling.
+>> Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+>> thank you and hi everyone. Um thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> thank you and hi everyone. Um thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> thank you and hi everyone. Um thank you
+for having me. This has been a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for having me. This has been a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for having me. This has been a wonderful
+wonderful day. Um and you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful day. Um and you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful day. Um and you know when you
+think about the utility what I came into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the utility what I came into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the utility what I came into
+was the power of the people panel. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the power of the people panel. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the power of the people panel. Um I
+missed the the very first one. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the the very first one. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the the very first one. Um but
+you know there there is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there there is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there there is a general
+mistrust and a general dislike or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistrust and a general dislike or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistrust and a general dislike or even
+like even worse negligence about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even worse negligence about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even worse negligence about the
+utility, right? like I I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility, right? like I I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility, right? like I I don't know if
+it's better to be loved or hated, but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to be loved or hated, but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to be loved or hated, but if
+you don't feel anything, you know, so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't feel anything, you know, so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't feel anything, you know, so um
+you know, and I before coming to work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and I before coming to work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and I before coming to work at
+the utility, I kind of fell accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility, I kind of fell accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility, I kind of fell accidentally
+into the energy space. I have a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the energy space. I have a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the energy space. I have a degree
+in environmental science. Um but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in environmental science. Um but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in environmental science. Um but you
+know, life goes on, right? And it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, life goes on, right? And it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, life goes on, right? And it looks
+beautiful on a resume and all stitched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful on a resume and all stitched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful on a resume and all stitched
+together, but um you realize the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, but um you realize the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, but um you realize the energy
+is just such a it's a commodity. It's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just such a it's a commodity. It's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just such a it's a commodity. It's so
+needed. And I never knew all the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. And I never knew all the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. And I never knew all the work
+that the utility workers, gas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the utility workers, gas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the utility workers, gas or
+electric, do, water for that matter. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric, do, water for that matter. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric, do, water for that matter. Um
+but I think it's on us to continually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's on us to continually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's on us to continually
+change and evolve the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and evolve the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and evolve the perspective of
+right we have to earn our keep. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have to earn our keep. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have to earn our keep. Um we
+have a lot of beautiful touch points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of beautiful touch points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of beautiful touch points
+with the customer that many people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the customer that many people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the customer that many people do
+not. Um and that's a privilege and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. Um and that's a privilege and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. Um and that's a privilege and I
+think there you would find uh was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there you would find uh was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there you would find uh was just
+on the phone earlier this morning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone earlier this morning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone earlier this morning about
+it. A lot of people have ingrained and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. A lot of people have ingrained and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. A lot of people have ingrained and
+don't sleep at night around the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sleep at night around the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sleep at night around the fact
+that they have to provide safe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to provide safe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to provide safe and
+reliable service and and I know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable service and and I know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable service and and I know um
+gentleman earlier was mentioning what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman earlier was mentioning what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman earlier was mentioning what
+does reliable mean? When I say reliable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does reliable mean? When I say reliable,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does reliable mean? When I say reliable,
+it's there for them all the time 247
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there for them all the time 247
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there for them all the time 247
+365. Um so that's why some of us don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+365. Um so that's why some of us don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+365. Um so that's why some of us don't
+sleep. Um, but you know on the geo front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep. Um, but you know on the geo front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep. Um, but you know on the geo front
+it's it's been such a happy discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's been such a happy discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's been such a happy discussion
+and I'm going to be blending in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to be blending in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to be blending in kind of
+when we talk about scaling scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about scaling scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about scaling scaling
+technical systems certainly how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical systems certainly how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical systems certainly how we're
+thinking about our pilot in Framingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about our pilot in Framingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about our pilot in Framingham
+and what's next how it went what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's next how it went what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's next how it went what we can
+learn but also how we can scale that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn but also how we can scale that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn but also how we can scale that
+change management because there has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change management because there has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change management because there has to
+be a cultural shift in not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cultural shift in not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cultural shift in not only the
+utility but the um folks we interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but the um folks we interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but the um folks we interact
+with whether they're stakeholders,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with whether they're stakeholders,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with whether they're stakeholders,
+community partners, customers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community partners, customers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community partners, customers,
+regulators Everybody has to adjust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators Everybody has to adjust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators Everybody has to adjust and
+we're in this enormous transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this enormous transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this enormous transition
+period, right? And I think, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period, right? And I think, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period, right? And I think, you know,
+we've always said this in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always said this in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always said this in various
+places, but this pictorial example does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places, but this pictorial example does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places, but this pictorial example does
+not get built with one group. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get built with one group. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get built with one group. Um, and
+the reason this it may not feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason this it may not feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason this it may not feel like
+it's fast if you look like at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fast if you look like at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fast if you look like at this
+timeline, but being the first time we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline, but being the first time we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline, but being the first time we've
+certainly done this, it it is fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly done this, it it is fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly done this, it it is fast and
+it only happened because there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only happened because there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only happened because there were a
+lot of groups involved. Um, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of groups involved. Um, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of groups involved. Um, you know,
+certainly Zanab and the heat team right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly Zanab and the heat team right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly Zanab and the heat team right
+at the forefront really, I would argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the forefront really, I would argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the forefront really, I would argue
+before I even came to Eversource putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I even came to Eversource putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I even came to Eversource putting
+it out there in front of the DPU at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out there in front of the DPU at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out there in front of the DPU at the
+time to say, "Hey, the gas company could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to say, "Hey, the gas company could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to say, "Hey, the gas company could
+do this. Let's give them a shot." Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this. Let's give them a shot." Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this. Let's give them a shot." Um,
+and so what you see here is from 2019
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you see here is from 2019
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you see here is from 2019
+when this was initially proposed to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this was initially proposed to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this was initially proposed to we
+commissioned the system in Framingham in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned the system in Framingham in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned the system in Framingham in
+2024, a lot of blood, sweat, and tears.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2024, a lot of blood, sweat, and tears.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2024, a lot of blood, sweat, and tears.
+And you know, when we um maybe when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know, when we um maybe when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know, when we um maybe when you
+hopefully when you're picking up news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully when you're picking up news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully when you're picking up news
+articles online or otherwise, you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles online or otherwise, you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles online or otherwise, you see
+all the great um heralding about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the great um heralding about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the great um heralding about how
+this has been successful. I will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been successful. I will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been successful. I will tell
+you it's it's been tough. Um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's it's been tough. Um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's it's been tough. Um there's a
+lot of learning, a lot of scars. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of learning, a lot of scars. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of learning, a lot of scars. Uh but
+everybody has done so with such grace.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has done so with such grace.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has done so with such grace.
+And what I mean by that is they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I mean by that is they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I mean by that is they are
+willing and they want to show up to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing and they want to show up to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing and they want to show up to do
+this. So I was asked earlier, the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So I was asked earlier, the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So I was asked earlier, the gas
+companies want to do this? are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies want to do this? are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies want to do this? are they
+excited about this? Like how how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about this? Like how how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about this? Like how how do they
+feel? Um and you know I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel? Um and you know I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel? Um and you know I think there
+again even within your own internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again even within your own internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again even within your own internal
+company constituents you have to earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company constituents you have to earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company constituents you have to earn
+trust. You have to earn that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust. You have to earn that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust. You have to earn that this is
+additive. This is a positive and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive. This is a positive and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive. This is a positive and a
+benefit. Um and then when you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit. Um and then when you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit. Um and then when you talk about
+the pace of change, how things can scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pace of change, how things can scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pace of change, how things can scale
+and take off. Um we have a lot of folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take off. Um we have a lot of folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take off. Um we have a lot of folks
+that we brought in that were gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we brought in that were gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we brought in that were gas
+personnel. That's all they did all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personnel. That's all they did all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personnel. That's all they did all day
+long and we're very proud of it. um had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and we're very proud of it. um had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and we're very proud of it. um had
+a skill set, had a passion, had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skill set, had a passion, had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skill set, had a passion, had a
+career. Um and when we put them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career. Um and when we put them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career. Um and when we put them on
+things like Oversight for Construction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Oversight for Construction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Oversight for Construction,
+um it was amazing to see just how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was amazing to see just how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was amazing to see just how they
+delved in open-minded and took it on as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delved in open-minded and took it on as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delved in open-minded and took it on as
+if it were their own gas project. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were their own gas project. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were their own gas project. Um and
+at the end of it, um the most gratifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of it, um the most gratifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of it, um the most gratifying
+thing certainly is to hear like, wow,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing certainly is to hear like, wow,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing certainly is to hear like, wow,
+this was a pretty amazing project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a pretty amazing project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a pretty amazing project to
+work on. That's what that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on. That's what that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on. That's what that's the
+ultimate, right? Um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate, right? Um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate, right? Um so we're
+consistently trying to educate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently trying to educate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently trying to educate
+internally and ed and even our electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally and ed and even our electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally and ed and even our electric
+brethren. I'll say now that doesn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brethren. I'll say now that doesn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brethren. I'll say now that doesn't you
+know that goes beyond gas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that goes beyond gas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that goes beyond gas right
+electric's got their work to do on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric's got their work to do on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric's got their work to do on the
+utility side and because this is a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility side and because this is a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility side and because this is a true
+hybrid and has benefit across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid and has benefit across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid and has benefit across all
+systems got to educate them too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems got to educate them too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems got to educate them too and
+they've got a lot going on. So anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got a lot going on. So anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got a lot going on. So anyway,
+um just you know when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just you know when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just you know when you think about
+milestones on the timeline you say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones on the timeline you say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones on the timeline you say oh
+this is a project right normal course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a project right normal course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a project right normal course of
+business you do the feasibility you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you do the feasibility you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you do the feasibility you get
+the budget the estimate put it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the budget the estimate put it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the budget the estimate put it together
+you get customers you start construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get customers you start construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get customers you start construction
+you put it online all of these steps um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it online all of these steps um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it online all of these steps um
+we that flying the plane as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that flying the plane as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that flying the plane as you're
+building it that that was what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it that that was what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it that that was what was going
+on um and not to shake anybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um and not to shake anybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um and not to shake anybody's
+confidence in the utilities ability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in the utilities ability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in the utilities ability or
+the partners contractors etc teammates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partners contractors etc teammates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partners contractors etc teammates
+ability to do this um but as as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do this um but as as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do this um but as as you
+heard from um many speakers today a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from um many speakers today a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from um many speakers today a lot
+of this is art and science. So when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is art and science. So when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is art and science. So when we
+think about site selection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about site selection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about site selection and
+evaluating we had about 20 sites that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating we had about 20 sites that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating we had about 20 sites that we
+looked at um and it was really unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at um and it was really unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at um and it was really unique
+because I think from the get-go one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think from the get-go one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think from the get-go one of
+the big lessons learned about um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big lessons learned about um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big lessons learned about um these
+networks and the ability to scale is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and the ability to scale is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and the ability to scale is we
+had a crossf functional group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a crossf functional group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a crossf functional group of people
+in the room. So where maybe our a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room. So where maybe our a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room. So where maybe our a
+traditional infrastructure gas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional infrastructure gas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional infrastructure gas or
+electric you'd go to the DPW you'd go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric you'd go to the DPW you'd go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric you'd go to the DPW you'd go to
+the permitting agencies then you engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permitting agencies then you engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permitting agencies then you engage
+the community maybe at some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community maybe at some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community maybe at some level
+depending on the project size we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the project size we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the project size we were
+with the community and key folks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the community and key folks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the community and key folks in
+government community representatives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government community representatives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government community representatives in
+some cases in one location we didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases in one location we didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases in one location we didn't go
+with there was an active resident who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with there was an active resident who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with there was an active resident who
+petitioned her legislator um gathered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petitioned her legislator um gathered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petitioned her legislator um gathered
+the neighborhood it was that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood it was that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood it was that was an
+awful phone call to make by the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful phone call to make by the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful phone call to make by the way to
+call her and say I'm sorry we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call her and say I'm sorry we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call her and say I'm sorry we're not
+bringing it to your city um but she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it to your city um but she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing it to your city um but she
+respected the engagement and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected the engagement and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected the engagement and I think
+that early engagement troubleshoots a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early engagement troubleshoots a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early engagement troubleshoots a
+lot of problems down the road. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of problems down the road. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of problems down the road. So that's
+something we want to do to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to do to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to do to continue
+building on, you know, the success that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on, you know, the success that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on, you know, the success that
+we think we've had with the community um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we've had with the community um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we've had with the community um
+in Framingham. Um we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Framingham. Um we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Framingham. Um we talk about
+permitting, right? I heard a lot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting, right? I heard a lot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting, right? I heard a lot in the
+last presentation about rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last presentation about rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last presentation about rules and
+regulations. The US is a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations. The US is a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations. The US is a little bit of
+the wild west, right? I mean, we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild west, right? I mean, we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild west, right? I mean, we don't
+even have the nomenclature set out. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have the nomenclature set out. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have the nomenclature set out. Um
+and that's confusing for people. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's confusing for people. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's confusing for people. Um, and
+so I think what what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what what kind of
+environmental permits do we need? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental permits do we need? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental permits do we need? What
+kind of city like planning zoning type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of city like planning zoning type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of city like planning zoning type
+permits do you need? This gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits do you need? This gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits do you need? This gets very
+local very fast. Um, and I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local very fast. Um, and I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local very fast. Um, and I think what
+happened in Framingham is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in Framingham is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in Framingham is really a
+testament to the city in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testament to the city in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testament to the city in this case
+figuring it out with us. So we spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring it out with us. So we spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring it out with us. So we spent a
+ton of time meeting with them. In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of time meeting with them. In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of time meeting with them. In fact,
+um, I would argue in in all truth, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, I would argue in in all truth, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, I would argue in in all truth, we
+talk to them more than daily. And um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to them more than daily. And um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to them more than daily. And um,
+you know, we know what's everyone knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we know what's everyone knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we know what's everyone knows
+what's going on on the project in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on on the project in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on on the project in their
+personal lives. It's like the customers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal lives. It's like the customers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal lives. It's like the customers.
+And with that kind of trust, we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And with that kind of trust, we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And with that kind of trust, we were
+able to say, okay, we don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say, okay, we don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say, okay, we don't know what
+permits apply. This is a closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits apply. This is a closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits apply. This is a closed loop
+system. Do we really need to go for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Do we really need to go for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Do we really need to go for that
+board of health, you know, water type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of health, you know, water type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of health, you know, water type
+permit? Do we really need to go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit? Do we really need to go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit? Do we really need to go for
+that? Um, we'll gladly come before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Um, we'll gladly come before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Um, we'll gladly come before
+whatever council or permitting body, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever council or permitting body, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever council or permitting body, but
+maybe maybe it doesn't apply right now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe it doesn't apply right now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe it doesn't apply right now.
+And they were like, you know, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they were like, you know, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they were like, you know, maybe
+that's right. Okay. And in with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. Okay. And in with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. Okay. And in with the
+right protections, with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right protections, with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right protections, with the right
+construction methodology, we avoided a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction methodology, we avoided a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction methodology, we avoided a
+lot of time I feel like spent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time I feel like spent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time I feel like spent on
+permitting or if we had to get a permit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting or if we had to get a permit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting or if we had to get a permit,
+we had educated so much that it moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had educated so much that it moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had educated so much that it moved
+through in a manageable fashion. And and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in a manageable fashion. And and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in a manageable fashion. And and
+certainly in the state of Massachusetts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the state of Massachusetts,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the state of Massachusetts,
+there was recent legislation passed. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was recent legislation passed. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was recent legislation passed. I
+was really excited about the geo work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really excited about the geo work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really excited about the geo work.
+Um, but within that a lot of expedited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but within that a lot of expedited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but within that a lot of expedited
+permitting and sighting for clean energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting and sighting for clean energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting and sighting for clean energy
+um because it is it does bog down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it is it does bog down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it is it does bog down
+schedule and timelines. And so I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and timelines. And so I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and timelines. And so I really
+enthused from that perspective and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthused from that perspective and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthused from that perspective and again
+another another component from a scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another component from a scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another component from a scaling
+um perspective that we want to take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perspective that we want to take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perspective that we want to take and
+bring forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forward.
+When we think about what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we think about what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we think about what we're going to
+learn here though that's that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn here though that's that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn here though that's that's really
+what excites me and I I want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what excites me and I I want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what excites me and I I want to spend
+just a few minutes talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes talking about the
+customer side of this. Um, Eric Bosworth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer side of this. Um, Eric Bosworth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer side of this. Um, Eric Bosworth
+will be here tomorrow to talk about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here tomorrow to talk about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here tomorrow to talk about all
+the tech, commissioning, construction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech, commissioning, construction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech, commissioning, construction,
+drilling, all of that, which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling, all of that, which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling, all of that, which is very
+important. But to me, it's I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. But to me, it's I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. But to me, it's I should say
+and to me, it's a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me, it's a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me, it's a combination of
+customer and technical. Um, it it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and technical. Um, it it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and technical. Um, it it kind
+of is playing out that way in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is playing out that way in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is playing out that way in a lot of
+the dockets and a lot of the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dockets and a lot of the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dockets and a lot of the discussion
+around NPA around integrated planning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around NPA around integrated planning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around NPA around integrated planning.
+The planning is crucial um and and needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The planning is crucial um and and needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The planning is crucial um and and needs
+to be sound based on data, etc. You need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sound based on data, etc. You need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sound based on data, etc. You need
+to have the customer piece. you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the customer piece. you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the customer piece. you need to
+have the execution ability to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the execution ability to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the execution ability to go out
+there and actually build what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and actually build what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and actually build what you're
+talking about because otherwise we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about because otherwise we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about because otherwise we're
+just talking about it. And so in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about it. And so in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about it. And so in in
+Framingham as I move to the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham as I move to the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham as I move to the next slide
+here um we have taken the momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um we have taken the momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um we have taken the momentum of
+the pilot and are now on a grant um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilot and are now on a grant um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilot and are now on a grant um that
+even you know optimistic even with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you know optimistic even with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you know optimistic even with the
+administration geothermal is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration geothermal is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration geothermal is a very
+bipartisan discussion and because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartisan discussion and because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartisan discussion and because I
+think we've we've thought about it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've we've thought about it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've we've thought about it from
+a customer perspective just on our in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a customer perspective just on our in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a customer perspective just on our in
+our um world in Massachusetts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our um world in Massachusetts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our um world in Massachusetts and
+Connecticut if it can make fiscal sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut if it can make fiscal sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecticut if it can make fiscal sense
+and provide environmental benefits if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and provide environmental benefits if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and provide environmental benefits if we
+can get this whole thing to work. Um, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this whole thing to work. Um, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this whole thing to work. Um, it
+doesn't just have to work for climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just have to work for climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just have to work for climate
+advocates. It doesn't just have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocates. It doesn't just have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocates. It doesn't just have to work
+for folks concerned about future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for folks concerned about future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for folks concerned about future
+generations. It's going to be an ant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations. It's going to be an ant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations. It's going to be an ant.
+It's going to be for people who want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be for people who want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be for people who want
+effective heating and cooling from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective heating and cooling from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective heating and cooling from a
+cost perspective. So, what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost perspective. So, what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost perspective. So, what we're trying
+to do on this grant um, in effect is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on this grant um, in effect is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on this grant um, in effect is get
+data back from both a customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data back from both a customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data back from both a customer
+perspective, technical performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective, technical performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective, technical performance
+perspective to see those economies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective to see those economies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective to see those economies of
+scale as you build on this. And we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale as you build on this. And we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale as you build on this. And we've
+already seen it in our design. Um, costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen it in our design. Um, costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen it in our design. Um, costs
+have come down. We're smarter, leaner,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come down. We're smarter, leaner,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come down. We're smarter, leaner,
+faster, all that good stuff. Um, and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster, all that good stuff. Um, and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster, all that good stuff. Um, and I'm
+so excited and and hope the grant comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excited and and hope the grant comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excited and and hope the grant comes
+in certainly, but you know, at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certainly, but you know, at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certainly, but you know, at
+Eversource at least, we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eversource at least, we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eversource at least, we're thinking
+about how do we make a coherent rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do we make a coherent rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do we make a coherent rate
+proposal, project proposal using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal, project proposal using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal, project proposal using
+examples. We still have to learn, but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. We still have to learn, but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. We still have to learn, but to
+make sure that we're advancing this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're advancing this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're advancing this so
+it can stand on its own eventually. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can stand on its own eventually. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can stand on its own eventually. It's
+not on subsidies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on subsidies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on subsidies.
+Just a pictorial of it. Um, doubling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just a pictorial of it. Um, doubling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just a pictorial of it. Um, doubling the
+size of the pilot. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the pilot. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the pilot. This is the
+expansion. And um we don't talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion. And um we don't talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion. And um we don't talk a lot
+about delivered fuels customers, oil,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about delivered fuels customers, oil,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about delivered fuels customers, oil,
+propane, a lot of them here. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propane, a lot of them here. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propane, a lot of them here. So this
+could be accretive to a business, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be accretive to a business, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be accretive to a business, right?
+We could gain customers that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could gain customers that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could gain customers that we're not
+cannibalizing or we're not netting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannibalizing or we're not netting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannibalizing or we're not netting out
+net neutral, right? We are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net neutral, right? We are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net neutral, right? We are actually
+adding. Um and you know, for folks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding. Um and you know, for folks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding. Um and you know, for folks like
+me that like to build things. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that like to build things. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that like to build things. That's
+exciting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting.
+So let me just wrap with some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me just wrap with some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me just wrap with some of the
+opportunities and challenges and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and challenges and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and challenges and I'm
+happy to take questions later. um strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to take questions later. um strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to take questions later. um strong
+emissions goals here, targets here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions goals here, targets here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions goals here, targets here in
+Massachusetts and in a lot of the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and in a lot of the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and in a lot of the states
+we operate in. Um regardless of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we operate in. Um regardless of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we operate in. Um regardless of where
+the federal government goes, we see, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government goes, we see, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government goes, we see, you
+know, being good stewards, right, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, being good stewards, right, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, being good stewards, right, that
+we want to provide solutions and options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to provide solutions and options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to provide solutions and options
+for our customers. And when you go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our customers. And when you go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our customers. And when you go into
+more of a I call it like the subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a I call it like the subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a I call it like the subsidy
+verse tax. If you go into more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse tax. If you go into more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verse tax. If you go into more of a
+positive mindset to give customers more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive mindset to give customers more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive mindset to give customers more
+choice, we find that that naturally puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice, we find that that naturally puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice, we find that that naturally puts
+them it doesn't back them into a corner,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it doesn't back them into a corner,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it doesn't back them into a corner,
+right? We talked about obligation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We talked about obligation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We talked about obligation to
+serve and customer choice. It gives them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve and customer choice. It gives them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve and customer choice. It gives them
+more to choose from and they feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to choose from and they feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to choose from and they feel like
+they are in control of their destiny.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in control of their destiny.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in control of their destiny.
+Um, a lot of customers and communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a lot of customers and communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a lot of customers and communities
+have expressed interest. We had to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expressed interest. We had to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expressed interest. We had to turn
+people away with the pilot. Now, we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people away with the pilot. Now, we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people away with the pilot. Now, we were
+paying for quite a bit on our tab um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for quite a bit on our tab um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for quite a bit on our tab um or
+on the rateayers collectively tabs, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rateayers collectively tabs, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rateayers collectively tabs, but
+it, you know, it begs the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you know, it begs the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you know, it begs the question of
+who else will go into this with us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who else will go into this with us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who else will go into this with us and
+how can we leverage that excitement,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we leverage that excitement,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we leverage that excitement,
+that momentum, that desire to bring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that momentum, that desire to bring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that momentum, that desire to bring this
+to whatever municipality we're in. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever municipality we're in. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever municipality we're in. the
+data will provide the learnings and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data will provide the learnings and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data will provide the learnings and you
+know I think the DOE liftoff report was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think the DOE liftoff report was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think the DOE liftoff report was
+really key new construction we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really key new construction we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really key new construction we have all
+these policies right to kind of styy gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these policies right to kind of styy gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these policies right to kind of styy gas
+growth and what do we replace it with if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and what do we replace it with if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and what do we replace it with if
+folks don't want airsource heat pumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks don't want airsource heat pumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks don't want airsource heat pumps
+this is like a natural fit we see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a natural fit we see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a natural fit we see so
+we're trying to attack the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to attack the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to attack the new
+construction market work with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction market work with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction market work with our
+existing relationships with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing relationships with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing relationships with those
+customers in this case builders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in this case builders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in this case builders
+developers who give them another option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers who give them another option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers who give them another option
+give them hopefully a better option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them hopefully a better option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them hopefully a better option
+right the challenges I think on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the challenges I think on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the challenges I think on the
+other side as you think about scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side as you think about scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side as you think about scaling
+are really things that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really things that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really things that have been
+mentioned already. Um but certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned already. Um but certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned already. Um but certainly
+workforce who can do this work. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce who can do this work. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce who can do this work. Um
+there's a variety of work streams that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variety of work streams that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variety of work streams that
+we know how to do that are transferable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do that are transferable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do that are transferable.
+Something like drilling, we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something like drilling, we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something like drilling, we don't have
+that skill set, right? And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that skill set, right? And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that skill set, right? And that's
+largely the bottleneck. Um the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely the bottleneck. Um the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely the bottleneck. Um the cost
+certainly too. This is an upfront capex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly too. This is an upfront capex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly too. This is an upfront capex
+investment that you make um that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that you make um that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that you make um that that
+you know we have to figure out a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have to figure out a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have to figure out a way to
+manage and spread um so that folks can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage and spread um so that folks can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage and spread um so that folks can
+enjoy the savings on the back end. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the savings on the back end. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the savings on the back end. And I
+think the utility is actually a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the utility is actually a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the utility is actually a great
+vehicle because folks were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle because folks were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle because folks were talking about
+putting in their own systems. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in their own systems. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in their own systems. It's
+expensive. Um it really is. And so um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive. Um it really is. And so um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive. Um it really is. And so um in
+wrapping, you know, we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping, you know, we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping, you know, we're trying to
+identify locations that are best suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify locations that are best suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify locations that are best suited
+from a technical perspective to deploy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a technical perspective to deploy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a technical perspective to deploy
+that the customers want that we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the customers want that we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the customers want that we can make
+the argument for them on a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument for them on a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument for them on a couple of
+different fronts, not just environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fronts, not just environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fronts, not just environmental
+emissions reductions. Um so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions reductions. Um so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions reductions. Um so that we
+could ultimately lower the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ultimately lower the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ultimately lower the cost of the
+project on on a whole. And so with that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on on a whole. And so with that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on on a whole. And so with that,
+um, I guess I'll say we're we're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, I guess I'll say we're we're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, I guess I'll say we're we're already
+seeing kind of acceleration here. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing kind of acceleration here. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing kind of acceleration here. We're
+still in that data collection. I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in that data collection. I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in that data collection. I'm a
+scientist, so we're still in that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist, so we're still in that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist, so we're still in that data
+collection mode certainly. Um, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection mode certainly. Um, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection mode certainly. Um, but the
+company, um, and I certainly am very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, um, and I certainly am very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, um, and I certainly am very
+very excited to be bringing this to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited to be bringing this to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited to be bringing this to more
+and more communities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NtMOab_nhs0.txt b/NtMOab_nhs0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efad49b33ce420daba99a329fb79fd6d645082bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NtMOab_nhs0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Here we are.
+
+We've got our data.
+
+We've managed to plot it.
+
+Now let's go about
+constructing a matrix which
+
+will enable us to fit a
+polynomial to this data.
+
+First of all, I need a matrix.
+
+Here is a way to
+construct a matrix.
+
+We put s equal to-- The function
+zeros is a function which
+
+produces a matrix
+with all zeros in it,
+
+and I want this matrix to
+have dimensions endpoints
+
+by endpoints.
+
+So this command should
+produce such a matrix,
+
+and lo and behold, it does.
+
+Let me just clean up this
+display a little bit.
+
+At the moment, it's
+a little bit annoying
+
+that I'm plotting out absolutely
+everything that I have.
+
+This won't be too much trouble
+when I only have six points,
+
+but it might be in
+a lot of trouble
+
+if I had a lot more points.
+
+Here's how to stop our MATLAB
+or Octave from printing out
+
+the results of a command.
+
+All you do is you
+put a semicolon
+
+at the end of the
+line, like that.
+
+Or, like that.
+
+If I make that change,
+so you hit and run again,
+
+it no longer prints out x and y.
+
+It's still doing the plotting,
+and it's printing out s
+
+as being zeros of
+endpoints endpoints.
+
+That's not terribly
+interesting either,
+
+so I'm going to put a code
+on at the end of that line
+
+and prevent s from
+being printed out.
+
+Now, zeros is not what I want.
+
+What I want is a matrix which
+has the appropriate values
+
+to enable me to fit polynomials.
+
+And those values I'm going
+to generate by using a loop.
+
+In general, it's not a great
+idea within MATLAB or Octave
+
+to use loops, but it's
+perfectly possible to do so.
+
+Loops are generated
+in the following way.
+
+Supposing I choose i to
+be the index of my loop,
+
+I can let i range
+from one to endpoints
+
+by writing 4i equals
+1 Coulomb endpoints.
+
+The end of that for loop is
+indicated by writing end.
+
+Actually, in Octave, it's
+endfor, but in MATLAB it's end,
+
+and so I'm just going to put
+end and that works in Octave
+
+as well.
+
+So that would loop
+over one index,
+
+but actually I want two indices.
+
+So I'm going to put another
+loop inside of the first loop
+
+that I had and I'm going
+to make its index j
+
+and I'm going to let it also
+run from one to endpoints.
+
+And I need to end
+that loop, too.
+
+Let's do my
+indentation neatly so I
+
+can understand this loop when
+I come back and read it later,
+
+and now that's a loop
+which will loop over all
+
+of the indices of the matrix s.
+
+To refer to a particular
+element of the matrix s,
+
+I write s of i and j,
+where i and j are indices.
+
+So I'm going to set
+the ij-th element of s
+
+equal to an appropriate value
+to use for polynomial fitting,
+
+and that value is x--
+actually x I have to refer to
+
+by its index, so that's xi--
+and I'm going to raise it
+
+to the power j minus 1.
+
+So if j is 1, which
+is the lowest element,
+
+this would raise it to the 0
+power, which would just give me
+
+the result of being x
+to the 0, which is 1,
+
+and for higher powers, it
+would go on appropriately.
+
+I don't want to print
+this out at every time
+
+that I calculate
+it, so I'm going
+
+to end the line
+with a semicolon.
+
+And then at the end,
+perhaps I do want to see s,
+
+so let me just write s, and that
+will cause s to be printed out.
+
+So here I am.
+
+I run it again, and now
+s consists of this 6
+
+by 6 matrix whose values,
+if I look at the top line,
+
+you can see that--
+Well, first of all,
+
+let's look at the first column.
+
+The first column is all
+the values of j equals 1,
+
+and they're all x to the 0.
+
+And then this next column
+is x to the power 1,
+
+so you can see that it
+ranges from a 6 to 1.
+
+The next column is
+x to the power 2,
+
+and so it runs from a
+smaller value up to 1.
+
+So of course all the values
+along the bottom row are 1,
+
+and the values along the top
+row are 1/6 to the power 0,
+
+1, 2, 3, and so forth.
+
+So that's my s and that's what
+I'm going to use as my matrix.
+
+Now, I can take the
+inverse of s by writing
+
+some new variable name.
+
+I'm going to call
+it sinv to remind me
+
+that it's the
+inverse of s, and put
+
+it equal to a function
+which is called inv, which
+
+stands for inverse, called s.
+
+So this command finds me
+the inverse of the matrix s.
+
+And when I run that,
+I find that s inverse
+
+is given by this matrix
+here, whose values will
+
+be very hard to guess.
+
+Now, the way to find
+the coefficients
+
+of a polynomial fit
+to my original data
+
+are to put those coefficients
+equal to the matrix product
+
+of the inverse of s, which is
+sinv times the y values, which
+
+we learned about in the lecture.
+
+So that would give
+me the coefficients.
+
+When I run that, I find
+out what the coefficients,
+
+or the different
+powers, of x are.
+
+So in other words,
+these coefficients--
+
+the first line is the
+coefficient of the power x
+
+to the power 0, the next one
+is x to the power 1, and so on.
+
+So I've actually found the
+coefficients of the fit.
+
+For the moment, it's not obvious
+whether I've done it correctly.
+
+I could certainly
+plot out the values
+
+of this fit at various
+places, and that's
+
+what I'm going to do.
+
+I'm going to plot it
+actually with more points
+
+than I started with.
+
+So let me define a
+new parameter, np2.
+
+I might make it equal
+to, let's say, 40.
+
+I could then have a
+second variable, x2,
+
+equal to something
+running from 1 to np2
+
+transposed, divided by np2.
+
+So that will be an x array
+running from a small value
+
+to 1 with, in this
+case, 40 steps.
+
+I'll set, for now,
+y2 equal to x2.
+
+That's just created
+an array that
+
+is of the same length as x,
+and is actually equal to x,
+
+but I'm actually going
+to end up setting y
+
+to be something
+else in a minute.
+
+And let me, for now, put fj,
+a new variable, equal to the c
+
+that I've just calculated.
+
+This won't do
+anything interesting,
+
+because I've commented those
+out, and so when I run it,
+
+I just get the same
+result that I had before.
+
+So I haven't actually
+done anything.
+
+Now I'm going to have another
+couple of nested for loops.
+
+I'm going to say for j equals
+1,np2, and for i equals 1:np2.
+
+Let's f set the
+value of fj, which
+
+is a matrix of the vector,
+strictly speaking, column
+
+vector of the same length as c.
+
+Let's set that the i-th element
+of that equal to the x value,
+
+which is x2, because this is the
+second array that I'm creating,
+
+evaluated at parameter j
+to the power j minus 1.
+
+So that's actually evaluating
+x2 to the appropriate power.
+
+So it shouldn't
+have been j minus 1.
+
+It should have been i minus 1.
+
+So this is x2 j
+to the i minus 1.
+
+Again, I don't want to
+print all of those out,
+
+so I'm going to put a
+semicolon at the end.
+
+So that's calculated
+by fj value,
+
+and now I'm going to put y2
+of j equal to-- Well, what
+
+I basically want to do is form
+the dot product between c,
+
+the coefficients,
+and the value of fj
+
+that I've just calculated.
+
+So I want c1 times fj1 plus
+c2 times fj2 and so forth.
+
+One way of doing
+that-- there are
+
+various different
+ways of doing it--
+
+is to take the transpose of c.
+
+C remember, is a column vector.
+
+Let's transpose it.
+
+That's going to give
+me a row vector.
+
+I can then take the
+product of that row vector
+
+with the column vector fj.
+
+And so taking to the
+matrix product of a column
+
+vector times a row vector
+is equivalent to taking
+
+the dot product of two vectors.
+
+So that has produced
+a value y2 of j,
+
+which is equal to the sum of the
+coefficients times the values
+
+of x to the appropriate power.
+
+So that's what I want
+to form in that matrix.
+
+Again, I'm--
+
+It seems as though
+I've made a mistake.
+
+And I'm not quite
+sure what I did wrong,
+
+but I need to find out.
+
+So let's have a look.
+
+It's saying that I made my
+mistake at line 29 of column 8.
+
+29 is this, and it's saying
+that I have a 1 by 6,
+
+and op2 is 40 by 1.
+
+I don't know why
+that is 40 by 1.
+
+I'm a bit surprised
+by it, because-- Ah.
+
+I see what I did wrong.
+
+This should have been endpoints.
+
+So what I did was,
+this inner for loop
+
+shouldn't have been over
+all of the j values.
+
+The j values refer to the
+length of the new vectors
+
+that I produced.
+
+It should've been over
+the shorter version.
+
+So let's see.
+
+Let's save that and hope
+that's corrected my error.
+
+Yes.
+
+Lo and behold, it has.
+
+I haven't actually done anything
+to show what the result is,
+
+but at least now
+I've got the result.
+
+Now what I want to do is, I want
+to plot these two new matrices,
+
+x2 and y2, and actually
+I'd like to overplot them
+
+on my old plot.
+
+If I just say plot like this,
+save this and plot it again,
+
+that isn't what happens.
+
+Instead, what happens is
+just the curve that I've just
+
+calculated is plotted, and my
+previous plot is wiped out.
+
+What I can do to prevent that
+happening is to say, hold on.
+
+Only MATLAB slash Octave
+would have something like hold
+
+on as a command.
+
+But anyway, hold on basically
+says, retain the data
+
+that you've already got in this
+plot and add some more data on.
+
+So let's try this.
+
+So now what we see is the
+data that I've plotted out
+
+in my first plot, which
+was up here, is held
+
+and the second plot is plotted.
+
+Notice that this fit does
+indeed go through the six points
+
+that I originally
+retained, and yet,
+
+that line actually
+does some funny things.
+
+Particularly at the end
+here, it goes negative.
+
+There's another trick that
+one can do in plotting,
+
+and one can say things
+like axis manual,
+
+and I think that, if I'm
+lucky, that will fix this plot.
+
+No, it won't.
+
+Never mind.
+
+Anyway, there's a way--
+and I'll show it later--
+
+to prevent the plot rescaling
+and the required command
+
+is axis manual.
+
+But at the moment, I
+think, before I do it,
+
+I've got to say hold off.
+
+And then if I re-run it, I
+will find that lo and behold,
+
+I've got a plot of the
+six points and the line
+
+that I fitted, which
+is a polynomial fitted
+
+to those lines.
+
+And lo and behold, it fits.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/O192jrR80oo.txt b/O192jrR80oo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1fd770c9ba880967b28c6a86ad05bf1528c8e519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/O192jrR80oo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu if you haven't uh clicked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu if you haven't uh clicked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu if you haven't uh clicked in
+yet please pay attention to the clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet please pay attention to the clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet please pay attention to the clicker
+question and I'll give you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and I'll give you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and I'll give you a little bit
+more time to uh to click in and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time to uh to click in and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time to uh to click in and I'll
+give you a 10c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+warning all right let's let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning all right let's let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning all right let's let's just go
+ahead and take 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right does someone want to say how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does someone want to say how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does someone want to say how they
+how they got this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right have anyone willing to say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right have anyone willing to say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right have anyone willing to say how
+they got it right we have a American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got it right we have a American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got it right we have a American
+Chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemical
+Society whatever these are called that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society whatever these are called that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society whatever these are called that
+hang around your neck and clip things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang around your neck and clip things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang around your neck and clip things to
+them yes there 's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yes there 's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yes there 's the
+word no oh there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go thank
+you um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um okay
+so this uh molecule is the phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh molecule is the phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh molecule is the phosphorus
+has five veence electrons and then each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has five veence electrons and then each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has five veence electrons and then each
+hydrogen has three so for a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen has three so for a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen has three so for a total of
+eight so it has three bonding and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so it has three bonding and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so it has three bonding and then
+um one lone pair which makes it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one lone pair which makes it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one lone pair which makes it a
+tetrahedral but then the lone pair push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral but then the lone pair push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral but then the lone pair push
+the other Bond so it's less than 109.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Bond so it's less than 109.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Bond so it's less than 109.5
+degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees
+excellent yep so I see that some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent yep so I see that some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent yep so I see that some people
+just decided that um there were three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decided that um there were three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decided that um there were three
+things bound to it and so then uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things bound to it and so then uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things bound to it and so then uh then
+they decided either 120 or less than 120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided either 120 or less than 120
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided either 120 or less than 120
+but you really need to do the Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you really need to do the Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you really need to do the Lewis
+structure and see how many many lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and see how many many lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and see how many many lone
+pairs there are first so once you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs there are first so once you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs there are first so once you do the
+leis structure then you figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leis structure then you figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leis structure then you figure out the
+parent geometry sn4 system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent geometry sn4 system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent geometry sn4 system or
+tetrahedral uh system all right so more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral uh system all right so more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral uh system all right so more
+more practice on on these uh coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practice on on these uh coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practice on on these uh coming up
+all right so we're continuing on now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're continuing on now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're continuing on now uh
+with molecular orbital Theory and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with molecular orbital Theory and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with molecular orbital Theory and we
+started the course talking about atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the course talking about atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the course talking about atomic
+structure then we talked about Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure then we talked about Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure then we talked about Atomic
+orbitals or wave functions and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals or wave functions and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals or wave functions and then we
+moved on to bonding that atoms can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on to bonding that atoms can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on to bonding that atoms can come
+together and bond and talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and bond and talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and bond and talked about the
+structure of molecules and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of molecules and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of molecules and now we're
+going to molecular orbitals so uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to molecular orbitals so uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to molecular orbitals so uh and
+then we'll also talk more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll also talk more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll also talk more about the
+structure of molecules based on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of molecules based on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of molecules based on those
+molecular orbitals on Wednesday so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals on Wednesday so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals on Wednesday so we're
+really coming all the way around we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coming all the way around we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coming all the way around we're
+using a lot of the ideas that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a lot of the ideas that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a lot of the ideas that you've
+seen before but now we're applying them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before but now we're applying them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before but now we're applying them
+to molecules and then to me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to molecules and then to me this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to molecules and then to me this is
+really an exciting part I love getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an exciting part I love getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an exciting part I love getting
+up to the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the molecules
+um and talking about structures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and talking about structures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and talking about structures of
+molecules and how orbitals really play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and how orbitals really play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and how orbitals really play a
+role in those properties that molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in those properties that molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in those properties that molecules
+have and then to me the really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then to me the really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then to me the really exciting
+I like reactions so after we finish with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like reactions so after we finish with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like reactions so after we finish with
+the structures we're going to talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures we're going to talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures we're going to talk more
+about how molecules react and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how molecules react and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how molecules react and so on
+Friday we're going to be starting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday we're going to be starting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday we're going to be starting that
+reactions of molecules and getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of molecules and getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of molecules and getting into
+thermodynamics so we're sort of winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so we're sort of winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so we're sort of winding
+our way um away from orbitals for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way um away from orbitals for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way um away from orbitals for a
+while we will come back to De orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we will come back to De orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we will come back to De orbitals
+around Thanksgiving time but we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Thanksgiving time but we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Thanksgiving time but we'll have
+a long time before that where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time before that where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time before that where we're
+talking about reactions so we're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about reactions so we're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about reactions so we're about
+to kind of do a transition in the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of do a transition in the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of do a transition in the type
+of material but before we do that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material but before we do that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material but before we do that more
+orbitals but these are super cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals but these are super cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals but these are super cool
+because these are molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are molecular
+orbitals so we're going to talk today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so we're going to talk today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so we're going to talk today
+about Mo Theory Mo for molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mo Theory Mo for molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Mo Theory Mo for molecular
+orbitals so molecular orbital Theory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so molecular orbital Theory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so molecular orbital Theory um
+presents the idea that these veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents the idea that these veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents the idea that these veence
+electrons are really going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are really going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are really going to be
+delocalized around these molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized around these molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized around these molecules and
+not just sitting on individual atoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just sitting on individual atoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just sitting on individual atoms so
+to think about this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this electron
+delocalization we need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalization we need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalization we need to think about
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+orbitals molecular orbitals as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals molecular orbitals as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals molecular orbitals as we've
+learned another word for orbitals also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned another word for orbitals also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned another word for orbitals also
+wave functions wave functions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions wave functions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions wave functions or
+orbitals orbitals or wave functions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals orbitals or wave functions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals orbitals or wave functions you
+need to consider the wav likee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to consider the wav likee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to consider the wav likee
+properties of electrons to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of electrons to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of electrons to think about
+where the electrons are going to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are going to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are going to be what
+is their probability density how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their probability density how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their probability density how are
+they going to be arranged with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to be arranged with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to be arranged with respect
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+nucleus and so we take Atomic orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and so we take Atomic orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and so we take Atomic orbitals
+and we bring them together as atoms come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we bring them together as atoms come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we bring them together as atoms come
+together to form bonds Atomic orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to form bonds Atomic orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to form bonds Atomic orbitals
+come together to form molecular orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together to form molecular orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together to form molecular orbitals
+so we're going to be adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be adding
+superimposing Atomic orbitals to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposing Atomic orbitals to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposing Atomic orbitals to form
+these molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecular
+orbitals and this is called a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and this is called a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and this is called a linear
+combination of atomic orbitals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of atomic orbitals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of atomic orbitals or
+lcao um and so we're going to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao um and so we're going to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao um and so we're going to bring
+those atomic orbitals together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those atomic orbitals together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those atomic orbitals together and
+create molecular orbitals and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create molecular orbitals and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create molecular orbitals and we're
+going to create two types of molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create two types of molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create two types of molecular
+orbitals we're going to create bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals we're going to create bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals we're going to create bonding
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+antibonding and some basic uh math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding and some basic uh math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding and some basic uh math
+principles apply here and that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles apply here and that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles apply here and that is that
+you can create n Atomic orbitals from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create n Atomic orbitals from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create n Atomic orbitals from n
+um n molecular orbitals from n n Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um n molecular orbitals from n n Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um n molecular orbitals from n n Atomic
+orbitals all right so that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals all right so that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals all right so that's really the
+basis of molecular orbital Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of molecular orbital Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of molecular orbital Theory and
+now let's apply it to our friends the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's apply it to our friends the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's apply it to our friends the S
+orbitals all right so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals all right so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals all right so we're going to
+think about really simple molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about really simple molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about really simple molecules
+bringing together two atoms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing together two atoms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing together two atoms that are
+identical with each other and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical with each other and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical with each other and what
+happens to their s orbitals when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to their s orbitals when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to their s orbitals when this
+happens so first we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so first we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so first we'll talk about
+bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+orbitals so bonding orbitals again arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so bonding orbitals again arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so bonding orbitals again arise
+from this linear combination of atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this linear combination of atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this linear combination of atomic
+orbitals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the
+lcao and if it's a bonding orbital it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao and if it's a bonding orbital it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao and if it's a bonding orbital it's
+going to arise from constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to arise from constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to arise from constructive
+interference so we talked before about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so we talked before about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so we talked before about
+the properties of waves and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of waves and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of waves and one of the
+great properties of waves is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great properties of waves is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great properties of waves is that they
+can constructively interfere or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can constructively interfere or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can constructively interfere or
+destructively interfere and orbitals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere and orbitals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere and orbitals are
+wave functions so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions so they can
+constructively interfere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively interfere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively interfere and
+destructively interfere bonding orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere bonding orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere bonding orbitals
+are generated by the constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated by the constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated by the constructive
+interference so let's look at two Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so let's look at two Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so let's look at two Atomic
+orbitals and so here we have an orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and so here we have an orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and so here we have an orbital
+the nucleus is in the middle it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is in the middle it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is in the middle it's a
+little dot is a nucle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dot is a nucle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dot is a nucle
+and these two Atomic orbitals are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two Atomic orbitals are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two Atomic orbitals are going
+to come together there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come together there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come together there's going to be a
+bonding event and so we have a 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding event and so we have a 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding event and so we have a 1 s
+orbital from from atom a and a One S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital from from atom a and a One S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital from from atom a and a One S
+orbital from um atom B and they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital from um atom B and they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital from um atom B and they're going
+to come together and they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come together and they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come together and they're going to
+form a molecular orbital an AB molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a molecular orbital an AB molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a molecular orbital an AB molecular
+orbital and this is called Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and this is called Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and this is called Sigma
+1s so a sigma orbital is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s so a sigma orbital is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s so a sigma orbital is symmetric
+around the bond axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the bond axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the bond axis
+so the bond axis here would be um just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bond axis here would be um just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bond axis here would be um just a
+vertical align between these two nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical align between these two nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical align between these two nuclei
+here and so this molecular orbital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this molecular orbital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this molecular orbital is
+symmetric around that Bond axis there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric around that Bond axis there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric around that Bond axis there
+are no nodal planes for something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no nodal planes for something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no nodal planes for something that
+is symmetric there are no nodal planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric there are no nodal planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric there are no nodal planes
+for our um s orbitals um and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our um s orbitals um and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our um s orbitals um and so there's
+none for the molecular orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none for the molecular orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none for the molecular orbital
+either and we can also write this as 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and we can also write this as 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and we can also write this as 1
+SN a plus 1sb so the atomic orbital from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN a plus 1sb so the atomic orbital from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN a plus 1sb so the atomic orbital from
+1sa the atomic orbital 1sb coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1sa the atomic orbital 1sb coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1sa the atomic orbital 1sb coming
+together to form Sigma orbital 1s that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to form Sigma orbital 1s that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to form Sigma orbital 1s that
+is a bonding orbital because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bonding orbital because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bonding orbital because it's
+constructive interference um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference um it's a
+bonding M Mo or molecular orbital so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding M Mo or molecular orbital so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding M Mo or molecular orbital so now
+let's consider the wavelike properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the wavelike properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the wavelike properties
+and think about these Atomic orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about these Atomic orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about these Atomic orbitals
+coming together as waves and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together as waves and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together as waves and what is
+happening so here we have the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so here we have the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so here we have the same uh
+equation up here we're bringing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation up here we're bringing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation up here we're bringing together
+one sa and one SB but now let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sa and one SB but now let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sa and one SB but now let's think
+about this as a wave function so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as a wave function so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as a wave function so there
+is an amplitude associated with the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an amplitude associated with the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an amplitude associated with the wave
+function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for
+1sa and there is an amplitude associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1sa and there is an amplitude associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1sa and there is an amplitude associated
+with the wave function for 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wave function for 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wave function for 1
+SB these wave functions come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SB these wave functions come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SB these wave functions come together
+here's one nuclei here's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one nuclei here's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one nuclei here's the other
+nuclei and for a bonding orbital it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and for a bonding orbital it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and for a bonding orbital it'll
+be construct Ive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be construct Ive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be construct Ive
+interference and so the amplitude where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and so the amplitude where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and so the amplitude where
+these wave functions Atomic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wave functions Atomic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wave functions Atomic wave
+functions overlap will be increased when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions overlap will be increased when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions overlap will be increased when
+you have constructive interference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have constructive interference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have constructive interference so
+our Sigma 1s now has increased amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Sigma 1s now has increased amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Sigma 1s now has increased amplitude
+between these two nuclei due to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two nuclei due to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two nuclei due to that
+constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive
+interference so an increased amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so an increased amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so an increased amplitude
+between these two nuclei again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two nuclei again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two nuclei again this is
+the bonding axis here's one nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonding axis here's one nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonding axis here's one nuclei
+here's another so an increased amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another so an increased amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another so an increased amplitude
+here incre in corresponds to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here incre in corresponds to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here incre in corresponds to an
+increased or enhanced probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased or enhanced probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased or enhanced probability
+density remember our wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density remember our wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density remember our wave function
+squared is probability density it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is probability density it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is probability density it
+suggests the likelihood of finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests the likelihood of finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests the likelihood of finding an
+electron in a certain uh region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a certain uh region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a certain uh region of
+volume and if it's enhanced by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and if it's enhanced by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and if it's enhanced by this
+constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive
+interference so if that density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so if that density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so if that density
+probability density is enhanced you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is enhanced you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is enhanced you have
+a greater chance of finding an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater chance of finding an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater chance of finding an electron
+uh between these two nuclei which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between these two nuclei which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between these two nuclei which will
+be attracted by both nuclei so now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attracted by both nuclei so now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attracted by both nuclei so now when
+don't you tell me what you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you tell me what you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you tell me what you think is
+going to happen to an electron that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen to an electron that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen to an electron that is
+in this region of uh constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region of uh constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region of uh constructive
+interference this increased uh area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference this increased uh area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference this increased uh area of
+probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we should have probably not put up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have probably not put up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have probably not put up the
+answer there uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer there uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer there uh and
+repul um so yes so here um if we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repul um so yes so here um if we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repul um so yes so here um if we have an
+electron that's attracted to both nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that's attracted to both nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that's attracted to both nuclei
+then we want to think about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to think about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to think about whether
+that's going to be lower or higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be lower or higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be lower or higher in
+energy than something in an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than something in an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than something in an atomic
+orbital so if it's attracted to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so if it's attracted to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so if it's attracted to both
+it's going to be more stably bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more stably bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more stably bound to
+those it'll be harder to remove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those it'll be harder to remove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those it'll be harder to remove that
+electron which means that it's lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which means that it's lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which means that it's lower
+down in energy and so we should look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in energy and so we should look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in energy and so we should look at
+that and we're going to so um the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we're going to so um the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we're going to so um the answer
+is it should be lower in energy more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it should be lower in energy more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it should be lower in energy more
+stable harder to remove that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable harder to remove that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable harder to remove that electron
+it's in a sweet spot it has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a sweet spot it has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a sweet spot it has two
+positively charged nuclei and it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged nuclei and it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged nuclei and it's kind
+of hanging out right in the middle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hanging out right in the middle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hanging out right in the middle it's
+very happy it's going to be more stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy it's going to be more stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy it's going to be more stable
+and that means lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means lower in
+energy all right so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right so let's take a look at
+that so so the electron is lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so the electron is lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so the electron is lower in
+energy and the bonding orbital energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the bonding orbital energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the bonding orbital energy is
+also going to be decreased compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be decreased compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be decreased compared to
+the atomic orbitals and that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic orbitals and that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic orbitals and that has to be
+true if that's where the electron is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if that's where the electron is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if that's where the electron is so
+let's look at the atomic orbital from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the atomic orbital from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the atomic orbital from a
+and the atomic orbital from B and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the atomic orbital from B and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the atomic orbital from B and now
+I'm going to put the bonding orbital at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put the bonding orbital at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put the bonding orbital at
+a lower energy level oh first I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower energy level oh first I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower energy level oh first I was
+going to put the electrons on and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the electrons on and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the electrons on and now
+I'm going to put the orbital in a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put the orbital in a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put the orbital in a lower
+at a lower energy so remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower energy so remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower energy so remember this is
+increasing energy here so the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing energy here so the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing energy here so the atomic
+orbitals would be up here whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals would be up here whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals would be up here whereas the
+molecular orbital is down here molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital is down here molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital is down here molecular
+bonding orbital will be lower in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital will be lower in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital will be lower in energy
+and now we'll put our electrons there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we'll put our electrons there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we'll put our electrons there so
+we have one electron um up here and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one electron um up here and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one electron um up here and one
+here and so when they come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so when they come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so when they come together
+we're going to have two electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have two electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have two electrons in
+this molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecular
+orbital so when you have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so when you have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so when you have these two
+electrons and they both occupy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and they both occupy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and they both occupy the
+bonding orbital and this is the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital and this is the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital and this is the case for
+H2 each H atom is bringing one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 each H atom is bringing one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 each H atom is bringing one electron
+H2 has these two electrons and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 has these two electrons and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 has these two electrons and that's
+going to make H2 more stable and we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make H2 more stable and we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make H2 more stable and we saw
+that before that you have to dissociate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before that you have to dissociate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before that you have to dissociate
+the H2 Bond you have to add energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H2 Bond you have to add energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H2 Bond you have to add energy into
+the system H2 is more stable than free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system H2 is more stable than free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system H2 is more stable than free
+H+ H so when you bring Atomic orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H+ H so when you bring Atomic orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H+ H so when you bring Atomic orbitals
+together and you have constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you have constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you have constructive
+interference an increased probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference an increased probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference an increased probability of
+electrons between those two nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons between those two nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons between those two nuclei
+that's a sweet spot they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sweet spot they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sweet spot they're going to
+those electrons are going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons are going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons are going to be very
+happy there and that'll result in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy there and that'll result in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy there and that'll result in a more
+stable lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's
+bonding but whenever there is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding but whenever there is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding but whenever there is a a
+positive event like this there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive event like this there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive event like this there's always
+a negative event because that's just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative event because that's just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative event because that's just how
+life works so have bonding orbitals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life works so have bonding orbitals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life works so have bonding orbitals but
+we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also
+have anti-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anti-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anti-bonding
+orbitals so anti-bonding orbitals arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so anti-bonding orbitals arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so anti-bonding orbitals arise
+from the linear combination of atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the linear combination of atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the linear combination of atomic
+orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals
+lcao through destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao through destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao through destructive
+interference so here these are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so here these are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so here these are going to
+be destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be destructively
+interfering and that will generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering and that will generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering and that will generate a
+molecular orbital that is an antibonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital that is an antibonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital that is an antibonding
+orbital so here our little nuclei again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so here our little nuclei again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so here our little nuclei again
+and this anti-bonding orbital is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this anti-bonding orbital is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this anti-bonding orbital is called
+Sigma 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s
+star so we can write an equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so we can write an equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so we can write an equation for
+this as 1sa minus 1 SB equals Sigma 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as 1sa minus 1 SB equals Sigma 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as 1sa minus 1 SB equals Sigma 1s
+star that is an antibonding molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that is an antibonding molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that is an antibonding molecular
+orbital and let's just think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and let's just think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and let's just think about how
+this kind of uh uh shape arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh uh shape arises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh uh shape arises
+considering the wav likee properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the wav likee properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the wav likee properties of
+these atom Atomic orbitals so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these atom Atomic orbitals so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these atom Atomic orbitals so I'm going
+to now move this equation up to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now move this equation up to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now move this equation up to the top
+and now I have my uh one one sa here my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have my uh one one sa here my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have my uh one one sa here my
+1 SB here and now it's destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 SB here and now it's destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 SB here and now it's destructive
+interference so we have opposite phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so we have opposite phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so we have opposite phase
+of the wave functions and when we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave functions and when we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave functions and when we'll put
+up a wave function there now the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a wave function there now the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a wave function there now the next
+one has the another the opposite phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has the another the opposite phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has the another the opposite phase
+so they're going to destructively inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to destructively inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to destructively inter
+interfere there is overlap over here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere there is overlap over here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere there is overlap over here but
+when you have destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have destructive
+interference then the amplitude is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference then the amplitude is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference then the amplitude is going
+to decrease so now when we consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decrease so now when we consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decrease so now when we consider this
+destructive interference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference between these
+two orbitals you see that you have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals you see that you have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals you see that you have what
+arises between them instead of enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises between them instead of enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises between them instead of enhanced
+probability of finding an electron you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron you
+actually get a node so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a node so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a node so you have
+decreased amplitude translates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased amplitude translates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased amplitude translates to
+decreased probability density between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased probability density between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased probability density between
+these two nuclei one here one here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two nuclei one here one here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two nuclei one here one here and
+that results in a node between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results in a node between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results in a node between the two
+nuclei so in the antibonding orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei so in the antibonding orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei so in the antibonding orbital
+there's even there's a much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even there's a much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even there's a much lower
+probability that it will be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it will be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it will be in this
+sweet spot between these two um between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot between these two um between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet spot between these two um between
+the two nuclei that have this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two nuclei that have this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two nuclei that have this nice
+positive charge for its little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge for its little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge for its little uh
+negative charge so there's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge so there's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge so there's pretty much
+no shot at being in that nice sweet spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no shot at being in that nice sweet spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no shot at being in that nice sweet spot
+and so what that ends up meaning is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what that ends up meaning is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what that ends up meaning is that
+an electron in an antibonding orbital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in an antibonding orbital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in an antibonding orbital is
+pretty much excluded from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much excluded from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much excluded from that
+internuclear region that region between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear region that region between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear region that region between
+those two nuclei and that results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two nuclei and that results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two nuclei and that results in a
+molecular orbital that has higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital that has higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital that has higher energy
+than the atomic orbital there's just no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the atomic orbital there's just no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the atomic orbital there's just no
+chance of being in that wonderful spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of being in that wonderful spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of being in that wonderful spot
+it's really very sad for the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really very sad for the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really very sad for the poor
+electron that has to occupy an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that has to occupy an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that has to occupy an
+anti-bonding orbital so now let's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbital so now let's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbital so now let's put
+this on our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on our energy
+scale so we'll go back to our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so we'll go back to our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so we'll go back to our energy
+scale and we saw before that when we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and we saw before that when we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and we saw before that when we had
+one sa and one SB and you had a sigma 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sa and one SB and you had a sigma 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sa and one SB and you had a sigma 1s
+a bonding orbital that was lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bonding orbital that was lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bonding orbital that was lower in
+energy electrons that occupy it are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy electrons that occupy it are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy electrons that occupy it are more
+stable compared to their positions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable compared to their positions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable compared to their positions in
+the atomic orbital but we also now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic orbital but we also now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic orbital but we also now have
+an antibonding orbital from dest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an antibonding orbital from dest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an antibonding orbital from dest
+structive interference between the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structive interference between the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structive interference between the wave
+functions of the atomic orbitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the atomic orbitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the atomic orbitals and
+that's higher in energy and so that's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's higher in energy and so that's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's higher in energy and so that's up
+here so this is what our diagram is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is what our diagram is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is what our diagram is
+going to look like that brings two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like that brings two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like that brings two
+Atomic orbitals together to create two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic orbitals together to create two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic orbitals together to create two
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+orbitals so the antibonding orbital up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so the antibonding orbital up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so the antibonding orbital up
+here is raised in energy by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is raised in energy by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is raised in energy by the same
+amount that the bonding energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that the bonding energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that the bonding energy is
+lowered and so that gives rise to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered and so that gives rise to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered and so that gives rise to this
+diagram and importantly as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and importantly as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and importantly as I mentioned
+we have n Atomic orbitals forming n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have n Atomic orbitals forming n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have n Atomic orbitals forming n
+molecular orbitals so if we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals so if we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals so if we have two
+Atomic orbitals we generate two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic orbitals we generate two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic orbitals we generate two
+molecular orbitals one is bonding lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals one is bonding lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals one is bonding lower
+in energy and one is antibonding higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy and one is antibonding higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy and one is antibonding higher
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+energy all right so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right so let's take a look at
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples so always start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so always start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so always start with
+hydrogen so hydrogen has how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons one hydrogen hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one hydrogen hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one hydrogen hydrogen atom
+one so we have two hydrogen atoms and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have two hydrogen atoms and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have two hydrogen atoms and so
+we have two on S orbitals 1s a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two on S orbitals 1s a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two on S orbitals 1s a 1
+SB and now we're going to where where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SB and now we're going to where where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SB and now we're going to where where do
+we want to put our our electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to put our our electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to put our our electrons in the
+highest energy possible lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest energy possible lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest energy possible lower energy
+where do we want to put them always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we want to put them always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we want to put them always
+start with lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with lower
+energy so we're going to put them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we're going to put them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we're going to put them down
+here and so this is now the M Mo diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this is now the M Mo diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this is now the M Mo diagram
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+H2 and we can write the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 and we can write the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 and we can write the electron
+configuration for the mo diagram which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for the mo diagram which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for the mo diagram which
+you'll note is a different electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll note is a different electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll note is a different electron
+configuration than you were writing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration than you were writing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration than you were writing when
+you were looking at the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were looking at the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were looking at the periodic table
+because now we're not writing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're not writing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're not writing it in
+terms of 1 S2 2 S2 we're writing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of 1 S2 2 S2 we're writing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of 1 S2 2 S2 we're writing it in
+terms of molecular orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of molecular orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of molecular orbitals
+and there's some of these on uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some of these on uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some of these on uh the
+problem set and I tried to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and I tried to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and I tried to indicate
+example to make sure you know what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to make sure you know what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to make sure you know what kind
+of electron configurations we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electron configurations we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electron configurations we're talking
+about so foro diagrams when it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so foro diagrams when it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so foro diagrams when it says
+electron configuration we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration we're talking
+about where the electrons are with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the electrons are with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the electrons are with
+respect to the molecular orbitals so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the molecular orbitals so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the molecular orbitals so the
+answer to this would be Sigma 1s2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this would be Sigma 1s2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this would be Sigma 1s2
+they're two electrons in the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two electrons in the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two electrons in the molecular
+orbital Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s
+good so that means that you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that means that you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that means that you can do the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+for Di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Di
+helium and that's a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question so let's just take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds okay you can put it yep all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay you can put it yep all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay you can put it yep all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+uh so someone want to uh tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so someone want to uh tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so someone want to uh tell
+me that is correct um what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that is correct um what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that is correct um what uh
+what's number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two what's number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for for hydrogen okay what about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for hydrogen okay what about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for hydrogen okay what about uh
+number three what what was what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three what what was what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three what what was what was
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+there okay everyone's doing really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay everyone's doing really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay everyone's doing really well
+yeah so uh we had all of the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh we had all of the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh we had all of the electrons
+are uh were parallel in there and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh were parallel in there and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh were parallel in there and what
+what what does that violate what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does that violate what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does that violate what would
+be true in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and so we they'd have they'd have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so we they'd have they'd have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so we they'd have they'd have the
+same four principal quantum numbers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same four principal quantum numbers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same four principal quantum numbers this
+is not allowed so that one's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not allowed so that one's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not allowed so that one's not good
+and what's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four yeah star was on the bottom so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four yeah star was on the bottom so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four yeah star was on the bottom so they
+were flipped around antibonding was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were flipped around antibonding was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were flipped around antibonding was
+lower in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy
+great okay so we'll just put those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so we'll just put those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so we'll just put those in
+over here and so we had two uh electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and so we had two uh electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and so we had two uh electrons
+helium brings two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium brings two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium brings two
+so two went into the bonding and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two went into the bonding and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two went into the bonding and two
+went into the antibonding with opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into the antibonding with opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into the antibonding with opposite
+um spins um and we have the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spins um and we have the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spins um and we have the bonding
+lower energy anti-bonding higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy anti-bonding higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy anti-bonding higher energy
+all right so then we can put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so then we can put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so then we can put in the
+electron configuration here and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration here and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration here and we have
+um Sigma 1 S2 Sigma 1 s star two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Sigma 1 S2 Sigma 1 s star two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Sigma 1 S2 Sigma 1 s star two so
+that's the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the electron
+configuration now interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration now interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration now interestingly
+you see you have two at lower energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you have two at lower energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you have two at lower energy and
+two at higher energy so there's no net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two at higher energy so there's no net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two at higher energy so there's no net
+loss or gain in energy of H2 compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss or gain in energy of H2 compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss or gain in energy of H2 compared to
+just two helium atoms and so that raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two helium atoms and so that raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two helium atoms and so that raises
+the question does helium 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question does helium 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question does helium 2
+exist so what would molecular orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so what would molecular orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so what would molecular orbital
+Theory tell you about whether it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory tell you about whether it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory tell you about whether it exists
+and it would actually predict that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would actually predict that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would actually predict that it
+does not exist and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist and the way that
+molecular orbital Theory gives you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital Theory gives you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital Theory gives you these
+predictions is through the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions is through the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions is through the calculation
+of something called bond order so bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something called bond order so bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something called bond order so bond
+order is half of the number of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is half of the number of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is half of the number of bonding
+electrons minus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons minus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons minus the number of
+anti-bonding electrons so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding electrons so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding electrons so let's just
+write out what the bond order for helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what the bond order for helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what the bond order for helium
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be so helium 2 our di helium molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so helium 2 our di helium molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so helium 2 our di helium molecule
+so we have bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have bond
+order equals half there's always a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equals half there's always a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equals half there's always a half
+and now the number of bonding electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the number of bonding electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the number of bonding electrons
+so how many bonding electrons do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many bonding electrons do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many bonding electrons do we have
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium
+two how many anti-bonding electrons do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how many anti-bonding electrons do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how many anti-bonding electrons do
+we have for Di helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for Di helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for Di helium
+two and can someone do this math for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and can someone do this math for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and can someone do this math for me
+zero right so that would suggest a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so that would suggest a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so that would suggest a bond
+order of zero which means no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of zero which means no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of zero which means no
+bond and let's just compare that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and let's just compare that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and let's just compare that to
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+H2 which should have a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 which should have a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 which should have a bond
+order equal to a half it's always a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equal to a half it's always a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equal to a half it's always a half
+in the hydrogen how many bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hydrogen how many bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hydrogen how many bonding
+electrons did we have we had two how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons did we have we had two how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons did we have we had two how
+many anti-bonding electrons did we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many anti-bonding electrons did we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many anti-bonding electrons did we have
+zero zero and the math bond order is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero and the math bond order is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero and the math bond order is one
+so that means one Bond or a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bond so Mo Theory would predict that di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond so Mo Theory would predict that di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond so Mo Theory would predict that di
+helium has no bond I.E it's not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium has no bond I.E it's not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium has no bond I.E it's not really a
+molecule without a bond but H2 should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exist so let's take a look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so let's take a look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so let's take a look at what
+experiment tells us and it does exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment tells us and it does exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment tells us and it does exist
+but only really not that much so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only really not that much so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only really not that much so it was
+not discovered until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discovered until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discovered until
+1993 which for some of you might seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 which for some of you might seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 which for some of you might seem
+like quite a long time ago but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quite a long time ago but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quite a long time ago but since
+we've been mostly talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been mostly talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been mostly talking about
+discoveries that were made um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries that were made um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries that were made um in the
+1800s it took a long time before someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s it took a long time before someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s it took a long time before someone
+could prove that di helium existed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove that di helium existed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove that di helium existed and
+if we look at the bond dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the bond dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the bond dissociation
+energy for H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for H2
+0.01 and compare that that to H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 and compare that that to H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 and compare that that to H2
+432 th helium really doesn't exist very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+432 th helium really doesn't exist very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+432 th helium really doesn't exist very
+much zero is a much better approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much zero is a much better approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much zero is a much better approximation
+of its Bond than one would be it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its Bond than one would be it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its Bond than one would be it really
+is not a very good molecule so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a very good molecule so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a very good molecule so I would
+call this a win for molecular orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a win for molecular orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a win for molecular orbital
+Theory it correctly predicts that H2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory it correctly predicts that H2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory it correctly predicts that H2 is
+not going to be a very good molecule or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be a very good molecule or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be a very good molecule or
+or helium 2 is not going to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or helium 2 is not going to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or helium 2 is not going to be a very
+good molecule but H2 will be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good molecule but H2 will be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good molecule but H2 will be a good
+molecule and that that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and that that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and that that works
+works all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works all right
+so now let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's consider
+2s so 2s orbitals are analogous to 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s so 2s orbitals are analogous to 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s so 2s orbitals are analogous to 1s
+except that you have to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that you have to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that you have to remember that
+they're bigger so we have our 1s and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bigger so we have our 1s and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bigger so we have our 1s and our
+2s but for the purposes of this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s but for the purposes of this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s but for the purposes of this it
+doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really
+matter um so let's look at a diagram now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um so let's look at a diagram now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um so let's look at a diagram now
+that has 1 s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has 1 s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has 1 s and
+2s so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s so we have
+lithium so how many electrons does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium so how many electrons does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium so how many electrons does
+lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium
+have yep so we'll put on lithium di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yep so we'll put on lithium di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yep so we'll put on lithium di
+lithium we'll put on lithiums has two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium we'll put on lithiums has two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium we'll put on lithiums has two in
+1 s and one in 2s and so we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s and one in 2s and so we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s and one in 2s and so we have one
+lithium here and one lithium over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium here and one lithium over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium here and one lithium over here
+and our 1s orbitals are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our 1s orbitals are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our 1s orbitals are going to be
+lower in energy so they're down here our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy so they're down here our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy so they're down here our
+2s orbitals are higher in energy so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s orbitals are higher in energy so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s orbitals are higher in energy so that
+goes goes for both the atomic and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes goes for both the atomic and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes goes for both the atomic and the
+molecular orbitals that are generated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals that are generated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals that are generated so
+bringing together 1 s with 1s we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing together 1 s with 1s we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing together 1 s with 1s we get
+Sigma 1s and also Sigma star 1s and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s and also Sigma star 1s and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s and also Sigma star 1s and so
+we can start putting our electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start putting our electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start putting our electrons in
+we're going to start with the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with the lowest
+energy and move up so we have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and move up so we have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and move up so we have four
+electrons that we need to put in so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that we need to put in so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that we need to put in so we
+fill up everything here and now we go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up everything here and now we go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up everything here and now we go up
+to our 2s the 2s orbitals will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our 2s the 2s orbitals will generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our 2s the 2s orbitals will generate
+Sigma 2 s and sigma 2s star we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 s and sigma 2s star we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 s and sigma 2s star we have two
+electrons so they both can go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so they both can go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so they both can go down
+here so here is what our Mo diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here is what our Mo diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here is what our Mo diagram
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+like we can write out the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we can write out the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we can write out the electron
+configuration again based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration again based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration again based on this
+diagram so we have two electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so we have two electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so we have two electrons in
+Sigma 1s so we have a two there we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s so we have a two there we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s so we have a two there we have
+two electrons in Sigma 1s star our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons in Sigma 1s star our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons in Sigma 1s star our
+anti-bonding orbital and we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbital and we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbital and we have two
+electrons in Sigma 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in Sigma 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in Sigma 2s
+and now we can calculate the bond order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can calculate the bond order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can calculate the bond order
+which is another clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question okay just 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+84% so if we do out the math here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84% so if we do out the math here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84% so if we do out the math here we
+always have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have our
+half we have four bonding electrons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half we have four bonding electrons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half we have four bonding electrons we
+have two down here and two up here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two down here and two up here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two down here and two up here we
+have two anti-bonding electrons in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two anti-bonding electrons in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two anti-bonding electrons in our
+Sigma 1s star and so that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s star and so that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s star and so that gives us a
+bond order of one and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of one and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of one and in fact the
+dissociation energy does suggest there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy does suggest there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy does suggest there
+is a bond it's not a great Bond it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bond it's not a great Bond it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bond it's not a great Bond it's
+105 K per mole not necessarily enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 K per mole not necessarily enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 K per mole not necessarily enough to
+power a Starship but still um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power a Starship but still um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power a Starship but still um this
+molecule does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule does
+exist all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist all
+right so let's look at burum now do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's look at burum now do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's look at burum now do
+another example so how many electrons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example so how many electrons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example so how many electrons is
+uh ilum going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have it'll have four so we'll put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it'll have four so we'll put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it'll have four so we'll put those
+up now we're going to start with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now we're going to start with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now we're going to start with our
+lowest energy orbital and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy orbital and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy orbital and we're going to
+put some in the antibonding as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some in the antibonding as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some in the antibonding as well and
+then we'll do this and then we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do this and then we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do this and then we'll do
+that and we filled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we filled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we filled up
+everything and so we can write out our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and so we can write out our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and so we can write out our
+configuration we have two in our um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration we have two in our um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration we have two in our um
+Sigma 1s orbital we have two in our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s orbital we have two in our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s orbital we have two in our our
+Sigma 1s star we have two in our Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s star we have two in our Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1s star we have two in our Sigma
+2s and two in our Sigma 2s star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and two in our Sigma 2s star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and two in our Sigma 2s star
+anti-bonding orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and now there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now there are two different
+ways that I can calculate the bond order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that I can calculate the bond order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that I can calculate the bond order
+here and we'll do both of them and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we'll do both of them and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we'll do both of them and show
+you that they come out the same way one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that they come out the same way one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that they come out the same way one
+way that we can calculate this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can calculate this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can calculate this is to
+consider all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all
+electrons so if we consider all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so if we consider all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so if we consider all
+electrons our bond order and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons our bond order and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons our bond order and that's
+often just said b period O is a half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often just said b period O is a half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often just said b period O is a half of
+our bonding and now we can count up both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bonding and now we can count up both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bonding and now we can count up both
+the 1s and the 2s so how many bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s and the 2s so how many bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s and the 2s so how many bonding
+electrons do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do we
+have we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we should have
+four so we have two here two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so we have two here two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so we have two here two
+here so four how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so four how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so four how many
+antibonding also four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding also four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding also four
+so that suggests a bond order of zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that suggests a bond order of zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that suggests a bond order of zero or
+we could just consider our veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just consider our veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just consider our veence
+electrons so that would be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so that would be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so that would be the the
+electrons in 2s and if we do that bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in 2s and if we do that bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in 2s and if we do that bond
+order equals a half it's always a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equals a half it's always a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equals a half it's always a half
+so how many valence electrons do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many valence electrons do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many valence electrons do we have
+in bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bonding
+orbitals two how many in anti-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals two how many in anti-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals two how many in anti-bonding
+orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals
+two and that gives the answer of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that gives the answer of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that gives the answer of zero
+so it should always work unless you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should always work unless you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should always work unless you did
+something very strange um you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very strange um you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very strange um you should be
+able to do it both ways and get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it both ways and get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it both ways and get the same
+answer so if this is a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so if this is a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so if this is a complicated
+problem you might want to only consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you might want to only consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you might want to only consider
+the veence electrons in fact on a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the veence electrons in fact on a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the veence electrons in fact on a test
+you may only be asked to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may only be asked to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may only be asked to draw the
+molecular orbital diagrams for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital diagrams for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital diagrams for the
+veence electrons and you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons and you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons and you don't have to
+do the other uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the other uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the other uh the other
+ones okay so that should work both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay so that should work both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay so that should work both ways
+and we get a bond order of Z Z and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a bond order of Z Z and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a bond order of Z Z and in
+fact the dissociation energy is only 9 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the dissociation energy is only 9 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the dissociation energy is only 9 K
+per mole it's a little stronger than D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole it's a little stronger than D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole it's a little stronger than D
+helium but this is an exceedingly weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium but this is an exceedingly weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium but this is an exceedingly weak
+molecule so when you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so when you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so when you have the same
+number of electrons in bonding as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons in bonding as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons in bonding as
+antibonding doesn't lead to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding doesn't lead to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding doesn't lead to a very
+strong Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong Mo
+molecule all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule all
+right that's the S orbitals now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the S orbitals now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the S orbitals now it's
+time for molecules that have P orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for molecules that have P orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for molecules that have P orbitals
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case now I have my p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case now I have my p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case now I have my p
+orbital and another p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and another p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and another p
+orbital and we have our nuclei in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and we have our nuclei in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and we have our nuclei in the
+middle and we're going to bring these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and we're going to bring these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and we're going to bring these
+together and we will have constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we will have constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we will have constructive
+interference and so here we're bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and so here we're bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and so here we're bringing
+together 2 p x of a and 2 p x b or 2 p y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together 2 p x of a and 2 p x b or 2 p y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together 2 p x of a and 2 p x b or 2 p y
+a and 2 pyb so just X and Y we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and 2 pyb so just X and Y we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and 2 pyb so just X and Y we're
+considering right now and if we bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering right now and if we bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering right now and if we bring
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+together with constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with constructive
+interference then we're going to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference then we're going to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference then we're going to form a
+bonding orbital that has enhanced um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital that has enhanced um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital that has enhanced um
+probability density in both cases and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density in both cases and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density in both cases and a
+nodal plane along the bond axis because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal plane along the bond axis because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal plane along the bond axis because
+we had nodal planes along there to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had nodal planes along there to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had nodal planes along there to begin
+with so if we think about this and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so if we think about this and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so if we think about this and we
+have both of these we're bringing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both of these we're bringing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both of these we're bringing them
+together and we're going to have they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we're going to have they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we're going to have they're
+going to interfere constructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interfere constructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interfere constructively
+enhance probability density here enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance probability density here enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance probability density here enhance
+probability density down here um but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density down here um but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density down here um but we
+still have our nodal plane because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have our nodal plane because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have our nodal plane because we
+started out with one and so if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with one and so if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with one and so if we have a
+nodal plane this cannot be a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal plane this cannot be a sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal plane this cannot be a sigma
+orbital it has to be a pi orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital it has to be a pi orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital it has to be a pi orbital
+because Sigma orbitals are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Sigma orbitals are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Sigma orbitals are not going to
+have a nodal plane along the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nodal plane along the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nodal plane along the bonding
+axis all right so we could generate Pi 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis all right so we could generate Pi 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis all right so we could generate Pi 2
+PX or Pi 2 py this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX or Pi 2 py this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX or Pi 2 py this
+way so a pi orbital is a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so a pi orbital is a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so a pi orbital is a molecular
+orbital that has a nodal plane through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital that has a nodal plane through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital that has a nodal plane through
+the bond Axis or maybe I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond Axis or maybe I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond Axis or maybe I should say
+along the bond axis so here is our nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the bond axis so here is our nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the bond axis so here is our nodal
+plane right through the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis we can also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis we can also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis we can also have
+antibonding which means destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding which means destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding which means destructive
+interference so now I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so now I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference so now I'm going to be
+subtracting one of these from one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting one of these from one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting one of these from one of
+these and I'm going to get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and I'm going to get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and I'm going to get something
+that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+this and it will be Pi 2 p x star or Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it will be Pi 2 p x star or Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it will be Pi 2 p x star or Pi
+2 p y star and it will have two nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 p y star and it will have two nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 p y star and it will have two nodal
+planes so let's look at this so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes so let's look at this so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes so let's look at this so this is
+destructive interference I'm subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference I'm subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference I'm subtracting
+one of these from one of these so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these from one of these so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these from one of these so the
+phase has to change so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase has to change so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase has to change so I'm going to
+change the phase on one of them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the phase on one of them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the phase on one of them and then
+bring them together now we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them together now we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them together now we're not going
+to have that awesome constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that awesome constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that awesome constructive
+interference increased increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference increased increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference increased increased
+probability density these are negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density these are negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density these are negatively
+interacting with each other and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other and this
+generates a nodal plane between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a nodal plane between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a nodal plane between the
+molecules they really look much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules they really look much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules they really look much more
+like this now so we have still our nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this now so we have still our nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this now so we have still our nodal
+plane through the bond we had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane through the bond we had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane through the bond we had that
+before we're always going to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're always going to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're always going to have that
+but now we have an additional nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have an additional nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have an additional nodal
+plane between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane between the
+nuclei so in one case we have enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei so in one case we have enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei so in one case we have enhanced
+density probability density again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density probability density again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density probability density again in the
+other case in antibonding we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case in antibonding we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other case in antibonding we have
+another nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nodal
+plane all right so now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane all right so now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane all right so now let's look at
+what happens to the energies of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the energies of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the energies of these um
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+orbitals and the diagrams that I'm about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and the diagrams that I'm about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and the diagrams that I'm about
+to show you we're only talking about PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you we're only talking about PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you we're only talking about PX
+and py now we have for the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and py now we have for the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and py now we have for the moment
+forgotten 2 pz so these diagrams are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten 2 pz so these diagrams are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten 2 pz so these diagrams are
+rated I for incomplete warning to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated I for incomplete warning to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated I for incomplete warning to the
+viewer people come to me and go where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer people come to me and go where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer people come to me and go where
+where are the 2pz yes they're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the 2pz yes they're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the 2pz yes they're not in
+these diagrams um but when you're asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagrams um but when you're asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagrams um but when you're asked
+for a complete diagram you will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a complete diagram you will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a complete diagram you will always
+have to put those orbitals in and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put those orbitals in and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put those orbitals in and in
+fact completing these diagrams could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact completing these diagrams could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact completing these diagrams could be
+a question you get later okay but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question you get later okay but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question you get later okay but for
+now we're going to have 2pz here but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to have 2pz here but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to have 2pz here but we
+don't have it's not forming a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have it's not forming a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have it's not forming a molecular
+orbital in this diagram this diagram is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital in this diagram this diagram is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital in this diagram this diagram is
+thus incomplete but we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus incomplete but we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus incomplete but we're going to start
+simple and build more complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and build more complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and build more complicated so
+only only two P orbitals first then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only two P orbitals first then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only two P orbitals first then
+we'll add the third one because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add the third one because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add the third one because this
+compound doesn't actually need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound doesn't actually need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound doesn't actually need that
+orbital um so we're we're good for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital um so we're we're good for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital um so we're we're good for now
+all right so we have moved on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have moved on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have moved on to the
+first element that has a p uh electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first element that has a p uh electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first element that has a p uh electron
+in a p orbital we have Boron and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a p orbital we have Boron and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a p orbital we have Boron and we have
+two of them so now I dropped off One S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them so now I dropped off One S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them so now I dropped off One S
+to simplify this so we're starting just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify this so we're starting just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify this so we're starting just
+with now we just have our veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with now we just have our veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with now we just have our veence
+electrons so it's a good thing we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so it's a good thing we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so it's a good thing we can
+calculate bond order just using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate bond order just using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate bond order just using our
+veence electrons all right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons all right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons all right so we have
+two in 2s and one in 2 p x or 2py I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in 2s and one in 2 p x or 2py I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in 2s and one in 2 p x or 2py I
+could have put it either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have put it either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have put it either
+place so let's put in uh where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so let's put in uh where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so let's put in uh where they
+would go so we we have two s orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go so we we have two s orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go so we we have two s orbitals
+they'll form go into bonding um Sigma 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll form go into bonding um Sigma 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll form go into bonding um Sigma 2s
+first then into antibonding Sigma 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first then into antibonding Sigma 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first then into antibonding Sigma 2s
+star and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and now we
+have P um P electrons and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P um P electrons and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P um P electrons and we're going to
+put them into our PI orbitals our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them into our PI orbitals our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them into our PI orbitals our
+molecular orbitals I'll put one in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals I'll put one in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals I'll put one in and
+where am I going to put the other one am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am I going to put the other one am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am I going to put the other one am
+I going to put it next to it or over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to put it next to it or over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to put it next to it or over
+here what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do you
+think yeah so we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah so we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah so we're going to do that
+because again uh when you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again uh when you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again uh when you're going to
+sit on a bus you want to have if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on a bus you want to have if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on a bus you want to have if they're
+degenerate in energy levels as they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate in energy levels as they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate in energy levels as they are
+here you're always going to put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're always going to put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're always going to put one
+electron um in each orbital of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron um in each orbital of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron um in each orbital of the same
+energy first before you pair them up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy first before you pair them up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy first before you pair them up and
+they'll have parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have parallel
+spins so we're reviewing things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins so we're reviewing things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins so we're reviewing things we
+learned before I love doing that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned before I love doing that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned before I love doing that okay so
+now let's see um what our electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see um what our electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see um what our electron
+configuration is and this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is and this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is and this is just the
+veence elect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence elect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence elect
+configuration um we're simplifying we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um we're simplifying we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um we're simplifying we're
+not going to consider the one the 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to consider the one the 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to consider the one the 1 s
+orbital and we can write this down so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and we can write this down so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and we can write this down so we
+have two electrons in Sigma 2s and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two electrons in Sigma 2s and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two electrons in Sigma 2s and we
+have two electrons in Sigma 2s star our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two electrons in Sigma 2s star our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two electrons in Sigma 2s star our
+anti-bonding orbital and we have one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbital and we have one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbital and we have one in
+pi 2 PX and one in pi 2 p y and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi 2 PX and one in pi 2 p y and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi 2 PX and one in pi 2 p y and I don't
+put I can put a one or not put a one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put I can put a one or not put a one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put I can put a one or not put a one if
+I don't put anything for a one one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't put anything for a one one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't put anything for a one one is
+assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed
+and we can C calculate our bond order as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can C calculate our bond order as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can C calculate our bond order as
+well so we have half and again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we have half and again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we have half and again we're
+just using our veence electrons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using our veence electrons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using our veence electrons but
+that's okay we have four now who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay we have four now who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay we have four now who are
+bonding two down here two up here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding two down here two up here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding two down here two up here these
+are bonding orbitals and we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonding orbitals and we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonding orbitals and we have two
+that are anti-bonding and notice for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are anti-bonding and notice for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are anti-bonding and notice for our
+PI orbitals this is what we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI orbitals this is what we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI orbitals this is what we saw before
+bonding are lower in energy anti-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding are lower in energy anti-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding are lower in energy anti-bonding
+or higher in energy with the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or higher in energy with the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or higher in energy with the bonding
+orbitals we had constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals we had constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals we had constructive
+interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference
+enhance probability of the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance probability of the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance probability of the electrons
+near the nuclei and so that's lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the nuclei and so that's lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the nuclei and so that's lower in
+energy but in our antibonding ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but in our antibonding ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but in our antibonding ones we
+have a nodal plane in between our nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nodal plane in between our nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nodal plane in between our nuclei
+so we don't have any probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have any probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have any probability that
+electrons are right in between there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are right in between there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are right in between there
+because there's a nodal plane so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a nodal plane so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a nodal plane so those
+are higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are higher in
+energy okay so here is our B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so here is our B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so here is our B2
+diagram so now let's try the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so now let's try the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so now let's try the same thing
+for carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for carbon
+C2 and that is a clicker question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's just uh take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's just uh take 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's just uh take 10 more
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's take a look at that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look at that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take a look at that over
+here the easiest thing to do to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the easiest thing to do to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the easiest thing to do to answer
+this question was to fill in the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question was to fill in the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question was to fill in the diagram
+in your handout and so if you did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your handout and so if you did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your handout and so if you did that
+you would have put two down here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have put two down here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have put two down here and you
+would have put two up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have put two up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have put two up
+here then you would have put one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you would have put one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you would have put one here
+one there another one there and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there another one there and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there another one there and another
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay so now we have used these up and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have used these up and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have used these up and so
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+configuration is Sigma 2 S2 Sigma star 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is Sigma 2 S2 Sigma star 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is Sigma 2 S2 Sigma star 2
+pi 2 p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi 2 p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi 2 p
+X2 Pi 2 p y 2 and the bond order is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 Pi 2 p y 2 and the bond order is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 Pi 2 p y 2 and the bond order is a
+half there are six bonding electrons 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half there are six bonding electrons 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half there are six bonding electrons 1 2
+3 4 5 six and two anti-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 5 six and two anti-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 5 six and two anti-bonding
+electrons and so that adds up to a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so that adds up to a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so that adds up to a bond
+order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of
+Two And so sometimes on a test there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two And so sometimes on a test there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two And so sometimes on a test there'll
+be a simple question what is the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simple question what is the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simple question what is the bond
+order but to get there you have to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but to get there you have to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but to get there you have to draw
+your whole molecular orbital diagram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole molecular orbital diagram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole molecular orbital diagram and
+figure out how many bonding and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how many bonding and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how many bonding and how many
+antibonding so these are not really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding so these are not really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding so these are not really that
+fast questions and it's nice sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast questions and it's nice sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast questions and it's nice sometimes
+we give you like a little space and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you like a little space and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you like a little space and you
+see this whole little molecular orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this whole little molecular orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this whole little molecular orbital
+diagram like fit in there to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram like fit in there to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram like fit in there to answer the
+question all right so let's just compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so let's just compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question all right so let's just compare
+these two diagrams for a minute so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two diagrams for a minute so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two diagrams for a minute so in
+both cases we had two s orbitals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases we had two s orbitals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases we had two s orbitals two
+Atomic orbitals for 2s and they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic orbitals for 2s and they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic orbitals for 2s and they both
+generated two molecular orbitals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated two molecular orbitals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated two molecular orbitals a
+bonding and an antibonding the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and an antibonding the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and an antibonding the bonding
+is lower in energy and the antibonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower in energy and the antibonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower in energy and the antibonding
+is higher in energy we also had two 2px
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher in energy we also had two 2px
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher in energy we also had two 2px
+Atomic orbitals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic orbitals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic orbitals they
+generated um two Pi 2 um PX orbitals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated um two Pi 2 um PX orbitals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated um two Pi 2 um PX orbitals one
+bonding one antibonding and the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding one antibonding and the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding one antibonding and the same for
+our two Atomic orbitals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two Atomic orbitals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two Atomic orbitals for
+2py we had two of those and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2py we had two of those and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2py we had two of those and they
+generated one lower energy bonding Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated one lower energy bonding Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated one lower energy bonding Pi
+bonding and one Pi star antibonding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and one Pi star antibonding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and one Pi star antibonding so
+you always have n Atomic orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have n Atomic orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have n Atomic orbitals
+generating n molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating n molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating n molecular
+orbitals so the stability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so the stability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so the stability of the
+resulting molecules in these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting molecules in these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting molecules in these cases
+depend on how many of the electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on how many of the electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on how many of the electrons are
+bonding how many are in lower energy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding how many are in lower energy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding how many are in lower energy as
+a result of formation of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of formation of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of formation of the molecule
+and how many are at higher energy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many are at higher energy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many are at higher energy as a
+result of formation of the molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of formation of the molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of formation of the molecule and
+if the net result are more electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the net result are more electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the net result are more electrons in
+lower energy more electrons in bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy more electrons in bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy more electrons in bonding
+orbitals then that molecule is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals then that molecule is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals then that molecule is more
+stable if there's a very slight or kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable if there's a very slight or kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable if there's a very slight or kind
+of no difference then that's not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no difference then that's not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no difference then that's not a very
+stable molecule so now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable molecule so now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable molecule so now let's just
+compare these two and think about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two and think about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two and think about which
+of these is going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is going to be more
+stable so we have our configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so we have our configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so we have our configurations
+again so in the case of B2 how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so in the case of B2 how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so in the case of B2 how many
+electrons are in lower energy or bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are in lower energy or bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are in lower energy or bonding
+orbitals yeah we have four 1 two 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals yeah we have four 1 two 3 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals yeah we have four 1 two 3 four
+how many in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many in
+higher two up here for carbon we had six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher two up here for carbon we had six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher two up here for carbon we had six
+1 two 3 four five six two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 two 3 four five six two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 two 3 four five six two and
+higher and so the bond order here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and so the bond order here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and so the bond order here was
+one the bond order here was two which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the bond order here was two which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the bond order here was two which is
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+stable higher dissociation energy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable higher dissociation energy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable higher dissociation energy which
+one do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do you
+think carbon right has a bond order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think carbon right has a bond order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think carbon right has a bond order of
+two it has more electrons in lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it has more electrons in lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it has more electrons in lower
+energy orbitals so it came out really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy orbitals so it came out really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy orbitals so it came out really
+well out of this bonding deal um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well out of this bonding deal um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well out of this bonding deal um and the
+the dissociation energy for B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissociation energy for B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissociation energy for B2
+289 whereas for C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+289 whereas for C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+289 whereas for C2
+599 so when molecules come together such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+599 so when molecules come together such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+599 so when molecules come together such
+that more of the electrons are in lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more of the electrons are in lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more of the electrons are in lower
+energy or bonding orbitals you form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or bonding orbitals you form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or bonding orbitals you form a
+nice stable molecule when molecules come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice stable molecule when molecules come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice stable molecule when molecules come
+together such that more of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together such that more of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together such that more of their
+electrons are an antibonding or higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are an antibonding or higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are an antibonding or higher
+energy that's not a happy molecule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's not a happy molecule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's not a happy molecule so
+I'll just end with one way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just end with one way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just end with one way to think
+about this um in this cartoon molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um in this cartoon molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um in this cartoon molecular
+breakup lines sometimes two atoms just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakup lines sometimes two atoms just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakup lines sometimes two atoms just
+have an incompatible number of veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incompatible number of veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incompatible number of veence
+electrons and there are just too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and there are just too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and there are just too many
+you just hear this molecule saying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just hear this molecule saying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just hear this molecule saying I'm
+sorry too many of your electrons are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry too many of your electrons are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry too many of your electrons are in
+my anti-bonding regions I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my anti-bonding regions I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my anti-bonding regions I don't know how
+many times we've all heard that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times we've all heard that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times we've all heard that but you
+know it's time to dissociate but our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's time to dissociate but our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's time to dissociate but our
+Atomic orbitals well they can still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic orbitals well they can still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic orbitals well they can still be
+friends okay see you on Wednesday take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends okay see you on Wednesday take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends okay see you on Wednesday take a
+look at the clicker question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's uh let's just take 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's uh let's just take 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's uh let's just take 10
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds all right let's just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right let's just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right let's just go through
+this one so this is a review of where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so this is a review of where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so this is a review of where we
+were last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were last
+time but um so the correct answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but um so the correct answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but um so the correct answer is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so Sigma orbitals are cylindrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Sigma orbitals are cylindrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Sigma orbitals are cylindrically
+symmetrical let's quiet down a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical let's quiet down a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical let's quiet down a minute
+you can hear hear the answer um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hear hear the answer um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hear hear the answer um so this
+one is true the second one is not true a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is true the second one is not true a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is true the second one is not true a
+bond order of zero doesn't mean that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of zero doesn't mean that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of zero doesn't mean that you
+just have anti-bonding orbitals when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have anti-bonding orbitals when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have anti-bonding orbitals when
+whenever you bring together two Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you bring together two Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you bring together two Atomic
+orbitals you have to make two molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals you have to make two molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals you have to make two molecular
+orbitals so it isn't that sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so it isn't that sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so it isn't that sometimes you
+make bonding orbitals and sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make bonding orbitals and sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make bonding orbitals and sometimes you
+make anti-bonding orbitals every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make anti-bonding orbitals every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make anti-bonding orbitals every time
+you bring together two Atomic orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring together two Atomic orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring together two Atomic orbitals
+you make two molecular orbitals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make two molecular orbitals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make two molecular orbitals one
+that's lower in energy um and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lower in energy um and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lower in energy um and that's the
+bonding orbital and one that's higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital and one that's higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital and one that's higher in
+energy and that's the anti-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that's the anti-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that's the anti-bonding
+orbital so uh so that is not what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so uh so that is not what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so uh so that is not what that
+means a bond order of zero means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a bond order of zero means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a bond order of zero means that
+you have equal numbers of electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have equal numbers of electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have equal numbers of electrons in
+your bonding and anti bonding orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bonding and anti bonding orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bonding and anti bonding orbitals
+so there's no net stabilization due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no net stabilization due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no net stabilization due to
+the formation of uh of these bonds so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of uh of these bonds so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of uh of these bonds so um
+here bonding occurs when you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here bonding occurs when you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here bonding occurs when you bring
+together two Atomic orbitals to make two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together two Atomic orbitals to make two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together two Atomic orbitals to make two
+molecular orbitals that are both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals that are both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals that are both of
+lower energy no every time you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy no every time you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy no every time you make the
+two orbitals one is lower in energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals one is lower in energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals one is lower in energy and
+one is higher than energy you can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is higher than energy you can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is higher than energy you can't make
+two that are both lower in energy and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that are both lower in energy and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that are both lower in energy and a
+bond order of one means constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of one means constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of one means constructive
+interference is generated um a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference is generated um a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference is generated um a one
+bonding orbital uh that's not what a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital uh that's not what a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital uh that's not what a b
+bond order of one is and again every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of one is and again every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of one is and again every
+time you generate a bonding orbital you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you generate a bonding orbital you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you generate a bonding orbital you
+generate an anti-bonding orbital and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an anti-bonding orbital and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an anti-bonding orbital and one
+means that you have um twice as many um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you have um twice as many um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you have um twice as many um
+electrons in your bonding orbitals as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in your bonding orbitals as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in your bonding orbitals as
+anti-bonding orbitals because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbitals because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbitals because the
+formula is a half the number of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is a half the number of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is a half the number of bonding
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+antibonding but that's good and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding but that's good and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding but that's good and it's
+important to remember that Sigma or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to remember that Sigma or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to remember that Sigma or
+orbitals are symmetric around the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are symmetric around the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are symmetric around the bond
+axis all right so we had these diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis all right so we had these diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis all right so we had these diagrams
+for Boron and carbon just talking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Boron and carbon just talking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Boron and carbon just talking uh
+about these uh the interactions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these uh the interactions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these uh the interactions of the
+PX and uh py and so we had forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX and uh py and so we had forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX and uh py and so we had forgotten
+about our pz and you can't do that on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our pz and you can't do that on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our pz and you can't do that on a
+test to get into trouble so um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to get into trouble so um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to get into trouble so um I'm
+always telling people uh for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always telling people uh for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always telling people uh for these two
+handouts you must include the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts you must include the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts you must include the molecular
+orbitals that were derve from p2z so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that were derve from p2z so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that were derve from p2z so on
+a test you need to put them even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test you need to put them even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test you need to put them even if
+they're empty even if they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're empty even if they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're empty even if they don't have
+anything in them they need to be part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in them they need to be part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in them they need to be part of
+your molecular orbital diagram we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your molecular orbital diagram we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your molecular orbital diagram we didn't
+have them in the diagram because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them in the diagram because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them in the diagram because we
+hadn't talked about them yet so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't talked about them yet so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't talked about them yet so now
+we're going to talk about them so 2 pz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about them so 2 pz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about them so 2 pz
+orbitals again this is on on Monday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals again this is on on Monday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals again this is on on Monday's
+handout um you have this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout um you have this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout um you have this linear
+combination of atomic orbitals so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of atomic orbitals so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of atomic orbitals so now
+and you know all our P orbitals they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know all our P orbitals they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know all our P orbitals they all
+look the same as each other they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same as each other they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same as each other they're just
+different in orientation you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in orientation you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in orientation you have one
+along X One along y one along z um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along X One along y one along z um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along X One along y one along z um but
+they're the same so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same so now we're going to
+bring our two 2 pz orbitals together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring our two 2 pz orbitals together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring our two 2 pz orbitals together and
+we're going to do it along the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it along the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it along the bonding
+axis so we've defined this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so we've defined this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so we've defined this as the
+bonding axis in the class so we'll bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding axis in the class so we'll bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding axis in the class so we'll bring
+them together and there'll be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and there'll be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and there'll be uh
+constructive interference with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference with our
+bonding orbitals there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbitals there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbitals there's always
+constructive interference that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference that generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference that generates
+bonding orbitals and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbitals and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbitals and so we're going to
+create a uh enhanced um uh amplitude as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a uh enhanced um uh amplitude as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a uh enhanced um uh amplitude as
+the wave functions come together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions come together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions come together and
+it's going to be cylindrically symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be cylindrically symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be cylindrically symmetric
+so what type of orbital do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what type of orbital do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what type of orbital do you think
+this is going to be Sigma or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be Sigma or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be Sigma or
+Pi it'll be Sigma because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi it'll be Sigma because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi it'll be Sigma because it's
+cylindrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrically
+symmetric so we do not have any bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so we do not have any bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so we do not have any bonding
+plane along the bond axis and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane along the bond axis and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane along the bond axis and it's it's
+symmetric around and we have enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric around and we have enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric around and we have enhanced
+probability density um and uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density um and uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density um and uh we have a
+wave function squared enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function squared enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function squared enhanced
+probability of having an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of having an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of having an electron
+between the two nuclei and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two nuclei and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two nuclei and so this is a
+sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma
+2pz so P orbitals can form Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pz so P orbitals can form Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pz so P orbitals can form Sigma
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+orbitals so we do have nodes passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so we do have nodes passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so we do have nodes passing
+through our nuclei here are our nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our nuclei here are our nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our nuclei here are our nuclei
+again we do have them they were here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we do have them they were here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we do have them they were here
+before in our P orbitals there's a nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in our P orbitals there's a nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in our P orbitals there's a nodal
+plane um in our P orbitals but we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane um in our P orbitals but we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane um in our P orbitals but we do not
+have in this case a node along the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this case a node along the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this case a node along the bond
+axis so that that is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so that that is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so that that is our
+bonding so whenever you generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding so whenever you generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding so whenever you generate a
+bonding orbital which is lower going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital which is lower going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding orbital which is lower going to
+be lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lower in
+energy um we're going to have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um we're going to have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um we're going to have our
+increased amplitude between the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased amplitude between the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased amplitude between the nuclei
+again our increased probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our increased probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our increased probability density
+and therefore lower energy so whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore lower energy so whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore lower energy so whenever
+you have constructive interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have constructive interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have constructive interference
+generating a molecular orbital of lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a molecular orbital of lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a molecular orbital of lower
+energy you got to create something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you got to create something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you got to create something of
+higher energy that's just how life works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy that's just how life works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy that's just how life works
+so um we also we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we also we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we also we're going to have
+anti-bonding orbitals which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbitals which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbitals which are
+generated by destructive interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by destructive interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by destructive interference
+and again these orbitals can be thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again these orbitals can be thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again these orbitals can be thought
+about as wave functions and a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as wave functions and a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as wave functions and a property
+of waves is that they constructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waves is that they constructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waves is that they constructively
+interfere and destructively interfere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and destructively interfere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and destructively interfere so
+now we can uh subtract our two orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can uh subtract our two orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can uh subtract our two orbitals
+which Bas you're just going to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Bas you're just going to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Bas you're just going to switch
+the sign and have they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign and have they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign and have they're going to be
+out of phase so they'll destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of phase so they'll destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of phase so they'll destructively
+interfere and that's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and that's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and that's going to look like
+this so now you're going to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now you're going to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now you're going to generate a
+nodal plane between the two nuclei but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal plane between the two nuclei but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal plane between the two nuclei but
+it's still symmetric around the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still symmetric around the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still symmetric around the bond
+axis so this is a sigma 2 pz Star so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so this is a sigma 2 pz Star so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so this is a sigma 2 pz Star so
+it's an anti-bonding orbital so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an anti-bonding orbital so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an anti-bonding orbital so again
+it's Sigma so it's still cylindrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Sigma so it's still cylindrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Sigma so it's still cylindrically
+symmetrical with no nodal plane along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical with no nodal plane along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical with no nodal plane along
+that Bond axis but you do have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bond axis but you do have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bond axis but you do have a new
+nodal plane that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal plane that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal plane that's
+generated so nodes pass again through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated so nodes pass again through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated so nodes pass again through
+the nuclei but also now between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei but also now between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei but also now between these
+two orbitals so we have a new nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals so we have a new nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals so we have a new nodal
+plane that's generated that's between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's generated that's between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's generated that's between
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+nuclei and that's a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and that's a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and that's a result of
+destructive interference generates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference generates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference generates that
+noal plane you have decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noal plane you have decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noal plane you have decreased
+probability density for a nucleus be or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for a nucleus be or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for a nucleus be or
+an electron being found there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron being found there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron being found there and so
+that poor electrons kind of shut out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that poor electrons kind of shut out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that poor electrons kind of shut out of
+that sweet spot the electrons like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sweet spot the electrons like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sweet spot the electrons like to be
+between those two nuclei where they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two nuclei where they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two nuclei where they have
+the two positive charges of the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two positive charges of the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two positive charges of the nuclei
+and then their little negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their little negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their little negative charge
+and they can sit right there and be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can sit right there and be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can sit right there and be very
+happy in a low energy State um but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy in a low energy State um but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy in a low energy State um but here
+there's really lower probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really lower probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really lower probability density
+lower likelihood the electron will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower likelihood the electron will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower likelihood the electron will be
+found here and that generates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found here and that generates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found here and that generates a
+molecular orbital that's antibonding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital that's antibonding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital that's antibonding or
+higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in
+energy all right so now we have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right so now we have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right so now we have to go
+back to our Amo diagrams and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our Amo diagrams and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our Amo diagrams and figure out
+where to put these new molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to put these new molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to put these new molecular
+orbitals onto our nice diagram s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals onto our nice diagram s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals onto our nice diagram s and
+it's not as simple as it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as simple as it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as simple as it was before
+because where we put these new Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because where we put these new Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because where we put these new Sigma
+2pz molecular orbitals depends on what Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pz molecular orbitals depends on what Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pz molecular orbitals depends on what Z
+is so it depends on the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it depends on the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it depends on the value of
+Z so if Z is less than the magic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so if Z is less than the magic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so if Z is less than the magic number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+eight then we have our PI 2px and 2py
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight then we have our PI 2px and 2py
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight then we have our PI 2px and 2py
+orbitals are lower in energy than our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are lower in energy than our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are lower in energy than our
+Sigma 2 pz molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 pz molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 pz molecular
+orbital but if we are equal to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital but if we are equal to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital but if we are equal to or
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+8 then the sigma 2pz orbital is lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 then the sigma 2pz orbital is lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 then the sigma 2pz orbital is lower in
+energy than the pi 2px and 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than the pi 2px and 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than the pi 2px and 2
+py so less than 8 Pi is first it's lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py so less than 8 Pi is first it's lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py so less than 8 Pi is first it's lower
+in energy as you go up your energy SC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy as you go up your energy SC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy as you go up your energy SC
+scale and if Z is equal to or greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and if Z is equal to or greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and if Z is equal to or greater
+than 8 Pi is second and sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 8 Pi is second and sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 8 Pi is second and sigma is
+first so how are you going to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so how are you going to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so how are you going to remember
+this there could be many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there could be many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there could be many different ways
+one could remember it but I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could remember it but I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could remember it but I'll tell you
+how I remember it and I sort of uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I remember it and I sort of uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I remember it and I sort of uh my
+life revolves around my daughter um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life revolves around my daughter um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life revolves around my daughter um and
+my dog um and so at Thanksgiving we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dog um and so at Thanksgiving we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my dog um and so at Thanksgiving we
+always have the question can I eat pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the question can I eat pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the question can I eat pie
+first so if you are under the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so if you are under the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so if you are under the age of
+eight you always want your Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight you always want your Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight you always want your Pi
+first so if Z is less than eight Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so if Z is less than eight Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so if Z is less than eight Pi
+comes first Pi is lower in energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes first Pi is lower in energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes first Pi is lower in energy and
+sigma is higher however when you mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma is higher however when you mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma is higher however when you mature
+to the Grand age of nine say or 10 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Grand age of nine say or 10 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Grand age of nine say or 10 if
+you a kid 10 is like the oldest you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a kid 10 is like the oldest you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a kid 10 is like the oldest you can
+possibly imagine being very mature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly imagine being very mature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly imagine being very mature and
+you can eat your Thanksgiving dinner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can eat your Thanksgiving dinner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can eat your Thanksgiving dinner and
+wait for pie so that is how I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for pie so that is how I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for pie so that is how I would
+remember it um under eight Pi is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it um under eight Pi is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it um under eight Pi is first
+equal to eight or greater you can wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to eight or greater you can wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to eight or greater you can wait
+till after dinner to have your Pi Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till after dinner to have your Pi Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till after dinner to have your Pi Pi
+comes second note that the ordering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes second note that the ordering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes second note that the ordering of
+the anti-bonding orbitals is the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-bonding orbitals is the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-bonding orbitals is the same so
+all you have to remember is uh down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to remember is uh down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to remember is uh down here
+depends on Z is pi first or is pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Z is pi first or is pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Z is pi first or is pi
+second so let's take a look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so let's take a look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so let's take a look at an
+example let's look at our friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's look at our friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's look at our friend
+molecular oxygen that has a z equal to 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen that has a z equal to 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen that has a z equal to 8
+so oxygen is at the old mature age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oxygen is at the old mature age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oxygen is at the old mature age of
+eight and so it's going to have its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and so it's going to have its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and so it's going to have its
+Sigma 2 pz first it can wait for its Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 pz first it can wait for its Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 pz first it can wait for its Pi
+orbitals until later so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals until later so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals until later so let's start
+putting in our electrons so we have each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in our electrons so we have each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in our electrons so we have each
+oxygen making up molecular oxygen or O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen making up molecular oxygen or O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen making up molecular oxygen or O2
+brings two 2s orbitals to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings two 2s orbitals to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings two 2s orbitals to the uh
+Thanksgiving dinner table and two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving dinner table and two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving dinner table and two of
+them go down in energy into the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them go down in energy into the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them go down in energy into the bonding
+Sigma 2s orbital and two go into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2s orbital and two go into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2s orbital and two go into our
+antibonding um Sigma star 2s orbital now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding um Sigma star 2s orbital now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding um Sigma star 2s orbital now
+we have four electrons um in our pz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four electrons um in our pz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four electrons um in our pz
+orbitals in our Atomic pz orbitals four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals in our Atomic pz orbitals four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals in our Atomic pz orbitals four
+from each molecule so we need to put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each molecule so we need to put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each molecule so we need to put all
+of those in so we always start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those in so we always start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those in so we always start with the
+lowest energy orbital so we'll put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy orbital so we'll put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy orbital so we'll put two
+in there then we'll go up we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there then we'll go up we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there then we'll go up we have two
+more here two more here we'll put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here two more here we'll put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here two more here we'll put them
+in singly um with their spins parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in singly um with their spins parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in singly um with their spins parallel
+and then we'll pair them up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll pair them up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll pair them up in the
+lowest energy orbitals and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy orbitals and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy orbitals and then we have
+two more left so we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more left so we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more left so we're going to have to
+put those up in our anti-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those up in our anti-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those up in our anti-bonding
+orbitals so they go into pi 2px and Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so they go into pi 2px and Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so they go into pi 2px and Pi
+2py star orbitals up here all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2py star orbitals up here all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2py star orbitals up here all right so
+now we can calculate the bond order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can calculate the bond order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can calculate the bond order for
+oxygen and that's a clicker question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's just take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's just take 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's just take 10 more
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's uh take a look over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's uh take a look over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's uh take a look over
+here so bond order again is half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so bond order again is half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so bond order again is half the
+number of bonding electrons minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonding electrons minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonding electrons minus the
+number of antibonding um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of antibonding um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of antibonding um
+electrons and we have have eight bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and we have have eight bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and we have have eight bonding
+1 2 3 4 5 6 78 and we have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 5 6 78 and we have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 5 6 78 and we have four
+antibonding 1 2 3 4 so that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding 1 2 3 4 so that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding 1 2 3 4 so that gives us a
+bond order of two and the bond order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of two and the bond order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of two and the bond order
+equation is one that you do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is one that you do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is one that you do have to
+memorize that will not be given to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize that will not be given to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize that will not be given to you
+on an exam and with a bond order of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam and with a bond order of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an exam and with a bond order of two
+we have a pretty big number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a pretty big number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a pretty big number for
+dissociation energy again that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy again that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy again that's the
+energy you have to put into a bond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you have to put into a bond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you have to put into a bond to
+break it to dissociate it and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it to dissociate it and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it to dissociate it and that means
+it's a pretty strong bond if it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty strong bond if it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty strong bond if it's a big
+number if you need a lot of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if you need a lot of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if you need a lot of energy
+that's a strong bond another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a strong bond another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a strong bond another thing that
+you can see from this diagram is that O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from this diagram is that O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from this diagram is that O2
+is a biradical it has two lone pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a biradical it has two lone pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a biradical it has two lone pair
+electrons so two unpaired electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so two unpaired electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so two unpaired electrons
+which also makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also makes it
+paramagnetic or attracted to a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetic or attracted to a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetic or attracted to a magnetic
+field so whenever you have unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so whenever you have unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so whenever you have unpaired
+electrons you will have a paramagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you will have a paramagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you will have a paramagnetic
+species and diamagnetic means they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and diamagnetic means they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and diamagnetic means they're
+all paired and so there's some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all paired and so there's some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all paired and so there's some questions
+on problem sets and on exams so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on problem sets and on exams so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on problem sets and on exams so you need
+to know the definitions of those all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the definitions of those all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the definitions of those all
+right so we talked about this when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we talked about this when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we talked about this when we
+were doing leis structures if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing leis structures if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing leis structures if you recall
+and we drew a beautiful Lewis structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we drew a beautiful Lewis structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we drew a beautiful Lewis structure
+of molecular oxygen that had two lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular oxygen that had two lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular oxygen that had two lone
+pairs on each oxygen and a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs on each oxygen and a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs on each oxygen and a double bond
+but I told you that that was not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I told you that that was not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I told you that that was not really
+a complete uh description of molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete uh description of molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete uh description of molecular
+oxygen that molecular oxygen was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that molecular oxygen was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that molecular oxygen was
+actually a bir radical but you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a bir radical but you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a bir radical but you would not
+get a hint of that from the Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a hint of that from the Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a hint of that from the Lewis
+structure so if you draw the um Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so if you draw the um Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so if you draw the um Lewis
+structure as a by radical then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as a by radical then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as a by radical then you have
+single electron here and a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single electron here and a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single electron here and a single
+electron there and a single Bond but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there and a single Bond but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there and a single Bond but we
+also see the bond order is two so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see the bond order is two so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see the bond order is two so this
+one does describes the biradical nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does describes the biradical nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does describes the biradical nature
+but doesn't really describe that double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't really describe that double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't really describe that double
+bond character that it has so neither of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond character that it has so neither of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond character that it has so neither of
+these leis structures really completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these leis structures really completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these leis structures really completely
+describe molecular orbital a a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe molecular orbital a a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe molecular orbital a a molecular
+oxygen and we need a molecular orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and we need a molecular orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and we need a molecular orbital
+diagram to really help us understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to really help us understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to really help us understand the
+properties of molecular um oxygen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of molecular um oxygen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of molecular um oxygen that
+it's pretty strong bond between it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty strong bond between it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty strong bond between it it
+has double bond character but it also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has double bond character but it also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has double bond character but it also is
+re very reactive it's a biradical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re very reactive it's a biradical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re very reactive it's a biradical so
+this is just a bizarre molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a bizarre molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a bizarre molecule and
+really that is why this diagram right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that is why this diagram right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that is why this diagram right
+here really tells us why our life our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really tells us why our life our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really tells us why our life our
+planet is what it is right here um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet is what it is right here um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet is what it is right here um that
+describes it it's because of oxygen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes it it's because of oxygen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes it it's because of oxygen that
+we have the life forms that we did life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the life forms that we did life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the life forms that we did life
+was very different on this planet before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very different on this planet before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very different on this planet before
+molecular oxygen came about you did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen came about you did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen came about you did have
+microbes that lived anerobic without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbes that lived anerobic without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbes that lived anerobic without
+oxygen but when oxygen came everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but when oxygen came everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but when oxygen came everything
+changed and so here this if you said can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and so here this if you said can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and so here this if you said can
+you explain life to me you can draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explain life to me you can draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explain life to me you can draw this
+and though there it is this explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and though there it is this explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and though there it is this explains
+Life as we know it because life as we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life as we know it because life as we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life as we know it because life as we we
+know it exists because of this crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it exists because of this crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it exists because of this crazy
+molecule that is O2 nothing else really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is O2 nothing else really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is O2 nothing else really
+like it it is an amazing molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it is an amazing molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it is an amazing molecule that
+allows us to live so there you go so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to live so there you go so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to live so there you go so I
+say you don't learn anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you don't learn anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you don't learn anything in
+chemistry this diagram I just explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry this diagram I just explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry this diagram I just explained
+Life as we know it to you right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life as we know it to you right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life as we know it to you right there
+all right we also it's not just there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we also it's not just there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we also it's not just there's
+a few other elements that yeah are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other elements that yeah are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other elements that yeah are
+pretty important and one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important and one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important and one of them is
+nitrogen we wouldn't really be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen we wouldn't really be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen we wouldn't really be much
+anywhere without nitrogen either oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere without nitrogen either oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere without nitrogen either oxygen
+is h no nitrogen is pretty special too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is h no nitrogen is pretty special too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is h no nitrogen is pretty special too
+okay this this also helps maybe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this this also helps maybe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this this also helps maybe these
+two molecular orbital diagrams really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecular orbital diagrams really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecular orbital diagrams really
+sum up Life as We Know It All right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up Life as We Know It All right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up Life as We Know It All right so
+let's look at molecular nitrogen and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at molecular nitrogen and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at molecular nitrogen and two
+so we have two um electrons in our 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two um electrons in our 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two um electrons in our 2s
+orbitals so we're going to bring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so we're going to bring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so we're going to bring them
+together we're going to put two in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're going to put two in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're going to put two in the
+lower energy orbital our Sigma 2s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy orbital our Sigma 2s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy orbital our Sigma 2s and
+two in our anti-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in our anti-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in our anti-bonding
+orbital and then we have three in our P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and then we have three in our P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and then we have three in our P
+orbitals from this nitrogen three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals from this nitrogen three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals from this nitrogen three
+electrons from this nitrogen and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from this nitrogen and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from this nitrogen and so
+we'll put them down here we'll put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put them down here we'll put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put them down here we'll put in
+two three four five six so we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five six so we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five six so we didn't
+need to use any of these antibonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use any of these antibonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use any of these antibonding
+orbitals and this is a z less than 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and this is a z less than 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and this is a z less than 8
+case so here we have our PI orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so here we have our PI orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so here we have our PI orbitals
+first because it is z less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because it is z less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because it is z less than
+8 so let's look at the bond order here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so let's look at the bond order here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so let's look at the bond order here
+and the bond order is is half of eight 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bond order is is half of eight 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bond order is is half of eight 1
+2 3 4 5 6 78 eight bonding electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 6 78 eight bonding electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 6 78 eight bonding electrons and
+just these two anti-bonding electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these two anti-bonding electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these two anti-bonding electrons so
+a half of 8 minus 2 is three and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half of 8 minus 2 is three and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half of 8 minus 2 is three and you
+have a really big number for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really big number for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really big number for your
+dissociation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy
+941 this is a very stable molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+941 this is a very stable molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+941 this is a very stable molecule and
+you can draw the leis structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw the leis structure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw the leis structure of this
+without much difficulty this one works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without much difficulty this one works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without much difficulty this one works
+quite well and you get a triple bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well and you get a triple bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well and you get a triple bond
+and two lone pairs so this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two lone pairs so this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two lone pairs so this would be a
+diamagnetic molecule no unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamagnetic molecule no unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamagnetic molecule no unpaired
+electrons no uh no uh radicals here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons no uh no uh radicals here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons no uh no uh radicals here but
+this is a crazy strong bond it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a crazy strong bond it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a crazy strong bond it's really
+hard to split nitrogen because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to split nitrogen because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to split nitrogen because of this
+triple bond and molecular orbital Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple bond and molecular orbital Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple bond and molecular orbital Theory
+tells you it should be a triple bond it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you it should be a triple bond it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you it should be a triple bond it
+should be really really strong uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be really really strong uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be really really strong uh
+interactions between these nitrogens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between these nitrogens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between these nitrogens and
+so this is a very hard thing we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very hard thing we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very hard thing we want to
+do this industrially and we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this industrially and we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this industrially and we'll talk more
+about this when we get to chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this when we get to chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this when we get to chemical
+equilibrium how do you split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium how do you split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium how do you split the
+nitrogen bond this is actually currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen bond this is actually currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen bond this is actually currently
+a big area of research how you break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big area of research how you break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big area of research how you break
+that Bond because we need nitrogen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bond because we need nitrogen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bond because we need nitrogen for
+life and so how do you split it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and so how do you split it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and so how do you split it there's
+lots of nitrogen and two in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of nitrogen and two in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of nitrogen and two in the
+atmosphere but we need it here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere but we need it here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere but we need it here and we
+need it usable so we need to break that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it usable so we need to break that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it usable so we need to break that
+bond to use it so we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to use it so we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to use it so we'll come back to
+this in chemical equilibrium and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in chemical equilibrium and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in chemical equilibrium and how
+people are able to split the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are able to split the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are able to split the nitrogen
+Bond so forget Man of Steel we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond so forget Man of Steel we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond so forget Man of Steel we should
+have have man of nitrogen that's strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have man of nitrogen that's strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have man of nitrogen that's strong
+nitrogen's strong forget Steel Man of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen's strong forget Steel Man of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen's strong forget Steel Man of
+nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+okay one more thing to do before uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more thing to do before uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more thing to do before uh we
+move on to today's handout and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to today's handout and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to today's handout and this is
+really fast um you can also be asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast um you can also be asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast um you can also be asked to
+draw molecular orbital diagrams where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw molecular orbital diagrams where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw molecular orbital diagrams where
+both atoms are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both atoms are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both atoms are not the
+same so if you're asked to do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so if you're asked to do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so if you're asked to do that you
+can use the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the following
+rules if Z is less than eight for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules if Z is less than eight for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules if Z is less than eight for both
+atoms Pi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms Pi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms Pi is
+first if Z is not less than eight for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if Z is not less than eight for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if Z is not less than eight for
+both atoms you don't really know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both atoms you don't really know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both atoms you don't really know what
+it's hard to know what to do so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to know what to do so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to know what to do so you
+don't need to know what to do um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know what to do um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know what to do um and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+it okay so we might tell you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so we might tell you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so we might tell you something
+about it and then you can do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and then you can do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and then you can do it but
+otherwise just just just worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise just just just worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise just just just worry about
+things when Z is less than eight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when Z is less than eight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when Z is less than eight so
+that's molecular orbital Theory for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PHy7iaX7rJU.txt b/PHy7iaX7rJU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe51a8b45a93b41443550648afe6ba359f191589
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PHy7iaX7rJU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2627 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right,
+so this lecture
+
+we talked about lots of cool
+origami design software, all
+
+written by Tomohiro Tachi.
+
+We had Origamizer, Freeform
+Origami Designer, Rigid Origami
+
+Simulator.
+
+And then he talked about
+a bunch of other things
+
+that he's built using
+that kind of technology,
+
+like cylinder folding and so on.
+
+And I got a bunch of questions.
+
+So first is an exercise.
+
+If you haven't picked
+up handouts, grab them.
+
+Let's fold something
+from Origamizer.
+
+And I made the pretty much
+the simplest possible thing
+
+you can make, which is four
+squares coming together.
+
+And so this is the
+crease pattern,
+
+and we're going to fold it.
+
+You can start folding
+now if you like.
+
+So I'll do it too.
+
+So the first step in folding
+a crease pattern like this
+
+is to precrease all the folds.
+
+The easiest way to do that is
+to precrease them all mountain.
+
+And these black guys, we're
+actually going to fold-- I'm
+
+going to make a
+rectangular region here,
+
+because I didn't trim
+the paper to the square.
+
+So you've got a fold along
+these two black lines
+
+and all of these guys.
+
+So it's a good exercise in
+folding crease patterns,
+
+if you didn't already do one
+NP set two, which is due today.
+
+When you're mountain folding,
+you can pretty easily
+
+guide along a straight line.
+
+So you just fold,
+unfold, fold, unfold.
+
+Don't worry about the mountain
+valley pattern at this point.
+
+It's really hard to
+precrease a valley.
+
+When you're precreasing the
+non-horizontal and vertical
+
+folds, make sure you only
+crease the part that's marked.
+
+Don't go too far.
+
+How we doing?
+
+How many people have precreased?
+
+No one, all right.
+
+I win.
+
+It helps that I've already
+made a couple of these.
+
+This is what it's going to
+look like when it's folded.
+
+On the back, you'll have
+the four rectangles.
+
+Beautiful.
+
+And then on the front
+where all the color is,
+
+you see all the crease pattern.
+
+And so we're going to--
+as Origamizer always does,
+
+it adds these tabs, the tuck
+parts, along each of the edges.
+
+And that the vertex you've got
+a slightly more complicated
+
+thing.
+
+So that's what we're
+going to be making.
+
+This is an example of the tried
+and tested advanced origami
+
+folding of almost anything.
+
+First precrease all the creases,
+then fold all the creases.
+
+Then you have your
+model, pretty much.
+
+But the precreasing is usually
+the really tedious part.
+
+When we're feeling
+high tech, we'll
+
+precrease with a
+sign cutter, which
+
+is a computer-controlled
+robotic knife blade.
+
+We'll score along the creases.
+
+Or a laser cutter, which can
+burn halfway through the paper.
+
+Or pick your favorite tool.
+
+The fanciest is a
+computer-controlled ball
+
+burnisher.
+
+Once you've precreased
+everything mountain,
+
+you want to reverse in
+particular the black lines.
+
+Those are really the
+only important ones
+
+to reverse, I find,
+in this model.
+
+So those are all
+going to be valley.
+
+You want to invert
+them to be valleys.
+
+Once you've got those guys,
+you can collapse your flaps.
+
+Here's the fun part.
+
+Ideally, you can collapse
+maybe all four of them at once.
+
+Let's see.
+
+It's been hours since
+I've folded one of these.
+
+I've forgotten how it's done.
+
+You get this kind
+of floppy version.
+
+These polygons aren't flat
+like they're supposed to be.
+
+And this is where we have too
+much material at the vertex
+
+here.
+
+And so there's
+these tucks, which
+
+are just crimps, as
+we've been calling them.
+
+And the blue here is mountain,
+the way I've set it up.
+
+So you just do all
+of those crimps.
+
+Mountain valley.
+
+Mountain valley.
+
+It's kind of like
+little simple folds
+
+but in this
+three-dimensional state.
+
+And when you put
+them all in, it just
+
+makes exactly the desired form.
+
+That's because this
+is has been designed
+
+to have exactly the right
+angles after you do the crimps.
+
+And there's only one--
+if your paper was rigid,
+
+there'd be only one possible
+shape this could take on.
+
+And there it is.
+
+This is supposed
+to be-- usually,
+
+you fold it this way so that all
+the crease lines that you print
+
+are on the backside,
+so you can't see them.
+
+So then you have your
+perfect model out here.
+
+Not so perfect.
+
+You'd just be exposing
+the origami side
+
+with the tucks hidden
+on the backside.
+
+Usually, you also want
+to hide the tucks.
+
+But of course, if you want to
+get it the other way around,
+
+you just fold the blue valleys.
+
+The red's mountains.
+
+But I find it's a little
+easier to fold this way,
+
+where you can see
+what you're doing.
+
+You can see all the crease
+lines you're making.
+
+I can see the advanced
+folders are already
+
+going on to the next one.
+
+This one is six squares,
+all coming together.
+
+When folded, it looks
+something like this.
+
+But note that the crease
+pattern as I've drawn it kind of
+
+requires you to cut
+out this outer shape,
+
+because I haven't drawn the
+creases that are outside there,
+
+to make it easier to fold.
+
+So if you're folding
+ahead, ideally, you
+
+cut along all the black
+lines in the outside.
+
+Those guys.
+
+And then when you want to put in
+these tucks-- you see how these
+
+are lined up-- you just
+want to crimp that.
+
+All right.
+
+You can keep folding at home.
+
+I want to show you a little
+bit about the process
+
+of making that crease pattern.
+
+It's pretty easy
+once you know how,
+
+but if you haven't
+done it before,
+
+the first time is a
+little bit challenging.
+
+I use a 3D-- first you
+draw your 3D squares
+
+that you want to make.
+
+I use a program called
+Rhinoceros 3D, which
+
+has a pretty cheap
+academic license,
+
+and it's commonly used
+around here in architecture.
+
+You get a top-down view
+and a perspective view,
+
+and all these great things.
+
+In this case, I just wanted to
+draw four squares in a plane,
+
+so it was pretty simple.
+
+I should have the file here.
+
+Four squares.
+
+So it looks like this.
+
+I've got my four
+squares like that.
+
+Very exciting.
+
+Here's what it looks
+like in three dimensions.
+
+Wow.
+
+Then you export that
+into DXF format.
+
+Or sorry, into OBJ format.
+
+So you save as OBJ.
+
+You've got a zillion options.
+
+You want to polygon mesh.
+
+Polylines.
+
+UNIX.
+
+That works for me, though
+some variations may also work.
+
+Then you've got your OBJ file.
+
+You run Origamizer,
+which looks like this.
+
+And you can drag in
+your new OBJ file.
+
+Here it is.
+
+Exciting model here.
+
+This is in three dimensions.
+
+And then you say develop.
+
+Actually, first you should
+probably do angle condition,
+
+and then develop.
+
+Now you've got something
+like a crease pattern.
+
+It's actually just
+placing the squares,
+
+and you can change how the
+squares are placed here.
+
+I spread them out a little
+bit so that this tuck was not
+
+super tiny.
+
+This model isn't
+very constrained.
+
+And then you say crease
+pattern generation,
+
+and you get your crease pattern.
+
+And you can adjust
+how spread out
+
+you want these, how big
+you want your tucks to be.
+
+I made it nice and square,
+and something like that size.
+
+Then when you save, you get a
+crease pattern in DXF format.
+
+And then hopefully your
+drawing program can edit DXF.
+
+I think I opened it in
+Rhino, then exported
+
+to Adobe Illustrator, and
+then open in Illustrator.
+
+I removed all this
+stuff on the outside,
+
+because I just wanted
+this square boundary.
+
+But you can do
+whatever you like.
+
+So that's Origamizer in action.
+
+Wow, 900 frames a second.
+
+That's fast.
+
+Of course, if you do
+more complicated models,
+
+it can be a little
+more involved.
+
+We've seen the bunny.
+
+What haven't we seen?
+
+A mask.
+
+Never done this one.
+
+You should see develop.
+
+Boom.
+
+There it goes.
+
+And spreading them out, trying
+to solve all the constraints,
+
+at some point it will converge.
+
+In the lower left, you can
+see its current error value.
+
+When that gets down to zero you
+have a perfect crease pattern.
+
+Except for these green regions.
+
+The green regions means that
+the tucks in the 3D model, some
+
+of the-- it's a little
+hard to turnaround.
+
+Some of the tucks
+may be intersecting.
+
+So if we look closely
+we can probably
+
+find some tucks that
+are crossing each other.
+
+And if you want to deal
+with that in the software--
+
+not just somehow fiddle
+around with it with origami--
+
+there's a tool which is
+split extra wide tucks.
+
+If you look at one of
+these, the green thing
+
+is the edge-tucking molecule.
+
+If you look at that,
+it will subdivide
+
+into two edge-tucking molecules.
+
+Now they're half this tall.
+
+They don't go as
+deep into this model.
+
+And they're less
+likely to intersect.
+
+As long as you've
+got a green thing,
+
+there's potential intersection.
+
+When you're done, this is
+probably a valid crease
+
+pattern, at this point.
+
+A little bit of green.
+
+Hopefully they're OK.
+
+You can keep splitting if it
+continues to be a problem.
+
+It just adds more
+and more creases.
+
+So that's how to use Origamizer,
+if you haven't used it already.
+
+And go back to slides.
+
+And the slide
+progression of that.
+
+Cool .
+
+So the next question is
+about-- essentially, it's
+
+a question about what
+makes a convex vertex
+
+versus a concave vertex.
+
+Concave is a little
+bit ambiguous,
+
+so usually we say non-convex,
+to mean the opposite of convex.
+
+So I'll use non-convex.
+
+Essentially, there are two
+or three kinds of vertices,
+
+depending on how you count.
+
+We've got something like
+this vertex of a tetrahedron.
+
+This would be convex,
+meaning that if you
+
+look at the sum of the angles
+of material at that vertex,
+
+that sum of angles
+is less than 360.
+
+You could also
+have a flat vertex,
+
+where it's equal to 360.
+
+That's what we just made.
+
+I've got four squares
+coming together,
+
+four 90-degree angles.
+
+Sum of those angles is 360.
+
+Or you could have a
+non-convex vertex.
+
+Non-convex, it's
+bigger than 360.
+
+And that's a little
+harder to draw.
+
+So I made what I
+call the canonical--
+
+it's a nice clean orthogonal,
+meaning all the bases are
+
+horizontal, vertical,
+or the other way.
+
+Non-convex vertex.
+
+This has six 90-degree
+angles coming together.
+
+Six times 90 is bigger than 365.
+
+It's 540.
+
+So this is, of course, inspired
+by the video game Q'bert.
+
+Play it back in the day.
+
+And when you put
+it into Origamizer,
+
+it gives you some kind
+of layout like this.
+
+Then you ask for the creases.
+
+And boom, you've got it.
+
+And the thing that I printed
+out had this removed,
+
+which requires you to
+cut here, unfortunately.
+
+I also made the squares
+go all the way to the tip.
+
+Place them differently,
+and you end up
+
+with this crease pattern.
+
+And this is a little
+trickier, because you've
+
+got some extra tucks in here.
+
+They're quite small.
+
+And depending on how
+accurate you want to be,
+
+it's a little hard to fold it
+in exactly the right shape.
+
+Looks pretty good.
+
+It's got some-- little bit
+messy here in the center.
+
+If I use better paper,
+it'll be a little easier.
+
+So that's a non-convex vertex.
+
+And in some sense, the
+point of Origamizer
+
+was to deal with non-convex
+vertices, not just convex ones.
+
+Convex ones, you can kind
+of wrap around the paper,
+
+and just tuck away
+the extra material.
+
+Non-convex, you really
+have to tuck away
+
+material in a clever way in
+order to get all of these guys
+
+to come together.
+
+Because normally, on a sheet of
+paper, everything looks flat.
+
+Everything should add up to 360.
+
+But if you hide
+away material, you
+
+can get more corners
+to come together,
+
+and that's what lets you
+get non-convex vertices.
+
+So that's where that came from.
+
+You can't just take
+a convex vertex
+
+and flip it inside, because
+intrinsically, on the surface,
+
+it'll still look
+like a convex vertex,
+
+even if it's popped inside out.
+
+Some of the angles won't change.
+
+Still be less than 360.
+
+Cool.
+
+Next thing I wanted to
+show is Freeform Origami.
+
+In particular, there's a bunch
+of different modes in Freeform
+
+Origami, and they weren't really
+showing much in the videos.
+
+So I'm going to show you a
+little bit about how it works.
+
+So you download
+Freeform Origami .
+
+All this software is
+Windows only at the moment.
+
+So then you open
+your favorite model.
+
+It can be a 3D
+model or a 2D model.
+
+Miura-ori is a really
+nice example to work with.
+
+This is just straight
+lines in one direction,
+
+and then a zigzag in
+the other direction.
+
+I've got your 3D view
+on the left and right.
+
+Now these views are
+not enabled, because I
+
+haven't turned on a
+lot of constraints.
+
+Now, as you see, there's a
+lot of different constraints
+
+I can turn on or off.
+
+In this case, I will
+turn on developable,
+
+which means that each of these
+vertices in this 3D model
+
+are flat, according
+to this model,
+
+so you want to constrain some
+of the angles to add up to 360.
+
+That means that it came
+from a sheet of paper.
+
+That makes it a folding.
+
+So this is different from
+the target in Origamizer,
+
+where it's just a 3D model.
+
+And now you can see up
+here the crease pattern,
+
+which will actually
+fold into that.
+
+Because a developable, you
+can just locally unfold it,
+
+and you'll get a
+picture like that.
+
+The other thing I want to
+turn on is flat foldability.
+
+This is Kawasaki's condition.
+
+So it's going to enforce that
+this angle plus this angle
+
+equals 180.
+
+Or the sum of the odds
+equals the sum of the evens.
+
+When you add that constraint
+you guarantee a flat folding,
+
+and then this picture
+is the shadow pattern,
+
+if you make that flat
+folding, and just draw them
+
+on top of each other.
+
+OK, so those are my
+constraints, and that
+
+turns on all of my views.
+
+Now I can do-- currently,
+I am in simulation mode.
+
+This means it's acting like
+a physical piece of paper.
+
+So when I drag on
+a corner, it'll
+
+try to fold that
+up, or unfold it.
+
+But this stuff on the
+right, the crease pattern,
+
+is not changing.
+
+So this model, because it
+has a lot of boundary edges,
+
+it has a bunch of
+degrees of freedom.
+
+So I was like number of
+degrees-- number of boundary
+
+edges minus 3 is the number
+of degrees of freedom,
+
+in this general picture.
+
+They're crushed.
+
+So that's the idea.
+
+You can also hold down
+spacebar, and it'll just
+
+try to fold everything,
+kind of uniformly.
+
+Or you can hit B, and it'll
+unfold everything uniformly.
+
+So this is all, again, not
+changing the crease pattern
+
+up here.
+
+If I move away from
+simulation mode,
+
+if I turn this check
+box off, now I'm
+
+allowing the crease
+pattern up here to vary.
+
+So if you watch this upper right
+corner, as I drag on this guy,
+
+crease pattern changes.
+
+It's now allowing the
+whole thing to be flexible.
+
+And I can do things
+like, oh, maybe I
+
+want to make this
+really high up here.
+
+And this is stuff you could
+not do with Miura-ori.
+
+We're changing the
+Miura-ori pattern.
+
+Zoom out over here.
+
+See what's going on.
+
+Maybe I want to bring
+these guys up as well.
+
+I can't make any
+3D shape, because I
+
+am constrained by-- a
+little too exciting.
+
+You can always hit
+Control-Z to undo.
+
+Sometimes it's hard to
+satisfy all the constraints
+
+that I give it.
+
+We can do things
+like snap there.
+
+And wow, cool.
+
+So you have to be
+a little careful.
+
+This requires some finesse.
+
+Because the constraints
+are not always satisfiable.
+
+But this, whatever I'm
+making, at all times
+
+will come from one
+piece of paper--
+
+and you can print out
+this crease pattern--
+
+and it will be flat foldable.
+
+And the cool theorem
+by Tomohiro is
+
+that if you have
+a valid 3D state,
+
+like the one on the left, and
+you know it's flat foldable,
+
+and it came from a
+sheet of paper, then
+
+it will actually be
+rigidly foldable.
+
+And so we can unfold this thing.
+
+Whoa.
+
+Or fold it, in theory.
+
+I see.
+
+The problem is I should first
+turn on simulation mode.
+
+I don't want the
+pattern to change.
+
+Then I let it fold,
+or unfold, and then it
+
+will be well behaved.
+
+This is guaranteed to work.
+
+When I have simulation mode
+on, anything could happen.
+
+So it could explode.
+
+But that's how
+Freeform Origami works.
+
+So this question here was--
+yeah, if you pull on a point
+
+when you're in
+simulation mode, you
+
+won't change the crease pattern.
+
+But if you turn off
+simulation mode, which
+
+is called design mode, then you
+can really change the pattern,
+
+and get it to fold into
+something that you want.
+
+And here's an
+example of something
+
+designed with this method.
+
+And then we waterjet
+cut it with little tabs.
+
+And this only folds once.
+
+You can't unfold it, or
+else the tabs will break.
+
+But it's pretty cool.
+
+And you can just
+print out these--
+
+this is made from one sheet
+steel and folded by hand.
+
+This was made back
+when Tomohiro was
+
+visiting for that guest lecture.
+
+So first we made a paper model,
+made sure it looked good.
+
+And this one,
+we'll fold rigidly.
+
+And we made another version,
+which I couldn't find.
+
+It was metal, but [INAUDIBLE]
+ridges folds rigidly,
+
+like the videos that he showed.
+
+AUDIENCE: Erik, what is the name
+of the program you're using?
+
+PROFESSOR: This is
+called Freeform Origami.
+
+Or maybe Freeform
+Orgami Designer.
+
+All of these, if you search
+for Tomohiro Tachi software.
+
+It's also linked in
+some of these slides.
+
+You will find all three
+of these programs.
+
+I haven't yet shown
+Rigid Origami Simulator.
+
+Because it's, in some sense,
+assumed by Freeform Origami,
+
+because Freefrom
+Origami can also
+
+do the folding with keeping
+all the panels rigid.
+
+But they have some differences,
+which I might talk about now.
+
+Next question is, on
+the slides, Tomohiro
+
+showed there were
+tons of equations.
+
+He didn't talk
+about any of them,
+
+and some people
+really wanted to know
+
+about these great equations
+or the conditions.
+
+What are the constraints that go
+on in Origamizer, Rigid Origami
+
+Simulator, and Freeform Origami.
+
+And there are a bunch.
+
+And I don't want to go into
+them in lots of detail,
+
+because it can get complicated.
+
+But I'll give you a high-level
+picture of what's going on.
+
+So first one, this is
+Rigid Origami Simulator,
+
+which I didn't show you.
+
+But basically, you take
+in a crease pattern.
+
+You can hit spacebar to
+make everything fold.
+
+You can hit B to make
+everything unfold.
+
+And it keeps all
+the panels rigid.
+
+That's its goal.
+
+And there's essentially-- this
+software is written in a way
+
+that the geometry of
+each of these faces
+
+is determined by the
+original crease pattern.
+
+So you don't-- that's
+just given to you.
+
+And the only thing
+really that's free
+
+are the bend angles
+at each crease.
+
+So it parameterizes this 3D
+model by the bend angles.
+
+And when you parameterize
+by bend angles,
+
+there's one key
+constraint you need,
+
+which is that if you
+walk around a vertex
+
+and you say, OK I bend by this.
+
+And then I bend by this,
+and bend, bend, bend.
+
+I should end up back
+where I started.
+
+Otherwise, there'll be a tear
+in the paper, at the corner.
+
+So if you're going to
+prioritize by bend angles,
+
+you have a cyclic constraint
+around each vertex.
+
+And that is the one
+constraint you have.
+
+This was originally described
+by Belcastro and Hull.
+
+I know some of you know.
+
+And so around a
+vertex, basically,
+
+every time you have a face of
+paper, you turn by that amount.
+
+There's matrix B.
+It's a rotation.
+
+Then you rotate around
+that crease by however
+
+much the crease angle is.
+
+And then you rotate
+around the face,
+
+and you rotate, rotate, rotate.
+
+You take the composition
+of all these rotations.
+
+That should end up with
+the trivial rotation,
+
+which is do nothing.
+
+Otherwise, there
+would be a tear here.
+
+So this is a constraint
+on the angles
+
+it's a somewhat
+complicated constraint.
+
+It involves sines and
+cosines of the angles.
+
+But otherwise, if you ignore
+the sine, cosine, stuff,
+
+this is actually linear.
+
+This is a bunch of
+matrices, rotation matrices.
+
+You're just composing them.
+
+So it's relatively clean.
+
+And then you get
+your folding motion.
+
+A little tricky to do by hand,
+but very easy on a computer
+
+to solve that linear system.
+
+OK, next we have Freeform
+Origami Simulator,
+
+what I just showed you.
+
+This has two constraints.
+
+Or there are two constraints
+that I turned on.
+
+There are, in general, more
+that you could turn on.
+
+One of them is developability.
+
+So here, we want to start
+from a piece of paper.
+
+And so we want the sum
+of the angles to be 360.
+
+So that is just
+a sum constraint.
+
+The other condition we
+want is flat foldability,
+
+which is the Kawasaki condition.
+
+If you satisfy both
+of these, we know
+
+that you'll be rigidly
+foldable, and that's
+
+kind of what Freeform
+Origami is about.
+
+You can turn them off.
+
+You can turn on other
+constraints as well.
+
+There are bunch in there, but
+those are kind of the core two
+
+that you typically want to use.
+
+And so it's always
+solving these constraints.
+
+So those two systems have
+relatively simple constraint
+
+systems, although
+Freeform Origami
+
+has a lot of extra
+bells and whistles.
+
+So you could do cool design.
+
+You can try to
+force two vertices
+
+to come together, and so on.
+
+You can try to make mountains
+be folded as mountains,
+
+and valleys folded as valleys.
+
+You can constrain
+which way creases go.
+
+Those are inequality
+constraints.
+
+The last one I want to
+talk about is Origamizer.
+
+This has a lot of
+constraints, and this
+
+is where it's probably more
+insightful to go through them.
+
+So remember we're trying
+to place these polygons
+
+into the plane so that these
+edge-tucking molecules are
+
+very simple.
+
+They're just a single crease.
+
+So that's our--
+first we're going
+
+to just sort of paramaterize
+how things are set up.
+
+Suppose you've got
+two faces, which
+
+share an edge in the
+polyhedron, the thing you're
+
+trying to make.
+
+We want to place those
+two faces somewhere
+
+in the piece of paper.
+
+And there's a rotation.
+
+So here, we've separated
+this edge from this edge.
+
+And if we extend those
+lines, they form some angle.
+
+We're going to call
+that angle theta ij.
+
+That's one of our variables
+that we get to play with.
+
+The other thing is
+how distant are they.
+
+There's wij.
+
+Here, and wji here.
+
+And just for that
+prioritization to make sense,
+
+you've got to satisfy
+a couple of conditions,
+
+that if you look at theta
+ji versus ij, it's negated.
+
+And if you look at
+the w's, you can
+
+take the sine of
+half the angle theta,
+
+and that tells you how much
+this w differs from this w.
+
+So these are two relatively
+simple constraints.
+
+Then, like in the previous
+two-- like in Rigid Origami
+
+Simulator, you have to have
+closure around a vertex.
+
+If we're placing these two
+parameters, w and theta,
+
+denote how this guy's
+placed relative to this guy.
+
+And then you can-- if you
+look around a vertex where
+
+all these faces
+meet, there's the way
+
+this is parameterized
+with aspect to this,
+
+and this to this,
+and this to this.
+
+Those should be consistent.
+
+And in terms of the
+thetas, it means
+
+that you should do one full
+turn around the vertex.
+
+You've got these theta i's.
+
+Then you've got these
+alpha i's, which
+
+are the angles of the face.
+
+Then you turn by theta.
+
+Turn by alpha.
+
+Theta, alpha, blah, blah, blah.
+
+In the end, you should get 360.
+
+And the equation's
+written this way
+
+because these are the variables
+that you want to constrain.
+
+These quantities are all known.
+
+You know all the
+alphas ahead of time.
+
+Those are the angles
+of your surface.
+
+So this is a linear
+constraint on the thetas.
+
+So there's also a similar
+constraint on the w's.
+
+This is a little bit messier.
+
+It involves rotations,
+involving these angles
+
+and this other
+angle, capital theta,
+
+which is the sum of
+thetas and alphas.
+
+But it's essentially
+saying the same thing,
+
+that this closed loop
+is actually a polygon.
+
+It should come back
+to where it started.
+
+So if you do this walk, you end
+up back at your origin, 0, 0.
+
+Next constraint is the
+convexity of the piece of paper.
+
+So you're trying to-- you want
+the polygons on the outside
+
+to form a nice convex polygon,
+because you can always
+
+fold the convex
+polygon from a square.
+
+And so this is just a
+very simple constraint
+
+that, at the boundary,
+you have these--
+
+the thetas should be
+greater or equal to 180.
+
+That's very simple.
+
+Next one, these get
+a little bit more
+
+technical to make the
+molecules guaranteed to work.
+
+And so, in particular,
+an edge-tucking molecule,
+
+we want this to be a
+nice convex polygon.
+
+And so this is actually
+fairly easy to constrain,
+
+but all these angles should
+be in the right range.
+
+Don't want any giant angle.
+
+You don't want
+these to basically
+
+flip open to be more than 180.
+
+That would be bad.
+
+The vertex-tucking molecule
+is a little trickier.
+
+There are two main
+constraints we need.
+
+One is that the thing that you
+fold, which is kind of floppy
+
+and has too much
+material, you want
+
+it to have too much material,
+not too little material.
+
+You want each of these
+angles in the tabs
+
+to be greater than or equal to
+the desired angle over here,
+
+so that you can just add
+in a tuck, like these guys.
+
+Add in one of
+these little pleats
+
+to reduce the angle
+to whatever you need.
+
+If it's too small, no
+matter how much you fold it,
+
+it'll stay too small.
+
+So it's like the guy who
+keeps cutting the board
+
+and he says, "I keep cutting
+it, but it's still too short."
+
+So you want it to be
+too long initially,
+
+so you can cut it to
+just the right length.
+
+The angle to just
+the right length.
+
+This involves all these angles,
+which I don't want to define,
+
+but you can compute
+what the angle is here.
+
+It's easy to compute
+what the target angle is.
+
+You just measure
+it on the 3D model
+
+after you compute
+the type proxy.
+
+And so you're
+constraining the thetas,
+
+or constraining this fee value.
+
+All right, so then
+the other constraint
+
+is this tuck depth
+condition, which
+
+says this is the
+non-intersection parts.
+
+So you want these tucks
+to not hit each other.
+
+They're not so deep that
+they penetrate each other.
+
+And I don't want to go into
+the details of how that's
+
+specified, but it's
+another constraint.
+
+Now over all, these
+constraints are
+
+fairly complicated
+and non-linear.
+
+But Origamizer solves
+them approximately.
+
+And if you let it converge, and
+if it says it's got zero error,
+
+it has solved them.
+
+But it can take a while.
+
+So one of the questions was,
+can we do an example by hand
+
+to solve all of these systems?
+
+And the short answer is no.
+
+You really need a computer
+to solve something like this.
+
+At least I would.
+
+The solution method is
+essentially Newton's method,
+
+that you may have
+seen in some context.
+
+But this is a high-dimensional
+version of Newton's method
+
+to solve non-linear systems,
+and it involves the Jacobian--
+
+I'll just wave my
+hands-- which is
+
+partial derivatives with respect
+to all the different parameters
+
+you have.
+
+These are vectors, so
+this is a big matrix.
+
+And then you do a
+sequence of iterations
+
+using this method, which
+is a little easier to see
+
+in this picture.
+
+Essentially there are
+two things going on.
+
+So you're reacting to-- suppose
+you have a valid solution
+
+right now.
+
+Then someone drags on a vertex.
+
+When they drag on
+a vertex, let's
+
+say they drag it
+along a straight line.
+
+That's a linear
+motion of a vertex.
+
+And that will start
+violating constraints.
+
+If you go in that direction,
+probably not very good
+
+for all these constraints.
+
+In Freefrom Origami,
+you have-- the edge
+
+lengths should
+all stay the same.
+
+If you're in simulation mode.
+
+So as you drag crazy,
+you're invalid.
+
+So the first thing
+you do is project.
+
+And this is, I
+call, an oiler step.
+
+You project that direction
+to be a direction that
+
+is perpendicular to all
+of your constraints,
+
+which means that
+it preserves all
+
+the constraints to
+the first order.
+
+And that's, I think,
+this first red step.
+
+Sorry.
+
+In general, these
+green steps would
+
+be if you just preserve
+things to the first order.
+
+But if you keep
+following motions that
+
+are kind of correct-- they're
+correct to the first order--
+
+you'll eventually drift
+away from correctness.
+
+And so you have to correct
+with the second derivative--
+
+and that's these
+yellow steps-- to try
+
+to get back to a solution.
+
+So as you're
+dragging, first, you
+
+correct to be correct
+to the first order.
+
+You make a step
+in that direction.
+
+Then you do the sequence
+of second order steps
+
+to get closer and closer to
+where things are actually
+
+correct.
+
+If that made sense, great.
+
+If not, you should take a
+course on numerical methods
+
+in computer science.
+
+A little beyond
+what we can do here.
+
+And so I'm just going
+to leave it at that.
+
+Cool.
+
+Couple other questions
+about things Tomohiro said.
+
+So he said, it
+seems you don't need
+
+to worry about NP completeness
+of flat foldability.
+
+That's actually
+something we'll be
+
+covering in the next lecture.
+
+So if you don't know what
+that means yet, don't worry.
+
+We'll be talking about it.
+
+But it means, at
+the high level, it
+
+says it's competitionally
+intractable
+
+to make things fold flat.
+
+And yet, he's solving it.
+
+Why is that OK?
+
+There's a couple
+things going on.
+
+In some sense
+here, we don't care
+
+about true flat foldabilities.
+
+Sometimes, he'd like
+to fold all the way
+
+to the flat state for
+compactness, and so on.
+
+That would be nice.
+
+But in particular, he just
+wants local flat foldability.
+
+He knows that if you have
+Kawasaki's condition,
+
+then you guarantee
+a rigid motion
+
+to fold for a little bit of
+time, and you can prove that.
+
+And so if you're just trying
+to get rigidly foldable things,
+
+it's enough to have local
+flat foldability, which
+
+we do know how to
+solve in linear time.
+
+And that's the
+Kawasaki condition,
+
+and that's what he's solving.
+
+And so, essentially,
+whatever he makes
+
+will fold for at least
+a little bit of time.
+
+And if he's lucky, it'll
+fold all the way to flat.
+
+Sometimes not.
+
+Sometimes might get
+collision in between.
+
+So you always get
+something that folds.
+
+And then if it doesn't fall the
+way, you can try tweaking it
+
+until it does.
+
+So that's the high
+level version.
+
+But you can, in some sense,
+sidestep NP completeness here.
+
+I think there's still some
+interesting open problems.
+
+In this setting, it seems like,
+say, Freeform Origami Designer.
+
+It seems like you really-- yeah.
+
+I have to leave it at that.
+
+I don't know exactly how to
+formulate the open problem
+
+here.
+
+But I think there are
+interesting questions
+
+about proving NP completeness
+doesn't matter as much here.
+
+OK, another cool question.
+
+This is getting a
+bit higher level.
+
+This is rather tedious to fold
+by hand, as you've now learned,
+
+especially if you're going to
+make something like a bunny.
+
+Can we make a
+machine to do this?
+
+And so I wanted to show you
+a couple examples of machines
+
+for folding that
+have sidestepped
+
+the printing by hand.
+
+This is an origami robot
+made at CMU by Devin Balkcom.
+
+He was a Ph.D.
+student at the time.
+
+And he's taking
+a piece of paper.
+
+It's a robot.
+
+It's open loop.
+
+It has no feedback, has
+no censors, or anything.
+
+It is preprogrammed like an
+assembly machine to fold.
+
+Essentially, it can
+do simple folds.
+
+So it's got a
+little suction guy,
+
+to move things around, crease.
+
+Eventually it accumulates error
+if it does a ton of steps,
+
+so you'd need a closed-loop
+system with a camera
+
+or something to get that.
+
+But it actually does
+a pretty decent job.
+
+This is real time.
+
+In this case, I
+think it's finished.
+
+One more fold.
+
+Crunch.
+
+It's pretty impressive
+what it can do it.
+
+But it can really
+only do simple folds.
+
+It's going to have an issue if
+things really unfold it a lot.
+
+It might accidentally
+hit something.
+
+And this should
+be a samurai hat.
+
+Tweaking it a
+little bit by hand.
+
+Wow, it looks like
+a tetrahedron.
+
+OK, so that was one example.
+
+Here's a more modern example.
+
+This was done at
+Harvard just last year.
+
+And this is a process involving
+laser-cutting individual
+
+components, aligning
+them with these tabs.
+
+Sorry, these pins.
+
+Assembling them
+together to make hinges.
+
+So they use laser
+cutting, and to get
+
+two-dimensional surfaces, they
+use folding to make 3D shapes.
+
+Kind of like pop-up cards.
+
+This is what a typical
+hinge looks like.
+
+They've got all the
+different materials
+
+here to attach different parts.
+
+And these piezoelectric
+folding actuators.
+
+This is their overall design.
+
+They're trying to make
+a bee robotic bee.
+
+And this is what the final
+created thing looks like.
+
+It's mostly carbon fiber.
+
+And then these are the
+piezoelectric actuators.
+
+So this is the thing
+they want to make.
+
+They build a scaffold around
+it that causes the whole thing
+
+to fold into its
+desired 3D shape.
+
+So they're taking flat parts.
+
+And they want to do things
+like take this flat part
+
+and raise it.
+
+So what do they do?
+
+They add two hinges
+to make this part move
+
+along this straight
+up and down motion.
+
+And then each of--
+that's just a scaffold.
+
+Each of the gray parts they
+actually want to build.
+
+They add the appropriate
+hinges to cause
+
+it to fold in exactly
+the way they like.
+
+So here, for example, the
+wing is staying vertical.
+
+This part-- it keeps
+moving around on me--
+
+is turning 90 degrees.
+
+You do that with all the parts.
+
+You get them all
+to fold like that.
+
+Here's a prototype in real life.
+
+And then here's
+the final version.
+
+This is actually in real
+time, so it folds really fast.
+
+Zoom.
+
+And then you've got
+your assembled thing.
+
+One more.
+
+And then they add
+this particular metal
+
+that fuses the
+hinges together, so
+
+that they will no longer unfold.
+
+So that's what it
+looks like locked.
+
+It's all done in an
+automatic process.
+
+And then you laser cut
+all of the scaffold away,
+
+and you've got
+your finish thing.
+
+A sense of scale, this
+is super, super tiny.
+
+It's tedious to
+fold these by hand.
+
+And in this way, they
+can mass produce them.
+
+Here's what it looks like
+when you connect a battery.
+
+Either it will fold at 1
+Hertz or at 30 Hertz, which
+
+you can barely see, because
+it's a 30 Hertz video.
+
+So you get your robotic bee.
+
+It's not yet controllable.
+
+It doesn't have a
+battery attached,
+
+but it's extremely
+lightweight, and very powerful.
+
+This is a 3D printed
+prototype they made first.
+
+And you can use it to
+mass produce your objects.
+
+Essentially,
+automatic procedure.
+
+And it's all by
+layering up flat layers,
+
+and then getting it to
+fold into 3D things.
+
+And so you could imagine
+something like this
+
+to execute some
+complicated foldings,
+
+although that's future work.
+
+This is, in some sense, a
+fairly simple thing to build.
+
+And we're working on making
+more complicated things.
+
+So that was some
+robotic folding for you.
+
+Next question is, any
+cool open problems here?
+
+So I have two related
+to rigid origami.
+
+One of them is, if I give
+you a crease pattern,
+
+tell me whether it is rigidly
+foldable at least a little bit
+
+or to the first
+order or something.
+
+So I'll just give you something,
+like this will fold rigidly.
+
+I want to say yes or
+no, does this fold?
+
+Seems like a pretty
+natural question.
+
+And indeed, if all the vertices
+are degree four like this,
+
+only four four edges
+coming together,
+
+we can solve it efficiently.
+
+But given a more
+complicated general pattern,
+
+characterize when
+that is possible.
+
+We don't have a good
+algorithm for that.
+
+I don't know if there is one.
+
+The more general question is--
+that's kind of an analysis
+
+question.
+
+The design problem is, I want
+to design cool rigid origami.
+
+And we've seen bunches of
+examples of rigid origami.
+
+Here's a new one
+I wanted to show.
+
+The Hexa Pot.
+
+I believe this is rigid origami,
+as a kick starter on this.
+
+And here is one of them.
+
+It folds nice and flat.
+
+And it has this 3D state,
+where you can boil water
+
+on your camping stove.
+
+And they have a video
+of cooking noodles.
+
+It cooks noodles.
+
+It cooks pasta.
+
+It cooks sausages.
+
+Anything you could imagine,
+you can cook in here,
+
+as long as it fits
+in this space.
+
+That's waterproof, obviously.
+
+We saw the telescope lens.
+
+We saw this origami stent.
+
+How are these designed?
+
+Inspiration.
+
+Some human had a cool
+idea, tried it out,
+
+proved that it actually
+folded rigidly.
+
+Great.
+
+But can we come
+up with algorithms
+
+to design things like this?
+
+Could you close the door?
+
+Here's another just
+one-off example.
+
+You may have seen these.
+
+These are called shopping
+bags, and they're usually
+
+paper shopping bags.
+
+They're usually folded
+along this crease pattern.
+
+It turns out that's not possible
+if all the panels are rigid.
+
+This thing cannot fold at all.
+
+It's rigid, if the
+panels are made of steel.
+
+And it's actually
+fairly easy to see
+
+that, if you look
+at this corner,
+
+these are four 90-degree
+angles coming together.
+
+And if you look at four
+90-degree angles, two
+
+straight lines, like in a map,
+you could fold one of them.
+
+But only when you get
+all the way to 180 can
+
+you fold the other way.
+
+So right now, this guy
+is folded 90 degrees.
+
+This can't fold at all, which
+means this fold angle is zero.
+
+And we know from
+Tomohiro's lecture
+
+that a degree four vertex
+has one degree of freedom.
+
+So this if this is zero,
+they all have to be zero.
+
+And so the whole thing is rigid.
+
+Of course, if you
+add extra creases,
+
+this is done with that
+Devin Balkcom and Marty.
+
+So the same robotic folding guy.
+
+Here's a visual proof
+of what goes wrong.
+
+You end up with a tear here.
+
+You can fold everything
+except one of those guys.
+
+If you add extra
+creases, you can kind of
+
+roll the lip of the
+bag down, and repeat
+
+that until it's really short.
+
+And then once it's below
+this height of one to two,
+
+you can just crush it
+like a garment box.
+
+And so you can do that.
+
+You can actually
+fold this thing flat,
+
+and you can undo
+it and unfold it.
+
+An interesting open question
+is, these paper bags
+
+are manufactured in
+their flat state.
+
+If I give you a flat
+paper bag, can you
+
+open it by adding creases?
+
+I don't think we know
+the answer to that.
+
+But we conjecture
+the answer is yes.
+
+There are a bunch of
+different designs out there.
+
+This is done with--
+it's hard to read.
+
+But this is with
+[INAUDIBLE] in particular,
+
+who did the origami stent.
+
+It's kind of a twisting box.
+
+Works up to a cubicle box.
+
+And he just had a paper
+with Woo this year
+
+on a more practical folding.
+
+So when we roll the lip, we get
+a lot of layers of material.
+
+This one works for
+fairly a tall bag.
+
+I forget exactly heart how tall.
+
+Maybe three to one.
+
+And it has a fairly
+small number of layers.
+
+They even built one
+out of sheet metal
+
+to prove this is a practical
+way to make rigid shopping bags.
+
+And the last question
+here is, could you
+
+make one crease
+pattern that folds
+
+into two different shapes?
+
+Could you make an
+Origamizer that at one point
+
+will make one shape?
+
+And then you super-impose
+another crease pattern,
+
+ideally sharing lots of creases,
+to make a different shape?
+
+And the answer is,
+watch the next lecture.
+
+Yes, we will be talking about
+universal hinge patterns, where
+
+you take a different
+subset of the creases.
+
+You can fold anything, provided
+it's made up of little cubes.
+
+And that's one answer
+to that question.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Erik, going back
+to the rigid foldability,
+
+you do understand
+rigid foldability has
+
+a single vertex, right?
+
+It's just a global [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Rigid foldability of the
+single vertex is easy.
+
+Almost anything is
+rigidly foldable.
+
+But yeah, its general
+crease pattern [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's very similar
+to the flat foldability
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's
+like flat foldability,
+
+except for flat
+foldability, we know
+
+that testing a single
+vertex is easy.
+
+Testing a whole crease
+pattern is NP hard.
+
+What'd we'd like to prove
+is either NP hardness,
+
+or get an algorithm
+for rigid foldability.
+
+AUDIENCE: There's no
+such result [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right,
+there's no such result
+
+for rigid foldability yet.
+
+Other questions?
+
+All right.
+
+Enjoy folding.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PNKj529yY5c.txt b/PNKj529yY5c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c782ccf02b1919c7f1d0a2867267aff8e7ad8673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PNKj529yY5c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7744 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to talk about
+today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is
+goals so just by way of um a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so just by way of um a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so just by way of um a little
+warm-up exercise I'd like you to uh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up exercise I'd like you to uh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up exercise I'd like you to uh look
+at that integration problem over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that integration problem over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that integration problem over
+there the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the one
+that's this one that's disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is can you do it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is can you do it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is can you do it in your
+head probably not the question is if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head probably not the question is if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head probably not the question is if a
+program can do that is a program in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program can do that is a program in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program can do that is a program in any
+sense of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the word
+intelligent that's a background task I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent that's a background task I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent that's a background task I
+like you to work on as I talk today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to work on as I talk today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to work on as I talk today so
+today we're going to be modeling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be modeling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be modeling a
+little bit of human problem solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of human problem solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of human problem solving the
+kind that is required when you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that is required when you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that is required when you do a
+symbolic integration now you all learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic integration now you all learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic integration now you all learned
+how to do that you may not be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that you may not be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that you may not be able to do
+that particular problem anymore but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular problem anymore but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular problem anymore but you
+all learned how to integrate in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learned how to integrate in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learned how to integrate in high
+school or 801 or something like 1801 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school or 801 or something like 1801 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school or 801 or something like 1801 or
+something like that the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that the question is how
+did you do it and is the problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do it and is the problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do it and is the problem solving
+technique that we are trying to model by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that we are trying to model by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that we are trying to model by
+building a program that does symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a program that does symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a program that does symbolic
+integration is that a common kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is that a common kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is that a common kind
+of is that a common kind of description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is that a common kind of description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is that a common kind of description
+of what people do when they solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what people do when they solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what people do when they solve
+problems so the answer to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so the answer to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so the answer to the question
+is yes the kind of problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes the kind of problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes the kind of problem solving
+you'll see today is like generating test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see today is like generating test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see today is like generating test
+which you saw last time it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you saw last time it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you saw last time it's a very
+common kind of problem solving that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common kind of problem solving that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common kind of problem solving that we
+all engage in we all engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all engage in we all engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all engage in we all engage in
+it uh without thinking about it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh without thinking about it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh without thinking about it without
+having a name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a name for
+it but once we get a name for it we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but once we get a name for it we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but once we get a name for it we'll
+get power over it and then we'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get power over it and then we'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get power over it and then we'll be able
+to deploy it it'll become a skill we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deploy it it'll become a skill we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deploy it it'll become a skill we not
+just witness it we not just understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just witness it we not just understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just witness it we not just understand
+it we'll use it instinctively as a skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll use it instinctively as a skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll use it instinctively as a skill
+so there you are you've got that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you are you've got that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you are you've got that problem
+there's your problem and what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your problem and what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your problem and what do you do
+to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+it I don't know uh look it up in a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't know uh look it up in a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't know uh look it up in a table
+uh you'll never find it in a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll never find it in a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll never find it in a table
+because of that minus sign and that five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that minus sign and that five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that minus sign and that five
+so you're going to have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to have to do something
+better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so what you're going to do is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what you're going to do is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what you're going to do is what
+you always do when you see a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always do when you see a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always do when you see a problem
+like that you try to make you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you try to make you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you try to make you try to
+apply a transform and make it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a transform and make it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a transform and make it into a
+different problem that's easier to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem that's easier to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem that's easier to solve
+and eventually what you hope is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually what you hope is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually what you hope is that
+you'll simplify it sufficiently that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll simplify it sufficiently that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll simplify it sufficiently that the
+pieces that you've simplified to will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that you've simplified to will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that you've simplified to will be
+found in some small table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in some small table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in some small table of
+integrals so how long is this table it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so how long is this table it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so how long is this table it's
+not the case that we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case that we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case that we're going to look at
+a table with 388 elements because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table with 388 elements because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table with 388 elements because this
+is not the this is not a big table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the this is not a big table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the this is not a big table of
+integrals this is what a freshman might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals this is what a freshman might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals this is what a freshman might
+have in a freshman's head after taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in a freshman's head after taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in a freshman's head after taking a
+course in integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in integral
+calculus one of the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus one of the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus one of the interesting
+questions is how many elements have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is how many elements have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is how many elements have to
+be in that table to get an A in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in that table to get an A in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in that table to get an A in the
+course we're interested in how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're interested in how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're interested in how much
+knowledge is involved it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is involved it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is involved it's one of the
+it's one of the elements of catechism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the elements of catechism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the elements of catechism
+that I've listed over there that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've listed over there that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've listed over there that will be
+part of the goldar ideas Suite of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the goldar ideas Suite of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the goldar ideas Suite of the
+day so i' like to take that uh we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so i' like to take that uh we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so i' like to take that uh we'd like
+to take that problem and find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that problem and find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that problem and find a way to
+make it into another problem that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into another problem that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into another problem that's more
+likely or closer to being found in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely or closer to being found in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely or closer to being found in the
+table so what we're going to do is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so what we're going to do is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so what we're going to do is very
+simple graphically we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple graphically we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple graphically we're going to take
+the problem we're given and convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we're given and convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we're given and convert it
+into another problem that's simpler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another problem that's simpler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another problem that's simpler and
+we're going to give that process a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give that process a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give that process a name
+and we're going to call it problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction and so in the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and so in the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and so in the world of
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus there are all sorts of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus there are all sorts of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus there are all sorts of simple
+methods simple Transformations we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods simple Transformations we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods simple Transformations we can
+try that will take a hard problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that will take a hard problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that will take a hard problem and
+make it into an easier problem problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into an easier problem problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into an easier problem problem
+and some of these uh Transformations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these uh Transformations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these uh Transformations are
+extremely simple and always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely simple and always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely simple and always
+safe some of them are just well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe some of them are just well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe some of them are just well let's
+try it and see what happens but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it and see what happens but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it and see what happens but some of
+them are safe and I'd like to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are safe and I'd like to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are safe and I'd like to make a
+short list of safe Transformations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short list of safe Transformations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short list of safe Transformations right
+now now I'm going to be going into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I'm going to be going into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I'm going to be going into some
+uh detail and that detail will be grungy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh detail and that detail will be grungy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh detail and that detail will be grungy
+and the question is why do I do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is why do I do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is why do I do it and
+it's educational philosophy is why I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's educational philosophy is why I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's educational philosophy is why I do
+it so here here's the educ ucational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so here here's the educ ucational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so here here's the educ ucational
+philosophy at one level you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy at one level you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy at one level you want to have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+skill but if you're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill but if you're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill but if you're going to have a
+skill you have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so if you're going to have a skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you're going to have a skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you're going to have a skill
+you're going to have to understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to understand it
+one level down if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level down if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level down if you're going to
+understand it you have to have witnessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it on a level lower than that so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a level lower than that so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a level lower than that so I'm not
+just going to talk about the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to talk about the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to talk about the idea of
+problem reduction because if I were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem reduction because if I were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem reduction because if I were just
+going to do that then we could all go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that then we could all go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that then we could all go
+home now so I'm going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home now so I'm going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home now so I'm going to show you a
+particular example of it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example of it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example of it so you
+understand it better and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it better and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it better and I'm going to
+show you the detail at even lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the detail at even lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the detail at even lower level
+than that so you'll witness the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so you'll witness the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so you'll witness the stuff
+that makes it possible to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it possible to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it possible to understand the
+stuff that makes it possible to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that makes it possible to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that makes it possible to build a
+skill so that's why I'm going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill so that's why I'm going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill so that's why I'm going through
+the the grungy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the grungy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the grungy
+detail so I don't know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so I don't know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so I don't know let's
+see uh maybe we can get some hints from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh maybe we can get some hints from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh maybe we can get some hints from
+that example but I wonder if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example but I wonder if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example but I wonder if somebody
+could volunteer a simple transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could volunteer a simple transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could volunteer a simple transfer
+that always is a good thing to do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always is a good thing to do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always is a good thing to do yeah
+Sebastian con take the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian con take the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian con take the constants
+out so we'll make that number two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we'll make that number two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we'll make that number two and
+we'll say that the integral of c f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say that the integral of c f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say that the integral of c f ofx
+DX is equal to C * the integral of FX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is equal to C * the integral of FX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is equal to C * the integral of FX
+DX other suggestions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX other suggestions yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX other suggestions yes
+substitution what trig substitution trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution what trig substitution trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution what trig substitution trig
+substitution now this this is no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution now this this is no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution now this this is no no
+that's that's for day two we don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's for day two we don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's for day two we don't do
+trigger substitution here in the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger substitution here in the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger substitution here in the stuff
+that's safe always works never any doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's safe always works never any doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's safe always works never any doubt
+they are simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things these are the safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things these are the safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things these are the safe
+Transformations what you're giving me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations what you're giving me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations what you're giving me is
+a euristic transformation often is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a euristic transformation often is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a euristic transformation often is
+helpful doesn't necessarily always work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful doesn't necessarily always work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful doesn't necessarily always work
+we're going to divide our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to divide our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to divide our
+Transformations into those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations into those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations into those two
+categories so I need another safe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+are The Architects are sitting over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are The Architects are sitting over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are The Architects are sitting over
+there divided not only by nationality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there divided not only by nationality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there divided not only by nationality
+but by course what uh Su of intergral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by course what uh Su of intergral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by course what uh Su of intergral
+interal yeah sum of integrals integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interal yeah sum of integrals integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interal yeah sum of integrals integral
+of sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what's missing what's number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's missing what's number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's missing what's number
+one you're probably thinking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're probably thinking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're probably thinking it's
+already there because you've given me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there because you've given me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there because you've given me
+the transformation that involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation that involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation that involves a
+constant and you think of you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and you think of you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and you think of you can think
+of minus one as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus one as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus one as a
+constant whether you need a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant whether you need a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant whether you need a separate
+transformation or not of course depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or not of course depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or not of course depends
+on how you represent the knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you represent the knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you represent the knowledge and
+all of this knowledge all of this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this knowledge all of this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this knowledge all of this whole
+thing is was written in was written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is was written in was written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is was written in was written in
+an early form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early form of
+lisp as a consequence the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lisp as a consequence the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lisp as a consequence the way in which
+minus was represented is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus was represented is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus was represented is different from
+the way minus one is represented so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way minus one is represented so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way minus one is represented so we
+need one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one more
+transformation rather Jim slel needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation rather Jim slel needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation rather Jim slel needed
+one more transformation when he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more transformation when he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more transformation when he wrote
+his famous integration program and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his famous integration program and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his famous integration program and that
+was that if you have the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if you have the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if you have the integral of
+minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofx that's equal to minus the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx that's equal to minus the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx that's equal to minus the integral
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+FX so that almost completes our safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX so that almost completes our safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX so that almost completes our safe
+transformation set there's one more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation set there's one more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation set there's one more that
+I'm going to supply you because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to supply you because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to supply you because I don't
+think you'd guess it why should you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'd guess it why should you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'd guess it why should you it's
+number four there are more than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four there are more than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four there are more than this
+this is a sample and these are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sample and these are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sample and these are the ones
+we're going to need in order to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need in order to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need in order to solve
+that problem by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem by way of
+illustration so uh the fourth one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration so uh the fourth one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration so uh the fourth one is
+that if you have the integral of P of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have the integral of P of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have the integral of P of X
+over Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q
+ofx then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divide if you can wait reach way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide if you can wait reach way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide if you can wait reach way back
+into High School figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into High School figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into High School figure out how to
+divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide
+polinomial but if the degree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial but if the degree of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial but if the degree of the
+numerator is greater than the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is greater than the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is greater than the degree of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+denominator then it's a knee-jerk always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator then it's a knee-jerk always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator then it's a knee-jerk always
+win you must do it divide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win you must do it divide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win you must do it divide it
+out so this then forms the core of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this then forms the core of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this then forms the core of an
+integration program that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration program that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration program that will
+integrate almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate almost
+nothing but actually almost nothing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but actually almost nothing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but actually almost nothing is
+integrable anyway so it's a good head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable anyway so it's a good head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable anyway so it's a good head
+start so let's see how we would put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so let's see how we would put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so let's see how we would put this
+uh into some kind of procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some kind of framework for deploying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of framework for deploying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of framework for deploying the
+knowledge that we're beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+develop what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+safe transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's our step First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our step First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our step First
+Step then we're going to look in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table and then we're going to do a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and then we're going to do a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and then we're going to do a test
+to see if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done and if we are we report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+success but we're not likely to get done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success but we're not likely to get done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success but we're not likely to get done
+with just that stuff but you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just that stuff but you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just that stuff but you know what
+uh there was one transformation up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was one transformation up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was one transformation up here
+which breaks my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which breaks my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which breaks my little
+diagram which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it's the third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's the third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's the third one
+right because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this
+picture does not reflect what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture does not reflect what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture does not reflect what happens
+when you apply number three because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you apply number three because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you apply number three because it
+breaks the problem up not into just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the problem up not into just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the problem up not into just one
+problem but into a whole bunch so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but into a whole bunch so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but into a whole bunch so we
+have to extend our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to extend our graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to extend our graph
+Graal our graphical device for talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graal our graphical device for talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graal our graphical device for talking
+about this by a little bit and and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this by a little bit and and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this by a little bit and and show
+what is called an and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+node so we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so we've got a
+program core we've got a table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program core we've got a table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program core we've got a table of
+integrals we've got a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals we've got a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals we've got a few
+Transformations we've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations we've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations we've got an
+architecture a way of putting that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture a way of putting that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture a way of putting that stuff
+together and now we we can try it out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and now we we can try it out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and now we we can try it out on
+our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample
+problem so let's have a go at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that let's see uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's see uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's see uh this
+one immediately transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one immediately transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one immediately transforms
+into 5x 4 over 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 5x 4 over 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 5x 4 over 1 -
+x^2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 to
+5es DX and that in turn immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5es DX and that in turn immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5es DX and that in turn immediately
+transforms into the integral of x 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms into the integral of x 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms into the integral of x 4th
+over 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 -
+x^2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX this program by the way is a dawn age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX this program by the way is a dawn age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX this program by the way is a dawn age
+program this was written by a nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this was written by a nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this was written by a nearly
+blind and subsequently completely blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind and subsequently completely blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind and subsequently completely blind
+graduate student by the name of James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student by the name of James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student by the name of James
+slel in 1960 a long time ago the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slel in 1960 a long time ago the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slel in 1960 a long time ago the reason
+I give it to you today is because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give it to you today is because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give it to you today is because it is
+because if I describing it I'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I describing it I'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I describing it I'm giving
+you a one lecture course in artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a one lecture course in artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a one lecture course in artificial
+intelligence he anticipated so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence he anticipated so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence he anticipated so much of
+the subsequent 20 years that talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent 20 years that talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent 20 years that talking
+about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his
+program which is possible in one day is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which is possible in one day is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which is possible in one day is
+a miniature introduction the whole field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a miniature introduction the whole field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a miniature introduction the whole field
+so slagel as he was doing this on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so slagel as he was doing this on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so slagel as he was doing this on an
+antique computer almost no memory almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antique computer almost no memory almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antique computer almost no memory almost
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+speed only slightly faster than mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed only slightly faster than mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed only slightly faster than mice
+running around on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around on a
+treadmill uh he was able to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill uh he was able to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill uh he was able to write a
+program that did extremely well when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that did extremely well when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that did extremely well when the
+when benchmarked against freshman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when benchmarked against freshman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when benchmarked against freshman and
+the way way you Benchmark against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way way you Benchmark against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way way you Benchmark against
+freshmen of course is you you give it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshmen of course is you you give it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshmen of course is you you give it an
+examination drawn from the previous MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination drawn from the previous MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examination drawn from the previous MIT
+finals for four or five years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals for four or five years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals for four or five years the
+hardest problems and this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest problems and this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest problems and this was the
+hardest problem that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest problem that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest problem that had
+solved so at this point with what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved so at this point with what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved so at this point with what we've
+got so far we would be stuck we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so far we would be stuck we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so far we would be stuck we have no
+transformation that can take us further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that can take us further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that can take us further
+so we need something else and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need something else and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need something else and what we
+need by way of something else is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need by way of something else is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need by way of something else is some
+Transformations that we will describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations that we will describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations that we will describe
+as I don't know perhaps we'll call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I don't know perhaps we'll call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I don't know perhaps we'll call them
+urtic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformations a funny word meaning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations a funny word meaning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations a funny word meaning a
+method that often Works isn't guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that often Works isn't guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that often Works isn't guaranteed
+to work it's not an algorithm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work it's not an algorithm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work it's not an algorithm in the
+usual sense that we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual sense that we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual sense that we talk about
+algorithms but rather it's a it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but rather it's a it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but rather it's a it's a it's
+an it's an it's an attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an it's an it's an attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an it's an it's an attempt
+so these things I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these things I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these things I'm going to talk about
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+are sometimes useful not always useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sometimes useful not always useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sometimes useful not always useful
+sometimes take it into a blind alley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes take it into a blind alley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes take it into a blind alley
+don't always work but you can't get an A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always work but you can't get an A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always work but you can't get an A
+in calculus without knowing some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculus without knowing some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculus without knowing some of them
+so you said some kind of trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said some kind of trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said some kind of trig
+substitution so here is some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so here is some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so here is some kind of
+trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig
+substitution we'll call this um tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution we'll call this um tic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution we'll call this um tic
+transformation a you have a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a you have a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a you have a function of
+sign sin x cosine X tangent of X cent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign sin x cosine X tangent of X cent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign sin x cosine X tangent of X cent of
+X secant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X secant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X secant of
+X and cosecant of X and we all know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and cosecant of X and we all know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and cosecant of X and we all know from
+High School trigonometry that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High School trigonometry that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High School trigonometry that we can
+rewrite that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite that as a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+sinx and cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X or we can rewrite that as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or we can rewrite that as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or we can rewrite that as a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+tangent of X and cosecant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X or we can rewrite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or we can rewrite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or we can rewrite that
+as function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as function of
+cotangent of X and the secant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotangent of X and the secant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotangent of X and the secant of
+X so that's a transformation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that's a transformation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that's a transformation from
+trigonometric form into another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric form into another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric form into another
+trigonometric form it's not always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric form it's not always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric form it's not always a
+good idea sometimes it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's just uh part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's just uh part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's just uh part
+one of our suite of aristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop there
+are others that we need to have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are others that we need to have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are others that we need to have in our
+in our repertoire in order to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our repertoire in order to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our repertoire in order to solve the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+one of them is a family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is a family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is a family of
+Transformations which I'll show you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations which I'll show you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations which I'll show you only
+one it goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it goes like
+this if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you have the
+integral of a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X then you can rewrite that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then you can rewrite that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then you can rewrite that as the
+integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+Y over 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y over 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y over 1 +
+y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2
+Dy so that's a transformation from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so that's a transformation from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so that's a transformation from a
+trigonometric form into a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric form into a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric form into a polinomial
+form so it gets rid of all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so it gets rid of all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so it gets rid of all that
+trigonometric garbage we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric garbage we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric garbage we don't want to
+deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+with and there's a whole family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and there's a whole family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and there's a whole family of
+things like that just as there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that just as there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that just as there was a
+family of Transformations like so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of Transformations like so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of Transformations like so but
+this is enough to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is enough to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is enough to give you
+Flavor now there's a c that we need as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flavor now there's a c that we need as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flavor now there's a c that we need as
+well and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that's going to be
+your proper kneejerk reaction you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proper kneejerk reaction you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proper kneejerk reaction you see
+something of the form 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the form 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the form 1 -
+x^2 what do you do when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 what do you do when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 what do you do when you see
+that what's that r 1 6 * 1 - 1- 6 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's that r 1 6 * 1 - 1- 6 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's that r 1 6 * 1 - 1- 6 you
+can do that but there's another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that but there's another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that but there's another thing
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+do chrisan you got something we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do chrisan you got something we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do chrisan you got something we can
+suggest how's where's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest how's where's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest how's where's our
+Hungarian our Turk our Young Turk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hungarian our Turk our Young Turk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hungarian our Turk our Young Turk
+yeah what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what do you
+think I actually don't remember I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I actually don't remember I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I actually don't remember I mean I
+think well let's see cosine s+ sin =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well let's see cosine s+ sin =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well let's see cosine s+ sin =
+1 so what's that suggest here so suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so what's that suggest here so suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so what's that suggest here so suggest
+that we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make a
+transformation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that
+involves x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves x
+= s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= s
+y so Sila doesn't actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so Sila doesn't actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so Sila doesn't actually have to
+remember that anymore because going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that anymore because going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that anymore because going
+forward she will never have to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward she will never have to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward she will never have to integrate
+any anything personally in her life she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything personally in her life she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything personally in her life she
+can just simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+program so these go from polinomial form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so these go from polinomial form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so these go from polinomial form
+back into trigonometric form so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into trigonometric form so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into trigonometric form so you have
+three of these urtic Transformations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these urtic Transformations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these urtic Transformations we
+got four safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four safe
+Transformations let's let's see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations let's let's see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations let's let's see if we
+can make any progress on our integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem okay so keeping track of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so keeping track of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so keeping track of what
+we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been
+using this is safe transformation number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this is safe transformation number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this is safe transformation number
+one this is safe transformation number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is safe transformation number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is safe transformation number
+two what do we do next we decided there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two what do we do next we decided there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two what do we do next we decided there
+were no more safe Transformations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no more safe Transformations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no more safe Transformations that
+apply but now we can look at our Uris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply but now we can look at our Uris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply but now we can look at our Uris
+Transformations and behold we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and behold we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and behold we
+see what what applying trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what applying trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what applying trans
+transformation C suggests that we do xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation C suggests that we do xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation C suggests that we do xal
+the sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and now we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and now we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and now we get the
+integral of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of uh
+s to the 4th y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to the 4th y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to the 4th y
+over cosine to 4 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine to 4 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine to 4 y
+Dy right all good I see some confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy right all good I see some confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy right all good I see some confused
+worried concerned looks maybe I've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried concerned looks maybe I've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried concerned looks maybe I've made
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+mistake perhaps I should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake perhaps I should use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake perhaps I should use
+notes well no wait a minute for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes well no wait a minute for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes well no wait a minute for those of
+you who have a concerned look remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who have a concerned look remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who have a concerned look remember
+that if x equals a sin y then DX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if x equals a sin y then DX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if x equals a sin y then DX is
+equal to cosine y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to cosine y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to cosine y
+Dy that's why it's cosine to the 4th not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy that's why it's cosine to the 4th not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy that's why it's cosine to the 4th not
+cosine to the 5th as you were perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine to the 5th as you were perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine to the 5th as you were perhaps
+thinking it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it might
+be so now we made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+progress we look at this we say are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress we look at this we say are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress we look at this we say are
+there any safe Transformations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any safe Transformations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any safe Transformations that
+apply the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the answer is
+no now we look for a urtic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no now we look for a urtic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no now we look for a urtic
+transformation that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that might
+apply IA what do you see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply IA what do you see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply IA what do you see which
+one what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she said something un intelligible what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said something un intelligible what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said something un intelligible what
+she probably said is that this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she probably said is that this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she probably said is that this looks
+like a pattern that might match with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pattern that might match with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pattern that might match with the
+aristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristic
+transformation a right because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a right because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation a right because we have a
+function in which the variable is buried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in which the variable is buried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in which the variable is buried
+universally in SS or cosiness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universally in SS or cosiness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universally in SS or cosiness or
+tangents or cotangents or secants or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents or cotangents or secants or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents or cotangents or secants or
+cosecants and we know we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecants and we know we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecants and we know we can rewrite
+that in one of three ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in one of three ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in one of three ways
+it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already
+written as a function of s and cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a function of s and cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a function of s and cosine
+but we can also rewrite that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also rewrite that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also rewrite that in terms of
+tangent and cosecant or cotangent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and cosecant or cotangent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and cosecant or cotangent and
+secant so when we do that we can go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant so when we do that we can go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant so when we do that we can go this
+way and we can get the integral of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and we can get the integral of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and we can get the integral of one
+over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+cotangent of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotangent of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotangent of X
+DX that's G2 up there no that's G3 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's G2 up there no that's G3 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's G2 up there no that's G3 up
+there or we can do it now this path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or we can do it now this path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or we can do it now this path and
+get the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the integral of
+tangent of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of X
+DX and of course those are both to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fourth but you know what I've broken my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth but you know what I've broken my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth but you know what I've broken my
+little graphical diagram again where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little graphical diagram again where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little graphical diagram again where did
+it go it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disappeared yeah there it is how have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared yeah there it is how have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared yeah there it is how have I
+broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+because with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+a I've introduced the possibility that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I've introduced the possibility that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I've introduced the possibility that a
+particular problem can be transformed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem can be transformed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem can be transformed in
+more than one kind of problem any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one kind of problem any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one kind of problem any of
+which will be the solution to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be the solution to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be the solution to my
+problem so so far I've got an an node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so so far I've got an an node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so so far I've got an an node
+but now I've got to introduce an or node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because now we have an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we have an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we have an example of
+something can be solved one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something can be solved one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something can be solved one of two
+different ways we don't care which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we don't care which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we don't care which one
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+is now you'll notice that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now you'll notice that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now you'll notice that there's
+already some confusion here because how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some confusion here because how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some confusion here because how
+can you tell the difference between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell the difference between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell the difference between an
+Ann and an or note so the universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ann and an or note so the universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ann and an or note so the universal
+convention and you draw an arc over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and you draw an arc over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and you draw an arc over the
+N noes and that makes it look like an A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N noes and that makes it look like an A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N noes and that makes it look like an A
+so it's easy to remember so those are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to remember so those are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to remember so those are n
+nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and
+now we have the method of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the method of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the method of problem
+reduction and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and this is something
+sometimes called a problem reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called a problem reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called a problem reduction
+tree sometimes it's called an Andor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree and sometimes it's called the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree because this tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree because this tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree because this tree of
+problems is a tree that shows how our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is a tree that shows how our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is a tree that shows how our
+goals are all related to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals are all related to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals are all related to one
+another so these are items for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so these are items for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so these are items for your
+vocabulary that are all synonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary that are all synonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary that are all synonymous
+problem induction tree Andor tree gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem induction tree Andor tree gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem induction tree Andor tree gold
+tree all the same thing now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree all the same thing now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree all the same thing now you have a
+name for it you've got some power over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for it you've got some power over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for it you've got some power over
+it so when we get a situation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when we get a situation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so when we get a situation like
+this unlike the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unlike the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unlike the previous
+situation which we suggested might come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which we suggested might come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which we suggested might come
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+in transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a let's see we got 1 2 C and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let's see we got 1 2 C and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let's see we got 1 2 C and this one is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a it's an or node which one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's an or node which one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's an or node which one of these
+problems do we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems do we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems do we work
+on well SEL who considered himself to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on well SEL who considered himself to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on well SEL who considered himself to be
+modeling a freshman modeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling a freshman modeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling a freshman modeling the
+intelligence of a freshman modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence of a freshman modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence of a freshman modeling
+something that after all you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that after all you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that after all you have to be
+pretty smart to do right I mean most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty smart to do right I mean most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty smart to do right I mean most
+people don't know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't know how to do
+integration everybody MIT knows how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration everybody MIT knows how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration everybody MIT knows how to
+do integration you would think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do integration you would think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do integration you would think that
+somebody therefore that knows how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody therefore that knows how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody therefore that knows how to do
+integration is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is pretty
+smart what would a smart person do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart what would a smart person do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart what would a smart person do when
+faced with his choice well a smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with his choice well a smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with his choice well a smart
+person would say which of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would say which of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would say which of these two
+problems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easier so how do you think you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so how do you think you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so how do you think you might
+determine which of two or many algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine which of two or many algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine which of two or many algebraic
+expressions is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions is the
+easiest to uh to integrate what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest to uh to integrate what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest to uh to integrate what's your
+name and Andrew what do you think uh Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and Andrew what do you think uh Bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and Andrew what do you think uh Bas
+which one feel feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes feels yes how would I decide yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes feels yes how would I decide yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes feels yes how would I decide yeah
+how would you decide how would you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you decide how would you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you decide how would you feel
+it I feel that the tent is more familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I feel that the tent is more familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I feel that the tent is more familiar
+which one I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one I feel
+the yeah but I wonder how we can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah but I wonder how we can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah but I wonder how we can make a
+little bit more precise this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more precise this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more precise this idea of
+Simplicity uh the Young Turk has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity uh the Young Turk has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity uh the Young Turk has a
+suggestion plus I had a suggestion until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion plus I had a suggestion until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion plus I had a suggestion until
+you said this idea of simplicity so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said this idea of simplicity so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said this idea of simplicity so then
+I realized that what I was about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized that what I was about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized that what I was about to
+suggest wasn't going to um clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest wasn't going to um clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest wasn't going to um clarify
+Simplicity but I was going to say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity but I was going to say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity but I was going to say um
+whichever one we've had more encounters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one we've had more encounters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one we've had more encounters
+with or more experien with yeah if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or more experien with yeah if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or more experien with yeah if there
+was something here with a hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something here with a hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something here with a hyperbolic
+tangent you might say well stay away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent you might say well stay away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent you might say well stay away
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh to which one of those the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh to which one of those the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh to which one of those the uh
+easier transformation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier transformation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier transformation on the
+next which she might do little look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next which she might do little look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next which she might do little look
+ahead and see which kind of thing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and see which kind of thing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and see which kind of thing would
+be next to you I don't know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be next to you I don't know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be next to you I don't know you know
+maybe oh we got lots of people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe oh we got lots of people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe oh we got lots of people know
+I don't know all the names Erica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I oh you can look it up at the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I oh you can look it up at the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I oh you can look it up at the table and
+see if there something something is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if there something something is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if there something something is in
+it you can do that but this is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can do that but this is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can do that but this is close
+this is tangent to the for so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is tangent to the for so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is tangent to the for so that's not
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+Ariel um I choose the one without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ariel um I choose the one without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ariel um I choose the one without the
+reciprocal why just because when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal why just because when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal why just because when people
+see one over like oh man it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's yeah we're on we on the right track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah we're on we on the right track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah we're on we on the right track
+CL um on an extremely simple level I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL um on an extremely simple level I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL um on an extremely simple level I
+choose whichever one has the Le symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose whichever one has the Le symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose whichever one has the Le symbols
+in the fewest symbols in it now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fewest symbols in it now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fewest symbols in it now we're
+really getting somewhere because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting somewhere because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting somewhere because you can
+measure that right a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that right a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that right a little
+program why Brett there you are I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program why Brett there you are I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program why Brett there you are I would
+say I mean every other exion can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I mean every other exion can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I mean every other exion can sort of
+be written as compounding a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as compounding a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as compounding a number of
+functions you can say all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you can say all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you can say all these
+functions multiply together divide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions multiply together divide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions multiply together divide it
+and you just choose the one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just choose the one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just choose the one with the
+least amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least amount of
+operations well I heard it perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations well I heard it perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations well I heard it perhaps
+others didn't but what Brett said is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others didn't but what Brett said is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others didn't but what Brett said is to
+he suggested is that we should measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he suggested is that we should measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he suggested is that we should measure
+the depth of functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth of functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth of functional
+composition so the number of symbols may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so the number of symbols may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so the number of symbols may
+not matter because if you had X Plus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matter because if you had X Plus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matter because if you had X Plus X
+Plus X Plus X to 100 out to 100 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus X Plus X to 100 out to 100 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus X Plus X to 100 out to 100 that
+would not be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be hard to
+integrate but if you got something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate but if you got something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate but if you got something
+that's really deep deeply nested has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really deep deeply nested has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really deep deeply nested has a
+lot of functional comp composition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of functional comp composition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of functional comp composition that
+could be a problem and that's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a problem and that's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a problem and that's in fact
+what slel decided to use after trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what slel decided to use after trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what slel decided to use after trying
+several trying trying several Alterna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we measure the function the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we measure the function the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we measure the function the depth
+of functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functional
+composition this is the winner and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition this is the winner and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition this is the winner and we
+put the other one on the shelf for at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the other one on the shelf for at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the other one on the shelf for at
+least for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for the
+moment and now we have tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and now we have tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and now we have tangent to the
+4th X DX do any of the safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th X DX do any of the safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th X DX do any of the safe
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+Supply which of the you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply which of the you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply which of the you know something
+has to apply otherwise it wouldn't be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to apply otherwise it wouldn't be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to apply otherwise it wouldn't be up
+here as an example so what of the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as an example so what of the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as an example so what of the what
+do the urtic Transformations apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the urtic Transformations apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the urtic Transformations apply
+Elliot yeah B Bravo military background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot yeah B Bravo military background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot yeah B Bravo military background
+like that maybe f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that maybe f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that maybe f
+z okay so B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okay so B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okay so B
+says it is in fact a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it is in fact a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it is in fact a function of the
+tangent and when we do that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and when we do that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and when we do that we're going
+to make a substitution that Y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a substitution that Y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a substitution that Y is equal
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+tangent so that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent so that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent so that means that this
+becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the
+integral of Y to 4th over 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of Y to 4th over 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of Y to 4th over 1 +
+y^2 and that's by transformation B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and that's by transformation B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and that's by transformation B and
+the trans information is y equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trans information is y equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trans information is y equal
+tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of
+X tangent I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X tangent I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X tangent I guess
+I've lost track of the fact that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've lost track of the fact that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've lost track of the fact that I've
+already transformed to Y but relabeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already transformed to Y but relabeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already transformed to Y but relabeling
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter all right so that's progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter all right so that's progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter all right so that's progress
+maybe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but
+um don't see this in any of the aristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't see this in any of the aristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't see this in any of the aristic
+Transformations what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations what do I do
+now ah didn't have to look at thetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ah didn't have to look at thetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ah didn't have to look at thetic
+Transformations because one of the safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations because one of the safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations because one of the safe
+Transformations applies right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations applies right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations applies right because
+this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is
+a rational function and the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational function and the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational function and the degree of
+the numerator is greater than the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator is greater than the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator is greater than the degree
+of the denominator so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the denominator so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the denominator so I have to
+divide and when I divide uh and that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and when I divide uh and that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and when I divide uh and that by
+the way is number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is number
+four I get what is anybody good at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I get what is anybody good at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I get what is anybody good at high
+school algebra can help me out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school algebra can help me out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school algebra can help me out with
+that y^ 2 - 2 + 2 1 + y exactly y^ 2 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y^ 2 - 2 + 2 1 + y exactly y^ 2 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y^ 2 - 2 + 2 1 + y exactly y^ 2 - 1
++ 1 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y^2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think now what now we're really getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now what now we're really getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now what now we're really getting
+close to getting through this because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to getting through this because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to getting through this because um
+that is a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in virtue of the fact that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in virtue of the fact that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in virtue of the fact that it's a
+sum that divides into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum that divides into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum that divides into three
+pieces and the top piece is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and the top piece is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and the top piece is the integral
+of y^2 the middle piece is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y^2 the middle piece is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y^2 the middle piece is the integral
+of minus1 and the bottom piece is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus1 and the bottom piece is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus1 and the bottom piece is the
+integral of 1 over 1 + y^2 Dy in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases gosh if I look this up I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases gosh if I look this up I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases gosh if I look this up I found
+it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+that's up there that's um number b or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up there that's um number b or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up there that's um number b or
+letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+B so I'm done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so I'm done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so I'm done with
+that this one I can transform Again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one I can transform Again by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one I can transform Again by
+virtue of one and now I get the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of one and now I get the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of one and now I get the integral
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Dy that's in there that's b as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy that's in there that's b as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy that's in there that's b as
+well and this one I don't know but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and this one I don't know but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and this one I don't know but I
+better keep track of what I'm doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better keep track of what I'm doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better keep track of what I'm doing here
+this is an and node so I've got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an and node so I've got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an and node so I've got to do
+all of those I can't give up on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those I can't give up on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those I can't give up on that
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+thing and that end uh transformation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that end uh transformation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that end uh transformation is
+transformation number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation number
+three so this is in the table this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so this is in the table this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so this is in the table this is in
+the table we still have this to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table we still have this to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table we still have this to do uh
+but that's C ustic transformation C we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's C ustic transformation C we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's C ustic transformation C we
+have 1 + y^2 then with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 + y^2 then with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 + y^2 then with a
+transformation C with y That's y^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation C with y That's y^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation C with y That's y^ 2
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+tangent of Z then we get to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of Z then we get to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of Z then we get to the integral
+of DZ and that's in the table and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DZ and that's in the table and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DZ and that's in the table and we're
+done so now we've solved the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so now we've solved the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so now we've solved the problem
+it's the hardest problem that appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hardest problem that appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hardest problem that appeared
+in that half decade on MIT 1801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that half decade on MIT 1801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that half decade on MIT 1801
+finals this is exactly the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals this is exactly the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals this is exactly the problem that
+was given except that it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given except that it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given except that it started
+here I put the other two pieces on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I put the other two pieces on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I put the other two pieces on just
+to illustrate a couple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate a couple other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate a couple other
+Transformations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations but
+that's a problem that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem that it's
+solved and now that we've seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and now that we've seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and now that we've seen in the
+example we can finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we can finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we can finish
+up what um what we talked about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what um what we talked about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what um what we talked about a little
+bit ago uh having to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit ago uh having to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit ago uh having to do with the
+architecture of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing so far all we've done is talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so far all we've done is talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so far all we've done is talk
+about the safe Transformations but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the safe Transformations but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the safe Transformations but now
+we know that if we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that if we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that if we're not
+done we need to find a problem to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on using that depth of functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using that depth of functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using that depth of functional
+composition business and then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition business and then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition business and then after that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apply urtic transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way slel designed his program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way slel designed his program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way slel designed his program is
+he found just one problem to work on did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found just one problem to work on did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found just one problem to work on did
+one transformation then went back around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transformation then went back around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transformation then went back around
+the loop because these theistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop because these theistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop because these theistic
+Transformations a little harder to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations a little harder to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations a little harder to apply
+than the than the safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the than the safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the than the safe
+ones so I've giv you an accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so I've giv you an accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so I've giv you an accurate
+portrayal of what this program did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayal of what this program did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayal of what this program did
+except for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one
+thing which I would like now to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I would like now to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I would like now to go back
+and patch up and that thing is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and patch up and that thing is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and patch up and that thing is over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um you know what to do with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what to do with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what to do with something
+like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this well we got to that in a board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well we got to that in a board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well we got to that in a board
+that's disappeared but when we tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's disappeared but when we tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's disappeared but when we tried to
+deal with this we had to find a urtic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this we had to find a urtic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this we had to find a urtic
+transformation and when we decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and when we decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and when we decided to
+work on this it must have been the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this it must have been the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this it must have been the case
+that this was the simplest problem at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was the simplest problem at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was the simplest problem at
+the leaf note at a leaf no that has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaf note at a leaf no that has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaf note at a leaf no that has not
+yet been solved so what's the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet been solved so what's the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet been solved so what's the functional
+composition depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition depth of
+this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's
+three back over here we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three back over here we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three back over here we have something
+that has a depth of functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a depth of functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a depth of functional
+composition of two so when the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of two so when the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of two so when the program
+actually ran on this particular problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ran on this particular problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ran on this particular problem
+it stopped a few inches short of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stopped a few inches short of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stopped a few inches short of the
+finish line and went back and screwed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish line and went back and screwed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish line and went back and screwed
+around with that other problem for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with that other problem for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with that other problem for a
+little bit before it gave up and came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before it gave up and came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before it gave up and came
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+here so it's always looking across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's always looking across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's always looking across the
+whole the whole tree the leaves of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the whole tree the leaves of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the whole tree the leaves of the
+tree whenever it has to find a place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree whenever it has to find a place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree whenever it has to find a place to
+work on with a urtic trans formation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on with a urtic trans formation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on with a urtic trans formation it
+happened to look at all the leaves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to look at all the leaves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to look at all the leaves of
+the tree that had not yet been dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree that had not yet been dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree that had not yet been dealt
+with tried to find the easiest one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tried to find the easiest one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tried to find the easiest one and
+that could involve a lot of backing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could involve a lot of backing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could involve a lot of backing up
+and and and starting over on a branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and starting over on a branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and starting over on a branch of
+the tree that had previously ignored a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree that had previously ignored a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree that had previously ignored a
+small detail not a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small detail not a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small detail not a particularly
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+one but now where are we we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but now where are we we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but now where are we we've got
+the we've got that guy there we got our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we've got that guy there we got our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we've got that guy there we got our
+complete architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got our solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our solved
+problem and now we can start reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and now we can start reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and now we can start reflecting
+on what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what we've
+done we can say for example how good an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we can say for example how good an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we can say for example how good an
+integration program is this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration program is this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration program is this and the
+answer is it was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it was pretty
+good this machine that slel was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this machine that slel was using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this machine that slel was using
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+a machine that was over in building 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine that was over in building 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine that was over in building 26
+and we were so proud of it that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were so proud of it that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were so proud of it that it was
+behind glass and you could go there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind glass and you could go there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind glass and you could go there and
+watch the tape spin it was really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the tape spin it was really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the tape spin it was really a
+delight 32k of memory that's 32k of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delight 32k of memory that's 32k of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delight 32k of memory that's 32k of
+memory it's amazing that he was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it's amazing that he was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it's amazing that he was able to
+do anything with a machine of of uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything with a machine of of uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything with a machine of of uh that
+size let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size let's
+see yes here's a clean one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't do board geometry and talk at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do board geometry and talk at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do board geometry and talk at the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+time we can now ask some questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we can now ask some questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we can now ask some questions about
+how well the program performed it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+56 of the hardest problems and it got 54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 of the hardest problems and it got 54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 of the hardest problems and it got 54
+right what happened when it didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what happened when it didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what happened when it didn't get
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+two uh well you might be right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh well you might be right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh well you might be right if you
+said oh it probably ran out of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh it probably ran out of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh it probably ran out of memory
+since it had 32k but in fact it just was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it had 32k but in fact it just was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it had 32k but in fact it just was
+like lacking two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lacking two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lacking two
+Transformations uh that were needed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations uh that were needed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations uh that were needed in
+order to solve the whole entire set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to solve the whole entire set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to solve the whole entire set of
+uh final quiz problems so it when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh final quiz problems so it when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh final quiz problems so it when a
+program fails is often the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program fails is often the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program fails is often the most
+interesting question you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question you can
+ask this is an exception this failed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask this is an exception this failed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask this is an exception this failed for
+uninteresting reasons on two of the 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting reasons on two of the 56
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting reasons on two of the 56
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that it that were that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that it that were that it was
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+to now you next question you can say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now you next question you can say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now you next question you can say is
+um what is the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the tree in the maximal case and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tree in the maximal case and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tree in the maximal case and the
+answer is it's that case we just worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it's that case we just worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it's that case we just worked
+out and since I've once again lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and since I've once again lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and since I've once again lost the
+whole tree I'll tell you that it dep its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole tree I'll tell you that it dep its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole tree I'll tell you that it dep its
+depth was seven when you take off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth was seven when you take off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth was seven when you take off that
+minus5 so the in the worst case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 so the in the worst case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 so the in the worst case this
+thing had to go down seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels that's the worst case a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that's the worst case a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that's the worst case a more
+interesting question is what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question is what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question is what was the
+average depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+was approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was approximately
+three and now we're beginning to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and now we're beginning to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and now we're beginning to say
+something not only about slagel's model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something not only about slagel's model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something not only about slagel's model
+of how a freshman works but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how a freshman works but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how a freshman works but we're
+beginning to say something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to say something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to say something about the
+nature of the domain in the domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the domain in the domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the domain in the domain of
+calculus problems integrable Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus problems integrable Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus problems integrable Expressions
+that are given to freshmen in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are given to freshmen in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are given to freshmen in that
+domain the average depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain the average depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain the average depth
+of problem reduction needed to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem reduction needed to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem reduction needed to solve the
+problem is three that's say not very not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is three that's say not very not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is three that's say not very not
+very complicated if it were 10 you'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated if it were 10 you'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated if it were 10 you'd say
+wow how can anybody ever do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow how can anybody ever do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow how can anybody ever do those
+problems if it were five you'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if it were five you'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if it were five you'd say
+Well only people destined to be math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well only people destined to be math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well only people destined to be math
+professors are going to get anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors are going to get anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors are going to get anything
+right but three as ordinary mortals can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but three as ordinary mortals can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but three as ordinary mortals can
+do pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pretty good
+job another question of even greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job another question of even greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job another question of even greater
+interest is how many branches were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is how many branches were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is how many branches were
+unused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's an unused here's a branch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an unused here's a branch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an unused here's a branch that
+turned out to be unused didn't pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be unused didn't pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be unused didn't pursue
+that and so you might say well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so you might say well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so you might say well maybe
+there are a lot of unused branches maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of unused branches maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of unused branches maybe
+you have to be pretty smart about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be pretty smart about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be pretty smart about
+your your method for determining what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your method for determining what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your method for determining what
+problem to work on because otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to work on because otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to work on because otherwise
+you'll go down a lot of rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go down a lot of rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go down a lot of rat
+holes and guess what here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and guess what here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and guess what here's another
+statement about the domain in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about the domain in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about the domain in the
+domain of problems that freshmen can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of problems that freshmen can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of problems that freshmen can
+work on a final the number of unused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a final the number of unused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a final the number of unused
+branches is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches is about
+one so that means this tree kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that means this tree kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that means this tree kind of
+keeps itself together and doesn't run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps itself together and doesn't run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps itself together and doesn't run
+down to a very large bushy useless tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a very large bushy useless tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a very large bushy useless tree
+so this means that the depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that the depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that the depth of
+functional composition which Brett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional composition which Brett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional composition which Brett
+suggested as a technique for recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested as a technique for recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested as a technique for recognizing
+the right problem to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right problem to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right problem to work
+on was a choice that didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on was a choice that didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on was a choice that didn't actually
+matter because the tree doesn't grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because the tree doesn't grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because the tree doesn't grow
+deep it doesn't grow broad it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep it doesn't grow broad it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep it doesn't grow broad it doesn't
+matter what you use to decide what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you use to decide what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you use to decide what to
+work on because in the worst case you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on because in the worst case you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on because in the worst case you'll
+just generate a couple of extra useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generate a couple of extra useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generate a couple of extra useless
+nodes but they very quickly run to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes but they very quickly run to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes but they very quickly run to run
+to dead ends and you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dead ends and you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dead ends and you don't have to do
+anything more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so now the next thing we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so now the next thing we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so now the next thing we need to do
+is back even further away from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back even further away from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back even further away from this
+program and ask ourselves some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and ask ourselves some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and ask ourselves some questions
+about the nature of the of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of the of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of the of what we've
+been doing and that brings me to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing and that brings me to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing and that brings me to the
+things I've got on that upper right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I've got on that upper right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I've got on that upper right hand
+board one of those things is a catechism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board one of those things is a catechism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board one of those things is a catechism
+having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with
+knowledge and what we've done informally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and what we've done informally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and what we've done informally
+as we went through this program was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we went through this program was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we went through this program was
+we've asked questions such as what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've asked questions such as what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've asked questions such as what kind
+of knowledge is involved in doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge is involved in doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge is involved in doing this
+well knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well knowledge about
+transformation knowledge about how gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation knowledge about how gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation knowledge about how gold
+trees work and when we're done with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees work and when we're done with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees work and when we're done with a
+problem knowledge about what things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem knowledge about what things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem knowledge about what things
+don't need to be transformed because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to be transformed because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to be transformed because you
+can look them up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look them up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look them up in a
+table that's the kind of knowledge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that's the kind of knowledge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that's the kind of knowledge that
+is involved in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in doing
+1801 and if you do 180 circuit Theory 6o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 and if you do 180 circuit Theory 6o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 and if you do 180 circuit Theory 6o
+circuit Theory or 6o Maxwell's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit Theory or 6o Maxwell's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit Theory or 6o Maxwell's equations
+it's the same thing you have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing you have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing you have to ask
+questions of this sort about the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of this sort about the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of this sort about the nature
+of the knowledge involved and question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the knowledge involved and question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the knowledge involved and question
+number one is always what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is always what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is always what kind of
+knowledge is involved is it kof's laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is involved is it kof's laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is involved is it kof's laws
+Maxwell's equations what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations what is
+it the next question is how is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the next question is how is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the next question is how is the
+knowledge represented and our answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge represented and our answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge represented and our answers
+here are well all this stuff ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are well all this stuff ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are well all this stuff ultimately
+was represented in Lis s Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was represented in Lis s Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was represented in Lis s Expressions
+some of the knowledge was recorded in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the knowledge was recorded in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the knowledge was recorded in a
+table of s Expressions that show what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of s Expressions that show what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of s Expressions that show what
+Transformations there are there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations there are there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations there are there was a
+similar table of integrals knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar table of integrals knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar table of integrals knowledge
+about gold trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gold trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gold trees
+was embedded in a procedure so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was embedded in a procedure so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was embedded in a procedure so it was
+procedurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedurally
+represented and so for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented and so for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented and so for each of the
+categories of knowledge there's a way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of knowledge there's a way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of knowledge there's a way it
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+represented how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented how is it
+used straightforward Transformations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used straightforward Transformations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used straightforward Transformations are
+used to make the problem simpler the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make the problem simpler the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make the problem simpler the
+table is used to trim off and completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is used to trim off and completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is used to trim off and completely
+to to to serve as the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to serve as the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to serve as the bottom of the
+tree those are the ways in which the
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+ align:start position:0%
+tree those are the ways in which the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is
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+ align:start position:0%
+used and then there's a question of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+course of how much knowledge is
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+required something that's useful to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required something that's useful to know
+if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+um if it's late at night you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's late at night you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's late at night you have two
+finals the next day and you're not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals the next day and you're not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals the next day and you're not sure
+which course you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which course you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which course you should
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+ align:start position:0%
+study so how much knowledge might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+suppose was actually in this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose was actually in this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose was actually in this program
+I've shown you a glimpse of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you a glimpse of the kind of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you a glimpse of the kind of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that's involved in the program
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+I've answered a little bit of question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've answered a little bit of question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've answered a little bit of question
+five what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five what
+exactly but how much knowledge was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly but how much knowledge was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly but how much knowledge was
+involved you might be surprised by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved you might be surprised by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved you might be surprised by the
+answer first of all the table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer first of all the table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer first of all the table of
+integrals I've uh listed only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals I've uh listed only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals I've uh listed only three
+things there there are lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there there are lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there there are lots of other
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+ align:start position:0%
+things you can think of like integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can think of like integral of
+e to the x is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the x is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the x is e to the
+X but in the end what SLO found is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but in the end what SLO found is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but in the end what SLO found is a
+table of only 26 elements was enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of only 26 elements was enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of only 26 elements was enough to
+solve all of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all of these problems
+how about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the
+um Transformations here the safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones about
+12 how about the euristic ones about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 how about the euristic ones about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 how about the euristic ones about
+12 so just a little few bits of pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so just a little few bits of pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so just a little few bits of pieces
+of knowledge here and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge here and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge here and there are
+sufficient to do everything you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to do everything you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to do everything you need to
+do in order to deal with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in order to deal with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in order to deal with like
+integration problems on a calculus final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration problems on a calculus final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration problems on a calculus final
+that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surprise another surprise of a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise another surprise of a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise another surprise of a similar
+kind also about knowledge is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind also about knowledge is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind also about knowledge is that the
+relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the
+method to be used and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to be used and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to be used and the
+characteristics of the problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the problem was
+almost a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a diagonal
+table that means that you could in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that means that you could in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that means that you could in this
+domain make the right transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain make the right transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain make the right transformation
+almost all the time if you're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the time if you're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the time if you're a little
+bit smart and never back up that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit smart and never back up that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit smart and never back up that was an
+observation made by Joel Moses who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation made by Joel Moses who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation made by Joel Moses who
+became subsequently our proost here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became subsequently our proost here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became subsequently our proost here at
+MIT for a while and he wrote a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT for a while and he wrote a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT for a while and he wrote a program
+that could solve anything even you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could solve anything even you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could solve anything even you know
+the it would beat the most dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it would beat the most dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it would beat the most dedicated
+mathematicians at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians at
+integration and it's the and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and it's the and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and it's the and it's
+descendant are in mat lab today but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant are in mat lab today but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant are in mat lab today but this
+is how it all works and now you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it all works and now you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it all works and now you could
+write one of these things yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write one of these things yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write one of these things yourself
+partly because you now have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because you now have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because you now have this
+catechism this is the kind of stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catechism this is the kind of stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catechism this is the kind of stuff you
+should ask anytime you're dealing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should ask anytime you're dealing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should ask anytime you're dealing with a
+new domain it will make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new domain it will make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new domain it will make you
+smarter and this is of course meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter and this is of course meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter and this is of course meta
+knowledge this is knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge this is knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge this is knowledge about
+knowledge so this this uh tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge so this this uh tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge so this this uh tired
+aphorism isn't quite what we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aphorism isn't quite what we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aphorism isn't quite what we are going
+to complete ourselves with we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete ourselves with we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete ourselves with we're going
+to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowledge is where the real power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is where the real power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is where the real power
+is now there's one final thing that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now there's one final thing that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now there's one final thing that this
+program does for us it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program does for us it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program does for us it tells us
+something about our appreciation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about our appreciation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about our appreciation of what
+it means to be intelligent you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be intelligent you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be intelligent you know that
+in the beginning of this power I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning of this power I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning of this power I ask you
+to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about
+whether a program that could do symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a program that could do symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a program that could do symbolic
+integration would be in any way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration would be in any way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration would be in any way or
+should be considered to any degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be considered to any degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be considered to any degree
+intelligent and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent and I'm
+imagining that even in the day in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining that even in the day in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining that even in the day in these
+days of met lab and whatnot that many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of met lab and whatnot that many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of met lab and whatnot that many of
+you said well yes I learned how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said well yes I learned how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said well yes I learned how to do
+that MIT or late in high school so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT or late in high school so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT or late in high school so it
+must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+smart but now that we've completed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart but now that we've completed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart but now that we've completed this
+discussion I also expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I also expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I also expect
+that your feeling of intelligence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your feeling of intelligence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your feeling of intelligence in
+this program is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program is somewhat
+diminished because what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished because what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished because what happens is that
+when we understand how something works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we understand how something works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we understand how something works
+its intelligence seems to vanish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its intelligence seems to vanish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its intelligence seems to vanish and
+you've seen this in your friends right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this in your friends right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this in your friends right
+they solve some well no they they solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they solve some well no they they solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they solve some well no they they solve
+some problem they seem super smart then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problem they seem super smart then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problem they seem super smart then
+they tell you how they did it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell you how they did it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell you how they did it and they
+don't seem so smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem so smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem so smart
+anymore so let me conclude the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so let me conclude the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so let me conclude the
+uh let's conclude our discussion today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's conclude our discussion today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's conclude our discussion today
+with a little story I I was once um long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little story I I was once um long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little story I I was once um long
+time ago I was talking with a a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago I was talking with a a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago I was talking with a a student
+who said computers cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said computers cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said computers cannot be
+intelligent and I said okay maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent and I said okay maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent and I said okay maybe you're
+right but let me show you this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let me show you this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let me show you this program
+so I showed it the integration program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I showed it the integration program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I showed it the integration program
+working on problems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on problems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on problems like
+this and after uh I showed him a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and after uh I showed him a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and after uh I showed him a couple
+of those examples he says well all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those examples he says well all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those examples he says well all right
+I I guess maybe they can be intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I guess maybe they can be intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I guess maybe they can be intelligent
+I'm learning how to do that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm learning how to do that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm learning how to do that it's not
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+easy then I made a fatal mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy then I made a fatal mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy then I made a fatal mistake
+I said let me show you how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said let me show you how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said let me show you how it
+works and we spent the an hour going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and we spent the an hour going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and we spent the an hour going
+through it like this and at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it like this and at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it like this and at the end of
+that time he turned to me and said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time he turned to me and said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time he turned to me and said I
+take it back it's not intelligent after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it back it's not intelligent after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it back it's not intelligent after
+all it does integration the same way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it does integration the same way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it does integration the same way I
+do
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QMtbUSfRWBY.txt b/QMtbUSfRWBY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07bf136d5e71f04ddcdb0ba71860ed246dd21d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QMtbUSfRWBY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to talk about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about um
+perhaps the most important model in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most important model in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most important model in this
+class the ISL MPC model which puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the ISL MPC model which puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the ISL MPC model which puts
+together all that we have done up to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all that we have done up to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all that we have done up to now
+but before we do that uh let's talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do that uh let's talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do that uh let's talk a
+little bit about the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the current
+events uh who knows what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is is this a exam week or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what Silicon Valley Bank exactly no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Silicon Valley Bank exactly no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Silicon Valley Bank exactly no so
+Silicon Valley Bank the 16th Bank in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon Valley Bank the 16th Bank in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon Valley Bank the 16th Bank in
+size asset size in the US ER went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size asset size in the US ER went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size asset size in the US ER went
+essentially under last Friday was shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially under last Friday was shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially under last Friday was shut
+down by the FD last last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by the FD last last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by the FD last last
+Friday so that's the decline in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday so that's the decline in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday so that's the decline in in the
+stock value uh during Thursday Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock value uh during Thursday Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock value uh during Thursday Friday
+and uh and then it was shut down and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then it was shut down and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then it was shut down and you
+see that it's not being traded anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's not being traded anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's not being traded anymore
+um so that's a pretty significant event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's a pretty significant event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's a pretty significant event
+and the the weekend was pretty stressful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the weekend was pretty stressful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the weekend was pretty stressful
+for anyone involved in in in this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anyone involved in in in this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anyone involved in in in this event
+the treasury the FDIC the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury the FDIC the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury the FDIC the Federal
+Reserve and so on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve and so on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve and so on um
+it's first it was a large I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's first it was a large I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's first it was a large I mean it's
+not one of the big systemic Banks if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one of the big systemic Banks if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one of the big systemic Banks if you
+will it's not JP Morgan City Bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it's not JP Morgan City Bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it's not JP Morgan City Bank of
+America one of those Banks which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America one of those Banks which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America one of those Banks which are
+regulated even differently from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated even differently from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated even differently from these
+Banks but still is a pretty large Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks but still is a pretty large Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks but still is a pretty large Bank
+you see by asset size $29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see by asset size $29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see by asset size $29
+billion H which is you know comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion H which is you know comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion H which is you know comparable
+to Washington Mutual which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Washington Mutual which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Washington Mutual which was the
+largest bank that went under during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest bank that went under during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest bank that went under during the
+global financial crisis Great Recession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global financial crisis Great Recession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global financial crisis Great Recession
+at that time there were lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time there were lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time there were lots of other
+banks that went under H but the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that went under H but the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that went under H but the largest
+was comparable to this one and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was comparable to this one and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was comparable to this one and in fact
+all the things that were done over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that were done over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that were done over the
+weekend and that still being done today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend and that still being done today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend and that still being done today
+is to prevent something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to prevent something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to prevent something like this
+happening here as well okay and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here as well okay and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here as well okay and so it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+a a pretty significant event now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pretty significant event now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pretty significant event now what
+happened to Silicon Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to Silicon Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to Silicon Valley
+Bank um well in the the immediate cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank um well in the the immediate cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank um well in the the immediate cause
+of of of of the failure is what always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of the failure is what always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of the failure is what always
+kills a bank which is a r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills a bank which is a r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills a bank which is a r
+by this depositors okay and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this depositors okay and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this depositors okay and what you see
+here is is the following this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is the following this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is the following this is this
+this Bank actually grew enormously over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bank actually grew enormously over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bank actually grew enormously over
+the last two three years essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two three years essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two three years essentially
+doubl its asset size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubl its asset size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubl its asset size
+um but it began to have sort of outflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it began to have sort of outflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it began to have sort of outflow
+net outflows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net outflows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net outflows of
+deposits during 2022 and the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits during 2022 and the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits during 2022 and the reason for
+that is not because the business was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not because the business was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not because the business was
+doing poorly anything it was simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing poorly anything it was simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing poorly anything it was simply
+because this is a bank that service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a bank that service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a bank that service
+primarily of the high the tech sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily of the high the tech sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily of the high the tech sector
+startups companies and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups companies and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups companies and things like that
+and those sectors were having hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those sectors were having hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those sectors were having hard time
+raising new capital in an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising new capital in an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising new capital in an environment
+that was not very friendly towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not very friendly towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not very friendly towards the
+tech sector so so so they began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech sector so so so they began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech sector so so so they began to
+withdraw on their deposits and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw on their deposits and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw on their deposits and and
+that's what led to these flows here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what led to these flows here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what led to these flows here now
+eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+ER because of this and and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER because of this and and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER because of this and and something
+I'll explain in a few minutes ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain in a few minutes ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain in a few minutes ER
+this the they decided svb Bank decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the they decided svb Bank decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the they decided svb Bank decided
+to issue new Equity ER issue new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to issue new Equity ER issue new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to issue new Equity ER issue new
+Equity to cover certain losses they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity to cover certain losses they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity to cover certain losses they had
+incurrent and today in the mod of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurrent and today in the mod of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurrent and today in the mod of social
+in the world of social media that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world of social media that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world of social media that
+immediately led to sort of massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately led to sort of massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately led to sort of massive
+spread that this bank was in trouble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread that this bank was in trouble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread that this bank was in trouble and
+then you saw enormous attempts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you saw enormous attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you saw enormous attempts to
+withdraw deposits now not all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw deposits now not all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw deposits now not all of these
+these were fulfilled but there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were fulfilled but there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were fulfilled but there was a
+massive pressure to withdraw deposits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive pressure to withdraw deposits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive pressure to withdraw deposits
+and and and and that's the end always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and that's the end always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and that's the end always
+for a bank that doesn't find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bank that doesn't find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bank that doesn't find an
+alternative source of funding and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative source of funding and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative source of funding and often
+for withdrawals of that size the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for withdrawals of that size the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for withdrawals of that size the only
+alternative source of funding is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative source of funding is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative source of funding is either
+that some other bank buys you or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some other bank buys you or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some other bank buys you or that
+the FED comes in and gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line anyway so what is the that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line anyway so what is the that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line anyway so what is the that was
+immediate and it's always whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate and it's always whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate and it's always whenever you
+ask you hear about the bank run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you hear about the bank run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you hear about the bank run the
+immediate cost of the problem is a run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate cost of the problem is a run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate cost of the problem is a run
+from of the depositors from deposits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from of the depositors from deposits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from of the depositors from deposits in
+that that bank now why did this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that bank now why did this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that bank now why did this happen
+in this in this particular bank again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this particular bank again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this particular bank again I
+explain why is that you saw those small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why is that you saw those small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why is that you saw those small
+withdrawals of deposits but but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawals of deposits but but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawals of deposits but but what
+happens to this to them is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this to them is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this to them is actually
+there as I said before their deposits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as I said before their deposits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as I said before their deposits
+grew very rapidly over the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew very rapidly over the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew very rapidly over the last two
+three years and then rather than being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years and then rather than being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years and then rather than being
+very risky lenders rather than investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very risky lenders rather than investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very risky lenders rather than investing
+you know sometimes when Banks grow very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes when Banks grow very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes when Banks grow very
+rapidly they do lots of crazy things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly they do lots of crazy things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly they do lots of crazy things you
+know they in they make lots of loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they in they make lots of loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they in they make lots of loans
+without going doing the D diligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going doing the D diligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going doing the D diligent
+process and all that that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and all that that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and all that that's not what
+they did they bought treasury bonds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did they bought treasury bonds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did they bought treasury bonds the
+safest as as you can imagine they bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safest as as you can imagine they bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safest as as you can imagine they bought
+10 year treasury bonds lots of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 year treasury bonds lots of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 year treasury bonds lots of them but
+they bought them at the wrong time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bought them at the wrong time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bought them at the wrong time they
+bought them right before the hike in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought them right before the hike in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought them right before the hike in
+interest rates that we began to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates that we began to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates that we began to see in
+2022 and we already looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2022 and we already looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2022 and we already looked at the
+relation between interest rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between interest rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between interest rates and
+price of bonds well you have a 10-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of bonds well you have a 10-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of bonds well you have a 10-year
+bond and the interest starts going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and the interest starts going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and the interest starts going up
+the price of that Bond starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of that Bond starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of that Bond starts
+declining now that is not is problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining now that is not is problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining now that is not is problematic
+for a bank but not entirely the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bank but not entirely the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bank but not entirely the end of
+the story because that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story because that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story because that means that the
+the the market value of the bonds you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the market value of the bonds you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the market value of the bonds you're
+holding among your assets starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding among your assets starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding among your assets starts
+declining but Banks do not need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining but Banks do not need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining but Banks do not need to
+recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that
+loss unless they sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss unless they sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss unless they sell the
+bonds because the the the logic is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds because the the the logic is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds because the the the logic is that
+well if the guy just sits on the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the guy just sits on the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the guy just sits on the bond
+the bond hasn't really lost any value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond hasn't really lost any value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond hasn't really lost any value in
+the sense that it will get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it will get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it will get the same
+coupons that he was planning to get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons that he was planning to get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons that he was planning to get and
+so on this is us treasuries us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this is us treasuries us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this is us treasuries us
+treasuries are not going to default in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasuries are not going to default in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasuries are not going to default in
+the coupons let's hope it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupons let's hope it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupons let's hope it's not going to
+happen in a few months from now but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a few months from now but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a few months from now but but
+typically they don't default on coupons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they don't default on coupons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they don't default on coupons
+so so the logic the regul regulation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the logic the regul regulation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the logic the regul regulation is
+assigned in such a way perhaps is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned in such a way perhaps is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned in such a way perhaps is a
+failure I think there is a problem there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure I think there is a problem there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure I think there is a problem there
+but that they don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that they don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that they don't need to
+recognize the losses unless they sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the losses unless they sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the losses unless they sell
+the bonds so they look pretty healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds so they look pretty healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds so they look pretty healthy
+because they had massive amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had massive amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had massive amount of
+Treasury bonds they did not need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury bonds they did not need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury bonds they did not need to
+recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that
+problem is that when this small W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that when this small W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that when this small W
+relatively small withdrawals start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small withdrawals start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small withdrawals start at
+some point they needed to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point they needed to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point they needed to find a
+substitute for those funds they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for those funds they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for those funds they need to
+honor the deposits that that were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor the deposits that that were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honor the deposits that that were being
+withdrawn and at that point they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawn and at that point they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawn and at that point they had to
+sell assets and when they sold assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell assets and when they sold assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell assets and when they sold assets
+they made the loss because at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made the loss because at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made the loss because at that point
+you have to recognize the loss because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to recognize the loss because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to recognize the loss because
+you're not going to hold the the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to hold the the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to hold the the bond
+until expiration and clip all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until expiration and clip all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until expiration and clip all the
+coupons that come from it so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons that come from it so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons that come from it so you have to
+recognize the loss that's a loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the loss that's a loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the loss that's a loss
+that led the CEO to announce that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led the CEO to announce that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led the CEO to announce that they
+needed a fundraising to cover a $2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a fundraising to cover a $2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a fundraising to cover a $2.5
+billion hold they had as a result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion hold they had as a result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion hold they had as a result of the
+losses okay now okay so now we have a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses okay now okay so now we have a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses okay now okay so now we have a we
+know why where the losses came from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why where the losses came from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why where the losses came from now
+if you notice the losses are not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice the losses are not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice the losses are not that
+big I mean this is a bank with $200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I mean this is a bank with $200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I mean this is a bank with $200
+billion and and the losses were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and and the losses were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and and the losses were
+relatively small where is the other leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small where is the other leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small where is the other leg
+of the problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem it's
+here you know in in the US deposits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know in in the US deposits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know in in the US deposits are
+ured up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ured up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ured up to
+$250,000 that means no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$250,000 that means no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$250,000 that means no matter what
+happens to the bank where you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the bank where you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the bank where you have the
+money if that bank goes under and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if that bank goes under and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if that bank goes under and you
+have deposits for below $250,000 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have deposits for below $250,000 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have deposits for below $250,000 the
+FDIC comes and gives you a check okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDIC comes and gives you a check okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDIC comes and gives you a check okay so
+there's no risk so if you have deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no risk so if you have deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no risk so if you have deposit
+under $250,000 you don't need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under $250,000 you don't need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under $250,000 you don't need to worry
+about this you may go you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you may go you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you may go you don't need to
+read the news about this bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the news about this bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the news about this bank
+because you will get your funds in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will get your funds in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will get your funds in fact
+when when the bank was shut down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when the bank was shut down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when the bank was shut down on
+Friday the FDIC announc immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday the FDIC announc immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday the FDIC announc immediately
+every depositor under $250,000 can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every depositor under $250,000 can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every depositor under $250,000 can come
+on Monday and get his money okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Monday and get his money okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Monday and get his money okay so
+there's no issue there and most banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no issue there and most banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no issue there and most banks
+have a large share of depositors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large share of depositors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large share of depositors that
+are small depositor that means they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small depositor that means they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small depositor that means they are
+covered by this Deposit Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by this Deposit Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by this Deposit Insurance
+mechanism which was designed precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which was designed precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which was designed precisely
+to prevent runs because if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent runs because if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent runs because if you don't
+need to worry about where you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about where you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about where you get your
+money know you don't need to run on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money know you don't need to run on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money know you don't need to run on the
+bank the problem is that this bank was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank the problem is that this bank was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank the problem is that this bank was
+very different in the composition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different in the composition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different in the composition of
+depositors he had primarily business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositors he had primarily business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositors he had primarily business
+deposits meaning it was all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits meaning it was all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits meaning it was all these
+startup companies and so on in the tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup companies and so on in the tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup companies and so on in the tech
+sector they had their their deposits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector they had their their deposits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector they had their their deposits
+there and those deposits were much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and those deposits were much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and those deposits were much
+larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than
+$250,000 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$250,000 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$250,000 if you
+see it's about I think it's close to 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's about I think it's close to 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's about I think it's close to 95%
+of the deposits were not covered by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deposits were not covered by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deposits were not covered by the
+insurance by the fdac insurance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance by the fdac insurance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance by the fdac insurance okay
+that means it's a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's a very different
+calculation when you have a deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation when you have a deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation when you have a deposit
+that's not covered by insurance and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not covered by insurance and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not covered by insurance and then
+you start feeling that the bank Mak may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start feeling that the bank Mak may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start feeling that the bank Mak may
+go under what do you do you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go under what do you do you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go under what do you do you take your
+money out you know put it some you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money out you know put it some you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money out you know put it some you send
+it to JP Morgan where there's no risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to JP Morgan where there's no risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to JP Morgan where there's no risk
+and wait until this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wait until this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wait until this thing is
+resolved now in this case and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved now in this case and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved now in this case and that's
+what typically happens in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what typically happens in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what typically happens in this case it
+happens even faster than normally why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens even faster than normally why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens even faster than normally why
+because many of the depositors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many of the depositors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many of the depositors the
+business that were deposited in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that were deposited in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that were deposited in there
+were were a startups that were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were a startups that were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were a startups that were being
+seeded by some Venture Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeded by some Venture Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeded by some Venture Capital
+funds and Venture Capital funds as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and Venture Capital funds as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and Venture Capital funds as soon
+as they noticed that there was a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they noticed that there was a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they noticed that there was a problem
+here began to call all the startups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here began to call all the startups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here began to call all the startups and
+tell him hey take that money out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell him hey take that money out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell him hey take that money out of
+there because you know they may run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because you know they may run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because you know they may run into
+travel so it was a venture capital world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel so it was a venture capital world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel so it was a venture capital world
+that caused the Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that caused the Run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that caused the Run
+effectively and and and and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and and and and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and and and and and that's
+what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened
+okay now so that's that's what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so that's that's what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so that's that's what happened
+that's the reason for the run and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason for the run and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason for the run and and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the and so there was a a problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and so there was a a problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and so there was a a problem the
+problem was not that big but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was not that big but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was not that big but but the
+problem is that the deposits were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the deposits were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the deposits were very
+un safe they were not covered and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un safe they were not covered and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un safe they were not covered and moving
+deposits out is very easy I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits out is very easy I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits out is very easy I mean you
+just you know you just wire your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know you just wire your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know you just wire your money
+to another bank so so so why wait there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another bank so so so why wait there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another bank so so so why wait there
+why risk it and that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why risk it and that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why risk it and that's that's what
+happened it's called in economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened it's called in economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened it's called in economics
+coordination failure when I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination failure when I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination failure when I mean if
+everyone freezes and say okay nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone freezes and say okay nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone freezes and say okay nobody
+takes the money out and so on this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the money out and so on this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the money out and so on this stuff
+is when I pass then we're safe but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I pass then we're safe but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I pass then we're safe but but
+but since we don't call each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since we don't call each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since we don't call each other and
+we don't trust each other to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't trust each other to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't trust each other to really
+leave the money there we we we we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the money there we we we we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the money there we we we we make
+the call only after we have taken our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call only after we have taken our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call only after we have taken our
+money out and since we all think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money out and since we all think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money out and since we all think the
+same way then you get a run on the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way then you get a run on the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way then you get a run on the bank
+now let me start connecting this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me start connecting this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me start connecting this a
+little bit with uh with the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with uh with the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with uh with the kind of
+things we have done in in this course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have done in in this course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have done in in this course I
+I I I may actually discuss runs later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I may actually discuss runs later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I may actually discuss runs later in
+the course as a as a as a topic crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course as a as a as a topic crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course as a as a as a topic crisis
+speculative attacks and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative attacks and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative attacks and things like that
+but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for
+now here what you have is an indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here what you have is an indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here what you have is an indicator
+of essentially is this is the vix a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of essentially is this is the vix a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of essentially is this is the vix a is a
+is an indicator of Supply volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indicator of Supply volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indicator of Supply volatility
+something is extracted from the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is extracted from the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is extracted from the price of
+options you don't need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options you don't need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options you don't need to know the
+details but the point is that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but the point is that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but the point is that that is
+one of the main indicators of of fear of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main indicators of of fear of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main indicators of of fear of
+of how afraid are investors in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how afraid are investors in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how afraid are investors in a moment
+in the market and and uh and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market and and uh and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market and and uh and what you
+can see here is that that this indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here is that that this indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here is that that this indicator
+the vixs essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vixs essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vixs essentially
+Spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike
+Thursday and and Thursday and Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and and Thursday and Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and and Thursday and Friday
+went up Friday went up very very rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up Friday went up very very rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up Friday went up very very rapidly
+and then it got stabilized a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it got stabilized a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it got stabilized a little
+now ER it turned out that it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ER it turned out that it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ER it turned out that it turns out
+that over the weekend ER H you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the weekend ER H you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the weekend ER H you may have
+heard the government the Consolidated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the government the Consolidated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the government the Consolidated
+Government came up with a very massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Government came up with a very massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Government came up with a very massive
+package to to prevent runs on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package to to prevent runs on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package to to prevent runs on the
+remaining Banks and and also to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining Banks and and also to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining Banks and and also to prevent
+the fact that I mean all of these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I mean all of these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I mean all of these were
+business deposits of a small companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business deposits of a small companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business deposits of a small companies
+that used even this bank for the payroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used even this bank for the payroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used even this bank for the payroll
+and so on so so what was done of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so so what was done of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so so what was done of this
+weakness that all the deposit not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness that all the deposit not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness that all the deposit not only
+the ones under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones under
+$250,000 were guarantee by the FDIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$250,000 were guarantee by the FDIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$250,000 were guarantee by the FDIC
+there are mechanism under which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are mechanism under which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are mechanism under which you can
+activate that so that means now all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate that so that means now all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate that so that means now all the
+depositors were made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whole and but the idea was not it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole and but the idea was not it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole and but the idea was not it was
+part partly the reason to do that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part partly the reason to do that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part partly the reason to do that it was
+to prevent a mess in the pay roles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent a mess in the pay roles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent a mess in the pay roles of
+the small companies and all that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small companies and all that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small companies and all that that
+had their account in in in this bank but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their account in in in this bank but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their account in in in this bank but
+it was also to prevent on other Banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also to prevent on other Banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also to prevent on other Banks
+you know and uh and so on top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and uh and so on top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and uh and so on top of this
+the FED now has a line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED now has a line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED now has a line of
+credit ER for banks to not have to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit ER for banks to not have to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit ER for banks to not have to sell
+their assets for small Banks they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assets for small Banks they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assets for small Banks they can
+just pledge the assets to the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pledge the assets to the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pledge the assets to the central
+bank and get an exchange for that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and get an exchange for that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and get an exchange for that the
+cash they need okay and they can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash they need okay and they can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash they need okay and they can do that
+without recognizing the implicit loss so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without recognizing the implicit loss so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without recognizing the implicit loss so
+without marking to market the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without marking to market the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without marking to market the price of
+the bonds okay so how this mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds okay so how this mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds okay so how this mechanism
+existed before the pl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed before the pl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed before the pl of
+svb we would not have seen anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+svb we would not have seen anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+svb we would not have seen anything like
+that but the whole idea was to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the whole idea was to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the whole idea was to prevent
+that other Banks run into into that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other Banks run into into that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other Banks run into into that kind
+of trouble now the markets reacted well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trouble now the markets reacted well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trouble now the markets reacted well
+to all that overnight and so on but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all that overnight and so on but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all that overnight and so on but the
+vi kept going up this morning now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi kept going up this morning now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi kept going up this morning now it's
+coming down again I mean there's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down again I mean there's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down again I mean there's still a
+lot of stress and if you see the shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stress and if you see the shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stress and if you see the shares
+of First Republic Bank for example had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of First Republic Bank for example had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of First Republic Bank for example had
+declined by 60% today and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined by 60% today and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined by 60% today and things like
+that so so there's a still Panic going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so there's a still Panic going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so there's a still Panic going
+on okay and as a result of that ER all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay and as a result of that ER all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay and as a result of that ER all
+these indicators of stress sort of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these indicators of stress sort of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these indicators of stress sort of are
+very stressed out remember credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stressed out remember credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stressed out remember credit
+spreads I told you about that X that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads I told you about that X that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads I told you about that X that we
+had Le several lectures ago the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Le several lectures ago the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Le several lectures ago the
+probability of the fault of a bone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the fault of a bone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the fault of a bone the
+perceived probability of the fault all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived probability of the fault all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived probability of the fault all
+those things went up a lot I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things went up a lot I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things went up a lot I mean the
+Riser the bonds the closer you are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riser the bonds the closer you are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riser the bonds the closer you are to
+the financial system particular to small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial system particular to small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial system particular to small
+Banks the larger those spreads have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks the larger those spreads have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks the larger those spreads have
+become so X went up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so X went up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so X went up a
+lot this picture that comes next I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot this picture that comes next I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot this picture that comes next I find
+it very interesting from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very interesting from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very interesting from the point of
+view of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of this
+course what this is is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what this is is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what this is is the following
+this is the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the market
+expectation of the next hike by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the next hike by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the next hike by the
+fed the FED next announcement on policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed the FED next announcement on policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed the FED next announcement on policy
+rate happens on the 22nd March 22nd so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate happens on the 22nd March 22nd so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate happens on the 22nd March 22nd so
+remember what has been happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what has been happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what has been happening is that
+that that ER since the US has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that ER since the US has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that ER since the US has been
+running sort of very hot with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running sort of very hot with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running sort of very hot with lots of
+inflation interest rate were increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation interest rate were increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation interest rate were increased
+very rapidly at clips of 50 basis points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly at clips of 50 basis points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly at clips of 50 basis points
+a CLI that's very large changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CLI that's very large changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CLI that's very large changes in
+policy rate for a country as large as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy rate for a country as large as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy rate for a country as large as
+the US and and so we had this big 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and and so we had this big 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and and so we had this big 25
+basis points increases and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points increases and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points increases and a few
+meetings ago they decided to lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings ago they decided to lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings ago they decided to lower the
+pace of the increases to 25 basis points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace of the increases to 25 basis points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace of the increases to 25 basis points
+rather than 50 Bas points per meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than 50 Bas points per meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than 50 Bas points per meeting
+okay so they said we're going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they said we're going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they said we're going to keep
+raising interest rate but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising interest rate but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising interest rate but we're going to
+go out to 25 basis points now it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out to 25 basis points now it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out to 25 basis points now it turns
+out so this is 25 basis points the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is 25 basis points the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is 25 basis points the data
+has becoming very hot remember we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has becoming very hot remember we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has becoming very hot remember we said
+inflation looked to have Peak and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation looked to have Peak and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation looked to have Peak and now
+it's beginning sort of to turn around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beginning sort of to turn around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beginning sort of to turn around
+again it's beginning to rise so what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's beginning to rise so what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's beginning to rise so what has
+been happening is that the market say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been happening is that the market say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been happening is that the market say
+Okay 25% basis point is the most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay 25% basis point is the most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay 25% basis point is the most likely
+next hike but you see the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hike but you see the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hike but you see the expectation of
+that is it was sort of a steady around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it was sort of a steady around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it was sort of a steady around
+30 basis points some people expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 basis points some people expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 basis points some people expected
+some major players expected the FED to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some major players expected the FED to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some major players expected the FED to
+hike by 50 basis points not 25 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hike by 50 basis points not 25 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hike by 50 basis points not 25 basis
+points by early last week data came very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points by early last week data came very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points by early last week data came very
+hot so there was indication that clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so there was indication that clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so there was indication that clearly
+inflation was picking up again the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was picking up again the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was picking up again the labor
+market Market was very strong and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Market was very strong and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Market was very strong and so on
+so look what happened to the bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look what happened to the bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look what happened to the bets
+immediately expected value went up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately expected value went up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately expected value went up this
+is all traded it went up and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all traded it went up and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all traded it went up and and the
+expectation was for the next meeting was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation was for the next meeting was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation was for the next meeting was
+up north of of 40 basis points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up north of of 40 basis points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up north of of 40 basis points so
+essentially most of the market thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially most of the market thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially most of the market thought
+that the next hike would be 50 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next hike would be 50 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next hike would be 50 basis
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+okay but look what happened and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but look what happened and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but look what happened and then the
+problems of this with this Bank began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of this with this Bank began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of this with this Bank began
+and look how this pleted today is 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look how this pleted today is 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look how this pleted today is 15
+basis point is expected value that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis point is expected value that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis point is expected value that means
+very few people are expecting 50 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few people are expecting 50 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few people are expecting 50 basis
+point A lot of people are thinking 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A lot of people are thinking 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A lot of people are thinking 25
+still but about an equal size expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still but about an equal size expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still but about an equal size expecting
+zero so a POS in the interest rate hike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so a POS in the interest rate hike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so a POS in the interest rate hike
+by the FED okay and all that is a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the FED okay and all that is a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the FED okay and all that is a result
+of the events of the last two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the events of the last two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the events of the last two three
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+Y what is there to learn from this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what is there to learn from this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what is there to learn from this I
+guess in like the bigger structure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in like the bigger structure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in like the bigger structure or
+who's at fault is it the people who got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's at fault is it the people who got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's at fault is it the people who got
+really scared all these depositors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really scared all these depositors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really scared all these depositors that
+got potentially scared or or fearmonger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got potentially scared or or fearmonger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got potentially scared or or fearmonger
+in that capacity is it that the banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that capacity is it that the banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that capacity is it that the banks
+don't necessarily have I mean I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have I mean I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily have I mean I can't
+feel like it's an unre there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's an unre there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's an unre there are many
+good questions and and and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions and and and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions and and and you're going
+to see a lot of that and politicians are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a lot of that and politicians are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a lot of that and politicians are
+going to talk a lot about that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a lot about that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a lot about that in the
+next few days and so on it's very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few days and so on it's very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few days and so on it's very clear
+that there was some sort of regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some sort of regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some sort of regulatory
+failure here the regulator it was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure here the regulator it was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure here the regulator it was pretty
+obvious that I mean this this bank had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that I mean this this bank had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that I mean this this bank had
+doubled the asset size in in in a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled the asset size in in in a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled the asset size in in in a year
+that's already a red flag and and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already a red flag and and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already a red flag and and these
+guys are regulated by the Fed so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are regulated by the Fed so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are regulated by the Fed so the the
+s Francisco fed should have been worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Francisco fed should have been worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Francisco fed should have been worried
+about this Bank ER there is issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Bank ER there is issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Bank ER there is issues
+conventional issues of diversification I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional issues of diversification I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional issues of diversification I
+mean it's pretty crazy to have all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's pretty crazy to have all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's pretty crazy to have all your
+savings in One Bank especially if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings in One Bank especially if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings in One Bank especially if you're
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+insure there is issues there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure there is issues there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure there is issues there's
+also remember after the global financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also remember after the global financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also remember after the global financial
+crisis there's there was a bill designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis there's there was a bill designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis there's there was a bill designed
+to legislation designed to strengthen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to legislation designed to strengthen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to legislation designed to strengthen
+the balance sheet of the banks it made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet of the banks it made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet of the banks it made
+them hold a lot more cas Capital they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hold a lot more cas Capital they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hold a lot more cas Capital they
+are subject see if they're systemic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are subject see if they're systemic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are subject see if they're systemic they
+are consider they're subject to stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consider they're subject to stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consider they're subject to stress
+test where sort of regulators go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test where sort of regulators go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test where sort of regulators go in
+there and check whether portfolios can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and check whether portfolios can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and check whether portfolios can
+survive major micros shcks and so on H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive major micros shcks and so on H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive major micros shcks and so on H
+and that's that's called The Dot Frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's called The Dot Frank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's called The Dot Frank
+Bill okay so that was done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill okay so that was done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill okay so that was done in
+2018 that got partially undone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 that got partially undone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 that got partially undone and
+partially andone precisely for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially andone precisely for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially andone precisely for these
+type of Banks and these guys were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Banks and these guys were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Banks and these guys were
+actually loving for that they said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually loving for that they said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually loving for that they said okay
+why don't you because to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you because to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you because to be sort of
+really stress test and so on by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stress test and so on by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stress test and so on by the
+regular you have to be big enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular you have to be big enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular you have to be big enough to
+really be able to live a a big mess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be able to live a a big mess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be able to live a a big mess and
+and and and so what these guys and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so what these guys and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so what these guys and and
+Banks like them did is they Lobby a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks like them did is they Lobby a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks like them did is they Lobby a lot
+so they got the the the threshold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they got the the the threshold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they got the the the threshold of
+asset that you need to have in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset that you need to have in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset that you need to have in order to
+be stress stress tested and so on raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stress stress tested and so on raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stress stress tested and so on raise
+dramatically so they were right below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically so they were right below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically so they were right below
+the level that you need to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level that you need to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level that you need to be really
+sort of monitored very very closely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of monitored very very closely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of monitored very very closely by
+the regulator by the by the FED if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulator by the by the FED if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulator by the by the FED if
+you're a systemic bank then the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a systemic bank then the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a systemic bank then the FED
+regulates you these guys were lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates you these guys were lightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates you these guys were lightly
+regulated by the FED because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated by the FED because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated by the FED because they were
+below that threshold so there regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that threshold so there regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that threshold so there regulatory
+failures it's clear that the regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures it's clear that the regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures it's clear that the regulator
+fail what it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail what it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail what it did
+depositors didn't diversify enough ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositors didn't diversify enough ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositors didn't diversify enough ER
+they didn't diversify enough the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't diversify enough the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't diversify enough the bank
+itself didn't diversify enough the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself didn't diversify enough the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself didn't diversify enough the the
+source of funding I mean what is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of funding I mean what is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of funding I mean what is very
+special of this bank and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special of this bank and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special of this bank and that's what
+gives us hope that this stuff is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us hope that this stuff is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us hope that this stuff is not
+going to spread all around is that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spread all around is that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spread all around is that their
+funding was very sort of you know was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding was very sort of you know was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding was very sort of you know was
+all coming from the same sector large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coming from the same sector large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coming from the same sector large
+saver large depositors and so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saver large depositors and so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saver large depositors and so on the
+typical bank doesn't have that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical bank doesn't have that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical bank doesn't have that they have
+a much broader source of funding which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much broader source of funding which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much broader source of funding which
+is what you need because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you need because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you need because you know
+otherwise so so there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so so there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so so there are lots of
+lessons for Bankers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons for Bankers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons for Bankers for
+Regulators ER for microeconomist as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulators ER for microeconomist as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulators ER for microeconomist as well
+I mean to tell you the truth one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean to tell you the truth one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean to tell you the truth one of the
+concerns with with the pace at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns with with the pace at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns with with the pace at which the
+FED has been hik in interest rates is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED has been hik in interest rates is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED has been hik in interest rates is
+that people were wondering well do we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were wondering well do we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were wondering well do we we
+know whe something will break at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whe something will break at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whe something will break at some
+point and there was a lot of concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and there was a lot of concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and there was a lot of concern
+that something could break well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something could break well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something could break well
+something broke now and this broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something broke now and this broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something broke now and this broke
+entirely the part of the the loss comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely the part of the the loss comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely the part of the the loss comes
+entirely from interest rate highs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely from interest rate highs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely from interest rate highs
+essentially they got into a portfolio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they got into a portfolio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they got into a portfolio of
+long that was very long rat when rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that was very long rat when rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that was very long rat when rates
+began to rise so they they had losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to rise so they they had losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to rise so they they had losses
+entirely from that and that's a risk I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely from that and that's a risk I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely from that and that's a risk I
+mean when you do monetary policy is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you do monetary policy is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you do monetary policy is that
+some people will be stretch out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people will be stretch out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people will be stretch out there
+and and and if you sort of sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and if you sort of sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and if you sort of sometimes
+miss one that is important that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss one that is important that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss one that is important that that's
+very costly and I think was that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very costly and I think was that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very costly and I think was that's one
+of the reasons they wanted to lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons they wanted to lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons they wanted to lower the
+the interest R hikes from 50 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest R hikes from 50 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest R hikes from 50 basis
+points to 25 basis points because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to 25 basis points because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to 25 basis points because they
+knew that something could be fragile out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that something could be fragile out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that something could be fragile out
+there and and and this was one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and and this was one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and and this was one of those
+things so those are those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so those are those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so those are those are
+lessons now I was about to connect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons now I was about to connect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons now I was about to connect with
+the things we did in a few lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we did in a few lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we did in a few lectures ago
+I said look so this is telling you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said look so this is telling you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said look so this is telling you the
+markets when they saw this x going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets when they saw this x going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets when they saw this x going
+up and started betting that the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and started betting that the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and started betting that the that the
+FED will not hike interest rate as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED will not hike interest rate as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED will not hike interest rate as much
+and in fact that they may even pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact that they may even pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact that they may even pause
+rather than raise the interest rate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than raise the interest rate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than raise the interest rate as
+was planned they may even pause interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was planned they may even pause interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was planned they may even pause interest
+rates we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture
+seven remember in lecture seven when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven remember in lecture seven when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven remember in lecture seven when we
+talk about the expanded islm model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the expanded islm model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the expanded islm model we
+had this x variable and we said look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this x variable and we said look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this x variable and we said look if
+x goes up that measure of riskiness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x goes up that measure of riskiness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x goes up that measure of riskiness and
+so on that increases the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on that increases the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on that increases the cost of
+borrowing for the private sector that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing for the private sector that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing for the private sector that is
+like a shift in the yes to the left for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a shift in the yes to the left for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a shift in the yes to the left for
+any given safe interest rate saved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given safe interest rate saved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given safe interest rate saved by
+the central bank now all of the sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank now all of the sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank now all of the sudden
+the cost of borrowing for companies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of borrowing for companies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of borrowing for companies is
+higher and therefore this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and therefore this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and therefore this is
+contractionary okay and then we went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary okay and then we went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary okay and then we went on
+remember we went on and said well here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we went on and said well here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we went on and said well here
+it is the question what should the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the question what should the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the question what should the
+Central Bank do in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank do in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank do in this case
+in which X went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up that's was the next slide inide of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that's was the next slide inide of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that's was the next slide inide of
+fact you know lower the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know lower the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know lower the interest rate
+because there's one component of cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's one component of cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's one component of cost of
+borrowing that's going up for for ER for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing that's going up for for ER for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing that's going up for for ER for
+firms which is the X well the FED can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms which is the X well the FED can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms which is the X well the FED can
+offset that by lowering the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset that by lowering the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset that by lowering the interest
+rate now here they're not planning yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now here they're not planning yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now here they're not planning yet
+to lower the interest rate they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower the interest rate they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower the interest rate they were
+planning to raise interest and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to raise interest and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to raise interest and now
+they're slowing down that that's a bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're slowing down that that's a bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're slowing down that that's a bet
+so the market knows some basic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the market knows some basic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the market knows some basic and
+expanded islm model because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded islm model because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded islm model because that's
+that's what you know explains exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you know explains exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you know explains exactly
+what you should anticipate that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should anticipate that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should anticipate that that's
+what is likely to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is likely to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is likely to to
+happen anyways that's where we are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen anyways that's where we are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen anyways that's where we are at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment any questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment any questions about this
+otherwise I'm going to move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to move to the
+lecture really but I thought we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture really but I thought we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture really but I thought we had to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+it well in anyways if it gets a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well in anyways if it gets a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well in anyways if it gets a lot
+Messier I'm hoping that it won but if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Messier I'm hoping that it won but if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Messier I'm hoping that it won but if it
+gets a lot Messier then we can another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a lot Messier then we can another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a lot Messier then we can another
+section at the end I can replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section at the end I can replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section at the end I can replace
+something for for something on banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for for something on banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for for something on banking
+crisis and something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay which is what I teach in one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is what I teach in one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is what I teach in one of my
+graduate courses so would be would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate courses so would be would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate courses so would be would be
+fine anyway so now what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine anyway so now what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine anyway so now what I want to do is
+start this islm PC model and sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this islm PC model and sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this islm PC model and sort of the
+number the name is not very creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the name is not very creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the name is not very creative
+it's pretty obvious what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty obvious what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty obvious what we're going to
+do here no is going to combine the aslm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here no is going to combine the aslm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here no is going to combine the aslm
+with with the Philips curve and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the Philips curve and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the Philips curve and what
+this this will do for us is it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will do for us is it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will do for us is it will
+allow us to think not only about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to think not only about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to think not only about the
+impact of a policy or a shock but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of a policy or a shock but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of a policy or a shock but also
+think about what happens over time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens over time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens over time with
+that shock okay ER not to the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shock okay ER not to the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shock okay ER not to the long run
+but we call this analysis sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we call this analysis sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we call this analysis sort of the
+short run which is what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run which is what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run which is what happens in the
+very few early weeks months and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few early weeks months and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few early weeks months and what
+happens in the medium run say a year a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the medium run say a year a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the medium run say a year a
+year and a half from now and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half from now and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half from now and so this
+model will allow us to put all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+um so and But but so so so you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and But but so so so you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and But but so so so you don't get
+lost on this so the analysis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost on this so the analysis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost on this so the analysis of the
+short run essentially will remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run essentially will remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run essentially will remain
+unchanged it's is our islm mod it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged it's is our islm mod it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged it's is our islm mod it's just
+that give it a little time and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give it a little time and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give it a little time and you start
+seeing other certain effects get undone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing other certain effects get undone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing other certain effects get undone
+and some others get exacerbated and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some others get exacerbated and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some others get exacerbated and so
+on okay but but the short one is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay but but the short one is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay but but the short one is still
+islm is your basic mod but then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islm is your basic mod but then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islm is your basic mod but then we're
+going to see that things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that things happen
+over time so remember the slm model was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so remember the slm model was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so remember the slm model was
+essentially this is equilibrium in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this is equilibrium in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this is equilibrium in the
+Goods Market and then we had an LM which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods Market and then we had an LM which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods Market and then we had an LM which
+said I equal to I bar no and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I equal to I bar no and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I equal to I bar no and so I'm
+going to replace the LM already inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace the LM already inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace the LM already inside
+this and I get my islm mod so for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I get my islm mod so for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I get my islm mod so for any
+given I bar I could solve out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given I bar I could solve out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given I bar I could solve out for
+equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output
+now here I'm going to do I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here I'm going to do I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here I'm going to do I'm going to
+adopt the the the I didn't want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt the the the I didn't want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt the the the I didn't want to do it
+before but I think at this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but I think at this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but I think at this point is
+useful because of will simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because of will simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because of will simplify the
+diagrams when we draw them to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams when we draw them to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams when we draw them to really
+think of the FED as setting the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the FED as setting the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the FED as setting the real
+interest rate okay so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate okay so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate okay so I'm going to
+assume now and then I'm going to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume now and then I'm going to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume now and then I'm going to explain
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+happens when that's a bad assumption but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when that's a bad assumption but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when that's a bad assumption but
+but I'm going to assume for now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to assume for now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to assume for now that
+rather than the FED setting the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the FED setting the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the FED setting the nominal
+interest rate that the FED is set in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that the FED is set in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that the FED is set in the
+real interest rate okay so it's setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate okay so it's setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate okay so it's setting
+this and then we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we're going to talk about
+problems I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I mean in
+principle if the interest rate is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if the interest rate is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if the interest rate is not
+against the zero lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the zero lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the zero lower
+bound the FED can always do that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the FED can always do that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the FED can always do that say
+okay I'm going to give them them I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to give them them I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to give them them I'm
+going to give you the nominal interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the nominal interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the nominal interest
+rate that given this expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that given this expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that given this expected inflation
+gives me the real interest rate I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the real interest rate I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the real interest rate I want
+okay that's what the FED is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what the FED is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what the FED is really
+trying to do all the time the FED is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do all the time the FED is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do all the time the FED is not
+trying to figure out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what is the
+equilibrium nominal interest rate he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium nominal interest rate he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium nominal interest rate he's
+always trying to figure out whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always trying to figure out whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always trying to figure out whether the
+real interest rate is at the right level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate is at the right level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate is at the right level
+or not for the economy now the tool they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not for the economy now the tool they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not for the economy now the tool they
+have is a nominal interest rate but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a nominal interest rate but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a nominal interest rate but they
+are thinking thinking always about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking thinking always about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking thinking always about the
+real interest rate and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate and and and and
+sometimes there's a problem because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's a problem because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's a problem because it's
+a when you against a zero lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when you against a zero lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when you against a zero lower bound
+then you can't affect the real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't affect the real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can't affect the real interest
+in the same way but but most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way but but most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way but but most of the time
+you can and so I'm going to think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and so I'm going to think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and so I'm going to think I'm
+going to rewrite the slm mo now but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rewrite the slm mo now but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rewrite the slm mo now but I'm
+going to call this our bar and the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this our bar and the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this our bar and the bar
+is there just to tell you remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there just to tell you remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there just to tell you remind you
+that there something that the FED is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there something that the FED is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there something that the FED is
+setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+okay so that's our aslm remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's our aslm remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's our aslm remember the
+Philips curve part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips curve part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips curve part
+the Philips that was our Philips curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Philips that was our Philips curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Philips that was our Philips curve
+remember the last once we replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the last once we replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the last once we replace the
+natural rate of unemployment in there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment in there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment in there we
+had the inflation minus expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the inflation minus expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the inflation minus expected
+inflation was a decreasing function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was a decreasing function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was a decreasing function of
+the unemployment Gap okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unemployment Gap okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unemployment Gap okay so if
+unemployment was above the natural rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment was above the natural rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment was above the natural rate
+of unemployment inflation was lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unemployment inflation was lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unemployment inflation was lower than
+expected inflation and conversely if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation and conversely if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation and conversely if the
+unemployment rate was lower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate was lower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate was lower than the
+unemployment rate and I said one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate and I said one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate and I said one the
+situation of the US today is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of the US today is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of the US today is that
+everything seems to point towards toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything seems to point towards toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything seems to point towards toward
+a situation where U is below un that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where U is below un that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where U is below un that's
+the reason we're seeing sort of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we're seeing sort of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we're seeing sort of high
+inflation okay now what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay now what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay now what I'm going to do
+next is I'm going to go from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is I'm going to go from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is I'm going to go from an
+employment to Output so I can put you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment to Output so I can put you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment to Output so I can put you
+see I don't have an employment anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I don't have an employment anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I don't have an employment anywhere
+here I have output so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have output so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have output so what I want to do
+is play with the Philips curve and until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is play with the Philips curve and until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is play with the Philips curve and until
+I write it in the space of inflation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write it in the space of inflation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write it in the space of inflation and
+output not inflation and unemployment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output not inflation and unemployment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output not inflation and unemployment so
+I can put the two curves together that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can put the two curves together that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can put the two curves together that's
+what I want to remember I want to merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to remember I want to merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to remember I want to merge
+here the slm with the PC so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the slm with the PC so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the slm with the PC so I want to
+put them in the the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in the the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in the the same
+variable so remember we have operated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so remember we have operated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so remember we have operated
+with a very simple production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very simple production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very simple production function
+in which output is equal to employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which output is equal to employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which output is equal to employment
+remember that's what we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's what we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's what we assume
+employment we call it n well I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment we call it n well I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment we call it n well I can
+rewrite n employment as the labor force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite n employment as the labor force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite n employment as the labor force
+times one minus the unemployment rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one minus the unemployment rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one minus the unemployment rate
+that's employment okay so that's I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's employment okay so that's I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's employment okay so that's I can
+think of output as that similar I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of output as that similar I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of output as that similar I can
+define a what we call we don't call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a what we call we don't call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a what we call we don't call it
+natur output we call it potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natur output we call it potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natur output we call it potential
+output no and potential output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output no and potential output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output no and potential output is
+defined as as the output that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as as the output that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as as the output that you get
+when unemployment is at the natural rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when unemployment is at the natural rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when unemployment is at the natural rate
+of unemployment okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unemployment okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unemployment okay so that's a
+definition three lines the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition three lines the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition three lines the potential
+output is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is when
+when the output you get which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the output you get which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the output you get which in this
+with this production function is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this production function is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this production function is the
+employment you get when you're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment you get when you're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment you get when you're at the
+unemployment at the natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment at the natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment at the natural rate of
+unemployment and now I can construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and now I can construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and now I can construct the
+difference the minus that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the minus that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the minus that this is
+something we call the output Gap and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we call the output Gap and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we call the output Gap and you
+may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+hear typically when people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear typically when people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear typically when people talk
+about issues of monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about issues of monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about issues of monetary
+policy often is described in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy often is described in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy often is described in terms of
+this variable More Than This Gap say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable More Than This Gap say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable More Than This Gap say
+people talk about the output Gap if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about the output Gap if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about the output Gap if the
+output Gap is positive that means output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output Gap is positive that means output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output Gap is positive that means output
+is above the natural rate of out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above the natural rate of out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above the natural rate of out the
+potential output when the output Gap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential output when the output Gap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential output when the output Gap is
+negative output is below potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative output is below potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative output is below potential
+output so I can re write this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so I can re write this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so I can re write this you know
+this minus that is just that and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus that is just that and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus that is just that and now I
+can I can replace uus un n here for H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can replace uus un n here for H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can replace uus un n here for H
+minus Yus YN / L and I get the Philips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Yus YN / L and I get the Philips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Yus YN / L and I get the Philips
+curve now written in terms of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now written in terms of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now written in terms of the output
+Gap and inflation so this says when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap and inflation so this says when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap and inflation so this says when
+output is above potential output when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is above potential output when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is above potential output when
+the output Gap is positive then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output Gap is positive then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output Gap is positive then
+inflation exceed expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation exceed expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation exceed expected inflation
+conversely when output is below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely when output is below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely when output is below
+potential output then inflation is below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential output then inflation is below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential output then inflation is below
+expected inflation okay but the logic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation okay but the logic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation okay but the logic is
+exactly the same as the logic we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as the logic we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as the logic we had
+here why is that this happens well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why is that this happens well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why is that this happens well
+because when output is above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when output is above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when output is above the
+potential output that means also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential output that means also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential output that means also
+unemployment is lower than the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment is lower than the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment is lower than the natural
+rate of unemployment okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of unemployment okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of unemployment okay so that's a
+that's the logic any question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the logic any question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the logic any question about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+no okay good so anyway so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay good so anyway so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay good so anyway so now we have a
+a Philips curve and our aslm model so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Philips curve and our aslm model so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Philips curve and our aslm model so so
+let's put them together and suppose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put them together and suppose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put them together and suppose for
+now and when last example when I carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and when last example when I carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and when last example when I carry
+around is that expected inflation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around is that expected inflation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around is that expected inflation is
+equal to lag inflation so this a case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lag inflation so this a case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lag inflation so this a case in
+which expected inflation is not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which expected inflation is not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which expected inflation is not well
+anchor and then we're want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor and then we're want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor and then we're want to talk about
+what happens when it's anchor and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when it's anchor and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when it's anchor and not
+anchor so suppose that that inflation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor so suppose that that inflation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor so suppose that that inflation is
+actually whatever is this year's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually whatever is this year's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually whatever is this year's
+inflation that's what you expect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation that's what you expect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation that's what you expect for
+next year okay so here I have an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year okay so here I have an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year okay so here I have an example
+in which here I'm plotting our islm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which here I'm plotting our islm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which here I'm plotting our islm now
+which I'm using remember the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm using remember the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm using remember the real
+interest right here here H and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest right here here H and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest right here here H and in this
+diagram down here I'm plotting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram down here I'm plotting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram down here I'm plotting the
+Philips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips
+curve okay so first thing let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay so first thing let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay so first thing let's look
+about this Philip SC why is that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Philip SC why is that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Philip SC why is that where
+sloping here is output so this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping here is output so this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping here is output so this this is a
+parameter Pi n so and and and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Pi n so and and and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Pi n so and and and this is
+the left hand side variable so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side variable so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side variable so it's
+obviously increasing in output why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously increasing in output why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously increasing in output why is
+that well because if output grows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well because if output grows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well because if output grows that
+means unemployment goes down that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means unemployment goes down that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means unemployment goes down that means
+wages go up prices go up and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages go up prices go up and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages go up prices go up and you get
+inflation that's a mechanism okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation that's a mechanism okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation that's a mechanism okay so in
+this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+example we have this is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have this is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have this is the real
+interest rate that the FED has set at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that the FED has set at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that the FED has set at
+this moment that's equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment that's equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment that's equilibrium output
+what I'm trying to tell you here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to tell you here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to tell you here is that
+nothing has change in the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing has change in the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing has change in the way you
+calculate equilibrium output you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate equilibrium output you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate equilibrium output you just
+use for that you only need the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for that you only need the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for that you only need the stop
+diagram in the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in the short
+run I tell you what the real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run I tell you what the real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run I tell you what the real interest
+rate is set by the is which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is set by the is which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is set by the is which is a
+decision by the Fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision by the Fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision by the Fed
+then I know where my is is I can pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know where my is is I can pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know where my is is I can pin
+down output I don't need this diagram to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down output I don't need this diagram to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down output I don't need this diagram to
+really pin down equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pin down equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pin down equilibrium output
+okay nothing is different there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nothing is different there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nothing is different there
+but and this is an example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and this is an example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and this is an example in this
+particular case we have that inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case we have that inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case we have that inflation
+is rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rising
+here and the question is why so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the question is why so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the question is why so for this
+what I'm trying to say is that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say is that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say is that for this
+is which is a function of fiscal policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is a function of fiscal policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is a function of fiscal policy
+of how confident consumers are and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how confident consumers are and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how confident consumers are and stuff
+like that if the FED chooses this real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if the FED chooses this real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if the FED chooses this real
+interest rate we end up with this output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate we end up with this output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate we end up with this output
+but it turns out that this level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that this level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that this level of
+output is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is increasing
+inflation and the increase in inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and the increase in inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and the increase in inflation
+I can read here I see the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can read here I see the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can read here I see the change in
+inflation is positive here why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is positive here why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is positive here why is this
+happening um if you're changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um if you're changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um if you're changing the
+alpha that means you have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha that means you have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha that means you have a different
+level ofemployment which changes the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level ofemployment which changes the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level ofemployment which changes the um
+expected inflation R yeah well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation R yeah well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation R yeah well actually
+here I don't need to take take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't need to take take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't need to take take this
+diagram would have also work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram would have also work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram would have also work with
+expected inflation as a constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation as a constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation as a constant here
+I'm I'm more looking at what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm more looking at what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm more looking at what happens to
+inflation I'm saying if output is above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation I'm saying if output is above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation I'm saying if output is above
+the natural rate of output then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of output then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of output then
+inflation is above expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is above expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is above expected inflation
+but I can take expected inflation as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can take expected inflation as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can take expected inflation as a
+constant in fact here it is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in fact here it is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in fact here it is a constant
+because constant in the sense that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because constant in the sense that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because constant in the sense that is
+given at time T because it's a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given at time T because it's a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given at time T because it's a previous
+year's inflation but what is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's inflation but what is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's inflation but what is important
+is that you have too much aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have too much aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have too much aggregate
+demand this economy is running very hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand this economy is running very hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand this economy is running very hot
+if output is positive then that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if output is positive then that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if output is positive then that is going
+to lead to inflationary pressures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to inflationary pressures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to inflationary pressures in
+this particular model where expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular model where expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular model where expected
+inflation is equal to l inflation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is equal to l inflation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is equal to l inflation this
+is pretty bad because not only you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty bad because not only you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty bad because not only you get
+inflation above the target of the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation above the target of the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation above the target of the FED
+but inflation is rising over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but inflation is rising over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but inflation is rising over
+time so this is a case in which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is a case in which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is a case in which this
+Central Bank is setting the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank is setting the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank is setting the real
+interest rate too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate too
+low okay now you may want Japan is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low okay now you may want Japan is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low okay now you may want Japan is doing
+a little bit of this but they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of this but they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of this but they have a
+reason is that they have had inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that they have had inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that they have had inflation
+so low that it makes sense for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so low that it makes sense for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so low that it makes sense for them to
+build a little a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a little a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a little a little
+inflation in the US it made less sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in the US it made less sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in the US it made less sense
+remember the US got into trouble because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the US got into trouble because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the US got into trouble because
+it was in a situation like this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in a situation like this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in a situation like this for a
+long period of time I mean the you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time I mean the you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time I mean the you the
+reason we have today 6% inflation well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we have today 6% inflation well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we have today 6% inflation well
+depends which indicator you use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends which indicator you use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends which indicator you use is
+because the US experience sort of a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the US experience sort of a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the US experience sort of a year
+with a situation like this a year and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a situation like this a year and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a situation like this a year and a
+half okay and that's what sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay and that's what sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay and that's what sometimes
+people said the Fed was behind the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said the Fed was behind the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said the Fed was behind the curve
+they they for for a variety of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they for for a variety of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they for for a variety of reasons
+one initially potential output the Cline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one initially potential output the Cline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one initially potential output the Cline
+because of all the covid related issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of all the covid related issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of all the covid related issues
+they expected that to recover quickly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expected that to recover quickly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expected that to recover quickly so
+they says well let it go because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they says well let it go because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they says well let it go because I'm not
+going to start moving my policy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start moving my policy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start moving my policy right
+around for something that will recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for something that will recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for something that will recover
+quickly as soon as Co is gone well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as soon as Co is gone well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as soon as Co is gone well it
+took longer to recover and then it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took longer to recover and then it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took longer to recover and then it came
+the sort of the Russian war shock and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the Russian war shock and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the Russian war shock and so
+on and so natural rate of unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so natural rate of unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so natural rate of unemployment
+moved to the left to start and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to the left to start and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to the left to start and second
+because of an enormous policy support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an enormous policy support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an enormous policy support
+primarily H and the fact that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily H and the fact that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily H and the fact that that
+houses were able to save a lot during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses were able to save a lot during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses were able to save a lot during
+it there was a lot of pent up demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there was a lot of pent up demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there was a lot of pent up demand
+then we had enormous aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had enormous aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had enormous aggregate demand
+when we came out of it and the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we came out of it and the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we came out of it and the real
+interestate that we had was just way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestate that we had was just way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestate that we had was just way too
+low for all that agregate demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low for all that agregate demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low for all that agregate demand and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+low potential output so we were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low potential output so we were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low potential output so we were in a
+situation like this and inflation began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like this and inflation began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like this and inflation began
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+climb initially expected inflation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb initially expected inflation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb initially expected inflation was
+very well anchor and then we began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well anchor and then we began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well anchor and then we began to
+lose the anchor then we recover it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the anchor then we recover it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the anchor then we recover it and
+and now we're losing it again we shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're losing it again we shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're losing it again we shall
+see what happens after this current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens after this current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens after this current
+episode but that was exactly a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode but that was exactly a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode but that was exactly a situation
+of the US and of most economies around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US and of most economies around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US and of most economies around
+the world China is in a different story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world China is in a different story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world China is in a different story
+but in most economies around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in most economies around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in most economies around the world
+you certainly Europe all of them the UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly Europe all of them the UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly Europe all of them the UK
+Continental Europe and the UK Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental Europe and the UK Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental Europe and the UK Latin
+America when you look the situation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America when you look the situation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America when you look the situation was
+like that just real interest were way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that just real interest were way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that just real interest were way
+too low for a um um the natural rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low for a um um the natural rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low for a um um the natural rate the
+potential the level of the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the level of the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the level of the potential
+output we had at that time and so we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output we had at that time and so we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output we had at that time and so we got
+into situation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into situation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into situation like this
+okay so that's the short run in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the short run in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the short run in the
+short run if you have an interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run if you have an interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run if you have an interest rate
+that is very low I mean again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very low I mean again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very low I mean again in the
+short run you you know how to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run you you know how to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run you you know how to determine
+output given a real interest rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output given a real interest rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output given a real interest rate and
+then now you can say a little more say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you can say a little more say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you can say a little more say
+okay but that's going to put inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's going to put inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's going to put inflation
+it's going to cause inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to cause inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to cause inflationary
+pressures up or down depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures up or down depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures up or down depending on
+whether you are to the right or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you are to the right or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you are to the right or to the
+left of the natural rate of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the natural rate of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the natural rate of output
+that's a new twist about the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new twist about the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new twist about the short run
+that you know but now let's start moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know but now let's start moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know but now let's start moving
+over time so what happens over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so what happens over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so what happens over
+time well first let me Define something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well first let me Define something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well first let me Define something
+well potential output we know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well potential output we know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well potential output we know what it is
+but I'm going to define something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to define something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to define something which
+is called the natural rate of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the natural rate of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the natural rate of interest
+rate sometimes called the neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate sometimes called the neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate sometimes called the neutral
+interest rate sometimes called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate sometimes called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate sometimes called the
+weelian interest rate let me not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weelian interest rate let me not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weelian interest rate let me not get
+into that story but I'm going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that story but I'm going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that story but I'm going to Define
+implicitly the natural rate of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly the natural rate of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly the natural rate of interest
+rate or the neutral rate of interest or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or the neutral rate of interest or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or the neutral rate of interest or
+some people call it rst star you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people call it rst star you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people call it rst star you may
+have heard of RS star in the newspapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of RS star in the newspapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of RS star in the newspapers
+people talk about R star when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about R star when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about R star when they are
+talking about RAR they're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about RAR they're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about RAR they're talking about
+that okay is simply the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay is simply the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay is simply the interest rate
+that that makes the natur the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that makes the natur the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that makes the natur the potential
+output the equilibrium of the Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the equilibrium of the Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the equilibrium of the Goods
+Market okay so I'm solving implicitly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market okay so I'm solving implicitly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market okay so I'm solving implicitly I
+say I want to get as a result as an I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I want to get as a result as an I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I want to get as a result as an I
+want to get as a result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get as a result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get as a result of this
+equilibrium here H the natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium here H the natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium here H the natural rate of
+output what is the interest I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what is the interest I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what is the interest I need to
+pick so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick so that's the
+case okay so I want to get the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay so I want to get the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay so I want to get the natural
+rate of output here the potential output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of output here the potential output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of output here the potential output
+I know that there is an interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that there is an interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that there is an interest rate
+real interest rate at which that holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate at which that holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate at which that holds
+no it's a matter looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's a matter looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's a matter looking for the
+interest rate that does that and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that does that and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that does that and in this
+particular diagram is this you see at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular diagram is this you see at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular diagram is this you see at
+this interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interest
+rate the ASI equilibrium output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the ASI equilibrium output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the ASI equilibrium output is
+exactly the natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the natural rate of
+output okay so what I know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay so what I know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay so what I know is that
+eventually the economy will have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the economy will have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the economy will have to go
+there no eventually the economy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no eventually the economy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no eventually the economy will
+have to go there so how will this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go there so how will this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go there so how will this happen
+in practice the way we happen is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice the way we happen is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice the way we happen is okay
+this is the point we were at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point we were at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point we were at in the
+previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide
+no so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so we were
+here well that's building in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well that's building in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well that's building in
+inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary
+pressure what do you think will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure what do you think will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure what do you think will happen
+inflation start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+climbing who will react who is in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing who will react who is in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing who will react who is in charge
+not letting inflation get get carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away Central Bank know the Fed so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away Central Bank know the Fed so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away Central Bank know the Fed so what
+they'll start doing is hiking interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll start doing is hiking interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll start doing is hiking interest
+rate which is exactly what they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is exactly what they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is exactly what they have
+been doing no and as they hike interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing no and as they hike interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing no and as they hike interest
+rate you know they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you know they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you know they're going to
+keep they take they start increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep they take they start increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep they take they start increasing the
+real interest rate interest until they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate interest until they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate interest until they
+get to this point okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this point okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this point okay that's
+idea so the point is that in the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so the point is that in the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so the point is that in the medium
+run a a the real interest real variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a a the real interest real variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a a the real interest real variables
+determine real variables not monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine real variables not monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine real variables not monetary
+policy monetary policy has to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy monetary policy has to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy monetary policy has to follow
+whatever it is that the economy throws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that the economy throws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that the economy throws
+at them banks have to follow whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them banks have to follow whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them banks have to follow whatever is
+the real interest rate if they made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest rate if they made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest rate if they made a
+mistake and they set an real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and they set an real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and they set an real interest
+rate which is not consistent with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is not consistent with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is not consistent with a
+stable inflation they're going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable inflation they're going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable inflation they're going to learn
+about it and over time they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and over time they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and over time they're going to
+have to fix that and when will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fix that and when will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fix that and when will the
+problem go away only when H they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem go away only when H they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem go away only when H they they
+reach the natural rate of unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the natural rate of unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the natural rate of unemployment
+okay and so that's what will happen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's what will happen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's what will happen as
+the real interest start going up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest start going up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest start going up from
+here to there then you start seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to there then you start seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to there then you start seeing the
+change in inflation this particular mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in inflation this particular mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in inflation this particular mole
+ER um declining and declining and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER um declining and declining and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER um declining and declining and when
+you get to an natural rate of output at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to an natural rate of output at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to an natural rate of output at
+least you get a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inflation is this adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is this adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is this adjustment
+clear okay good okay so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay good okay so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay good okay so that's what
+happened in the medium run so the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the medium run so the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the medium run so the medium
+run is described as moving from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run is described as moving from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run is described as moving from that
+point here the whole process of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here the whole process of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here the whole process of going
+back to a situation where we converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a situation where we converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a situation where we converge to
+the Natural rate of interest rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Natural rate of interest rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Natural rate of interest rate and
+therefore the natural rate of output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the natural rate of output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the natural rate of output and
+the natural rate of unemployment and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment and all
+these kind of things okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things okay so that's the
+short run is whatever his output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run is whatever his output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run is whatever his output is
+That's So slm the medium run is whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's So slm the medium run is whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's So slm the medium run is whatever
+the the natural rate tells you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the natural rate tells you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the natural rate tells you should be
+the natural rate of unemployment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment the
+natural rate of output and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of output and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of output and therefore the
+natural rate of interest rate or weelian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of interest rate or weelian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of interest rate or weelian
+interest rate or the neutral interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate or the neutral interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate or the neutral interest
+rate or our star that's all pinned down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or our star that's all pinned down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or our star that's all pinned down
+there in the in the in the medium run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the in the in the medium run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the in the in the medium run
+and the transition is obviously going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transition is obviously going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transition is obviously going
+from the short run like pure LS slm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the short run like pure LS slm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the short run like pure LS slm to
+the Natural rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Natural rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Natural rate
+type analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type analysis
+okay now I assume here and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I assume here and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I assume here and that's
+related to your answer I assume here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to your answer I assume here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to your answer I assume here
+that expected inflation was an anchor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expected inflation was an anchor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expected inflation was an anchor
+that is that expected inflation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that expected inflation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that expected inflation was
+equal to l inflation that's I I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to l inflation that's I I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to l inflation that's I I told you
+before that's not what Central One banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that's not what Central One banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that's not what Central One banks
+want to be because that means that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be because that means that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be because that means that if
+you mess up inflation is high and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mess up inflation is high and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mess up inflation is high and and
+then in order to bring it down you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in order to bring it down you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in order to bring it down you also
+have to bring down expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to bring down expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to bring down expected inflation
+you need to cause a recession and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to cause a recession and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to cause a recession and you
+can see that here so suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that here so suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that here so suppose that the
+Central Bank starts with the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank starts with the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank starts with the level of
+inflation that it like suppose that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation that it like suppose that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation that it like suppose that this
+is the model so what I said before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the model so what I said before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the model so what I said before the
+expected inflation is equal to lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation is equal to lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation is equal to lag
+inflation suppose that the Central Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation suppose that the Central Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation suppose that the Central Bank
+starts at the level of inflation that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at the level of inflation that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at the level of inflation that it
+likes 2% in the US okay I suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes 2% in the US okay I suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes 2% in the US okay I suppose that
+for whatever reason whatever shock it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason whatever shock it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason whatever shock it
+finds itself with an interest rate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds itself with an interest rate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds itself with an interest rate that
+is too low a real interest rate is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too low a real interest rate is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too low a real interest rate is too
+low that means in inflation exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low that means in inflation exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low that means in inflation exceeds
+expected inflation which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation which was
+2% well by next year say this suppos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% well by next year say this suppos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% well by next year say this suppos
+this Gap is 2% well by next year the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gap is 2% well by next year the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gap is 2% well by next year the G
+inflation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is
+4% okay so if your inflation is 4% in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% okay so if your inflation is 4% in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% okay so if your inflation is 4% in
+fact in the US it got to be 9% if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in the US it got to be 9% if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in the US it got to be 9% if you
+are at 9% level of inflation and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at 9% level of inflation and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at 9% level of inflation and this is
+the model of expected for expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of expected for expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of expected for expected
+inflation you have then Houston you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation you have then Houston you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation you have then Houston you have
+a problem because it's not enough with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem because it's not enough with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem because it's not enough with
+raising interest rate up to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising interest rate up to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising interest rate up to this point
+suppose that the FED says wow I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the FED says wow I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the FED says wow I don't
+like 9% I'm going to go back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 9% I'm going to go back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 9% I'm going to go back to that
+that clearly tells me that my output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clearly tells me that my output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clearly tells me that my output is
+way above the natural rate of output I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way above the natural rate of output I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way above the natural rate of output I'm
+going to hike interest rate and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hike interest rate and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hike interest rate and somebody
+tells the fed this is your natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the fed this is your natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the fed this is your natural
+interest rate a very good research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate a very good research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate a very good research
+Department tells him look this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department tells him look this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department tells him look this is your
+natural interest hike it to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural interest hike it to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural interest hike it to there
+suppose the FED hikes the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the FED hikes the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the FED hikes the interest rate
+to that point what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that point what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that point what
+happens so the FED realized here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so the FED realized here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so the FED realized here this
+was going really wrong they end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going really wrong they end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going really wrong they end up with
+9% inflation so but somebody tells him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9% inflation so but somebody tells him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9% inflation so but somebody tells him
+look this is your natural your neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this is your natural your neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this is your natural your neutral
+interest rate your R star bring it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate your R star bring it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate your R star bring it there
+and the FED immediately reacts and takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the FED immediately reacts and takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the FED immediately reacts and takes
+it there what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there what
+happened is the Fed happy with the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is the Fed happy with the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is the Fed happy with the final
+outcome and supposed the res Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and supposed the res Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and supposed the res Department
+was really good so they got got it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really good so they got got it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really good so they got got it right
+so the r star was the right R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the r star was the right R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the r star was the right R
+star okay and the FED implemented that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star okay and the FED implemented that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star okay and the FED implemented that
+policy move interest rate suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy move interest rate suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy move interest rate suppose that
+the interest rate the real interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate the real interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate the real interest rate
+they had was minus 1% I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had was minus 1% I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had was minus 1% I'm telling you
+numbers that are not that different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are not that different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are not that different from
+what we had minus 1% and and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had minus 1% and and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had minus 1% and and and the
+research Department tells no your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Department tells no your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Department tells no your your
+RN is really 1% so they hike interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN is really 1% so they hike interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN is really 1% so they hike interest
+rate by 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate by 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate by 2%
+immediately and now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+so I guess that question is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess that question is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess that question is a little
+bague but but I'm saying is the Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bague but but I'm saying is the Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bague but but I'm saying is the Central
+Bank happy now that it o I got we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank happy now that it o I got we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank happy now that it o I got we got
+the right natural rate neutral rate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right natural rate neutral rate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right natural rate neutral rate it's
+called neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called neutral
+rate well I'm telling you I wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate well I'm telling you I wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate well I'm telling you I wouldn't be
+asking you if the Fed was happy after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you if the Fed was happy after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you if the Fed was happy after
+that so why do you think why why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so why do you think why why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so why do you think why why are
+they unhappy why is the Fed unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they unhappy why is the Fed unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they unhappy why is the Fed unhappy
+after that not unhappy with the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that not unhappy with the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that not unhappy with the policy
+but but but when I'm saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but when I'm saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but when I'm saying the
+adjustment is not completed at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment is not completed at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment is not completed at that
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why and I'm trying to make the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and I'm trying to make the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and I'm trying to make the bigger
+point for why central banks are so eager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for why central banks are so eager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for why central banks are so eager
+to maintain credibility and not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain credibility and not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain credibility and not have
+this kind of model of expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of model of expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of model of expected inflation
+they want the markets to believe them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want the markets to believe them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want the markets to believe them
+that that they have a Target and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that they have a Target and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that they have a Target and that
+they're going to go to that Target and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go to that Target and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go to that Target and
+and that to set their expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that to set their expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that to set their expected inflation
+equal to that constant equal to a Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that constant equal to a Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to that constant equal to a Target
+that's what they dream with because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they dream with because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they dream with because if
+they don't get that if they get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get that if they get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get that if they get this
+instead things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead things are
+nasty and I'm trying to describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty and I'm trying to describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty and I'm trying to describe that
+Nas what what what is happening now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nas what what what is happening now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nas what what what is happening now so
+what happens here okay so so so we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here okay so so so we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here okay so so so we went
+here inflation got to be 9% and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here inflation got to be 9% and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here inflation got to be 9% and now the
+FED boom hike interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED boom hike interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED boom hike interest rate
+by 200 basis point it got to the Natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 200 basis point it got to the Natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 200 basis point it got to the Natural
+rate we're back at output equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we're back at output equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we're back at output equal to
+Natural rate of output what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural rate of output what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural rate of output what is happening
+to inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so now we're back at the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now we're back at the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now we're back at the natural
+what is happening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening to
+inflation well this diagram tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation well this diagram tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation well this diagram tells you
+something very specific it says it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very specific it says it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very specific it says it's not
+changing so now your inflation at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so now your inflation at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so now your inflation at least
+is not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not changing
+okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+good at least not Rising here it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at least not Rising here it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at least not Rising here it was
+Rising it's not changing but what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising it's not changing but what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising it's not changing but what is the
+problem inflation not changing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem inflation not changing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem inflation not changing when
+you're at 9% is not a good outcome for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at 9% is not a good outcome for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at 9% is not a good outcome for
+the FED want 2% not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED want 2% not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED want 2% not
+9% okay so they when you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9% okay so they when you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9% okay so they when you have this
+modification you need to do more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification you need to do more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification you need to do more than
+that you know because you need to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know because you need to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know because you need to bring
+expected inflation down so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation down so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation down so you need to
+overshoot a Fed that finds itself with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot a Fed that finds itself with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot a Fed that finds itself with
+9% inflation and has expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9% inflation and has expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9% inflation and has expected inflation
+and anchor needs to be inflation much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anchor needs to be inflation much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anchor needs to be inflation much
+lower so needs to raise interest in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so needs to raise interest in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so needs to raise interest in the
+short run much higher than the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run much higher than the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run much higher than the natural
+rate of interest rate so it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of interest rate so it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of interest rate so it gets
+negative inflation here so you can bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative inflation here so you can bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative inflation here so you can bring
+the 9% back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 9% back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 9% back to
+2% no so I have to generate a minus 7%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% no so I have to generate a minus 7%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% no so I have to generate a minus 7%
+here and to generate a minus 7% here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and to generate a minus 7% here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and to generate a minus 7% here I
+need to bring output much below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to bring output much below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to bring output much below the
+natural rate of output I need to cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of output I need to cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of output I need to cause a
+big recession to do that and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big recession to do that and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big recession to do that and that's the
+reason the bank central banks don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the bank central banks don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the bank central banks don't want
+to be in this scenario because with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in this scenario because with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in this scenario because with this
+of inflation if expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inflation if expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inflation if expected inflation
+becomes an anchor then there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an anchor then there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an anchor then there's no way
+around that the FED will have to cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that the FED will have to cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that the FED will have to cause a
+big recession to get out of inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big recession to get out of inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big recession to get out of inflationary
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay contrast that with a case in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay contrast that with a case in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay contrast that with a case in which
+the market the expected inflation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market the expected inflation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market the expected inflation is not
+equal to lag inflation but is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lag inflation but is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lag inflation but is equal to
+whatever the FED tells them is the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the FED tells them is the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the FED tells them is the long
+run average 2% so now suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run average 2% so now suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run average 2% so now suppose that
+therefore rather than having here Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore rather than having here Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore rather than having here Pi
+minus one I have that Target Pi Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I have that Target Pi Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I have that Target Pi Bar
+which is 2% so yeah we got to 9% but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2% so yeah we got to 9% but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2% so yeah we got to 9% but for
+the FED to go back to say the FED would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED to go back to say the FED would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED to go back to say the FED would
+say whoop I mess up you know clearly set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whoop I mess up you know clearly set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whoop I mess up you know clearly set
+a real interest that was way too low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real interest that was way too low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real interest that was way too low and
+so I end up with 9% inflation but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I end up with 9% inflation but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I end up with 9% inflation but if
+credibility is maintained and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility is maintained and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility is maintained and still
+people expect 2% in the medium run then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people expect 2% in the medium run then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people expect 2% in the medium run then
+that means that the FED doesn't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the FED doesn't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the FED doesn't need to
+cause a recession to bring inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a recession to bring inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a recession to bring inflation
+back to the normal level it just needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the normal level it just needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the normal level it just needs
+to bring output to a level equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring output to a level equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring output to a level equal to
+potential out so it just need to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential out so it just need to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential out so it just need to raise
+interest to RN to the Natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to RN to the Natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to RN to the Natural rate of
+the r star not to our Star Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r star not to our Star Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r star not to our Star Plus
+something in order to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in order to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in order to have this
+inflation in the short okay and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in the short okay and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in the short okay and we're
+there at this moment in the verge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at this moment in the verge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at this moment in the verge of
+these two worlds we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two worlds we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two worlds we have been
+alternating between the two worlds still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating between the two worlds still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating between the two worlds still
+more biased towards the good World in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more biased towards the good World in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more biased towards the good World in
+which really the FED doesn't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really the FED doesn't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really the FED doesn't need to
+cause a the need the FED needs to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a the need the FED needs to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a the need the FED needs to slow
+down the economy because it still need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the economy because it still need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the economy because it still need
+to bring out put down to YN but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring out put down to YN but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring out put down to YN but that's a
+small change in practice all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change in practice all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change in practice all these
+things are growing over time it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are growing over time it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are growing over time it just
+means that the economy grows at a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the economy grows at a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the economy grows at a lower
+pace for a few quarters okay but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace for a few quarters okay but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace for a few quarters okay but it's
+very different to have to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different to have to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different to have to bring
+temporarily output down here because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily output down here because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily output down here because for
+that you need to sort of bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to sort of bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to sort of bring the
+growth has to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth has to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth has to become
+negative for some period of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative for some period of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative for some period of time in
+order to bring inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to bring inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to bring inflation
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big lessons from uh this part is that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big lessons from uh this part is that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big lessons from uh this part is that as
+I said before in the M run so so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before in the M run so so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before in the M run so so I
+haven't changed at I haven't changed any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed at I haven't changed any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed at I haven't changed any
+of the two models I told you what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two models I told you what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two models I told you what was
+the model of the short run the slm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of the short run the slm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of the short run the slm
+that's still true here I told you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still true here I told you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still true here I told you then
+what was the model of the natural rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the model of the natural rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the model of the natural rate
+of unemployment and all that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unemployment and all that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unemployment and all that and that
+there we didn't have any monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we didn't have any monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we didn't have any monetary policy
+or anything like that we we look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that we we look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that we we look at what
+happened in the labor market and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the labor market and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the labor market and we
+determin the natural rate of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin the natural rate of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin the natural rate of an
+employment and that was it okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and that was it okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and that was it okay so so
+the medium run here is when we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium run here is when we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium run here is when we are in
+that world which has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world which has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world which has nothing to do with
+monetary policy it has all to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy it has all to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy it has all to do with
+real variables okay what is a n what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real variables okay what is a n what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real variables okay what is a n what is
+a equilibrium long-ter real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equilibrium long-ter real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equilibrium long-ter real interest
+rate what is a natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what is a natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what is a natural rate of
+unemployment things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment things of that
+kind um but monetary policy what does do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind um but monetary policy what does do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind um but monetary policy what does do
+is certainly determine in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is certainly determine in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is certainly determine in the short run
+equilibrium output and but in the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output and but in the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output and but in the medium
+run it's is determines what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it's is determines what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it's is determines what is the
+nominal interest rate equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate equilibrium
+nominal interest rate and the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate and the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate and the level of
+inflation because the economy will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation because the economy will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation because the economy will have
+a real interest rate which is the rst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real interest rate which is the rst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real interest rate which is the rst
+star and RN the economy has RN but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and RN the economy has RN but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and RN the economy has RN but the
+fed and the FED will not get to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed and the FED will not get to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed and the FED will not get to pick
+what RN is the only thing that the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what RN is the only thing that the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what RN is the only thing that the FED
+will get to pick in the medium run is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to pick in the medium run is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to pick in the medium run is
+what is a nominal interest rate that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a nominal interest rate that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a nominal interest rate that is
+consistent with that RN because supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that RN because supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that RN because supposed
+the RN is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RN is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RN is say
+2% if the if the economy ends up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% if the if the economy ends up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% if the if the economy ends up having
+3% inflation on average that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% inflation on average that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% inflation on average that means that
+the nominal interest r rate for the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal interest r rate for the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal interest r rate for the long
+run is going to have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run is going to have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run is going to have to be
+5% is instead that economy has 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% is instead that economy has 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% is instead that economy has 2%
+inflation average then that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation average then that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation average then that means that
+the the long run nominal interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the long run nominal interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the long run nominal interest rate
+will be 4% so monetary policy affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 4% so monetary policy affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 4% so monetary policy affects
+the nominal interest rate nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal interest rate nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal interest rate nominal
+variables in the M run but not the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the M run but not the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the M run but not the real
+variables the real variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the real variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the real variables are
+determined by the real sector and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the real sector and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the real sector and that's
+often refer as the neutrality of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often refer as the neutrality of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often refer as the neutrality of money
+in the medium run and the long run money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium run and the long run money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medium run and the long run money
+tends to be neutral and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be neutral and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be neutral and that's that's
+what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means
+that real variables are determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real variables are determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real variables are determined by
+something entirely different but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something entirely different but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something entirely different but in the
+short run monetary policy is the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run monetary policy is the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run monetary policy is the main
+game game in town and in the medium run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game game in town and in the medium run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game game in town and in the medium run
+it's just about inflation it's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just about inflation it's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just about inflation it's not about
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+um Let me let me stop here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QmV7FOXijMo.txt b/QmV7FOXijMo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8766b1c32ea918d79b79eb303edbd1104779548b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QmV7FOXijMo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3445 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's start.
+
+So let's review what
+we've been trying
+
+to do in the past few lectures.
+
+It's to understand a typical
+situation involving something
+
+like a gas, which,
+let's say, initially
+
+is in one half of the container.
+
+And then expands until it
+occupies the entire container,
+
+going from one equilibrium state
+to another equilibrium state.
+
+Question is, how
+to describe this
+
+from the perspective of
+microscopic degrees of freedom,
+
+getting the idea
+that eventually you
+
+will come to some
+form of equilibrium.
+
+And actually, more seriously,
+quantifying the process
+
+and timescales by which the
+gas comes to equilibrium.
+
+So the first stage was to
+say that we will describe
+
+the process by looking at
+the density, which describes
+
+the number of representative
+examples of the system, whose
+
+collections of
+coordinates and momenta
+
+occupy a particular point in
+the 6N-dimensional phase space.
+
+So basically, this is a function
+that depends on 6N coordinates.
+
+And of course, it changes
+as a function of time.
+
+And we saw that,
+basically, if we
+
+were to look at how
+this set of points
+
+were streaming in
+phase space, and this
+
+can be mathematically
+represented
+
+by looking at the
+direct time dependence
+
+and the implicit time
+dependence of all
+
+of the coordinates captured
+through the Poisson bracket.
+
+And the answer was that
+it is a characteristic
+
+of the type of Hamiltonian
+evolution equations,
+
+that the flow is such that
+the phase space does not
+
+change volume.
+
+And hence, this quantity is 0.
+
+We said, OK, all
+of that is fine.
+
+But what does that tell me
+about how this gas is expanding?
+
+So for that, we
+said that we need
+
+to look at descriptions that
+are more appropriate to thinking
+
+about the volume and
+density of a gas expanding.
+
+And we really want
+to capture that
+
+through the
+one-particle density.
+
+But along the way, we
+introduced s particle densities,
+
+normalized up to something,
+to correspond to, essentially,
+
+integrating over all
+of the coordinates
+
+that we're not interested in.
+
+Say coordinates pertaining
+to numbers s plus 1 to N,
+
+corresponding
+6N-dimensional phase
+
+space and the entire [INAUDIBLE]
+of this density or probability.
+
+Then the next stage was to
+be more specific about what
+
+governs the evolution of
+these gas particles, i.e.,
+
+what is the Hamiltonian.
+
+And we said, let's focus on
+an N particle Hamiltonian that
+
+is composed, by
+necessity certainly,
+
+of one-body terms that
+is the kinetic energy
+
+and the potential energy, the
+latter describing the box,
+
+for example.
+
+And we added a
+two-particle interaction.
+
+qi minus qj, which, for
+the sake of simplicity,
+
+let's imagine is
+spherically symmetric--
+
+only depends on the relative
+position of these particles.
+
+Then we say that if I
+look at the evolution
+
+of this s particle
+density, I start
+
+by writing an equation
+that kind of looks
+
+like the full
+Liouville equation.
+
+There is a Hamiltonian that
+describes this set of particles
+
+interacting among themselves,
+just replacing n by s.
+
+And so if these were the only
+particles in the universe,
+
+this is what I would get.
+
+Except that we know that
+there are other particles.
+
+And since we have two-body
+collisions possible,
+
+any one of the particles in the
+set that I'm describing here,
+
+composed of s particles,
+can potentially
+
+collide with a
+particle from this set
+
+that I don't want to include.
+
+And that will change the
+volume of phase space.
+
+This incompressibility
+condition was valid
+
+only if the entire thing of
+the Hamiltonian was considered.
+
+Here, I'm only looking
+at the partial subset.
+
+And so then what
+did I have here?
+
+I had the force exerted
+from particle s plus 1
+
+on particle n changing the
+momentum of the particle n.
+
+But the likelihood
+that this happens
+
+depends on finding the
+other particle also.
+
+So I had this dependence on
+the density that was s plus 1.
+
+So this was the BBGKY hierarchy.
+
+Then we said, let's take a
+look at the typical value
+
+of the terms that we
+have in this equation.
+
+And for s that is larger
+than 2, this Hamiltonian
+
+that pertains to
+s particles will
+
+have a collision term
+among the particles.
+
+And that collision term will
+give you some typical inverse
+
+timescale here, which is
+related to the collision time.
+
+Whereas on the right-hand
+side, for this collision
+
+to take place, you have
+to find another particle
+
+to interact with in the
+range of interactions
+
+that we indicated by d.
+
+And for density n,
+this was smaller
+
+by a factor of nd
+cubed for dilute gases.
+
+Therefore, the left-hand
+side is much larger
+
+than the right-hand side.
+
+And within particular
+approximation,
+
+we said that we are going
+to approximately set
+
+this right-hand side to 0.
+
+OK?
+
+Except that we couldn't
+do this for the equation
+
+that pertained to s equals to
+1, because for s equals to 1,
+
+I did not have the
+analog of this term.
+
+If I were to write the precise
+form of this Poisson bracket,
+
+I had the partial
+derivative with respect
+
+to time, the momentum
+divided by mass,
+
+which is the velocity driving
+the change in coordinate.
+
+And the force that comes
+from the external potential,
+
+let's call it f1, we
+arrive in the change
+
+in momentum of the one-particle
+density, which is a function--
+
+let's write it explicitly--
+of p1, q1, and t.
+
+And on the other side,
+I had the possibility
+
+to have a term such
+as this that describes
+
+a collision with
+a second particle.
+
+I have to look at all
+possible second particles
+
+that I can collide with.
+
+They could come with
+all variety of momenta,
+
+which we will indicate p2.
+
+They can be all over the place.
+
+So I have integrations
+over space.
+
+And then I have
+a bunch of terms.
+
+So for this, we said, let's
+take a slightly better look
+
+at the kind of collisions
+that are implicitly described
+
+via the term that we
+would have here as f2.
+
+And since the right-hand side
+of f2 we set to 0, essentially,
+
+f2 really describes
+the Newtonian evolution
+
+of two particles coming
+together and having a collision.
+
+And this collision,
+I can-- really,
+
+the way that I
+have it over there
+
+is in what I would
+call a lab frame.
+
+And the perspective
+that we should have
+
+is that in this frame,
+I have a particle that
+
+is coming with
+momentum, let's say,
+
+p1, which is the one
+that I have specified
+
+on the left-hand
+side of the equation.
+
+That's the density
+that I'm following
+
+in the channel
+represented by p1.
+
+But then along comes a
+particle with momentum p2.
+
+And there is some
+place where they
+
+hit each other, after which
+this one goes off with p1 prime.
+
+Actually, let me call
+it p1 double prime.
+
+And this one goes off
+with p2 double prime.
+
+Now, we will find it
+useful to also look
+
+at the same thing in the
+center of mass frame.
+
+Now, in the center of
+mass frame-- oops--
+
+my particle p1 is coming
+with a momentum that
+
+is shifted by the p
+of center of mass,
+
+which is really
+p1 plus p2 over 2.
+
+So this is p1 minus p2 over 2.
+
+And my particle number two
+comes with p2 minus center
+
+of mass, which is
+p2 minus p1 over 2.
+
+So they're minus each other.
+
+So in the center
+of mass frame, they
+
+are basically coming to each
+other along the same line.
+
+So we could define one of
+the axes of coordinates
+
+as the distance along
+which they are approaching.
+
+And let's say we put
+the center of mass
+
+at the origin,
+which means that I
+
+have two more
+directions to work with.
+
+So essentially, the coordinates
+of this second particle
+
+can be described
+through a vector b,
+
+which we call the
+impact parameter.
+
+And really, what
+happens to the collision
+
+is classically determined by
+how close they approach together
+
+to make that.
+
+To quantify that, we really
+need this impact vector.
+
+So b equals to 0, they are
+coming at each other head on.
+
+For a different b, they
+are coming at some angle.
+
+So really, I need
+to put here a d2b.
+
+Now, once I have specified the
+form of the interaction that
+
+is taking place when the
+two things come together,
+
+then the process is
+completely deterministic.
+
+Particle number one will come.
+
+And after the location at
+which you have the interaction,
+
+will go off with p1 double
+prime minus center of mass.
+
+And particle number
+two will come and get
+
+deflected to p2 prime minus--
+or double prime minus p
+
+center of mass.
+
+OK?
+
+And again, it is important
+to note that this parameter
+
+A is irrelevant to the
+collision, in that once I have
+
+stated that before
+collision, I have a momentum,
+
+say, p1 and p2.
+
+And this impact
+parameter b is specified,
+
+then p1 double prime
+is known completely
+
+as a function of p1, p2, and b.
+
+And p2 double prime
+is known completely
+
+as a function of p1, p2, and b.
+
+And everything in that
+sense is well-defined.
+
+So really, this parameter
+A is not relevant.
+
+And it's really the
+B that is important.
+
+But ultimately, we also need
+to get these other terms,
+
+something that has the
+appropriate dimensions
+
+of inverse time.
+
+And if I have a density
+of particles coming
+
+hitting a target, how
+frequently they hit
+
+depends on the product
+of the density as well
+
+as the velocity.
+
+So really, I have to
+add here a term that
+
+is related to the velocity
+with which these things are
+
+approaching each other.
+
+And so I can write it either
+as v2 minus v1, or p2 minus 1
+
+over m.
+
+So that's the other thing
+that I have to look at.
+
+And then, essentially,
+what we saw
+
+last time is that the
+rest of the story-- if you
+
+sort of think of these
+as billiard balls,
+
+so that the collision is
+instantaneous and takes place
+
+at a well-specified
+point, instantaneously,
+
+at some location, you're
+going with some momentum,
+
+and then turn and go
+with some other momentum.
+
+So the channel that was
+carrying in momentum p1, which
+
+is the one that we are
+interested in, suddenly
+
+gets depleted by an
+amount that is related
+
+to the probability of having
+simultaneously particles
+
+of momenta p1 and p2.
+
+And the locations that I
+have to specify here-- well,
+
+again, I'm really
+following this channel.
+
+And in this channel,
+I have specified q1.
+
+And suddenly, I see that
+at the moment of collision,
+
+the momentum changes, if you are
+thinking about billiard balls.
+
+So really, it is
+at that location
+
+that I'm interested
+for particle one.
+
+For particle two, I'm
+interested at something
+
+that is, let's say, q1
+plus, because it depends
+
+on the location of particle
+two shifted from particle one
+
+by an amount that is
+related by b and whatever
+
+this amount slightly
+of A is that is related
+
+to the size of
+your billiard ball.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, we said that there is a
+corresponding addition, which
+
+comes from the fact that it
+is possible suddenly to not
+
+have a particle moving
+along, say, this direction.
+
+And the collision of
+these two particles
+
+created something
+along that direction.
+
+So the same way
+that probabilities
+
+can be subtracted
+amongst some channels,
+
+they can be added to
+channels, because collision
+
+of two particles
+created something.
+
+And so I will indicate
+that by p1 prime, p2 prime,
+
+again, coordinates in
+t, something like this.
+
+So basically, I try to be a
+little bit more careful here,
+
+not calling these
+outgoing channels p prime,
+
+but p double prime.
+
+Because really, if
+I were to invert
+
+p1 double prime and
+p2 double prime,
+
+I will generate things
+that are going backward.
+
+So there's a couple of
+sign issues involved.
+
+But essentially, there
+is a similar function
+
+that relates p1
+prime and p2 prime.
+
+It is, basically, you
+have to search out
+
+momenta whose outcome
+will create particles
+
+in the channels
+prescribed by p1 and p2.
+
+So as we said, up
+to here, we have
+
+done a variety of
+approximations.
+
+They're kind of
+physically reasonable.
+
+There is some difficulty
+here in specifying
+
+if I want to be very accurate
+where the locations of q1
+
+and q2 are within
+this interaction size
+
+d that I am looking at.
+
+And if I don't think about
+billiard balls, where
+
+the interactions are not
+quite instantaneous where
+
+you change momenta, but
+particles that are deformable,
+
+there is also certainly
+a certain amount of time
+
+where the potential is acting.
+
+And so exactly what time
+you are looking at here
+
+is also not appropriate--
+is not completely, no.
+
+But if you sort of make all
+of those things precise,
+
+then my statement is
+that this equation still
+
+respects the reversibility
+of the equations of motions
+
+that we had initially.
+
+But at this stage, we
+say, well, what can
+
+I do with this equation?
+
+I really want to
+solve an equation that
+
+involves f of p1, q1, and t.
+
+So the best that
+I can do is, first
+
+of all, simplify all
+of the arguments here
+
+to be more or less
+at the same location.
+
+I don't want to think about
+one particle being shifted
+
+by an amount that is related
+by b plus something that
+
+is related to the interaction
+potential size, et cetera.
+
+Let's sort of change our focus,
+so that our picture size,
+
+essentially, is
+something that is
+
+of the order of the
+size of the interaction.
+
+And also, our
+resolution in time is
+
+shifted, so that we don't
+really ask about moments of time
+
+slightly before and
+after collision,
+
+where the particle, let's say,
+could be deformed or whatever.
+
+So having done that, we
+make these approximations
+
+that, essentially,
+all of these f2's,
+
+we are going to replace
+as a product of f1's
+
+evaluated all at
+the same location--
+
+the location that
+is specified here,
+
+as well as the same time, the
+time that is specified there.
+
+So this becomes-- OK?
+
+So essentially, the
+result of the collisions
+
+is described on the left-hand
+side of our equation
+
+by a term that integrates over
+all momenta and overall impact
+
+parameters of a bracket,
+which is a product of two
+
+one-particle densities.
+
+And just to simplify
+notation, I will call this
+
+the collision term that
+involves two factors of f1.
+
+So that's just a
+shorthand for that.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that
+process equivalent
+
+of a similar
+molecule [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: That, if you
+want to give it a name, yes.
+
+It's called the assumption
+of molecular chaos.
+
+And physically, it
+is the assumption
+
+that the probability to
+find the two particles
+
+is the product of
+one-particle probabilities.
+
+And again, we say
+that you have to worry
+
+about the accuracy
+of that if you
+
+want to focus on sizes that are
+smaller than the interaction
+
+parameter size.
+
+But we change that as
+part of our resolution.
+
+So we don't worry
+about that aspect.
+
+AUDIENCE: So molecular
+chaos doesn't
+
+include eliminating this space?
+
+It's a separate thing.
+
+PROFESSOR: I've only seen the
+word "molecular chaos" applied
+
+in this context.
+
+I think you are
+asking whether or not
+
+if q1 and q2 are different.
+
+I can replace that and
+call that molecular chaos.
+
+I would say that that's
+actually a correct statement.
+
+It's not an assumption.
+
+Basically, when
+the two particles
+
+are away from each other
+to a good approximation,
+
+they don't really know
+about-- well, actually,
+
+what I am saying is if I
+really want to sort of focus
+
+on time dependence, maybe
+that is also an assumption.
+
+Yes.
+
+So they're really, if you
+like, indeed, two parts.
+
+It is the replacing of f2
+with the product of two
+
+f2's, and then evaluating
+them at the same point.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: But based on
+your first line-- I mean,
+
+you could break that assumption
+of different distribution
+
+functions have different events
+that occur when they get close,
+
+and the framework
+still works, right?
+
+It would just become-- when you
+got down to the bottom line,
+
+it would just become a much
+larger equation, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't understand.
+
+AUDIENCE: Like if you assume
+different interactions.
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+interactions are here
+
+in how p1 prime and p2
+prime depend on p1 and p2.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+What I'm suggesting
+is if you change H
+
+by keeping the top [INAUDIBLE].
+
+That's a pretty simple
+H. Would this framework
+
+work for a more complicated H.
+But then your bottom two lines
+
+would become [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What
+more can I do here?
+
+How can I make
+this more general?
+
+Are you thinking
+about adding it?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, no, no.
+
+I'm not suggesting you
+make it more general.
+
+I'm suggesting you make
+it more specific to break
+
+that assumption of
+molecular chaos.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So how should I modify
+if I'm not saying--
+
+AUDIENCE: I didn't
+have something in mind.
+
+I was just suggesting
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, that's
+where I have problem,
+
+because it seems to me
+that this is very general.
+
+The only thing that I
+left out is the body
+
+interactions may be having to
+do with this being spherically
+
+symmetric.
+
+But apart from that, this
+is basically as general
+
+as you can get with two bodies.
+
+Now, the part that is
+pertaining to three bodies,
+
+again, you would basically--
+not need to worry about as long
+
+as nd cubed is less than 1.
+
+So I don't quite know
+what you have in mind.
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess I was
+thinking about three-
+
+and four-body interactions.
+
+But if you're covered against
+that, then what I said,
+
+it's not valid or relevant.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So certainly, three-body
+and higher body interactions
+
+would be important
+if you're thinking
+
+about writing a description
+for a liquid, for example.
+
+And then the story
+becomes more complicated.
+
+You can't really
+make the truncations
+
+that would give you
+the Boltzmann equation.
+
+You need to go by some
+other set of approximations,
+
+such as the Vlasov
+equation, that you
+
+will see in the problem set.
+
+And the actual theory that
+one can write down for liquids
+
+is very complicated.
+
+So it's-- yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can it get
+more complicated yet
+
+if, based on the same
+framework, isn't this similar
+
+to, like, the formulation
+of the neutron transport
+
+equation, where if you have,
+in addition to scattering,
+
+you have particles
+that don't attract,
+
+but you have fission events
+and you have inelastic center?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Yes.
+
+That's good.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then your H would
+change dramatically, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+That's right.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: But my point is
+that it's the same framework.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Yes.
+
+So basically, you're right.
+
+One assumption that I have here
+is that the number of particles
+
+is conserved.
+
+We say that if the particles
+can break or diffuse,
+
+one has to generalize
+this approximation.
+
+And there would be an
+appropriate generalization
+
+of the Boltzmann equation
+to cover those terms.
+
+And I don't have a problem
+set related to that,
+
+but maybe you are suggesting
+that I should provide one.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+OK.
+
+That's a good point.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+So we have made some
+assumptions here.
+
+And I guess my claim is
+that this equation-- well,
+
+what equation?
+
+So basically, what
+I'm going to do,
+
+I call the right-hand
+side of this equation
+
+after this assumption
+of molecular chaos, CFF.
+
+For simplicity, let me call
+this bunch of first derivatives
+
+that act on f1 L
+for Liouvillian.
+
+It's kind of like a
+Liouville operator.
+
+So I have an equation that is
+the bunch of first derivatives
+
+acting on f1, which
+is essentially
+
+a linear partial differential
+equation in six or seven
+
+dimensions, depending on
+how you count time-- is
+
+equal to a non-linear integral
+on the right-hand side.
+
+OK?
+
+So this is the entity that
+is the Boltzmann equation.
+
+Now, the statement is that
+this equation no longer
+
+has time reversal symmetry.
+
+And so if I were to solve this
+equation for the one function
+
+that I'm interested, after all,
+the f1, which really tells me
+
+how the particles stream from
+the left-hand side of the box
+
+to the right-hand
+side of the box,
+
+that equation is not reversible.
+
+That is, the solution
+to this equation
+
+will indeed take
+the density that
+
+was on the left-hand
+side of the box
+
+and uniformly distribute it
+on the two sides of the box.
+
+And that will stay forever.
+
+That's, of course, a consequence
+of the various approximations
+
+that we made here,
+removing the reversibility.
+
+OK?
+
+And the statement to
+show that mathematically
+
+is that if there is a function--
+and now, for simplicity,
+
+since from now on, we don't
+care about f2, f3, et cetera,
+
+we are only caring about f1,
+I'm going to drop the index one
+
+and say that if there is a
+density f, which is really
+
+my f1, that satisfies
+the Boltzmann-- that is,
+
+I have a form such as this--
+then there is a quantity H that
+
+only depends on time that,
+under the evolution that
+
+is implicit in this Boltzmann
+equation will always decrease,
+
+where H is an integral
+over the coordinates
+
+and momenta that are in this
+function f of p, q, and t.
+
+And all I need to do is
+to multiply by the log.
+
+And then all of these
+are vectors if I drop it
+
+for saving time.
+
+And we said that
+once we recognize
+
+that f, up to a
+normalization, is
+
+the same thing as the
+one-particle probability--
+
+and having previously
+seen objects such as this
+
+in probability
+theory corresponding
+
+to entropy information,
+entropy of mixing,
+
+you will not be surprised at
+how this expression came about.
+
+And I had told you that in
+each one of the four sections,
+
+we will introduce some quantity
+that plays the role of entropy.
+
+So this is the one that is
+appropriate to our section
+
+on kinetic theory.
+
+So let's see how we go about--
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: When you introduced
+the-- initialized the concept
+
+of entropy of information
+of the message that's
+
+p log p, [INAUDIBLE] entropy.
+
+And as far as I
+understand, this concept
+
+came up in, like, mid 20th
+century at least, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think
+slightly later than that.
+
+Of that order, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+And these are
+Boltzmann equations?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: And so this was, like,
+100 years before, at least?
+
+PROFESSOR: Not 100 years, but
+maybe 60 years away, yeah.
+
+50, 60.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+I'm just interested, what is
+the motivation for picking
+
+this form of functionality,
+that it's integral of f log f
+
+rather than integral
+of something else?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I mean, there is another
+place that you've seen it,
+
+that has nothing to
+do with information.
+
+And that's mixing entropy.
+
+If I have [? n ?] one
+particles of one type
+
+and two particles of
+another type, et cetera,
+
+and mixed them up, then
+the mixing entropy,
+
+you can relate to a
+form such as this.
+
+It is some ni log ni.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+It's just for
+discrete variables,
+
+it makes much more sense
+than for the continuum.
+
+But OK.
+
+So let's see if this
+is indeed the case.
+
+So we say that dH
+by dt is the-- I
+
+have to take the time
+derivative inside.
+
+And as we discussed
+before, the full derivative
+
+becomes a partial derivative
+inside the integral.
+
+And I have either
+acting on f and acting
+
+on log f, which will
+give me 1 over f,
+
+canceling the f outside.
+
+And this term corresponded
+to the derivative
+
+of the normalization,
+which is fixed.
+
+And then we had to replace
+what we have for df by dt.
+
+And for df by dt, we either
+have the Poisson bracket
+
+of the one-particle Hamiltonian
+with f coming from the L
+
+part of the equation, once
+we get d by dt on one side.
+
+And then the collision part
+that depends on two f's.
+
+And we have to
+multiply this by f.
+
+And again, let's remind you that
+f really has argument-- oops,
+
+log f-- that has argument p1.
+
+I won't write q1 and t.
+
+And the next thing that we
+did at the end of last lecture
+
+is that typically, when you have
+integral of a Poisson bracket
+
+by doing some combination
+of integrations by part,
+
+you can even eventually show
+that this contribution is 0.
+
+And really, the important
+thing is the integration
+
+against the collision term
+of the Boltzmann equation.
+
+So writing that explicitly,
+what do we have?
+
+We have that it is
+integral d cubed.
+
+Let's say q1.
+
+Again, I don't
+really need to keep
+
+track of the index on
+this dummy variable.
+
+I have the integral over q1.
+
+I have the two integral over p1.
+
+Let's keep it so that it
+doesn't confuse anybody.
+
+Then I have the collision term.
+
+Now, the collision term is
+a bunch of integrals itself.
+
+It involves integrals over p2,
+integral over an impact vector
+
+b, the relative velocity.
+
+And then I had minus
+f of p1, f of p2
+
+for the loss in the channel
+because of the collisions,
+
+plus the addition to the channel
+from the inverse collisions.
+
+And this whole thing
+has to be multiplied
+
+by log f evaluated at p1.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's really the quantity
+that we are interested.
+
+And the quantity that we
+are interested, we notice,
+
+has some kind of a symmetry with
+respect to indices one and two.
+
+Something to do with prime
+and un-prime coordinates.
+
+But multiplied this bracket that
+has all of these symmetries,
+
+with this function that is only
+evaluated for one of the four
+
+coordinates for momenta
+that are appearing here.
+
+So our next set of tasks is to
+somehow make this as symmetric
+
+as possible.
+
+So the first thing that we
+do is we exchange indices one
+
+and two, because really, these
+are simply dummy integration
+
+variables.
+
+I can call the thing that I was
+calling p1 p2, and vice versa.
+
+And the integration then
+becomes the integral over q.
+
+Maybe that's why it's useful not
+to have, for the q, any index,
+
+because I don't care to
+change the index for that.
+
+d cubed p2, p1.
+
+Doesn't really matter in
+what order I write them.
+
+d2b is a relative separation.
+
+Again, it's an impact parameter.
+
+I can call this v1 minus v2.
+
+But since it's an
+absolute value,
+
+it doesn't matter really.
+
+And so the only
+thing that happens
+
+is that I will have--
+essentially, the product is
+
+symmetric.
+
+The only thing that
+was separately f
+
+of p1 before now
+becomes f of p2.
+
+And then what I can do is I
+can say, OK, those are really
+
+two forms of the same integral,
+and I can average them,
+
+and write the average, which is
+1/2 the integral d cubed q, d
+
+cubed p1, d cubed p2, d2 b,
+relative velocity, minus f
+
+of p1, f of p2, f of p1
+prime, f of p2 prime.
+
+And then I have a log of f
+of p1 plus log of f of p2.
+
+And I have divided through 1/2.
+
+OK?
+
+So what I will do is to
+now write the next line.
+
+And then we'll spend some
+time discussing what happens.
+
+So artificially, what will
+happen looks like I essentially
+
+move prime and un-prime things
+the same way that I exchanged
+
+one and two indices before.
+
+I will exchange the superscripts
+that are prime or non-prime.
+
+And if I were to do that, I
+will get an integral d cubed q,
+
+d cubed, let's say, p1 prime,
+d cubed p2 prime, d2b, v2 minus
+
+v1 prime, minus
+f of p1-- [SIGHS]
+
+--prime, f or p2 prime,
+plus f of p1, f of p2.
+
+And then here, we
+would have log of f
+
+of p1 prime, log
+of f of p2 prime.
+
+OK?
+
+So this is a statement
+that just saying,
+
+I moved the primes
+and un-primes,
+
+it's very easy to come
+up with this answer.
+
+What you have to think very
+much about what that means.
+
+Essentially, what I
+had originally was
+
+integration
+invariables p1 and p2.
+
+And p1 prime and p2 prime were
+never integration variables.
+
+So there was not
+symmetry at the level
+
+that I have written
+between one and two, which
+
+are integration
+variables, and one prime
+
+and two prime, which
+are the quantities that,
+
+through the collision operator,
+are related to p1 and p2.
+
+So essentially, p1
+prime and p2 prime
+
+are the kind of functions
+that we have written here.
+
+Here, I had p1 double
+prime, p2 double prime.
+
+But up to sort of inverting
+some signs, et cetera,
+
+this is the kind of functional
+relationship that you have
+
+between p primes and p's.
+
+OK?
+
+So now we have to worry
+about a number of things.
+
+The simplest one
+is actually what
+
+happened to this factor
+here-- the relative velocity.
+
+Now think back about
+collisions that you
+
+have in the center of mass.
+
+In the center of
+mass, two particles
+
+come with velocities that
+are opposite each other.
+
+They bang onto each other,
+go different direction.
+
+The magnitude of the
+velocities does not
+
+change an inelastic
+collision, which
+
+is what we are looking at.
+
+Right?
+
+So after the collision, what
+we have is that p2 prime minus
+
+p1 prime is the same
+thing as p1 and minus
+
+p2 for elastic conditions.
+
+So as far as this
+factor is concerned,
+
+I could very well replace
+that with v1 minus v2
+
+without the primes.
+
+It really doesn't
+make any difference.
+
+Another thing that you
+can convince yourself
+
+is that from the perspective
+of the picture that I drew,
+
+there was some kind
+of an impact vector B.
+
+You say, well, what
+happens if I look
+
+at from the perspective of the
+products of the interaction?
+
+So the products
+of the interaction
+
+are going in a
+different direction.
+
+I would have to redraw
+my coordinates that
+
+would correspond to
+A prime and B prime.
+
+But what you can convince
+yourself that essentially,
+
+the impact parameter, as far
+as these products is concerned,
+
+is just a rotated version
+of the original one
+
+without changing its magnitude.
+
+So you have also that
+magnitude of b prime
+
+is the same thing
+as magnitude of b.
+
+There's a rotation, but
+the impact parameter
+
+does not change.
+
+If you like, that
+is also related
+
+to conservation of energy,
+because if it wasn't so,
+
+the potential energy
+would be different
+
+right after the collisions.
+
+OK?
+
+So I really was kind
+of careless here.
+
+I should have
+written d2 b prime.
+
+But I could have
+written also d2b.
+
+It didn't make any difference.
+
+It's the same.
+
+And then, of course, these
+functions-- essentially,
+
+you can see that you say, OK,
+I start with, here, p1 and p2.
+
+And these were
+functions of p1 and p2.
+
+And here, I have reversed this.
+
+p1 prime and p2 prime are
+the integration variables.
+
+p1 and p2 are functions
+of p1 prime and p2 prime
+
+that, in principle, are
+obtained by inverting
+
+this set of equations.
+
+Right?
+
+But it really, again,
+doesn't matter,
+
+because once you have
+specified what incoming p1, p2,
+
+and b are, you know what the
+outcome of the collision is.
+
+So it's really
+the same function.
+
+Whether you are
+inverting it, you
+
+will, again, presume
+the different location
+
+of the arguments, but you will
+have the same function that
+
+would tell you what the
+inverse relationship is.
+
+So really, these
+functional forms
+
+are the same as the functional
+forms that we had before.
+
+And finally, I
+claim that in order
+
+to go through this
+change of variable,
+
+I have to also deal with the
+Jacobian of the transformation.
+
+But that we have the
+d3p1d3p2 is the same thing
+
+as d3p1 prime d3p2 prime.
+
+And that, in some sense,
+you can sort of also
+
+think about what we were doing
+before with the Liouville
+
+equation maintaining the
+volume of phase space.
+
+So I have some volume of phase
+space prior to the collision.
+
+After the collision, I would
+need to have the same volume.
+
+There is, of course,
+in the volumes
+
+that we are considering for the
+case of the Liouville operator,
+
+in addition,
+products of dq1, dq2.
+
+But you can see that
+all of those things
+
+are really put into
+the same volume when
+
+we are considering
+the collision.
+
+So really, the only
+thing that is left
+
+is that the Liouvillian
+preservation
+
+of the volume of
+phase space would
+
+say that the Jacobian
+here, you can also ignore.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So are you assuming
+that this transformation
+
+[INAUDIBLE] is [? an article, ?]
+because it's [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So everything that we do
+is within the framework
+
+of a Hamiltonian
+evolution equation.
+
+OK?
+
+So if you like,
+these kinds of things
+
+that I'm saying
+here sometimes are
+
+said to be consequence of
+microscopic reversibility,
+
+in that I'm sort of using,
+in this panel over here,
+
+things that are completely
+Newtonian and microscopic.
+
+The place that I use statistical
+argument was over here.
+
+OK?
+
+So essentially,
+having done that,
+
+you can basically
+also rename variables.
+
+Things that I was calling
+p1 prime I can call p1.
+
+It's another renaming
+of some variable.
+
+And again, it really doesn't
+matter which relative velocity
+
+I write down.
+
+They're all the same thing.
+
+So what will happen
+is that I will
+
+get minus f or p1, f of p2, plus
+f of p1 prime, f of p2 prime.
+
+And the only thing that happened
+is that the logs-- oops.
+
+I should have maintained.
+
+I don't know why--
+where I made a mistake.
+
+But I should ultimately have
+come up with this answer.
+
+So what I wanted
+to do, and I really
+
+have to maybe look
+at it again, is
+
+do one more step
+of symmetrization.
+
+The answer will come down to an
+integral over p1 and p2, d2b,
+
+at relative velocity.
+
+We would have minus f of p1,
+f of p2, plus f of p1 prime,
+
+f of p2 prime.
+
+So this is our
+collision operator
+
+that we have discussed
+here-- the difference
+
+between what comes in
+and what comes out.
+
+And from the first part here,
+we should get log of f of p1,
+
+plus log of f of p2,
+which is the same thing
+
+as the log of the product.
+
+And if I had not made
+errors, the subtraction
+
+would have involved f of
+p1 prime, f of p2 prime.
+
+And the idea is that if you
+think about the function
+
+log of something as a
+function of that something,
+
+the log is a monotonic function.
+
+So that if you were to
+evaluate the log at two
+
+different points,
+the sign of the log
+
+would grow in the same
+way as the sign of the two
+
+points, which means that here,
+you have the difference of two
+
+logs.
+
+This is like log of
+s1 minus log of s2.
+
+And it is multiplied
+with minus s1 minus s2.
+
+So if s1 is greater
+than s2, log s1
+
+would be greater than log s2.
+
+If s1 is less than s2, log
+s1 would be less than log s2.
+
+In either case,
+what you would find
+
+is that the product of the
+two brackets is negative.
+
+And this whole thing
+has to be negative.
+
+OK.
+
+So the thing that confused
+me-- and maybe we can go back
+
+and look at is that probably,
+what I was doing here
+
+was a little bit too
+impatient, because when
+
+I changed variables,
+p1 prime f of p2.
+
+I removed the primes.
+
+Log.
+
+Reduced primes.
+
+Actually, I had it here.
+
+I don't know why I was worried.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So the signs are, I think,
+right, that when I add them,
+
+I would get the subtraction.
+
+So in one case, I had the f's of
+the p's with the negative sign.
+
+After I did this change, they
+appear with the positive sign.
+
+So there is the sign difference
+between the two of them.
+
+OK?
+
+So we have a
+function, therefore,
+
+that, just like entropy
+throughout the process,
+
+will increase.
+
+This is like a negative entropy.
+
+If I were to really solve
+this set of equations,
+
+starting with the f that
+describes things that
+
+are distributed in
+this box, and then
+
+allow it to expand
+into the other box,
+
+it will follow--
+this solution will
+
+follow some particular
+trajectory that will ultimately
+
+no longer change as
+a function of time.
+
+It will not go back and forth.
+
+It will not have the
+full reversibility
+
+that these set of
+equations does have.
+
+Now, that's actually
+not a bad thing.
+
+It is true, indeed, that these
+equations are reversible.
+
+And there is a theorem that
+if you wait sufficiently long,
+
+this will go back into here.
+
+But the time it take
+for that to happen
+
+grows something of the order of
+the size of the system divided
+
+these.
+
+The time, up to
+various pre-factors,
+
+would grow exponentially
+with the number of particles
+
+that you have.
+
+And remember that you
+have of the order of 10
+
+to the 23 particles.
+
+So there is, indeed,
+mathematically rigorously,
+
+a recursion time if you really
+had this box sitting in vacuum
+
+and there was no influence on
+the walls of the container.
+
+After many, many, many,
+many ages of the universe,
+
+the gas would go back
+for an instant of time
+
+in the other box, and
+then would go over there.
+
+But that's something that really
+is of no practical relevance
+
+when we are thinking about
+the gas and how it expands.
+
+OK?
+
+But now let's see, with
+these approximations,
+
+can we do better.
+
+Can we figure out
+exactly how long does it
+
+take for the gas to go from
+one side to the other side.
+
+And what is the shape of the
+streamlines and everything else
+
+as this process is taking place?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Yes.
+
+So if you like, we
+want to think of this
+
+in terms of information,
+in terms of entropy.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+It is something that is
+changing as a function of time.
+
+And the timescale by
+which that happens
+
+has to do with the timescales
+that we set up and imprinted
+
+into this equation.
+
+OK?
+
+So the next step
+that I have to answer
+
+is, what is that time step?
+
+And in particular, if I look
+at this equation by itself,
+
+I would say that it
+has two timescales.
+
+On the left-hand side,
+you have this tau
+
+that has to do with
+the size of the box.
+
+We said it's very long.
+
+On the right-hand
+side, it has the time
+
+that I have to wait
+for a collision
+
+to occur, which is certainly
+much shorter than this time,
+
+for an ordinary gas.
+
+And so we expect, therefore,
+that the right-hand side
+
+of this equation would determine
+things much more rapidly
+
+compared to the left-hand
+side of the equation.
+
+And we want to now
+quantify that and make that
+
+into something that
+is relevant to things
+
+that we know and understand
+about a gas expand.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's sort of think about,
+well, what would happen?
+
+We said that this H,
+as a function of time,
+
+is going in one direction.
+
+Presumably, after some time--
+we don't know how long here,
+
+and that's a good
+question-- eventually,
+
+hopefully, it will
+reach an equilibrium,
+
+like, the entropy
+will cease to change.
+
+And the question is,
+what is this equilibrium?
+
+So let's see if we can gain some
+information about equilibrium.
+
+So we said that dH
+by dt presumably
+
+has to be 0, because
+if it is not 0,
+
+then it can continue
+to decrease.
+
+You are not quite
+where you want to be.
+
+Now let's look at what is the
+condition for dH by dt to be 0.
+
+H is this integral that
+I have to perform over
+
+the entire phase space.
+
+Now, each element of
+that integral evaluated
+
+at some particular
+location in phase space
+
+is by itself positive.
+
+This argument that
+we had before is not
+
+about the entire integral.
+
+It's valid about every little
+piece of the integration
+
+that I am making.
+
+It has a particular sign.
+
+So if the entire integral has to
+be 0, every little piece of it
+
+has to be individually 0.
+
+So that means that
+I would require
+
+that log of f at
+any q evaluated,
+
+let's say, for p1 and p2
+should be the same thing
+
+as log of f evaluated
+at p1 prime and p2.
+
+This would be true for all q.
+
+Right?
+
+You look at this and
+you say, well, what?
+
+This seems kind of-- yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What about the
+other one in parentheses,
+
+beside the integral?
+
+PROFESSOR: It is the same thing.
+
+So this is s1 minus s2.
+
+And the other is
+log of s1 minus s2.
+
+So I'm saying that the only time
+it is 0 is s1 is equal to s2.
+
+When s1 equals to s2,
+both parentheses are 0.
+
+Although, even if it wasn't,
+it would have been sufficient
+
+for one parentheses to be 0.
+
+But this is necessary, because
+the sign is determined by this.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, you look at this
+and you say, well,
+
+what the he-- what
+does this mean?
+
+How can I-- and the functions
+p1 prime and p2 prime I
+
+have to get by integrating
+Newton's equations.
+
+I have no idea how
+complicated they are.
+
+And you want me to
+solve this equation.
+
+Well, I tell you that
+the answer to this
+
+is actually very simple.
+
+So let me write the
+answer to it in stages.
+
+Log of f of p and q.
+
+So it's a function
+of p and q that I'm
+
+after that have to be
+evaluated at p1, p2,
+
+and then should be equal
+to p1 prime and p2 prime
+
+for any combination of p1,
+p2, et cetera, that I choose.
+
+Well, I say, OK, I will put
+any function of q that I like.
+
+And that will work, because
+it's independent of p.
+
+So I have minus
+alpha, minus alpha
+
+is the same as minus
+alpha, minus alpha.
+
+OK?
+
+Then I claim that, OK, I
+will put a minus gamma dot p.
+
+Gamma could be dependent on q.
+
+Dot p.
+
+And I claim that that would
+work, because that term would
+
+give me gamma dot
+p1 plus p2, gamma
+
+dot p1 prime plus p2 prime.
+
+What do I know for sure?
+
+Momentum is conserved.
+
+p1 plus p2 is the same thing
+as p1 prime plus p2 prime.
+
+It's just the
+conservation of momentum.
+
+I know that to be true for sure.
+
+And finally, kinetic
+energy is conserved.
+
+Once I'm away from the location
+where the interaction is taking
+
+place, I can choose
+any function of q
+
+multiplied with p
+squared over 2m.
+
+And then on the
+left-hand side, I
+
+would have the sum of the
+incoming kinetic energies.
+
+On the right-hand
+side, I would have
+
+the sum of outgoing
+kinetic energies.
+
+So what have I done?
+
+I have identified
+quantities that
+
+are conserved in the collision.
+
+So basically, I
+can keep going if I
+
+have additional such things.
+
+And so basically,
+the key to this
+
+is to identify
+collision-conserved quantities.
+
+And so momentum, energy,
+the first one corresponds
+
+to the number of particles.
+
+These are quantities
+that are conserved.
+
+And so you know that
+this form will work,
+
+which means that I have a
+candidate for equilibrium,
+
+which is that f of p and q
+should have a form that is
+
+exponential of some function of
+q that I don't-- at this stage,
+
+could be quite arbitrary.
+
+And some other function of
+q times p squared minus 2m.
+
+And let me absorb
+this other gamma term.
+
+I can certainly do so
+by putting something
+
+like pi of 1 squared over 2m.
+
+OK?
+
+And this certainly
+is a form that
+
+will set the right-hand
+side of the H theorem to 0.
+
+And furthermore, it
+sets the right-hand side
+
+of the Boltzmann equation
+to 0, because, again,
+
+for the Boltzmann
+equation, all I
+
+needed was that the
+product of two f's
+
+should be the same before
+and after the collision.
+
+And this is just the logs.
+
+If I were to exponentiate that,
+I have exactly what I need.
+
+So basically, this also
+sets the right-hand side
+
+of the Boltzmann equation to 0.
+
+And this is what I will
+call a local equilibrium.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+Essentially, we can
+see that right now, I
+
+have no knowledge
+about the relationship
+
+between different
+points in space,
+
+because these alpha, beta, and
+pi are completely arbitrary, as
+
+far as my argumentation
+so far is concerned.
+
+So locally, at each point in q,
+I can have a form such as this.
+
+And this form, you
+should remind you
+
+it's something like a Boltzmann
+weight of the kinetic energy,
+
+but moving in some
+particular direction.
+
+And essentially,
+what this captures
+
+is that through relaxing
+the right-hand side
+
+of the Boltzmann
+equation, we randomize
+
+the magnitude of the momenta,
+so that the magnitudes
+
+of the kinetic energy are
+kind of Boltzmann-distributed.
+
+This is what this term does.
+
+If I say that this term being
+much larger than this term
+
+is the more important one.
+
+If I need neglect this,
+then this is what happens.
+
+I will very rapidly
+reach a situation
+
+in which the momenta
+have been randomized
+
+through the collisions.
+
+Essentially, the
+collisions, they
+
+change the direction
+of the momenta.
+
+They preserve the
+average of the momenta.
+
+So there is some
+sense of the momentum
+
+of the incoming thing
+that is left over still.
+
+But there is some
+relaxation that took place.
+
+But clearly, this is not
+the end of the story,
+
+because this f that
+I have written here--
+
+let's say local equilibrium.
+
+f local equilibrium does not
+satisfy the Boltzmann equation.
+
+Right?
+
+It set the right-hand side of
+the Boltzmann equation to 0.
+
+But it doesn't set
+the left-hand side.
+
+The left-hand side completely
+is unhappy with this.
+
+For the left-hand
+side to be 0, I
+
+would require the Poisson
+bracket of H1 and f to be 0.
+
+After all, the
+Liouvillian operator
+
+had the Poisson
+bracket of H1 and f.
+
+And we have seen
+functions that satisfy
+
+this have to be of the form
+f1 of H. And in our case,
+
+my f1 is simply the kinetic
+energy of one particle,
+
+plus the potential
+due to the box.
+
+OK?
+
+So you can see that the only way
+that I can make this marriage
+
+with this is to have a
+global equilibrium, where
+
+f for the global equilibrium
+is proportional, let's say,
+
+to exponential of minus beta
+p squared over 2m plus U of q.
+
+OK?
+
+So I identify a piece that looks
+like this p squared over 2m.
+
+I have to make pi to be 0
+in order to achieve this.
+
+I have to make beta to
+be independent of q.
+
+I have to make alpha
+of f marriage with beta
+
+to give me the potential.
+
+OK?
+
+So essentially, what
+happens is this.
+
+I open this hole.
+
+The gas starts to stream out.
+
+And then the particles will
+collide with each other.
+
+The collision of particles
+over some timescale that
+
+is related to this
+collision time
+
+will randomize their momenta
+so that locally, suddenly,
+
+I have a solution such as this.
+
+But then the left-hand side
+of the Boltzmann equation
+
+takes over.
+
+And over a timescale
+that is much longer,
+
+it will then change
+the parameters of this.
+
+So basically, these
+parameters should really
+
+be thought of as functions of
+time, whose evolution changes.
+
+So initially, maybe
+locally over here,
+
+there is a stream velocity
+that goes towards the right.
+
+So I should have an
+average at that time that
+
+prefers to go to the right.
+
+I wait sufficiently long.
+
+Presumably, the whole
+thing comes to equilibrium.
+
+And that average goes
+to 0 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So presumably, the
+next thing that I
+
+need to do in order to
+answer the question,
+
+how does this thing
+come to equilibrium,
+
+is to find out how the
+left-hand side of the equation
+
+manipulates these parameters
+alpha, beta, and pi.
+
+But that's not quite
+consistent either.
+
+Because I first assume that
+the right-hand side is 0,
+
+and then said, oh, that's
+not a good solution.
+
+Let's go and see what
+the left-hand side does.
+
+But then if the left-hand
+side is changing things,
+
+I can't be over here
+where dH by dt is 0.
+
+So I have not done
+things consistently yet,
+
+although I have clearly
+captured the whole lot of what
+
+I want to describe eventually.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's see how we can
+do it systematically.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: When you [? write ?]
+the condition for [INAUDIBLE],
+
+[? did you ?] write
+f1 of Hamiltonian.
+
+And ends up
+Hamiltonian [INAUDIBLE]
+
+includes interaction terms.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's the
+one-particle Hamiltonian.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So by the time I got to the
+equation for f1, I have H1.
+
+H1 does not have a second
+particle in it to collide with.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: Then equilibrium
+system's distribution
+
+of particles in
+container does not
+
+depend on their interactions
+after the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: In the story that
+we are following here, yes, it
+
+does not.
+
+So this is an
+approximation that actually
+
+goes with the
+approximations that we
+
+made in neglecting some of the
+higher order terms, with nd
+
+cubed being much
+less than 1, and not
+
+looking at things at resolution
+that is of the order of d.
+
+And we would imagine that it
+is only at the resolutions--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] neglected
+[INAUDIBLE] atomized gas
+
+conjoined onto the molecules.
+
+Something like that.
+
+PROFESSOR: That would require
+a different description.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+It would require [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So indeed.
+
+Eventually, in the description
+that we are going to get,
+
+we are looking at
+the distribution
+
+that would be appropriate
+to a dilute gas
+
+and which interactions
+are not seen.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+So let's see how we
+can do it better.
+
+So clearly, the
+key to the process
+
+is that collisions that take
+place frequently at timescale
+
+tau x randomize a lot of things.
+
+But they cannot randomize
+quantities that are conserved
+
+in collisions.
+
+So those are the quantities
+that we have to look at.
+
+And again, these are
+quantities that are conserved
+
+in collision, as
+opposed to quantities
+
+that are conserved
+according to H1.
+
+Like, momentum is
+conserved in the collision.
+
+Clearly, momentum
+was not conserved
+
+in H1 because of
+the size of the box
+
+and did not appear in
+the eventual solution.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's see what we get.
+
+So we are going to make
+a couple of definitions.
+
+First, we define
+a local density.
+
+I say that I take my solution
+to Boltzmann equation.
+
+And now I don't know what it is.
+
+But whatever it is,
+I take the solution
+
+to the Boltzmann equation as
+a function of p and q and t.
+
+But all I am interested is,
+at this particular location,
+
+have the particles arrived
+yet, what's the density.
+
+So to get that, I
+essentially integrate
+
+over the momenta, which is
+the quantity that I am not
+
+interested.
+
+OK?
+
+Obvious.
+
+I define-- maybe I need
+the average kinetic energy
+
+at that location.
+
+So maybe, in general, I need the
+average or some other quantity
+
+that I define at
+location q and t.
+
+What I do is I integrate at that
+position f of p, and q, and t,
+
+and this function O. Actually,
+I also define a normalization.
+
+I divide by n of q and t.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, I implicitly used
+something over there
+
+that, again, I
+define here, which
+
+is a collision-conserved
+quantity,
+
+is some function of momentum--
+I could put q also--
+
+such that when evaluated for
+p1 plus p2 for any pair of p1's
+
+and p2's that I take is the
+same thing as when evaluated
+
+for functions of p1 and
+p2 that would correspond
+
+to the outcomes of
+the collision from
+
+or giving rights to p1, p2.
+
+OK?
+
+And then there's a
+following theorem
+
+that we were going
+to use, which is
+
+that for any collision-conserved
+quantity, what I have is
+
+that I will define a quantity J,
+which is a function of q and t
+
+in principle, which is
+obtained by integrating
+
+over all momenta.
+
+Chi-- let's say,
+evaluated at p1;
+
+it could be evaluated at q--
+times this collision operator--
+
+C of f, f.
+
+And the answer is that for any
+collision-conserved quantity,
+
+if you were to evaluate
+this, the answer would be 0.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's write that down.
+
+So J of q and t is an integral
+over some momentum p1.
+
+Because of the collision
+integral, what do I have?
+
+I have the integration
+over momentum.
+
+I have the integration over b.
+
+I have the relative
+velocity v2 minus v1.
+
+And then I have the
+subtraction of interaction
+
+between p1 and p2--
+addition of the interactions
+
+between p1 prime, p2 prime.
+
+And this collision
+integral has to be
+
+multiplied with chi
+evaluated at p1.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+So then I will follow
+exactly the steps
+
+that we had in the
+proof of the H theorem.
+
+I have some function
+that only depends
+
+on one of four momenta
+that are appearing here.
+
+And I want to symmetrize it.
+
+So I change the
+index one to two.
+
+So this becomes 1/2 of
+chi of p1 plus chi of p2.
+
+I do this transition between
+primed and un-primed.
+
+And when I do that, I pick
+this additional factor
+
+of minus chi of p1
+prime, chi of p2 prime.
+
+And this becomes
+division by 2 times 2.
+
+But then I stated that chi is
+a collision-conserved quantity,
+
+so that this term in the
+bracket is 0 for each point
+
+that I'm integrating.
+
+And hence, the answer is 0.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: In the
+[INAUDIBLE] theorem,
+
+in the second
+[INAUDIBLE], do you
+
+want to put minus sign of the--?
+
+PROFESSOR: There
+was a minus sign
+
+worry that I had somewhere.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think in front
+of 1/2, at the right term.
+
+PROFESSOR: In front of
+the 1/2, minus f of p1.
+
+You say I have to do this?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, no, no.
+
+The next term.
+
+PROFESSOR: Here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+I mean, if you put minus
+sign in front of the 1/2,
+
+then [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's put a question
+mark here, because I
+
+don't want to go over that.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+but you switched
+
+the order of the
+subtraction [? 1/2. ?]
+
+So it's minus [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: But I changed
+also the arguments here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right?
+
+So there is some issue.
+
+But this eventual
+thing is correct.
+
+So we will go back to that.
+
+OK.
+
+So what is the use
+of stating that
+
+for every conserved
+quantity, you have this?
+
+It will allow us
+to get equations
+
+that will determine how
+these parameters change
+
+as a function of time?
+
+OK.
+
+So let's see how that goes.
+
+If then I have
+that Lf is C, f, f,
+
+and I showed that the integral
+of chi against C, f, f is 0,
+
+then I also know
+that the integral
+
+of chi against this
+L operator on f is 0.
+
+OK?
+
+And let's remind you
+that the L operator is
+
+a bunch of first derivatives--
+d by dt, d by dq, d by dp.
+
+And so I can use the
+following result.
+
+I can write the result as this
+derivative acting on both chi
+
+and f.
+
+And then I will get chi
+prime f plus f chi prime.
+
+Chi f prime I have, so I have
+to subtract fL acting on chi.
+
+OK?
+
+And proceeding a little bit.
+
+One more line maybe.
+
+d cubed p.
+
+I have dt plus--
+well, actually, let
+
+me do the rest next time around.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RmUVz9jEnzg.txt b/RmUVz9jEnzg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e19c493aea5856670973eb36f7dca51ebdd9411c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RmUVz9jEnzg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's build an equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's build an equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's build an equation to
+predict points scored using some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict points scored using some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict points scored using some common
+basketball statistics so a dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball statistics so a dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball statistics so a dependent
+variable would now be points and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable would now be points and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable would now be points and our
+independent variables would be some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables would be some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables would be some of
+the common basketball statistics that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common basketball statistics that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common basketball statistics that we
+have in our data set so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our data set so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our data set so for example the
+number of two point field goal attempts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of two point field goal attempts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of two point field goal attempts
+the number of 3-point field goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of 3-point field goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of 3-point field goal
+attempts offensive rebounds defensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts offensive rebounds defensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts offensive rebounds defensive
+rebounds assists steals blocks turnovers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebounds assists steals blocks turnovers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebounds assists steals blocks turnovers
+free-throw attempts we can use all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-throw attempts we can use all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-throw attempts we can use all of
+these so let's build this regression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so let's build this regression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so let's build this regression and
+call it points rigged and that will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it points rigged and that will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it points rigged and that will just
+be equal to LM points regressing on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to LM points regressing on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to LM points regressing on all
+those variables we just talked about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables we just talked about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables we just talked about so
+x2 pa4 two point attempts plus x3 PA for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 pa4 two point attempts plus x3 PA for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 pa4 two point attempts plus x3 PA for
+three point attempts plus FTA for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point attempts plus FTA for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point attempts plus FTA for free
+throw attempts ast for assistance par be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw attempts ast for assistance par be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw attempts ast for assistance par be
+offensive rebounds DRB for defensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offensive rebounds DRB for defensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offensive rebounds DRB for defensive
+rebounds TOB for turnovers and stl for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebounds TOB for turnovers and stl for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebounds TOB for turnovers and stl for
+steals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's also throw in blocks be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's also throw in blocks be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's also throw in blocks be okay
+okay and as always the data is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as always the data is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as always the data is from the
+NBA data set so we can go ahead and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBA data set so we can go ahead and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBA data set so we can go ahead and run
+this command so now that we've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this command so now that we've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this command so now that we've created
+our points regression model let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our points regression model let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our points regression model let's take a
+look at the summary this is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the summary this is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the summary this is always the
+first thing you should do okay so taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you should do okay so taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you should do okay so taking
+a look at this we can see that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at this we can see that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at this we can see that some of
+our variables are indeed very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variables are indeed very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variables are indeed very very
+significant others are less significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant others are less significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant others are less significant
+for example steals only has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example steals only has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example steals only has one
+significant star and some don't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant star and some don't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant star and some don't seem to
+be significant at all for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be significant at all for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be significant at all for example a
+defensive rebounds turnovers and blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive rebounds turnovers and blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive rebounds turnovers and blocks
+we do have a pretty good r-squared value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have a pretty good r-squared value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have a pretty good r-squared value
+zero point eight nine nine two so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point eight nine nine two so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point eight nine nine two so it
+shows that there really is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that there really is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that there really is a linear
+relationship between points and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between points and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between points and all of
+these basketball statistics let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basketball statistics let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basketball statistics let's
+compute the residuals here we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the residuals here we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the residuals here we can just
+do that by directly calling them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that by directly calling them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that by directly calling them
+so that's points Reg dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's points Reg dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's points Reg dollar sign
+residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's this giant list of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this giant list of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this giant list of them and
+we'll use this to compute the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this to compute the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this to compute the sum of
+squared errors SSE standing for sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors SSE standing for sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors SSE standing for sum of
+squared errors is just equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors is just equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors is just equal to the sum
+of points Rag dollar sign residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points Rag dollar sign residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points Rag dollar sign residuals
+squared all right so what is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all right so what is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all right so what is the sum of
+squared errors here quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors here quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors here quite a lot
+twenty-eight million three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-eight million three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-eight million three hundred
+ninety-four thousand three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety-four thousand three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety-four thousand three hundred
+fourteen so the sum of squared errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen so the sum of squared errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen so the sum of squared errors
+number is not really a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is not really a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is not really a very
+interpretable quantity but remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable quantity but remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable quantity but remember we
+can also calculate the root mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also calculate the root mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also calculate the root mean squared
+error which is much more interpretable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error which is much more interpretable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error which is much more interpretable
+it's more like the average error we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like the average error we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like the average error we make
+in our predictions so the root mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our predictions so the root mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our predictions so the root mean
+squared error our MSE let's calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error our MSE let's calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error our MSE let's calculate it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so our MSE is just equal to the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our MSE is just equal to the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our MSE is just equal to the square
+root of the sums of squared errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the sums of squared errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the sums of squared errors
+divided by n where n here is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n where n here is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n where n here is the number
+of rows in our dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the rmse in our case is 184 point 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rmse in our case is 184 point 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rmse in our case is 184 point 4
+so on average we make an error of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on average we make an error of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on average we make an error of about
+180 four point four points that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 four point four points that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 four point four points that seems
+like quite a lot until you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quite a lot until you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quite a lot until you remember that
+the average number of points in a season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average number of points in a season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average number of points in a season
+is let's see mean of n be a dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see mean of n be a dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see mean of n be a dollar sign
+points this will give us the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this will give us the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this will give us the average
+number of points in a season and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points in a season and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points in a season and it's
+eight thousand three hundred seventy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight thousand three hundred seventy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight thousand three hundred seventy so
+okay we have an average number of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have an average number of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have an average number of points
+of eight thousand three hundred seventy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eight thousand three hundred seventy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eight thousand three hundred seventy
+being off by about one hundred eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being off by about one hundred eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being off by about one hundred eighty
+four point four points is really not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four point four points is really not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four point four points is really not so
+bad but I think we still have room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but I think we still have room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but I think we still have room for
+improvement in this model if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement in this model if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement in this model if you recall
+not all the variables were significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all the variables were significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all the variables were significant
+let's see if we can remove some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can remove some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can remove some of the
+insignificant variables one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant variables one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant variables one at a time
+we'll take a look again at our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take a look again at our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take a look again at our model
+summary points right in order to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary points right in order to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary points right in order to figure
+out which variable we should remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which variable we should remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which variable we should remove
+first the first variable we would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the first variable we would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the first variable we would want
+to remove is probably turnovers and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove is probably turnovers and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove is probably turnovers and why
+do I say turnovers it's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I say turnovers it's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I say turnovers it's because the
+p-value for turnovers which you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-value for turnovers which you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-value for turnovers which you see here
+in this column point six eight five nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this column point six eight five nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this column point six eight five nine
+is the highest of all of the p-values so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the highest of all of the p-values so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the highest of all of the p-values so
+that means that it's that turnover is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that it's that turnover is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that it's that turnover is is
+the least statistically significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least statistically significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least statistically significant
+variable in our model so let's create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in our model so let's create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in our model so let's create a
+new regression model without turnovers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new regression model without turnovers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new regression model without turnovers
+an easy way to do this is just to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy way to do this is just to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy way to do this is just to use
+your up arrow on your keyboard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your up arrow on your keyboard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your up arrow on your keyboard and
+scroll up through all of your previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll up through all of your previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll up through all of your previous
+commands until you find the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands until you find the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands until you find the command
+where you define to the regression model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the command where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the command where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the command where we
+defined the model now let's delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the model now let's delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the model now let's delete
+turnovers and then we can rename the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnovers and then we can rename the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnovers and then we can rename the
+model and we'll call this one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and we'll call this one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and we'll call this one just
+points rag2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in our first regression model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in our first regression model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in our first regression model
+points rag we had an r-squared of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points rag we had an r-squared of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points rag we had an r-squared of zero
+point eight nine nine two let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight nine nine two let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight nine nine two let's take a
+look at the r-squared of points red two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we see that it's zero point eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that it's zero point eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that it's zero point eight
+nine nine one so almost exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine nine one so almost exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine nine one so almost exactly
+identical it does go down as we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical it does go down as we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical it does go down as we would
+expect but very very slightly so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect but very very slightly so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect but very very slightly so it
+seems that we're justified and removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that we're justified and removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that we're justified and removing
+turnovers let's see if we can remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnovers let's see if we can remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnovers let's see if we can remove
+another one of the insignificant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of the insignificant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of the insignificant
+variables the next one based on p-value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the next one based on p-value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the next one based on p-value
+that we would want to remove his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would want to remove his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would want to remove his
+defensive rebounds so again let's create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive rebounds so again let's create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive rebounds so again let's create
+our model taking out defensive rebounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model taking out defensive rebounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model taking out defensive rebounds
+and calling this point strike three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calling this point strike three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calling this point strike three
+we'll just scroll up again take out d RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just scroll up again take out d RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just scroll up again take out d RB
+for defensive rebounds and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for defensive rebounds and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for defensive rebounds and change the
+name of this two points reg three so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of this two points reg three so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of this two points reg three so we
+don't overwrite point strike two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at the summary again to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the summary again to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the summary again to see
+if the r-squared has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's the same it's 0.89 9:1 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the same it's 0.89 9:1 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the same it's 0.89 9:1 so I
+think we're justified again and removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're justified again and removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're justified again and removing
+defensive rebounds let's try this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive rebounds let's try this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive rebounds let's try this one
+more time and see if we can remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and see if we can remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and see if we can remove
+blocks so we'll remove blocks and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks so we'll remove blocks and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks so we'll remove blocks and call
+it points rag four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a look at the summary of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the summary of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the summary of points
+right four and again the R squared value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four and again the R squared value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four and again the R squared value
+stayed the same so now we've gotten down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed the same so now we've gotten down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed the same so now we've gotten down
+to a model which is a bit simpler all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a model which is a bit simpler all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a model which is a bit simpler all
+the variables are significant we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are significant we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are significant we've
+still got an r-squared of zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got an r-squared of zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got an r-squared of zero point
+eight nine nine and let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nine nine and let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nine nine and let's take a look
+now at the sum of squared errors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at the sum of squared errors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at the sum of squared errors and the
+root mean squared error just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root mean squared error just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root mean squared error just to make
+sure we didn't inflate those too much by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we didn't inflate those too much by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we didn't inflate those too much by
+removing a few variables so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing a few variables so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing a few variables so remember
+that the sum of squared errors that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of squared errors that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of squared errors that we
+had in the original model was this giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the original model was this giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the original model was this giant
+number twenty-eight million three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number twenty-eight million three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number twenty-eight million three
+hundred ninety-four thousand three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred ninety-four thousand three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred ninety-four thousand three
+hundred fourteen and the root mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred fourteen and the root mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred fourteen and the root mean
+squared error the much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error the much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error the much more
+interpretable number was 180 four point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable number was 180 four point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable number was 180 four point
+four so those are the numbers we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so those are the numbers we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so those are the numbers we'll be
+comparing against when we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing against when we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing against when we calculate the
+new sum of squared errors of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sum of squared errors of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sum of squared errors of the new
+model points rag four so let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sse4 and that will just be equal to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sse4 and that will just be equal to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sse4 and that will just be equal to sum
+of points rag four dollar sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points rag four dollar sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points rag four dollar sign of
+residuals squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then our MSE for will just be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our MSE for will just be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our MSE for will just be the
+square root of s SE for / and the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of s SE for / and the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of s SE for / and the number
+of rows in our dataset okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows in our dataset okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows in our dataset okay so let's
+take a look at these so the new sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at these so the new sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at these so the new sum of
+squared errors is now 28 million four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors is now 28 million four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors is now 28 million four
+hundred twenty-one thousand four hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred twenty-one thousand four hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred twenty-one thousand four hundred
+sixty five again I find this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty five again I find this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty five again I find this very
+difficult to interpret I like to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to interpret I like to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to interpret I like to look at
+the root mean squared error instead so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root mean squared error instead so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root mean squared error instead so
+the root mean squared error here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root mean squared error here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root mean squared error here is just
+our MSE for and so it's one hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our MSE for and so it's one hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our MSE for and so it's one hundred
+eighty four point five so although we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty four point five so although we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty four point five so although we've
+increased the root mean squared error a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the root mean squared error a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the root mean squared error a
+little bit by removing those variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit by removing those variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit by removing those variables
+it's really a very very small amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a very very small amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a very very small amount
+essentially we've kept the root mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we've kept the root mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we've kept the root mean
+squared error the same so it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error the same so it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error the same so it seems like
+we've narrowed down on a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've narrowed down on a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've narrowed down on a much better
+model because it's simpler it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because it's simpler it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because it's simpler it's more
+interpretable and it's got just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable and it's got just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable and it's got just about
+the same amount of error
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SEu8X7AfllU.txt b/SEu8X7AfllU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d70d0de9f5b27e069f501a450ae02db8f63c713
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SEu8X7AfllU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7874 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I like just having you understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like just having you understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like just having you understand that
+if you really want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to understand
+anything about cities you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about cities you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about cities you have to
+immerse yourself in a vast vast amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immerse yourself in a vast vast amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immerse yourself in a vast vast amount
+of material now seriously that's a jerk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that lasts until they referred to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lasts until they referred to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lasts until they referred to a
+number of theories which I didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of theories which I didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of theories which I didn't have
+much time to expand on for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time to expand on for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time to expand on for those of you
+interested in the reading on the sheet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the reading on the sheet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the reading on the sheet I
+gave you is available and worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you is available and worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you is available and worthwhile
+looking at if you're at all interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at if you're at all interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at if you're at all interested
+in expanding beyond what we did on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in expanding beyond what we did on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in expanding beyond what we did on
+Tuesday this is supposed to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday this is supposed to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday this is supposed to be an
+advanced class there's a prerequisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced class there's a prerequisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced class there's a prerequisite
+before you can take this class and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can take this class and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can take this class and yet
+the field is such that so much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is such that so much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is such that so much of this
+material this phase is the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this phase is the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this phase is the first time
+you've encountered it so I am work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've encountered it so I am work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've encountered it so I am work on
+the basis of those really want to pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of those really want to pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of those really want to pursue
+more have available these some direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more have available these some direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more have available these some direction
+which to travel so the sheet is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to travel so the sheet is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to travel so the sheet is really
+the direction in which you might travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction in which you might travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction in which you might travel
+if you want to explore anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to explore anything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to explore anything from
+Streisand texts to the work of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streisand texts to the work of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streisand texts to the work of other
+theorists ok we switch gears completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists ok we switch gears completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorists ok we switch gears completely
+now we on to the serious material the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we on to the serious material the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we on to the serious material the
+first part of this class is really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of this class is really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of this class is really just
+to warm you up to make you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to warm you up to make you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to warm you up to make you understand
+something about urban history and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about urban history and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about urban history and to
+give you a superficial grasp of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a superficial grasp of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a superficial grasp of what
+theories about the former cities might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories about the former cities might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories about the former cities might
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second part of this class steals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of this class steals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of this class steals
+more meticulously with particular items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more meticulously with particular items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more meticulously with particular items
+in cities it starts off with the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cities it starts off with the review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cities it starts off with the review
+of industrialization and some historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industrialization and some historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industrialization and some historians
+claimed that there was have been three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed that there was have been three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed that there was have been three
+momentous times in human history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentous times in human history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentous times in human history
+something in the Neolithic period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the Neolithic period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the Neolithic period
+something in the first religion period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the first religion period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the first religion period
+of the Enlightenment and the Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Enlightenment and the Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Enlightenment and the Industrial
+Revolution nothing in my mind contests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution nothing in my mind contests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution nothing in my mind contests
+with the Industrial Revolution and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Industrial Revolution and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Industrial Revolution and in a
+sense except for your own education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense except for your own education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense except for your own education
+anything prior to the period from 1750
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything prior to the period from 1750
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything prior to the period from 1750
+onwards is irrelevant I know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards is irrelevant I know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards is irrelevant I know it's a
+stupid thing to say but I'll say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing to say but I'll say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing to say but I'll say it
+again from this class's point of view we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from this class's point of view we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from this class's point of view we
+started seven 1750 and with today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started seven 1750 and with today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started seven 1750 and with today we
+will try to understand a very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to understand a very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to understand a very complex
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon the phenomenon of a which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon the phenomenon of a which
+increased almost every aspect of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased almost every aspect of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased almost every aspect of human
+life particularly in England why in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life particularly in England why in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life particularly in England why in
+England enough theorists who've tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England enough theorists who've tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England enough theorists who've tried to
+understand why in England I referred you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why in England I referred you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why in England I referred you
+in the reading to a book by a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reading to a book by a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reading to a book by a recent
+book by a man called Clarke from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by a man called Clarke from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by a man called Clarke from the
+West Coast University nursery California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Coast University nursery California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Coast University nursery California
+and Davis I think the book is called A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Davis I think the book is called A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Davis I think the book is called A
+Farewell to Arms did you find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farewell to Arms did you find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farewell to Arms did you find any
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ideas in that book they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ideas in that book they
+explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Industrial Revolution was I who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Industrial Revolution was I who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Industrial Revolution was I who was
+confronted with it as a high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with it as a high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with it as a high school
+student and then at university for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and then at university for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and then at university for the
+set of events by people individuals who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of events by people individuals who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of events by people individuals who
+transformed the visible world from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed the visible world from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed the visible world from
+Telford in Newcastle using steel to -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telford in Newcastle using steel to -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telford in Newcastle using steel to -
+not Telford sorry Stevenson in Newcastle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Telford sorry Stevenson in Newcastle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Telford sorry Stevenson in Newcastle
+learning how to teaching us how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to teaching us how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to teaching us how to
+industrialize the railroad macadam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialize the railroad macadam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialize the railroad macadam
+learning from which we learn how to pave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from which we learn how to pave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from which we learn how to pave
+roads from 1901 the first British census
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads from 1901 the first British census
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads from 1901 the first British census
+we learned this value of establishing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned this value of establishing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned this value of establishing a
+uniform system for counting how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform system for counting how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform system for counting how many
+people are in the nation the penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in the nation the penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in the nation the penny
+postage stamp the first stamp which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+allowed communication by mail in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed communication by mail in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed communication by mail in a
+systematic manner and so on and on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic manner and so on and on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic manner and so on and on and
+on and on and on and on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on and on and on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and on and on and on and on
+nobody explains why it happened it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody explains why it happened it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody explains why it happened it's the
+the theories the genius of human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theories the genius of human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theories the genius of human beings
+all lumped together changed the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all lumped together changed the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all lumped together changed the British
+landscape now we we can't be that naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape now we we can't be that naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape now we we can't be that naive
+we have to ask ourselves deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to ask ourselves deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to ask ourselves deeper
+questions because the series changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because the series changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because the series changes the
+series and affected the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and affected the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and affected the world in
+significant ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clock book argues that in a crude sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the world in England in 1200 was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in England in 1200 was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in England in 1200 was the
+world securing property free trade all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world securing property free trade all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world securing property free trade all
+of the basic economic conditions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initiative could take place in fact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative could take place in fact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative could take place in fact what
+makes a table in the book if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a table in the book if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a table in the book if you ever
+read the book which compares 1200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the book which compares 1200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the book which compares 1200
+England with 2,000 England and shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England with 2,000 England and shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England with 2,000 England and shares
+that the meta conditions were the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the meta conditions were the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the meta conditions were the same
+what he argues of which is novel in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he argues of which is novel in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he argues of which is novel in in
+this argument about the Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument about the Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument about the Industrial
+Revolution that there was a transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution that there was a transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution that there was a transmission
+either culturally or bio-genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either culturally or bio-genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either culturally or bio-genetically
+from the wealthy who had bigger families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wealthy who had bigger families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wealthy who had bigger families
+and who lived longer to through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who lived longer to through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who lived longer to through a
+downward mobility to the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward mobility to the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward mobility to the rest of the
+population and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cites a number of conditions having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cites a number of conditions having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cites a number of conditions having
+examined the wills of people from 1200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined the wills of people from 1200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined the wills of people from 1200
+to 1800 he drives a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1800 he drives a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1800 he drives a number of
+conclusions that the world changed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that the world changed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that the world changed for
+the people on Mars interest rates fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people on Mars interest rates fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people on Mars interest rates fell
+murder rates declined work hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder rates declined work hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder rates declined work hours
+increased taste for violence declined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+education spread to the lower classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education spread to the lower classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education spread to the lower classes
+and savings increased in the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and savings increased in the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and savings increased in the handout
+today I gave you a review of their many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I gave you a review of their many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I gave you a review of their many
+reviews of this book some arguing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews of this book some arguing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews of this book some arguing with
+it some saying it's nonsense some saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some saying it's nonsense some saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some saying it's nonsense some saying
+it has some basis but now ye Clark is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some basis but now ye Clark is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some basis but now ye Clark is
+not concluded that it's by a genetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concluded that it's by a genetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concluded that it's by a genetical
+cultural or how the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural or how the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural or how the transmission
+actually took place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is powerful about his argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is powerful about his argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is powerful about his argument is
+that it's new it's fresh it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's new it's fresh it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's new it's fresh it's much more
+vigorous then previous examples the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous then previous examples the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous then previous examples the
+taste for violence declined in 1851
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was conditioned by weights in medieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was conditioned by weights in medieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was conditioned by weights in medieval
+boxing a big man seven foot tall box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing a big man seven foot tall box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing a big man seven foot tall box
+somebody three foot tall and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody three foot tall and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody three foot tall and everybody
+laughed I will cite you when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughed I will cite you when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughed I will cite you when we talk
+about Paris about the burning of cats in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Paris about the burning of cats in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Paris about the burning of cats in
+public space to amuse people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space to amuse people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space to amuse people the
+tradition of beating up animals through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of beating up animals through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of beating up animals through
+cockfighting bullfighting and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockfighting bullfighting and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockfighting bullfighting and so on
+declined and was replaced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined and was replaced by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined and was replaced by a
+rationalized form of sport Manchester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalized form of sport Manchester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalized form of sport Manchester
+United was formed as a club in 1878
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United was formed as a club in 1878
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United was formed as a club in 1878
+today is the most well is the wealthiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is the most well is the wealthiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is the most well is the wealthiest
+sporting franchise in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporting franchise in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporting franchise in the world
+Manchester where Engels wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester where Engels wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester where Engels wrote the
+condition of the working class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of the working class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of the working class in
+England was hardly the site according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England was hardly the site according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England was hardly the site according to
+Engels for the emergence of the hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engels for the emergence of the hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engels for the emergence of the hundred
+billion dollar sports franchise taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar sports franchise taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar sports franchise taste
+for violence declined how do you explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for violence declined how do you explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for violence declined how do you explain
+our taste for violence can be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our taste for violence can be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our taste for violence can be this
+country at the moment is engaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country at the moment is engaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country at the moment is engaged in
+trying to deal with what we could only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with what we could only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with what we could only
+call a culture of violence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a culture of violence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a culture of violence which
+violence seems to be built into the CERN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence seems to be built into the CERN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence seems to be built into the CERN
+to the grain of the society in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grain of the society in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grain of the society in a way
+which is difficult to understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is difficult to understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is difficult to understand and
+they're difficult to do something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do these changes take place and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these changes take place and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these changes take place and how
+aware were those of us who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware were those of us who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware were those of us who are
+preoccupied with making decisions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupied with making decisions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupied with making decisions for
+people about the cities they live in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about the cities they live in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about the cities they live in how
+do we understand these cultural shifts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we understand these cultural shifts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we understand these cultural shifts I
+grew up as a modernist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I look at the work I did as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I look at the work I did as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I look at the work I did as a
+student both in architecture and in city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student both in architecture and in city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student both in architecture and in city
+planning I'm embarrassed the culture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning I'm embarrassed the culture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning I'm embarrassed the culture in
+which I worked was very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I worked was very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I worked was very different from
+the one in which you work now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in which you work now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in which you work now we can
+only understand and I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only understand and I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only understand and I'm not going to
+deal extensively with societal changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal extensively with societal changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal extensively with societal changes
+in this period in England I'm only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this period in England I'm only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this period in England I'm only going
+to deal with them when they affect some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with them when they affect some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with them when they affect some
+national out the built form of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national out the built form of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national out the built form of places
+otherwise we'd be and I'm incompetent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we'd be and I'm incompetent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we'd be and I'm incompetent to
+give you a very good background in 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a very good background in 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a very good background in 19th
+century English history I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century English history I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century English history I'm just going
+to pick on certain coincidences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick on certain coincidences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick on certain coincidences and
+events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for instance Peterloo was a gathering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance Peterloo was a gathering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance Peterloo was a gathering of
+protesters in Liverpool I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protesters in Liverpool I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protesters in Liverpool I think it was
+just after the British won the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just after the British won the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just after the British won the great
+battle against Napoleon and Waterloo 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle against Napoleon and Waterloo 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle against Napoleon and Waterloo 11
+Englishmen were killed by the police in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Englishmen were killed by the police in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Englishmen were killed by the police in
+the military 152 years later 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military 152 years later 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military 152 years later 13
+Englishmen actually Catholic Irish were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Englishmen actually Catholic Irish were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Englishmen actually Catholic Irish were
+killed by the British police and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed by the British police and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed by the British police and
+military over a period of 152 years this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military over a period of 152 years this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military over a period of 152 years this
+incredible transformation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible transformation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible transformation of this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+society the British police in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society the British police in the
+military didn't kill more than the 11 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military didn't kill more than the 11 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military didn't kill more than the 11 or
+13 people it's a remarkable story of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 people it's a remarkable story of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 people it's a remarkable story of and
+in it the origins the Marxist thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it the origins the Marxist thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it the origins the Marxist thought
+fits quite neatly which I will talk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits quite neatly which I will talk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits quite neatly which I will talk of
+it about later when we deal with anals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about later when we deal with anals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about later when we deal with anals
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my clock makes a big story about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my clock makes a big story about the
+Malthusian trap Malthus wrote a book in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malthusian trap Malthus wrote a book in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malthusian trap Malthus wrote a book in
+1798 I forget the title nice to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1798 I forget the title nice to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1798 I forget the title nice to know the
+Titans anybody know the title of Malthus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titans anybody know the title of Malthus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titans anybody know the title of Malthus
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book now that's what it was called
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by critics it's something about the
+population essentially the Malthusian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population essentially the Malthusian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population essentially the Malthusian
+trap Clarke argues is that until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap Clarke argues is that until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap Clarke argues is that until the
+Industrial Revolution the amount of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Revolution the amount of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Revolution the amount of food
+that could would we could be produced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could would we could be produced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+a society or in a city or in a village
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to the amount of population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to the amount of population
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be fed if there was in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be fed if there was in our
+innovation in the society's production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incomes arose but the population stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes arose but the population stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes arose but the population stayed
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+because the food supply we couldn't who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the food supply we couldn't who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the food supply we couldn't who
+wasn't a large martha's in 1798 as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a large martha's in 1798 as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a large martha's in 1798 as I
+will show you in the graph observed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you in the graph observed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you in the graph observed the
+first rapid change in percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rapid change in percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rapid change in percentage of
+population increase then Britain had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population increase then Britain had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population increase then Britain had
+ever seen Manchester was increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen Manchester was increasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen Manchester was increasing in
+population by our 10% Panem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population by our 10% Panem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population by our 10% Panem
+whereas European birth rates or growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas European birth rates or growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas European birth rates or growth
+rates population growth rate largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates population growth rate largely
+because of disease over the medieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+period averaged about 0.6% to 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Trevelyan one of the great British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trevelyan one of the great British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trevelyan one of the great British
+historians I quote the survival of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians I quote the survival of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians I quote the survival of many
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+more infants in the prolongation of the
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+
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+average age of adults marks of modern
+
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+average age of adults marks of modern
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+times from the past and this change
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+
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+began in the night begins in the 19th
+
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+began in the night begins in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began in the night begins in the 19th
+century to phenomenon death rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century to phenomenon death rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century to phenomenon death rate
+people live longer and more children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people live longer and more children
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people live longer and more children
+survive put those two together and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive put those two together and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive put those two together and you
+have fundamentals of economic of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fundamentals of economic of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fundamentals of economic of a
+population growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+in 1500 London's population was between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1500 London's population was between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+40 and 60 thousand people terrace was
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+ align:start position:0%
+40 and 60 thousand people terrace was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 and 60 thousand people terrace was
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+ align:start position:0%
+already two hundred thousand poppy pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already two hundred thousand poppy pair
+a population about two hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population about two hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population about two hundred thousand
+so London was this almost a second-rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so London was this almost a second-rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so London was this almost a second-rate
+European city by 1851 or 1850 it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European city by 1851 or 1850 it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European city by 1851 or 1850 it was the
+largest city in the world with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest city in the world with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest city in the world with an
+estimated population of two to two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated population of two to two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated population of two to two and a
+half million people 1851 is the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half million people 1851 is the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half million people 1851 is the signal
+date in the nineteenth century for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date in the nineteenth century for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date in the nineteenth century for us
+what happened in 1851 or roundabout 1850
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in 1851 or roundabout 1850
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in 1851 or roundabout 1850
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most significant building of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most significant building of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteenth century was built in London
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+the Crystal Palace who was the chairman
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+
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+the Crystal Palace who was the chairman
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+ align:start position:0%
+of the committee and who built the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the committee and who built the
+Crystal Palace Taksin was the chosen by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal Palace Taksin was the chosen by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal Palace Taksin was the chosen by
+James cubit cubit was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James cubit cubit was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James cubit cubit was the first
+industrial builder instead of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial builder instead of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial builder instead of using
+medieval medieval feudal labour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval medieval feudal labour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval medieval feudal labour
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+
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+
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+to a thousand people on permanent
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+to a thousand people on permanent
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+
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+salaries he believed like many of these
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+salaries he believed like many of these
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+
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+salaries he believed like many of these
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+
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+
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+
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+in the behavior cubed Frances advised
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+
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+
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+the Queen who wanted to develop a large
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Queen who wanted to develop a large
+part of the Isle of Wight I think it was
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+part of the Isle of Wight I think it was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Isle of Wight I think it was
+I'm correct I'm trying to remember
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+I'm correct I'm trying to remember
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm correct I'm trying to remember
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+he said don't use architects they just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said don't use architects they just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste your time Baron Haussmann in Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste your time Baron Haussmann in Paris
+did exactly the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+18:50 England was for the first time
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+18:50 England was for the first time
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+18:50 England was for the first time
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+divided into fifty percent of the
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+
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+divided into fifty percent of the
+population living in cities and fifty
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+population living in cities and fifty
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+
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+population living in cities and fifty
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+trivial event the invention of camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial event the invention of camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial event the invention of camera
+processing the capacity to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the capacity to come to
+ 
+
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+processing the capacity to come to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph to make recordings of the
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+
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+photograph to make recordings of the
+built world the conquering of disease
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in 1854 a physician in London decided
+
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+in 1854 a physician in London decided
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1854 a physician in London decided
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+the cholera which is the most prevalent
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+
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+the cholera which is the most prevalent
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+of the and most dangerous vermin
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+
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+diseases was not born in the air but was
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+
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+diseases was not born in the air but was
+waterborne how to do either there's a
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+piece of River reading for next Tuesday
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+piece of River reading for next Tuesday
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+municipal workers to go into their
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+had to be stopped one summer because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be stopped one summer because the
+smell was so bad
+
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+smell was so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell was so bad
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+London rivers were so polluted world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London rivers were so polluted world of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage and sewage and feces produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage and sewage and feces produced by
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+the English in London in the city two
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+
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+the English in London in the city two
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people went straight into the
+river people made a living picking up
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+ align:start position:0%
+river people made a living picking up
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+river people made a living picking up
+bones in the river this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones in the river this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones in the river this is the first
+chapter the book called the ghost map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter the book called the ghost map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+which deals with in with the invention
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+
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+which deals with in with the invention
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+of the cholera phenomenon not the
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+invention of the phenomenon the
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+
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+invention of the Cure which details that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of the Cure which details that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah he did he did a kind of Sherlock
+
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+yeah he did he did a kind of Sherlock
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he did he did a kind of Sherlock
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+Holmes thing taking random clues when
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+
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+Holmes thing taking random clues when
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+
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+family would say we drank something last
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+family would say we drank something last
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and he would track in attracted to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and he would track in attracted to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the central water fountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the central water fountain
+remember that the British had no sewage
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+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the British had no sewage
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the British had no sewage
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if he went to the toilet for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if he went to the toilet for a
+long time the British at the Crystal
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+ align:start position:0%
+long time the British at the Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time the British at the Crystal
+Palace then invented or produced for the
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+Palace then invented or produced for the
+ 
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+Palace then invented or produced for the
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+ align:start position:0%
+first time the toilet seat but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time the toilet seat but the
+British bought the toilet seat or didn't
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+ align:start position:0%
+British bought the toilet seat or didn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+British bought the toilet seat or didn't
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+ align:start position:0%
+understand that if you used the toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that if you used the toilet
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+ align:start position:0%
+seat something would happen to the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+material you produced it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you produced it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you produced it's an
+extraordinary phenomenon let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary phenomenon let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary phenomenon let me just
+draw these two graphs 1700 to 1750 1750
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these two graphs 1700 to 1750 1750
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these two graphs 1700 to 1750 1750
+to 1800 1800 to 1850 1850 to 1900 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1800 1800 to 1850 1850 to 1900 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1800 1800 to 1850 1850 to 1900 is a
+50-year intervals 1900 to 1950
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is 100% 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understand eighteen fifty fifty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand eighteen fifty fifty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand eighteen fifty fifty percent
+thirty three percent if 1798
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Malthus is observation to teak period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malthus is observation to teak period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malthus is observation to teak period of
+the population increase so therefore his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population increase so therefore his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population increase so therefore his
+conclusion that the Malthusian trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that the Malthusian trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that the Malthusian trap
+would so continue and continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would so continue and continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would so continue and continue with
+totally eviscerated by the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally eviscerated by the industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally eviscerated by the industrial
+prayer persist what explains this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer persist what explains this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer persist what explains this
+phenomenon the decreasing the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon the decreasing the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon the decreasing the rate of
+population growth the graph shows two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth the graph shows two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth the graph shows two
+lines one ascending very rapidly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines one ascending very rapidly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines one ascending very rapidly one
+descending not quite as rapidly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending not quite as rapidly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending not quite as rapidly but
+rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is explained by a theory called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is explained by a theory called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is explained by a theory called
+demographic transition as you are benign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic transition as you are benign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic transition as you are benign
+you have fewer children there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have fewer children there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have fewer children there are more
+costs involved in producing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs involved in producing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs involved in producing and
+maintaining a large family and typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining a large family and typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining a large family and typically
+populations once they've achieved their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations once they've achieved their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations once they've achieved their
+maximum through the migration of rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum through the migration of rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum through the migration of rural
+to urban as they are as the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to urban as they are as the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to urban as they are as the population
+now is largely urbanized or 50% at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is largely urbanized or 50% at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is largely urbanized or 50% at least
+is urbanized the population will drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1950 1815 1918 hundred three quarters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 1815 1918 hundred three quarters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 1815 1918 hundred three quarters of
+the country is agricultural 1900 half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country is agricultural 1900 half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country is agricultural 1900 half is
+agricultural once quarters agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural once quarters agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural once quarters agricultural
+and then a small addition to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a small addition to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a small addition to make it
+about 70%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 70%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 70%
+this is 80% urbanized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these phenomena in different variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phenomena in different variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phenomena in different variations
+occur at the moment population growth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur at the moment population growth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur at the moment population growth in
+Russia projected for the next 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's - 25 percent population growth for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's - 25 percent population growth for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's - 25 percent population growth for
+western Africa is plus one hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western Africa is plus one hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western Africa is plus one hundred and
+twenty two percent middle Africa 175
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty two percent middle Africa 175
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty two percent middle Africa 175
+percent Japan - 13 percent as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent Japan - 13 percent as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent Japan - 13 percent as you move
+from Russia towards the West Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Russia towards the West Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Russia towards the West Central
+Europe with Europe - point two percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it used to be the planners believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be the planners believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be the planners believed that
+if you wish to decrease population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish to decrease population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish to decrease population
+growth you er should urbanize people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth you er should urbanize people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth you er should urbanize people
+that urbanization was the fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that urbanization was the fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that urbanization was the fastest
+non-lethal method of ensuring population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lethal method of ensuring population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lethal method of ensuring population
+maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a theoretical posture prior to cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a theoretical posture prior to cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a theoretical posture prior to cities
+being as large as 20 million people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being as large as 20 million people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being as large as 20 million people and
+also prior to the growth of population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prior to the growth of population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prior to the growth of population
+being limited now to people who in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being limited now to people who in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being limited now to people who in the
+absolute poverty state you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute poverty state you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute poverty state you have a
+combination of in a sense the you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of in a sense the you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of in a sense the you could
+argue that demographically when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that demographically when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that demographically when people
+have reached the maximum point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reached the maximum point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reached the maximum point of
+urbanization and their family size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization and their family size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization and their family size is
+decrease the only population population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the only population population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the only population population
+can only increase by virtue of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only increase by virtue of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only increase by virtue of an
+increase of their that group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of their that group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of their that group of people
+which is largely possible due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is largely possible due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is largely possible due to
+emigration so the more the economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emigration so the more the economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emigration so the more the economy is
+advanced the more likely it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced the more likely it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced the more likely it is that
+immigration will replace work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration will replace work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration will replace work and
+increase population I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase population I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase population I don't know what
+the percentage of emigration is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of emigration is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of emigration is in
+America's population growth but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's population growth but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's population growth but it
+certainly must account for a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly must account for a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly must account for a significant
+amount because these projections for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount because these projections for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount because these projections for the
+United States or plus 33 percent over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States or plus 33 percent over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States or plus 33 percent over
+the next 50 years now these are guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 50 years now these are guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 50 years now these are guesses
+but they better guesses than most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they better guesses than most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they better guesses than most people
+the guesses by the United Nations who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guesses by the United Nations who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guesses by the United Nations who
+employ a fairly respectful group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ a fairly respectful group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ a fairly respectful group of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why do people shift from the rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do people shift from the rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do people shift from the rural
+areas of a country to its urban areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hmm sorry yeah but that presumes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm sorry yeah but that presumes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm sorry yeah but that presumes there's
+Network where they are better work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network where they are better work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network where they are better work and
+better work implies a number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better work implies a number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better work implies a number of things
+it implies what's been called by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it implies what's been called by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it implies what's been called by
+demographers of the life lottery that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographers of the life lottery that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographers of the life lottery that
+you stand a higher random chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stand a higher random chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stand a higher random chance of
+producing good things or being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing good things or being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing good things or being
+recognized than you do in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized than you do in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized than you do in the country
+the second is the capacity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is the capacity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is the capacity of the
+country to support you they always -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country to support you they always -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country to support you they always -
+phenomenon in land reform has been one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon in land reform has been one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon in land reform has been one
+of them were difficult aspects of urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were difficult aspects of urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were difficult aspects of urban
+rural change in South Africa if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural change in South Africa if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural change in South Africa if I
+remember the statistics correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the statistics correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the statistics correctly
+although 80% of the people of black of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although 80% of the people of black of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although 80% of the people of black of
+the population of black or 70 to 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population of black or 70 to 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population of black or 70 to 80
+percent less than 20% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent less than 20% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent less than 20% of the
+agricultural land designed by black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural land designed by black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural land designed by black
+people you can see what happens what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you can see what happens what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you can see what happens what
+traumatic events happened in Zimbabwe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatic events happened in Zimbabwe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatic events happened in Zimbabwe
+when Mugabe tries to manufacture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Mugabe tries to manufacture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Mugabe tries to manufacture the
+removal of people from the land in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal of people from the land in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal of people from the land in order
+to it happens to be white people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+South Africa is on the way to increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa is on the way to increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa is on the way to increasing
+the amount of land and and operated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of land and and operated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of land and and operated by
+its black people but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its black people but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its black people but one of the
+significant events and I think there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant events and I think there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant events and I think there's a
+sheet which covers this in your reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet which covers this in your reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet which covers this in your reading
+is the enclosure acts the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the enclosure acts the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the enclosure acts the closed
+enclosure acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eliminated the possibility of poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated the possibility of poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated the possibility of poor
+people rural populations having access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rural populations having access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rural populations having access
+to Commons land at the time of the names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Commons land at the time of the names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Commons land at the time of the names
+of the census in 1086 more than half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the census in 1086 more than half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the census in 1086 more than half the
+arable land belong to the villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arable land belong to the villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arable land belong to the villages
+enclosure by redefining Landis property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosure by redefining Landis property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosure by redefining Landis property
+enclosure acts from the 15th to the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosure acts from the 15th to the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosure acts from the 15th to the 19th
+century enclosed Commons lands and made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century enclosed Commons lands and made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century enclosed Commons lands and made
+it into property between the 14th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into property between the 14th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into property between the 14th and
+16th centuries thousands of peasants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th centuries thousands of peasants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th centuries thousands of peasants
+were invited from their holdings when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were invited from their holdings when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were invited from their holdings when
+many more saw the common lands that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more saw the common lands that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more saw the common lands that were
+the basis of the independence fenced off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of the independence fenced off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of the independence fenced off
+for sheep Raymond Williams who spoke the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sheep Raymond Williams who spoke the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sheep Raymond Williams who spoke the
+country in the city examines this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in the city examines this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in the city examines this
+phenomenon in 1873 half the country was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon in 1873 half the country was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon in 1873 half the country was
+owned by some 7,000 people in a rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by some 7,000 people in a rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by some 7,000 people in a rural
+population of around 10 million the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of around 10 million the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of around 10 million the
+capitalism the manchester has been built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism the manchester has been built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism the manchester has been built
+on an agrarian capitalism in 18th in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an agrarian capitalism in 18th in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an agrarian capitalism in 18th in the
+18th century half the cultivated land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century half the cultivated land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century half the cultivated land
+was owned by five thousand families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was owned by five thousand families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was owned by five thousand families
+nearly a quarter by 400 families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you can argue that modern farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can argue that modern farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can argue that modern farming
+needed more land than the subdivision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed more land than the subdivision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed more land than the subdivision of
+land into Commons parcels but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land into Commons parcels but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land into Commons parcels but it was a
+rejoicing about the property making of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejoicing about the property making of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejoicing about the property making of
+making converting common land into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making converting common land into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making converting common land into into
+property Philip Sidney the poet writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property Philip Sidney the poet writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property Philip Sidney the poet writes
+about the term Arcadian ISM refers to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the term Arcadian ISM refers to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the term Arcadian ISM refers to a
+utopian condition in English literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian condition in English literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian condition in English literature
+our carrier is invented as some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alternative world of wonder largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative world of wonder largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative world of wonder largely
+because of nature Philip Sidney roti's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of nature Philip Sidney roti's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of nature Philip Sidney roti's
+invented the term Arcadian ISM in a park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the term Arcadian ISM in a park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the term Arcadian ISM in a park
+which was inning made as a result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was inning made as a result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was inning made as a result of the
+enclosure of the Commons land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on the one hand if one simplifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the one hand if one simplifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the one hand if one simplifies the
+part the zig this story one suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the zig this story one suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the zig this story one suggests
+that the conditions of the poor were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conditions of the poor were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conditions of the poor were
+exacerbated by the removal of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbated by the removal of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbated by the removal of their
+rights to land and was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to land and was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to land and was one of the
+phenomenon which caused them to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which caused them to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which caused them to move
+involuntarily to cities now whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involuntarily to cities now whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involuntarily to cities now whether this
+is absolutely true or not I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely true or not I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely true or not I don't know
+economic historians to start dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic historians to start dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic historians to start dividing
+themselves up into capitalist oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves up into capitalist oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves up into capitalist oriented
+historians and labor oriented historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians and labor oriented historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians and labor oriented historians
+and you can take your pick as to who but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take your pick as to who but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take your pick as to who but
+their notion that land becomes that land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their notion that land becomes that land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their notion that land becomes that land
+is available to the population is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is available to the population is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is available to the population is then
+he's changed to property has severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's changed to property has severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's changed to property has severe
+implications which Engels in his writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications which Engels in his writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications which Engels in his writing
+about Manchester observes he says there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Manchester observes he says there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Manchester observes he says there
+are changes in the social structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are changes in the social structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are changes in the social structure of
+families once they move into the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families once they move into the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families once they move into the factory
+system these were not voluntary labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these were not voluntary labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these were not voluntary labor
+moves English claims that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves English claims that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves English claims that the
+capitalists keep people in an insecure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists keep people in an insecure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists keep people in an insecure
+state by not making them available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state by not making them available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state by not making them available
+alternatives to their jobs they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to their jobs they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to their jobs they don't
+have security of jobs anyway and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have security of jobs anyway and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have security of jobs anyway and so
+therefore they they they they they abide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they they they they they abide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they they they they they abide
+by low wages Manchester which I'll deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by low wages Manchester which I'll deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by low wages Manchester which I'll deal
+with in some detail largely through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in some detail largely through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in some detail largely through the
+writing of Engels became the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing of Engels became the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing of Engels became the most
+important example of this manifestation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example of this manifestation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example of this manifestation
+the conjunction of rationalized labor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjunction of rationalized labor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjunction of rationalized labor in
+factory production and the deterioration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory production and the deterioration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory production and the deterioration
+of social circumstances beyond which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social circumstances beyond which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social circumstances beyond which
+the world had not ever experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world had not ever experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world had not ever experienced
+before James Joyce wrote a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before James Joyce wrote a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before James Joyce wrote a collection of
+essays called The Dubliners in which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays called The Dubliners in which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays called The Dubliners in which one
+of the essays is called the dead which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the essays is called the dead which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the essays is called the dead which
+was made into a film I don't know Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made into a film I don't know Joseph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made into a film I don't know Joseph
+Cotten I think was in the film I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cotten I think was in the film I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cotten I think was in the film I'm not
+sure the process the the situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the process the the situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the process the the situation is
+such in the story this young man who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such in the story this young man who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such in the story this young man who
+decides to leave Dublin nobody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to leave Dublin nobody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to leave Dublin nobody can
+understand why wants to leave Dublin he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why wants to leave Dublin he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why wants to leave Dublin he
+says the only way to get out of Dublin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the only way to get out of Dublin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the only way to get out of Dublin
+as Dublin is totally controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Dublin is totally controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Dublin is totally controlled by
+religion and by social pressure is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion and by social pressure is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion and by social pressure is to
+drink Irish drink because they can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink Irish drink because they can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink Irish drink because they can only
+way they can liberate themselves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they can liberate themselves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they can liberate themselves from
+the compulsion of their circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compulsion of their circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compulsion of their circumstances
+this man is considered to be dead but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man is considered to be dead but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man is considered to be dead but
+he's actually very alive in making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually very alive in making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually very alive in making the
+decision to move out of the society he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to move out of the society he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to move out of the society he
+took an Irishman like Joyce to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took an Irishman like Joyce to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took an Irishman like Joyce to see the
+the the uses his ammunition I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uses his ammunition I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uses his ammunition I'm just
+jumping all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's gone because there's a number there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone because there's a number there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone because there's a number there
+number of things I want to touch in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things I want to touch in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things I want to touch in more
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I gave you a real Huberman subdivision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you a real Huberman subdivision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you a real Huberman subdivision
+of the nature manufacturing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nature manufacturing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nature manufacturing from the
+household or family system it's there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household or family system it's there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household or family system it's there is
+it I'm not sure what I hand out every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm not sure what I hand out every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm not sure what I hand out every
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it starts off with a household or family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts off with a household or family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts off with a household or family
+system okay this is a construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay this is a construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay this is a construction of
+the move from a system where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the move from a system where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the move from a system where you
+producing your own house for your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing your own house for your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing your own house for your own
+use not for sale there's no work for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not for sale there's no work for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not for sale there's no work for an
+outside market all the way to the guild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside market all the way to the guild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside market all the way to the guild
+system with is a small stable outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with is a small stable outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with is a small stable outside
+market workers only earn materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market workers only earn materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market workers only earn materials and
+tools they sell their products not their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools they sell their products not their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools they sell their products not their
+labor up to the early May middle ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor up to the early May middle ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor up to the early May middle ages
+space in the house was undifferentiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the house was undifferentiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the house was undifferentiated
+in Henry Fielding's eighteenth century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Henry Fielding's eighteenth century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Henry Fielding's eighteenth century
+novel Tom Jones it was also made into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel Tom Jones it was also made into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel Tom Jones it was also made into
+movie you see the behavior of a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie you see the behavior of a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie you see the behavior of a family
+and the journeyman who come and work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the journeyman who come and work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the journeyman who come and work and
+have sex with the young women in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sex with the young women in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sex with the young women in the
+Attic there's a whole ball board Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attic there's a whole ball board Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attic there's a whole ball board Lee
+kind of scene people he together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scene people he together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scene people he together
+production and eating and sex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and eating and sex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and eating and sex and
+families and children all maintained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and children all maintained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and children all maintained in
+the same ensemble of interest the guild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ensemble of interest the guild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ensemble of interest the guild
+system ran into trouble in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ran into trouble in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ran into trouble in the 19th
+century with the emergence of a factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century with the emergence of a factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century with the emergence of a factory
+system with production eyes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with production eyes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with production eyes for
+fluctuating outside market carried out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating outside market carried out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating outside market carried out
+in the employers buildings workers own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the employers buildings workers own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the employers buildings workers own
+either raw material or tools and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either raw material or tools and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either raw material or tools and capital
+is needed the mortgage system as I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed the mortgage system as I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed the mortgage system as I will
+explain to you next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you next week
+emanates from that at the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanates from that at the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanates from that at the time of the
+transition from the fluctuating building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the fluctuating building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the fluctuating building
+guild to the permanent building society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guild to the permanent building society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guild to the permanent building society
+those who live in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who live in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who live in India
+in South Africa now that you borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in South Africa now that you borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in South Africa now that you borrow
+money still today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money still today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money still today
+from the Building Society not from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Building Society not from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Building Society not from a
+bank is this true in India okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank is this true in India okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank is this true in India okay I
+thought what happened was the temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought what happened was the temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought what happened was the temporary
+buildings the rebuilding guild is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the rebuilding guild is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the rebuilding guild is that
+as the middle-class emerged and became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the middle-class emerged and became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the middle-class emerged and became
+an enormous clientele for housing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous clientele for housing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous clientele for housing they
+transformed their identity from simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed their identity from simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed their identity from simply
+making houses for themselves or for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making houses for themselves or for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making houses for themselves or for the
+guild to becoming a virtually a bank for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guild to becoming a virtually a bank for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guild to becoming a virtually a bank for
+housing they invented the mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing they invented the mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing they invented the mortgage
+system which transfer according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which transfer according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which transfer according to
+historian housing historians worst was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian housing historians worst was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian housing historians worst was
+as fundamental and intervention as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fundamental and intervention as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fundamental and intervention as the
+steam engine in the 19th century England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam engine in the 19th century England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam engine in the 19th century England
+the genius of the mortgage system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genius of the mortgage system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genius of the mortgage system is
+that you pay off the interest before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pay off the interest before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pay off the interest before you
+pay off the capital the availability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off the capital the availability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off the capital the availability of
+loans in the United States prior to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans in the United States prior to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans in the United States prior to then
+in late use of the mortgage system meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in late use of the mortgage system meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in late use of the mortgage system meant
+that you could borrow money either a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could borrow money either a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could borrow money either a big
+in a balloon loan or standard learn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a balloon loan or standard learn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a balloon loan or standard learn you
+borrow money for you borrow money of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow money for you borrow money of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow money for you borrow money of
+$100,000 you go away for 20 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 you go away for 20 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 you go away for 20 years and
+you come back and say here's the hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back and say here's the hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back and say here's the hundred
+thousand dollars by that time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars by that time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars by that time the
+interest is made it increased to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is made it increased to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is made it increased to three
+hundred thousand dollars you haven't got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand dollars you haven't got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand dollars you haven't got
+the two hundred thousand dollars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two hundred thousand dollars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two hundred thousand dollars you
+need to pay off your loan some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay off your loan some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay off your loan some people
+argue that this is a fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that this is a fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that this is a fundamentally
+wonder fundamental reasons for the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder fundamental reasons for the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder fundamental reasons for the Great
+Depression in the United States in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression in the United States in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression in the United States in
+nineteen thirties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have to also understand I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to also understand I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to also understand I think the
+transference of or the invention of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of or the invention of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of or the invention of the
+idea of capital according to Engels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of capital according to Engels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of capital according to Engels
+capital is the unpaid labor of others in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is the unpaid labor of others in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is the unpaid labor of others in
+a simple experiment those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple experiment those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple experiment those of you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects are not going to be able to
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+
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+architects are not going to be able to
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+your own skills by yourself as soon as
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+
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+ 
+
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+they deserve on this and they produce a
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+new skim off the profit that's capital
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+
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+new skim off the profit that's capital
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+Engels repeat angles capital is the
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+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engels marx more than angles in Das
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engels marx more than angles in Das
+Kapital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so much for the change in labor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mentioned the transformation of industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+none of these economic historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+science I don't know who's written about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I don't know who's written about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I don't know who's written about
+the fact that people were operating on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather get on to by around 1825
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather get on to by around 1825
+while England had only 2% of the world's
+
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+while England had only 2% of the world's
+ 
+
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+while England had only 2% of the world's
+population the volume of production in
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+
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+English ironworks was equal to that of
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+
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+
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+
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+always there as material resistant to
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+
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+always there as material resistant to
+copper and bronze inhuman tool
+
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+ 
+
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+copper and bronze inhuman tool
+development preceded iron iron was
+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+until somebody thought about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until somebody thought about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until somebody thought about that
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+
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+they're using coal in relation to iron
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+
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+
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+and eventually producing steel iron was
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+
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+a hopeless commodity Karsten pig iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hopeless commodity Karsten pig iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+was not very wasn't capable of much
+
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+was not very wasn't capable of much
+ 
+
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+was not very wasn't capable of much
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's move on to another cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+one of the dictums of 19th into the
+
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+one of the dictums of 19th into the
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+
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+
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+Martha German Jew Friedrich Engels was
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+read the New London Times every day and
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+studied the stock market didn't have the
+facts of the case fact Marx was a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts of the case fact Marx was a bit of
+ 
+
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+facts of the case fact Marx was a bit of
+a snobby Saint his kids his daughters -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snobby Saint his kids his daughters -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snobby Saint his kids his daughters -
+pub - private school in London never in
+
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+pub - private school in London never in
+ 
+
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+pub - private school in London never in
+their penny himself but was
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+I had a friend an old man who worked in
+ 
+
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+I had a friend an old man who worked in
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+of the Prussian Kings else provided them
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+of the Prussian Kings else provided them
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+ 
+Engels reaction to - to what he saw in
+
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+
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+
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+mantises there was multifold he liked a
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+
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+
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+he drank Chateau Margaux
+
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+he drank Chateau Margaux
+ 
+
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+he ate lobster salad he belonged to the
+
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+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+Batali went fox hunting he accepted the
+
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+Batali went fox hunting he accepted the
+ 
+
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+Batali went fox hunting he accepted the
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+
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+ 
+ 
+
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+of a he liked expensive women on the one
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+ 
+
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+nobody dry no roads run through Roxbury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
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+ 
+Robert Moses created the pathways Elise
+
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+ 
+
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+in in the book on Moses is the
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+I'm just get drifting off to some of
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+
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+
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+ 
+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+opportunities he says why are you kept
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a state of insecurity you don't
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+work with alienate you you have to go to
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+work with alienate you you have to go to
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+work with alienate you you have to go to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+bell rings if you late by five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell rings if you late by five minutes
+you your payers did taken away and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your payers did taken away and so on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your payers did taken away and so on
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+why are you supervising everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you supervising everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you supervising everything you
+do and then they say well that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then they say well that's the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then they say well that's the
+what the factory system is why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the factory system is why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the factory system is why are you
+and so on Engels writes I've never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on Engels writes I've never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on Engels writes I've never seen
+such a social toss senior socials are so
+
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+such a social toss senior socials are so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply demoralized as the English middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply demoralized as the English middle
+class they know no happiness except
+
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+class they know no happiness except
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+class they know no happiness except
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Marxist philosophy needed the
+
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+Marxist philosophy needed the
+ 
+
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+Marxist philosophy needed the
+establishment of factual establishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment of factual establishment
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+
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+establishment of factual establishment
+of ingleses writing about manchester in
+
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+of ingleses writing about manchester in
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+
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+order to deliver a philosophy which
+
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+order to deliver a philosophy which
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+order to deliver a philosophy which
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+
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+
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+propagating it in Europe until he died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating it in Europe until he died
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+at the age of 75 close to the end of the
+century Manchester was the dialectic
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+century Manchester was the dialectic
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+
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+historical dialectic of Hegel didn't
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+historical dialectic of Hegel didn't
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+
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+specify what the final condition of the
+
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+specify what the final condition of the
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+
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+
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+
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+freedom there was no instruction in
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+Hegel that it would end up in a state
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+Hegel that it would end up in a state
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+devoted to Galit arianism of Engels and
+
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+devoted to Galit arianism of Engels and
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+
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+devoted to Galit arianism of Engels and
+Marx did this change they did something
+
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+Marx did this change they did something
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+
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+Marx did this change they did something
+else they didn't consider the British
+
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+else they didn't consider the British
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+
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+
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+
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+release capable of doing the changes
+
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+release capable of doing the changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release capable of doing the changes
+that need to be done to make Manchester
+
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+that need to be done to make Manchester
+ 
+
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+that need to be done to make Manchester
+a relic historical really they were too
+
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+a relic historical really they were too
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+
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+a relic historical really they were too
+slow there was a British counter
+
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+slow there was a British counter
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+
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+slow there was a British counter
+movement all the time
+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+Engels to be not radical enough he and
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+
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+Marx decided after 1848 that revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marx decided after 1848 that revolution
+was the only way to transform society
+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+he needed to be abrupt in the 1970-1980
+
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+he needed to be abrupt in the 1970-1980
+ 
+
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+
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+revolution in Russia who was in fact the
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+
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+revolution in Russia who was in fact the
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+
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+apotheosis of this philosophy in England
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+
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+apotheosis of this philosophy in England
+as I said 20 minutes ago it took time
+
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+as I said 20 minutes ago it took time
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+
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+as I said 20 minutes ago it took time
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+the Chartist movement was a working
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+
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+class movement which asked only four
+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+securities in jobs and so on the English
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+
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+version of the Socialist Party only
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+started gaining political strength as
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+
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+
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+the years went on but by 1902 the
+ 
+
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+
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+English had a Town and Country Planning
+ 
+
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+Act and many of the anticipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions of Manchester had been
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman called Henley worked 14 hours a
+ 
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+
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+first three children died in infamy the
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+cause of all the world's evil what
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+
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+
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+happened to Andy why's Andy why do I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to Andy why's Andy why do I
+mention Andy's name she left for New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention Andy's name she left for New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention Andy's name she left for New
+York in 1774 what did she do hmm yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York in 1774 what did she do hmm yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York in 1774 what did she do hmm yes yes
+yes yes yes of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes of course
+sexual intercourse being infamy would
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+sexual intercourse being infamy would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual intercourse being infamy would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a resistance community such as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a resistance community such as
+shakers returnee shook your hand as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakers returnee shook your hand as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest you came to another body at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest you came to another body at
+least another body of the office at six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes Andy left London for New York in 74
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Andy left London for New York in 74
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Andy left London for New York in 74
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+
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+to lead to invent a shaker movement in
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+
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+to lead to invent a shaker movement in
+1789 15 years later young Welshman who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1789 15 years later young Welshman who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1789 15 years later young Welshman who's
+18 years old Robert Owen borrowed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 years old Robert Owen borrowed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 years old Robert Owen borrowed a
+hundred pounds and went into the cotton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred pounds and went into the cotton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred pounds and went into the cotton
+business in Manchester he where he later
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+ align:start position:0%
+business in Manchester he where he later
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+business in Manchester he where he later
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to new lanark in Scotland at the
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+
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+went to new lanark in Scotland at the
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+age of 28 in the USA was the first
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+ align:start position:0%
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+socialist leader in Great Britain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+national trade union also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national trade union also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national trade union also from
+Manchester I suppose at any point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester I suppose at any point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester I suppose at any point in
+human history there's a place which is
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+ align:start position:0%
+human history there's a place which is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+important enough to change the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important enough to change the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important enough to change the world
+Manchester was that in 1830 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester was that in 1830 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester was that in 1830 and
+Friedrich Engels fell upon Manchester by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedrich Engels fell upon Manchester by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedrich Engels fell upon Manchester by
+accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident
+he transformed him he transformed many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he transformed him he transformed many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he transformed him he transformed many
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world and Manchester was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world and Manchester was
+the was worried about time so many
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+ align:start position:0%
+the was worried about time so many
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+part of urbanization can also be told is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of urbanization can also be told is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of urbanization can also be told is
+the story of the encounter with disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of the encounter with disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of the encounter with disease
+I mean 200 million people desire died of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean 200 million people desire died of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean 200 million people desire died of
+the plague in Europe the Black Death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plague in Europe the Black Death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plague in Europe the Black Death
+which killed a third of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which killed a third of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which killed a third of the population
+of Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enters our story of London when I when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters our story of London when I when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters our story of London when I when
+we deal with London on Tuesday in 1666
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with London on Tuesday in 1666
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with London on Tuesday in 1666
+one of the people I will feature dies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the people I will feature dies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the people I will feature dies of
+the plague dies intestate and these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plague dies intestate and these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plague dies intestate and these will
+tell that story on Monday on Tuesday the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that story on Monday on Tuesday the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that story on Monday on Tuesday the
+correlation between health and disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between health and the improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between health and the improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between health and the improvement
+against disease is interesting when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against disease is interesting when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against disease is interesting when
+Carla threatened in 1832 cities like New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carla threatened in 1832 cities like New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carla threatened in 1832 cities like New
+York Boston New Haven New York and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Boston New Haven New York and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Boston New Haven New York and
+Philadelphia still add pigs running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia still add pigs running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia still add pigs running the
+street in 1832 sewage fruitiness load in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street in 1832 sewage fruitiness load in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+open ditches along major arteries mud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open ditches along major arteries mud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open ditches along major arteries mud
+and ice plagued and unpaved street and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ice plagued and unpaved street and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ice plagued and unpaved street and
+ink decaying garbage could be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ink decaying garbage could be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ink decaying garbage could be found
+everywhere the wrister of Fort from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere the wrister of Fort from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere the wrister of Fort from
+Brazil from American towns of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil from American towns of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil from American towns of similar
+condition what is interesting is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+declining epidemic diseases smallpox who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining epidemic diseases smallpox who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining epidemic diseases smallpox who
+think of all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+follow this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the introduction of chemical antibiotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction of chemical antibiotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the introduction of chemical antibiotics
+and medicine occurs when the disease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and medicine occurs when the disease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and medicine occurs when the disease is
+virtually are detained all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually are detained all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually are detained all of this
+prevention of disease occurs through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention of disease occurs through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention of disease occurs through
+environmental control the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental control the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental control the correlation
+between income and health has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between income and health has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between income and health has been
+proved by the World Health Organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved by the World Health Organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved by the World Health Organization
+over and over in 1900 and in 1899 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over in 1900 and in 1899 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over in 1900 and in 1899 to
+1900 and - the British fought a war in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 and - the British fought a war in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 and - the British fought a war in
+South Africa called the anglo-boer war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa called the anglo-boer war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Africa called the anglo-boer war
+in 1900 in evaluating men for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1900 in evaluating men for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1900 in evaluating men for the
+British Army they they found that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Army they they found that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Army they they found that only
+as percentage of English men were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as percentage of English men were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as percentage of English men were
+capable of serving in the military such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of serving in the military such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of serving in the military such
+was the state of the miserable state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the state of the miserable state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the state of the miserable state of
+health but over time the changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health but over time the changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health but over time the changes in the
+environmental condition of cities like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental condition of cities like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental condition of cities like
+Manchester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester
+although sporadic and due to phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although sporadic and due to phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although sporadic and due to phenomena
+such as charity all the experimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as charity all the experimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as charity all the experimentation
+experiments with charitable institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with charitable institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with charitable institution
+the invention of social housing the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invention of social housing the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invention of social housing the fact
+that the state would actually play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state would actually play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state would actually play a
+role in providing housing was war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in providing housing was war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in providing housing was war
+phenomenon of the British creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that they didn't succeed in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they didn't succeed in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they didn't succeed in many
+circumstances I will tell you a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances I will tell you a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances I will tell you a slide
+which shows a case of a housing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows a case of a housing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows a case of a housing in
+Scotland only a few years hints at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotland only a few years hints at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotland only a few years hints at least
+a few years past still in a bomb null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years past still in a bomb null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years past still in a bomb null
+condition we move on to a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we move on to a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we move on to a set of
+policies and changes which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and changes which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and changes which were
+fundamental in making this jump from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in making this jump from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in making this jump from the
+19th century emergence of the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century emergence of the industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century emergence of the industrial
+city to the condition of emancipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to the condition of emancipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to the condition of emancipation
+that I think everybody has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think everybody has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think everybody has been
+wondering about since the Great British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about since the Great British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about since the Great British
+achievement let's look at some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement let's look at some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement let's look at some of these
+pictures this is pure Jones famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures this is pure Jones famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures this is pure Jones famous
+depiction the upper image is 1440 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction the upper image is 1440 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction the upper image is 1440 and
+the lower image is 1840 look at what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower image is 1840 look at what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower image is 1840 look at what he
+conceives of in 1840 the water system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceives of in 1840 the water system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceives of in 1840 the water system
+the river is now enclosed by factories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the determination in the above slide of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determination in the above slide of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determination in the above slide of
+tall religious buildings is diminished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall religious buildings is diminished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall religious buildings is diminished
+maybe one or two survived what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's got a particular panopticon yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how he conceives of a panopticon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he conceives of a panopticon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he conceives of a panopticon in
+England in 1840 I don't know they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England in 1840 I don't know they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England in 1840 I don't know they were
+invented in England by Bentham but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in England by Bentham but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in England by Bentham but it's
+strange that he would place a panopticon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange that he would place a panopticon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange that he would place a panopticon
+sir centrally in the image of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+industrial city there's a church it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial city there's a church it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial city there's a church it's a
+world a very strange composition he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world a very strange composition he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world a very strange composition he
+identifies the Catholic city of 4240 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies the Catholic city of 4240 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies the Catholic city of 4240 and
+the industrial city of these tower steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial city of these tower steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial city of these tower steam
+pipe towers as living together some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe towers as living together some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe towers as living together some are
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Manchester in 1850 sewage running into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester in 1850 sewage running into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester in 1850 sewage running into a
+public waterway next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Manchester and Liverpool imports exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+railway mileage in Britain you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railway mileage in Britain you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railway mileage in Britain you can take
+almost any graph 1840 1845 1850 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any graph 1840 1845 1850 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any graph 1840 1845 1850 the
+railway system in England predicted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railway system in England predicted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railway system in England predicted the
+invention of the use of railways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of the use of railways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of the use of railways in
+urban situations in 1876 the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban situations in 1876 the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban situations in 1876 the first
+subway in London on the northeast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway in London on the northeast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway in London on the northeast of
+London was connected to a suburban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London was connected to a suburban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London was connected to a suburban
+system an enormous li4 cited one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system an enormous li4 cited one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system an enormous li4 cited one of the
+reasons london is it such a low density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons london is it such a low density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons london is it such a low density
+compared to paris is the railway system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to paris is the railway system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to paris is the railway system
+next a plan of a street in an enclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a plan of a street in an enclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a plan of a street in an enclosure
+in in manchester tunnel 2 foot 10 inches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in manchester tunnel 2 foot 10 inches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in manchester tunnel 2 foot 10 inches
+wide it's three to four did oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glasgow never crowded dwelling still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasgow never crowded dwelling still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasgow never crowded dwelling still in
+existence in 1948 amongst the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+critiques of health in the brief slum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiques of health in the brief slum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiques of health in the brief slum
+the drugging of children insist people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugging of children insist people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugging of children insist people
+sleeping in the same bed yeah is a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping in the same bed yeah is a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping in the same bed yeah is a plan
+of overcrowded wedding still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overcrowded wedding still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overcrowded wedding still in
+existence in 1948 13 bed man wife child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence in 1948 13 bed man wife child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence in 1948 13 bed man wife child
+and two girls single bed three boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two girls single bed three boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two girls single bed three boys
+matches on floor girl on mattress next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mumford's on the Left coketown the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumford's on the Left coketown the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumford's on the Left coketown the
+imposition of an order of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposition of an order of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposition of an order of time on
+people's lives which was different to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives which was different to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives which was different to
+the time structure in rural life there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time structure in rural life there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time structure in rural life there
+was the kind of condition of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the kind of condition of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the kind of condition of being
+enslaved by time the other critiques of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enslaved by time the other critiques of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enslaved by time the other critiques of
+19th century industrial was that it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century industrial was that it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century industrial was that it had
+absolutely no respect for nature they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no respect for nature they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no respect for nature they
+did it used land as a possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it used land as a possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it used land as a possibility of
+development independent of what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development independent of what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development independent of what its
+outcomes would be on natural systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes would be on natural systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes would be on natural systems
+such as water sloping land and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as water sloping land and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as water sloping land and so on
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+been invited by the commissioner in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been invited by the commissioner in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been invited by the commissioner in this
+piece tops of the metropolis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece tops of the metropolis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece tops of the metropolis the
+disgrace to the nation the main tera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgrace to the nation the main tera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgrace to the nation the main tera
+visa still without common sewers rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visa still without common sewers rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visa still without common sewers rates
+from time to and so on and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to and so on and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to and so on and he
+something's be done sweetly to lay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's be done sweetly to lay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's be done sweetly to lay the
+growing discontent of the people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing discontent of the people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing discontent of the people the
+tourism turret of Justice in a Celt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourism turret of Justice in a Celt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourism turret of Justice in a Celt
+revenge and who karai and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenge and who karai and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenge and who karai and so on and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+he is cholera protesting to Baron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is cholera protesting to Baron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is cholera protesting to Baron
+Haussmann that the disease and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haussmann that the disease and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haussmann that the disease and so on and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+next a commons environment land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a commons environment land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a commons environment land
+subdivided into strips on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enclosed off to the common land the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed off to the common land the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed off to the common land the same
+village now these are objects or sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village now these are objects or sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village now these are objects or sites
+for development next and the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for development next and the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for development next and the pattern of
+future industrialization follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future industrialization follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future industrialization follows the
+pattern on the left the first of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on the left the first of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on the left the first of the
+British reactions to bylaws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British reactions to bylaws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British reactions to bylaws
+standardizing housing leases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in East London next okay on Tuesday we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in East London next okay on Tuesday we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in East London next okay on Tuesday we
+will deal with the marvelous story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with the marvelous story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with the marvelous story of
+London's 19th century development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SFDMFbzCsH0.txt b/SFDMFbzCsH0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80fb336ddc5ab5bd0e8da4d2b3fc7825864c8d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SFDMFbzCsH0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+main character in today and or in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main character in today and or in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main character in today and or in this
+lecture in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in the next
+are compact operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are compact operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are compact operators
+which I introduced at the end of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I introduced at the end of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I introduced at the end of last
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+and I'll recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+throughout uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H is a Hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an operator let's call it k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator let's call it k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator let's call it k
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a bounded linear operator is a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded linear operator is a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded linear operator is a compact
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image
+of the unit ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking the closure of that so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the closure of that so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the closure of that so this is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+a set of all elements KU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of all elements KU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of all elements KU
+with u less than or equal to one closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u less than or equal to one closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u less than or equal to one closure
+is compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in H
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so how did this uh set of operators come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did this uh set of operators come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did this uh set of operators come
+up come up so at the end of last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up come up so at the end of last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up come up so at the end of last time we
+dealt with finite rank operators which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with finite rank operators which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with finite rank operators which
+were just basically matrices you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just basically matrices you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just basically matrices you can
+actually write them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write them uh
+so that they're completely described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they're completely described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they're completely described
+with respect to a certain basis as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a certain basis as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a certain basis as a
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+and the question we posed at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question we posed at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question we posed at the end of
+the last lecture was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture was
+well these finite rank operators they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these finite rank operators they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these finite rank operators they
+form a Subspace of the space of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a Subspace of the space of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a Subspace of the space of all
+bounded linear operators is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operators is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operators is that
+Subspace close and the answer is no what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace close and the answer is no what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace close and the answer is no what
+is the closure of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the closure of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the closure of uh
+the finite rank operators which we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite rank operators which we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite rank operators which we know
+and love because they're just matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and love because they're just matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and love because they're just matrices
+and what we'll prove today is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll prove today is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll prove today is that it's
+exactly the space of compact operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the space of compact operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the space of compact operators
+but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just
+last time I gave you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that
+is a compact operator Ka equal to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a compact operator Ka equal to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a compact operator Ka equal to let's
+say A1 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say A1 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say A1 divided by
+a one a two divided by two a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one a two divided by two a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one a two divided by two a three
+divided by three and so on uh defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by three and so on uh defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by three and so on uh defined
+for a and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a and L2
+little L2 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L2 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L2 then
+my claim is that K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a compact operator and in the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact operator and in the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact operator and in the assignment
+you show basically a variety of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show basically a variety of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show basically a variety of other
+operators that come up quite often or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that come up quite often or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that come up quite often or
+compact operators for example you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operators for example you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operators for example you also
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that uh
+if K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a continuous function on 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross 0 1
+and I Define a linear operator t f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I Define a linear operator t f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I Define a linear operator t f of x
+to be the integral from zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the integral from zero to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the integral from zero to one
+of k x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k x y
+F of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of Y
+d y now f is in big L2 of 0 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than part of the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than part of the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than part of the assignment
+is to use and remind yourself of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use and remind yourself of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use and remind yourself of one of
+the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only
+uh one of the very few compactness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the very few compactness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the very few compactness
+results one has is to use the artillery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results one has is to use the artillery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results one has is to use the artillery
+scully's theorem to show that this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scully's theorem to show that this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scully's theorem to show that this is in
+fact a compact operator Okay so from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a compact operator Okay so from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a compact operator Okay so from the
+assignment you'll prove t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is compact operator uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compact operator uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compact operator uh
+on L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um you know maybe you think I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know maybe you think I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know maybe you think I'm just
+coming up with something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with something that looks like
+this to come up with examples of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to come up with examples of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to come up with examples of a
+compact operator but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the solution operator for differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution operator for differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution operator for differential
+equations take this form okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations take this form okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations take this form okay so for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+so I guess this would be an example as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess this would be an example as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess this would be an example as
+part of this example if I take k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this example if I take k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this example if I take k
+X Y to be let's see if I can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y to be let's see if I can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y to be let's see if I can get it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+x minus y times y or x minus 1 times y x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y times y or x minus 1 times y x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus y times y or x minus 1 times y x
+times y minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y minus 1
+for uh zero less than or equal to y less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh zero less than or equal to y less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh zero less than or equal to y less
+than or equal to X less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to X less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to X less than or equal to
+1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think that's that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+U equals 0 1 K of X Y you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equals 0 1 K of X Y you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equals 0 1 K of X Y you can actually
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solves the differential equation u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the differential equation u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the differential equation u
+double Prime equals f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime equals f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime equals f
+uh U of 0 equals U of one equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U of 0 equals U of one equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U of 0 equals U of one equals zero
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe this has a minus in front I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this has a minus in front I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this has a minus in front I can't
+exactly remember but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly remember but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly remember but
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+U of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the solution operator meaning uh if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution operator meaning uh if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution operator meaning uh if my
+input is f then the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is f then the solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is f then the solution to this
+differential equation is actually I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is actually I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is actually I can
+write it as a compact operator acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as a compact operator acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as a compact operator acting on
+the data which is f okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data which is f okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data which is f okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know these don't just pop up out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know these don't just pop up out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know these don't just pop up out
+of nowhere they pop up quite naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nowhere they pop up quite naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nowhere they pop up quite naturally
+all right now these are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now these are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now these are a bunch of
+examples on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples on
+compact operators one non-example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operators one non-example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operators one non-example
+so it's easy to actually come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to actually come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to actually come up with
+the non-examples of compact operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-examples of compact operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-examples of compact operators
+but uh let's say the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's say the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's say the identity
+on little L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on little L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on little L2
+okay this is not a compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the condition of being a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition of being a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition of being a compact
+operator is that K of the unit ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is that K of the unit ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is that K of the unit ball
+should be a compact subset of little L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a compact subset of little L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a compact subset of little L2
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's let e sub n be the sequence our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let e sub n be the sequence our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let e sub n be the sequence our
+favorite sequence which is zero except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite sequence which is zero except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite sequence which is zero except
+in the in spot where it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each of these has Norm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so if I look at the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's i e m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's i e m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's i e m
+and I compute the square of that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I compute the square of that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I compute the square of that you can
+see quite easily this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see quite easily this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see quite easily this is equal to
+2. since these are orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. since these are orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. since these are orthonormal
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+for all n not equal to M and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have
+a convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergence
+subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if I the identity was a compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I the identity was a compact operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I the identity was a compact operator
+then the image of the closed uh unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the image of the closed uh unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the image of the closed uh unit
+ball and little L2 should be a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and little L2 should be a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and little L2 should be a compact
+set meaning what meaning elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set meaning what meaning elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set meaning what meaning elements of
+this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form
+I uh evaluated on something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh evaluated on something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh evaluated on something that has
+Norm less than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm less than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm less than or equal to one
+should uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh
+form a compact set so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a compact set so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a compact set so if I have a
+sequence of guys in the unit ball closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of guys in the unit ball closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of guys in the unit ball closed
+unit bulb and when I hits it I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit bulb and when I hits it I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit bulb and when I hits it I should be
+able to find a convergent subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find a convergent subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find a convergent subsequence
+okay but here if you just compute then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here if you just compute then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here if you just compute then
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+the distance between any two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between any two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between any two of these
+guys for n not equal to m is two so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys for n not equal to m is two so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys for n not equal to m is two so this
+sequence can't ever be koshy nor can any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence can't ever be koshy nor can any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence can't ever be koshy nor can any
+subsequence ever be koshy and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence ever be koshy and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence ever be koshy and therefore
+this has no convergent subsequence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has no convergent subsequence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has no convergent subsequence so
+the identity on little L2 is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity on little L2 is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity on little L2 is not a
+compact operator and you know by this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator and you know by this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator and you know by this uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by this argument you can in fact prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this argument you can in fact prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this argument you can in fact prove
+that the identity is not a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the identity is not a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the identity is not a compact
+operator on any infinite dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on any infinite dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on any infinite dimensional
+Hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know we have one way of uh showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have one way of uh showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have one way of uh showing
+that an operator is a compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an operator is a compact operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an operator is a compact operator
+which is by verifying the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is by verifying the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is by verifying the definition
+um and then we now have this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we now have this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we now have this theorem
+which I alluded to at the start showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I alluded to at the start showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I alluded to at the start showing
+that compact operators are uh or the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compact operators are uh or the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compact operators are uh or the set
+of compact operators is the closure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compact operators is the closure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compact operators is the closure of
+the finite rank operators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let H be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an operator t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator t
+bounded linear operator t on H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator t on H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator t on H
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator
+if and only if there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if there exists
+the sequence T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the finite rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ops
+which converts to T in the operator Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this proves that uh the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this proves that uh the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this proves that uh the set of
+compact operators is the closure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operators is the closure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operators is the closure of the
+set of finite rank operators which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of finite rank operators which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of finite rank operators which uh
+so we denoted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this shows compact operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shows compact operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shows compact operators
+is the closure of the finite rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the closure of the finite rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the closure of the finite rank
+operators which we denoted by r r of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh first uh direction is to show that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first uh direction is to show that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first uh direction is to show that if
+I have a compact operator then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a compact operator then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a compact operator then it's
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a norm limit of finite rank operators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm limit of finite rank operators so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm limit of finite rank operators so
+since H is separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since H is separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since H is separable
+it has a orthonormal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now since uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember this means that the image t u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this means that the image t u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this means that the image t u
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+of all those elements of Norm less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those elements of Norm less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those elements of Norm less than
+or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to one
+is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a compact set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely the closure of this set right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the closure of this set right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the closure of this set right
+now since this set is contained in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since this set is contained in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since this set is contained in a
+compact set I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact set I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact set I can use
+um so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in fact
+let me just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a compact set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a compact set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a compact set
+and so we have this characterization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have this characterization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have this characterization of
+compact subsets of a separable Hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact subsets of a separable Hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact subsets of a separable Hilbert
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+by being closed bounded and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being closed bounded and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being closed bounded and having
+Equity small Tails right so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for every Epsilon positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every Epsilon positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every Epsilon positive
+there exists a natural number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number in
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I look at sum over K bigger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+a u e k squared this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u e k squared this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u e k squared this is less than
+Epsilon squared for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements with Norm less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements with Norm less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements with Norm less than or equal to
+one right because the Kus these are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right because the Kus these are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right because the Kus these are in
+this compact or why am I using K I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compact or why am I using K I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compact or why am I using K I
+should use T sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use T sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use T sorry
+the tus are all in this compact set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tus are all in this compact set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tus are all in this compact set
+right so we have this Equity small tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have this Equity small tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have this Equity small tail
+condition that for every Epsilon we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that for every Epsilon we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that for every Epsilon we can
+find a n which does not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a n which does not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a n which does not depend on the
+elements of the compact set so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the compact set so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the compact set so that the
+Tails of the Fourier coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails of the Fourier coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails of the Fourier coefficients are
+small right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what this says is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this says is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this says is that we can
+basically if we're taking any U with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if we're taking any U with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if we're taking any U with
+Norm less than or equal to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm less than or equal to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm less than or equal to one and
+hitting it with t then the kind of end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting it with t then the kind of end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting it with t then the kind of end
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+uh 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients don't really matter and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients don't really matter and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients don't really matter and so
+we should think we can approximate T by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think we can approximate T by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think we can approximate T by
+just a finite rank operator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a finite rank operator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a finite rank operator that
+consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of
+coefficients like this times e k for K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients like this times e k for K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients like this times e k for K
+between 1 to n and that's basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1 to n and that's basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1 to n and that's basically what
+we're going to do so for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+t n of U to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n of U to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n of U to B
+sum from k equals 1 to n of t u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 1 to n of t u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 1 to n of t u
+e k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k
+e k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is for
+U and H all right so one can check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and H all right so one can check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and H all right so one can check that
+this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh
+this is a bounded linear operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bounded linear operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bounded linear operator and
+it's also a finite rank because the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a finite rank because the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a finite rank because the in
+the range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's clearly a bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's clearly a bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's clearly a bounded linear
+Operator just take the norm of this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operator just take the norm of this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operator just take the norm of this it's
+less than or equal to or the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to or the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to or the norm
+squared of this this is equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of this this is equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of this this is equal to the sum
+of squares of the Fourier coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of squares of the Fourier coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of squares of the Fourier coefficients
+Which is less than or equal to the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than or equal to the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than or equal to the norm
+of t u squared Which is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t u squared Which is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t u squared Which is less than or
+equal to the norm of t squared so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the norm of t squared so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the norm of t squared so it's
+clearly a bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a bounded linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a bounded linear operator
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if I look at the range of t n this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the range of t n this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the range of t n this is a
+subset of the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the span
+of E1 up to e in and therefore TN is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of E1 up to e in and therefore TN is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of E1 up to e in and therefore TN is a
+finite rank operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I claim this is uh this is our set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim this is uh this is our set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim this is uh this is our set of
+finite rank operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite rank operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite rank operators
+that converges to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as n goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to Infinity
+so to prove this we'll just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove this we'll just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove this we'll just do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+standard Epsilon n argument let Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Epsilon n argument let Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Epsilon n argument let Epsilon
+be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let N be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let N be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let N be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the N that appears in this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N that appears in this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N that appears in this condition
+star up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star up here
+meaning capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning capital n
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the natural numbers guaranteeing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers guaranteeing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers guaranteeing this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I claim that for all little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I claim that for all little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I claim that for all little n
+bigger than or equal to this capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to this capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to this capital N
+the operator Norm of t n minus t is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator Norm of t n minus t is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator Norm of t n minus t is less
+than or equal to Epsilon which is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to Epsilon which is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to Epsilon which is still
+good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if
+Norm of U equals one we compute that t n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of U equals one we compute that t n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of U equals one we compute that t n
+of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U
+minus t u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t u
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um the fact so we haven't used anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact so we haven't used anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact so we haven't used anything
+about this e case yet but this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this e case yet but this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this e case yet but this is where
+we use that they're an orthonormal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use that they're an orthonormal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use that they're an orthonormal basis
+is that I can write T in a view well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I can write T in a view well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I can write T in a view well
+first off this just is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off this just is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off this just is from the
+definition that this is k equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that this is k equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that this is k equals 1 to n
+and let me put a square here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me put a square here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me put a square here
+of uh t u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh t u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh t u
+e k e k minus and now I expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k e k minus and now I expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k e k minus and now I expand this
+element as in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element as in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element as in uh
+in this basis t u e k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this basis t u e k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this basis t u e k
+e k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you see what cancels out are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what cancels out are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what cancels out are the
+first uh n of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this equals the norm squared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equals the norm squared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equals the norm squared of
+okay bigger than n of t u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay bigger than n of t u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay bigger than n of t u
+e k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k
+e k Norm squared and this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k Norm squared and this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k Norm squared and this is equal to
+since these are orthogonal uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these are orthogonal uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these are orthogonal uh okay
+bigger than e or with the normal I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than e or with the normal I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than e or with the normal I mean
+okay bigger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay bigger than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay bigger than n
+t u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t u
+e k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k
+squared and now n is bigger than uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and now n is bigger than uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and now n is bigger than uh or
+equal to capital N so this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital N so this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital N so this is less than
+or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+okay bigger than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+e k squared and that's less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k squared and that's less than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k squared and that's less than Epsilon
+squared so what we've shown is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so what we've shown is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so what we've shown is that for
+All U of Norm one uh tnu minus t u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All U of Norm one uh tnu minus t u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All U of Norm one uh tnu minus t u
+squared is less than an Epsilon squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is less than an Epsilon squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is less than an Epsilon squared
+and therefore if I take the soup over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if I take the soup over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if I take the soup over
+all uh U that have Norm one I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh U that have Norm one I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh U that have Norm one I get that
+the norm of t n minus t which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of t n minus t which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of t n minus t which is that
+soup is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup is less than or equal to
+Epsilon so thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the TNS converge to T in operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the TNS converge to T in operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the TNS converge to T in operator
+Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh okay so now going the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh okay so now going the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh okay so now going the opposite
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+we will use this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+second characterization that we have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second characterization that we have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second characterization that we have of
+compact sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact sets
+um that we didn't prove but I said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we didn't prove but I said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we didn't prove but I said you
+should look up if you want to it's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look up if you want to it's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look up if you want to it's again
+a diagonalization argument but that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagonalization argument but that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagonalization argument but that says
+that compact subsets can be approximated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compact subsets can be approximated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compact subsets can be approximated
+by finite dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finite dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finite dimensional
+or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are
+sets that are compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that are compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that are compact
+or a set is compact if and only if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a set is compact if and only if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a set is compact if and only if it
+can be approximated by finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be approximated by finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be approximated by finite
+dimensional subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional subspaces
+okay so now we're proving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're proving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're proving the
+opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+and suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+T can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T can be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+approximated in operator Norm by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated in operator Norm by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated in operator Norm by a
+sequence of finite rank operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we want to show that t is a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to show that t is a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to show that t is a compact
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if I look at T U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Norm less than or equal to one closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm less than or equal to one closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm less than or equal to one closure
+so this is uh the set that I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh the set that I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh the set that I'm trying to
+show is a compact set it's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is a compact set it's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is a compact set it's obviously
+closed because it's the closure of a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed because it's the closure of a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed because it's the closure of a set
+the closure of a set is always a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closure of a set is always a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closure of a set is always a the
+smallest closed set containing that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest closed set containing that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest closed set containing that set
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um It's contained because T is a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um It's contained because T is a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um It's contained because T is a bounded
+uh operator it's always contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operator it's always contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operator it's always contained in the
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+let's call it V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it V
+and H where the norm of V is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H where the norm of V is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H where the norm of V is less than
+or equal to the norm of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the norm of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the norm of t
+okay so this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this set here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and bound it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so to conclude that this set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to conclude that this set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to conclude that this set is
+compact we just need to show that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact we just need to show that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact we just need to show that it can
+be approximated by finite dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be approximated by finite dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be approximated by finite dimensional
+subspaces meaning for every Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces meaning for every Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces meaning for every Epsilon
+there exists a finite dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a finite dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a finite dimensional
+Subspace so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace so that
+um the distance from every element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the distance from every element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the distance from every element in
+this set to the Subspace W is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set to the Subspace W is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set to the Subspace W is less than
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we want to show now or let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to show now or let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to show now or let me make
+this a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all Epsilon positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Epsilon positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Epsilon positive
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+Subspace w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace w
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+uh for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for all
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+Norm less than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm less than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm less than or equal to one
+we have that the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this element t u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element t u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element t u
+to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to w
+is less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon
+okay that's what I mean by we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what I mean by we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what I mean by we can
+approximate this set by finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate this set by finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate this set by finite
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+subspaces okay once we can do that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces okay once we can do that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces okay once we can do that then
+we've proven the claim or we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've proven the claim or we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've proven the claim or we can use
+that characterization of compact sets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that characterization of compact sets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that characterization of compact sets to
+conclude that this set is compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that this set is compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that this set is compact
+Okay now what's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now what's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now what's the idea
+we have the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the T
+which again this set here is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again this set here is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again this set here is just the
+image of the closed unit Ball by T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the closed unit Ball by T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the closed unit Ball by T
+taking the closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the closure
+therefore T can be approximated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore T can be approximated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore T can be approximated by a
+finite rank operator its range is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite rank operator its range is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite rank operator its range is finite
+dimensional so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional so
+this set should be approximated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set should be approximated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set should be approximated by the
+range of TN which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of TN which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of TN which is
+finite dimensional and therefore should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite dimensional and therefore should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite dimensional and therefore should
+give us our claim and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us our claim and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us our claim and that's exactly
+what we do so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the norm of t n minus t goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of t n minus t goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of t n minus t goes to zero
+there exists a natural number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number in
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have that well for all little n bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have that well for all little n bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have that well for all little n bigger
+than or equal to capital N blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to capital N blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to capital N blah blah
+blah but I don't need all little N I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah but I don't need all little N I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah but I don't need all little N I
+just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have
+this less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a w b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the range of T sub n which is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of T sub n which is a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of T sub n which is a finite
+dimensional Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and now I want to show that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now I want to show that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now I want to show that I have
+this condition here that for All U with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition here that for All U with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition here that for All U with
+Norm less than or equal to one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm less than or equal to one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm less than or equal to one this
+distance from t u to capital W is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from t u to capital W is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from t u to capital W is less
+than uh we can make that less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh we can make that less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh we can make that less than or
+equal to Epsilon that still proves what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Epsilon that still proves what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Epsilon that still proves what
+we want just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want just
+go through and change Epsilon to Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and change Epsilon to Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and change Epsilon to Epsilon
+over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all elements in H with Norm less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all elements in H with Norm less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all elements in H with Norm less
+than or equal to one if I take t u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to one if I take t u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to one if I take t u
+and subtract off t n u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract off t n u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract off t n u
+right which is an element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital w
+uh this is less than or equal to T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is less than or equal to T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is less than or equal to T minus
+so the operator Norm of T minus t n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the operator Norm of T minus t n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the operator Norm of T minus t n
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+Norm of U Which is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of U Which is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of U Which is less than or equal to
+T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus
+t e n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Which is less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than Epsilon
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put a less than there it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a less than there it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a less than there it doesn't matter
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this holds for one particular element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this holds for one particular element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this holds for one particular element
+of w and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w and therefore
+the Imp which is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Imp which is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Imp which is the distance
+from t u to capital W Which is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from t u to capital W Which is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from t u to capital W Which is less than
+or equal to this must be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to this must be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to this must be less than
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+okay and therefore this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore this uh
+proves the claim in there and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves the claim in there and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves the claim in there and uh the
+fact that this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this set
+is compact follows from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compact follows from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compact follows from that
+characterization of compact sets which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of compact sets which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of compact sets which
+we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved
+or didn't prove but at least stated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or didn't prove but at least stated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or didn't prove but at least stated a
+few lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I mean you can use the definition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean you can use the definition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean you can use the definition to
+verify something's a compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify something's a compact operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify something's a compact operator
+you could use this alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use this alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use this alternative
+characterization as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+limit in operator Norm of finite rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit in operator Norm of finite rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit in operator Norm of finite rank
+operators to verify something say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators to verify something say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators to verify something say a
+compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's just whatever is most convenient at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just whatever is most convenient at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just whatever is most convenient at
+the time okay so how about uh the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time okay so how about uh the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time okay so how about uh the end of
+when we talked about finite rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about finite rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about finite rank
+operators we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators we also
+went a little bit into their algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went a little bit into their algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went a little bit into their algebraic
+structure we can do the same for compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we can do the same for compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we can do the same for compact
+operators so again let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+HBA separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space
+then the first property of compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first property of compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first property of compact
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+is that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and
+let's call it a name k of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a name k of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a name k of
+H be the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compact operators on H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K of H is a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of H is a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of H is a closed
+Subspace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the space of bounded linear operators on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of bounded linear operators on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of bounded linear operators on
+the Hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hilbert space
+so the fact that it's a linear Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that it's a linear Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that it's a linear Subspace
+is not too difficult to prove the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not too difficult to prove the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not too difficult to prove the fact
+that it's closed follows immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's closed follows immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's closed follows immediately
+from what we've done so far when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've done so far when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've done so far when we
+showed that the compact operators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that the compact operators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that the compact operators are
+the closure of the set of finite rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closure of the set of finite rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closure of the set of finite rank
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+really I mean the fact that we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean the fact that we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I mean the fact that we've shown
+that proves both of these because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proves both of these because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proves both of these because the
+closure of a Subspace is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure of a Subspace is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure of a Subspace is again a
+Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if T is a compact operator then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T is a compact operator then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T is a compact operator then it's
+adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint
+is also a compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every
+pair of bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of bounded linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of bounded linear operators
+and compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If I multiply on the left and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I multiply on the left and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I multiply on the left and by the
+right on on the right by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on on the right by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on on the right by
+uh these bounded linear operators That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these bounded linear operators That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these bounded linear operators That
+Remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remains
+a compact operator right so a fancy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact operator right so a fancy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact operator right so a fancy way
+of combining two and three is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combining two and three is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combining two and three is that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the set of compact operators is a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of compact operators is a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of compact operators is a star
+closed two-sided ideal in the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed two-sided ideal in the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed two-sided ideal in the algebra
+bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operators
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but I'm just going to list the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just going to list the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just going to list the
+conditions and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give fancy words for them okay so uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give fancy words for them okay so uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give fancy words for them okay so uh one
+is clear I'm not going to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear I'm not going to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear I'm not going to write the
+proof for that we'll just do two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for that we'll just do two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for that we'll just do two and
+three and we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and we'll use
+um although we could do it directly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um although we could do it directly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um although we could do it directly from
+the definition let's use the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition let's use the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition let's use the theorem
+that we just worked hard to prove so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just worked hard to prove so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just worked hard to prove so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if T is a compact operator then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T is a compact operator then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T is a compact operator then that
+implies that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that there exists
+a sequence of finite rank operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of finite rank operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of finite rank operators
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TN converges to T in operator Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN converges to T in operator Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN converges to T in operator Norm
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by what we proved last time we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we proved last time we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we proved last time we showed
+that if we have a finite rank operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we have a finite rank operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we have a finite rank operator
+then its adjoint is also a finite rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then its adjoint is also a finite rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then its adjoint is also a finite rank
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies that if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Norm of the adjoint of this finite rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of the adjoint of this finite rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of the adjoint of this finite rank
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+minus the adjoint of the compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the adjoint of the compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the adjoint of the compact
+operator remember we have this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator remember we have this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator remember we have this nice
+theorem that tells us the norm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that tells us the norm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that tells us the norm of the
+adjoint is equal to the norm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint is equal to the norm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint is equal to the norm of the
+original operator this is equal to T N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original operator this is equal to T N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original operator this is equal to T N
+minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we're assuming goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're assuming goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're assuming goes to zero
+and therefore uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore uh
+the adjoint is a norm limit of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjoint is a norm limit of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjoint is a norm limit of finite
+rank operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank operators
+and therefore must be a compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to prove three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to prove three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to prove three
+we'll use this uh characterization again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this uh characterization again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this uh characterization again
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+again assume T is a compact operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again assume T is a compact operator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again assume T is a compact operator so
+that there exists a sequence uh TNS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a sequence uh TNS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a sequence uh TNS and
+a finite rank operator is converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite rank operator is converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite rank operator is converging to
+T and the operator Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so T in
+finite rank operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t n minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n minus t
+converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies in now last time we showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies in now last time we showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies in now last time we showed that
+the set of finite rank operators also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of finite rank operators also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of finite rank operators also
+satisfies these two conditions this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies these two conditions this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies these two conditions this one
+I just used here but also satisfies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just used here but also satisfies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just used here but also satisfies this
+one that if I take a finite rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that if I take a finite rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that if I take a finite rank
+operator and multiply it on either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and multiply it on either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and multiply it on either side
+by bounded linear operator I still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bounded linear operator I still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bounded linear operator I still have
+a finite rank operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite rank operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite rank operator
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for all in I also have a times T and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all in I also have a times T and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all in I also have a times T and B
+is also a finite rank operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a finite rank operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a finite rank operator
+by what we did last time and if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we did last time and if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what we did last time and if I take
+the norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of a
+T and B minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and B minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and B minus a
+t b this is equal to the norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t b this is equal to the norm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t b this is equal to the norm of a
+t n minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n minus t
+B and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and now
+uh the norm has this preserves this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the norm has this preserves this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the norm has this preserves this kind
+of algebraic structure of bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebraic structure of bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebraic structure of bound to
+linear operators I shouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators I shouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators I shouldn't say
+preserves but respects it meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves but respects it meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves but respects it meaning the
+norm of a product is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a product is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a product is less than or equal
+to the product of the norm so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the product of the norm so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the product of the norm so this is
+less than or equal to this just follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to this just follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to this just follows
+from the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the definition
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+TN minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN minus t
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+okay and so this Norm is fixed this Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this Norm is fixed this Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this Norm is fixed this Norm
+is fixed this thing is going to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I've bounded above this non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've bounded above this non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've bounded above this non-negative
+quantity by something converging to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity by something converging to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity by something converging to zero
+and therefore this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this thing
+converges to zero so a times T times B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero so a times T times B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero so a times T times B
+is the norm limit of a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the norm limit of a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the norm limit of a sequence of
+finite rank operators so it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite rank operators so it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite rank operators so it's also
+compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second
+hydration is key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the most important
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+set of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that one can associate to a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the set of its eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and not just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just uh
+so these eigenvalues all you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these eigenvalues all you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these eigenvalues all you know
+typically represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically represent
+possibly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly the
+modes of vibration of a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of vibration of a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of vibration of a string
+or if you're taking quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're taking quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're taking quantum mechanics
+in which case you're not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case you're not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case you're not necessarily
+dealing with matrices depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with matrices depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with matrices depending on how
+it's being taught to you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being taught to you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being taught to you these
+eigenvalues are the energy levels for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are the energy levels for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are the energy levels for
+bound States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+perhaps since compact operators are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps since compact operators are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps since compact operators are the
+inverses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses of
+differential operators which most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operators which most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operators which most
+definitely appear in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely appear in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely appear in quantum mechanics
+but also in other applications it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in other applications it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in other applications it would
+be good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good to
+develop some sort of theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some sort of theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some sort of theory of
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors for more
+General bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General bounded linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General bounded linear operators
+and then specified a compact operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then specified a compact operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then specified a compact operators
+but what am I going on about so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what am I going on about so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what am I going on about so now
+we're going to discuss the spectrum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discuss the spectrum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discuss the spectrum of a
+bounded uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded linear operator which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator which is a
+generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of
+but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one
+of eigenvalues and and eigenvectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenvalues and and eigenvectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenvalues and and eigenvectors that
+you encountered in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in linear algebra the Spectrum will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra the Spectrum will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra the Spectrum will
+if I take H to be just a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take H to be just a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take H to be just a finite
+dimensional uh space so RN CN then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional uh space so RN CN then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional uh space so RN CN then the
+Spectrum as we're going to introduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum as we're going to introduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum as we're going to introduce it
+now consists entirely of the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consists entirely of the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consists entirely of the eigenvalues
+of that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Matrix
+not so if we move on to now bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so if we move on to now bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so if we move on to now bounded
+linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators
+which is what makes it pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what makes it pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what makes it pretty
+interesting is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that you can
+there's more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more stuff
+kind of that's associated to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of that's associated to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of that's associated to the fact
+that you're working in infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're working in infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're working in infinite
+Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and okay rather than harp on about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay rather than harp on about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay rather than harp on about it
+let's go let's just dive in and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go let's just dive in and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go let's just dive in and start
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+discussing the Spectrum first I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the Spectrum first I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the Spectrum first I want to
+bring up a few facts that you proved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up a few facts that you proved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up a few facts that you proved in
+I think it was the first assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was the first assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was the first assignment
+first or second assignment uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or second assignment uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or second assignment uh of the
+course so throughout again H is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so throughout again H is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so throughout again H is a
+Hilbert space uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space uh
+I will say it maybe at one point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say it maybe at one point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say it maybe at one point that
+it's separable but throughout H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's separable but throughout H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's separable but throughout H is
+always a Hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a Hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a Hilbert space
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+we have the following theorem which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following theorem which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following theorem which uh
+tells you how to invert certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how to invert certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how to invert certain
+operators via what's called Neumann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators via what's called Neumann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators via what's called Neumann
+series uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh
+let T be abounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let T be abounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let T be abounded
+linear operator on a Hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the norm of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the norm of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the norm of t
+is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the operator I minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the operator I minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the operator I minus t
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if I want to compute the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I want to compute the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I want to compute the inverse
+I can compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can compute it
+just like I would if uh I my I minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like I would if uh I my I minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like I would if uh I my I minus t
+was 1 minus X and we're you know talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1 minus X and we're you know talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 1 minus X and we're you know talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh dividing by the function 1 minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dividing by the function 1 minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dividing by the function 1 minus X
+you have a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a power series
+not power series but you can write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not power series but you can write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not power series but you can write it as
+a geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric series
+sum from n equals 0 to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 0 to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 0 to Infinity
+uh t to the n and this series over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t to the n and this series over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t to the n and this series over here
+is absolutely convergent why because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely convergent why because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely convergent why because the
+norm of every term Norm of t to the N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of every term Norm of t to the N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of every term Norm of t to the N is
+less than or equal to the norm of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the norm of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the norm of T
+raised to the n and the norm of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the n and the norm of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the n and the norm of T is
+less than one so this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one so this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one so this thing is
+absolutely uh summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely uh summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely uh summable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you use that when you actually prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you use that when you actually prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you use that when you actually prove
+this theorem uh in the assignments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem uh in the assignments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem uh in the assignments so
+I'm not going to give the proof of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to give the proof of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to give the proof of it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+I didn't give it once before you did but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't give it once before you did but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't give it once before you did but
+I'm not going to prove it we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to prove it we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to prove it we'll just
+move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on
+and so another fact that you proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so another fact that you proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so another fact that you proved
+using uh this is that the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glh which is the set of bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glh which is the set of bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glh which is the set of bounded linear
+operators that are invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning it's bijective so by the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's bijective so by the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's bijective so by the open
+mapping theorem we'll know we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping theorem we'll know we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping theorem we'll know we know that
+if an operator is bijective then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an operator is bijective then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an operator is bijective then it's
+automatic it automatically has uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic it automatically has uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic it automatically has uh uh a
+bounded inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded inverse
+so I'll say my objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll say my objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll say my objective
+that this is an open set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is an open set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is an open set
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+an open subset of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open subset of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open subset of what
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the space of bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the proof is
+quite quick using this previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quick using this previous theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quick using this previous theorem
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+let T not be an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let T not be an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let T not be an element of
+uh The invertible Operators on H GL and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh The invertible Operators on H GL and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh The invertible Operators on H GL and
+glh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means we need to find an Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means we need to find an Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means we need to find an Epsilon
+so that the ball centered at t 0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the ball centered at t 0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the ball centered at t 0 of
+radius Epsilon is contained in glh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Epsilon is contained in glh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Epsilon is contained in glh
+meaning everything in that ball is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning everything in that ball is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning everything in that ball is
+invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+so suppose that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that uh
+I have an operator T and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an operator T and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an operator T and it's
+distance in operator Norm to t0 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in operator Norm to t0 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in operator Norm to t0 is less
+than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the one over the operator Norm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one over the operator Norm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one over the operator Norm of the
+inverse of t0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of t0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of t0
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I claim that t then has to be invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh if I look at t 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh if I look at t 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh if I look at t 0
+times T minus t 0 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse so t 0 inverse times T minus t 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so t 0 inverse times T minus t 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so t 0 inverse times T minus t 0
+and operator Norm that's less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operator Norm that's less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operator Norm that's less than or
+equal to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T
+normal T inverse times the norm of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal T inverse times the norm of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal T inverse times the norm of T
+minus t 0 and Norm uh and that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t 0 and Norm uh and that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t 0 and Norm uh and that's less
+than one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so
+by the previous theorem I get that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem I get that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem I get that I
+minus T inverse t 0 or t naught inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T inverse t 0 or t naught inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T inverse t 0 or t naught inverse
+applied to T minus t 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invertible
+right because this thing here has Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this thing here has Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this thing here has Norm
+less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies that t which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that t which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that t which is equal to
+the product of two invertible operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of two invertible operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of two invertible operators
+namely t0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely t0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely t0
+and I minus t 0 minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I minus t 0 minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I minus t 0 minus one
+T minus t 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus t 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus t 0
+. uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a bijective uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bijective uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bijective uh
+bounded linear operator or a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator or a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator or a bounded
+linear operator with a bounded inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator with a bounded inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator with a bounded inverse
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so let me just summarize I.E the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse
+is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in
+the set of invertible bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of invertible bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of invertible bounded linear
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+and that proves that this is an open set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that proves that this is an open set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that proves that this is an open set
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know a another way to think about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a another way to think about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a another way to think about so
+if you go back to what eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to what eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to what eigenvalues
+eigenvectors were you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors were you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors were you know it's
+especially clean if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially clean if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially clean if you have
+what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were
+depending on if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on if you did
+stuff with complex value matrices or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with complex value matrices or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with complex value matrices or not
+but uh let's say let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's say let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's say let's call
+let's say they're uh symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they're uh symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they're uh symmetric and
+you're dealing with real valued matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with real valued matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with real valued matrices
+so matrices with real entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so matrices with real entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so matrices with real entries
+then a theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a theorem of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+linear algebra is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is that you can
+diagonalize that Matrix meaning you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize that Matrix meaning you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize that Matrix meaning you can
+find an orthonormal basis of RN so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an orthonormal basis of RN so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an orthonormal basis of RN so that
+in that basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that basis
+The Matrix is simply diagonal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix is simply diagonal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix is simply diagonal and the
+numbers appearing on the diagonal are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers appearing on the diagonal are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers appearing on the diagonal are
+the eigenvalues of that operator now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of that operator now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of that operator now
+another way to think about that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about that is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+for which Lambda say can I invert The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which Lambda say can I invert The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which Lambda say can I invert The
+Matrix a minus Lambda in fact that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a minus Lambda in fact that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a minus Lambda in fact that's
+exactly what how the eigenvalues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what how the eigenvalues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what how the eigenvalues are
+defined you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined you take the
+um if you want to find an eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to find an eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to find an eigenvector
+then that should be in the null space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that should be in the null space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that should be in the null space of
+a minus Lambda so you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus Lambda so you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus Lambda so you compute the
+determinant of that and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that and you get a
+polynomial that you solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial that you solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial that you solve for the
+lambdas and then you get to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas and then you get to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas and then you get to solve for
+the eigenvectors which is a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors which is a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors which is a system of
+linear equations once you know Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations once you know Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations once you know Lambda
+um but thinking back you know those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but thinking back you know those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but thinking back you know those uh
+eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues
+you know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impediments to being able to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impediments to being able to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impediments to being able to solve the
+equation a minus Lambda U equals F right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a minus Lambda U equals F right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a minus Lambda U equals F right
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+um with that in mind that's why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with that in mind that's why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with that in mind that's why that's
+how we'll Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we'll Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we'll Define
+the spectrum of a bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of a bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of a bounded linear
+operator so first I'm going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so first I'm going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so first I'm going to Define
+the complement of the spectrum so let a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of the spectrum so let a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of the spectrum so let a
+be a bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the resolvent set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the new bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set
+res a this consists of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res a this consists of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res a this consists of all
+complex numbers Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers Lambda
+with the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property that
+a minus Lambda I is an invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a bit lazy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit lazy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit lazy and so
+throughout instead of writing a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout instead of writing a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout instead of writing a minus
+Lambda I I will most often write a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I I will most often write a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I I will most often write a minus
+Lambda with the understanding that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda with the understanding that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda with the understanding that there
+should be an identity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an identity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an identity here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the resolvent set is a set of all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the resolvent set is a set of all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the resolvent set is a set of all uh
+lambda's complex numbers so that a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda's complex numbers so that a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda's complex numbers so that a minus
+Lambda is invertible in other words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is invertible in other words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is invertible in other words that
+you can always solve the equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always solve the equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always solve the equation a
+minus Lambda U equals f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Lambda U equals f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Lambda U equals f
+for arbitrary f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can solve it uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can solve it uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can solve it uniquely
+uniquely being the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely being the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely being the the key
+um the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a so this is a new bit of terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so this is a new bit of terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a so this is a new bit of terminology
+is simply the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so usually we write its spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually we write its spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually we write its spec
+a equals c take away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resolvent set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is the example I was uh saying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the example I was uh saying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the example I was uh saying a
+minute ago let's say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago let's say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago let's say I have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just a matrix a linear transformation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matrix a linear transformation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matrix a linear transformation of
+C2 to C2 and a is just given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 to C2 and a is just given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 to C2 and a is just given by
+Lambda 1 0 0 Lambda 2. for some two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 0 0 Lambda 2. for some two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 0 0 Lambda 2. for some two
+numbers Lambda one and Lambda 2. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm giving you the simplest example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm giving you the simplest example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm giving you the simplest example
+possible then a minus Lambda is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible then a minus Lambda is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible then a minus Lambda is equal to
+Lambda 1 minus Lambda 0 0 Lambda 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 minus Lambda 0 0 Lambda 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 minus Lambda 0 0 Lambda 2 minus
+Lambda and when is this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and when is this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and when is this Matrix
+invertible precisely when Lambda does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible precisely when Lambda does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible precisely when Lambda does
+not equal Lambda 1 or Lambda 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a minus Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a minus Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a minus Lambda is
+invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+Lambda does not equal Lambda 1 or Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda does not equal Lambda 1 or Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda does not equal Lambda 1 or Lambda
+2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and when Lambda 1 equals Lambda 2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when Lambda 1 equals Lambda 2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when Lambda 1 equals Lambda 2 or
+Lambda 1 uh this Matrix here has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 uh this Matrix here has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 uh this Matrix here has a
+non-trivial kernel right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial kernel right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial kernel right
+and that's really the only obstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really the only obstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really the only obstruction
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+being invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being invertible
+but in infinite Dimensions when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in infinite Dimensions when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in infinite Dimensions when we have
+operators on infinite Dimensions there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators on infinite Dimensions there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators on infinite Dimensions there's
+an additional wrinkle that could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional wrinkle that could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional wrinkle that could happen
+all right not just so let me finish with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right not just so let me finish with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right not just so let me finish with
+this example therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example therefore the
+uh residual set of a or residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh residual set of a or residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh residual set of a or residual
+resolvent set of a equals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvent set of a equals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvent set of a equals uh
+C take away Lambda 1 Lambda 2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C take away Lambda 1 Lambda 2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C take away Lambda 1 Lambda 2 and the
+Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+of a equals c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and set Lambda one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set Lambda one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set Lambda one
+Lambda 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so we kind of have a special name for if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we kind of have a special name for if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we kind of have a special name for if
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+something pops up in the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pops up in the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pops up in the Spectrum
+in kind of the same way we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of the same way we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of the same way we have for
+regular matrices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular matrices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular matrices so
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a is a bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus Lambda
+so Lambda is a complex number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda is a complex number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda is a complex number is
+not injective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not injective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not injective
+so we need two conditions for a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need two conditions for a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need two conditions for a minus
+Lambda or for Lambda to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda or for Lambda to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda or for Lambda to be in the
+resolvent set we need a minus Lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvent set we need a minus Lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvent set we need a minus Lambda to
+be both uh injective and Sur objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be both uh injective and Sur objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be both uh injective and Sur objective
+one to one and onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one and onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one and onto
+then this implies that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this implies that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this implies that it has
+non-trivial kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there exists a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists a u
+and H take away zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H take away zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H take away zero
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u
+equals Lambda U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H we then call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this Lambda which is in the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda which is in the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda which is in the Spectrum
+of a it's in the spectrum because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a it's in the spectrum because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a it's in the spectrum because a
+minus Lambda is not invertible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvector
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the best way to learn about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best way to learn about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best way to learn about uh
+spectrum and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is to kind of do a lot of examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to kind of do a lot of examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to kind of do a lot of examples and
+so I only have a finite amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I only have a finite amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I only have a finite amount of time
+in class to teach you new stuff so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class to teach you new stuff so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class to teach you new stuff so I
+can't do too many examples but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do too many examples but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do too many examples but let's
+take for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh the operator from earlier ta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the operator from earlier ta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the operator from earlier ta equals
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+A1 over one a two over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 over one a two over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 over one a two over two
+a three over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three over three
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+okay for a an element of little L2 so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a an element of little L2 so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a an element of little L2 so a
+sequence in little L2 and so this was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in little L2 and so this was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in little L2 and so this was in
+fact a compact operator right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a compact operator right what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a compact operator right what is
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would be some eigenvalues of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be some eigenvalues of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be some eigenvalues of this
+well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+note that if I apply T to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if I apply T to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if I apply T to one of the
+elements of the orthonormal basis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the orthonormal basis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the orthonormal basis so
+let's call it e k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it e k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it e k
+where e or I called it e n earlier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where e or I called it e n earlier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where e or I called it e n earlier so
+let's stick to n where n is e in is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick to n where n is e in is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick to n where n is e in is the
+sequence consisting of one in the N spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence consisting of one in the N spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence consisting of one in the N spot
+and zero otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise
+what do I get I get 0 0 except in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get I get 0 0 except in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get I get 0 0 except in the
+end spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end spot
+1 over n 0 and so on which is 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n 0 and so on which is 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n 0 and so on which is 1 over n
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+e n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e n
+right so that proves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T minus 1 over n has non-trivial kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus 1 over n has non-trivial kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus 1 over n has non-trivial kernel
+and therefore 1 over n is an eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore 1 over n is an eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore 1 over n is an eigenvalue
+and therefore in the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact so this was for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the Spectrum contains at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum contains at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum contains at least
+uh this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sequence of numbers okay so unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of numbers okay so unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of numbers okay so unlike
+in the finite dimensional case you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the finite dimensional case you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the finite dimensional case you can
+have infinitely many eigenvalues okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infinitely many eigenvalues okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infinitely many eigenvalues okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it's also possible that you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also possible that you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also possible that you have no
+eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just bring up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just bring up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just bring up a
+small Point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's look at zero is zero in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at zero is zero in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at zero is zero in the uh
+Spectrum or in the resolvent okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum or in the resolvent okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum or in the resolvent okay in
+other words so T minus zero that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words so T minus zero that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words so T minus zero that's just
+T right so I'm asking is T itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right so I'm asking is T itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right so I'm asking is T itself
+uh injective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and uh surge active is it bijective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh surge active is it bijective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh surge active is it bijective
+right so first off it should be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first off it should be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first off it should be clear
+that this operator here is injective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this operator here is injective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this operator here is injective
+right if ta equals zero then every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if ta equals zero then every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if ta equals zero then every one
+of these numbers is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these numbers is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these numbers is zero
+and therefore a has to be zero so T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a has to be zero so T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a has to be zero so T is
+clearly injective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly injective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly injective
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+try to convince yourself that t cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to convince yourself that t cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to convince yourself that t cannot
+be subjective because if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be subjective because if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be subjective because if it was
+subjective the inverse would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective the inverse would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective the inverse would have to be
+a bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded linear operator
+what would the inverse have to be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the inverse have to be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the inverse have to be it
+would have to be I take the elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be I take the elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be I take the elements and
+the elements of my sequence in L2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of my sequence in L2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of my sequence in L2 and
+uh A1 gets multiplied by 1 A2 gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A1 gets multiplied by 1 A2 gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A1 gets multiplied by 1 A2 gets
+multiplied by two A3 gets multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by two A3 gets multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by two A3 gets multiplied by
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+um and so on and that would not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so on and that would not be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so on and that would not be a
+bounded linear operator on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator on
+um little L2 so you know that argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um little L2 so you know that argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um little L2 so you know that argument
+tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that
+uh it can't be surjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it can't be surjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it can't be surjective
+but what one can show is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what one can show is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what one can show is that the
+range is dense though in little L2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is dense though in little L2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is dense though in little L2 so
+you can have this something can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have this something can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have this something can be in
+the Spectrum this is you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum this is you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum this is you know something
+that's completely different than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely different than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely different than what
+happens in finite dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in finite dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in finite dimensions
+you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the range of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of t
+uh or T minus Lambda say you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or T minus Lambda say you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or T minus Lambda say you could have
+the range be dense uh in h but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range be dense uh in h but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range be dense uh in h but not
+closed and therefore the operator is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and therefore the operator is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and therefore the operator is not
+surjective okay this one you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective okay this one you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective okay this one you know sort
+of subtle difference between what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subtle difference between what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subtle difference between what
+happens in infinite dimensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in infinite dimensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in infinite dimensions and
+finite Dimensions that doesn't happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Dimensions that doesn't happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Dimensions that doesn't happen in
+finite Dimensions because the range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Dimensions because the range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Dimensions because the range is
+going to be a Subspace of H and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a Subspace of H and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a Subspace of H and in
+finite Dimensions the range is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Dimensions the range is a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Dimensions the range is a finite
+dimensional Subspace and so it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Subspace and so it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Subspace and so it's always
+closed all right in infinite Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed all right in infinite Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed all right in infinite Dimensions
+the range does not have to be closed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range does not have to be closed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range does not have to be closed so
+this little difference though can result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little difference though can result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little difference though can result
+in uh something being in the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh something being in the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh something being in the Spectrum
+it's not always just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always just
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know something's in the Spectrum if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something's in the Spectrum if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something's in the Spectrum if
+and only if it's an eigenvalue that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if it's an eigenvalue that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if it's an eigenvalue that that
+is not the case and so for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll probably put this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll probably put this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll probably put this on the
+assignment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you can verify is that let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can verify is that let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can verify is that let's say I
+Define now an operator T from L2 of 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to L2 of 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L2 of 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L2 of 0 1
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+t f of x equals x times f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T has no none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eigenvalues so I'll probably put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues so I'll probably put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues so I'll probably put this
+example either on the homework or on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example either on the homework or on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example either on the homework or on the
+exam but it has no eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam but it has no eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam but it has no eigenvalues
+and you can compute that the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can compute that the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can compute that the Spectrum
+instead of all lambdas so that T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of all lambdas so that T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of all lambdas so that T minus
+Lambda is not invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals 0 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 1.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+y01 it's not because the domain zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y01 it's not because the domain zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y01 it's not because the domain zero one
+but because that's essentially the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because that's essentially the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because that's essentially the range
+of X the function uh X as X ranges from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X the function uh X as X ranges from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X the function uh X as X ranges from
+0 to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1.
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so in in when you move on to internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in when you move on to internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in when you move on to internet
+Dimensions the Spectrum doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions the Spectrum doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions the Spectrum doesn't
+necessarily need to just be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to just be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to just be the
+eigenvalues of your operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of your operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of your operator
+in fact there may be no eigenvalues it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there may be no eigenvalues it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there may be no eigenvalues it
+can be something that's much more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be something that's much more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be something that's much more subtle
+which occurs when the range is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which occurs when the range is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which occurs when the range is not a
+closed subset it's not a is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed subset it's not a is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed subset it's not a is not a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the range can be dense in in h but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the range can be dense in in h but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the range can be dense in in h but
+not close and therefore not equal to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not close and therefore not equal to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not close and therefore not equal to all
+of H so the operator is not so objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some some general properties of spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some general properties of spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some general properties of spectrum
+and and resolvement sets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let a be a bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectrum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of a
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a closed subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact
+It's contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's contained
+in the set of lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set of lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set of lambdas
+and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see
+with a modulus less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a modulus less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a modulus less than or equal to the
+norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in particular this implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular this implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular this implies that the
+spectrum is a compact subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is a compact subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is a compact subset of the
+complex numbers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers okay
+so in particular since 1 over n is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular since 1 over n is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular since 1 over n is in
+the spectrum of this operator we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of this operator we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of this operator we have
+over here and 0 is the limit as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and 0 is the limit as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and 0 is the limit as n goes
+to Infinity of 1 over n this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity of 1 over n this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity of 1 over n this
+automatically from this result implies 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically from this result implies 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically from this result implies 0
+is in the spectrum of uh this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now of course you can phrase this since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you can phrase this since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you can phrase this since
+the spectrum of a is the complement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of a is the complement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of a is the complement of
+the resolvent set of a you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolvent set of a you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolvent set of a you know you
+could have phrased this theorem in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have phrased this theorem in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have phrased this theorem in terms
+of the resolvent which is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the resolvent which is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the resolvent which is that the
+result instead of a is open and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result instead of a is open and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result instead of a is open and the
+resolvent uh set of a contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvent uh set of a contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvent uh set of a contains the
+complement of this set that's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of this set that's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of this set that's in fact
+how we'll prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we'll prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we'll prove uh
+his theorem will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open
+and that this thing uh the complement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this thing uh the complement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this thing uh the complement of
+this set is contained in the resolvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is contained in the resolvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is contained in the resolvent
+of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and
+a set of lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of lambdas
+with modulus bigger than the norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with modulus bigger than the norm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with modulus bigger than the norm of a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in
+the result instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why is the resolving open well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is the resolving open well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is the resolving open well it
+follows from the fact that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the fact that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the fact that uh
+glh the space of bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glh the space of bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glh the space of bounded linear
+operators that are invertible is an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that are invertible is an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that are invertible is an open
+set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take something in the resolvent we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something in the resolvent we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something in the resolvent we have
+to show that there's a small ball around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that there's a small ball around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that there's a small ball around
+this complex number which is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex number which is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex number which is contained
+in so that that small ball is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that that small ball is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that that small ball is contained
+in the resolvent meaning a minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the resolvent meaning a minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the resolvent meaning a minus Lambda
+is uh invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since glh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is open this implies uh there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open this implies uh there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open this implies uh there exists
+small Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that uh
+if T is an operator which is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T is an operator which is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T is an operator which is close to
+a minus lambda zero uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus lambda zero uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus lambda zero uh
+an operator Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator Norm
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+Lambda minus Lambda 0 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda minus Lambda 0 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda minus Lambda 0 is less than
+Epsilon we get that the norm of a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon we get that the norm of a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon we get that the norm of a minus
+Lambda minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda minus
+a0 minus lambda zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 minus lambda zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 minus lambda zero
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's
+cancel and I just get the operator Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and I just get the operator Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and I just get the operator Norm
+of Lambda minus Lambda 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here I should have kept around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I should have kept around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I should have kept around the
+identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which just equals Lambda minus Lambda 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just equals Lambda minus Lambda 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just equals Lambda minus Lambda 0
+which we're assuming is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're assuming is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're assuming is less than
+Epsilon so this operator here is within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so this operator here is within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so this operator here is within
+Epsilon of this invertible operator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon of this invertible operator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon of this invertible operator here
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+guarantees by how we chose Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that a minus Lambda is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a minus Lambda is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a minus Lambda is uh
+invertible and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda is in the resolvent set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is in the resolvent set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is in the resolvent set
+of a so we started out with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+within Epsilon distance to Lambda 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Epsilon distance to Lambda 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Epsilon distance to Lambda 0
+where Epsilon was coming from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Epsilon was coming from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Epsilon was coming from this
+condition here and showed that Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here and showed that Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here and showed that Lambda is
+in the resolvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the resolvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the resolvent
+I.E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I.E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I.E
+the ball Lambda minus Lambda 0 less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball Lambda minus Lambda 0 less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball Lambda minus Lambda 0 less than
+Epsilon is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is contained in
+a resolving set of a so that proves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resolving set of a so that proves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resolving set of a so that proves that
+the resolvement set is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolvement set is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolvement set is open
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right okay so now let's show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so now let's show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so now let's show this
+condition that if the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that if the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that if the absolute value of
+Lambda is bigger than the norm of a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is bigger than the norm of a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is bigger than the norm of a then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then a minus Lambda is invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+Lambda is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is bigger than
+strictly bigger than the norm of a so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly bigger than the norm of a so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly bigger than the norm of a so in
+particular it's uh non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's uh non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's uh non-zero
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times a is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+I minus 1 over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is invertible
+right because then this has Norm less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then this has Norm less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then this has Norm less
+than one so we can always invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so we can always invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so we can always invert
+something that is I minus that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is I minus that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is I minus that thing
+that has Norm less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has Norm less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has Norm less than one
+which tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me that
+a minus Lambda is the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus Lambda is the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus Lambda is the product of two
+invertible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible uh
+operators namely multiplication by minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators namely multiplication by minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators namely multiplication by minus
+Lambda and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and uh
+I minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus
+1 over Lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over Lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over Lambda a
+let's see let's make sure everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see let's make sure everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see let's make sure everything
+cancels and okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and okay
+so multiplication by Lambda which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multiplication by Lambda which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multiplication by Lambda which is a
+positive or non-zero complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or non-zero complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or non-zero complex number
+that's a invertible operator this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a invertible operator this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a invertible operator this is an
+invertible operator product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible operator product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible operator product of two
+invertible operators is invertible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible operators is invertible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible operators is invertible so
+that thing is in glh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is in glh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is in glh
+so it's invertible which implies Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's invertible which implies Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's invertible which implies Lambda
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+basically by definition is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by definition is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by definition is in the
+resolvent set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvent set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvent set of a
+okay so we suppose that we had something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we suppose that we had something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we suppose that we had something
+here and showed it's in here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and showed it's in here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and showed it's in here which is
+what we wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the spectrum is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closed subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact a compact subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a compact subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a compact subset of
+set of complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this class that's about as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class that's about as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class that's about as much as
+we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for General bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for General bounded linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for General bounded linear operators
+about their Spectrum let me just make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their Spectrum let me just make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their Spectrum let me just make a
+small comment also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small comment also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small comment also that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with a little if you know a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little if you know a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little if you know a little
+complex analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex analysis
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the previous proof actually also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous proof actually also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous proof actually also
+allows you to okay so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to okay so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to okay so I'm just going to
+State this as a fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this as a fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this as a fact
+one could ask uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could ask uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could ask uh
+could the Spectrum ever be empty so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the Spectrum ever be empty so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the Spectrum ever be empty so
+that's certainly a comp a compact subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's certainly a comp a compact subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's certainly a comp a compact subset
+of complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complex numbers
+and the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is no
+but this class does not assume complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this class does not assume complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this class does not assume complex
+analysis so I can't really give a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so I can't really give a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so I can't really give a state
+or write a proof of that and expect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or write a proof of that and expect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or write a proof of that and expect you
+to completely follow it but here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completely follow it but here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completely follow it but here's the
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+so if you don't know complex analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't know complex analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't know complex analysis
+just skip ahead a few seconds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip ahead a few seconds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip ahead a few seconds but
+um the thinking is this let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the thinking is this let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the thinking is this let's suppose
+that the spectrum is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spectrum is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spectrum is empty
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applied so let's assume the spectrum's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied so let's assume the spectrum's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied so let's assume the spectrum's
+empty and take u and v that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty and take u and v that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty and take u and v that are in the
+Hilbert space apply a minus Lambda to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space apply a minus Lambda to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space apply a minus Lambda to U
+or a minus Lambda inverse applied to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a minus Lambda inverse applied to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a minus Lambda inverse applied to uh
+an inner product it would be so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product it would be so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product it would be so this is
+well defined because a minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined because a minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined because a minus Lambda
+inverse always exists because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse always exists because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse always exists because the
+spectrum is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is empty
+um and this gives you a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this gives you a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this gives you a continuous
+function in Lambda on the complex plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in Lambda on the complex plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in Lambda on the complex plane
+and now what happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what happens so
+the proof uh or at least one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof uh or at least one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof uh or at least one of the
+estimates I gave before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates I gave before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates I gave before
+says that as Lambda goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that as Lambda goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that as Lambda goes to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as
+the magnitude of Lambda gets large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of Lambda gets large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of Lambda gets large
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the operator Norm of a minus Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator Norm of a minus Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator Norm of a minus Lambda is
+bounded by a constant divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a constant divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a constant divided by the
+magnitude of Lambda which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Lambda which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Lambda which is going to
+zero okay so the operator Norm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so the operator Norm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so the operator Norm of the
+inverse of a minus Lambda goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a minus Lambda goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a minus Lambda goes to zero
+as Lambda goes to as the norm of Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Lambda goes to as the norm of Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Lambda goes to as the norm of Lambda
+as the magnitude of Lambda goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the magnitude of Lambda goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the magnitude of Lambda goes to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+but you can show a bit more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can show a bit more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can show a bit more about this
+function I defined a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I defined a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I defined a minute ago
+involving two vectors that basically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving two vectors that basically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving two vectors that basically by
+this Neumann series calculation that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Neumann series calculation that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Neumann series calculation that in
+fact that's a complex differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's a complex differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's a complex differentiable
+function in Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in Lambda
+um and thus you have this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and thus you have this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and thus you have this complex
+differentiable function defined on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function defined on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function defined on the
+entire plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire plane
+that goes to zero as Lambda goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to zero as Lambda goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to zero as Lambda goes to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+and by a leoville's theorem not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by a leoville's theorem not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by a leoville's theorem not
+Louisville Louisville's type of bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louisville Louisville's type of bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louisville Louisville's type of bat
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the bat that you hit stuff with not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat that you hit stuff with not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat that you hit stuff with not the
+bat that gives you coven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat that gives you coven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat that gives you coven
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then a minus Lambda inverse applied to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a minus Lambda inverse applied to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a minus Lambda inverse applied to U
+and a product V has to be identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a product V has to be identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a product V has to be identically
+zero because that's a comp that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because that's a comp that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because that's a comp that's a
+complex differentiable function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex differentiable function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex differentiable function in
+Lambda which goes to zero as Lambda goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda which goes to zero as Lambda goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda which goes to zero as Lambda goes
+to infinity and since the supplies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and since the supplies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and since the supplies for
+all u and v this implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all u and v this implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all u and v this implies that the
+operator a minus Lambda inverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a minus Lambda inverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a minus Lambda inverse is
+identically zero that's a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically zero that's a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically zero that's a contradiction
+so the Spectrum cannot be empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Spectrum cannot be empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Spectrum cannot be empty
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um it will be very useful to have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it will be very useful to have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it will be very useful to have uh
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a different characterization so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different characterization so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different characterization so now
+we're going to specialize to not just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to specialize to not just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to specialize to not just uh
+looking at the Spectrum of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the Spectrum of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the Spectrum of you know
+arbitrary bounded operators but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary bounded operators but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary bounded operators but now
+we're going to zero in on self-adjoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to zero in on self-adjoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to zero in on self-adjoin
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+first we need a little theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we need a little theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we need a little theorem
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if I have a self-adjoined operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a self-adjoined operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a self-adjoined operator
+meaning a is equal to a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then two things are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for All U and H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the inner product a u applied to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real number
+and two I can give an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two I can give an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two I can give an alternative
+characterization of the norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the norm of a is in fact equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the norm of a is in fact equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the norm of a is in fact equal to
+the soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soup
+over a norm of U equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a norm of U equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a norm of U equals one
+of the absolute value of a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the absolute value of a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the absolute value of a u
+applied to U okay so this actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to U okay so this actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to U okay so this actually has
+nothing to do with the Spectrum this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the Spectrum this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the Spectrum this is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+um fact I'll need uh when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fact I'll need uh when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fact I'll need uh when we start
+studying the spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the spectrum of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+of self-adjoint operators and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-adjoint operators and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-adjoint operators and that will
+be in the next uh next lecture so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the next uh next lecture so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the next uh next lecture so with
+the remainder of this lecture we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of this lecture we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of this lecture we'll
+prove uh this theorem okay so proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh this theorem okay so proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh this theorem okay so proof
+so one is quite easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is quite easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is quite easy
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If U is an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If U is an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If U is an H
+and I look at a u applied to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at a u applied to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at a u applied to U
+and I take its complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take its complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take its complex conjugate
+something's real if and only if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's real if and only if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's real if and only if it's
+complex conjugate is equal to the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate is equal to the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate is equal to the number
+again so I want to show that the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I want to show that the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I want to show that the complex
+conjugate of a u applied to U is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of a u applied to U is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of a u applied to U is equal
+to a u applied to U so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a u applied to U so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a u applied to U so this is equal to
+uh by the properties of the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the properties of the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the properties of the inner
+product U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product U
+apply to Au now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to Au now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to Au now
+a is equal to its own adjoint so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to its own adjoint so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to its own adjoint so this is
+equal to U applied to or u in a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to U applied to or u in a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to U applied to or u in a product
+a star U and by the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a star U and by the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a star U and by the definition of the
+adjoint this moves over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the end
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+I keep bringing up quantum mechanics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep bringing up quantum mechanics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep bringing up quantum mechanics but
+like I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I you know
+am uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am uh
+researcher in quantum mechanics but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher in quantum mechanics but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher in quantum mechanics but I'm
+not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+and quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantum mechanics
+the observables meaning the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observables meaning the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observables meaning the things that
+one would actually measure like position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would actually measure like position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would actually measure like position
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Center of mass these types of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center of mass these types of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center of mass these types of things
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+modeled by self-adjoint operators these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled by self-adjoint operators these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled by self-adjoint operators these
+are not bounded linear operators they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not bounded linear operators they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not bounded linear operators they're
+unbounded which you know we will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded which you know we will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded which you know we will not
+cover in this class but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in this class but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in this class but they're
+self-adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoint
+and therefore by this first property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by this first property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by this first property
+this quantity here which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here which is the
+expectation of that measurement so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that measurement so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that measurement so what
+this number one tells you is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number one tells you is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number one tells you is that the
+expectation this of this measurement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation this of this measurement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation this of this measurement is
+always a real number it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a real number it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a real number it's always
+something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that
+you know you can measure in nature I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can measure in nature I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can measure in nature I
+mean as far as I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as far as I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as far as I know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the things one measures in nature not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things one measures in nature not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things one measures in nature not
+necessarily uses to model nature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uses to model nature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uses to model nature uh
+do not are not complex numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not are not complex numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not are not complex numbers so
+um okay so number two Let's uh verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so number two Let's uh verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so number two Let's uh verify
+that I can for a self-adjoin operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can for a self-adjoin operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can for a self-adjoin operator
+write the norm in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+but little a b uh this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first thing to note is actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to note is actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to note is actually this is
+a finite number and it's bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite number and it's bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite number and it's bounded above
+by the norm of a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the norm of a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the norm of a okay
+note that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that uh
+for all unit linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all unit linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all unit linked
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+the absolute value of the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of the inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of the inner product
+of a u with u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a u with u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a u with u
+by akoshi Schwartz is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by akoshi Schwartz is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by akoshi Schwartz is less than or equal
+to the norm the product of the Norms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the norm the product of the Norms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the norm the product of the Norms of
+a u and u u has Norm one so this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u and u u has Norm one so this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u and u u has Norm one so this is less
+than or equal to the norm of a U and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the norm of a U and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the norm of a U and by
+the definition of the operator Norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the operator Norm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the operator Norm of a
+that's less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than or equal to the
+operator Norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator Norm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator Norm of a
+all right so uh this also proves so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh this also proves so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh this also proves so this
+proves two things this thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves two things this thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves two things this thing on the
+right hand side is a finite number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is a finite number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is a finite number and
+it's bounded above by the norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded above by the norm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded above by the norm of a
+so little a the soup is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so little a the soup is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so little a the soup is less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally
+and what we'll do is prove uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll do is prove uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll do is prove uh the
+opposite uh inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right and to do that we'll use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and to do that we'll use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and to do that we'll use this
+first property that for all you a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first property that for all you a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first property that for all you a u
+applied to U is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to U is real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to U is real
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want to somehow estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to somehow estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to somehow estimate the
+operator Norm of a which means I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator Norm of a which means I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator Norm of a which means I need to
+estimate the Opera the norm of a u where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the Opera the norm of a u where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the Opera the norm of a u where
+the norm of U equals one so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of U equals one so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of U equals one so let's take
+something uh an H with Norm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+since the operator Norm of a so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the operator Norm of a so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the operator Norm of a so let me
+just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that the norm of a is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the norm of a is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the norm of a is less than or
+equal to this number little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this number little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this number little a
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's take something with Norm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that when I hit it with a I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that when I hit it with a I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that when I hit it with a I don't
+get zero okay because the operator Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero okay because the operator Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero okay because the operator Norm
+of a is computed by taking the soup over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is computed by taking the soup over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is computed by taking the soup over
+all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh
+of the soup of norms of au where U has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the soup of norms of au where U has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the soup of norms of au where U has
+unit link and I just need to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit link and I just need to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit link and I just need to estimate
+those Aus that are non-zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let V
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the vector a u over the norm of a u then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector a u over the norm of a u then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector a u over the norm of a u then
+this thing has a unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and so now if I compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so now if I compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so now if I compute
+Norm of a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of a u
+which is the thing I want to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing I want to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing I want to estimate
+above by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above by a
+so this is equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a u applied to V remember a u inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u applied to V remember a u inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u applied to V remember a u inner
+product V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product V
+right because then I would get a u and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then I would get a u and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then I would get a u and a
+product a u which gives me Norm of a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product a u which gives me Norm of a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product a u which gives me Norm of a u
+squared divided by the norm of a u so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared divided by the norm of a u so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared divided by the norm of a u so I
+just get a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get a u
+now I this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I this is a
+a you know real number because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know real number because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know real number because it's
+equal to this Norm so I can throw in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this Norm so I can throw in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this Norm so I can throw in a
+real part and not get into any trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and not get into any trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and not get into any trouble
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see what would I call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarization identity that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization identity that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization identity that's that's the
+name of that not the parallelogram law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of that not the parallelogram law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of that not the parallelogram law
+but I have a type of polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a type of polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a type of polarization
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+for this expression which you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this expression which you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this expression which you can just
+verify in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify in the
+quiet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet of
+your own dwelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own dwelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own dwelling
+at this thing right here I can write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this thing right here I can write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this thing right here I can write as
+1 4 times a u plus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 times a u plus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 times a u plus v
+U plus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus v
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a u minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u minus V
+U minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+U plus IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus IV
+U plus IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus IV
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+a u minus IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u minus IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u minus IV
+e minus IB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now uh so a u v a this inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh so a u v a this inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh so a u v a this inner product
+here is equal to this thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to this thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to this thing this
+expression I have here the real part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I have here the real part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I have here the real part is
+still still there now I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still still there now I'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still still there now I'm taking the
+real part of this number now this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of this number now this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of this number now this number
+here is real this number here is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is real this number here is real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is real this number here is real
+by number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by number one
+and therefore I times this number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I times this number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I times this number is
+purely imaginary so when I take the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely imaginary so when I take the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely imaginary so when I take the real
+part it goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it goes away
+so this is equal to 1 4 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to 1 4 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to 1 4 times
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+U plus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+a u minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u minus V
+U minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I'm missing something there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is a applied to a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a applied to a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a applied to a vector
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+inner product with that same Vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with that same Vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with that same Vector so
+that's less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than or equal to
+one-fourth uh since little a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-fourth uh since little a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-fourth uh since little a is the
+supremum of the absolute values of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum of the absolute values of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum of the absolute values of these
+uh Expressions where as long as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Expressions where as long as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Expressions where as long as these
+things have unit length this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have unit length this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have unit length this is less
+than or equal to a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to a times
+Norm of U plus v squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of U plus v squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of U plus v squared
+this first expression right because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first expression right because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first expression right because this
+is less than or equal to the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the absolute
+value of this thing and dividing by U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this thing and dividing by U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this thing and dividing by U
+plus v squared this I get that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v squared this I get that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v squared this I get that that's
+less than or equal to a but I still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to a but I still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to a but I still have
+this U plus v squared hanging around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U plus v squared hanging around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U plus v squared hanging around and
+then the same thing with this U minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the same thing with this U minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the same thing with this U minus V
+so plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plus a
+U minus V squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U minus V squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U minus V squared
+okay and now I use the parallelogram law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now I use the parallelogram law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now I use the parallelogram law
+this is equal to a for U plus v Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to a for U plus v Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to a for U plus v Norm
+squared plus u minus V Norm squared this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus u minus V Norm squared this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus u minus V Norm squared this
+is equal to two Norm U squared plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to two Norm U squared plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to two Norm U squared plus two
+Norm V squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm V squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm V squared
+times a over four u and v have unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a over four u and v have unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a over four u and v have unit
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+so this is one this is one so I get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one this is one so I get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one this is one so I get two
+plus two is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two is four
+and I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all Norm one vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Norm one vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all Norm one vectors
+I've proven that the norm of a u is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've proven that the norm of a u is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've proven that the norm of a u is less
+than or equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to a
+I've done it just for those so that Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done it just for those so that Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done it just for those so that Au
+is non-zero but I still have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-zero but I still have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-zero but I still have this
+inequality of a u equals zero so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality of a u equals zero so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality of a u equals zero so I get
+that the norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norm of a
+is less than or equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to a
+which is what I wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I wanted to do
+okay so next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get into
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+some properties of the spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some properties of the spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some properties of the spectrum of
+self-adjoined operators a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in particular the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the the
+type of subset of complex numbers it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of subset of complex numbers it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of subset of complex numbers it has
+to be in fact we'll find out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in fact we'll find out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in fact we'll find out that the
+spectrum of a self-adjoint operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of a self-adjoint operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of a self-adjoint operator
+has to be contained in the real line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be contained in the real line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be contained in the real line
+okay so you can't have anything with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can't have anything with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can't have anything with a
+non-zero imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero imaginary part
+uh that's contained within certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's contained within certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's contained within certain
+bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds
+uh related to this type of expression uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related to this type of expression uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related to this type of expression uh
+Au apply to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au apply to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au apply to U
+okay and this will also give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this will also give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this will also give us a
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+checking whether the spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking whether the spectrum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking whether the spectrum is
+contained within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+two real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real numbers
+in particular it'll tell us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it'll tell us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it'll tell us something
+about when a self-adjoined operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when a self-adjoined operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when a self-adjoined operator is
+non-negative meaning a u inner product U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative meaning a u inner product U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative meaning a u inner product U
+is always non-negative and from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always non-negative and from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always non-negative and from there
+we'll start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start talking about
+the spectral theory for compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral theory for compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral theory for compact
+self-adjoin operators so this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoin operators so this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoin operators so this is kind of
+the most complete thing we can say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complete thing we can say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complete thing we can say about
+the spectrum of a certain class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of a certain class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of a certain class of
+operators and what we can say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and what we can say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and what we can say about
+self-adjoined compact operators is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoined compact operators is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoined compact operators is that
+it's pretty close to the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty close to the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty close to the finite
+dimensional case namely that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional case namely that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional case namely that the
+spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know is that these operators can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is that these operators can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is that these operators can
+essentially be diagonalized you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be diagonalized you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be diagonalized you can find
+an orthonormal basis consisting entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthonormal basis consisting entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthonormal basis consisting entirely
+of eigenvectors uh for the operator all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenvectors uh for the operator all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenvectors uh for the operator all
+right and we'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SXR9CDof7qw.txt b/SXR9CDof7qw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0cad0fa1fb85799a566fc4a1487a91da4ca984b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SXR9CDof7qw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3132 @@
+ANNOUNCER: Open content is
+provided under creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu .
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: As
+I've done in the previous
+
+lectures, let me set the stage
+for what we've been doing, so
+
+we can use that to talk about
+what we're going to do today.
+
+So far, we have the following
+in our language.
+
+Right, we have assignment.
+
+We have conditionals.
+
+We have input/output.
+
+And we have looping
+constructs.
+
+These are things like
+FOR and WHILE loops.
+
+And of course we've got some
+data to go with that.
+
+One of the things we said last
+time was, with that set of
+
+things, the ability to give
+values-- sorry, to give names
+
+to values-- the ability to make
+decisions, the ability to
+
+loop as a function of that, the
+ability get things in and
+
+out, we said that that actually
+gave us a language we
+
+said was Turing-complete.
+
+And that meant, in English, that
+this was enough to write
+
+any program.
+
+Now that's a slight lie-- or
+actually in these days of
+
+political debates, a slight
+misspeaking, a wonderful
+
+word-- it is technically
+correct.
+
+It is enough to allow us to
+write any program, but it's
+
+not enough to allow us to easily
+write any program.
+
+And so I joked, badly, I'll
+agree, at the end of last
+
+lecture, that we can just stop
+now, go straight to the final
+
+exam, because this is all
+you need to know.
+
+The point is, yes it's enough to
+start with, but we want to
+
+add things to this that let
+us problem solve well.
+
+And one of the things to think
+about is, even though I've got
+
+all of that, let's think about
+what I could do, if I wanted
+
+to write a piece of code.
+
+Right now, you've got to
+write it in one file.
+
+It's a long sequence of
+instructions, it starts at the
+
+beginning, walks through, may
+jump around a little bit, but
+
+eventually comes down
+at the end.
+
+It's okay for the things you're
+doing for the early
+
+problem sets.
+
+Ten lines of code.
+
+Twenty lines of code.
+
+Imagine instead, you're writing
+code that's a hundred
+
+thousand lines, a million
+lines, of code.
+
+You don't want to write
+it in this form.
+
+All right, and the reason you
+don't want to do that is,
+
+well, several.
+
+First of all, it's really hard
+to figure out where everything
+
+is, where everything goes,
+making sure I'm
+
+in the right place.
+
+To use an ancient expression
+from the 1970's, which only
+
+John and I will appreciate, it's
+really hard to grok what
+
+that code is doing, to
+understand what it's trying to
+
+make happen.
+
+And the reason that that's the
+case is, what we don't have,
+
+are two important things.
+
+We don't have decomposition, and
+we don't have abstraction.
+
+And that's what we're
+going to add today.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+Those are fancy terms.
+Decomposition is a way of
+
+putting structure
+onto the code.
+
+It's a way of breaking the
+code up into modules.
+
+Modules that makes sense
+on their own.
+
+Modules that we can reuse
+in multiple places.
+
+Modules that, if you
+like, isolate
+
+components of the process.
+
+And abstraction is related to
+that, abstraction is going to
+
+let us suppress details.
+
+It's going to let us bury away
+the specifics of something,
+
+and treat that computation
+like a black box.
+
+And by black box, I mean,
+literally behaves like a
+
+mysterious little black box.
+
+You put some inputs in, it has
+a contract that says if you
+
+put the right kind of inputs
+in you'll get a specific
+
+output coming out, but you
+don't have to know what's
+
+inside of that box.
+
+And that abstraction is
+really important.
+
+Again, imagine if I'm a writing
+a piece of code.
+
+I want to just use it, I
+shouldn't have to worry about
+
+what variables I use inside of
+it, I have shouldn't have to
+
+worry about where that is in the
+code, I should be able to
+
+just abstract it away.
+
+And that's what we want to add
+today, are those two things.
+
+Now, our mechanism for doing
+that-- or at least one
+
+mechanism, I shouldn't say the
+only one-- one mechanism for
+
+doing that is going to be to add
+functions to our language.
+
+Now, the point of a function is
+that it's going to provide
+
+both of these things, so the
+first thing it's going to do
+
+is, it's going to let us
+break up into modules.
+
+Second thing they're going to do
+is let us suppress detail.
+
+And in essence what that does
+is, the functions, and we're
+
+going to look at a bunch of
+examples in a second, these
+
+functions are going to give us
+a way to, in some or in one
+
+way of thinking about it is
+to create new primitives.
+
+And I'm going to put those in
+quotes, it's a generalization.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+The idea of a function is, that
+I'm going to capture a
+
+common pattern of computation.
+
+Computing square root.
+
+I'm going to capture it in a
+piece of code, I'm going to be
+
+able to refer to it by a name,
+and I'm going to suppress the
+
+details, meaning inside of that
+computation, you don't
+
+need to know what it does.
+
+You just need to know, if I
+give it the right kind of
+
+input, it'll give me back an
+input that satisfies the
+
+contract that I set up.
+
+And that in essence says, I've
+just created the equivalent of
+
+a new primitive.
+
+Same way that I have
+multiplication or division as
+
+a primitive, functions are going
+to give me, or somebody
+
+else who wrote them for me as
+part of a library, a new
+
+primitive that I'm going
+to be able to use.
+
+And that gives me a lot of power
+in terms of what I want
+
+to have inside of the language.
+
+OK.
+
+So, let's look at an example.
+
+To try to see what we're
+going to do with this.
+
+Before I do that though, let me
+try and give you an analogy
+
+to keep this in mind of why we
+want to basically build these
+
+abstractions and what
+we need in order to
+
+have them work together.
+
+So here's the supposed
+to say silly analogy.
+
+You can tell my jokes
+are always bad.
+
+John's are much better, by the
+way, which is why Thursday
+
+will be a much better lay--
+a better lecture.
+
+But here's the example.
+
+You've been hired by PBS to
+produce a nice thirteen-hour
+
+documentary, or drama,
+that's going to run.
+
+And, you know, you start by
+saying, OK, thirteen hours,
+
+I'm going to break it up into
+thirteen different chunks.
+
+I'm going to assign each chunk
+to a different writer.
+
+And they're going to go off and
+write that element, that
+
+hour's worth of stuff.
+
+You can imagine what you get:
+each hours worth of drama, if
+
+you like, may be great, but it
+may have absolutely nothing to
+
+do with the other
+twelve hours.
+
+And unless, you know, you've
+been hired to do Pirandello's
+
+Six Characters In Search Of An
+Author, this is not a great
+
+thing, because you
+get something
+
+that is really confusing.
+
+Now, what's the point
+of the analogy?
+
+What do I need for
+those writers to
+
+all interact together?
+
+I need a specification.
+
+I need a contract that says,
+here's what I want in terms of
+
+things that you're going to take
+as input, to begin your
+
+part of the drama, here's what
+you're going to produce at the
+
+output, and the details
+of what they do
+
+inside are up to them.
+
+An idea of abstraction, that
+idea of specification, is
+
+exactly what we want to use
+inside of our functions.
+
+We won't make you write dramas
+like Pirandello, but we're
+
+going to try make you at
+least write good code.
+
+And that's we're going
+to try and do.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's set the stage for it.
+
+Up on the screen, I've got--
+
+I commented it out, but I've
+got a piece of code that
+
+you've seen before,
+right up here.
+
+OK?
+
+What is that?
+
+It's the piece of code we wrote
+for computing square
+
+roots, square roots of actually
+perfect squares.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+Just to remind you what it
+does, we bound x to some
+
+value, we set up an initial
+variable called ANS or answer,
+
+and then we run through
+a little loop.
+
+All right, we're-- well
+actually, I should say that
+
+better, we first check to see,
+is x greater than or equal to
+
+zero, if it's not, then we come
+down here and we print
+
+something out, otherwise we run
+through a little loop to
+
+get the answer, and then
+we check it and we
+
+spit something out.
+
+It does the computation,
+that's fine.
+
+Suppose I want to compute square
+roots a lot of places
+
+in a big chunk of code.
+
+Right now, I have to take that
+piece of code and replicate it
+
+everywhere I want in
+my larger file.
+
+And I've got to worry about,
+is somebody else using ANS,
+
+answer, as a variable, in which
+case I've got to be
+
+really careful.
+
+Is somebody else using
+x as a variable?
+
+I've got to deal with a
+lot of those details.
+
+I want to abstract that.
+
+And the abstraction you
+see, right here.
+
+I'm going to highlight it for
+a second so you can see it.
+
+I want you to look at it
+on the handout as well.
+
+This is the creation
+of a function.
+
+And I want to describe both the
+syntax, what we're doing,
+
+and then the semantics of
+how do we use it and
+
+what does that mean.
+
+So.
+
+Here's the syntax
+of the function.
+
+First of all, we have
+a keyword. def.
+
+Definition or define, depending
+on which sort of
+
+piece of history
+you come from.
+
+This is a keyword to Python that
+says, when it reads this
+
+in the file, it says, I'm
+creating a definition.
+
+I'm creating a function.
+
+And that's follow-- so this
+is, let me say this is a
+
+keyboard-- that is followed
+immediately by a name.
+
+And this equates to that.
+
+In this case, sqrt,
+square root.
+
+I'm saying, this is the
+name I'm going to
+
+give to this function.
+
+This is the name to which I'm
+going to refer when I want to
+
+use this function.
+
+All right?
+
+And notice, immediately after
+that name, we have an open and
+
+close paren with another
+variable name inside of that.
+
+And this defines formal
+parameters of this function.
+
+Yup.
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG:
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: It
+does indeed, thank you.
+
+This is me being a Scheme
+hacker, not a Python hacker.
+
+Yes, def has to be lowercase
+or won't recognize it.
+
+Thank you, John.
+
+OK. def's the keyword.
+
+I'm creating a function.
+sqrt-- again, I'm being
+
+careful about case-sensitive,
+I'm using all lowercase here,
+
+followed by an open paren, and
+I said, formal parameters.
+
+We'll see there could be
+more than one there.
+
+We're going to come back to what
+they mean in a second,
+
+but for now, think of them as,
+or think of x, in this case,
+
+as the place holder.
+
+This place holder is saying, if
+you give me a value for x,
+
+inside the body of this function
+I'm going to use that
+
+value everywhere I see x.
+
+Question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: Ah,
+we're going to come back to
+
+this in a second.
+
+But the question was, do
+I always need an input?
+
+I can have functions with no
+parameters, that's fine, I
+
+will still need the open and
+close paren there to identify
+
+that I have no parameters.
+
+We're going to see an
+example in a second.
+
+Good question.
+
+Actually, I've got to get rid of
+this candy, so since it was
+
+a good question, here you go.
+
+Nice catch.
+
+Almost. Sorry.
+
+OK.
+
+No, I'm not.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+I thought you had it, and then
+I've got the wrong glasses on
+
+and I realized you didn't,
+so I will, ah come
+
+back to that later.
+
+What are we doing here?
+
+We got definition, we got name,
+we got a set of formal
+
+parameters.
+
+Right.
+
+If you look at the rest of that
+code, gee, it looks a lot
+
+like what I had elsewhere.
+
+Of what I had outside
+of it, right?
+
+It's running through a
+similar set of loops.
+
+So in some sets, as long as x
+has the value I want, it ought
+
+to do the right thing.
+
+However, there's a couple of
+other changes there that we
+
+want to highlight.
+
+In particular, notice-- let me
+highlight it for you, if I can
+
+find it with the wrong glasses
+on-- we've got
+
+these return commands.
+
+So return is another keyword.
+
+And it basically says, when you
+get to this point in the
+
+computation, stop
+the computation.
+
+Literally, return the control
+from this function, and take
+
+the value of the next
+expression, and return that as
+
+the value of the whole
+computation.
+
+Now, the one that we're most
+interested in is the one
+
+where, in fact, it gets out ANS,
+so you see down here in
+
+the code, there's a spot where
+it's going to return the value
+
+of ANS, which is what
+we want, right?
+
+That's the thing that holds the
+value that we intended to
+
+have.
+
+But there's another couple of
+places in that code where it's
+
+got this funky-looking thing,
+return none, and notice none's
+
+in a different color.
+
+None is a special value, and
+it has the following
+
+slightly-odd behavior: it is
+a value, we can return it--
+
+God bless-- but what none says
+is, there is no value coming
+
+back from this computation.
+
+So when it is returned, and
+we'll see this in a second, to
+
+the interpreter, it
+doesn't print.
+
+OK.
+
+It simply doesn't
+print anything.
+
+Nonetheless, it is actually a
+value and we can use it, for
+
+example, to do comparisons.
+
+If we want to know, did this
+function return a value or
+
+not, rather than reserving, say,
+-1 or some other special
+
+thing which you might want to
+use some other ways, it
+
+literally returns this very
+special value that says, there
+
+is no actual value return
+from this computation.
+
+OK.
+
+Note, by the way, if I chase
+through each possible path,
+
+like there's some IFs in here,
+there's some places to go, at
+
+least in this piece of code,
+every possible path through
+
+this code ends in a return.
+
+And that's a good programming
+discipline, to
+
+make sure that happens.
+
+There's an exception, which
+we'll see in a second, but
+
+I'll highlight, which is, if
+we get to the end of the
+
+procedure, there's sort of
+an implicit return there.
+
+In fact, a return of
+none, in that case.
+
+It comes out of it.
+
+But if I look at this, right?
+
+If I come into this code, I'm
+going to check this branch
+
+first, if it's not true, ah,
+there's a return at the end of
+
+that branch.
+
+If it is true, I do that, and
+then I've got a second test.
+
+If it's true, I return,
+otherwise a return.
+
+So there's a return branch
+on every possible
+
+path through the code.
+
+And that's valuable, it's
+something you want to think
+
+about as your right your own.
+
+OK.
+
+What do I do to use this,
+in particular?
+
+How do I invoke this?
+
+OK, so I'm going to invoke a
+function by passing in values
+
+for the parameters.
+
+And in this case, that literally
+means typing sqrt,
+
+with some value inside
+the parens.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, let's just try this out
+to see what happens.
+
+I'm going to make sure I've got
+it there, so if I type,
+
+for example, sqrt
+of 16, ah-ha!
+
+What did it do?
+
+Well, let's talk about
+what it did.
+
+What this invocation does, is
+the following: it binds, and
+
+I'm going to say this
+specifically for this example,
+
+rather than general,
+it binds x to 16.
+
+Just as you would have done with
+an assignment statement
+
+up in the top level thing.
+
+But this binding is local.
+
+Meaning it only holds within
+the confines of the code of
+
+this procedure.
+
+Relative to that, think of that
+as creating what we, I'm
+
+going to call a new
+environment.
+
+Relative to that, it does all
+the other execution we would
+
+do, including, notice the first
+instruction there is to
+
+the set up a binding for ANS.
+
+So answer, or ANS, is also
+bound only locally.
+
+Meaning, inside the
+confines of this
+
+environment of this procedure.
+
+ANS starts off with a value of
+0 and now we just run through
+
+that loop just like
+we did before.
+
+Writing Increments it slowly,
+checking to see if ANS squared
+
+is bigger than x, and when it
+gets to that point, it checks
+
+to see, is it actually a perfect
+square or not, and it
+
+returns it.
+
+And once it returns it, it
+returns a value from that
+
+return, that in this case
+is just printed out.
+
+All right.
+
+Now I want to say a
+couple of things
+
+about these local bindings.
+
+I'm going to repeat this
+a second time,
+
+because it's important.
+
+These local bindings do not
+affect any global bindings.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+Let me show you a little
+example, and then we'll come
+
+back to this.
+
+I've got a little
+function here.
+
+See, I've defined f of x to be
+a function that takes a value
+
+of x in, changes x to x+1, and
+then just returns the value.
+
+OK.
+
+So it's just adding 1 to x.
+
+But I want you to see now what
+happens if I use this.
+
+Let's bind x to the
+value of 3.
+
+It's creating a binding for x
+in this global environment.
+
+This is what the interpreter
+sees.
+
+All right?
+
+In fact, if I look at
+x, its value is 3.
+
+Let's bind z eh let's bind z
+to the-- if I could type it
+
+would help-- say, f of 3.
+
+OK?
+
+So the value is z is 4, it's
+what I expect, right?
+
+Locally x got bound to 3, I
+added 1 to it, whoop-dee-doo,
+
+I get back a 4.
+
+But what's the value of x?
+
+It's still 3.
+
+The way to think of this is,
+again, I've got multiple
+
+scopes, or multiple frames, or
+if we're going to come back to
+
+those terms, I'm going to use
+the word environment, because
+
+I'm an old-time Lisp hacker,
+multiple environments in which
+
+there are bindings.
+
+So let me spell this out in just
+a little bit more detail.
+
+What this is saying
+is the following.
+
+When I'm talking to the
+interpreter, when I'm typing
+
+things in as I just did, to that
+Python environment, I'm
+
+getting what I'm going to
+call global bindings.
+
+I'm going to draw a
+little chart here.
+
+Think of this as the, as the
+world of the interpreter, in
+
+that I've got things like x
+bound to the value of 3.
+
+When I call or invoke a
+function, think of it as
+
+creating a local table.
+
+Inside that local table, I bind
+the formal parameter,
+
+which is what I do I did
+16 right to some value.
+
+This x only gets seen by sqrt.
+
+Inside of there, I can bind
+other things, like ANS gets
+
+locally bound to 0, and then
+it increments around and
+
+eventually we return
+that value out.
+
+When I get to a return from
+sqrt, some value is returned
+
+back to the interpreter, and
+that table goes away.
+
+But that table does not affect
+any bindings for other
+
+instances of the variable
+like x for ANS.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's look at a couple of
+examples, just to sort of
+
+stress that.
+
+And one of the things I
+wanted to show is, OK.
+
+Again, I can now use a function
+just as if it was a
+
+primitive, so this is just an
+assignment and I going to take
+
+test to be the value of that, of
+course nothing gets printed
+
+because that was an assignment
+statement.
+
+All right?
+
+So if I called sqrt alone, that
+return value is done, but
+
+in this case I bound it to
+test, so I can go look at
+
+test, and there it is.
+
+What happens if I do that?
+
+OK.
+
+If you look at the code, it
+printed out, it's not a
+
+perfect square, which is what I
+wanted, but now, what's the
+
+value of test?
+
+OK, I bound test to something,
+if I look at it, it doesn't
+
+print anything, but--
+if I could type--
+
+I can ask, is test bound to
+that special name none?
+
+The answer is yes.
+
+Boy, this seems like
+a nuance, right?
+
+But it's a valuable thing.
+
+It says, in each case, I return
+some useful value from
+
+this procedure.
+
+I can check it, so if this
+was part of some other
+
+computation, I want to
+know, did it find a
+
+perfect square or not?
+
+I don't have to go read what it
+printed out in the screen.
+
+This has returned a value
+that I can use.
+
+Because I could do a test to
+say, is this a return value?
+
+If it's not, I'll do something
+else with it.
+
+So the binding is still
+there, it simply
+
+doesn't print it out.
+
+OK.
+
+What do we have out of this?
+
+Simple, seems like,
+at least addition.
+
+We've added this notion
+of a function.
+
+I've highlighted some of the key
+things we got here, right?
+
+We have that def keyword, we've
+got a name, we've got a
+
+list-- or I shouldn't say
+a word list, we have a
+
+collection of formal parameters
+that we're going to
+
+use-- we have a body, and the
+body looks just like the
+
+normal instructions we'd use,
+although by the way, we ought
+
+to be able to use functions
+inside the body, which we're
+
+going to do in a second, and
+then we're going to simply
+
+return some values
+out of this.
+
+Now I started by saying,
+build these functions.
+
+I'm trying to get both
+decomposition and abstraction.
+
+Well, you hopefully can see
+the decomposition, right?
+
+I now have a module.
+
+OK, let me set the stage.
+
+Imagine I wanted to do sqrt, or
+square root-- no, I'm going
+
+to use sqrt, that's the name I'm
+using here-- square root a
+
+hundred different places
+in some piece of code.
+
+Without function, I'd have to
+copy that piece of code
+
+everywhere.
+
+Now I got one just simple
+thing, and I simply have
+
+isolated that module inside
+of that function.
+
+What about abstraction?
+
+Well, I've got part of what
+I want for abstraction.
+
+Abstraction, again, says I'm
+going to suppress details.
+
+Now that I've written sqrt, I
+can just use it anywhere I
+
+want in the code.
+
+You've got to rely on the fact
+that I wrote it correctly, but
+
+you can basically suppress the
+details of how it's used.
+
+There's one more piece that we'd
+like to get out of that,
+
+and that is-- you may have been
+wondering, what's with
+
+the funky stuttering here of
+three double-quotes in a row.
+
+All right?
+
+And that is a specification.
+
+Which is a really valuable
+thing to have.
+
+So what is the specification
+going to do?
+
+It is my place, as a programmer,
+to write
+
+information to the user.
+
+This is me writing one hour of
+that episode of Pirandello and
+
+telling the other authors,
+here's what I'm assuming as
+
+you use it.
+
+So it's up to me to do it right,
+but if I do it, I'm
+
+going to specify, what does
+this function do?
+
+What does it expect as input,
+and any other information I
+
+want to pass on.
+
+And notice, by the way, if I
+do that, I'm going to come
+
+down here, and I type sqrt and
+open the paren, ah-ha!
+
+It shows me what the creator, in
+this case actually I stole
+
+this from John so what Professor
+Guttag put up as his
+
+specification for this
+piece of code.
+
+Now, it's not guaranteed
+it's right, right?
+
+You're trusting the programmer
+did it right, but this now
+
+tells you something.
+
+What is this?
+
+This is a wonderful piece
+of abstraction.
+
+It is saying, you don't need
+to know squat about what's
+
+inside the body of
+this function.
+
+You don't have to worry about
+the parameter names, because
+
+they're going to be preserved,
+you don't need to worry about
+
+how I'm doing it, this tells you
+how you can use this, in
+
+order to use it correctly.
+
+Of course, I can then close
+it off, and off we go.
+
+All right, so that notion of
+abstraction and I was going to
+
+come back-- we're going to come
+back to multiple times
+
+during the term-- and it's not
+just abstraction, it's the
+
+idea of a specification.
+
+And just to look ahead a little
+bit, you could easily
+
+imagine that I might want to
+not just put a statement in
+
+there, what the specs are,
+I might want to put some
+
+constraints.
+
+Some specific things to check
+for, to make sure that you're
+
+calling the code right.
+
+And it becomes a powerful way of
+reasoning about the code, a
+
+powerful way of using the code,
+so those notions of
+
+specs are really important.
+
+Look, part of the reason I'm
+flaming at you is, something
+
+like square root, it seems dumb
+to write specs on it.
+
+Everybody knows what this
+is going to do.
+
+But you want to get into that
+discipline of good hygiene,
+
+good style.
+
+You want to write the specs so
+that everybody does in fact
+
+know what this piece of code is
+doing, and you're writing
+
+it each time around.
+
+OK.
+
+Now that we've got functions,
+let's see what we can do as a
+
+problem-solving tool
+using them.
+
+In a particular, I've already
+said I want to get this notion
+
+of modularity, it's a module I
+can isolate, and I want to get
+
+the notion of abstracting away
+the details, let's see how we
+
+can actually use that to
+actually write some reasonably
+
+interesting pieces of code, but
+in particular, to see how
+
+we can use it to capture the
+ideas of decomposition and
+
+abstraction.
+
+So I'm going to shift gears.
+
+Start with a simple problem.
+
+Boy, we're suddenly be
+transported to Nebraska.
+
+Or where I grew up,
+Saskatchewan.
+
+All right, we've got
+a farm air problem.
+
+I got a farmer, walks out into
+his yard, one morning.
+
+This farmer has a bunch of pigs
+in a punch-- it's been a
+
+long day-- a bunch of pigs
+and a bunch of chickens.
+
+And he walks out into the
+farmyard and he observes 20
+
+heads and 56 legs.
+
+And for sake of argument, there
+are no amputees among
+
+the chickens and the pigs.
+
+And the question is, so how many
+pigs does he have, and
+
+how many chickens does he have?
+
+Wow.
+
+What a deep problem, right?
+
+But you're going to see
+why we're going to
+
+use this in a second.
+
+So you know how to solve
+this, this is a
+
+fifth-grade problem, right?
+
+And what's the way
+to solve this?
+
+System of linear equations.
+
+What are the equations here?
+
+Well, I could say, you know,
+the number of pigs plus the
+
+number of chickens
+equals 20, right?
+
+Because we've got 20 heads.
+
+And then what else do I have?
+
+Four times the number of pigs
+plus two times the number of
+
+chickens, assuming they're
+not next to a
+
+nuclear reactor, is 56.
+
+And then how would
+you solve this?
+
+Well, it's, you sort of know
+how you'd do it if this was
+
+grammar school right?
+
+You'd pull out your pencil and
+paper, you can do it as a
+
+matrix inversion if you know
+how to do that, or you can
+
+just simply do substitution
+of one equation into
+
+another to solve it.
+
+That's certainly one way to do
+it, but for computers that's
+
+not necessarily the
+easiest way.
+
+So another way of solving it is
+to do something we already
+
+saw last time, which is
+basically, why not simply
+
+enumerate all possible examples
+and check them?
+
+You could say, I could have
+zero chickens and 20 pigs,
+
+does that work?
+
+I've got one chicken and
+nineteen pigs, does that work?
+
+I've got two chickens
+and eighteen
+
+pigs, you get the idea.
+
+So I'm going to solve this by
+enumerate and check, which is
+
+an example of what's called
+a brute-force algorithm.
+
+Meaning, I'm just going
+to write a little
+
+loop that does that.
+
+All right, so let's go
+back to our code.
+
+That's right, let me pull
+this over a little bit,
+
+so I can see it.
+
+And what I'd like you to look
+at, I'm going to highlight it
+
+just for a second here, is
+those two pieces of code.
+
+OK?
+
+Let's start with solve.
+
+OK.
+
+Here's the idea of solve.
+
+I'm going to have it take in as
+input how many legs I got,
+
+how many heads do I have,
+and I just want to
+
+write a little loop.
+
+OK.
+
+I know how to do that, right?
+
+Write a little loop, all
+I'm going to do, is
+
+run a FOR loop here.
+
+I'm going to let the number of
+chickens be in this range.
+
+Remember what range does, it
+gives me a set or a collection
+
+or a tuple of integers from 0
+up to 1 - is the last value,
+
+so it's going to give me
+everything from 0 up to the
+
+total number of heads.
+
+Knowing that, I'm going to say,
+OK, how many pigs are
+
+there, well that's just how
+we're, however many I had
+
+total, minus that amount, and
+then I can see, how many legs
+
+does that give, and then I can
+check, that the number of legs
+
+that I would get for that
+solution, is it even equal to
+
+the number of legs I
+started with, ah!
+
+Interesting.
+
+A return.
+
+In particular, I'm going
+to return a tuple.
+
+So, a pair or collection
+of those two values.
+
+If it isn't, then I'm going to
+go back around the loop, and
+
+notice what happens.
+
+If I get all the way around the
+loop, that is, all the way
+
+through that FOR loop and I
+never find a path that takes
+
+me through here, then the last
+thing I'm going to do is
+
+return a pair or a tuple
+with a special
+
+simple number none twice.
+
+Yep.
+
+Are you telling me I want
+parens there and
+
+not, and not braces?
+
+All right.
+
+I hate this language, because I
+always want to have parens.
+
+Every time you see a square
+bracket, put a paren in.
+
+All right?
+
+Thank you, Christy.
+
+I'll get it eventually .
+
+Having done that, right,
+notice what I've got.
+
+First of all, two parameters.
+
+It's OK.
+
+All it says is, when I call
+this, I need to pass in two
+
+parameters for this to work.
+
+All right?
+
+Now, if I want to use that,
+I'm going to use a second
+
+piece of code here,
+called Barnyard.
+
+I'm going to read in a couple
+of values, convert them into
+
+integers, and then I'm
+going to use solve to
+
+get a solution out.
+
+And what do I know
+about solve?
+
+It is going to give me back a
+tuple a collection of two
+
+things, and so check
+out the syntax.
+
+I can give two names, which
+will get bound to the two
+
+parts of that return tuple.
+
+OK, pigs will be the first part,
+chickens will be the
+
+second part.
+
+OK, and then once I've got that,
+well, notice: I can then
+
+check to see, did I return
+that special symbol none?
+
+Is the first part.
+
+That says, I took the branch
+through here that eventually
+
+got to the end and said, there
+wasn't a solution, in which
+
+case I'm
+
+going to print out, there ain't
+no solution, otherwise
+
+I'll print out the pieces.
+
+All right, let's check it out.
+
+Ah, what did I say?
+
+Twenty and 56, Right?
+
+OK, notice the form.
+
+I've got two parameters, they're
+separated by a comma.
+
+Ah, right.
+
+Sorry?
+
+Yeah, but I see-- it's legs and
+heads, but it should not
+
+still have--
+
+Oh, sorry.
+
+Thank you.
+
+I've been doing the
+wrong thing.
+
+I want Barnyard this way, and if
+I had looked when I opened
+
+the paren, it would have shown
+me a closed paren with no
+
+parameters.
+
+Aren't you glad I make mistakes,
+so you can see how
+
+well I can fix from these?
+
+All right.
+
+Now I call that, and it says,
+tell me how many heads you
+
+want, give it a 20, and tell
+it how many legs you want,
+
+give it 56, and it prints
+out the answers.
+
+I know, whoop-dee-doo.
+
+But notice what's
+inside if here.
+
+First of all, notice
+the modularity.
+
+I've used solve.
+
+All right?
+
+Right there.
+
+I've captured it as
+a computation.
+
+It's buried away, all the
+details are suppressed.
+
+I can use that to return values,
+which I can then use
+
+elsewhere, which I did-- and
+if I just come back and
+
+highlight this-- inside
+of that computation.
+
+But I don't have to know, inside
+of Barnyard, what the
+
+values are used inside
+of solve.
+
+I don't know what the names of
+the variables are, I don't
+
+care, I can basically suppress
+away that detail.
+
+Second thing we saw is, that
+using this as a computation, I
+
+can return multiple values.
+
+Which is actually of
+real value to me
+
+here as I use that.
+
+OK.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: Ah.
+
+The question was, when it
+returns, how does it
+
+distinguish between local
+and other things?
+
+So let me try and answer that.
+
+Inside of solve, solve creates
+an environment where inside of
+
+that, it has bindings for the
+parameters it's going to use.
+
+All right?
+
+Like, number of-- wait, what
+did we call a were solve--
+
+number of legs and
+number of heads.
+
+OK, those are bound locally.
+
+When solve is done, it wraps up,
+if you like, a value that
+
+it returns.
+
+Which is that.
+
+That expression, or that
+value, or that value,
+
+literally gets passed back out
+of that local environment to
+
+the value that comes
+back out of it.
+
+So in particular, what's solved
+returns is a pair.
+
+It could be the pair of none,
+none, it could be the pair of,
+
+you know, whatever the answer
+was that we put up there.
+
+That value comes back out and
+is now available inside the
+
+scope of Barnyard.
+
+OK.
+
+And Barnyard then uses that.
+
+Question?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: Here?
+
+So the question is, why is this
+return on the same level
+
+as the FOR?
+
+Why do you think?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: No.
+
+Good question.
+
+All right?
+
+So what's going to
+happen here?
+
+If I'm inside this FOR, OK, and
+I'm running around, if I
+
+ever hit a place where this
+test is true, I'm going to
+
+execute that return,
+that return returns
+
+from the entire procedure.
+
+OK?
+
+So the return comes back
+from the procedure.
+
+So the question was, why is
+this return down at this
+
+level, it says, well if I ever
+execute out of this FOR loop,
+
+I get to the end of the FOR
+loop without hitting that
+
+branch that took me through the
+return, then and only then
+
+do I want to actually say,
+gee, I got to this place,
+
+there isn't any value to return,
+I'm going to return
+
+none and none.
+
+I'm still trying to get rid
+of this candy, Halloween's
+
+coming, where were we?
+
+There's one, thank you.
+
+I don't think I'm going
+to make it, I did.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Make sense?
+
+The answer is no, I want parens
+to create tuple and I
+
+get really confused about
+the difference
+
+between lists and tuples.
+
+For now, the code is working.
+
+Yes is the answer, all right?
+
+And we're having a difference
+of opinion as to whether we
+
+should use a tuple or
+a list here, right?
+
+But the answer is
+yes, you can.
+
+And my real answer is, go try it
+out, because obviously you
+
+can tell I frequently do this
+the wrong way and the TAs give
+
+me a hard time every time.
+
+John.
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG:
+Is the microphone on?
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: As you'll
+see next week, tuples
+
+and lists are very close
+to the same thing.
+
+In almost any place where you
+can get away with using tuples
+
+you can use lists.
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: But
+want to emphasize word is
+
+almost, because we'll see a
+couple of places where if it
+
+expects a tuple and you
+use a list you'll
+
+get an error message.
+
+But we'll see all
+that next week.
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: Right,
+when the real pro comes in to
+
+pick up the pieces I'm leaving
+behind for him.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me pull this back up.
+
+What we're doing now is we're
+building this encapsulation.
+
+Now one of the things you notice
+here by the way is, you
+
+know, this in essence just
+solves the simple problems.
+
+Suppose I now add one
+other piece to this.
+
+The farmer is not keeping a
+great set of things so in
+
+addition to pigs, and chickens
+he raises spiders.
+
+I have no idea why.
+
+He's making silk I guess.
+
+Right?
+
+Why am I giving you
+this example?
+
+I want to show you how easy
+it is to change the code.
+
+But, notice, once I've
+added this I
+
+actually have a problem.
+
+This is now an under-constrained
+problem.
+
+I have more unknowns than
+I have equations.
+
+So you know from algebra I can't
+actually solve this.
+
+There may be multiple
+solutions to this.
+
+What would I have to do
+to change my code?
+
+And the answer is fortunately
+not a lot.
+
+So I'm going to ask you to
+look now at this set of
+
+things, which is solve
+1 and Barnyard 1.
+
+OK.
+
+The change is, well, on Barnyard
+1 it looks much the
+
+same as it did for Barnyard.
+
+Right, I'm going to read in the
+values of the number of
+
+heads and the number of legs.
+
+I'm going to use solve 1 as
+before, but now I'm going to
+
+bind out three variables.
+
+And then I'm going to do
+a similar thing to
+
+print things out.
+
+But would the solver do?
+
+Well here what I'd like
+to do is to run
+
+through a couple of loops.
+
+Right, how would I solve
+this problem?
+
+You can use the same enumerate
+and check idea, but now say
+
+gee let me pick how many
+pigs there are.
+
+Is that the one I used first?
+
+Sorry, let me pick the number
+of spiders there are.
+
+Having chosen the number of
+spiders, let me pick how many
+
+chickens I have. With those two
+in place, I now know how
+
+many pigs I must have
+and I can run
+
+through the same solution.
+
+The reason I'm showing you this
+is this is another very
+
+standard structure.
+
+I now have two nested loops.
+
+One running through a choice for
+one parameter, another one
+
+running through a choice
+for a second parameter.
+
+And then the rest
+of the solution
+
+looks much like before.
+
+I'm going to get the total
+number of legs out.
+
+I'm going to check to see
+if it's right or not.
+
+And again I'm going to return
+either a three tuple there or
+
+a three tuple there.
+
+It's part of what I want,
+because I'm going to bind
+
+those values out.
+
+And if I run that example,
+Barnyard 1, I don't know we'll
+
+give it 20 heads, 56 legs;
+and it find a solution.
+
+I ought to be able to
+run something else.
+
+I don't know, give
+me some numbers.
+
+How many heads?
+
+Pick an integer, somebody.
+
+STUDENT: 5.
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: 5.
+
+All right.
+
+How many legs?
+
+10?
+
+All right.
+
+We got an easy one.
+
+Let's just for the
+heck of it --
+
+I should have found some
+better examples
+
+before I tried this.
+
+No mutant spiders here.
+
+OK, so what have I done?
+
+I just added a little
+bit more now.
+
+I'm now running through
+a pair of loops.
+
+Again notice the encapsulation,
+that nice
+
+abstraction going on, which
+is what I want.
+
+Once I get to this stage though
+by the way, there might
+
+be more than one solution.
+
+Because in an under-constrained
+problem
+
+there could be multiple
+solutions.
+
+So suppose I want to capture
+all of them or
+
+print all of them out.
+
+Well I ought to be able
+to do that by simply
+
+generalizing the loop.
+
+And that's what the next
+piece of code on your a
+
+hand out shows you.
+
+I'm just going to let
+you look at this.
+
+If you look at solve 2, it's
+going to run through the same
+
+kind of loop, printing out
+all of the answers.
+
+But it's going to keep going.
+
+In other words it doesn't just
+return when it finds one, it's
+
+going to run through
+all of them.
+
+All right?
+
+Sounds like a reasonable
+thing to do.
+
+Notice one last piece.
+
+If I'm going to do that, run
+through all possible answers,
+
+I still want to know,
+gee, what if
+
+there aren't any answers?
+
+How do I return that case?
+
+And that shows you one other
+nice little thing we want to
+
+do, which is if I look in this
+code notice I set up a
+
+variable up here called Solution
+Found, initially
+
+bound to false.
+
+The rest of that code's
+a pair of loops.
+
+Pick the number of spiders.
+
+Pick the number of chickens.
+
+That sets up the
+number of pigs.
+
+Figure out the legs.
+
+See if it's right.
+
+If it is right, I'm going to
+print out the information but
+
+I'm also going to change
+that variable to true.
+
+And that allows me then, at the
+end of that pair of loops
+
+when I get down to this point
+right here, I can check to see
+
+did I find any solution and if
+not in that case print out
+
+there is no solution.
+
+So this gives you another nice
+piece which is I can now look
+
+for first solution, I can look
+for all solutions, and I can
+
+maintain some internal variables
+that let me know
+
+what I found.
+
+A trick that you're going to
+use a lot as you write your
+
+own functions.
+
+All right, I want to end up with
+the last 10 minutes with
+
+a different variation on how
+to use functions to think
+
+about problems. And that is to
+
+introduce the idea of recursion.
+
+How many of you have heard
+the term used before?
+
+How may have you heard the term
+used before in terms of
+
+programming languages?
+
+Great.
+
+For the rest you,
+don't sweat it.
+
+This is a highfalutin term that
+computer scientists use
+
+to try and make them look like
+they're smarter than they
+
+really are.
+
+But it is a very handy way of
+thinking about, not just how
+
+to program, but how to
+break problems down
+
+into nice sized chunks.
+
+And the idea behind recursion
+I'm going to describe with a
+
+simple example.
+
+And then I'm going to show you
+how we can actually use it.
+
+The idea of recursion is that
+I'm going to take a problem
+
+and break it down into a simpler
+version of the same
+
+problem plus some steps
+that I can execute.
+
+I'm go to show you an example
+of a procedure, sorry a
+
+function, in a second.
+
+But let me give you actually
+an analogy.
+
+If you look at US law, and you
+look at the definition of the
+
+US legal code that defines
+the notion of a
+
+natural born US citizen.
+
+It's actually a wonderful
+recursive definition.
+
+So what's the definition?
+
+If you're born in the United
+States you are by definition a
+
+natural born US citizen.
+
+We call that a base case.
+
+It's basically the
+simplest possible
+
+solution to the problem.
+
+Now if you were not born in
+the United States, you may
+
+still be, under definition, a
+natural born US citizen if
+
+you're born outside this United
+States, both of your
+
+parents are citizens of the
+United States and at least one
+
+parent has lived in
+the United States.
+
+There's a wonderful
+legal expression.
+
+But notice what that is.
+
+It's a recursive definition.
+
+How do you know that your
+parents, at least one of your
+
+parents satisfies
+the definition?
+
+Well I've reduced the problem
+from am I a natural born US
+
+citizen to is one
+of my parents a
+
+natural born US citizen?
+
+And that may generalize again
+and it keeps going until you
+
+either get back to Adam
+and Eve, I guess.
+
+I don't think they were born in
+the US as far as I know, or
+
+you find somebody who satisfies
+that definition or
+
+you find that none
+of your parents
+
+actually are in that category.
+
+But that second one is called
+the inductive step, or the
+
+recursive step.
+
+And in my words it says break
+the problem into a simpler
+
+version of the same problem
+and some other steps.
+
+And I think this is best
+illustrated by giving you a
+
+simple little piece of code.
+
+I use simple advisedly here.
+
+This is actually a piece of code
+that is really easy to
+
+think about recursively and is
+much more difficult to think
+
+about in other ways.
+
+And the piece of code is suppose
+I have a spring and I
+
+want to know if it's
+a palindrome.
+
+Does it read the same
+thing left to
+
+right as right to left.
+
+OK?
+
+How would I solve that?
+
+If the string has no elements
+in it it is obviously a
+
+palindrome.
+
+If the string has one element
+in it, it's a palindrome.
+
+There's the base case.
+
+If it's longer than one,
+what do I want to do?
+
+Well I'd like to check the two
+end points to see are they the
+
+same character?
+
+And if they are, then oh,
+I just need to know is
+
+everything else in the
+middle a palindrome?
+
+I know it sounds simple, but
+notice what I just did.
+
+I just used a recursive
+definition.
+
+I just reduced it to a smaller
+version of the same problem.
+
+That is if I can write code that
+would solve all instances
+
+of smaller size strings, then
+what I just described will
+
+solve the larger size one.
+
+And in fact that's exactly what
+I have. I would like you
+
+to look at this piece of
+code right here called
+
+isPalindrome.
+
+Notice what it says.
+
+I'm going to pass in a string,
+call it s, binds it locally,
+
+and it says the following.
+
+It says if this is a string of
+length 0 or 1, I'm done.
+
+I'm going to return
+the answer true.
+
+Otherwise I'm going to check to
+see is the first and last,
+
+there's that - 1 indexing, is
+the first and last element of
+
+the string the same?
+
+And if that's true is everything
+in the string,
+
+starting at the first element
+and removing the last element,
+
+a palindrome?
+
+Let me remind you.
+
+By saying first element remember
+we start at 0 as the
+
+initial indexing point.
+
+Wonderful recursive
+definition.
+
+OK, let's try it out.
+
+Go back over here and we're
+going to say isPalindrome.
+
+How did I actually spell this?
+
+Palindrome with a capital P.
+Only in New York, in Canada we
+
+pronounce it Palindrome.
+
+When you're teaching it you get
+to call it your way, I'm
+
+going to call it my way.
+
+Sorry John, you're
+absolutely right.
+
+OK.
+
+Notice by the way, there's
+that nice speck going on
+
+saying put a string here.
+
+It's going to return true if
+it's a PAIL-indrome and false
+
+if it's a PAL-indrome.
+
+And it says true.
+
+Now maybe you're
+bugged by this.
+
+I know you're bugged by my
+bad humor, but too bad.
+
+Maybe you're bugged by this,
+saying wait a minute, how does
+
+this thing stop?
+
+This is the kind of definition
+that your high school geometry
+
+teacher would have rapped
+your knuckles over.
+
+You can't define things in
+terms of themselves.
+
+This is an inductive
+definition.
+
+Actually we could prove
+inductively that it holds, but
+
+how do we know it stops?
+
+Well notice what the computation
+is doing. it's
+
+looking first to see am I in the
+base case, which I'm done.
+
+If I'm not I'm just going to
+reduce this to a smaller
+
+computation.
+
+And as long as that smaller
+computation reduces to another
+
+smaller computation, eventually
+I ought to get to
+
+the place where I'm down
+in that base case.
+
+And to see that I've written
+another version of this, which
+
+I'm going to use here, where I'm
+going to give it a little
+
+indentation.
+
+I'm going to call this
+palindrome 1.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+Palindrome 1.
+
+I'm going to give it a
+little indentation so
+
+that we can see this.
+
+OK.
+
+Code is right here.
+
+And all it's doing is when I'm
+getting into the different
+
+places I'm simply printing out
+information about where I am.
+
+What I want you to see is notice
+what happened here.
+
+OK.
+
+I'm calling palindrome
+with that.
+
+It first calls it
+on that problem.
+
+And the code over here says,
+OK gee, if I'm in the base
+
+case do something.
+
+I'm not, so come down here check
+that the two end points
+
+a and a are the same and
+call this again also.
+
+Notice what happens.
+
+There's this nice unwrapping
+of the problem.
+
+I just doubled the indentation
+each time so you can see it.
+
+So each successive call, notice
+what's happening.
+
+The argument is getting
+reduced.
+
+And we're going another
+level in.
+
+When we get down to this point,
+we're calling it with
+
+just a string of length one.
+
+At that point we're in the base
+case and we can unwrap
+
+this computation.
+
+We say, ah, that's now true.
+
+So I can return true here.
+
+Given that that's true and I
+already checked the two end
+
+points, that's true,
+that's true.
+
+And I unwrap the computation
+to get back.
+
+You are going to have to
+go play with this.
+
+Rock it if you like to try
+and see where it goes.
+
+But I want to stress again, as
+long as I do the base case
+
+right and my inductive or
+recursive step reduces it to a
+
+smaller version of the same
+problem, the code will in fact
+
+converge and give me
+out an answer.
+
+All right, I want to show you
+one last example of using
+
+recursion because we're going
+to come back to this.
+
+This is a classic example
+of using recursion.
+
+And that is dating from
+the 1200s and
+
+it is due to Fibonacci.
+
+Does anyone know the history
+of what Fibonacci
+
+was trying to do?
+
+Sorry, let me re-ask that.
+
+Fibonacci.
+
+Which actually is son of Bonacci
+which is the name of
+
+his father who was apparently
+a very friendly guy.
+
+First of all, does anyone know
+what a Fibonacci number is?
+
+Wow.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON: Right,
+we're going to do that in a
+
+second, but the answer is
+Fibonacci numbers, we define
+
+the first two.
+
+Which are both defined to be,
+or I can define them in
+
+multiple ways, 0 and 1.
+
+And then the next Fibonacci
+number is the sum of the
+
+previous two.
+
+And the next number is the
+sum of the previous two.
+
+Do you know the history
+of this?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR ERIC GRIMSON:
+Exactly.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Bad throw, I'm playing
+for the Yankees.
+
+Sorry John.
+
+The answer is Fibonacci actually
+was actually trying
+
+to count rabbits back
+in the 1200s.
+
+The idea was that rabbits could
+mate after a month, at
+
+age one month.
+
+And so he said, if you start off
+with a male and a female,
+
+at the end of one month they
+have an offspring.
+
+Let's assume they have
+two offspring.
+
+At the end of the next month
+let's assume those offspring
+
+have offspring.
+
+Again a male and female.
+
+The question was how many
+rabbits do you have at
+
+the end of a year?
+
+At the end of two years?
+
+At the end of more than that
+number of years, and so.
+
+We can do this with the
+following level definition.
+
+We're going to let pairs of 0,
+the number of pairs at month
+
+0, actually it would not
+be 0 it would be 1.
+
+We let the number of pairs
+at month 1 be 1.
+
+And then the number of pairs
+at month n is the number of
+
+pairs at month n - 1 plus
+the number of pairs
+
+at month n - 2.
+
+The sum of the previous two.
+
+If I write Fibonacci, you
+see it right there.
+
+And the reason I want to show
+you this is to notice that the
+
+recursion can be doubled.
+
+So this says, given a value x,
+if it's either 0 or 1, either
+
+of those two cases,
+just return 1.
+
+Otherwise break this down
+into two versions
+
+of a simpler problem.
+
+Fib of x - 1 and fib of x - 2,
+and then take the sum of those
+
+and return that as the value.
+
+Notice if I'm going to have two
+different sub problems I
+
+need to have two base cases
+here to catch this.
+
+And if I only had one
+it would error out.
+
+And as a consequence, I can go
+off and ask about rabbits.
+
+Let's see.
+
+At the end of 12 months,
+not so bad.
+
+At the end of two years, we're
+not looking so good.
+
+At the end of three years,
+we are now in Australia.
+
+Overrun with rabbits.
+
+In fact I don't think the thing
+ever comes back, so I'm
+
+going to stop it because it
+really gets hung up here.
+
+And I'm going to restart it.
+
+What's the point of this?
+
+Again, now that I can think
+about things recursively, I
+
+can similarly break things down
+into simpler versions of
+
+the same problem.
+
+It could be one version.
+
+It could be multiple versions.
+
+And we're going to come back
+throughout the term to think
+
+about how to code programs
+that reflect this.
+
+The last point I want to make
+to you is, you've started
+
+writing programs that you
+would think of as being
+
+inherently iterative.
+
+They're running through
+a loop.
+
+It's a common way of thinking
+about problems. Some problems
+
+are naturally tackled
+that way.
+
+There are other problems that
+are much more naturally
+
+thought of in a recursive
+fashion.
+
+And I would suggest palindrome
+as a great example of that.
+
+That's easy to think
+about recursively.
+
+It's much harder to think
+about iteratively.
+
+And you want to get into the
+habit of deciding which is the
+
+right one for you to use.
+
+And with that, we'll
+see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TQhmua7Z2cY.txt b/TQhmua7Z2cY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdae6395b9c4edddb2b3e0d15aba5f4c0984e20c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TQhmua7Z2cY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's uh get
+started so to today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so to today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so to today we're going to talk
+about capabilities continuing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about capabilities continuing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about capabilities continuing our
+discussion of how to do privilege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of how to do privilege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of how to do privilege
+separation and remember last week we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and remember last week we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and remember last week we
+talked about how Unix uh provide some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how Unix uh provide some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how Unix uh provide some
+mechanisms for applications to use if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms for applications to use if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms for applications to use if
+they want to privilege separate uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to privilege separate uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to privilege separate uh the
+applications internal structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications internal structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications internal structure and
+today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about
+capabilities which is a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities which is a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities which is a very different
+way of thinking about privileges that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about privileges that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about privileges that an
+application might have and this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application might have and this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application might have and this is why
+we have actually these two somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have actually these two somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have actually these two somewhat
+distinct readings for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct readings for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct readings for today
+one of which is uh this confused Deputy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and how to make your privileges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and how to make your privileges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and how to make your privileges
+much more explicit when you're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more explicit when you're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more explicit when you're writing
+software so that you don't accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so that you don't accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so that you don't accidentally
+use the wrong Privileges and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the wrong Privileges and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the wrong Privileges and then the
+second paper is about the system called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper is about the system called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper is about the system called
+capsicum which is all about sandboxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum which is all about sandboxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum which is all about sandboxing
+and running some piece of code with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running some piece of code with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running some piece of code with
+fewer privileges so that it very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer privileges so that it very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer privileges so that it very much
+like in okws if it's compromised the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in okws if it's compromised the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in okws if it's compromised the
+damage isn't that great and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage isn't that great and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage isn't that great and it turns out
+that the authors of both these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the authors of both these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the authors of both these uh
+readings really think capabilities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings really think capabilities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings really think capabilities are
+the answer because they let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer because they let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer because they let you
+manipulate privileges in a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate privileges in a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate privileges in a rather
+different way from how Unix let's say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way from how Unix let's say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way from how Unix let's say uh
+thinks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks about
+privileges so to get started maybe let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges so to get started maybe let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges so to get started maybe let's
+look at this confused Deputy problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this confused Deputy problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this confused Deputy problem and
+try to understand what is this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what is this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what is this problem
+that Norm Hardy ran into and was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Norm Hardy ran into and was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Norm Hardy ran into and was so
+perplexed by so the paper is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexed by so the paper is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexed by so the paper is written
+well it was written quite a while ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it was written quite a while ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it was written quite a while ago
+and it uses syntax for file names that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses syntax for file names that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses syntax for file names that's
+a bit surprising but we can try to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit surprising but we can try to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit surprising but we can try to at
+least transcribe his problem into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least transcribe his problem into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least transcribe his problem into more
+familiar syntax with Unix style path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar syntax with Unix style path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar syntax with Unix style path
+names Etc so as far as I can tell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names Etc so as far as I can tell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names Etc so as far as I can tell what
+was going on in their system is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on in their system is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on in their system is that
+they had a Fortran compiler which sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a Fortran compiler which sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a Fortran compiler which sort
+of dates their design at some level too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dates their design at some level too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dates their design at some level too
+uh but their fortrend compiler lived in/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but their fortrend compiler lived in/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but their fortrend compiler lived in/
+sisx SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sisx SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sisx SL
+Fort and they wanted to change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fort and they wanted to change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fort and they wanted to change this
+fortrend compiler so they would keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortrend compiler so they would keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortrend compiler so they would keep
+statistics about what was compiled what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics about what was compiled what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics about what was compiled what
+of the compiler were particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the compiler were particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the compiler were particularly
+expensive presumably Etc so they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive presumably Etc so they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive presumably Etc so they wanted
+to make sure this four Trend compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure this four Trend compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure this four Trend compiler
+would somehow end up writing to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somehow end up writing to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somehow end up writing to this
+file SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file SL
+cx/ stat and it would record information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cx/ stat and it would record information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cx/ stat and it would record information
+about various invocations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about various invocations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about various invocations of the
+compiler and the way they did this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler and the way they did this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler and the way they did this is in
+their operating system they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their operating system they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their operating system they had
+something kind of like the setu ID bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of like the setu ID bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of like the setu ID bit
+we talked about in Unix except there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in Unix except there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in Unix except there
+they called it the home files license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called it the home files license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called it the home files license
+and what it means is that if you ran SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it means is that if you ran SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it means is that if you ran SL
+cx/ Fort and this program had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cx/ Fort and this program had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cx/ Fort and this program had this
+so-called home files license then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called home files license then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called home files license then this
+process that you just ran would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you just ran would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you just ran would have
+extra privileges on being able to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra privileges on being able to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra privileges on being able to write
+everything in/ sisx so it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in/ sisx so it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in/ sisx so it would have
+these extra privileges on everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extra privileges on everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extra privileges on everything in
+SL CX basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL CX basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL CX basically
+star it could access all those files in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star it could access all those files in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star it could access all those files in
+addition to anything that it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to anything that it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to anything that it could
+access because the user ran it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access because the user ran it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access because the user ran it for
+example so the particular problem they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so the particular problem they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so the particular problem they
+ran into is that um some clever user um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran into is that um some clever user um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran into is that um some clever user um
+was able to do this so they would run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to do this so they would run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to do this so they would run
+the Fortran compiler and the fortrend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fortran compiler and the fortrend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fortran compiler and the fortrend
+compiler would take arguments very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler would take arguments very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler would take arguments very much
+like GCC takes arguments and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like GCC takes arguments and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like GCC takes arguments and they would
+compile something like you know F.F here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile something like you know F.F here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile something like you know F.F here
+is my Fortran source code and would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my Fortran source code and would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my Fortran source code and would say
+well put the output - o into SL sisx SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well put the output - o into SL sisx SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well put the output - o into SL sisx SL
+Stat or more damagingly in their case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stat or more damagingly in their case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stat or more damagingly in their case
+there was another file in/ CX that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another file in/ CX that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another file in/ CX that was
+the billing file for all the customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the billing file for all the customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the billing file for all the customers
+on the system so you could similarly ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system so you could similarly ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system so you could similarly ask
+the Fortran compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fortran compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fortran compiler
+to compile the source file and put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compile the source file and put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compile the source file and put the
+output into some special file in/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output into some special file in/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output into some special file in/
+sisx and in their case this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sisx and in their case this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sisx and in their case this actually
+worked even though the user themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked even though the user themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked even though the user themselves
+didn't have access to right to this file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have access to right to this file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have access to right to this file
+or directory because the compiler had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or directory because the compiler had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or directory because the compiler had
+this extra privilege this home files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra privilege this home files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra privilege this home files
+license in their case it was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license in their case it was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license in their case it was able to
+overwrite these files despite that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwrite these files despite that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwrite these files despite that not
+being really the developer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really the developer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really the developer's
+intention this make sense this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention this make sense this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention this make sense this is the
+the rough problem they run into so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rough problem they run into so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rough problem they run into so who
+do they blame what do they think went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong why is or like how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong why is or like how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong why is or like how would you
+design it differently to avoid running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it differently to avoid running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it differently to avoid running
+into such problems so I guess the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into such problems so I guess the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into such problems so I guess the the
+thing they sort of think about here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they sort of think about here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they sort of think about here or
+they write sort of talk about in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write sort of talk about in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write sort of talk about in this uh
+write up is that they believe this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write up is that they believe this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write up is that they believe this for
+Trine compiler should be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trine compiler should be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trine compiler should be very careful
+when it's using its privileges because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's using its privileges because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's using its privileges because
+at some level the forr compil has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some level the forr compil has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some level the forr compil has two
+types of privileges it has one stemming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of privileges it has one stemming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of privileges it has one stemming
+from the fact that the user invoked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that the user invoked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that the user invoked it
+so the user should be able to access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the user should be able to access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the user should be able to access the
+source file like F.F and if it was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source file like F.F and if it was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source file like F.F and if it was some
+other user maybe it wouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other user maybe it wouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other user maybe it wouldn't be able to
+access the user source code and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the user source code and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the user source code and another
+source of privileges is from this home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of privileges is from this home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of privileges is from this home
+files license thing that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files license thing that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files license thing that allows us to
+write to these special files and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to these special files and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to these special files and
+internally in the source code of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally in the source code of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally in the source code of the
+compiler when they open a file the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler when they open a file the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler when they open a file the
+compiler should have been very explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler should have been very explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler should have been very explicit
+about which of these privileges it wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which of these privileges it wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which of these privileges it wants
+to exercise size when opening a file or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exercise size when opening a file or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exercise size when opening a file or
+performing some privileged operation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing some privileged operation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing some privileged operation but
+their compiler was not written in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their compiler was not written in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their compiler was not written in this
+way just called open read right like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way just called open read right like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way just called open read right like any
+other program would do and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other program would do and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other program would do and it would
+implicitly use all the Privileges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly use all the Privileges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly use all the Privileges that
+it has which combines was in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has which combines was in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has which combines was in their
+system design it was sort of the Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system design it was sort of the Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system design it was sort of the Union
+of the user Privileges and these home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the user Privileges and these home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the user Privileges and these home
+files license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files license
+privileges do that make sense so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges do that make sense so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges do that make sense so these
+guys were really interested in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys were really interested in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys were really interested in sort of
+fixing this problem and they they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing this problem and they they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing this problem and they they were
+sort of calling this compiler this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of calling this compiler this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of calling this compiler this
+confused deputy because it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused deputy because it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused deputy because it needs to
+disambiguate these multiple privileges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguate these multiple privileges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguate these multiple privileges
+that it has and carefully use them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has and carefully use them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has and carefully use them in
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+instance so I guess one one thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so I guess one one thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so I guess one one thing we
+could try to look at is how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to look at is how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to look at is how would we
+design such a compiler in Unix so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design such a compiler in Unix so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design such a compiler in Unix so in
+their system they had this home files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their system they had this home files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their system they had this home files
+license thing other mechanisms then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license thing other mechanisms then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license thing other mechanisms then they
+introduced capabilities we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced capabilities we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced capabilities we'll talk about
+them shortly but could we solve this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them shortly but could we solve this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them shortly but could we solve this in
+a Unix system like suppose you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Unix system like suppose you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Unix system like suppose you had to
+write this forun compiler in Unix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this forun compiler in Unix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this forun compiler in Unix and
+write to a special file and avoid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to a special file and avoid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to a special file and avoid this
+confused deput prom what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused deput prom what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused deput prom what would you
+do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas cuz you could just like declare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas cuz you could just like declare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas cuz you could just like declare
+this a bad plan like don't keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a bad plan like don't keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a bad plan like don't keep
+statistics yeah they compile finary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics yeah they compile finary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics yeah they compile finary
+output standard output but that's could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output standard output but that's could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output standard output but that's could
+be right so you well yeah so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right so you well yeah so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right so you well yeah so so you
+could not support Flags like d o on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not support Flags like d o on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not support Flags like d o on the
+other hand you might want to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you might want to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you might want to allow
+supporting well specifying which source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting well specifying which source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting well specifying which source
+code you want to compile so then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you want to compile so then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you want to compile so then maybe
+you could read the billing file or read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could read the billing file or read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could read the billing file or read
+the statistics file which maybe should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics file which maybe should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics file which maybe should
+be secret or maybe the source code has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be secret or maybe the source code has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be secret or maybe the source code has
+you maybe you can support the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe you can support the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe you can support the source
+code on standard but it has like include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code on standard but it has like include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code on standard but it has like include
+statements so it needs to include other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so it needs to include other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so it needs to include other
+pieces of source code that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of source code that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of source code that's a little
+tricky you can split up the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky you can split up the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky you can split up the application
+part one like a stat Ling component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one like a stat Ling component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one like a stat Ling component
+which has access to the other comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has access to the other comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has access to the other comp
+something maybe yeah so so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe yeah so so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe yeah so so another
+potentially good design is to split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially good design is to split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially good design is to split it
+up right and realize that this fortrend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right and realize that this fortrend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right and realize that this fortrend
+compiler really doesn't need all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler really doesn't need all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler really doesn't need all these
+two privileges at the same time so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two privileges at the same time so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two privileges at the same time so maybe
+we should have you know our on Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have you know our on Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have you know our on Unix
+world you know a Bin 4 Cc or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you know a Bin 4 Cc or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you know a Bin 4 Cc or something
+uh the compiler and then this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the compiler and then this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the compiler and then this guy is
+just a regular program with no extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular program with no extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular program with no extra
+Privileges and then we'll also maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Privileges and then we'll also maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Privileges and then we'll also maybe
+have a bin you know for log which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bin you know for log which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bin you know for log which is
+going to be a special program with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a special program with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a special program with some
+extra Privileges and it'll log some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Privileges and it'll log some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Privileges and it'll log some
+statistics about what's going on uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics about what's going on uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics about what's going on uh in
+the compiler and Fort cc is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler and Fort cc is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler and Fort cc is going to
+invoke this guy so how do we give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke this guy so how do we give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke this guy so how do we give the
+guy extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy extra
+privileges yeah I mean if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges yeah I mean if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges yeah I mean if you use
+something like set ID or something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like set ID or something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like set ID or something on
+Port Lo then presumably any other user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port Lo then presumably any other user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port Lo then presumably any other user
+could also log arbitrary data to it yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also log arbitrary data to it yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also log arbitrary data to it yes
+so this is like not so great because on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like not so great because on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like not so great because on
+Fort log presumably the only way to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fort log presumably the only way to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fort log presumably the only way to give
+it extra privileges in Unix exist to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it extra privileges in Unix exist to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it extra privileges in Unix exist to in
+fact make it owned by I don't know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact make it owned by I don't know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact make it owned by I don't know maybe
+the fort uid and it's also set uid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fort uid and it's also set uid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fort uid and it's also set uid so
+every time you run it it switches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you run it it switches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you run it it switches to
+this Fortran uid and maybe there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fortran uid and maybe there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fortran uid and maybe there's some
+special stats file but then in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special stats file but then in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special stats file but then in fact
+anyone can in invoke this fort log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can in invoke this fort log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can in invoke this fort log
+thingy which is maybe not great now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thingy which is maybe not great now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thingy which is maybe not great now
+anyone can write to the stats file adly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can write to the stats file adly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can write to the stats file adly
+maybe this example is not the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this example is not the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this example is not the biggest
+you know security concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know security concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know security concerned about
+someone corrupting your statistics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone corrupting your statistics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone corrupting your statistics but
+you know suppose this was a billing file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know suppose this was a billing file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know suppose this was a billing file
+then maybe the same problems would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe the same problems would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe the same problems would be
+slightly more acute yeah but I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more acute yeah but I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more acute yeah but I mean you
+can always like make your C have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always like make your C have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always like make your C have
+whatever like stats you want right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so in some sense yeah if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so in some sense yeah if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so in some sense yeah if you're
+willing to live with arbitrary stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to live with arbitrary stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to live with arbitrary stuff in
+your statistics or logging file then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your statistics or logging file then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your statistics or logging file then
+maybe that's true even if you like imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's true even if you like imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's true even if you like imp
+can your have whatever Statics you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can your have whatever Statics you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can your have whatever Statics you want
+to be record could be yeah yeah so so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be record could be yeah yeah so so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be record could be yeah yeah so so it
+might be that in this case it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that in this case it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that in this case it doesn't
+really matter that you can log arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter that you can log arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter that you can log arbitrary
+stuff so that's true yeah so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so that's true yeah so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so that's true yeah so if you
+cared about who can invoke this fort log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about who can invoke this fort log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about who can invoke this fort log
+thing could you really do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing could you really do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing could you really do something
+about it in Unix or not so much yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in Unix or not so much yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in Unix or not so much yeah so
+much Crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Crazy
+Design would make both of them said uid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design would make both of them said uid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design would make both of them said uid
+uhhuh now the forc would read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh now the forc would read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh now the forc would read that
+source files it would switch back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source files it would switch back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source files it would switch back to the
+same uid just the user uid remot for log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uid just the user uid remot for log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uid just the user uid remot for log
+it would get set uid uid which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would get set uid uid which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would get set uid uid which has
+permissions to execute for log now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions to execute for log now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions to execute for log now for
+log would set uid again you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log would set uid again you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log would set uid again you have the
+loog right yeah so there's this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loog right yeah so there's this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loog right yeah so there's this uh
+rather uh elaborate mechanism in Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather uh elaborate mechanism in Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather uh elaborate mechanism in Unix
+that we sort of skipped in Monday's last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we sort of skipped in Monday's last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we sort of skipped in Monday's last
+Monday's lecture that actually allows an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday's lecture that actually allows an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday's lecture that actually allows an
+application to switch between multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to switch between multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to switch between multiple
+uids if it was set u ID to some user ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uids if it was set u ID to some user ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uids if it was set u ID to some user ID
+then it could say well now I want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it could say well now I want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it could say well now I want to run
+with this user ID now I want to run with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this user ID now I want to run with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this user ID now I want to run with
+this other user ID and it could sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other user ID and it could sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other user ID and it could sort of
+carefully alternate between these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully alternate between these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully alternate between these uh
+it's a little tricky to do it right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little tricky to do it right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little tricky to do it right but
+it's probably doable uh so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably doable uh so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably doable uh so that's one
+potential design I guess another hack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential design I guess another hack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential design I guess another hack
+you could maybe try to do is make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could maybe try to do is make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could maybe try to do is make this
+fort log binary only executable to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fort log binary only executable to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fort log binary only executable to a
+particular group and make Fort CC a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular group and make Fort CC a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular group and make Fort CC a set
+G binary to that group it's not great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G binary to that group it's not great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G binary to that group it's not great
+because it obliterates whatever group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it obliterates whatever group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it obliterates whatever group
+list the user had initially uh but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the user had initially uh but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the user had initially uh but um
+who knows maybe that's better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows maybe that's better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows maybe that's better than
+nothing anyway so so it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing anyway so so it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing anyway so so it's a it's a
+fairly tricky problem to solve in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly tricky problem to solve in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly tricky problem to solve in a
+satis entirely satisfactory fashion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satis entirely satisfactory fashion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satis entirely satisfactory fashion with
+these Unix mechanisms although maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Unix mechanisms although maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Unix mechanisms although maybe you
+should rethink your problem and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should rethink your problem and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should rethink your problem and not
+worry about your statistics file as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about your statistics file as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about your statistics file as much
+in the first place um but how do we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place um but how do we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place um but how do we sort
+of think about what's going wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think about what's going wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think about what's going wrong in
+this design and I guess one way to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design and I guess one way to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design and I guess one way to well
+there there sort of two things we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there sort of two things we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there sort of two things we could
+try to learn from this or basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to learn from this or basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to learn from this or basically what
+went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong and one interpretation uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and one interpretation uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and one interpretation uh that
+Norm Hardy sort of wants us to take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm Hardy sort of wants us to take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm Hardy sort of wants us to take away
+is this notion that he calls ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Authority so what is ambient Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority so what is ambient Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority so what is ambient Authority
+did anyone sort of figure out what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anyone sort of figure out what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anyone sort of figure out what they
+meant they never really precisely Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant they never really precisely Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant they never really precisely Define
+this but uh yeah it means you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but uh yeah it means you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but uh yeah it means you have the
+authority given to you by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority given to you by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority given to you by the
+environment so as if you're running it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so as if you're running it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so as if you're running it
+like user with no limitations yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like user with no limitations yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like user with no limitations yeah so
+there's this sort of you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of you're you're
+making an operation and you can specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an operation and you can specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an operation and you can specify
+what operation you want but the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what operation you want but the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what operation you want but the decision
+of whether that operation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether that operation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether that operation is going to
+succeed comes from some extra implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed comes from some extra implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed comes from some extra implicit
+parameters in your process for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in your process for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in your process for example
+and in Unix you can sort of figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Unix you can sort of figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Unix you can sort of figure out
+what this ambient Authority check might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this ambient Authority check might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this ambient Authority check might
+sort of look like right so if you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look like right so if you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look like right so if you make a
+system call then you probably Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system call then you probably Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system call then you probably Supply
+some sort of a name to a system call and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a name to a system call and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a name to a system call and
+inside of the kernel this gets mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the kernel this gets mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the kernel this gets mapped to
+some sort of an object and object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of an object and object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of an object and object
+presumably has some kind of an access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably has some kind of an access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably has some kind of an access
+control list on it like the permissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control list on it like the permissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control list on it like the permissions
+on a file Etc so there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a file Etc so there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a file Etc so there are some
+permissions that you can get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions that you can get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions that you can get from the
+object and then to decide whether an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then to decide whether an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then to decide whether an
+operation is going to be AOW out on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is going to be AOW out on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is going to be AOW out on this
+name that the application supplied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that the application supplied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that the application supplied this
+is sort of what the application gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of what the application gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of what the application gets to
+see inside of the kernel there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see inside of the kernel there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see inside of the kernel there's also
+the current user ID of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current user ID of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current user ID of the process
+making the call so this is the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the call so this is the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the call so this is the you know
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+procs U ID and this thing goes into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procs U ID and this thing goes into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procs U ID and this thing goes into this
+decision of whether to allow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of whether to allow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of whether to allow a
+particular operation or not so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular operation or not so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular operation or not so it's this
+current process user ID that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current process user ID that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current process user ID that's this
+ambient privilege whatever operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient privilege whatever operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient privilege whatever operation
+you're going to try to do the konel will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to try to do the konel will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to try to do the konel will
+actually try in some sense as hard as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try in some sense as hard as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try in some sense as hard as
+possible to allow it by using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to allow it by using your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to allow it by using your
+current uid and your current GID and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uid and your current GID and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current uid and your current GID and
+whatever other extra privileges you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever other extra privileges you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever other extra privileges you
+might have and as long as there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have and as long as there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have and as long as there's some
+set of privileges that allow you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of privileges that allow you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of privileges that allow you to do
+it it'll let you do it which is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it'll let you do it which is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it'll let you do it which is maybe
+not the best thing to do if you aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best thing to do if you aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best thing to do if you aren't
+fully aware of what all these privileges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully aware of what all these privileges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully aware of what all these privileges
+are and maybe you don't want to use all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and maybe you don't want to use all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and maybe you don't want to use all
+of them to open a particular file or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to open a particular file or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them to open a particular file or
+make some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some other
+operation so does this make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so does this make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so does this make sense
+roughly what ambient privilege is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly what ambient privilege is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly what ambient privilege is at
+least in an operating system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in an operating system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in an operating system it
+basically ends up being the fact that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ends up being the fact that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ends up being the fact that a
+process has some sort of a user ID are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has some sort of a user ID are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has some sort of a user ID are
+there nonos examples of ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there nonos examples of ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there nonos examples of ambient
+privilege you guys can think of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege you guys can think of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege you guys can think of like
+when you're making an operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're making an operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're making an operation
+something about the identity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the identity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the identity of the
+color that determines whether that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color that determines whether that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color that determines whether that'll
+succeed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed or
+not like one example it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like one example it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like one example it's probably
+firewalls as well so you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewalls as well so you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewalls as well so you know this is
+just an OS example of ambient privilege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an OS example of ambient privilege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an OS example of ambient privilege
+another is just firewalls on the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is just firewalls on the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is just firewalls on the network
+because any operation you do from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any operation you do from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any operation you do from a
+machine inside of a firewall is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine inside of a firewall is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine inside of a firewall is going to
+be allowed because well you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be allowed because well you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be allowed because well you just have
+that IP address or you know you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that IP address or you know you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that IP address or you know you're on
+that side of the network and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side of the network and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side of the network and if you're
+outside the same operation will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the same operation will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the same operation will be
+disallowed um so there also you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disallowed um so there also you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disallowed um so there also you know a
+similar kind of a problem if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of a problem if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of a problem if you know
+say say you visit some website and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say you visit some website and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say you visit some website and the
+website includes a link to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website includes a link to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website includes a link to some
+different server well maybe you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different server well maybe you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different server well maybe you don't
+want to use the Privileges that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the Privileges that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the Privileges that you have
+on the inside of your network to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inside of your network to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the inside of your network to access
+that link because maybe it'll access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that link because maybe it'll access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that link because maybe it'll access
+your internal printer and exploit it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your internal printer and exploit it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your internal printer and exploit it in
+some way and really the guy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and really the guy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and really the guy that
+provided you the link shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided you the link shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided you the link shouldn't have
+been able to reach the printer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to reach the printer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to reach the printer in the
+first place because they were on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place because they were on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place because they were on the
+outside of a firewall but sort of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of a firewall but sort of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of a firewall but sort of your
+browser Maybe by visiting that link will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser Maybe by visiting that link will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser Maybe by visiting that link will
+be tricked into doing this sort of a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tricked into doing this sort of a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tricked into doing this sort of a you
+know moral equivalent of this confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know moral equivalent of this confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know moral equivalent of this confused
+Deputy problem on the network level yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deputy problem on the network level yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deputy problem on the network level yeah
+um this this thing you here where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this thing you here where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this thing you here where the
+permissions are directly attach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions are directly attach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions are directly attach to
+entally daac event yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entally daac event yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entally daac event yeah so this is
+pretty much what the capsicum guys think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what the capsicum guys think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what the capsicum guys think
+of as discretionary access control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as discretionary access control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as discretionary access control and
+the fact that it's discretionary well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's discretionary well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's discretionary well
+this is not quite what discretionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not quite what discretionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not quite what discretionary
+Access Control means but um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access Control means but um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access Control means but um what
+discretionary Access Control means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretionary Access Control means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretionary Access Control means is
+that the user or the owner of an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user or the owner of an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user or the owner of an object
+can decide what security policy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decide what security policy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decide what security policy will
+apply to that object which seems very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to that object which seems very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to that object which seems very
+natural in a Unix setting it's my files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural in a Unix setting it's my files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural in a Unix setting it's my files
+I can decide what I want I can give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can decide what I want I can give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can decide what I want I can give them
+to you I can keep them private great in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I can keep them private great in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I can keep them private great in
+um so almost all GC systems do look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so almost all GC systems do look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so almost all GC systems do look like
+this because they want to have some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because they want to have some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because they want to have some sort
+of permissions that a user could modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of permissions that a user could modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of permissions that a user could modify
+it to control the security policy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to control the security policy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to control the security policy for
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+files uh the sort of the the flip side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files uh the sort of the the flip side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files uh the sort of the the flip side
+is mandatory access control which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mandatory access control which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mandatory access control which um
+we'll talk about it in a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it in a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it in a little while
+but at some level they have this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some level they have this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some level they have this very
+philosophically different view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically different view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically different view of the
+world they think well you're the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they think well you're the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they think well you're the user
+but someone else will set the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but someone else will set the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but someone else will set the security
+policy for how you use this computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for how you use this computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for how you use this computer and
+this sort of came out of the military uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of came out of the military uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of came out of the military uh
+in the sort of 70s or ' 80s and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sort of 70s or ' 80s and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sort of 70s or ' 80s and they
+really wanted to have classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to have classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to have classified
+computer systems where well you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer systems where well you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer systems where well you're
+working on some stuff and that's marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on some stuff and that's marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on some stuff and that's marked
+secret I'm working on some stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret I'm working on some stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret I'm working on some stuff that's
+marked top secret so my stuff just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked top secret so my stuff just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked top secret so my stuff just can't
+go to you it's not up to me whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to you it's not up to me whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to you it's not up to me whether to
+set the permissions on the file Etc it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the permissions on the file Etc it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the permissions on the file Etc it's
+just not allowed by some guy in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not allowed by some guy in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not allowed by some guy in charge
+so mandatory access control is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mandatory access control is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mandatory access control is really
+trying to enforce these different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to enforce these different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to enforce these different kinds
+of policies in the first place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of policies in the first place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of policies in the first place where
+there's there's sort of the user and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's sort of the user and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's sort of the user and the
+application developer and then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application developer and then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application developer and then there is
+some guy separate from the user and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guy separate from the user and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guy separate from the user and the
+developer that sets the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer that sets the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer that sets the policy
+and as you can sort of guess it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can sort of guess it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can sort of guess it doesn't
+always work out well we'll talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work out well we'll talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work out well we'll talk about it
+in a bit but that's sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit but that's sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit but that's sort of what
+discretionary versus mandatory Access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretionary versus mandatory Access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretionary versus mandatory Access
+Control looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control looks
+like all right so yeah so there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right so yeah so there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right so yeah so there's many
+examples you could imagine where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you could imagine where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you could imagine where we have
+ambient Authority and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient Authority and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient Authority and it's not
+inherently bad uh but it's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently bad uh but it's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently bad uh but it's just uh
+something that you have to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you have to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you have to be very
+careful about if you have a system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about if you have a system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about if you have a system with
+ambient Authority you should probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient Authority you should probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient Authority you should probably be
+very careful if you're performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful if you're performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful if you're performing
+privileged operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged operations
+you should make sure that you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should make sure that you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should make sure that you're really
+using the right Authority um and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the right Authority um and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the right Authority um and not
+accidentally being tricked very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally being tricked very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally being tricked very much
+like this for compiler 20 years ago 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this for compiler 20 years ago 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this for compiler 20 years ago 25
+now all right so this is one sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right so this is one sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right so this is one sort of
+interpretation of what goes wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of what goes wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of what goes wrong and
+it's not necessarily the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily the only way to
+think of what goes wrong right another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of what goes wrong right another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of what goes wrong right another
+possibility is that well wouldn't it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that well wouldn't it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that well wouldn't it be
+nice if it was easy for an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if it was easy for an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if it was easy for an application
+to tell whether it should access a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell whether it should access a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell whether it should access a file
+on behalf of some principal so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on behalf of some principal so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on behalf of some principal so maybe
+another problem is that the access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is that the access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is that the access
+control checks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complicated so in some sense right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so in some sense right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so in some sense right when
+the Fortran compiler is running and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fortran compiler is running and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fortran compiler is running and it's
+opening a file on behalf of a user it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening a file on behalf of a user it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening a file on behalf of a user it
+basically needs to replicate the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically needs to replicate the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically needs to replicate the same
+exact logic we see drawn out here except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact logic we see drawn out here except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact logic we see drawn out here except
+that the Fortran compiler needs to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Fortran compiler needs to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Fortran compiler needs to plug
+in something else here instead of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something else here instead of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something else here instead of using
+its current privileges and all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its current privileges and all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its current privileges and all of them
+it should just replicate this check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should just replicate this check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should just replicate this check and
+try to make it with a different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it with a different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it with a different set of
+privileges so in Unix this turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges so in Unix this turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges so in Unix this turns out to
+be fairly tricky to do because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fairly tricky to do because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fairly tricky to do because there's
+many places where these Security checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many places where these Security checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many places where these Security checks
+happen if you have symbolic links then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you have symbolic links then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you have symbolic links then
+the symbolic link gets looked up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbolic link gets looked up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbolic link gets looked up and
+that that path name also gets evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that path name also gets evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that path name also gets evaluated
+with you know someone's privileges Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know someone's privileges Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know someone's privileges Etc
+but uh it might be that in some system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it might be that in some system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it might be that in some system
+you could simplify this Access Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could simplify this Access Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could simplify this Access Control
+check where you could do it yourself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check where you could do it yourself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check where you could do it yourself in
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+application that seem like a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that seem like a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that seem like a reasonable
+plan to you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to you guys
+would you go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you go with
+that any dangers of replicating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any dangers of replicating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any dangers of replicating these
+checks yeah well if you use if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks yeah well if you use if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks yeah well if you use if you do
+the checks in the application you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checks in the application you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checks in the application you could
+just not do the checks yeah so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not do the checks yeah so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not do the checks yeah so you could
+easily miss the checks that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily miss the checks that's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily miss the checks that's absolutely
+right so in some sense what the fortrend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in some sense what the fortrend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in some sense what the fortrend
+compiler did here well they didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler did here well they didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler did here well they didn't even
+bother trying to do the checks not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother trying to do the checks not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother trying to do the checks not that
+they screwed them up another possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they screwed them up another possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they screwed them up another possibility
+in addition to missing the checks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to missing the checks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to missing the checks is
+maybe maybe the kernel will change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe the kernel will change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe the kernel will change over
+time and it'll have slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it'll have slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it'll have slightly different
+checks it'll introduce some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks it'll introduce some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks it'll introduce some extra
+security measure and the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security measure and the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security measure and the application
+will be left behind and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be left behind and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be left behind and it will
+Implement old style checks and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement old style checks and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement old style checks and it's
+probably not a great plan so recall like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not a great plan so recall like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not a great plan so recall like
+one good thing one sort of good idea in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good thing one sort of good idea in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good thing one sort of good idea in
+Security is to have economy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security is to have economy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security is to have economy of
+mechanisms so there's only a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so there's only a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so there's only a small
+number of places that are enforcing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of places that are enforcing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of places that are enforcing your
+security policy so you probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security policy so you probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security policy so you probably don't
+want to replicate the same functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to replicate the same functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to replicate the same functionality
+in applications in the kernel Etc you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in applications in the kernel Etc you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in applications in the kernel Etc you
+really want to boil it down to one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to boil it down to one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to boil it down to one place
+that roughly Mak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roughly Mak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roughly Mak
+sense okay so so how do what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so so how do what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so so how do what what what
+is this capability I guess idea that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this capability I guess idea that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this capability I guess idea that uh
+we're sort of thinking might solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of thinking might solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of thinking might solve this
+ambient Authority problem well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient Authority problem well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient Authority problem well there's
+some like formal definition for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like formal definition for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like formal definition for this
+thing but really you can get very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but really you can get very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but really you can get very close
+by thinking of Unix file descriptores as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking of Unix file descriptores as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking of Unix file descriptores as
+a capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capability
+so I guess the alternative to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess the alternative to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess the alternative to this
+picture in capability world is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in capability world is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in capability world is that
+instead of having the application Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having the application Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having the application Supply
+a name and you look up an object you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name and you look up an object you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name and you look up an object you get
+the permissions you decide whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permissions you decide whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permissions you decide whether to
+allow it based on some ambient Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it based on some ambient Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it based on some ambient Authority
+instead in capabilities the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead in capabilities the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead in capabilities the picture
+looks very simple uh you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very simple uh you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very simple uh you have a
+capability and if you have a capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and if you have a capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and if you have a capability
+it points to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it points to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it points to an
+object and maybe the capability has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and maybe the capability has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and maybe the capability has some
+small number of restrictions of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of restrictions of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of restrictions of what you
+can do with an object but basically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with an object but basically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with an object but basically if
+you have an capability to an object you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an capability to an object you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an capability to an object you
+can access the object actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can access the object actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can access the object actually very
+simple so there's no ambient Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so there's no ambient Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so there's no ambient Authority
+that decides whether an operation or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decides whether an operation or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decides whether an operation or a
+capability is going to be allowed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability is going to be allowed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability is going to be allowed the
+only thing is that maybe the capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing is that maybe the capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing is that maybe the capability
+has a couple of extra bits or this mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a couple of extra bits or this mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a couple of extra bits or this mask
+that they describe in the paper which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they describe in the paper which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they describe in the paper which
+says well you have a capability for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well you have a capability for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well you have a capability for this
+file and it's restricted to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and it's restricted to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and it's restricted to read
+operations only or it's restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations only or it's restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations only or it's restricted to
+write or append operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write or append operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write or append operations
+only and then your security decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and then your security decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and then your security decisions
+are all of a sudden very easy because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of a sudden very easy because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of a sudden very easy because if
+you have a capability you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a capability you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a capability you can do
+something if you don't you can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you don't you can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you don't you can't make
+sense so I guess one important property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so I guess one important property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so I guess one important property
+of capabilities is that they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capabilities is that they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capabilities is that they should
+actually be unforgeable as the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be unforgeable as the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be unforgeable as the papers
+talk about so what does it mean to be un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about so what does it mean to be un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about so what does it mean to be un
+forgeable or why do we want this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgeable or why do we want this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgeable or why do we want this in this
+capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+World well I guess it's actually maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World well I guess it's actually maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World well I guess it's actually maybe
+almost too obvious here well if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost too obvious here well if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost too obvious here well if you can
+make up any capability you want I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up any capability you want I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up any capability you want I can
+make up a capability for any of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up a capability for any of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up a capability for any of your
+guys files and go access it so if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys files and go access it so if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys files and go access it so if I can
+make it up and I'll access it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it up and I'll access it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it up and I'll access it and
+there's nothing else in the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing else in the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing else in the security
+design that stops me from accessing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that stops me from accessing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that stops me from accessing an
+object once I can manufacture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object once I can manufacture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object once I can manufacture a
+capability so it's important that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so it's important that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so it's important that these
+capabilities can't be made up out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities can't be made up out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities can't be made up out of
+thin air by the applic a or by whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin air by the applic a or by whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin air by the applic a or by whatever
+is running how do how does this get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running how do how does this get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running how do how does this get
+enforced if we think of file descriptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced if we think of file descriptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced if we think of file descriptors
+as capabilities so many of you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as capabilities so many of you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as capabilities so many of you guys
+actually submitted this as like the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually submitted this as like the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually submitted this as like the big
+question about capsicum so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about capsicum so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about capsicum so what do you
+think what prevents an application from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what prevents an application from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what prevents an application from
+synthesizing a capability in this file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing a capability in this file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing a capability in this file
+descriptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor
+world could you synthesize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world could you synthesize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world could you synthesize a
+capability yeah well there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability yeah well there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability yeah well there's probably
+like a structure in the prop struct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a structure in the prop struct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a structure in the prop struct that
+is that they have a capability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have a capability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have a capability for
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+fcri yeah so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcri yeah so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcri yeah so it's actually
+fairly easy to see what goes on once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easy to see what goes on once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easy to see what goes on once you
+look at what exactly is a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what exactly is a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what exactly is a file
+descriptor right so a file descriptor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor right so a file descriptor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor right so a file descriptor is
+basically just some some sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just some some sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just some some sort of an
+integer and this integer like you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and this integer like you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and this integer like you in
+Unix you have file descriptor zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unix you have file descriptor zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unix you have file descriptor zero which
+refers to your input file descriptor one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to your input file descriptor one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to your input file descriptor one
+which refers to your output but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which refers to your output but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which refers to your output but really
+these are just integers in user space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just integers in user space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just integers in user space
+and this is what the application can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what the application can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what the application can
+presumably do and it can choose any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably do and it can choose any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably do and it can choose any
+integer it wants but when whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it wants but when whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it wants but when whenever you
+try to do something to a file descriptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do something to a file descriptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do something to a file descriptor
+which is one of these integers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of these integers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of these integers the
+kernel will always interpret the integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel will always interpret the integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel will always interpret the integer
+according to your current processes file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to your current processes file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to your current processes file
+descriptor table so for every PID like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor table so for every PID like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor table so for every PID like
+let's say well this is PID I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say well this is PID I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say well this is PID I don't know
+57 some process running it has an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 some process running it has an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 some process running it has an open
+file table and each integer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file table and each integer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file table and each integer from
+supplied from user space refers to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied from user space refers to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied from user space refers to some
+entry in this table and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in this table and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in this table and of course the
+kernel should you know check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel should you know check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel should you know check that the
+integer is in bounds in this table it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer is in bounds in this table it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer is in bounds in this table it
+you know you know isn't negative doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know isn't negative doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know isn't negative doesn't
+go past the end of the table otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go past the end of the table otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go past the end of the table otherwise
+you will have usual buffer overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have usual buffer overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have usual buffer overflow
+problems Etc but if you carefully check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems Etc but if you carefully check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems Etc but if you carefully check
+that the integer is in bounds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integer is in bounds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integer is in bounds in the
+kernel implementation then the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel implementation then the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel implementation then the only
+possible things that the application can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things that the application can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things that the application can
+refer to by a file descriptor are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to by a file descriptor are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to by a file descriptor are
+entries in this table so presumably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in this table so presumably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in this table so presumably the
+kernel will somehow make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel will somehow make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel will somehow make sure that you
+legitimately got a particular capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately got a particular capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately got a particular capability
+so when you for example open a file in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you for example open a file in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you for example open a file in
+outside of this capab model in Unix well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of this capab model in Unix well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of this capab model in Unix well
+the kernel after the open call succeeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel after the open call succeeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel after the open call succeeds
+is it's going to change that file file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's going to change that file file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's going to change that file file
+descriptor table entry to point to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor table entry to point to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor table entry to point to a
+particular open file like maybe openc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular open file like maybe openc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular open file like maybe openc
+password and now the entry at this slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and now the entry at this slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and now the entry at this slot
+in the table points to an open file some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table points to an open file some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table points to an open file some
+of them might actually be null maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them might actually be null maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them might actually be null maybe you
+don't have an open file with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an open file with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an open file with a
+particular index in this table and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular index in this table and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular index in this table and as a
+result what does it mean to of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result what does it mean to of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result what does it mean to of try to
+forge a ability the only thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forge a ability the only thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forge a ability the only thing you can
+do in user space is make up an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in user space is make up an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in user space is make up an integer
+and the only integers that would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only integers that would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only integers that would make
+sense to make up would be entries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to make up would be entries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to make up would be entries that
+point to non null entries in this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to non null entries in this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to non null entries in this table
+and those guys are exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those guys are exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those guys are exactly the
+capabilities that you have so does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that you have so does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that you have so does that
+make sense why it's difficult in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense why it's difficult in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense why it's difficult in this
+file descript world to actually Forge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descript world to actually Forge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descript world to actually Forge
+capabilities in the first place so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities in the first place so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities in the first place so it's
+kind of cool right like the only files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool right like the only files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool right like the only files
+that you have open are exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have open are exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have open are exactly the
+things you can operate on and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can operate on and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can operate on and there's
+nothing else that you can potentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else that you can potentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else that you can potentially uh
+touch and sort of affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and sort of affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and sort of affect
+Mak sense any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions all right okay so I guess uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right okay so I guess uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right okay so I guess uh
+how would capabilities help solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would capabilities help solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would capabilities help solve the
+ambient Authority problem that Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient Authority problem that Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient Authority problem that Norm
+Hardy is excited about with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardy is excited about with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardy is excited about with this
+fortrend compiler so what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortrend compiler so what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortrend compiler so what would be the
+sort of file descriptor moral equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of file descriptor moral equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of file descriptor moral equivalent
+solution to this CSX for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing do they actually solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing do they actually solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing do they actually solve the problem
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+use the appropriate appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the appropriate appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the appropriate appropriate
+capabilities whenever they're needed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities whenever they're needed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities whenever they're needed so
+when you have when you have to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have when you have to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have when you have to access
+the output file the statistics you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output file the statistics you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output file the statistics you use
+the capability you have reg file but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability you have reg file but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability you have reg file but
+when you're accessing the file you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're accessing the file you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're accessing the file you're
+about to read you don't use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to read you don't use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to read you don't use that
+capability yeah so I guess really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability yeah so I guess really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability yeah so I guess really what
+what it boils down to is that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it boils down to is that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it boils down to is that somehow
+the Fortran compiler should just already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fortran compiler should just already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fortran compiler should just already
+have a file descriptor open for that CX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a file descriptor open for that CX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a file descriptor open for that CX
+stat file so they don't really describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stat file so they don't really describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stat file so they don't really describe
+in their you know short paper about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their you know short paper about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their you know short paper about how
+it get that capability but uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it get that capability but uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it get that capability but uh it
+basically means you shouldn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means you shouldn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means you shouldn't really
+pass file names around you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass file names around you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass file names around you should
+instead pass file descriptors so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead pass file descriptors so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead pass file descriptors so you can
+actually come up with a perhaps much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come up with a perhaps much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come up with a perhaps much
+more elegant design for our you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elegant design for our you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elegant design for our you know
+Unix replacement of the fortrend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unix replacement of the fortrend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unix replacement of the fortrend
+compiler using capabilities so maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler using capabilities so maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler using capabilities so maybe the
+plan is we should just have a Fortran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is we should just have a Fortran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is we should just have a Fortran
+compiler front end that doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler front end that doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler front end that doesn't have any
+extra Privileges and it takes all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Privileges and it takes all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Privileges and it takes all these
+arguments you give it and converts all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments you give it and converts all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments you give it and converts all
+the path names you supply to it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path names you supply to it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path names you supply to it into
+into open file descriptors so the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into open file descriptors so the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into open file descriptors so the sort
+of alternative design I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alternative design I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alternative design I'm sort of
+thinking of here is that maybe we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of here is that maybe we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of here is that maybe we have
+you know a program fort one which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a program fort one which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a program fort one which is the
+front end and it would take some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end and it would take some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end and it would take some sort of
+a file F.F and all the other arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file F.F and all the other arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file F.F and all the other arguments
+that D- o you know whatever and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D- o you know whatever and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D- o you know whatever and it
+doesn't actually Implement any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually Implement any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually Implement any of the
+compiler logic anything else all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler logic anything else all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler logic anything else all it
+looks for is path names in its arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks for is path names in its arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks for is path names in its arguments
+and it's going to open them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to open them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to open them and
+establish file descriptors for them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish file descriptors for them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish file descriptors for them and
+the cool thing is that because it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing is that because it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing is that because it has no
+extra privileges if the user can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra privileges if the user can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra privileges if the user can't have
+access to some file name then it'll fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to some file name then it'll fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to some file name then it'll fail
+this is great and then once this front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great and then once this front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great and then once this front
+end has opened all these file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end has opened all these file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end has opened all these file
+descriptors it can execute some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors it can execute some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors it can execute some
+privileged extra component like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged extra component like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged extra component like that
+actual set ID Fortran compiler so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual set ID Fortran compiler so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual set ID Fortran compiler so maybe
+then it'll run Fort this guys maybe set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll run Fort this guys maybe set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll run Fort this guys maybe set
+you ID to some special user ID that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ID to some special user ID that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ID to some special user ID that has
+access to the stats file but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the stats file but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the stats file but it doesn't
+actually accept any path names as input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accept any path names as input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accept any path names as input
+all it's going to do is accept file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's going to do is accept file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's going to do is accept file
+descriptors and in that case the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors and in that case the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors and in that case the file
+descriptors already sort of proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors already sort of proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors already sort of proved that
+the caller had access to open them does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caller had access to open them does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caller had access to open them does
+that roughly make sense so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roughly make sense so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roughly make sense so of course
+doesn't solve every issue I'm just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't solve every issue I'm just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't solve every issue I'm just sort
+of sketching out how capabilities might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sketching out how capabilities might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sketching out how capabilities might
+help but that's roughly the plan is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help but that's roughly the plan is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help but that's roughly the plan is that
+you should demonstrate the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should demonstrate the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should demonstrate the fact that you
+have access to a particular Name by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to a particular Name by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to a particular Name by just
+opening it and passing a capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening it and passing a capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening it and passing a capability
+instead of saying why don't you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying why don't you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying why don't you try to
+open this file and maybe accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this file and maybe accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this file and maybe accidentally
+use some extra privileges yeah does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some extra privileges yeah does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some extra privileges yeah does this
+generalize to having one process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to having one process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to having one process
+does this generalize well of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this generalize well of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this generalize well of course you
+can have as many processes as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have as many processes as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have as many processes as you want
+you can have multiple processes per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have multiple processes per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have multiple processes per
+capability but I'm not sure I guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability but I'm not sure I guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability but I'm not sure I guess what
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+least I'm still not sure what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I'm still not sure what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I'm still not sure what you're
+asking what you mean uh by one so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what you mean uh by one so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what you mean uh by one so we
+have front end the capability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have front end the capability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have front end the capability that the
+user has that's right and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user has that's right and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user has that's right and then we have
+the port that has access to a stat file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the port that has access to a stat file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the port that has access to a stat file
+that's right yeah so the way to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah so the way to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah so the way to think of
+it is you don't necessarily need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you don't necessarily need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you don't necessarily need a
+separate process for every capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate process for every capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate process for every capability
+because here the the fort one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here the the fort one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here the the fort one thing
+might open many files and might pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might open many files and might pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might open many files and might pass
+many capabilities to the privileged Fort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many capabilities to the privileged Fort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many capabilities to the privileged Fort
+component the the problem here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the the problem here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the the problem here the
+reason that this might seem like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that this might seem like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that this might seem like you
+want a separate process for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a separate process for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a separate process for every
+capability so to say is that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so to say is that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so to say is that what you
+Pro is we're sort of dealing with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro is we're sort of dealing with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro is we're sort of dealing with this
+weird interface between capabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird interface between capabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird interface between capabilities and
+ambient privileges because fort one sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient privileges because fort one sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient privileges because fort one sort
+of does have ambient privilege and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of does have ambient privilege and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of does have ambient privilege and what
+we're doing is basically converting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is basically converting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is basically converting this
+ambient privilege into capabilities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient privilege into capabilities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient privilege into capabilities in
+this fort one process so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fort one process so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fort one process so if you have
+multiple different kinds of ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different kinds of ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different kinds of ambient
+privilege or multiple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege or multiple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege or multiple different
+privileges that you want to carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges that you want to carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges that you want to carefully
+use then maybe what you want is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use then maybe what you want is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use then maybe what you want is a
+separate process holding that privilege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate process holding that privilege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate process holding that privilege
+and whenever you want to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever you want to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever you want to use a
+particular set of privileges you'll ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of privileges you'll ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of privileges you'll ask
+the corresponding process to well please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding process to well please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding process to well please
+perform this operation and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform this operation and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform this operation and if it
+succeeds give me back the capability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeds give me back the capability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeds give me back the capability so
+that's maybe one way to think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe one way to think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe one way to think of this
+uh but yeah there there's been actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but yeah there there's been actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but yeah there there's been actually
+some operating system designs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operating system designs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operating system designs that are
+entirely capability based there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely capability based there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely capability based there are no
+ambient privileges whatsoever and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient privileges whatsoever and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient privileges whatsoever and it's
+kind of cool unfortunately it's uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool unfortunately it's uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool unfortunately it's uh more
+of sort of an interesting reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of an interesting reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of an interesting reading
+experience like oh yeah you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience like oh yeah you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience like oh yeah you can do it
+that's pretty cool uh but it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool uh but it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool uh but it's probably
+not really practical to use in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really practical to use in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really practical to use in a real
+system unfortunately uh turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system unfortunately uh turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system unfortunately uh turns out that
+you really do want not so much ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really do want not so much ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really do want not so much ambient
+privilege but being able to name an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege but being able to name an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege but being able to name an
+object and tell someone about an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and tell someone about an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and tell someone about an object
+without conveying necessarily the rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without conveying necessarily the rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without conveying necessarily the rights
+to that object so maybe I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that object so maybe I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that object so maybe I don't know
+what privileges you might have have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what privileges you might have have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what privileges you might have have over
+some shared document but I want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shared document but I want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shared document but I want to tell
+you hey well there's a shared document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hey well there's a shared document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hey well there's a shared document
+if you can read it read it if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can read it read it if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can read it read it if you can
+write it great write it but I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it great write it but I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it great write it but I don't want
+to necessarily convey any rights I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to necessarily convey any rights I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to necessarily convey any rights I just
+want to tell you hey there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you hey there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you hey there there's a
+thing go try it um so that's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing go try it um so that's a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing go try it um so that's a bit of a
+bummer in the capability world that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer in the capability world that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer in the capability world that it
+really forces you to never talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really forces you to never talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really forces you to never talk about
+objects without conveying rights to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects without conveying rights to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects without conveying rights to that
+object so yeah it's it's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so yeah it's it's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so yeah it's it's an important
+idea to know about and to use it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to know about and to use it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to know about and to use it in some
+parts of a system but it's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of a system but it's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of a system but it's probably not
+the be all and all solution to security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the be all and all solution to security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the be all and all solution to security
+much like almost anything else we read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like almost anything else we read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like almost anything else we read
+about here make sense yeah so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here make sense yeah so if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here make sense yeah so if a
+process has uh capabilities given to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has uh capabilities given to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has uh capabilities given to it
+by some other process and it happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some other process and it happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some other process and it happens to
+already have a capability to that object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a capability to that object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a capability to that object
+that's greater can it compare them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's greater can it compare them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's greater can it compare them to
+make sure that they're about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that they're about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that they're about the same
+object or will it just use the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or will it just use the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or will it just use the one
+that's greater so the thing is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's greater so the thing is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's greater so the thing is that a
+process doesn't implicitly use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process doesn't implicitly use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process doesn't implicitly use the
+capability so that's the cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so that's the cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so that's the cool thing
+about capabilities you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about capabilities you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about capabilities you have to
+explicitly name which one you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly name which one you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly name which one you're using
+so think of it in terms of file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of it in terms of file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of it in terms of file
+descriptors suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors suppose that
+I give you an open file descriptor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you an open file descriptor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you an open file descriptor for
+some file and it's read only and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some file and it's read only and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some file and it's read only and then
+someone else gives you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else gives you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else gives you another
+capability for some other maybe the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability for some other maybe the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability for some other maybe the same
+file maybe a different file and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file maybe a different file and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file maybe a different file and it's
+read write it's not all of a sudden that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read write it's not all of a sudden that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read write it's not all of a sudden that
+if you try to write to the first file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to write to the first file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to write to the first file
+descriptor you had that was read only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor you had that was read only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor you had that was read only
+all of a sudden those will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden those will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden those will start
+succeeding because you have this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding because you have this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding because you have this extra
+writable file descriptor open so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writable file descriptor open so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writable file descriptor open so the
+that's sort of the cool thing you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the cool thing you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the cool thing you don't
+want this ambient privilege because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this ambient privilege because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this ambient privilege because if
+you think of these capabilities as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of these capabilities as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of these capabilities as a
+bunch of privileges that just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of privileges that just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of privileges that just keep
+accumulating in your process proc then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating in your process proc then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating in your process proc then
+you you'll actually just end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll actually just end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll actually just end up with
+ambient privilege again you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient privilege again you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient privilege again you just have
+all these magic capabilities and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these magic capabilities and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these magic capabilities and people
+have actually built such libraries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually built such libraries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually built such libraries that
+basically while they manage your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically while they manage your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically while they manage your
+capabilities for you they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities for you they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities for you they sort of
+collect them and when you try to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect them and when you try to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect them and when you try to perform
+an operation they look through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operation they look through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operation they look through the
+capabilities and find the one that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and find the one that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and find the one that will
+make it work but exactly brings you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it work but exactly brings you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it work but exactly brings you back
+to this ambient Authority that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ambient Authority that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ambient Authority that you were
+trying to avoid and sort of the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to avoid and sort of the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to avoid and sort of the cool
+thing about capabilities is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about capabilities is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about capabilities is that it's
+it's almost like a programming construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like a programming construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like a programming construct
+where it makes it easy for you which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it makes it easy for you which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it makes it easy for you which is
+like a rare thing in security it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rare thing in security it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rare thing in security it makes
+it easy for you to write code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easy for you to write code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easy for you to write code that
+specifies exactly what prives you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies exactly what prives you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies exactly what prives you want
+to do from a security standpoint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do from a security standpoint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do from a security standpoint and
+it's actually fairly natural code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually fairly natural code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually fairly natural code to
+write um so if you sort of get into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write um so if you sort of get into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write um so if you sort of get into that
+mindset of always carrying around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset of always carrying around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset of always carrying around this
+privilege with the object you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege with the object you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege with the object you're
+accessing that seems like a cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing that seems like a cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing that seems like a cool thing
+to do doesn't always make sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do doesn't always make sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do doesn't always make sense but
+sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it
+does all right any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all right any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all right any other
+questions okay so so that's sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so so that's sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so so that's sort of more
+on the ambient Authority front that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ambient Authority front that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ambient Authority front that
+we've looked at here it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at here it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at here it turns out that
+capabilities are also great for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities are also great for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities are also great for other
+problems as well and in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as well and in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as well and in particular the
+problem of managing privileges often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of managing privileges often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of managing privileges often
+shows up when you want to run some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up when you want to run some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up when you want to run some
+untrustworthy code because you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untrustworthy code because you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untrustworthy code because you want to
+really control which privileges you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really control which privileges you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really control which privileges you give
+it because you think it'll misuse any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you think it'll misuse any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you think it'll misuse any
+privileges you give it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges you give it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges you give it at
+all and this is sort of the slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and this is sort of the slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and this is sort of the slightly
+different point of view from which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point of view from which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point of view from which the
+authors of the capsicum paper are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors of the capsicum paper are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors of the capsicum paper are coming
+sort of at capabilities so they're of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at capabilities so they're of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at capabilities so they're of
+course clearly aware of this ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course clearly aware of this ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course clearly aware of this ambient
+Authority problem but sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority problem but sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority problem but sort of a
+different problem that you might or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem that you might or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem that you might or
+might not care about solving but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not care about solving but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not care about solving but but the
+particular thing they really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing they really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing they really care about
+is they have a really large privileged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they have a really large privileged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they have a really large privileged
+application and they worry that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and they worry that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and they worry that there's
+going to be bugs in different parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bugs in different parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bugs in different parts of
+that application's source code so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that application's source code so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that application's source code so they
+would like to reduce the Privileges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to reduce the Privileges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to reduce the Privileges of
+different components of that application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of that application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of that application
+so in that sense the story is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that sense the story is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that sense the story is very
+similar to okws right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to okws right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to okws right so you
+have for sandboxing you have some large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for sandboxing you have some large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for sandboxing you have some large
+application you break it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you break it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you break it up into
+components and you will limit what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and you will limit what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and you will limit what
+privileges each component has so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges each component has so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges each component has so where
+does this make sense like okws is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense like okws is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense like okws is
+clearly one example what are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly one example what are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly one example what are other
+situations where you might care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you might care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you might care about
+privilege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege
+separation well I guess in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation well I guess in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation well I guess in the paper
+they describe uh the examples they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they describe uh the examples they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they describe uh the examples they
+actually got to run so things like TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got to run so things like TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got to run so things like TCP
+dump and other applications that parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump and other applications that parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump and other applications that parse
+network data so why do they worry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network data so why do they worry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network data so why do they worry so
+much about applications that parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about applications that parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about applications that parse
+Network inputs like what's what's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network inputs like what's what's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network inputs like what's what's what
+goes wrong in TCP dump why why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes wrong in TCP dump why why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes wrong in TCP dump why why are they
+so paranoid an attacker can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so paranoid an attacker can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so paranoid an attacker can control
+what's being sent and what's being yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being sent and what's being yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being sent and what's being yeah
+I think what they really worry about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what they really worry about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what they really worry about is
+very much like with okws they worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like with okws they worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like with okws they worry
+about the attack surface and like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the attack surface and like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the attack surface and like how
+much can an attacker really control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much can an attacker really control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much can an attacker really control the
+inputs and with these Network parsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and with these Network parsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and with these Network parsing
+programs there's a lot of control that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs there's a lot of control that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs there's a lot of control that
+the attacker has they have the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker has they have the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker has they have the exact
+packet and the reason that this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and the reason that this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and the reason that this is so
+problematic is that if you're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic is that if you're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic is that if you're writing
+code in C that has to pars data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in C that has to pars data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in C that has to pars data
+structures you're presumably going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you're presumably going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you're presumably going to do
+lots of pointer manipulations copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of pointer manipulations copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of pointer manipulations copying
+bites into arrays alloca memory and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bites into arrays alloca memory and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bites into arrays alloca memory and as
+you are now experts this is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are now experts this is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are now experts this is super
+fragile uh and you can easily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragile uh and you can easily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragile uh and you can easily have
+memory management errors that lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory management errors that lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory management errors that lead to
+pretty disastrous consequences so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty disastrous consequences so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty disastrous consequences so this
+is the reason why they're very excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason why they're very excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason why they're very excited
+about sandboxing various Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sandboxing various Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sandboxing various Network
+protocol parsing things Etc another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol parsing things Etc another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol parsing things Etc another
+probably real world instance where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably real world instance where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably real world instance where you
+really care about this is in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about this is in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about this is in your
+browser you know you probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser you know you probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser you know you probably want to
+sandbox your Flash Plugin or your Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox your Flash Plugin or your Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox your Flash Plugin or your Java
+extension or whatnot because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension or whatnot because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension or whatnot because they are
+pretty larger attack surfaces as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty larger attack surfaces as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty larger attack surfaces as well
+that have gotten exploited pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have gotten exploited pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have gotten exploited pretty
+aggressively so it seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively so it seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively so it seems like a
+reasonable plan like if you're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable plan like if you're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable plan like if you're writing
+some piece of software you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some piece of software you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some piece of software you want to
+sandbox different components of it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox different components of it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox different components of it what
+about more generally if you download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more generally if you download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more generally if you download
+something from the internet and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from the internet and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from the internet and you want
+to run it with fewer privileges is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run it with fewer privileges is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run it with fewer privileges is this
+sort of capsicum style isolation a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of capsicum style isolation a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of capsicum style isolation a good
+plan for that I I download some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for that I I download some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for that I I download some random
+screen saver or some game from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen saver or some game from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen saver or some game from the
+internet and I want to run on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and I want to run on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and I want to run on my
+computer and when I make sure it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and when I make sure it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and when I make sure it doesn't
+screw up whatever I have lying around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would you use capsicum would this be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you use capsicum would this be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you use capsicum would this be a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+plan yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a right so I guess yeah you could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right so I guess yeah you could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right so I guess yeah you could try to
+use capsicum so how would you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use capsicum so how would you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use capsicum so how would you use
+capsicum well you just enter into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum well you just enter into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum well you just enter into the
+sandbox mode with cap enter and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox mode with cap enter and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox mode with cap enter and then you
+run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the
+program would you expect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work I guess the problem is that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I guess the problem is that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I guess the problem is that if the
+program wasn't really expecting to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program wasn't really expecting to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program wasn't really expecting to be
+sandbox with capsicum then all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox with capsicum then all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox with capsicum then all of a
+sudden the program will try to open you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden the program will try to open you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden the program will try to open you
+know any simpley even it'll open a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any simpley even it'll open a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any simpley even it'll open a
+shared library and it can't open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared library and it can't open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared library and it can't open the
+shared library because it can't open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared library because it can't open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared library because it can't open
+slash lib SL something else that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash lib SL something else that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash lib SL something else that's not
+allowed in capability mode so it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in capability mode so it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in capability mode so it's a bit
+of a uh problem so typically I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uh problem so typically I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uh problem so typically I guess
+these sandboxing techniques that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sandboxing techniques that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sandboxing techniques that we're
+going to look at here capability style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at here capability style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at here capability style
+stuff and so on really are best used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and so on really are best used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and so on really are best used
+when the developer is sort of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the developer is sort of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the developer is sort of building
+an application and aware that the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application and aware that the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application and aware that the code
+is going to run in this mode uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to run in this mode uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to run in this mode uh there's
+probably other kinds of sandboxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably other kinds of sandboxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably other kinds of sandboxing
+techniques that could be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that could be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that could be used for
+unmodified code but then the focus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodified code but then the focus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodified code but then the focus or
+the sort of requirements change a bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of requirements change a bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of requirements change a bit so
+in capsicum They Don't Really worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capsicum They Don't Really worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capsicum They Don't Really worry
+about backwards compatibility well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about backwards compatibility well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about backwards compatibility well we
+have to open files differently sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to open files differently sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to open files differently sure
+we'll open them differently whereas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll open them differently whereas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll open them differently whereas if
+you want to run existing code you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to run existing code you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to run existing code you
+probably want something more like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want something more like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want something more like maybe
+a whole virtual machine so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole virtual machine so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole virtual machine so you could
+open a VM and run it there and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a VM and run it there and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a VM and run it there and it's very
+compatible and there's no question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible and there's no question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible and there's no question that
+it'll just run and it's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just run and it's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just run and it's probably not
+well it's actually maybe like a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's actually maybe like a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's actually maybe like a good
+thought exercise should we use Virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought exercise should we use Virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought exercise should we use Virtual
+machines to sandbox instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capsicum yeah like the overheads are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum yeah like the overheads are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum yeah like the overheads are
+probably quite significant right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably quite significant right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably quite significant right so the
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+overhead um is pretty bad um could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead um is pretty bad um could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead um is pretty bad um could be
+like what if we don't care about memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what if we don't care about memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what if we don't care about memory
+overheads maybe like virtual machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheads maybe like virtual machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheads maybe like virtual machines
+get really good and they don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really good and they don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really good and they don't actually
+use that much memory is it still a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that much memory is it still a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that much memory is it still a bad
+plan you still use the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you still use the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you still use the internet
+asum yeah so it's kind of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asum yeah so it's kind of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asum yeah so it's kind of hard to
+control what uh happens on the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control what uh happens on the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control what uh happens on the network
+because either you maybe give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either you maybe give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either you maybe give the
+virtual machine no access to the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual machine no access to the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual machine no access to the network
+at all or you connect it to the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all or you connect it to the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all or you connect it to the network
+through like natat mode or something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like natat mode or something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like natat mode or something in
+qmu or VMware and then it can access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qmu or VMware and then it can access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qmu or VMware and then it can access the
+whole internet so you'd have to much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole internet so you'd have to much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole internet so you'd have to much
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+explicitly uh control Network by maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly uh control Network by maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly uh control Network by maybe
+setting up firewall rules for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up firewall rules for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up firewall rules for the
+virtual machine Etc so that's maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual machine Etc so that's maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual machine Etc so that's maybe not
+so great what if you don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great what if you don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great what if you don't care about
+Network what if you well it's like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network what if you well it's like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network what if you well it's like some
+you know simple video or like TCP dump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know simple video or like TCP dump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know simple video or like TCP dump
+parser you just SP spin up a VM it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser you just SP spin up a VM it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser you just SP spin up a VM it's
+going to par your TCP dump packets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to par your TCP dump packets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to par your TCP dump packets and
+spit you back the ask your presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit you back the ask your presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit you back the ask your presentation
+that TCP dump wants to print to the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that TCP dump wants to print to the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that TCP dump wants to print to the user
+so there's like no real Network IO maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like no real Network IO maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like no real Network IO maybe
+you're for some reason okay with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're for some reason okay with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're for some reason okay with the
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+overheads matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheads matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheads matter
+still guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still guess the
+initialization overhead is still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization overhead is still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization overhead is still not
+yeah so there's maybe like an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's maybe like an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's maybe like an initial
+overhead of starting a VM so it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead of starting a VM so it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead of starting a VM so it's true
+yeah like there's some performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like there's some performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like there's some performance
+stuffff um yeah well you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuffff um yeah well you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuffff um yeah well you might want to
+like have like database rights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have like database rights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have like database rights and
+things like that yeah I think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that yeah I think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that yeah I think more
+generally what what you're getting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what what you're getting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what what you're getting is
+like if there what if there's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there what if there's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there what if there's a real
+data that you care about here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you care about here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you care about here and it's
+really hard to share so VMS are really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to share so VMS are really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to share so VMS are really a
+much more sort of Separation mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more sort of Separation mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more sort of Separation mechanism
+where you can't really share stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can't really share stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can't really share stuff
+across VMS very easily so it's good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across VMS very easily so it's good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across VMS very easily so it's good for
+situations where you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you have a very
+isolated program you want to run you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated program you want to run you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated program you want to run you
+basically don't want to sh any files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically don't want to sh any files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically don't want to sh any files
+with it any directories any processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it any directories any processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it any directories any processes
+any pipes even uh and just let it run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pipes even uh and just let it run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pipes even uh and just let it run
+separately so it's great it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so it's great it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so it's great it's probably
+in some ways stronger isolation than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways stronger isolation than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways stronger isolation than
+what capsicum provides because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what capsicum provides because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what capsicum provides because there's
+probably fewer ways for things to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fewer ways for things to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fewer ways for things to go
+wrong but um and you know all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but um and you know all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but um and you know all these
+problems we talked about so far but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we talked about so far but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we talked about so far but it's
+also not applicable in many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not applicable in many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not applicable in many of the
+situations where you might want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you might want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you might want to use
+capsicum because in capsicum you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum because in capsicum you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum because in capsicum you can
+actually share files that a very fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually share files that a very fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually share files that a very fine
+granularity between uh sandbox processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity between uh sandbox processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity between uh sandbox processes
+by just giving it uh capability to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just giving it uh capability to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just giving it uh capability to a
+particular file this is something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular file this is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular file this is something that's
+very easy to do in capsicum and would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to do in capsicum and would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to do in capsicum and would
+require quite a bit of Machinery in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require quite a bit of Machinery in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require quite a bit of Machinery in a
+virtual machine setting that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual machine setting that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual machine setting that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+questions all right so so it does seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so so it does seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so so it does seem
+like a you know a useful perimeter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a you know a useful perimeter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a you know a useful perimeter to
+have to maybe sandbox stuff so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to maybe sandbox stuff so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to maybe sandbox stuff so I guess
+we're going to talk about I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about I guess
+different ways to try to sandbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to try to sandbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to try to sandbox
+something uh and capsum in particular is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh and capsum in particular is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh and capsum in particular is
+sort of the the new thing here that uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the new thing here that uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the new thing here that uses
+capabilities but um just to sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities but um just to sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities but um just to sort of just
+by comparison I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by comparison I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by comparison I guess
+uh you can do some sandboxing in Unix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do some sandboxing in Unix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do some sandboxing in Unix as
+we saw with okws right it's just um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw with okws right it's just um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw with okws right it's just um not
+great from several standpoints so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great from several standpoints so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great from several standpoints so let's
+maybe take the example of uh TCP dump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe take the example of uh TCP dump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe take the example of uh TCP dump
+and see why TCP dump is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see why TCP dump is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see why TCP dump is sort of
+difficult to sandbox with Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to sandbox with Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to sandbox with Unix
+mechanisms so remember in the capsicum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so remember in the capsicum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so remember in the capsicum
+paper these guys took TCP dump and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper these guys took TCP dump and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper these guys took TCP dump and the
+way TCP dump works is that it opens some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way TCP dump works is that it opens some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way TCP dump works is that it opens some
+special sockets and then runs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sockets and then runs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sockets and then runs uh
+basically parsing Logic on network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically parsing Logic on network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically parsing Logic on network
+packets that it receives and prints them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets that it receives and prints them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets that it receives and prints them
+out to the user's terminal so what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the user's terminal so what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the user's terminal so what would
+it take to sandbox TCP dump um with Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to sandbox TCP dump um with Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to sandbox TCP dump um with Unix
+Primitives how do you restrict its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives how do you restrict its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives how do you restrict its
+privileges so I guess the one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges so I guess the one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges so I guess the one problem
+with Unix is that you basically have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Unix is that you basically have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Unix is that you basically have to
+well the only way to really change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the only way to really change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the only way to really change
+privileges is to change the inputs into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges is to change the inputs into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges is to change the inputs into
+this decision function that decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision function that decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision function that decides
+whether you can actually access some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can actually access some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can actually access some
+object or not and the only things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or not and the only things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or not and the only things you
+can really change are well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really change are well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really change are well you can
+change the Privileges of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Privileges of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the Privileges of the process
+which means set its uid to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means set its uid to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means set its uid to something
+else or you could change the permissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or you could change the permissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or you could change the permissions
+on various objects that are laying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on various objects that are laying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on various objects that are laying
+around in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in your
+system so or probably both in fact right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so or probably both in fact right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so or probably both in fact right
+so if you wanted to sandbox GTP dump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted to sandbox GTP dump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted to sandbox GTP dump
+you'd probably have to pick some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd probably have to pick some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd probably have to pick some extra
+user ID and switch to that while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user ID and switch to that while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user ID and switch to that while you're
+running um it's probably not a ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running um it's probably not a ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running um it's probably not a ideal
+plan because you probably don't mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan because you probably don't mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan because you probably don't mean for
+multiple instances of TCP dump to run as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple instances of TCP dump to run as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple instances of TCP dump to run as
+the same user ID so if I compromise one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same user ID so if I compromise one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same user ID so if I compromise one
+instance of TCP dump it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of TCP dump it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of TCP dump it doesn't really
+mean I want to allow the attacker to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I want to allow the attacker to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I want to allow the attacker to now
+control all the other instan of TCP dump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control all the other instan of TCP dump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control all the other instan of TCP dump
+running on my machine so that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on my machine so that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on my machine so that's sort of
+a potentially a bad part of using user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potentially a bad part of using user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potentially a bad part of using user
+IDs here another problem is that in Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDs here another problem is that in Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDs here another problem is that in Unix
+you actually have to be root in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have to be root in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have to be root in order to
+change the user ID of the process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the user ID of the process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the user ID of the process to
+something else to reduce your privileges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to reduce your privileges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to reduce your privileges
+or to switch them to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to switch them to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to switch them to something else
+that's not great either um and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not great either um and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not great either um and another
+problem is that regardless of what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that regardless of what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that regardless of what your
+user ID is there could be files that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user ID is there could be files that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user ID is there could be files that
+allow access to them so there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow access to them so there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow access to them so there could be
+World writable or World readable files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World writable or World readable files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World writable or World readable files
+in your file system like your Etsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your file system like your Etsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your file system like your Etsy
+password file regardless of what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password file regardless of what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password file regardless of what your
+uid is the process will still be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uid is the process will still be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uid is the process will still be able to
+read Etsy password so that's not so nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read Etsy password so that's not so nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read Etsy password so that's not so nice
+so as a result in order to sandbox with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result in order to sandbox with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result in order to sandbox with
+Unix you either you you probably have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unix you either you you probably have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unix you either you you probably have to
+do both sort of some uid changing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both sort of some uid changing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both sort of some uid changing and
+maybe carefully look at the permissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe carefully look at the permissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe carefully look at the permissions
+of all the objects to convince yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the objects to convince yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the objects to convince yourself
+that there's no world writeable file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no world writeable file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no world writeable file
+that's really sensitive or there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really sensitive or there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really sensitive or there's no
+world readable file that you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world readable file that you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world readable file that you don't want
+that hacker to get access to and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hacker to get access to and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hacker to get access to and I guess
+CH rout is yet another mechanism in Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH rout is yet another mechanism in Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH rout is yet another mechanism in Unix
+that you could use but sort of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could use but sort of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could use but sort of all
+starts to add up if you see a true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to add up if you see a true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to add up if you see a true then
+it might be hard to share files or share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be hard to share files or share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be hard to share files or share
+directory and so on so does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory and so on so does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory and so on so does that make
+sense just in terms of sort of contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense just in terms of sort of contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense just in terms of sort of contrast
+for what capsicum is trying to solve any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what capsicum is trying to solve any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what capsicum is trying to solve any
+questions about Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about Unix
+stuff all right so let's look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all right so let's look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff all right so let's look at how
+capsicum uh tries to solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum uh tries to solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum uh tries to solve this problem
+so in capsicum as we sort of keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in capsicum as we sort of keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in capsicum as we sort of keep
+alluding to the plan is very much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluding to the plan is very much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluding to the plan is very much that
+once you enter the sandboxing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you enter the sandboxing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you enter the sandboxing mode
+everything is going to be accessed only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going to be accessed only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going to be accessed only
+through capability so if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through capability so if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through capability so if you don't have
+a capability you simply cannot access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capability you simply cannot access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capability you simply cannot access
+any object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these guys in the paper make a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these guys in the paper make a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these guys in the paper make a huge
+deal about global Nam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal about global Nam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal about global Nam
+spaces so what what's this thing about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so what what's this thing about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces so what what's this thing about a
+global namespace and why are they so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global namespace and why are they so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global namespace and why are they so
+worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so what's an example of a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what's an example of a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what's an example of a global
+namespace these guys worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about yeah so the file system for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah so the file system for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah so the file system for them
+is the sort of the prime example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of the prime example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of the prime example of a
+global namespace you can start at slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global namespace you can start at slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global namespace you can start at slash
+and you could basically enumerate any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could basically enumerate any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could basically enumerate any
+file you could right like could go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file you could right like could go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file you could right like could go to
+someone's home directory home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's home directory home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's home directory home
+Nikolai something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikolai something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikolai something
+something why is this bad why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something why is this bad why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something why is this bad why are they
+against Global name spaces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capsicum what do you think yeah well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum what do you think yeah well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum what do you think yeah well if
+you have the wrong permissions and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the wrong permissions and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the wrong permissions and you
+use Authority you can get into trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Authority you can get into trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Authority you can get into trouble
+yeah so the problem is that this is UNIX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the problem is that this is UNIX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the problem is that this is UNIX
+after all so if there is there are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all so if there is there are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all so if there is there are sort
+of reg still regular permissions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reg still regular permissions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reg still regular permissions on
+files so maybe you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files so maybe you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files so maybe you really want to
+sandbox some process that it can't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox some process that it can't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox some process that it can't read
+anything at all on the system and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all on the system and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all on the system and it
+can't write to anything but if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't write to anything but if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't write to anything but if you can
+name a file starting from slash maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name a file starting from slash maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name a file starting from slash maybe
+you'll find some stupid user that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find some stupid user that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find some stupid user that has a
+world writable file in their home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world writable file in their home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world writable file in their home
+directory that would be not so great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory that would be not so great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory that would be not so great uh
+for this sandboxing plan and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sandboxing plan and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sandboxing plan and I guess
+more generally the way they're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally the way they're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally the way they're thinking
+of it is that with capabilities you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is that with capabilities you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is that with capabilities you
+could in principle enumerate exactly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in principle enumerate exactly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in principle enumerate exactly all
+the objects that a process has because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects that a process has because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects that a process has because
+you could just enumerate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just enumerate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just enumerate all the
+capabilities in the file descript table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities in the file descript table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities in the file descript table
+or whatever it is that's storing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is that's storing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is that's storing your
+capabilities for you and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities for you and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities for you and those are the
+only things that the process could ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only things that the process could ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only things that the process could ever
+touch and if you ever have access to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and if you ever have access to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and if you ever have access to a
+global names space then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global names space then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global names space then this is
+potentially unbounded because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially unbounded because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially unbounded because you could
+even if you have some limited set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have some limited set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have some limited set of
+capabilities maybe you'll start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities maybe you'll start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities maybe you'll start from
+slash again and file in some new file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash again and file in some new file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash again and file in some new file
+and you'll never really know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll never really know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll never really know what is the
+set of operations or of objects that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of operations or of objects that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of operations or of objects that a
+process could access so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process could access so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process could access so this is the
+reason they're so worried about global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they're so worried about global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they're so worried about global
+name space is because it goes against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name space is because it goes against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name space is because it goes against
+their goal of precisely controlling all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal of precisely controlling all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal of precisely controlling all
+the things that a sandboxed process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that a sandboxed process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that a sandboxed process
+should have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have access
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+sense all right so so they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so so they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so so they try to
+eliminate Global name spaces with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate Global name spaces with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate Global name spaces with a
+bunch of Kernel changes to uh the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Kernel changes to uh the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Kernel changes to uh the sort
+of FreeBSD in their case kernel to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FreeBSD in their case kernel to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FreeBSD in their case kernel to make
+sure that all the operations go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that all the operations go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that all the operations go through
+um some kind of capability which is a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some kind of capability which is a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some kind of capability which is a in
+their case a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their case a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their case a file
+scriptor so just a double check do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scriptor so just a double check do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scriptor so just a double check do we
+really need internal changes like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need internal changes like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need internal changes like what
+if we just do this in a library so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just do this in a library so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just do this in a library so we
+Implement lib capsicum which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement lib capsicum which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement lib capsicum which they
+already have a library and all we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a library and all we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a library and all we do is
+we change all these functions like open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change all these functions like open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change all these functions like open
+read and write to all very explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and write to all very explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and write to all very explicitly
+use capabilities so all the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use capabilities so all the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use capabilities so all the operations
+will go through some capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through some capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through some capability
+and look it up in a file table Etc that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look it up in a file table Etc that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look it up in a file table Etc that
+work yeah we can always make a CIS too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah we can always make a CIS too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah we can always make a CIS too
+yeah so the problem is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the problem is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the problem is that right
+there's this existing set of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this existing set of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this existing set of system
+calls the colel will accept and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the colel will accept and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the colel will accept and even if
+you implement a nice Library it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implement a nice Library it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implement a nice Library it doesn't
+prevent a bad process or compromis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent a bad process or compromis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent a bad process or compromis
+process from making the C directly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process from making the C directly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process from making the C directly and
+then you have to have the kernel enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to have the kernel enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to have the kernel enforce
+something or other yeah probably would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or other yeah probably would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or other yeah probably would
+work for that compiler though yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for that compiler though yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for that compiler though yeah so I
+think it's a question of I guess what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a question of I guess what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a question of I guess what is
+your threat model exactly so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your threat model exactly so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your threat model exactly so for the
+compiler the threat model is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler the threat model is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler the threat model is that the
+programmer is you know maybe not paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer is you know maybe not paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer is you know maybe not paying
+attention a whole lot but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention a whole lot but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention a whole lot but it's not
+really a compromised compiler process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a compromised compiler process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a compromised compiler process
+it's not running arbitrary code so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not running arbitrary code so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not running arbitrary code so if we
+just help the well-meaning developer do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just help the well-meaning developer do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just help the well-meaning developer do
+the right thing then a library will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing then a library will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing then a library will
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+suffice on the other hand if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice on the other hand if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice on the other hand if we're
+talking about a process that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a process that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a process that could be
+executing arbitrary code and could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing arbitrary code and could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing arbitrary code and could be
+trying to bypass our mechanisms any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to bypass our mechanisms any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to bypass our mechanisms any
+possible way then we have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way then we have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way then we have to have a
+strong enforcement boundary and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enforcement boundary and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enforcement boundary and the
+library doesn't provide any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library doesn't provide any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library doesn't provide any kind of
+strong enforcement guarantees whereas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enforcement guarantees whereas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enforcement guarantees whereas a
+kernel in our case would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel in our case would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel in our case would do
+that okay so what do they actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what do they actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what do they actually make
+in terms of uh changes uh to the kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh changes uh to the kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh changes uh to the kernel
+so I guess the first thing uh is uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess the first thing uh is uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess the first thing uh is uh this
+system call uh that they call cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enter and what happens once you run cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and what happens once you run cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and what happens once you run cap
+enter once you invoke cap enter from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter once you invoke cap enter from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter once you invoke cap enter from
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process so as far as I can tell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so as far as I can tell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so as far as I can tell what
+happens is that the kernel will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the kernel will stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the kernel will stop
+accepting any system calls that refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting any system calls that refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting any system calls that refer to
+Global namespaces and the only thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global namespaces and the only thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global namespaces and the only thing you
+will be able to do is refer to existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to do is refer to existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to do is refer to existing
+file descriptors that you have open in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptors that you have open in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptors that you have open in
+your process so capenter will put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process so capenter will put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process so capenter will put your
+process in a special mode where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in a special mode where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in a special mode where you
+cannot use the regular system calls like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot use the regular system calls like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot use the regular system calls like
+open uh and instead you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh and instead you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open uh and instead you have to do
+things like open at so there's this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like open at so there's this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like open at so there's this new
+sort of family of system calls in Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of family of system calls in Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of family of system calls in Unix
+like operating systems where instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like operating systems where instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like operating systems where instead of
+having open take a single path name you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having open take a single path name you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having open take a single path name you
+can actually use open at where you pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use open at where you pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use open at where you pass
+in a first argument which is a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a first argument which is a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a first argument which is a file
+descriptor for directory and uh second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor for directory and uh second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor for directory and uh second
+is some sort of a name and this open at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some sort of a name and this open at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some sort of a name and this open at
+system call will open this name relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system call will open this name relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system call will open this name relative
+to whatever directory this file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever directory this file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever directory this file
+descriptor points to so this is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor points to so this is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor points to so this is a much
+more capability like version of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more capability like version of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more capability like version of open
+where you can still have file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can still have file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can still have file
+descriptors pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors pointing to
+directories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories
+but you can well sorry you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can well sorry you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can well sorry you can still
+perform directory operations but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform directory operations but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform directory operations but in
+order to do this you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do this you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do this you have to have a
+capability to the directory in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to the directory in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to the directory in the form
+of an open file descriptor for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an open file descriptor for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an open file descriptor for that
+dur make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dur make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dur make
+sense okay so do they need any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so do they need any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so do they need any other
+sort of Kernel changes do they is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Kernel changes do they is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Kernel changes do they is there
+anything else they worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about so I guess there's other yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I guess there's other yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I guess there's other yeah
+network access yeah so what do they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network access yeah so what do they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network access yeah so what do they do
+about network access right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about network access right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about network access right so what
+happens in capability mode gu they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in capability mode gu they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in capability mode gu they
+capabilities for creating packets this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities for creating packets this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities for creating packets this
+yeah so I think the the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think the the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think the the way they
+basically do it is that they treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do it is that they treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do it is that they treat the
+network as a global namespace very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network as a global namespace very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network as a global namespace very much
+like the file system so uh in order I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the file system so uh in order I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the file system so uh in order I
+think once you enter capability mode you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think once you enter capability mode you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think once you enter capability mode you
+cannot create a new socket or you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot create a new socket or you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot create a new socket or you cannot
+create a new socket and connect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new socket and connect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new socket and connect it to
+some arbitrary machine or to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary machine or to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary machine or to some
+arbitary address or port number you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitary address or port number you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitary address or port number you have
+to basically create all the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically create all the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically create all the connections
+you want ahead of time and fill them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want ahead of time and fill them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want ahead of time and fill them in
+as capabilities or maybe you have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as capabilities or maybe you have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as capabilities or maybe you have to get
+them from someone that will pass you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from someone that will pass you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from someone that will pass you a
+file descriptor but basically once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptor but basically once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptor but basically once
+you're in capability mode the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in capability mode the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in capability mode the set of
+file descriptors you have open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptors you have open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptors you have open
+completely enumerates all the machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely enumerates all the machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely enumerates all the machines
+you'll ever talk to so you you have open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll ever talk to so you you have open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll ever talk to so you you have open
+connections or maybe you're listening on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections or maybe you're listening on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections or maybe you're listening on
+a port that's okay but you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a port that's okay but you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a port that's okay but you cannot
+connect to an address specified by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to an address specified by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to an address specified by an
+absolute name kind of like a global name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute name kind of like a global name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute name kind of like a global name
+space would allow you to do that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space would allow you to do that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space would allow you to do that make
+sense so it prohibits access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so it prohibits access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so it prohibits access to the
+networking namespace as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking namespace as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking namespace as
+well what do they do for processes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do they do for processes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do they do for processes so
+another Global namespace I guess in Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Global namespace I guess in Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Global namespace I guess in Unix
+is the pids themselves so the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pids themselves so the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pids themselves so the example of
+a system call that operates in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system call that operates in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system call that operates in this
+namespace is kill right so I could kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace is kill right so I could kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace is kill right so I could kill
+p25 and I could well presumably I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p25 and I could well presumably I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p25 and I could well presumably I'll put
+a signal number in there too but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal number in there too but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal number in there too but uh I
+could actually kill a process by its p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually kill a process by its p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually kill a process by its p
+number how do they fix this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number how do they fix this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number how do they fix this in
+capsicum what's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+yeah processors yeah it's actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah processors yeah it's actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah processors yeah it's actually kind
+of cool it's like I wish Unix had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool it's like I wish Unix had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool it's like I wish Unix had this
+all along which is that uh instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along which is that uh instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along which is that uh instead of
+having these different kinds of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these different kinds of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these different kinds of numbers
+for PS instead when you Fork off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PS instead when you Fork off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PS instead when you Fork off a
+process they actually have a new variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process they actually have a new variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process they actually have a new variant
+of fork called called PD Fork uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fork called called PD Fork uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fork called called PD Fork uh for
+process descriptor fork and what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process descriptor fork and what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process descriptor fork and what it does
+is when it creates a child process it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when it creates a child process it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when it creates a child process it
+actually sticks a reference to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sticks a reference to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sticks a reference to that
+child process into your file descriptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child process into your file descriptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child process into your file descriptor
+table somewhere and this is your new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table somewhere and this is your new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table somewhere and this is your new
+process and you can operate on a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and you can operate on a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and you can operate on a child
+process by just specifying a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by just specifying a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by just specifying a file
+descriptor number that's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor number that's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor number that's actually pretty
+cool because you can now pass your child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool because you can now pass your child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool because you can now pass your child
+process to someone else and say well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to someone else and say well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to someone else and say well you
+can you know go and kill him now or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know go and kill him now or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know go and kill him now or you
+can manage this process however you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can manage this process however you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can manage this process however you want
+uh you'll get notifications when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll get notifications when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll get notifications when the
+process dies it'll sort of look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process dies it'll sort of look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process dies it'll sort of look like a
+readable file descriptor Etc so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable file descriptor Etc so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable file descriptor Etc so they
+really try to homogenize everything into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to homogenize everything into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to homogenize everything into
+looking like a file descriptor of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like a file descriptor of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like a file descriptor of some
+sort here um and sort of with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort here um and sort of with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort here um and sort of with these
+kernel changes you can finally have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel changes you can finally have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel changes you can finally have sort
+of both all the functionality you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both all the functionality you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both all the functionality you might
+care about so you have support for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about so you have support for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about so you have support for you
+know sockets already processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sockets already processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sockets already processed
+descriptors Etc and you have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors Etc and you have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors Etc and you have a way of
+constraining um what the process can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining um what the process can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining um what the process can do
+because it cannot refer to any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it cannot refer to any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it cannot refer to any of the
+global names anymore after you're on cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global names anymore after you're on cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global names anymore after you're on cap
+enter all right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter all right any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter all right any
+questions so here's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so here's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so here's sort of an
+interesting puzzle uh I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting puzzle uh I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting puzzle uh I was trying to
+understand from the paper uh they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand from the paper uh they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand from the paper uh they make
+this big deal about dot dot in looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big deal about dot dot in looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big deal about dot dot in looking
+up directory Nam so they basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up directory Nam so they basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up directory Nam so they basically say
+well once you're in capability mode when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well once you're in capability mode when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well once you're in capability mode when
+you pass a particular name to open ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass a particular name to open ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass a particular name to open ad
+you cannot use dot dot in those names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot use dot dot in those names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot use dot dot in those names
+and for example if you have a SIM link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example if you have a SIM link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example if you have a SIM link
+if a Sim Link's Target contains dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a Sim Link's Target contains dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a Sim Link's Target contains dot dot
+they will reject it if you're capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will reject it if you're capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will reject it if you're capability
+mode so is this strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so is this strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so is this strictly
+required could you imagine a safe design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required could you imagine a safe design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required could you imagine a safe design
+in principle that allows the use of dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot yeah you need to be able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot yeah you need to be able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot yeah you need to be able to find
+whether they have a file capability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they have a file capability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they have a file capability that
+allows them access to the Parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them access to the Parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them access to the Parent
+Directory right so it's trivial to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Directory right so it's trivial to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Directory right so it's trivial to go
+down because any subdirectory is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because any subdirectory is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because any subdirectory is already
+you already have access to it by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have access to it by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have access to it by having
+the capability that's right yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability that's right yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability that's right yeah but
+going up you need to see whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up you need to see whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up you need to see whether you
+have any capabilities for the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any capabilities for the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any capabilities for the parent
+that's right yeah yeah so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah yeah so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah yeah so that's a
+little bit tricky and also probably it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky and also probably it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky and also probably it's
+not goes against the grain of this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not goes against the grain of this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not goes against the grain of this whole
+explicit Authority thing what about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit Authority thing what about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit Authority thing what about if
+you're using dot dot inside of sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using dot dot inside of sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using dot dot inside of sort of a
+single open call so for example what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single open call so for example what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single open call so for example what if
+you call something like open at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call something like open at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call something like open at some
+particular directory file descriptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular directory file descriptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular directory file descriptor
+number and you open something like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and you open something like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and you open something like I
+don't know b/c SL do dot SL do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dot like in principle this might be safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot like in principle this might be safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot like in principle this might be safe
+right because you sort of go down some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you sort of go down some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you sort of go down some
+directory and then you just climb back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory and then you just climb back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory and then you just climb back
+up out of it yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out of it yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out of it yeah what
+is yeah so it's a little bit tricky of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah so it's a little bit tricky of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah so it's a little bit tricky of
+course to Define exactly what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to Define exactly what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to Define exactly what it means
+to be safe right you probably have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be safe right you probably have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be safe right you probably have to
+make sure that c isn't a Sim link that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that c isn't a Sim link that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that c isn't a Sim link that
+goes somewhere else and then so on yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes somewhere else and then so on yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes somewhere else and then so on yeah
+so it's a fairly tricky proposition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a fairly tricky proposition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a fairly tricky proposition to
+get this right and I think in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this right and I think in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this right and I think in the paper
+what they basically argue about is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they basically argue about is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they basically argue about is that
+it's actually quite difficult in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually quite difficult in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually quite difficult in
+practice to implement a set of checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice to implement a set of checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice to implement a set of checks
+that's sufficient and bypasses all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sufficient and bypasses all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sufficient and bypasses all
+possible race conditions here um so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible race conditions here um so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible race conditions here um so they
+basically just do the conservative thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just do the conservative thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just do the conservative thing
+and disallow any dot dot at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disallow any dot dot at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disallow any dot dot at any time
+once you're in capability mode um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're in capability mode um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're in capability mode um
+there's some like interesting race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some like interesting race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some like interesting race
+conditions you could come up with here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you could come up with here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you could come up with here
+uh like the lecture notes have uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the lecture notes have uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like the lecture notes have uh uh
+more details but uh basically I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details but uh basically I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details but uh basically I think
+these guys are being just extra cautious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are being just extra cautious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are being just extra cautious
+in defining what's allowed and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in defining what's allowed and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in defining what's allowed and what's
+not allowed in capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed in capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed in capability
+mode okay so here's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay so here's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay so here's an interesting
+question do like once you enter c mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question do like once you enter c mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question do like once you enter c mode
+it seems to be all controlled by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be all controlled by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be all controlled by your
+file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file
+table does your uid still matter once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table does your uid still matter once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table does your uid still matter once
+you're enter capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode could we blow away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode could we blow away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode could we blow away the
+uid yeah well you could still launch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uid yeah well you could still launch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uid yeah well you could still launch a
+process that doesn't use capability oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that doesn't use capability oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that doesn't use capability oh
+no no actually no you can't you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no actually no you can't you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no actually no you can't you have to
+make sure that otherwise you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that otherwise you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that otherwise you could
+Escape like well I can't access why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape like well I can't access why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape like well I can't access why
+don't you run this guy and he'll access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you run this guy and he'll access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you run this guy and he'll access
+and give him back to me so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give him back to me so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give him back to me so yeah so
+actually cap enter is inherited by all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cap enter is inherited by all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cap enter is inherited by all
+the children which is actually yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children which is actually yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children which is actually yeah
+hugely important um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely important um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely important um yeah
+yes should no anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes should no anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes should no anyone
+else so what if we kill the uid so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so what if we kill the uid so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so what if we kill the uid so yeah
+suppos we like go into cap enter and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppos we like go into cap enter and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppos we like go into cap enter and we
+just kill the uid of the current process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kill the uid of the current process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kill the uid of the current process
+we don't actually care what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't actually care what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't actually care what it is
+anymore and then the process tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and then the process tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and then the process tries to
+open a file what check should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a file what check should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a file what check should
+apply oh I was thinking the uid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply oh I was thinking the uid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply oh I was thinking the uid is
+useful for for logging purposes as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for for logging purposes as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for for logging purposes as well
+like being able to tell who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being able to tell who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being able to tell who did
+something so yeah you're right actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so yeah you're right actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so yeah you're right actually
+yeah so that would be actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that would be actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that would be actually kind of
+damaging right like I I spawn some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging right like I I spawn some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging right like I I spawn some
+sandbox process on my machine and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox process on my machine and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandbox process on my machine and it
+loses the uid I'm like I have 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses the uid I'm like I have 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses the uid I'm like I have 100
+processes running my machine and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes running my machine and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes running my machine and I have
+no idea what they are so that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea what they are so that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea what they are so that's probably
+not a good plan from a management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good plan from a management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good plan from a management
+purpose you're absolutely right uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose you're absolutely right uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose you're absolutely right uh but
+I'm just sort of hypothetically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just sort of hypothetically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just sort of hypothetically saying
+well do we need it for Access Control I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do we need it for Access Control I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do we need it for Access Control I
+guess yeah maybe if this uid is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah maybe if this uid is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah maybe if this uid is only
+supposed to be able to access this file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be able to access this file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be able to access this file
+by reading or whatever but you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reading or whatever but you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reading or whatever but you have the
+F scriptor for it but then if you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F scriptor for it but then if you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F scriptor for it but then if you lose
+the uid you might get permission right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uid you might get permission right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uid you might get permission right
+do you shouldn't have or something yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you shouldn't have or something yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you shouldn't have or something yeah
+I think I think actually what it show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think actually what it show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think actually what it show
+shows up in is in directories because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in is in directories because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in is in directories because
+once you have an capability to a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have an capability to a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have an capability to a file
+that's basically it you have it open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically it you have it open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically it you have it open
+with particular privileges Etc but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particular privileges Etc but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particular privileges Etc but the
+problem is that they have this hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that they have this hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that they have this hybrid
+design where they say well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design where they say well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design where they say well you can
+actually have capabilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have capabilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have capabilities to
+directories and you can open new files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories and you can open new files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories and you can open new files
+as you're running along and it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're running along and it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're running along and it might be
+the case that you have a capability to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you have a capability to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you have a capability to a
+directory like SL Etsy and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory like SL Etsy and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory like SL Etsy and you don't
+have access to necessarily all the files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to necessarily all the files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to necessarily all the files
+on/ Etsy but once you enter capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on/ Etsy but once you enter capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on/ Etsy but once you enter capability
+mode you can now try to open those files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode you can now try to open those files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode you can now try to open those files
+by saying well I have access to the/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying well I have access to the/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying well I have access to the/
+Etsy directory it's open already why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etsy directory it's open already why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etsy directory it's open already why
+don't you give me the file named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you give me the file named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you give me the file named
+password in that directory and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password in that directory and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password in that directory and the
+kernel still needs to make an access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel still needs to make an access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel still needs to make an access
+control decision of whether to allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control decision of whether to allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control decision of whether to allow you
+to open a file in that directory with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open a file in that directory with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open a file in that directory with
+either read mode or write mode or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either read mode or write mode or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either read mode or write mode or what
+have you so this is I think the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you so this is I think the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you so this is I think the one
+place where you still need this ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you still need this ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you still need this ambient
+privilege to some extent because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege to some extent because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege to some extent because they
+are trying to build this compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to build this compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to build this compatible
+design where you can sort of have semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design where you can sort of have semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design where you can sort of have semi
+you know natural semantics for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know natural semantics for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know natural semantics for how
+directories work does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories work does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories work does that make sense
+it's like one basically leftover place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one basically leftover place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one basically leftover place
+kind of for compatibility reasons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of for compatibility reasons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of for compatibility reasons or
+basically the way that Unix file systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way that Unix file systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way that Unix file systems
+are typically set up are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically set up are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically set up are there any other
+places good question I couldn't think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places good question I couldn't think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places good question I couldn't think of
+one off hand but I guess I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one off hand but I guess I would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one off hand but I guess I would have to
+GP their FreeBSD source code to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GP their FreeBSD source code to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GP their FreeBSD source code to really
+figure out what's going on um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on um I think
+most of the other situations don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the other situations don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the other situations don't
+really require a uid check because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really require a uid check because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really require a uid check because for
+networking this doesn't show up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking this doesn't show up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking this doesn't show up for
+process descriptors I think this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process descriptors I think this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process descriptors I think this doesn't
+show up either if you have it then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up either if you have it then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up either if you have it then you
+just have it um so I think it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have it um so I think it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have it um so I think it probably
+is just uh file system operations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh file system operations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh file system operations for
+shared memory it's also once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared memory it's also once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared memory it's also once you have a
+shared memory segment you have it open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah could you please then again how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah could you please then again how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah could you please then again how
+exactly the user ID matters uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the user ID matters uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the user ID matters uh if you
+have a capability yeah so I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a capability yeah so I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a capability yeah so I think uh
+where it happen where it matters is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it happen where it matters is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it happen where it matters is if
+you have a capability to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a capability to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a capability to a
+directory the question is what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory the question is what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory the question is what is that
+capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability
+represent so one interpretation that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent so one interpretation that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent so one interpretation that for
+example some capability systems take not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some capability systems take not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some capability systems take not
+capsicum pure capability systems they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum pure capability systems they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum pure capability systems they
+say well if you have a capability to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well if you have a capability to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well if you have a capability to a
+directory then of course you have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory then of course you have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory then of course you have access
+to all the files in that directory no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the files in that directory no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the files in that directory no
+questions about it and in Unix this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about it and in Unix this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about it and in Unix this is
+typically not the case you can open a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not the case you can open a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not the case you can open a
+directory like/ Etsy but there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory like/ Etsy but there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory like/ Etsy but there's lots of
+system files in there that are maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system files in there that are maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system files in there that are maybe
+private like the private key of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private like the private key of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private like the private key of your
+server is stored in there and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is stored in there and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is stored in there and just
+because you can look at a directory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can look at a directory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can look at a directory and
+open it and list it doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it and list it doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it and list it doesn't mean that
+you can open the files in that directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can open the files in that directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can open the files in that directory
+so in capsicum if you open a directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in capsicum if you open a directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in capsicum if you open a directory
+like/ Etsy and then you enter capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like/ Etsy and then you enter capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like/ Etsy and then you enter capability
+mode and then you say well hey I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and then you say well hey I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and then you say well hey I don't
+know what this directory is I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this directory is I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this directory is I just have
+a file descript to it there's a file in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file descript to it there's a file in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file descript to it there's a file in
+there called key why don't you open that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there called key why don't you open that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there called key why don't you open that
+file key and at this point you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file key and at this point you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file key and at this point you probably
+don't want to allow this capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to allow this capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to allow this capability
+based process to just open it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based process to just open it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based process to just open it because
+that wasn't the intent it would allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't the intent it would allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't the intent it would allow
+you to bypass the Unix permissions on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to bypass the Unix permissions on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to bypass the Unix permissions on a
+file so I think the the authors of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file so I think the the authors of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file so I think the the authors of this
+paper are careful to design a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper are careful to design a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper are careful to design a system
+which should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should
+not sort of violate existing security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of violate existing security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sort of violate existing security
+mechanisms so you're saying that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so you're saying that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so you're saying that you can
+in some combinations in some cases use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some combinations in some cases use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some combinations in some cases use a
+combination of the two so you have a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two so you have a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two so you have a you
+have ability to Chas you to a directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ability to Chas you to a directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ability to Chas you to a directory
+and inside that directory which files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside that directory which files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside that directory which files
+you can access deter depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can access deter depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can access deter depends on your
+user ID yeah exactly so so in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user ID yeah exactly so so in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user ID yeah exactly so so in in
+capsicum uh the the way they sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum uh the the way they sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum uh the the way they sort of get
+it to work in practice is that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to work in practice is that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to work in practice is that actually
+before you enter capability mode you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you enter capability mode you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you enter capability mode you
+have to sort of guess well what files am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of guess well what files am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of guess well what files am
+I going to need later like I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to need later like I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to need later like I'm going to
+need some shared libraries I'll need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some shared libraries I'll need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some shared libraries I'll need
+some text files I'll need some templates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some text files I'll need some templates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some text files I'll need some templates
+I'll need some network connections Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll need some network connections Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll need some network connections Etc
+so you open all these things ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you open all these things ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you open all these things ahead of
+time and you don't always necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you don't always necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you don't always necessarily
+know which exact file you might need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which exact file you might need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which exact file you might need so
+what these guys support as well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these guys support as well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these guys support as well you
+could actually just open a directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually just open a directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually just open a directory
+file descriptor as well and then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptor as well and then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptor as well and then I can
+look up the particular files later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the particular files later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the particular files later but
+it might be that the files don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that the files don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that the files don't have
+all the same permissions so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same permissions so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same permissions so uh that's
+exactly the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the reason
+yeah make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah make
+sense all right so so this is the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so so this is the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so so this is the sort
+of Kernel mechanism part of it um why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kernel mechanism part of it um why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kernel mechanism part of it um why do
+the why do they also need this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why do they also need this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why do they also need this sort of
+library for lib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library for lib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library for lib
+capsicum I guess there's two things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum I guess there's two things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum I guess there's two things that
+they uh support in that Library as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh support in that Library as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh support in that Library as far
+as I can tell or two sort of main things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can tell or two sort of main things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can tell or two sort of main things
+uh one is that they implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is that they implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is that they implement this
+function they call lch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start that
+um instead of that you should sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of that you should sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of that you should sort of
+use instead of cap enter um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use instead of cap enter um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use instead of cap enter um and the
+other sort of feature that the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of feature that the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of feature that the library
+provides in lip caps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides in lip caps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides in lip caps
+is this uh notion called FD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this uh notion called FD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this uh notion called FD
+lists instead of sort of passing file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists instead of sort of passing file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists instead of sort of passing file
+descriptors by number so FD list thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors by number so FD list thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors by number so FD list thing
+is probably the easiest thing to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the easiest thing to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the easiest thing to explain
+um it's basically a generalization or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's basically a generalization or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's basically a generalization or
+sort of a maybe a cleanup of how Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a maybe a cleanup of how Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a maybe a cleanup of how Unix
+manages and passes file descriptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages and passes file descriptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages and passes file descriptors
+between processes so in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between processes so in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between processes so in sort of
+traditional Unix and like Linux how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional Unix and like Linux how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional Unix and like Linux how you
+use it today typically when you launch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it today typically when you launch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it today typically when you launch a
+process you can pass it some file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you can pass it some file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you can pass it some file
+descriptors you just open some file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors you just open some file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors you just open some file
+descriptors that particular integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors that particular integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors that particular integer
+numbers in this table and you run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this table and you run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this table and you run the
+child process that you want to run or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child process that you want to run or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child process that you want to run or
+you sort of run a particular binary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of run a particular binary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of run a particular binary and
+it inherits all these open slots in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inherits all these open slots in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inherits all these open slots in the
+FD table but there's no real good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FD table but there's no real good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FD table but there's no real good way to
+name these things other than by number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name these things other than by number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name these things other than by number
+so the sort of somewhat maybe surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sort of somewhat maybe surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sort of somewhat maybe surprising
+convention if you haven't Tri to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention if you haven't Tri to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention if you haven't Tri to it
+before is that well slot zero is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is that well slot zero is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is that well slot zero is your
+input slot one is your output slot two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input slot one is your output slot two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input slot one is your output slot two
+is where you should print error messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you should print error messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you should print error messages
+too and that's how Unix sort of works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and that's how Unix sort of works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and that's how Unix sort of works
+but in and it sort of works okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in and it sort of works okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in and it sort of works okay if you
+are just passing these three sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just passing these three sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just passing these three sort of
+files or streams to a process but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files or streams to a process but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files or streams to a process but in
+capsicum what's happening is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum what's happening is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum what's happening is that you're
+passing now many more file descriptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing now many more file descriptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing now many more file descriptors
+around so you're passing a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so you're passing a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so you're passing a file
+descriptor for I don't know some file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor for I don't know some file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor for I don't know some file
+you're passing a file descriptor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're passing a file descriptor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're passing a file descriptor for
+network connection for a shared library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network connection for a shared library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network connection for a shared library
+for what have you and it becomes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what have you and it becomes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what have you and it becomes much
+more tedious to manage all these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tedious to manage all these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tedious to manage all these numbers
+so basically lip capsicum provides an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically lip capsicum provides an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically lip capsicum provides an
+abstraction for naming these past file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction for naming these past file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction for naming these past file
+descriptors between processes by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors between processes by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors between processes by some
+sort of a hierarchical name um instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a hierarchical name um instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a hierarchical name um instead
+of just these opaque integers if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just these opaque integers if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just these opaque integers if you
+will so that's one sort of simple thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so that's one sort of simple thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so that's one sort of simple thing
+that they provide in their Library so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they provide in their Library so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they provide in their Library so I
+can pass a file descriptor to a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pass a file descriptor to a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pass a file descriptor to a process
+and give it a name and it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it a name and it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it a name and it doesn't really
+matter what number it has it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what number it has it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what number it has it'll be
+easier to use that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to use that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to use that make
+sense okay so then they have this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so then they have this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so then they have this other
+mechanism this uh sort of much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism this uh sort of much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism this uh sort of much more
+elaborate way to start a Sandbox this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate way to start a Sandbox this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate way to start a Sandbox this
+lch lip capsicum host API for starting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lch lip capsicum host API for starting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lch lip capsicum host API for starting a
+Sandbox instead of just entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sandbox instead of just entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sandbox instead of just entering the
+capability mode so what happens why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability mode so what happens why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability mode so what happens why do
+they need something more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need something more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need something more than just
+entering capability mode what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering capability mode what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering capability mode what do you
+worry about when creating a Sandbox yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about when creating a Sandbox yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about when creating a Sandbox yeah
+it's uh erases all the inherited stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh erases all the inherited stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh erases all the inherited stuff
+to give you a clean start yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a clean start yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a clean start yeah so I
+think they worry about uh trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they worry about uh trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they worry about uh trying to
+enumerate what are all the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate what are all the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate what are all the things that
+the sandbox has access to um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sandbox has access to um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sandbox has access to um and the
+problem is that if you just call Cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that if you just call Cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that if you just call Cap
+enter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter it
+technically at the kernel mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically at the kernel mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically at the kernel mechanism
+level as we talked about just now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as we talked about just now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as we talked about just now it
+worked right it just prevents you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked right it just prevents you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked right it just prevents you from
+any opening any new capabilities but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any opening any new capabilities but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any opening any new capabilities but the
+problem is that there might be lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that there might be lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that there might be lots of
+existing stuff that the process already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing stuff that the process already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing stuff that the process already
+has access to so what uh I guess the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has access to so what uh I guess the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has access to so what uh I guess the the
+simplest example is maybe there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest example is maybe there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest example is maybe there are some
+file descriptor that you forgot you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptor that you forgot you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptor that you forgot you had
+opened and it'll just get inherited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened and it'll just get inherited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened and it'll just get inherited by
+this process so one example is they I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process so one example is they I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process so one example is they I
+think we're looking at TCP dump and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're looking at TCP dump and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're looking at TCP dump and they
+realized that well first they changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that well first they changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that well first they changed
+TCP dump just to just by calling cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP dump just to just by calling cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP dump just to just by calling cap
+enter at the point just before they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter at the point just before they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter at the point just before they were
+about to partiel the network input so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to partiel the network input so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to partiel the network input so
+this works well in some sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works well in some sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works well in some sense because
+you can't get any more capabilities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get any more capabilities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get any more capabilities but
+then they looked at the open file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they looked at the open file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they looked at the open file
+descriptor they realized that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor they realized that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor they realized that you have
+complete access to the user's terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete access to the user's terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete access to the user's terminal
+because you have an open file descriptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have an open file descriptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have an open file descriptor
+to it so you can actually sniff all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so you can actually sniff all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so you can actually sniff all the
+keystrokes that the user is typing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keystrokes that the user is typing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keystrokes that the user is typing and
+all that stuff so that's probably not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff so that's probably not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff so that's probably not a
+great plan for TCP dump uh if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great plan for TCP dump uh if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great plan for TCP dump uh if it's
+compromised you probably don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised you probably don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised you probably don't want
+sniffing everything you're typing um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sniffing everything you're typing um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sniffing everything you're typing um so
+instead they well in t cpd's case they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they well in t cpd's case they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they well in t cpd's case they
+still they manually uh changed uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still they manually uh changed uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still they manually uh changed uh these
+file descriptors to add some capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptors to add some capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptors to add some capability
+bits to them to restrict what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to them to restrict what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to them to restrict what kinds of
+operations you can do so remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you can do so remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you can do so remember the
+capability at least in capsicum has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability at least in capsicum has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability at least in capsicum has
+these extra bits that say here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extra bits that say here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extra bits that say here's the
+classes of operations you can perform on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of operations you can perform on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of operations you can perform on
+a file descriptor so they basically take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file descriptor so they basically take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file descriptor so they basically take
+uh you know what used to be let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know what used to be let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know what used to be let's say
+file descriptor zero it pointed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptor zero it pointed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file descriptor zero it pointed to the
+user's terminal TTY and originally this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's terminal TTY and originally this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's terminal TTY and originally this
+was just a direct pointer to the TTY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a direct pointer to the TTY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a direct pointer to the TTY
+structure in the kernel what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the kernel what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the kernel what they do is
+they actually uh in order to limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually uh in order to limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually uh in order to limit the
+kinds of operations you can perform in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of operations you can perform in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of operations you can perform in
+this file descriptor they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file descriptor they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file descriptor they basically
+introduce some extra data structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some extra data structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some extra data structure in
+the middle this guy will point to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle this guy will point to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle this guy will point to the
+terminal and the file descriptor itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal and the file descriptor itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal and the file descriptor itself
+will point to this uh you know some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will point to this uh you know some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will point to this uh you know some sort
+of a capability structure and inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a capability structure and inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a capability structure and inside of
+it is the pointer to the real file that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the pointer to the real file that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the pointer to the real file that
+you're trying to access as well as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to access as well as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to access as well as some
+restricted bits or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted bits or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted bits or
+permissions on that file descriptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions on that file descriptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions on that file descriptor
+object that you can do so in their case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you can do so in their case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you can do so in their case
+they basically say for TCP dumps stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically say for TCP dumps stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically say for TCP dumps stand
+input you cannot do anything on it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input you cannot do anything on it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input you cannot do anything on it you
+can just see that it exists and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just see that it exists and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just see that it exists and that's
+it for the output file descriptor they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the output file descriptor they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the output file descriptor they
+say well you can write to it but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you can write to it but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you can write to it but you
+maybe can't reposition it you can't seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe can't reposition it you can't seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe can't reposition it you can't seek
+it back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back and forth
+Etc make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc make
+sense so what else would you worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so what else would you worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so what else would you worry about
+in terms of starting a Sandbox so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of starting a Sandbox so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of starting a Sandbox so
+there's I guess the file scriptor state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I guess the file scriptor state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I guess the file scriptor state
+anything else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matters well I guess in Unix it's file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters well I guess in Unix it's file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters well I guess in Unix it's file
+Des script and memory that's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Des script and memory that's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Des script and memory that's pretty much
+it uh so so the other thing that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so so the other thing that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so so the other thing that uh
+these guys uh worry about is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys uh worry about is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys uh worry about is that it
+might be that in your address space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that in your address space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that in your address space you
+previously allocated some sensitive data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously allocated some sensitive data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously allocated some sensitive data
+and the process that you sandbox is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process that you sandbox is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process that you sandbox is
+going to be able to read all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to read all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to read all of its
+memory so if there's maybe some password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so if there's maybe some password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so if there's maybe some password
+that you checked before when the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you checked before when the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you checked before when the user
+was logging in and you haven't cleared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was logging in and you haven't cleared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was logging in and you haven't cleared
+that yet well the sandbox process will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet well the sandbox process will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet well the sandbox process will
+be able to read that and do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to read that and do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to read that and do something
+maybe interesting with that um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe interesting with that um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe interesting with that um so the
+way they solve this problem is in lch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they solve this problem is in lch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they solve this problem is in lch
+start you basically have to start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you basically have to start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you basically have to start a
+program fresh you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program fresh you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program fresh you basically
+take a program you explicitly package up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a program you explicitly package up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a program you explicitly package up
+all the arguments you want to give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the arguments you want to give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the arguments you want to give it
+you explicitly package up all the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explicitly package up all the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explicitly package up all the file
+descriptors you want to give it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors you want to give it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors you want to give it and then
+you start a basically a new process or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start a basically a new process or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start a basically a new process or
+you Call Exec at least to reinitialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Call Exec at least to reinitialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Call Exec at least to reinitialize
+your whole virtual memory space uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole virtual memory space uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole virtual memory space uh and
+then there's no question about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no question about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no question about what is
+the set of sort of sensitive data of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of sort of sensitive data of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of sort of sensitive data of
+extra privileges that this process has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra privileges that this process has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra privileges that this process has
+it's exactly what you've passed to lch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly what you've passed to lch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly what you've passed to lch
+start in terms of a program binary name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in terms of a program binary name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in terms of a program binary name
+arguments and capabilities can that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and capabilities can that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and capabilities can that make
+sense yeah uh would Happ the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yeah uh would Happ the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yeah uh would Happ the process
+that you're starting is a set ID zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're starting is a set ID zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're starting is a set ID zero
+binary yeah I think uh these guys um say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary yeah I think uh these guys um say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary yeah I think uh these guys um say
+that they don't actually allow setu ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't actually allow setu ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't actually allow setu ID
+binaries in capability mode just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binaries in capability mode just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binaries in capability mode just to
+avoid some weird interactions that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid some weird interactions that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid some weird interactions that could
+show up uh what I think the rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up uh what I think the rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up uh what I think the rules that
+they Implement is that you could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Implement is that you could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Implement is that you could have a
+setu ID program that gets its privileges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setu ID program that gets its privileges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setu ID program that gets its privileges
+from a setu ID binary and then it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a setu ID binary and then it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a setu ID binary and then it can
+call cap aner or lch start but once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call cap aner or lch start but once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call cap aner or lch start but once you
+are in capability mode you cannot regain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in capability mode you cannot regain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in capability mode you cannot regain
+extra privileges in principle this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra privileges in principle this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra privileges in principle this could
+work but it would be very weird because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but it would be very weird because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but it would be very weird because
+remember the only place where the uid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the only place where the uid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the only place where the uid
+matters once you're in capability mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters once you're in capability mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters once you're in capability mode
+is in opening these files inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in opening these files inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in opening these files inside of a
+directory so it's not clear this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory so it's not clear this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory so it's not clear this is
+really a great plan for getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a great plan for getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a great plan for getting more
+privileges or it's meaningful there Mak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges or it's meaningful there Mak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges or it's meaningful there Mak
+sense yeah we we talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yeah we we talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yeah we we talked about earlier
+why like the library doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why like the library doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why like the library doesn't really
+support like strict separation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support like strict separation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support like strict separation between
+those two and know we just mentioned all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and know we just mentioned all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and know we just mentioned all
+these problems that you could use if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems that you could use if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems that you could use if you
+had access interel so we're still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had access interel so we're still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had access interel so we're still not
+under a restriction to use them start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a restriction to use them start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a restriction to use them start
+necessarily that's right yeah so lch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that's right yeah so lch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that's right yeah so lch
+start here's the sort of the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start here's the sort of the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start here's the sort of the way to
+think of it so you have an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it so you have an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it so you have an application
+like maybe TCP dump or gzip is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe TCP dump or gzip is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe TCP dump or gzip is the other
+thing they they work with and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they they work with and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they they work with and what
+you're basically assuming is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically assuming is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically assuming is the
+application is probably not compromised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is probably not compromised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is probably not compromised
+and there are some core part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some core part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some core part of the
+application that you worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that you worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that you worry about
+sandboxing in TCP dumps case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandboxing in TCP dumps case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandboxing in TCP dumps case it's
+actually parsing packets coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually parsing packets coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually parsing packets coming from the
+network in jesup's case it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network in jesup's case it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network in jesup's case it's actually
+taking the file and decompressing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the file and decompressing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the file and decompressing it and
+you're basically assuming well up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically assuming well up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically assuming well up until
+that point the process is probably doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point the process is probably doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point the process is probably doing
+all the right things it's not exploited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the right things it's not exploited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the right things it's not exploited
+there's probably not a bug yet for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably not a bug yet for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably not a bug yet for the
+attacker to maybe exploit even so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker to maybe exploit even so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker to maybe exploit even so at
+that point you're trusting that it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you're trusting that it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you're trusting that it'll
+run lch start correctly and correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run lch start correctly and correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run lch start correctly and correctly
+set up the image correctly set up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the image correctly set up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the image correctly set up all
+the capabilities and then restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capabilities and then restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capabilities and then restrict
+itself from making any further system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself from making any further system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself from making any further system
+calls outside of this capability mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls outside of this capability mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls outside of this capability mode
+and then you run the dangerous stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you run the dangerous stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you run the dangerous stuff and
+then then by then this setup has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then by then this setup has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then by then this setup has
+happened correctly and then it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened correctly and then it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened correctly and then it's no
+there's no way to escape out of the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to escape out of the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to escape out of the sort
+of that time box make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that time box make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that time box make
+sense all right so I guess let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so I guess let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so I guess let's uh
+maybe look at how you actually use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe look at how you actually use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe look at how you actually use uh
+capability mode to um sandbox some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability mode to um sandbox some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability mode to um sandbox some
+applications right so we talked a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications right so we talked a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications right so we talked a little
+bit about TCP dump how do you um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about TCP dump how do you um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about TCP dump how do you um sort of
+isolate this process um the another sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate this process um the another sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate this process um the another sort
+of interesting example they had was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting example they had was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting example they had was this
+uh gzip program that uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gzip program that uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gzip program that uh you know
+compresses decompresses files so why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compresses decompresses files so why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compresses decompresses files so why do
+they worry about sandboxing it I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they worry about sandboxing it I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they worry about sandboxing it I guess
+they they worry that the decompression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they worry that the decompression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they worry that the decompression
+code is going to be potentially buggy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is going to be potentially buggy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is going to be potentially buggy or
+maybe there's some you know memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's some you know memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's some you know memory
+management errors in how they manage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management errors in how they manage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management errors in how they manage the
+bo first during decompression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bo first during decompression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bo first during decompression
+Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+so could they well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could they well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could they well
+what one interesting question I guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one interesting question I guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one interesting question I guess is
+uh why why why are the changes to Gip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why why why are the changes to Gip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why why why are the changes to Gip
+seemingly much more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly much more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly much more complicated than
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh done for TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dump any guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as far as you can tell it's mostly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as you can tell it's mostly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as you can tell it's mostly just
+a question of how the application is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of how the application is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of how the application is
+structured internally right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured internally right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured internally right so
+um if if you had a application that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if if you had a application that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if if you had a application that
+simply compressed a single file or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply compressed a single file or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply compressed a single file or
+decompressed a single file then it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompressed a single file then it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompressed a single file then it might
+be okay for us to just run it sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay for us to just run it sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay for us to just run it sort of uh
+in capability mode without really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capability mode without really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capability mode without really
+changing it you just give it a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it you just give it a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it you just give it a new
+standard in for something to decompress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard in for something to decompress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard in for something to decompress
+and the standard out goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard out goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard out goes to the
+decompressed output and that would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompressed output and that would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompressed output and that would work
+fine the problem as is almost always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine the problem as is almost always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine the problem as is almost always the
+case here with these kinds of sandboxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here with these kinds of sandboxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here with these kinds of sandboxing
+techniques is that the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques is that the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques is that the application
+actually has much more complicated logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has much more complicated logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has much more complicated logic
+around it so G for example can compress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it so G for example can compress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it so G for example can compress
+multiple files Etc and in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple files Etc and in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple files Etc and in that case you
+have some sort of a driver process on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of a driver process on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of a driver process on
+top which actually has these extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top which actually has these extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top which actually has these extra
+privileges to open multiple files to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges to open multiple files to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileges to open multiple files to
+create things Etc and the core logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create things Etc and the core logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create things Etc and the core logic
+needs to be often another helper process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be often another helper process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be often another helper process
+and it was just so the case in jip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was just so the case in jip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was just so the case in jip that
+that application wasn't structured in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that application wasn't structured in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that application wasn't structured in a
+way where this was already a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where this was already a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where this was already a separate
+process doing all the decompression or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process doing all the decompression or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process doing all the decompression or
+compression so they had to change gp's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression so they had to change gp's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression so they had to change gp's
+sort of core implementation well some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of core implementation well some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of core implementation well some
+structure of the Gip application to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the Gip application to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the Gip application to pass
+instead of just passing the data to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just passing the data to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just passing the data to the
+decompression function to actually send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompression function to actually send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompression function to actually send
+it over an RPC call or really just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over an RPC call or really just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over an RPC call or really just write
+it to some almost file descriptor to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to some almost file descriptor to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to some almost file descriptor to uh
+help a process that runs on the side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a process that runs on the side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a process that runs on the side and
+performs all this decompression with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs all this decompression with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs all this decompression with
+almost no privileges the only thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no privileges the only thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no privileges the only thing it
+can do is res return the decompressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is res return the decompressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is res return the decompressed
+data or the compressed data back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or the compressed data back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or the compressed data back to the
+callor process does that roughly make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callor process does that roughly make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callor process does that roughly make
+sense what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense what's going on in
+gzip all right so I guess one thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gzip all right so I guess one thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gzip all right so I guess one thing we
+asked for the homework is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked for the homework is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked for the homework is how do you
+actually use capsicum in okws so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use capsicum in okws so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use capsicum in okws so what do
+you guys think what uh would this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys think what uh would this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys think what uh would this be
+useful would the okws guys been excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful would the okws guys been excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful would the okws guys been excited
+and like switch to FreeBSD because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like switch to FreeBSD because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like switch to FreeBSD because this
+was much easier to use or is this a wash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was much easier to use or is this a wash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was much easier to use or is this a wash
+so what do you think how would you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think how would you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think how would you use
+capsicum in FreeBSD would this be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum in FreeBSD would this be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum in FreeBSD would this be much
+different yeah so it means you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah so it means you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah so it means you can get
+rid of some of the jailing logic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of some of the jailing logic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of some of the jailing logic the
+trting logic yeah that's true so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trting logic yeah that's true so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trting logic yeah that's true so like
+tro seems to be completely superseded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tro seems to be completely superseded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tro seems to be completely superseded by
+this plan of having directory file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan of having directory file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan of having directory file
+descriptors and capability so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors and capability so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors and capability so that's
+great so you don't need the C root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so you don't need the C root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so you don't need the C root
+setting it up that seems messy and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting it up that seems messy and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting it up that seems messy and this
+is much more precise also because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more precise also because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more precise also because you
+can instead of having a CH route with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can instead of having a CH route with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can instead of having a CH route with
+like lots of little things in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lots of little things in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lots of little things in there and
+you have to maybe set the permissions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to maybe set the permissions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to maybe set the permissions on
+them carefully you can just open EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them carefully you can just open EX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them carefully you can just open EX
+exactly the files that you need so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the files that you need so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the files that you need so that
+seems like a plus yeah any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a plus yeah any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a plus yeah any other
+benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah in okws you mean yeah so in okws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in okws you mean yeah so in okws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in okws you mean yeah so in okws
+right you had this okay launcher demon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you had this okay launcher demon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you had this okay launcher demon
+that had to launch all these guys and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to launch all these guys and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to launch all these guys and it
+was the parent process so when they die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the parent process so when they die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the parent process so when they die
+the signal goes back to this okld to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal goes back to this okld to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal goes back to this okld to
+restart the the the crashed process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart the the the crashed process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart the the the crashed process and
+that thing had to run as root because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing had to run as root because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing had to run as root because it
+had to sandbox things so there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to sandbox things so there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to sandbox things so there's uh
+actually a number of things you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a number of things you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a number of things you could do
+better with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with
+capsicum um in okws so one example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum um in okws so one example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum um in okws so one example is
+you could probably have okld have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could probably have okld have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could probably have okld have many
+fewer privileges because it might need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer privileges because it might need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer privileges because it might need
+to be root initially to get Port 80 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be root initially to get Port 80 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be root initially to get Port 80 but
+after that it could set up sandboxes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that it could set up sandboxes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that it could set up sandboxes for
+everyone else without being root anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else without being root anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else without being root anymore
+so that's kind of cool and maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of cool and maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of cool and maybe you can
+even delegate the job of respawning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even delegate the job of respawning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even delegate the job of respawning a
+process to someone else maybe per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to someone else maybe per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to someone else maybe per
+service monitor demon that just uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service monitor demon that just uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service monitor demon that just uh has
+this process descriptor handle for or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process descriptor handle for or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process descriptor handle for or
+process descript scriptor for child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process descript scriptor for child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process descript scriptor for child
+process and whenever it crashes starts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and whenever it crashes starts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and whenever it crashes starts a
+new one so I think this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one so I think this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one so I think this process
+scriptors help things a lot in the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scriptors help things a lot in the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scriptors help things a lot in the fact
+that you can create a Sandbox without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can create a Sandbox without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can create a Sandbox without
+being root is also quite helpful as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being root is also quite helpful as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being root is also quite helpful as
+well there any other stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there any other stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there any other stuff that you
+could do yeah uh you could give each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do yeah uh you could give each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do yeah uh you could give each one
+a file the scripture with a pend only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file the scripture with a pend only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file the scripture with a pend only
+mode to the log yeah so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode to the log yeah so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode to the log yeah so that's actually
+pretty cool so we were talking last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so we were talking last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so we were talking last time
+when uh in okws well the OK logd maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh in okws well the OK logd maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh in okws well the OK logd maybe
+could tamper with the log file and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tamper with the log file and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tamper with the log file and who
+knows what the kernel will allow it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what the kernel will allow it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what the kernel will allow it to
+do once it has a file descriptor on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do once it has a file descriptor on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do once it has a file descriptor on the
+log file itself but here the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log file itself but here the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log file itself but here the fact that
+we can do much more precise capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do much more precise capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do much more precise capability
+masks on a file descriptor well we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks on a file descriptor well we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks on a file descriptor well we could
+give it a log file and say well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a log file and say well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a log file and say well you
+could just write to it but not seek so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just write to it but not seek so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just write to it but not seek so
+that basically means append only uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically means append only uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically means append only uh if
+you're the only writer to that file um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the only writer to that file um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the only writer to that file um
+so that seems kind of nice and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that seems kind of nice and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that seems kind of nice and you could
+prevent it from reading a file you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent it from reading a file you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent it from reading a file you could
+say well you can only write but not read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you can only write but not read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you can only write but not read
+which is something that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that's probably
+difficult to do with Unix permissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do with Unix permissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do with Unix permissions
+alone uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone uh right
+now makees sense any other ideas for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now makees sense any other ideas for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now makees sense any other ideas for how
+capsicum might help or like would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum might help or like would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum might help or like would you
+wish there was more stuff in capsicum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish there was more stuff in capsicum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish there was more stuff in capsicum I
+guess there's always you wish there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess there's always you wish there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess there's always you wish there was
+more stuff so one thing that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff so one thing that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff so one thing that becomes
+slightly tricky is the service demons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly tricky is the service demons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly tricky is the service demons
+need to connect to their backend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to connect to their backend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to connect to their backend
+databases somehow uh which might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases somehow uh which might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases somehow uh which might be
+remotely but you don't want the launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely but you don't want the launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely but you don't want the launch
+demon to know about which Services each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demon to know about which Services each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demon to know about which Services each
+service is going to connect to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service is going to connect to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service is going to connect to maybe
+yeah so that's a good question right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a good question right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a good question right so
+so in in in capsicum as we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in in capsicum as we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in in capsicum as we were talking
+right the network is a glob M Nam space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the network is a glob M Nam space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the network is a glob M Nam space
+you have to have existing file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have existing file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have existing file
+descriptors for all the outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors for all the outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors for all the outstanding
+connections ahead of time you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections ahead of time you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections ahead of time you don't
+necessarily wantok to open up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily wantok to open up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily wantok to open up all the
+sockets for all the services because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sockets for all the services because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sockets for all the services because
+they it might not know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it might not know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it might not know where the
+services are connected that's right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services are connected that's right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services are connected that's right yeah
+so that's a little bit of an awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a little bit of an awkward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a little bit of an awkward
+thing I absolutely agree and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I absolutely agree and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I absolutely agree and this is
+part of the reason why I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason why I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason why I think
+capabilities haven't completely subsumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities haven't completely subsumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities haven't completely subsumed
+everything in the security world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the security world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the security world is
+because they are kind of awkward to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are kind of awkward to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are kind of awkward to use
+because the guy that gives you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the guy that gives you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the guy that gives you all the
+Privileges has to know exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Privileges has to know exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Privileges has to know exactly what
+things you're going to need like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're going to need like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're going to need like these
+connections to backend servers so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to backend servers so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to backend servers so at
+some level maybe this is not such a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level maybe this is not such a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level maybe this is not such a huge
+problem in okws because the launcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in okws because the launcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in okws because the launcher
+demon has to read a config file that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demon has to read a config file that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demon has to read a config file that's
+going to pass the token to the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass the token to the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass the token to the service
+in the first place so maybe the token is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place so maybe the token is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place so maybe the token is
+going to contain the host and port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contain the host and port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contain the host and port
+number to which you connect to but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to which you connect to but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to which you connect to but I
+agree it's not great uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree it's not great uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree it's not great uh because
+especially supposed the database server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially supposed the database server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially supposed the database server
+you know disconnects you well you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know disconnects you well you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know disconnects you well you're
+kind of stuck now the file descriptor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuck now the file descriptor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuck now the file descriptor is
+not connected anymore and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not connected anymore and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not connected anymore and you can't
+connect new one so basically if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect new one so basically if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect new one so basically if the
+database server crashes and or restarts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database server crashes and or restarts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database server crashes and or restarts
+or network breaks you basically have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or network breaks you basically have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or network breaks you basically have to
+terminate and get yourself respawned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate and get yourself respawned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate and get yourself respawned so
+you can get a new one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a new one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a new one of these
+connections pass to you so this maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections pass to you so this maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections pass to you so this maybe
+not a great plan in that sense could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a great plan in that sense could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a great plan in that sense could we
+W the system called the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the system called the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the system called the function
+function to open a socket so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to open a socket so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to open a socket so that it
+talks to a middleman that instead opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to a middleman that instead opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to a middleman that instead opens
+the socket and us send this back to yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the socket and us send this back to yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the socket and us send this back to yes
+this is I think what the FreeBSD guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think what the FreeBSD guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think what the FreeBSD guys
+have done since uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done since uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done since uh
+well there's a bunch of situations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a bunch of situations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a bunch of situations like
+this where you want to open some file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you want to open some file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you want to open some file
+after the factor you want to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the factor you want to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the factor you want to connect
+some to something after going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some to something after going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some to something after going into
+capability mode so the FreeBSD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability mode so the FreeBSD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability mode so the FreeBSD
+developers have added this demon called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers have added this demon called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers have added this demon called
+Casper that every capability based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casper that every capability based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casper that every capability based
+process has a handle on and the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has a handle on and the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has a handle on and the this
+Casper demon runs outside of capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casper demon runs outside of capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casper demon runs outside of capability
+mode and basically listens to requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and basically listens to requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and basically listens to requests
+from sandbox processes and you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sandbox processes and you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sandbox processes and you know if
+you want to open some file or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to open some file or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to open some file or if you
+want to send a network connection or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send a network connection or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send a network connection or a
+packet or something but you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet or something but you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet or something but you didn't have
+the right capability beforehand then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right capability beforehand then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right capability beforehand then
+this Casper demon will do it for you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Casper demon will do it for you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Casper demon will do it for you but
+it carefully maintains a list of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it carefully maintains a list of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it carefully maintains a list of things
+that every sandbox process should or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every sandbox process should or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every sandbox process should or
+should not be able to do so it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be able to do so it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be able to do so it's like a
+system service so that when you start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system service so that when you start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system service so that when you start a
+capability process or enter capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability process or enter capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability process or enter capability
+mode by default this Casper thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode by default this Casper thing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode by default this Casper thing will
+not allow you to do anything extra funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allow you to do anything extra funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allow you to do anything extra funny
+but you could say well you know hey I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could say well you know hey I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could say well you know hey I'm
+going to start the sandbox process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start the sandbox process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start the sandbox process and
+you can ask Casper well please allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask Casper well please allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask Casper well please allow
+this my process to do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this my process to do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this my process to do the following
+things later so you could right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things later so you could right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things later so you could right and the
+cool thing is that you can pass file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing is that you can pass file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing is that you can pass file
+descriptors or capabilities through FD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors or capabilities through FD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors or capabilities through FD
+passing in Unix so once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing in Unix so once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing in Unix so once you have a
+handle on this Casper guy you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on this Casper guy you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on this Casper guy you can get
+more capabilities later on so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more capabilities later on so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more capabilities later on so it's this
+you know again trade-off between being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again trade-off between being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again trade-off between being
+pure capability World versus actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure capability World versus actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure capability World versus actually
+being programmable or easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being programmable or easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being programmable or easy to
+use so it seems to be working now uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so it seems to be working now uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so it seems to be working now uh I
+think the particular thing they uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the particular thing they uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the particular thing they uh use
+it for in FreeBSD or the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for in FreeBSD or the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for in FreeBSD or the thing that
+shows up often is making DNS queries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up often is making DNS queries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up often is making DNS queries so
+you want to be able to make DNS queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to make DNS queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to make DNS queries
+you're once you're in a sandbox and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're once you're in a sandbox and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're once you're in a sandbox and
+actually this is a problem they ran into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is a problem they ran into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is a problem they ran into
+with TCP dump because when TCP dump is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with TCP dump because when TCP dump is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with TCP dump because when TCP dump is
+printing your packets it wants to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing your packets it wants to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing your packets it wants to print
+the host name for an IP address in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host name for an IP address in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host name for an IP address in order
+to do this it has to talk to a DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this it has to talk to a DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this it has to talk to a DNS
+server but you probably don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server but you probably don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server but you probably don't want to
+connect to a DNS server ahead of time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to a DNS server ahead of time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to a DNS server ahead of time or
+to every DNS server you might ever need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every DNS server you might ever need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every DNS server you might ever need
+um so instead they use this helper demon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so instead they use this helper demon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so instead they use this helper demon
+that's going to make DNS queries for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make DNS queries for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make DNS queries for you
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+sense all right so I guess the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so I guess the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so I guess the last
+thing I wanted to sort of talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanted to sort of talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanted to sort of talk about is
+what what are the I guess security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the I guess security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the I guess security
+guarantees that uh capsum provide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that uh capsum provide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that uh capsum provide so
+should you trust it like what how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you trust it like what how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you trust it like what how could
+capsicum go wrong I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum go wrong I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum go wrong I guess
+or presumably you can always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or presumably you can always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or presumably you can always have
+problems regardless of what mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems regardless of what mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems regardless of what mechanism
+you're using underneath but like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using underneath but like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using underneath but like what
+particular things should we worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular things should we worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular things should we worry about
+in capsicum when we're building some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capsicum when we're building some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capsicum when we're building some
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here suppose you were you had to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here suppose you were you had to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here suppose you were you had to attack
+this thing like you had to attack this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing like you had to attack this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing like you had to attack this
+TCP dump thing or you know gzip or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP dump thing or you know gzip or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP dump thing or you know gzip or
+whatever it is that they've implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that they've implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that they've implemented
+what would you look at in terms of bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you look at in terms of bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you look at in terms of bugs
+or problems yeah well it depend on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or problems yeah well it depend on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or problems yeah well it depend on like
+the developers knowing what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developers knowing what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developers knowing what they're
+doing so they might give like a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so they might give like a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so they might give like a bad
+visibility that's right yeah so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility that's right yeah so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility that's right yeah so it's
+actually one interesting property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one interesting property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one interesting property of
+capsicum is that it's not a guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum is that it's not a guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsicum is that it's not a guarantee
+that the user of the system gets it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user of the system gets it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user of the system gets it's
+really a tool that the developer has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a tool that the developer has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a tool that the developer has to
+build more trustworthy or better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build more trustworthy or better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build more trustworthy or better
+application software uh but I as a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application software uh but I as a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application software uh but I as a user
+of the system have no idea whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system have no idea whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system have no idea whether this
+is a good or bad thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good or bad thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good or bad thing that the
+application is using capsicum uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is using capsicum uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is using capsicum uh it
+could totally misuse it as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could totally misuse it as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could totally misuse it as you're
+absolutely right U so maybe one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right U so maybe one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right U so maybe one example
+is as they show in the paper you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as they show in the paper you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as they show in the paper you could
+give too many privileges to the sandbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give too many privileges to the sandbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give too many privileges to the sandbox
+process like the TCP dump helper well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like the TCP dump helper well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like the TCP dump helper well
+maybe it has access to my console and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it has access to my console and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it has access to my console and
+that's not not so great but it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not not so great but it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not not so great but it's hard
+for me as a user to really tell this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me as a user to really tell this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me as a user to really tell this in
+a general purpose fashion yeah might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general purpose fashion yeah might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general purpose fashion yeah might
+also be that you forget to or when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be that you forget to or when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be that you forget to or when you
+set the the permissions to the mask on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the the permissions to the mask on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the the permissions to the mask on
+On Any Given file descriptor that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On Any Given file descriptor that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On Any Given file descriptor that you
+set two permissive masks yeah right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set two permissive masks yeah right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set two permissive masks yeah right so
+so it's not just a file descriptor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just a file descriptor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just a file descriptor it's
+also what can you do with those file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what can you do with those file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what can you do with those file
+descriptors you're right yeah so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors you're right yeah so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors you're right yeah so these
+masks are another part of the story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks are another part of the story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks are another part of the story that
+you have to sort of watch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sort of watch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sort of watch out
+for okay so suppose we got the masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay so suppose we got the masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay so suppose we got the masks
+right we got the files scriptors right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we got the files scriptors right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we got the files scriptors right
+we even use lch St so there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we even use lch St so there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we even use lch St so there's nothing
+extra in memory but anything before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra in memory but anything before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra in memory but anything before we
+use lch St that's true yeah so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use lch St that's true yeah so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use lch St that's true yeah so maybe
+there's like something before you even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like something before you even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like something before you even
+an capability mode that's uh damaging so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an capability mode that's uh damaging so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an capability mode that's uh damaging so
+it only helps sort of once you jump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only helps sort of once you jump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only helps sort of once you jump in
+and sort of one slightly annoying thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of one slightly annoying thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of one slightly annoying thing
+is that it seems like you can't do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it seems like you can't do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it seems like you can't do a
+whole lot inside of capability mode not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot inside of capability mode not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot inside of capability mode not
+in the sense that you can't like run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you can't like run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you can't like run
+large large computations but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large large computations but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large large computations but you can't
+really put a large part of a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really put a large part of a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really put a large part of a complicated
+system into capability mode because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into capability mode because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into capability mode because
+inevitably in Unix you'll need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably in Unix you'll need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably in Unix you'll need to do
+something with new processes opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with new processes opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with new processes opening
+network connections Etc and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network connections Etc and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network connections Etc and you'll
+probably need to use some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably need to use some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably need to use some of these
+Global namespaces that are not available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global namespaces that are not available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global namespaces that are not available
+in capability mode so it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capability mode so it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capability mode so it's probably
+going to be quite difficult to put large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be quite difficult to put large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be quite difficult to put large
+chunks of logic or int intricate sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of logic or int intricate sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of logic or int intricate sort of
+system code inside of capability mode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system code inside of capability mode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system code inside of capability mode so
+only sort of well defined chunks of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sort of well defined chunks of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sort of well defined chunks of an
+application are likely to be writing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application are likely to be writing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application are likely to be writing in
+capability mode depends I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability mode depends I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability mode depends I don't know if
+this is entirely true or not like Caps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is entirely true or not like Caps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is entirely true or not like Caps
+or in in Chrome for example large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in in Chrome for example large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in in Chrome for example large
+processes do run in capability mode in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes do run in capability mode in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes do run in capability mode in
+their design um but it might be that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their design um but it might be that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their design um but it might be that you
+basically have to have non-ability mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to have non-ability mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to have non-ability mode
+chunks of your application because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of your application because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of your application because you
+want it to interoperate nicely with Unix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to interoperate nicely with Unix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to interoperate nicely with Unix
+or whatever it is you go running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is you go running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is you go running
+alongside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside
+with okay any other thing you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay any other thing you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay any other thing you should
+worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry
+about yeah well whether theyve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah well whether theyve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah well whether theyve
+implemented capabilities correctly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented capabilities correctly yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented capabilities correctly yeah
+actually whether they've covered all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually whether they've covered all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually whether they've covered all the
+system system calls that's right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system system calls that's right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system system calls that's right yeah so
+that's actually a huge problem in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a huge problem in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a huge problem in some
+sense or if you like think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or if you like think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or if you like think about it
+there's probably you know hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably you know hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably you know hundreds of
+system calls the Kel provides you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system calls the Kel provides you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system calls the Kel provides you and
+they're not especially precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not especially precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not especially precisely
+documented so you probably have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented so you probably have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented so you probably have to look
+at their implementation and see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their implementation and see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their implementation and see for
+every system call is there some way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every system call is there some way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every system call is there some way for
+the application to get that system call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application to get that system call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application to get that system call
+to perform some operation on some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform some operation on some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform some operation on some extra
+object that it didn't have a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that it didn't have a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that it didn't have a file
+descriptor to and most unic system calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor to and most unic system calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptor to and most unic system calls
+weren't written with this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't written with this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't written with this sort of
+expectation of everything has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of everything has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of everything has to be
+operations on a fil scripter so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on a fil scripter so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on a fil scripter so you
+really have to get every system called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to get every system called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to get every system called
+right and probably more worryingly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and probably more worryingly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and probably more worryingly is
+that the kernel has to be free of bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kernel has to be free of bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kernel has to be free of bugs
+like buffer overflows or uh whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like buffer overflows or uh whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like buffer overflows or uh whatever
+other memory corruption like you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other memory corruption like you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other memory corruption like you guys
+exploited in lab one otherwise all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited in lab one otherwise all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited in lab one otherwise all of
+this is complete nonsense you just run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is complete nonsense you just run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is complete nonsense you just run
+arbitrary assembly code in the kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary assembly code in the kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary assembly code in the kernel
+and uh you have full control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you have full control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you have full control of the
+machine should thing you run on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine should thing you run on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine should thing you run on your
+source code that looks what system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code that looks what system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code that looks what system
+called use and use second P disable all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called use and use second P disable all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called use and use second P disable all
+those yeah so there's a I guess yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those yeah so there's a I guess yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those yeah so there's a I guess yeah so
+one thing I didn't get a chance to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I didn't get a chance to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I didn't get a chance to talk
+about is like alternative things so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is like alternative things so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is like alternative things so this
+is in FreeBSD Linux has this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in FreeBSD Linux has this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in FreeBSD Linux has this thing
+called SEC comp that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called SEC comp that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called SEC comp that allows you to
+specify which system calls you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify which system calls you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify which system calls you can
+operate it's you know if you squint at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate it's you know if you squint at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate it's you know if you squint at
+it it's kind of like capsicum but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's kind of like capsicum but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's kind of like capsicum but very
+different in the sense that capsicum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the sense that capsicum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the sense that capsicum
+talks about specific file descriptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about specific file descriptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about specific file descriptors
+that you can operate and in Linux the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can operate and in Linux the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can operate and in Linux the
+set comp mechanism lets you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set comp mechanism lets you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set comp mechanism lets you talk about
+specific system calls that you could run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific system calls that you could run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific system calls that you could run
+so it's probably less fine grained but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's probably less fine grained but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's probably less fine grained but
+it's sort of what's available in Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of what's available in Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of what's available in Linux
+today uh and uh there it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh and uh there it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh and uh there it's actually
+probably a good idea to look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a good idea to look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a good idea to look at your
+application and see what what system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and see what what system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and see what what system
+calls do you expect it to make and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls do you expect it to make and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls do you expect it to make and then
+code in a filter and allow it to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in a filter and allow it to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in a filter and allow it to make
+only those system calls the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only those system calls the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only those system calls the problem is
+that if you have any interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have any interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have any interesting
+application it'll probably run exec and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application it'll probably run exec and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application it'll probably run exec and
+open and right and that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and right and that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and right and that's probably
+enough to do quite a bit of damage to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to do quite a bit of damage to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to do quite a bit of damage to a
+system so that's why you probably want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's why you probably want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's why you probably want a
+more fine grain system like capsicum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fine grain system like capsicum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fine grain system like capsicum
+where you can say well you can run right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can say well you can run right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can say well you can run right
+but only on this thing not on my you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only on this thing not on my you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only on this thing not on my you
+know entire home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know entire home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know entire home
+directory all right so I guess we're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory all right so I guess we're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory all right so I guess we're out
+of time to talk about capsicum so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time to talk about capsicum so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time to talk about capsicum so let's
+talk about Native client on Wednesday a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Native client on Wednesday a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Native client on Wednesday a
+different way to sandbox programs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VOlOArfGRqQ.txt b/VOlOArfGRqQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4df0e8021632e5a7c7ca878aca089b752d00ab79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VOlOArfGRqQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,760 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 820 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 820 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 820 special relativity
+in this section we want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we want to talk about
+particles in accelerators and we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in accelerators and we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in accelerators and we use
+the large electron position collider at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large electron position collider at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large electron position collider at
+cern as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cern as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cern as an example
+lab the large electron position collider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab the large electron position collider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab the large electron position collider
+was a collider which was operated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a collider which was operated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a collider which was operated in the
+late 1980s up to the year 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1980s up to the year 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1980s up to the year 2000
+at center of mass energies from 91 gev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at center of mass energies from 91 gev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at center of mass energies from 91 gev
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+up to 209 gev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 209 gev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 209 gev
+this energies were used to probe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energies were used to probe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energies were used to probe the
+z-boson to produce pairs of w boson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-boson to produce pairs of w boson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-boson to produce pairs of w boson and
+also to look for the higgs boson which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to look for the higgs boson which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to look for the higgs boson which
+didn't quite work because energy wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite work because energy wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite work because energy wasn't
+quite sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sufficient
+the 27 kilometer or about 16 mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 27 kilometer or about 16 mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 27 kilometer or about 16 mile
+circumference collider is now the home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference collider is now the home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference collider is now the home
+of the large utron collider etc and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the large utron collider etc and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the large utron collider etc and it's
+being used there to collide protons with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used there to collide protons with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used there to collide protons with
+protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons
+um lab had four experiments alef delf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lab had four experiments alef delf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lab had four experiments alef delf
+delphi l3 and opal and i was happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delphi l3 and opal and i was happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delphi l3 and opal and i was happy to
+you know study data from the opal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know study data from the opal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know study data from the opal
+detector as part of my undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector as part of my undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector as part of my undergraduate
+undergraduate thesis so this was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate thesis so this was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate thesis so this was very
+good memories there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good memories there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good memories there
+but that's not the topic today so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the topic today so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the topic today so the
+topic of the day is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the day is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the day is to
+find out how quickly or fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out how quickly or fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out how quickly or fast
+the particles in the collider moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles in the collider moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles in the collider moving
+when we know the center of mass energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we know the center of mass energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we know the center of mass energy
+so if you know the center of mass energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know the center of mass energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know the center of mass energy
+to be 209 geb we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 209 geb we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 209 geb we know that the
+energy in the beam is half of that 104.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the beam is half of that 104.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the beam is half of that 104.5
+gb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gb
+um so now to figure out how fast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now to figure out how fast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now to figure out how fast the
+electrons are moving the electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are moving the electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are moving the electrons and
+the positrons we can use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positrons we can use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positrons we can use our
+relativistic total energy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic total energy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic total energy for the
+electron or for the proton which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or for the proton which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or for the proton which is the
+kinetic energy plus the rest mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy plus the rest mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy plus the rest mass of the
+electron or positron which is m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or positron which is m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or positron which is m naught
+gamma times c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times c square
+so with a mass of 511 kv over c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with a mass of 511 kv over c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with a mass of 511 kv over c square
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+104.5 gb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+104.5 gb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+104.5 gb
+this results in a gamma factor of 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this results in a gamma factor of 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this results in a gamma factor of 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the mass you'll find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the mass you'll find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the mass you'll find that
+electrons and positrons are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and positrons are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and positrons are almost
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+with the speed of light in where moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the speed of light in where moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the speed of light in where moving
+this is speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is speed of light
+um as a in a fun additional fact is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a in a fun additional fact is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a in a fun additional fact is we
+are working right now on proposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working right now on proposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working right now on proposing
+a even larger collider which will then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a even larger collider which will then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a even larger collider which will then
+allow it to efficiently go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it to efficiently go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow it to efficiently go up to
+energies of 350 geb and that collider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of 350 geb and that collider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of 350 geb and that collider
+then will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then will be able to
+you know study the higgs boson with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know study the higgs boson with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know study the higgs boson with
+precision but also look at top pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision but also look at top pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision but also look at top pair
+production top crop hair production in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production top crop hair production in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production top crop hair production in
+this kind of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of color
+another fun fact is that you know cern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fun fact is that you know cern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fun fact is that you know cern
+the collider which is about 100 meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collider which is about 100 meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collider which is about 100 meter
+under the surface um is spanning two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the surface um is spanning two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the surface um is spanning two
+countries switzerland and france and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries switzerland and france and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries switzerland and france and so
+each particle lapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particle lapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particle lapse
+lab i mean makes a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab i mean makes a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab i mean makes a lab
+makes about 11 200 laps per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes about 11 200 laps per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes about 11 200 laps per second
+that means that there is about 44 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there is about 44 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there is about 44 800
+border crossings for an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border crossings for an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border crossings for an electron
+position so they all constantly have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so they all constantly have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so they all constantly have to
+show their passport when they're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show their passport when they're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show their passport when they're moving
+around in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to look at its second example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at its second example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at its second example here
+with a small accelerate we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small accelerate we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small accelerate we can
+accelerate electrons through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate electrons through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate electrons through
+a electrostatic potential of 511
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a electrostatic potential of 511
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a electrostatic potential of 511
+kilo volts or 0.5 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo volts or 0.5 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo volts or 0.5 11
+mega volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega volts
+um the total energy then is again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the total energy then is again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the total energy then is again the
+kinetic energy plus the rest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy plus the rest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy plus the rest energy
+which is in this example 4.5 11 mev plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in this example 4.5 11 mev plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in this example 4.5 11 mev plus
+0.511 mev and so here we find the gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.511 mev and so here we find the gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.511 mev and so here we find the gamma
+factor of 2 and a velocity of 0.866
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2 and a velocity of 0.866
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2 and a velocity of 0.866
+so even in this smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even in this smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even in this smaller
+electrostatic potential of 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential of 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential of 500
+kilovolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilovolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilovolts
+we find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that
+electrons are moving with very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are moving with very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are moving with very very high
+velocities with velocities very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities with velocities very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities with velocities very close to
+the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WqCWghETNDc.txt b/WqCWghETNDc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b64b3d142783146d7466211abde7a7ab397061c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WqCWghETNDc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13402 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to
+6851 um we continue our theme of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6851 um we continue our theme of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6851 um we continue our theme of time
+travel today before I get started I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel today before I get started I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel today before I get started I want
+wanted to briefly talk about the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to briefly talk about the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to briefly talk about the project
+which I forgot to talk about in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I forgot to talk about in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I forgot to talk about in lecture
+one project is sort of the focus of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one project is sort of the focus of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one project is sort of the focus of your
+evaluation in the class other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation in the class other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation in the class other than
+problem sets inscribing it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets inscribing it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets inscribing it's the
+supposed to be the bul of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be the bul of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be the bul of the work
+project can be theoretical trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project can be theoretical trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project can be theoretical trying to
+solve an open problem you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve an open problem you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve an open problem you don't have to
+succeed if you want to do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed if you want to do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed if you want to do that you
+should come to the open problem sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come to the open problem sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come to the open problem sessions
+uh could be a survey of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could be a survey of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could be a survey of things
+especially not in covered in class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially not in covered in class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially not in covered in class or
+not covered in class in much detail look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not covered in class in much detail look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not covered in class in much detail look
+at a few papers could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a few papers could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a few papers could be an
+implementation of one of these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of one of these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of one of these data
+structures a lot of the data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures a lot of the data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures a lot of the data structures
+we talking about here have never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talking about here have never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talking about here have never been
+implemented we don't know how well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented we don't know how well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented we don't know how well they
+perform in practice it' be cool to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform in practice it' be cool to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform in practice it' be cool to find
+out many of them have though so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out many of them have though so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out many of them have though so you
+should do one that hasn't been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do one that hasn't been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do one that hasn't been done
+already um those are the main project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already um those are the main project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already um those are the main project
+types there will in a month or so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types there will in a month or so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types there will in a month or so there
+will be a project proposal deadline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a project proposal deadline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a project proposal deadline
+where you have to pick what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to pick what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to pick what you're doing
+and then the project itself is due last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the project itself is due last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the project itself is due last
+day classes and in the last few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day classes and in the last few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day classes and in the last few lectures
+there will be project presentations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be project presentations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be project presentations so
+you also have to give a talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to give a talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to give a talk about it
+you can do group projects and for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do group projects and for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do group projects and for more
+people we expect more stuff to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we expect more stuff to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we expect more stuff to be done
+that's all otherwise unconstrained so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all otherwise unconstrained so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all otherwise unconstrained so uh
+in time Travel Land um I guess the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time Travel Land um I guess the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time Travel Land um I guess the most
+sort of physically realistic physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of physically realistic physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of physically realistic physics
+land uh if time travel is the branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh if time travel is the branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh if time travel is the branching
+universes where you if you make a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universes where you if you make a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universes where you if you make a change
+in the past you get a totally new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past you get a totally new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past you get a totally new
+universe that's full persistence that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that's full persistence that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that's full persistence that's
+last class uh today we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class uh today we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class uh today we're going to do
+the more science fictiony approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more science fictiony approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more science fictiony approach to
+time travel which is uh you can like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time travel which is uh you can like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time travel which is uh you can like in
+Back to the Future you can go back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Back to the Future you can go back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Back to the Future you can go back in
+time make a change and then return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time make a change and then return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time make a change and then return to
+the present and see all the intervening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present and see all the intervening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present and see all the intervening
+the result of all the intervening things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of all the intervening things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of all the intervening things
+that happened meanwhile uh a fun example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened meanwhile uh a fun example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened meanwhile uh a fun example
+of this if you haven't seen it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if you haven't seen it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if you haven't seen it is the
+movie time cop where there's this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie time cop where there's this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie time cop where there's this guy
+going back in time trying to uh fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back in time trying to uh fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back in time trying to uh fight
+evil time travelers and uh when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil time travelers and uh when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil time travelers and uh when he
+returns in to the present sometimes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns in to the present sometimes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns in to the present sometimes like
+the whole time Travel Service is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole time Travel Service is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole time Travel Service is
+starting to fail and there's this worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to fail and there's this worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to fail and there's this worry
+that he'll never be able to return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he'll never be able to return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he'll never be able to return to
+the present so anyway we want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present so anyway we want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present so anyway we want to do that
+uh with the data structure so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the data structure so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the data structure so this is
+the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of
+retroactivity in general we think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity in general we think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity in general we think of a
+data structure as having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+timeline we're going to maintain one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline we're going to maintain one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline we're going to maintain one
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+timeline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline of
+updates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates so
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and the idea is well maybe at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the idea is well maybe at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the idea is well maybe at time
+Zer you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer you do an
+insert of seven and then at time one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert of seven and then at time one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert of seven and then at time one you
+maybe did an insert of three and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe did an insert of three and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe did an insert of three and then at
+time two you did a delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Min okay what's that spell or at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min okay what's that spell or at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min okay what's that spell or at the end
+you would have right now you'd have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have right now you'd have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have right now you'd have just
+the element seven um in general every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element seven um in general every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element seven um in general every
+data structure you can think of is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure you can think of is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure you can think of is this
+now normally we're always appending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now normally we're always appending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now normally we're always appending to
+the line that's working in the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line that's working in the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line that's working in the present
+adding oper you're doing operations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding oper you're doing operations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding oper you're doing operations on
+the present what we'd like to allow with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present what we'd like to allow with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present what we'd like to allow with
+retroactive data structures you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive data structures you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive data structures you can go
+back in time say right at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time say right at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time say right at the beginning
+of time and say actually I meant to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and say actually I meant to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and say actually I meant to put
+at time minus one I meant to do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time minus one I meant to do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time minus one I meant to do you know
+insert four or actually insert two would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert four or actually insert two would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert four or actually insert two would
+be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more
+interesting insert two is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting insert two is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting insert two is interesting
+because that actually changes what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that actually changes what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that actually changes what the
+delete Min operation would have done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete Min operation would have done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete Min operation would have done and
+so you I want to go back in time do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you I want to go back in time do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you I want to go back in time do this
+and then return to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then return to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then return to the
+say what's my data structure look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's my data structure look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's my data structure look like
+now I want to be able to do the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to be able to do the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to be able to do the regular
+queries I can uh so let's say you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries I can uh so let's say you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries I can uh so let's say you can do
+queries at the present so this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries at the present so this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries at the present so this is now
+and you can do queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do queries
+here and I want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I want to be able
+to uh add and remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations uh update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh update
+operations at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so that's a that's what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's a that's what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's a that's what's called a
+partially retroactive data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure so like persistence we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so like persistence we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so like persistence we have
+partial and full uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial and full uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial and full uh
+so in general we're going to have insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general we're going to have insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general we're going to have insert
+at a given time a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update
+delete the operation at a given time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+query and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and I'm going to
+use capital letters to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use capital letters to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use capital letters to denote
+retroactive operations and lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive operations and lowercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive operations and lowercase
+letters to denote regular operations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters to denote regular operations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters to denote regular operations so
+it's intentional this is an upper insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's intentional this is an upper insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's intentional this is an upper insert
+this is a lowercase insert so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lowercase insert so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lowercase insert so we're
+inserting an insert at time the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting an insert at time the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting an insert at time the time
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+zero uh what exactly does time mean here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh what exactly does time mean here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh what exactly does time mean here
+uh we're not going to work with that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're not going to work with that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're not going to work with that too
+much directly today um you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much directly today um you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much directly today um you can think of
+them as just being integers but it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as just being integers but it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as just being integers but it gets
+awkward if you just keep inserting new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward if you just keep inserting new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward if you just keep inserting new
+operations to do in between one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to do in between one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to do in between one and two
+there aren't very many integers between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't very many integers between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't very many integers between
+one and two um one easy solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two um one easy solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two um one easy solution to this
+is use the order maintenance data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is use the order maintenance data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is use the order maintenance data
+structure that we mentioned in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we mentioned in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we mentioned in the last
+class where you basically are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where you basically are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where you basically are
+maintaining a linked list and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining a linked list and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining a linked list and you're
+able to insert uh New Times in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to insert uh New Times in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to insert uh New Times in between
+any two given times and you can still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two given times and you can still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two given times and you can still do
+order queries in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order queries in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order queries in constant time
+but uh I mean if if you don't mind logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I mean if if you don't mind logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I mean if if you don't mind logs
+you could just store the times in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just store the times in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just store the times in a
+binary search tree that's an easy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree that's an easy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree that's an easy way to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+it uh we're not really going to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh we're not really going to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh we're not really going to worry
+about that too much here uh it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that too much here uh it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that too much here uh it's all
+about what we're interested here is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we're interested here is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we're interested here is how
+do we maintain uh the sort of side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we maintain uh the sort of side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we maintain uh the sort of side
+effects of doing this operation earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of doing this operation earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of doing this operation earlier
+in time Computing all of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time Computing all of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time Computing all of the sort of
+chain reactions uh that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain reactions uh that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain reactions uh that would have
+happened meanwhile sort of butterfly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened meanwhile sort of butterfly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened meanwhile sort of butterfly
+effect all right I want to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+retroactivity means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity means uh
+queries are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries are always
+done at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the
+present let's say t equals infinity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present let's say t equals infinity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present let's say t equals infinity or
+now this is what you might call the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is what you might call the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is what you might call the Q
+model If You're a Star Trek fan you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model If You're a Star Trek fan you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model If You're a Star Trek fan you can
+exist in all time simultaneously do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in all time simultaneously do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in all time simultaneously do
+updates whenever you feel like it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates whenever you feel like it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates whenever you feel like it do
+queries whenever you feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries whenever you feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries whenever you feel like
+it all right model clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right model clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right model clear
+now as you might expect this is hard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you might expect this is hard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you might expect this is hard you
+can't always do retroactivity super well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't always do retroactivity super well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't always do retroactivity super well
+but well we'll talk about our situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well we'll talk about our situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well we'll talk about our situations
+you can do well and what you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+so go to an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go to an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go to an easy
+case which is still fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting suppose you have commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting suppose you have commutative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting suppose you have commutative
+updates meaning uh X followed by Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates meaning uh X followed by Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates meaning uh X followed by Y is
+the same thing as y followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as y followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as y followed by
+X this would be great if I could reorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this would be great if I could reorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this would be great if I could reorder
+updates because then I don't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates because then I don't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates because then I don't really care
+about the sequence of updates as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sequence of updates as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sequence of updates as long as
+I'm only querying the the final result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only querying the the final result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only querying the the final result
+if I want to do an update in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to do an update in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to do an update in the past
+this this would not be an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this would not be an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this would not be an example of
+commutative delete men and insert are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative delete men and insert are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative delete men and insert are
+not commutative but if I was just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not commutative but if I was just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not commutative but if I was just doing
+insert and delete for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and delete for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and delete for
+example delete uh seven whatever then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example delete uh seven whatever then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example delete uh seven whatever then
+inserting two here is the same thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting two here is the same thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting two here is the same thing is
+inserting two at the end as long as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting two at the end as long as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting two at the end as long as I'm
+only querying the end so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only querying the end so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only querying the end so this would be
+an easy case for partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+retroactivity if my updates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity if my updates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity if my updates are
+commutative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative then
+inserting uh an operation at time T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting uh an operation at time T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting uh an operation at time T is
+the same thing as inserting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as inserting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as inserting that
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+now at the end of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's for inserts but if I want to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for inserts but if I want to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for inserts but if I want to also
+be able to uh for retroactive inserts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to uh for retroactive inserts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to uh for retroactive inserts I
+should say capital I if I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say capital I if I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say capital I if I want to be
+able to do retroactive deletes uh I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do retroactive deletes uh I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do retroactive deletes uh I need
+something else I need some way I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I need some way I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I need some way I still
+want to only work in the present if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to only work in the present if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to only work in the present if I
+can um and for that I need inversion if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um and for that I need inversion if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um and for that I need inversion if
+I have invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updates if there's some way to given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates if there's some way to given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates if there's some way to given an
+operation X compute a new Operation X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation X compute a new Operation X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation X compute a new Operation X
+inverse that does the reverse and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that does the reverse and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that does the reverse and that's
+equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+nothing then uh deleting an operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing then uh deleting an operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing then uh deleting an operation is
+the same thing as doing the inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as doing the inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as doing the inverse and
+if you have also commutativity so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have also commutativity so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have also commutativity so I'm
+adding these two constraints then delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these two constraints then delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these two constraints then delete
+T Su operation is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Su operation is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Su operation is the same thing as
+inserting uh now uh that operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting uh now uh that operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting uh now uh that operation
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's uh if I have both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh if I have both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh if I have both of these
+properties then partial retroactivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties then partial retroactivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties then partial retroactivity is
+Trivial I just do everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trivial I just do everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trivial I just do everything in the
+present may not seem very exciting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present may not seem very exciting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present may not seem very exciting but
+it solves a bunch of problems already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it solves a bunch of problems already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it solves a bunch of problems already
+for free so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free so for example
+hashing if you want a dynamic hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing if you want a dynamic hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing if you want a dynamic hash table
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+dictionary and you want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary and you want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary and you want to be able to
+make retractor changes it really doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make retractor changes it really doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make retractor changes it really doesn't
+matter whether you make them in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you make them in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you make them in the past
+or in the present I'm assuming a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the present I'm assuming a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the present I'm assuming a little
+bit here that you for example clobber a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here that you for example clobber a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here that you for example clobber a
+key and write to the same key twice then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and write to the same key twice then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and write to the same key twice then
+the order would matter uh but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order would matter uh but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order would matter uh but if you
+store all copies of all keys then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store all copies of all keys then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store all copies of all keys then this
+is true um slightly more interesting if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true um slightly more interesting if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true um slightly more interesting if
+you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+with the operation add Delta to a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the operation add Delta to a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the operation add Delta to a given
+array element so if I had an assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array element so if I had an assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array element so if I had an assignment
+here then the order would matter but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then the order would matter but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then the order would matter but if
+I have only addition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have only addition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have only addition or
+subtraction um that's fine fine cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction um that's fine fine cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction um that's fine fine cuz
+addition subtraction are commutative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition subtraction are commutative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition subtraction are commutative so
+I can do that okay not terribly exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do that okay not terribly exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do that okay not terribly exciting
+as you might imagine we're we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might imagine we're we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might imagine we're we're going
+to get to much more interesting examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to much more interesting examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to much more interesting examples
+but a natural question here is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a natural question here is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a natural question here is what
+about full retroactivity so partial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about full retroactivity so partial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about full retroactivity so partial is
+nice but if I have such an easy setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but if I have such an easy setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but if I have such an easy setup
+Can it can I achieve full retroactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can it can I achieve full retroactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can it can I achieve full retroactivity
+it's not so obvious because now working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so obvious because now working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so obvious because now working
+in the present is it's not correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present is it's not correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present is it's not correctly
+reflecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the
+past um to do that we need we cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past um to do that we need we cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past um to do that we need we cannot do
+it in general we don't know how but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in general we don't know how but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in general we don't know how but
+there's a situation where we do know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a situation where we do know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a situation where we do know how
+uh first I'll Define a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem search problem is you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem search problem is you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem search problem is you've seen
+many examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples of
+this in your algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your algorithmic
+lifetime uh maintain a set s of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime uh maintain a set s of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime uh maintain a set s of objects
+we don't know what they are subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what they are subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what they are subject to
+insert delete and some kind of of search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+query and I want to focus in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and I want to focus in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and I want to focus in on the
+types of queries we're allow so this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of queries we're allow so this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of queries we're allow so this in
+particular uh insert and delete are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh insert and delete are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh insert and delete are
+commutative and invertible they are each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative and invertible they are each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative and invertible they are each
+other's inverses so um and queries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's inverses so um and queries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's inverses so um and queries are
+queries this is really just a constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries this is really just a constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries this is really just a constraint
+on updates so search problems fall into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on updates so search problems fall into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on updates so search problems fall into
+this easy class so in particular it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this easy class so in particular it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this easy class so in particular it
+covers hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers hashing
+uh fine that's a general class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fine that's a general class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fine that's a general class of
+problems here's a slightly less General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems here's a slightly less General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems here's a slightly less General
+class of problems uh which are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of problems uh which are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of problems uh which are sort of
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+studied the old geometric data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the old geometric data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the old geometric data
+structures literature decomposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures literature decomposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures literature decomposable
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+problems this is a concept from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems this is a concept from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems this is a concept from
+1980 revitalized I should mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 revitalized I should mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 revitalized I should mention this
+retroactive paper it's pretty recent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive paper it's pretty recent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive paper it's pretty recent I
+think the journal version appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the journal version appeared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the journal version appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have 2003 and 2007 here so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have 2003 and 2007 here so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have 2003 and 2007 here so those are
+the two versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two versions of the
+paper uh cool so what's a decomposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh cool so what's a decomposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh cool so what's a decomposable
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+problem same thing but the queries of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem same thing but the queries of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem same thing but the queries of a
+particular flavor as a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular flavor as a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular flavor as a particular
+structure if I want to do a query on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if I want to do a query on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if I want to do a query on the
+union of two sets A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of two sets A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of two sets A and
+B it's the same thing as doing the query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it's the same thing as doing the query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it's the same thing as doing the query
+on the two sets individually and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the two sets individually and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the two sets individually and then
+combining them with some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a constraint on what the query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constraint on what the query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constraint on what the query
+is the problem is still this I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem is still this I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem is still this I still
+want to do a query on the entire set but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a query on the entire set but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a query on the entire set but
+I just know this fact that if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just know this fact that if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just know this fact that if I could
+somehow solve the query on smaller sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow solve the query on smaller sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow solve the query on smaller sets
+I could combine them into the Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could combine them into the Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could combine them into the Union
+using this F function for some let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this F function for some let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this F function for some let's say
+this can be computed in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a decomposable search problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a decomposable search problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a decomposable search problem for
+example suppose I have a set of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose I have a set of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose I have a set of points
+in the plane and I want to know given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane and I want to know given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane and I want to know given a
+query Point what's the nearest point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query Point what's the nearest point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query Point what's the nearest point in
+my set this be dynamic nearest neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my set this be dynamic nearest neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my set this be dynamic nearest neighbor
+um if I could compute the nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I could compute the nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I could compute the nearest
+neighbor among one set subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor among one set subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor among one set subset of the
+points and the nearest neighbor among a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the nearest neighbor among a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the nearest neighbor among a
+different subset I can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subset I can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subset I can compute the
+nearest neighbor among the union just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor among the union just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor among the union just by
+taking the Min of the two doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the Min of the two doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the Min of the two doesn't matter
+whether A and B overlap that will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether A and B overlap that will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether A and B overlap that will still
+give the right answer uh sort of a Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the right answer uh sort of a Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the right answer uh sort of a Min
+over all things I have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all things I have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all things I have some other
+examples um successor on a on a line if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um successor on a on a line if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um successor on a on a line if
+I given a query point I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I given a query point I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I given a query point I want to know
+what the next the nearest item after it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next the nearest item after it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next the nearest item after it
+is that's sort of like one-sided nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's sort of like one-sided nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's sort of like one-sided nearest
+neighbor um yeah Point location we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor um yeah Point location we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor um yeah Point location we'll
+get to that in the future don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that in the future don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that in the future don't want to
+time travel too much okay so some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time travel too much okay so some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time travel too much okay so some some
+property some queries have this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property some queries have this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property some queries have this property
+some don't if they do and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some don't if they do and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some don't if they do and we have
+commutative and an invertibility I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative and an invertibility I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative and an invertibility I claim
+full retroactivity becomes easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full retroactivity becomes easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full retroactivity becomes easy
+relatively easy log Factor overhead so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy log Factor overhead so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy log Factor overhead so
+that's what I wanted to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I wanted to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I wanted to show
+you full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you full
+retro for decomposable search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems decomposable search problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems decomposable search problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems decomposable search problems
+are automatically commutative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are automatically commutative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are automatically commutative and
+invertible so I don't need to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible so I don't need to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible so I don't need to write that
+constraint uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint uh in
+log have n here but I think I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log have n here but I think I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log have n here but I think I mean
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overhead it's a multiplicative Factor M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead it's a multiplicative Factor M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead it's a multiplicative Factor M
+here is the number of retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the number of retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the number of retroactive
+operations you're doing so it's the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you're doing so it's the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you're doing so it's the size
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+timeline okay uh we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that via something called a segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree which is introduced in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which is introduced in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which is introduced in the same
+paper the dealt with decomposable search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the dealt with decomposable search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the dealt with decomposable search
+Problems by Bentley and saxs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problems by Bentley and saxs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problems by Bentley and saxs in
+1980 uh they weren't thinking about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 uh they weren't thinking about time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 uh they weren't thinking about time
+travel but retroactively their result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel but retroactively their result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel but retroactively their result is
+useful um so what's a segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um so what's a segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um so what's a segment
+tree it's a tree let me draw my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it's a tree let me draw my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it's a tree let me draw my favorite
+picture draw this many times in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture draw this many times in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture draw this many times in this
+class I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure I would like to build a Balan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I would like to build a Balan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I would like to build a Balan
+binary search tree on time leaves will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree on time leaves will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree on time leaves will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+time so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here's
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+uh and the idea is well if I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the idea is well if I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the idea is well if I have my
+operations my updates which are what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations my updates which are what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations my updates which are what the
+things that live on time are are inserts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that live on time are are inserts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that live on time are are inserts
+and deletes and so if I look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deletes and so if I look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deletes and so if I look at an
+element at some point it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element at some point it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element at some point it might be
+inserted at some point later it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted at some point later it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted at some point later it might be
+deleted I'm going to assume every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted I'm going to assume every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted I'm going to assume every
+element is delete inserted and deleted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is delete inserted and deleted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is delete inserted and deleted
+only once uh this otherwise you if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only once uh this otherwise you if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only once uh this otherwise you if it
+happen Happ multiple times think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Happ multiple times think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Happ multiple times think of them
+as different elements then every element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as different elements then every element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as different elements then every element
+exists for an interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists for an interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists for an interval of
+time so for example maybe I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so for example maybe I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so for example maybe I have an
+element that exists for this interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that exists for this interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that exists for this interval of
+time maybe it gets inserted here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe it gets inserted here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe it gets inserted here and
+then gets deleted here how should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gets deleted here how should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gets deleted here how should I
+represent that interval in my tree so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that interval in my tree so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that interval in my tree so
+let's say call this element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say call this element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say call this element
+a well if I if I draw a complete binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well if I if I draw a complete binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well if I if I draw a complete binary
+tree there's an obvious way to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree there's an obvious way to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree there's an obvious way to represent
+that interval which is as the union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interval which is as the union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interval which is as the union of
+these four intervals if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four intervals if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four intervals if you think of
+this note as representing the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note as representing the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this note as representing the interval
+of all of its leaves descendant leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of its leaves descendant leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of its leaves descendant leaves
+then I could put a here I could put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could put a here I could put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could put a here I could put a
+here and here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and
+here I do that for all my elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I do that for all my elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I do that for all my elements
+picture is going to get messy quickly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is going to get messy quickly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is going to get messy quickly uh
+let me just do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just do one more
+example so maybe I have an element from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so maybe I have an element from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so maybe I have an element from
+here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to
+I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+here then I'm going to call that element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I'm going to call that element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I'm going to call that element
+B then I'll put B here and I'll put B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then I'll put B here and I'll put B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then I'll put B here and I'll put B
+here so always putting it as high as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so always putting it as high as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so always putting it as high as
+high as I can I don't want to put b or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as I can I don't want to put b or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as I can I don't want to put b or a
+in all the leaves it appears in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the leaves it appears in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the leaves it appears in because
+that would be a linear number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a linear number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a linear number of leaves
+if I do it like this there's only log N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it like this there's only log N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it like this there's only log N
+Sub trees I care about representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub trees I care about representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub trees I care about representing the
+interval as a union of log n subtree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval as a union of log n subtree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval as a union of log n subtree
+aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned
+intervals okay now of the real picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals okay now of the real picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals okay now of the real picture
+is slightly messier than this this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slightly messier than this this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slightly messier than this this I
+drew a nice complete perfect Tree in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a nice complete perfect Tree in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a nice complete perfect Tree in
+reality you're inserting new operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you're inserting new operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you're inserting new operations
+in here and so you've actually got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and so you've actually got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and so you've actually got to
+maintain this as a balance binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this as a balance binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this as a balance binary search
+tree so use a red black tree AVL tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so use a red black tree AVL tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so use a red black tree AVL tree
+pick your favorite as long as it stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick your favorite as long as it stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick your favorite as long as it stays
+balanced you can still do this uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced you can still do this uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced you can still do this uh maybe
+a little less obvious how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less obvious how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less obvious how to do
+rotations but let's not worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations but let's not worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations but let's not worry about
+rotations right now okay now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations right now okay now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations right now okay now I want to
+do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a
+query what's a query look like well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query what's a query look like well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query what's a query look like well I
+care about all the things done up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about all the things done up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about all the things done up to a
+certain time or really I care about who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time or really I care about who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time or really I care about who
+Who's Who exists let's say I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who's Who exists let's say I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who's Who exists let's say I want to do
+a query uh I don't know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a query uh I don't know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a query uh I don't know right
+here it's maybe not so exciting let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's maybe not so exciting let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's maybe not so exciting let's do
+a query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a query
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+here I want to know at this time who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to know at this time who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to know at this time who
+exists and perform the query on that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and perform the query on that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and perform the query on that on
+that time so really I'm asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time so really I'm asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time so really I'm asking about
+everything done in this interval from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything done in this interval from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything done in this interval from
+the beginning of time to my query time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of time to my query time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of time to my query time T
+so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's
+query of T now we don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query of T now we don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query of T now we don't know what the
+query is we just know it's on the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is we just know it's on the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is we just know it's on the set
+and we know that it's decomposable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that it's decomposable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that it's decomposable in
+this way by a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way by a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way by a set
+Union so the idea is well I'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union so the idea is well I'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union so the idea is well I'll do the
+query on this data structure because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query on this data structure because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query on this data structure because
+that represents whatever existed at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents whatever existed at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents whatever existed at that
+time and then I'll do the query on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then I'll do the query on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then I'll do the query on this
+data structure because that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure because that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure because that represents
+the things that existed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that existed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that existed before
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+doesn't look so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look so
+great okay so I need to put each element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so I need to put each element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so I need to put each element
+in log in different nodes in here such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log in different nodes in here such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log in different nodes in here such
+that I can answer a query by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can answer a query by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can answer a query by looking at
+log in different nodes and a query is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in different nodes and a query is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in different nodes and a query is
+asking about what are all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about what are all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about what are all the things
+that exist at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist at this
+time so here it would be AB over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here it would be AB over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here it would be AB over here
+would be nothing over here it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nothing over here it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nothing over here it be
+nothing yeah if you're quing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can okay maybe I was just doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay maybe I was just doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay maybe I was just doing the
+queries wrong good I think that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries wrong good I think that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries wrong good I think that's a good
+idea I guess I'm asking about querying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I guess I'm asking about querying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I guess I'm asking about querying
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+time so which not should I do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ancestors I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors I
+see claim that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see claim that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see claim that does
+it got think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that definitely gets A and B looks good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definitely gets A and B looks good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definitely gets A and B looks good
+all right exercise to prove that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right exercise to prove that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right exercise to prove that this
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+uh I think that is right so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think that is right so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think that is right so it's an
+asymmetry between queries and updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry between queries and updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry between queries and updates
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+updates uh you basically partition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval what happens if I have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe this works think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this works think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this works think about it
+offline and I'll send email if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline and I'll send email if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline and I'll send email if it
+doesn't work but I think this is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work but I think this is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work but I think this is right
+so for query you walk up time and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for query you walk up time and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for query you walk up time and I'm
+going to query each of these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to query each of these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to query each of these data
+structures now this is a logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures now this is a logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures now this is a logarithmic
+Factor overhead both in time and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor overhead both in time and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor overhead both in time and space
+because each element might be stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each element might be stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each element might be stored in
+login different structures oh what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login different structures oh what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login different structures oh what are
+in these nodes by the way that is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these nodes by the way that is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these nodes by the way that is your
+data structure the non- retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure the non- retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure the non- retroactive
+version so we're storing the non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so we're storing the non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so we're storing the non-
+retroactive data structure on these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive data structure on these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive data structure on these guys
+uh in order to when I add if I modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to when I add if I modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to when I add if I modify
+A's interval I delete it from all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's interval I delete it from all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's interval I delete it from all the
+places it used to be in and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it used to be in and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it used to be in and then
+reinsert it into all the places it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinsert it into all the places it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinsert it into all the places it's now
+in so I'm doing inserts and deletes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so I'm doing inserts and deletes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so I'm doing inserts and deletes on
+log n of those non- retroactive data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n of those non- retroactive data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n of those non- retroactive data
+structures okay and then I combined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures okay and then I combined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures okay and then I combined with
+f which is constant time so only log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f which is constant time so only log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f which is constant time so only log
+Factor overhead on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor overhead on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor overhead on the
+queries okay a little harder than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thought so full retro full retroactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so full retro full retroactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so full retro full retroactivity
+but in this relatively simple special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this relatively simple special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this relatively simple special
+case let's talk about the general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's talk about the general case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's talk about the general case
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's an obvious way to do full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an obvious way to do full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an obvious way to do full
+retroactivity which is or let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity which is or let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity which is or let's say
+partial retroactivity I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial retroactivity I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial retroactivity I want to know
+what happened in the present the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in the present the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in the present the obvious
+thing to do is write down all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is write down all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is write down all the
+changes you made and then if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you made and then if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you made and then if you want to
+make a retractor change you roll back do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a retractor change you roll back do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a retractor change you roll back do
+your change and then replay everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your change and then replay everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your change and then replay everything
+that happened meanwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened meanwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened meanwhile
+so this is the roll back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method so if I need to go back in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so if I need to go back in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so if I need to go back in time
+by factor of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by factor of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by factor of r
+I pay a fact uh by our time units I pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pay a fact uh by our time units I pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pay a fact uh by our time units I pay
+a factor of R overhead in time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of R overhead in time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of R overhead in time and the
+space is reasonable you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is reasonable you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is reasonable you just have to
+remember everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember everything that
+happened uh this is pretty obvious also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh this is pretty obvious also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh this is pretty obvious also
+old uh unfortunately it's about the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh unfortunately it's about the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh unfortunately it's about the best
+we can do in general depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do in general depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do in general depending on your
+exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model so we have a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a kind of a fun result from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of a fun result from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of a fun result from a
+philosophy standpoint philosophy of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy standpoint philosophy of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy standpoint philosophy of time
+travel um is essentially saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel um is essentially saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel um is essentially saying that
+back to the future is impossible I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the future is impossible I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the future is impossible I know
+it's sad but true and there's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sad but true and there's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sad but true and there's a good
+movie about this called retro active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie about this called retro active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie about this called retro active
+this is very unknown movie I think from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very unknown movie I think from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very unknown movie I think from
+97 or so uh where what you go they play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 or so uh where what you go they play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 or so uh where what you go they play
+through this time sequence of events and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this time sequence of events and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this time sequence of events and
+then there's a time machine which brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a time machine which brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a time machine which brings
+them I forget an hour into the past and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I forget an hour into the past and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I forget an hour into the past and
+then they have to relive those events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have to relive those events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have to relive those events
+and they can make changes but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can make changes but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can make changes but they have
+to spend all that time until they get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend all that time until they get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend all that time until they get to
+the time machine again they still didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time machine again they still didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time machine again they still didn't
+get it right so they go back in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right so they go back in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right so they go back in time and
+the movie repeats like six times or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie repeats like six times or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie repeats like six times or so
+till they finally get it right or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till they finally get it right or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till they finally get it right or I
+shouldn't I don't forget the ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't I don't forget the ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't I don't forget the ending
+actually uh so that's realistic in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh so that's realistic in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh so that's realistic in that
+we know from persistence we can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from persistence we can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from persistence we can remember
+the past and we could jump back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and we could jump back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and we could jump back into the
+past and then just relive it but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and then just relive it but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and then just relive it but and
+maybe make changes along the way but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe make changes along the way but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe make changes along the way but you
+can't the claim is you can't do that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't the claim is you can't do that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't the claim is you can't do that any
+more efficiently than replaying all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficiently than replaying all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficiently than replaying all
+those events in the worst case and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those events in the worst case and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those events in the worst case and I
+think even in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even in real
+life should include the worst case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life should include the worst case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life should include the worst case so
+let me tell you why all we need to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you why all we need to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you why all we need to live
+in our universe for this lower bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our universe for this lower bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our universe for this lower bound to
+hold is a very simple computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a computer with two registers X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a computer with two registers X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a computer with two registers X and
+Y they start out zero question you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y they start out zero question you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y they start out zero question you say
+that the overhead can be necessary does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overhead can be necessary does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overhead can be necessary does
+that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that
+it's the can be is relative to the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the can be is relative to the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the can be is relative to the data
+structure so there is a data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so there is a data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so there is a data structure
+where you're guaranteed to need order r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're guaranteed to need order r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're guaranteed to need order r
+are in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the worst
+case uh and probably the average case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh and probably the average case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh and probably the average case
+and all sorts of bad things yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of bad things yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of bad things yeah so
+there are some data structures like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some data structures like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some data structures like uh
+these ones where you can do better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones where you can do better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones where you can do better and
+this is for partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+retroactivity uh but then there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity uh but then there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity uh but then there are some
+data structures like the one I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures like the one I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures like the one I'm going
+to describe to you that you cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better so here are my operations I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so here are my operations I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so here are my operations I can
+set X to a value I can add a value to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X to a value I can add a value to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X to a value I can add a value to y
+I can compute the product of X and Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can compute the product of X and Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can compute the product of X and Y and
+put it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into
+Y and then I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and then I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and then I have a
+query which is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query which is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query which is what is
+y so this is one of the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so this is one of the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so this is one of the simplest
+computers ever designed uh very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers ever designed uh very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers ever designed uh very basic
+calculator but it lets us do uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator but it lets us do uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator but it lets us do uh here
+here's what the operations I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what the operations I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what the operations I'm going to
+do first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do first
+operation this is in in order of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this is in in order of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this is in in order of time
+first I will add a n to Y then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I will add a n to Y then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I will add a n to Y then I will
+compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+product then I will compute then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product then I will compute then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product then I will compute then I will
+add a n minus one to Y then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a n minus one to Y then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a n minus one to Y then I will
+compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+product and then at the end I will add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then at the end I will add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then at the end I will add a
+z to y what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mathematicians polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians polinomial
+evaluation good this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation good this is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation good this is equivalent to
+Computing uh a n x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing uh a n x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing uh a n x to the
+N well I guess capital x to the n a nus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N well I guess capital x to the n a nus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N well I guess capital x to the n a nus1
+x the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the
+nus1 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 a
+z okay I didn't set X at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okay I didn't set X at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okay I didn't set X at the beginning
+but whatever X was this this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever X was this this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever X was this this sequence of
+operations will evaluate this polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations will evaluate this polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations will evaluate this polinomial
+this is called Kramer's rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called Kramer's rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called Kramer's rule for
+evaluating that polinomial just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that polinomial just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that polinomial just keep
+multiplying by X in each round adding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by X in each round adding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by X in each round adding on
+the the next Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the next Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the next Co
+efficient okay so the result is this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient okay so the result is this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient okay so the result is this I'm
+just going to do at the beginning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do at the beginning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do at the beginning is
+like regular operations and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like regular operations and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like regular operations and now I'm
+going to do do things like uh insert at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do do things like uh insert at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do do things like uh insert at
+Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+Zero that uh x equals some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero that uh x equals some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero that uh x equals some
+value and I'm just going to keep first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and I'm just going to keep first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and I'm just going to keep first
+I'll put it here then right after then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it here then right after then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it here then right after then
+right after keep doing those insertions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after keep doing those insertions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after keep doing those insertions
+I completely change what x is and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I completely change what x is and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I completely change what x is and so I
+change where I'm evaluating this polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change where I'm evaluating this polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change where I'm evaluating this polom
+and claim is you really can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and claim is you really can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and claim is you really can't do that
+any faster than re-evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any faster than re-evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any faster than re-evaluating the
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+in in a history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent algebraic decision tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent algebraic decision tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent algebraic decision tree
+model which I don't want to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which I don't want to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which I don't want to Define
+precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+but maybe computation tree would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe computation tree would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe computation tree would be
+better anyway um this is just you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better anyway um this is just you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better anyway um this is just you you
+draw a tree of all the possible things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a tree of all the possible things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a tree of all the possible things
+you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do
+uh and the things you can do are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the things you can do are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the things you can do are
+additions multiplication subtractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions multiplication subtractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions multiplication subtractions
+divisions all field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions all field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions all field
+operations so for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so for any
+field so this would work with reals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so this would work with reals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so this would work with reals
+would also should work for integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also should work for integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also should work for integers
+modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo
+P any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P any
+field uh and the interesting part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh and the interesting part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh and the interesting part is
+independent of pre-processing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of pre-processing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of pre-processing of the
+coefficients you can stare at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you can stare at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you can stare at those
+coefficients however long you like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients however long you like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients however long you like in
+the worst case you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case you need
+uh Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Omega
+N Field operations where n is the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N Field operations where n is the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N Field operations where n is the degree
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+polinomial so this is a known result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so this is a known result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so this is a known result
+from 2001 and so it tells you that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2001 and so it tells you that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2001 and so it tells you that each
+of these retroactive operations it's end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these retroactive operations it's end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these retroactive operations it's end
+time units in the past and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time units in the past and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time units in the past and you need
+order end time to complete it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order end time to complete it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order end time to complete it even
+though these operations can be solved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though these operations can be solved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though these operations can be solved in
+constant time each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time each
+so is a factor n loss now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is a factor n loss now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is a factor n loss now this is a
+particular model of computation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular model of computation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular model of computation it
+implies something like an integer Random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies something like an integer Random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies something like an integer Random
+Access machine where you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access machine where you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access machine where you can you can
+have arrays I don't really care as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arrays I don't really care as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arrays I don't really care as long
+as the way that you're manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the way that you're manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the way that you're manipulating
+these objects are with field operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects are with field operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects are with field operations
+you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in
+trouble okay but there are conceivably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble okay but there are conceivably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble okay but there are conceivably
+other things you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you could
+do uh I could if these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh I could if these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh I could if these numbers are
+integers maybe I could split their bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers maybe I could split their bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers maybe I could split their bits
+into parts and do crazy things with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into parts and do crazy things with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into parts and do crazy things with them
+that's something we'll get to later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we'll get to later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we'll get to later on
+in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class
+uh even then we you can't do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even then we you can't do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even then we you can't do so
+well and I guess I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and I guess I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and I guess I'll
+briefly tell you this because there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly tell you this because there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly tell you this because there's an
+interesting lower bound or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lower bound or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lower bound or sorry
+interesting open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so uh cell prob model something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so uh cell prob model something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so uh cell prob model something
+we'll get into in a deeper way later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into in a deeper way later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into in a deeper way later on
+in this class but uh it just says how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class but uh it just says how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class but uh it just says how
+many um objects how many words of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um objects how many words of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um objects how many words of memory
+do you need to read in order to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need to read in order to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need to read in order to solve
+your problem so that's a lower bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem so that's a lower bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem so that's a lower bound on
+time in no matter how you're Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in no matter how you're Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in no matter how you're Computing
+with those numbers how many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those numbers how many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those numbers how many of the
+objects how many of the integers do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects how many of the integers do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects how many of the integers do you
+need to read uh not necessarily just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to read uh not necessarily just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to read uh not necessarily just the
+AIS you could split them into parts do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS you could split them into parts do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS you could split them into parts do
+all kinds of pre-processing make a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of pre-processing make a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of pre-processing make a hash
+table build whatever data structure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table build whatever data structure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table build whatever data structure you
+want how many words of that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want how many words of that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want how many words of that data
+structure do you need to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure do you need to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure do you need to read
+and the claim is at least Ro TK R / log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is at least Ro TK R / log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is at least Ro TK R / log
+R so roughly square root of R open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so roughly square root of R open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so roughly square root of R open
+problem is can you get something like R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is can you get something like R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is can you get something like R
+again in this model so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this model so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this model so this is a very
+powerful model not at all realistic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful model not at all realistic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful model not at all realistic but
+if you can prove a lower Bound in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can prove a lower Bound in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can prove a lower Bound in this
+model then it holds basically all models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model then it holds basically all models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model then it holds basically all models
+you've ever could ever think of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever could ever think of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever could ever think of so
+here's a data structure or here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a data structure or here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a data structure or here's the
+proof of this lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data structure maintains n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure maintains n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure maintains n
+words I should say typically in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I should say typically in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I should say typically in this
+class a word is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a word is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a word is an
+integer of let's say log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer of let's say log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer of let's say log
+n I'll be more precise W bits W is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n I'll be more precise W bits W is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n I'll be more precise W bits W is at
+least log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least log
+n we'll talk about this a lot more later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we'll talk about this a lot more later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we'll talk about this a lot more later
+in the class when we get to integer data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class when we get to integer data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class when we get to integer data
+structures uh but if you were wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh but if you were wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh but if you were wondering
+what a word means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a word means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a word means
+there it is and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is and the
+operations the updates you're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations the updates you're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations the updates you're allowed to
+do are arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are arithmetic
+operations uh so it's generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh so it's generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh so it's generalization of
+this problem you can do addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem you can do addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem you can do addition
+multiplication division just basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication division just basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication division just basic
+stuff so that's the data structure we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so that's the data structure we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so that's the data structure we're
+trying to do and at the end you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do and at the end you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do and at the end you can
+query what is the value of this word um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query what is the value of this word um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query what is the value of this word um
+and now what are we going to do before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what are we going to do before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what are we going to do before
+we did polinomial evaluation in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did polinomial evaluation in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did polinomial evaluation in that
+model now what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now what I'm going to do is
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+fft fast 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft fast 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fft fast 4A
+transform if you know how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform if you know how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform if you know how to do that
+great if not it's an nlog N algorithm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if not it's an nlog N algorithm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if not it's an nlog N algorithm so
+there's an nlog N operations you do I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an nlog N operations you do I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an nlog N operations you do I'm
+just going to write them down as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write them down as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write them down as my
+sequence of updates at the end I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of updates at the end I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of updates at the end I have
+the fast Foria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast Foria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fast Foria
+transform and the retroactive thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and the retroactive thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and the retroactive thing I'm
+going to do is set all of these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is set all of these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is set all of these words
+all the X I I didn't name them uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the X I I didn't name them uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the X I I didn't name them uh which
+changes the input to the fast 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the input to the fast 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the input to the fast 4A
+transform and it turns out that dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and it turns out that dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and it turns out that dynamic
+fast Foria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changing one of the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing one of the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing one of the words
+XI you can show or it has been shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI you can show or it has been shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI you can show or it has been shown
+we're not going to prove this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to prove this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to prove this here
+requires at least square root of n uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires at least square root of n uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires at least square root of n uh
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probes so this is about if you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes so this is about if you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes so this is about if you change
+one thing in a fast 4 transform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing in a fast 4 transform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing in a fast 4 transform it
+doesn't change everything necessar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change everything necessar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change everything necessar
+but the the claim is that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the claim is that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the claim is that you need to
+look at at least root end of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at least root end of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at least root end of the things
+again in order to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in order to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in order to figure out what
+happened how the fft changed so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened how the fft changed so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened how the fft changed so I
+mention this mostly as an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this mostly as an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this mostly as an interesting
+question of whether you can come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether you can come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether you can come up with
+a better lower Bound in this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better lower Bound in this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better lower Bound in this data
+structure ideally taking some existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure ideally taking some existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure ideally taking some existing
+lower bound plugging it in uh to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound plugging it in uh to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound plugging it in uh to this
+kind of retroactive framework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of retroactive framework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of retroactive framework and
+uh yeah getting what you want enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah getting what you want enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah getting what you want enough
+about the bad news I want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bad news I want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bad news I want to go to
+positive results again uh so we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive results again uh so we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive results again uh so we had a
+very simple thing here let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple thing here let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple thing here let's try
+something that's somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's somewhere in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's somewhere in between
+where there are chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are chain
+reactions but it's not impossible so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but it's not impossible so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but it's not impossible so in
+general if you're building if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if you're building if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if you're building if you have a
+data structure represents an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure represents an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure represents an arbitrary
+computer you're basically host if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you're basically host if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you're basically host if you
+have a data structure where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a data structure where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a data structure where the
+operations can be arbitrarily reordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations can be arbitrarily reordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations can be arbitrarily reordered
+pretty easy so our intermediate setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy so our intermediate setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy so our intermediate setting
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be priority cues the example I showed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be priority cues the example I showed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be priority cues the example I showed at
+the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning so in a priority Q I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so in a priority Q I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so in a priority Q I'm going
+to think about two operations insert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about two operations insert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about two operations insert and
+delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Min this is interesting because delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min this is interesting because delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min this is interesting because delete
+Min depends on what the current state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min depends on what the current state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min depends on what the current state
+is so if I insert something early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if I insert something early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if I insert something early on
+that could change every delete Min that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could change every delete Min that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could change every delete Min that
+happens thereafter and completely change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens thereafter and completely change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens thereafter and completely change
+what happens at the end of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at the end of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at the end of the data
+structure so the claim is we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so the claim is we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so the claim is we can solve
+this with uh log n time per operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with uh log n time per operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with uh log n time per operation
+per partially retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation it's pretty good because in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation it's pretty good because in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation it's pretty good because in in
+this model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model uh
+which uh what model are we in here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh what model are we in here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh what model are we in here I
+guess pointer machine reasonable model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess pointer machine reasonable model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess pointer machine reasonable model
+uh Logan is the best you can hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Logan is the best you can hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Logan is the best you can hope for
+for a priority Q I guess comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a priority Q I guess comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a priority Q I guess comparison
+model is uh the more relevant thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is uh the more relevant thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is uh the more relevant thing
+because you can use priority cues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can use priority cues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can use priority cues to
+sort so login is the best you can do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so login is the best you can do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so login is the best you can do for
+regular priority cues and so uh to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular priority cues and so uh to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular priority cues and so uh to do it
+also partially retroactive is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also partially retroactive is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also partially retroactive is pretty
+interesting how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how do we do
+this well I want to draw a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well I want to draw a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well I want to draw a picture of
+what these data structures look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah my picture is key space is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my picture is key space is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my picture is key space is going to
+be the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the Y
+AIS and time is the x-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and time is the x-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and time is the x-
+axis so if someone comes along and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so if someone comes along and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so if someone comes along and does
+an insertion they do the insertion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insertion they do the insertion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insertion they do the insertion at
+some time with some key value and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time with some key value and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time with some key value and so I'm
+going to think of that as a rightward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of that as a rightward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of that as a rightward
+pointing aray because at that point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing aray because at that point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing aray because at that point that
+element exists and so if and if nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element exists and so if and if nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element exists and so if and if nothing
+happens it will exist for the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it will exist for the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it will exist for the end of
+time uh the problem would be if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh the problem would be if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh the problem would be if someone
+comes along and does a delete Min a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and does a delete Min a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and does a delete Min a
+delete Min is going to be a a ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete Min is going to be a a ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete Min is going to be a a ray
+shooting up from Infinity because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting up from Infinity because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting up from Infinity because you
+always want to delete the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to delete the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to delete the smallest
+possible thing so whatever this Ray hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible thing so whatever this Ray hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible thing so whatever this Ray hits
+first that is the thing that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that is the thing that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that is the thing that gets
+deleted okay so I want to keep I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted okay so I want to keep I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted okay so I want to keep I want to
+draw all the there's Rays for the delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw all the there's Rays for the delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw all the there's Rays for the delete
+mins so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mins so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mins so this is a
+delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete
+men and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and this is an
+insert so so I have rightward Rays for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert so so I have rightward Rays for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert so so I have rightward Rays for
+insertions they start at some point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions they start at some point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions they start at some point and
+I have upward ways Rays from Infinity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have upward ways Rays from Infinity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have upward ways Rays from Infinity uh
+in general I'm going to get a bunch of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shapes and the L's will be non-crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and the L's will be non-crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and the L's will be non-crossing
+in a legitimate picture of an execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a legitimate picture of an execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a legitimate picture of an execution
+of the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the algorithm
+the vertical stuff is when you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical stuff is when you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical stuff is when you're taking
+the Min out yeah the vertical lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Min out yeah the vertical lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Min out yeah the vertical lines are
+delete mins they're coming from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete mins they're coming from below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete mins they're coming from below
+they're taking whatever the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking whatever the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking whatever the smallest
+thing is that exists so think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that exists so think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that exists so think about like
+this time right here right now these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time right here right now these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time right here right now these uh
+four elements are in the DAT structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four elements are in the DAT structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four elements are in the DAT structure
+you do a delete Min you delete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a delete Min you delete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a delete Min you delete the
+smallest one so this guy dies but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one so this guy dies but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one so this guy dies but the
+three others continue maybe there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three others continue maybe there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three others continue maybe there'll be
+some elements that just exist they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some elements that just exist they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some elements that just exist they don't
+get deleted so it's not entirely L's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get deleted so it's not entirely L's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get deleted so it's not entirely L's
+that's sort of a half of an l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a half of an l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a half of an l
+so we might have some elements like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might have some elements like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might have some elements like that
+that just go off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity but everyone that's in an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but everyone that's in an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but everyone that's in an L
+these this is the insertion that made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is the insertion that made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is the insertion that made it
+these are the delete mins that deleted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the delete mins that deleted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the delete mins that deleted
+it okay we're not going to do arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay we're not going to do arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay we're not going to do arbitrary
+deletes just delete mins it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes just delete mins it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes just delete mins it's hard
+enough okay problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay problem
+clear so I want to maintain this let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so I want to maintain this let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so I want to maintain this let me
+show you what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what goes
+wrong hard part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong hard part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong hard part about
+this data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure
+let's say I do an insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I do an insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I do an insert
+here new insertion well that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here new insertion well that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here new insertion well that means that
+this delete Min would have returned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delete Min would have returned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delete Min would have returned this
+guy instead of this one so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy instead of this one so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy instead of this one so this one
+would actually continue to exist uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually continue to exist uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually continue to exist uh so
+then this delete Min would have deleted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this delete Min would have deleted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this delete Min would have deleted
+this guy instead of that one so this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy instead of that one so this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy instead of that one so this guy
+continues to exist so this uh continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to exist so this uh continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to exist so this uh continues
+uh to the right this starts exist until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the right this starts exist until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the right this starts exist until
+this delete Min and now this one exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delete Min and now this one exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delete Min and now this one exists
+okay and then this one exists for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this one exists for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this one exists for the
+rest of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of time
+in general you do a single retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you do a single retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you do a single retroactive
+insert everything could change or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert everything could change or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert everything could change or a
+linear number of guys could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number of guys could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number of guys could
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+uh so if you want to maintain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you want to maintain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you want to maintain this
+picture you're in trouble you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you're in trouble you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you're in trouble you get an
+Omega r lower bound so we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega r lower bound so we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega r lower bound so we're not going
+to maintain this picture but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain this picture but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain this picture but we're going
+to keep it in our minds vaguely that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it in our minds vaguely that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it in our minds vaguely that we
+want to know something like this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know something like this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know something like this picture
+what we really need to know is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really need to know is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really need to know is that this
+element now exists in the data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element now exists in the data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element now exists in the data structure
+if I'm just doing partial retroactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm just doing partial retroactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm just doing partial retroactivity
+what I care about is who exists at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I care about is who exists at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I care about is who exists at the
+end of time so I'm doing an insert at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of time so I'm doing an insert at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of time so I'm doing an insert at a
+given time t uh with a given key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time t uh with a given key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time t uh with a given key
+X and it would if life was good you if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and it would if life was good you if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and it would if life was good you if I
+was commutative then that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was commutative then that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was commutative then that would be
+equivalent to inserting that key X at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to inserting that key X at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to inserting that key X at
+the end of time but it's not instead I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of time but it's not instead I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of time but it's not instead I
+have to figure out what key gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what key gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what key gets
+inserted at the end when I insert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted at the end when I insert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted at the end when I insert this
+key at this time and similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key at this time and similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key at this time and similarly for
+adding a delete men I won't try to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a delete men I won't try to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a delete men I won't try to draw
+that but exactly the same kind of chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but exactly the same kind of chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but exactly the same kind of chain
+reactions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions can
+happen Okay so we're going to do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so we're going to do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so we're going to do this in
+log end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time how do we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to focus on the insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to focus on the insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to focus on the insertion
+case inserting the double insertion case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case inserting the double insertion case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case inserting the double insertion case
+inserting an insert operation I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting an insert operation I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting an insert operation I guess
+I'm going to switch notation and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to switch notation and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to switch notation and call
+the keys k instead of X doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter okay what I'd like to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay what I'd like to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay what I'd like to know is
+that when I do this insertion what gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I do this insertion what gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I do this insertion what gets
+inserted into to the final Q I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into to the final Q I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into to the final Q I'm going
+to call that Q now being the the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that Q now being the the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that Q now being the the present
+the future whatever you want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future whatever you want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future whatever you want to call
+it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim this is what gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inserted if you look at all the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted if you look at all the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted if you look at all the keys
+that get deleted from now on and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get deleted from now on and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get deleted from now on and you
+look at the key you're inserting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the key you're inserting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the key you're inserting you
+take the max of all those that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the max of all those that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the max of all those that will be
+the one that survives that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that survives that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that survives that's pretty
+obvious the annoying thing is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious the annoying thing is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious the annoying thing is this is
+really hard to think about because who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to think about because who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to think about because who
+gets deleted is is something that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets deleted is is something that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets deleted is is something that is a
+chain reaction effect what we'd really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain reaction effect what we'd really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain reaction effect what we'd really
+like to have is the word inserted there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have is the word inserted there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have is the word inserted there
+because we know what things get inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know what things get inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know what things get inserted
+when that those are the operations if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that those are the operations if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that those are the operations if we
+just maintain the list of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maintain the list of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maintain the list of operations
+we'd know that deleted is a lot harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd know that deleted is a lot harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd know that deleted is a lot harder
+to think about so we need a Lema that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about so we need a Lema that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about so we need a Lema that
+tells us there's a nice equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us there's a nice equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us there's a nice equation that
+simplifies this formula for us uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies this formula for us uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies this formula for us uh or
+this computation for that we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation for that we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation for that we need the
+notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bridge very simple idea a bridge at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge very simple idea a bridge at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge very simple idea a bridge at time
+T is a time when uh everyone everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is a time when uh everyone everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is a time when uh everyone everything
+that's currently in the Q will finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's currently in the Q will finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's currently in the Q will finally
+be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the
+Q my shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q my shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q my shock
+so this is a bridge this is a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a bridge this is a bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a bridge this is a bridge
+because these elements exist for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these elements exist for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these elements exist for the
+rest of time this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of time this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of time this is a
+bridge okay these are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge okay these are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge okay these are basically
+interesting stuff happens between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff happens between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff happens between
+Bridges bridges are the points of rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges bridges are the points of rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridges bridges are the points of rest
+when you things are kind of boring um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you things are kind of boring um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you things are kind of boring um
+we'll need this for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statement so and the other claim is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so and the other claim is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so and the other claim is it's
+easy to maintain where the bridges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to maintain where the bridges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to maintain where the bridges are
+that's not a big surprise because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a big surprise because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a big surprise because
+there's no chain reactions at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no chain reactions at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no chain reactions at the
+bridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I have a Time T that I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have a Time T that I care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have a Time T that I care about
+I want to compute this formula for time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compute this formula for time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compute this formula for time
+T what I do is find the preceding Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T what I do is find the preceding Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T what I do is find the preceding Bridge
+call it t Prime this is like I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it t Prime this is like I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it t Prime this is like I'm an
+arbitrary time T like here we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary time T like here we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary time T like here we're in the
+middle of some action I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of some action I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of some action I want to know
+what that action is so I want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that action is so I want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that action is so I want to go to
+the preceding Blue Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preceding Blue Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preceding Blue Line
+line so that's T Prime if my query is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so that's T Prime if my query is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so that's T Prime if my query is
+here t t Prime will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+then what I want to know is this Max of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I want to know is this Max of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I want to know is this Max of
+K Prime where K Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deleted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after uh time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I should say greater or equal to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should say greater or equal to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should say greater or equal to T
+instead of after a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+precise claim this equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+max over all K Prime not in the final Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max over all K Prime not in the final Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max over all K Prime not in the final Q
+because those guys obviously still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those guys obviously still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those guys obviously still
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+not where K Prime is inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at time greater than or equal to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time greater than or equal to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time greater than or equal to T
+Prime so basically I can turn the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so basically I can turn the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so basically I can turn the word
+deleted into the word inserted if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted into the word inserted if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted into the word inserted if I
+change T to T Prime and I also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change T to T Prime and I also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change T to T Prime and I also have to
+exclude the guys at the top so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude the guys at the top so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude the guys at the top so we're
+looking at a particular time like here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a particular time like here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a particular time like here I
+want to know who are the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know who are the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know who are the things that are
+deleted after that well this is deleted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted after that well this is deleted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted after that well this is deleted
+this is deleted all these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is deleted all these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is deleted all these guys are
+deleted after um I'm going to rewind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted after um I'm going to rewind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted after um I'm going to rewind to
+T Prime and say well you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Prime and say well you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Prime and say well you know there are
+these guys that they survive they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys that they survive they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys that they survive they
+obviously don't get deleted but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously don't get deleted but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously don't get deleted but if you
+ignore the guys that end up in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the guys that end up in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the guys that end up in the final
+Q uh the guys that get deleted After
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q uh the guys that get deleted After
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q uh the guys that get deleted After
+Time T are the same as the ones that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time T are the same as the ones that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time T are the same as the ones that get
+inserted after T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime that's the claim or actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's the claim or actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's the claim or actually the
+that's that set of elements is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that set of elements is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that set of elements is not the
+same but the max will be the same that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but the max will be the same that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but the max will be the same that's
+all I care about I only want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I care about I only want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I care about I only want to know the
+max max among all the ones deleted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max max among all the ones deleted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max max among all the ones deleted here
+is this uppermost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this uppermost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this uppermost
+segment and that's the same as the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and that's the same as the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and that's the same as the max
+among all the guys that are inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all the guys that are inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all the guys that are inserted
+after here so it's really just a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after here so it's really just a claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after here so it's really just a claim
+about this one being inserted after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one being inserted after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one being inserted after this
+uh bridge I won't prove this Lemma it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bridge I won't prove this Lemma it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bridge I won't prove this Lemma it's
+just you think about it for long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you think about it for long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you think about it for long enough
+it becomes obvious leave it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes obvious leave it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes obvious leave it at
+that uh now we can do some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh now we can do some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh now we can do some data
+structures now we have something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures now we have something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures now we have something that we
+can reasonably hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maintain so maintaining Bridges one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain so maintaining Bridges one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain so maintaining Bridges one
+thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh
+yeah actually kind of important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah actually kind of important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah actually kind of important
+thing so here's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so here's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so here's what we're going to
+store we're going to store the current Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store we're going to store the current Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store we're going to store the current Q
+uh as a balanced binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a balanced binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a balanced binary search
+tree okay that's not very exciting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay that's not very exciting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay that's not very exciting uh
+the the hard part is to figure out how Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hard part is to figure out how Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hard part is to figure out how Q
+now is changing at each step but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is changing at each step but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is changing at each step but this
+will allow us to do arbitrary queries on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow us to do arbitrary queries on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow us to do arbitrary queries on
+the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final
+result uh we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result uh we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result uh we want to
+store a balanced binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a balanced binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a balanced binary search
+tree uh whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh whose
+leaves represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insertions so uh lowercase insertions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions so uh lowercase insertions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions so uh lowercase insertions so
+that's all of the rightward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arrows and they are going to be sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and they are going to be sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and they are going to be sorted
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time not by key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time not by key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time not by key
+value okay and I'm going to augment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay and I'm going to augment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay and I'm going to augment that
+Balan binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree with a
+fun value for every node in the balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun value for every node in the balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun value for every node in the balanced
+binary search tree I want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree I want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree I want to know the
+max of all the keys not currently in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of all the keys not currently in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of all the keys not currently in the
+que or not presently in the queue at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+que or not presently in the queue at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+que or not presently in the queue at the
+end of time uh that changes very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of time uh that changes very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of time uh that changes very slowly
+so this is easy to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+among all the keys that are inserted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all the keys that are inserted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all the keys that are inserted in
+the sub tree rooted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub tree rooted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub tree rooted at
+X okay that's basically this value which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay that's basically this value which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay that's basically this value which
+I want to maintain but split up over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to maintain but split up over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to maintain but split up over a
+sub tree and so that lets me easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree and so that lets me easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree and so that lets me easily
+compute this value by taking the max of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this value by taking the max of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this value by taking the max of
+log n of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n of these
+values at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at any
+time okay then we store another balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay then we store another balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay then we store another balanced
+binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search
+tree uh where the leaves are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh where the leaves are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh where the leaves are all the
+updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again they will be ordered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+augmented uh in each node I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented uh in each node I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented uh in each node I'm going to
+store a number which is 0+ one or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a number which is 0+ one or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a number which is 0+ one or minus
+one it's going to be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's going to be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's going to be 0
+uh for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for an
+insert this is at the leaf level because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert this is at the leaf level because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert this is at the leaf level because
+the leaves correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves correspond to
+updates uh if that key ends up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates uh if that key ends up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates uh if that key ends up in the
+final Q so those we just ignore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Q so those we just ignore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Q so those we just ignore it's
+going to be+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be+
+one uh for any other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh for any other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh for any other kind of
+insert so inserting a key where K is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert so inserting a key where K is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert so inserting a key where K is not
+in Q now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Q now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Q now
+and it's going to be minus one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be minus one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be minus one for
+delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Min we're going to store this and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min we're going to store this and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min we're going to store this and we're
+going to have sub uh sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sums so this is fun with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so this is fun with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so this is fun with
+augmentation why do I do all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if I store all these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I store all these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I store all these numbers
+it becomes really easy to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bridges I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim yeah so is what we're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim yeah so is what we're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim yeah so is what we're moving
+towards is basically we know how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards is basically we know how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards is basically we know how the
+Cascade will end in any given uh we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade will end in any given uh we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade will end in any given uh we want
+to compute how one of these Cascades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute how one of these Cascades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute how one of these Cascades
+will end and so we just always maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end and so we just always maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end and so we just always maintain
+that information we're always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information we're always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information we're always going to
+maintain what's here we we can't afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain what's here we we can't afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain what's here we we can't afford
+to maintain this whole picture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain this whole picture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain this whole picture because
+it changes too much but we want to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes too much but we want to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes too much but we want to we're
+given this we want to know the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this we want to know the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this we want to know the result of
+the Cascade without having to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cascade without having to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cascade without having to do all
+that stuff in the middle yeah that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff in the middle yeah that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff in the middle yeah that's our
+goal and I claim this is a lot of text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and I claim this is a lot of text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and I claim this is a lot of text
+but I claim that this information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I claim that this information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I claim that this information is
+enough to do that in log end time so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to do that in log end time so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to do that in log end time so let
+me try to convince you so are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to convince you so are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to convince you so are you
+storing several resar I'm storing three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing several resar I'm storing three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing several resar I'm storing three
+I'm storing one that represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm storing one that represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm storing one that represents the
+final result I'm storing one that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result I'm storing one that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result I'm storing one that's just
+looking at the insertions and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the insertions and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the insertions and I'm
+storing one that looks at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing one that looks at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing one that looks at all the
+updates and maintain all three and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and maintain all three and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and maintain all three and you
+can cross link them all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross link them all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross link them all you
+want okay uh I claim a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay uh I claim a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay uh I claim a
+bridge is now a prefix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updates summing to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this
+measure okay because inserts and deletes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay because inserts and deletes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay because inserts and deletes
+when they all cancel out and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they all cancel out and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they all cancel out and if we
+ignore the things that finally end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the things that finally end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the things that finally end up
+there uh the periods of rest when no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh the periods of rest when no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh the periods of rest when no one
+is active that will eventually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is active that will eventually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is active that will eventually get
+deleted that's exactly when everyone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted that's exactly when everyone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted that's exactly when everyone to
+the left has been deleted or Will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left has been deleted or Will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left has been deleted or Will
+Survive to the end so these guys count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survive to the end so these guys count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survive to the end so these guys count
+as zeros so we ignore those each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as zeros so we ignore those each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as zeros so we ignore those each of
+these corresponds to a plus one each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these corresponds to a plus one each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these corresponds to a plus one each of
+these corresponds to a minus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these corresponds to a minus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these corresponds to a minus one so
+these have all canceled out by now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have all canceled out by now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have all canceled out by now and
+when this prefix sum which is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this prefix sum which is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this prefix sum which is everything
+up to a given point is zero then that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a given point is zero then that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a given point is zero then that is
+a bridge what this lets you do is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bridge what this lets you do is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bridge what this lets you do is if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+some you have this this binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you have this this binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you have this this binary search
+tree you have some query time T which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you have some query time T which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you have some query time T which
+corresponds to a leaf and now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a leaf and now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a leaf and now I want to
+know what is the preceding bridge I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the preceding bridge I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the preceding bridge I want
+to know T Prime the bridge preceding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know T Prime the bridge preceding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know T Prime the bridge preceding
+time T then basically I walk up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T then basically I walk up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T then basically I walk up this
+tree and find the preceding moment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and find the preceding moment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and find the preceding moment I
+actually have to first walk down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to first walk down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to first walk down to
+compute this all the sums so hanging off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this all the sums so hanging off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this all the sums so hanging off
+on the left of this path are all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left of this path are all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left of this path are all these
+times in the past I say well if the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the past I say well if the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the past I say well if the sum
+of all of those uh those subt Tre sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of those uh those subt Tre sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of those uh those subt Tre sums
+sum of all the values in those leaves if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all the values in those leaves if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all the values in those leaves if
+that's zero then we're already at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero then we're already at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero then we're already at a
+bridge if not I basically compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge if not I basically compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge if not I basically compute the
+proceeding point where this sum up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding point where this sum up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding point where this sum up to
+that point is zero and that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is zero and that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is zero and that should be
+relatively obvious how to do it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively obvious how to do it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively obvious how to do it's a
+regular kind of walking up the tree so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular kind of walking up the tree so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular kind of walking up the tree so
+in log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log n
+time I can find the proceeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bridge because I have all these sub Tre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge because I have all these sub Tre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge because I have all these sub Tre
+sums I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that by a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by a tree
+walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk
+okay um then it just says here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um then it just says here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um then it just says here and then
+you can compute the change to Q now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute the change to Q now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute the change to Q now all
+right how do we compute the change to Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do we compute the change to Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do we compute the change to Q
+now uh we have to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we have to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we have to compute this
+Max of all the keys that are inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max of all the keys that are inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max of all the keys that are inserted
+After Time T Prime so this was the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+After Time T Prime so this was the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+After Time T Prime so this was the tree
+of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updates and we have another tree which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and we have another tree which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and we have another tree which
+is just the tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insertions and so if and if we cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions and so if and if we cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions and so if and if we cross
+link time so we find T Prime where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link time so we find T Prime where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link time so we find T Prime where the
+prefix sum is zero we map over to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix sum is zero we map over to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix sum is zero we map over to T
+Prime here and again again we get a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime here and again again we get a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime here and again again we get a root
+to Leaf path and now we look at all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Leaf path and now we look at all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Leaf path and now we look at all of
+the elements hanging off the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements hanging off the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements hanging off the right
+side those are all the elements that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side those are all the elements that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side those are all the elements that are
+inserted After Time T Prime I just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted After Time T Prime I just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted After Time T Prime I just take
+the max of those so I guess I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of those so I guess I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of those so I guess I didn't
+write it but I need to store sub tree oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it but I need to store sub tree oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it but I need to store sub tree oh
+no I I store this great this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I I store this great this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I I store this great this is what I
+want for every sub tree I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for every sub tree I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for every sub tree I want to know
+the max of the things in that sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of the things in that sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of the things in that sub tree
+but ignoring the guys that are in Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ignoring the guys that are in Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ignoring the guys that are in Q
+now so I take all those Maxes on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so I take all those Maxes on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so I take all those Maxes on all
+those sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sub
+trees and I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and I can find
+what element gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what element gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what element gets
+inserted into Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted into Q
+now in log n time then of course I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in log n time then of course I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in log n time then of course I have
+to update all this information I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update all this information I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update all this information I don't
+want to spend any more time on this no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend any more time on this no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend any more time on this no
+pun intended uh you have to then C out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pun intended uh you have to then C out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pun intended uh you have to then C out
+changes and so you've got to update all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so you've got to update all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so you've got to update all
+these values and these values uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values and these values uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values and these values uh but the
+claim is you can do all that in log end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is you can do all that in log end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is you can do all that in log end
+time it's not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's not hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's not hard
+okay that's priority cues so I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's priority cues so I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's priority cues so I know that
+was a little bit tedious but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little bit tedious but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little bit tedious but this is
+sort of uh it's not quite the coolest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh it's not quite the coolest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh it's not quite the coolest
+thing we know how to do but it's it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we know how to do but it's it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we know how to do but it's it was
+the first cool thing we knew how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first cool thing we knew how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first cool thing we knew how to do
+in the retroactive world it's this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the retroactive world it's this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the retroactive world it's this nice
+borderline where look scary they linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline where look scary they linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline where look scary they linear
+size chain reactions yet we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size chain reactions yet we can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size chain reactions yet we can still
+deal with them in log end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with them in log end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with them in log end
+time so not quite the worst case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so not quite the worst case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so not quite the worst case but
+also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not
+easy so in general if you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so in general if you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so in general if you want a
+retroactive data structure for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive data structure for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive data structure for your
+favorite data structure uh you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite data structure uh you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite data structure uh you're going
+to have to think along these lines see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to think along these lines see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to think along these lines see
+whether you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can
+maintain something reasonable let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain something reasonable let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain something reasonable let me
+tell you briefly about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you briefly about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you briefly about other
+problems uh other data structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh other data structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh other data structures that
+we've looked at and other people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at and other people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at and other people have
+looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at uh so simple one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh so simple one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh so simple one is a
+q first in first out first in last out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q first in first out first in last out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q first in first out first in last out
+one of those got Stacks too probably uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those got Stacks too probably uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those got Stacks too probably uh
+you can do constant time partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do constant time partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do constant time partial
+retroactivity uh log M Time full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity uh log M Time full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity uh log M Time full
+retroactivity uh for a deck mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity uh for a deck mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity uh for a deck mentioned
+this last time where you can insert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last time where you can insert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last time where you can insert and
+delete from either end uh we can do log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete from either end uh we can do log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete from either end uh we can do log
+n full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n full
+retroactivity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity uh
+for Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find you have a bunch of sets you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you have a bunch of sets you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you have a bunch of sets you want
+to be able to take the Union and given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to take the Union and given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to take the Union and given
+an element you want to know which set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element you want to know which set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element you want to know which set
+it's in sometimes taught in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in sometimes taught in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in sometimes taught in
+6046 uh best thing we know is log M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046 uh best thing we know is log M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046 uh best thing we know is log M
+fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+retroactive uh priority Q we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive uh priority Q we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive uh priority Q we already
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+but is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is there a
+question uh priority Q we already did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh priority Q we already did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh priority Q we already did
+partial retroactivity but what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial retroactivity but what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial retroactivity but what if you
+want full retroactivity this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want full retroactivity this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want full retroactivity this is pretty
+much an open problem best thing we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much an open problem best thing we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much an open problem best thing we know
+isun M * log M this is via we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isun M * log M this is via we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isun M * log M this is via we have a
+general result that says if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general result that says if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general result that says if you have
+anything that's partially retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's partially retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's partially retroactive
+you can make it fully retroactive at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it fully retroactive at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it fully retroactive at a
+huge cost of square root of M Factor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge cost of square root of M Factor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge cost of square root of M Factor so
+you could take what we have make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take what we have make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take what we have make it
+fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully
+retroactive full is there any difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive full is there any difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive full is there any difference
+you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about N I think is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about N I think is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about N I think is supposed to be
+the current size of the data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current size of the data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current size of the data structure
+I'm not actually sure what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not actually sure what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not actually sure what that means
+with a retroactive operation I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a retroactive operation I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a retroactive operation I'll just
+make them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them all
+M's I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's I think that's
+safer other question or same one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer other question or same one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer other question or same one okay
+good thank you um okay let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thank you um okay let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thank you um okay let me tell you
+about the most important problem in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field this is actually what motivated us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this is actually what motivated us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this is actually what motivated us
+to Define retroactivity uh which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define retroactivity uh which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define retroactivity uh which is a
+particular problem retroactive successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem retroactive successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem retroactive successor
+so successor problem is uh I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so successor problem is uh I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so successor problem is uh I want to be
+able to insert and delete keep keys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to insert and delete keep keys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to insert and delete keep keys in
+one dimension and given a query key I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension and given a query key I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension and given a query key I
+want to know what is the next key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what is the next key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what is the next key
+greater or equal to it this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to it this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to it this is something
+you can do in log time with a balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in log time with a balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in log time with a balanced
+binary search tree there's lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree there's lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree there's lots of other
+ways to do it which we will get to later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it which we will get to later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it which we will get to later
+in this class but what if I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class but what if I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class but what if I want to do
+it fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fully
+retroactive okay partially retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive okay partially retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive okay partially retroactive
+is really easy because this is a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really easy because this is a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really easy because this is a search
+problem so I can definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I can definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I can definitely
+do log M partial retroactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in fact it is a uh I just use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact it is a uh I just use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact it is a uh I just use a
+regular binary search tree or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular binary search tree or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular binary search tree or whatever
+uh in fact it is a um decomposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact it is a um decomposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact it is a um decomposable
+search problem so I get full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search problem so I get full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search problem so I get full
+retroactivity no problem but I pay a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity no problem but I pay a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity no problem but I pay a log
+Factor so I get log squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor so I get log squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor so I get log squar
+M full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M full
+retroactivity and so that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity and so that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity and so that's where we
+left it uh back in 2003 but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it uh back in 2003 but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it uh back in 2003 but there's a
+new result which is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new result which is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new result which is that you can
+actually get log m without the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get log m without the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get log m without the square
+full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full
+retroactivity this is a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity this is a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity this is a complicated
+result uh it's by gor and Kaplan 2009 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result uh it's by gor and Kaplan 2009 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result uh it's by gor and Kaplan 2009 it
+uses fun techniques like fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses fun techniques like fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses fun techniques like fractional
+cascading which is next lecture and vend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading which is next lecture and vend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading which is next lecture and vend
+deis which is lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deis which is lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deis which is lecture
+11 uh and various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 uh and various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 uh and various other
+tools uh so it's a little too advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools uh so it's a little too advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools uh so it's a little too advanced
+to cover now uh but it's cool and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover now uh but it's cool and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover now uh but it's cool and it has
+lots of applications in Geometry which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of applications in Geometry which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of applications in Geometry which
+we will be talking about next class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be talking about next class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be talking about next class so
+uh hold your breath for that I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hold your breath for that I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hold your breath for that I guess
+yeah I want to go to one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I want to go to one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I want to go to one last
+topic uh which is a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic uh which is a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic uh which is a different kind of
+retroactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non oblivious retroactivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non oblivious retroactivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non oblivious retroactivity is
+introduced uh by car bck Tang wongon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced uh by car bck Tang wongon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced uh by car bck Tang wongon in
+2007 and it's basically answering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 and it's basically answering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 and it's basically answering the
+question what about my queries so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what about my queries so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what about my queries so we
+have this timeline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this timeline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this timeline of
+updates and you we've done various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and you we've done various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and you we've done various
+operations on our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on our data
+structure which are the updates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which are the updates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which are the updates and
+we've considered how those can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've considered how those can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've considered how those can be
+changed and then with queries either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and then with queries either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and then with queries either
+we're quering at the end are querying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're quering at the end are querying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're quering at the end are querying in
+the middle but we're always getting sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle but we're always getting sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle but we're always getting sort
+of instantaneous as the timeline exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instantaneous as the timeline exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instantaneous as the timeline exists
+right now here's uh what the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now here's uh what the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now here's uh what the result of
+your query is but what if I want to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your query is but what if I want to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your query is but what if I want to do I
+mean if I really normally when I use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I really normally when I use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I really normally when I use a
+data structure I do some updates I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure I do some updates I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure I do some updates I do
+some queries I do a combination of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some queries I do a combination of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some queries I do a combination of these
+things and to make life worse uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and to make life worse uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and to make life worse uh when I
+do a query the result of that query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a query the result of that query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a query the result of that query
+probably influences what updates I do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably influences what updates I do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably influences what updates I do in
+the future so use I call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so use I call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so use I call that the
+algorithmic use of a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure uh results of queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh results of queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh results of queries
+influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updates what updates you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do okay now this gets a little DIY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay now this gets a little DIY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay now this gets a little DIY
+because uh what does influence mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh what does influence mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh what does influence mean we
+we don't know because that's the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know because that's the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know because that's the user
+somehow depends on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow depends on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow depends on these
+results so but non- oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so but non- oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so but non- oblivious
+retroactivity is trying to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity is trying to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity is trying to deal with
+this issue can we get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue can we get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue can we get something
+reasonable so what we'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable so what we'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable so what we'd like to do is
+say oh I now add an update over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh I now add an update over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh I now add an update over here
+retroactively so their updates are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactively so their updates are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactively so their updates are the
+same some sense you can retroactively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same some sense you can retroactively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same some sense you can retroactively
+insert and delete uh updates and queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and delete uh updates and queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and delete uh updates and queries
+now I'd like to know well did the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'd like to know well did the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'd like to know well did the result
+of this query change maybe it's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this query change maybe it's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this query change maybe it's maybe
+you can show at the data structure level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show at the data structure level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show at the data structure level
+we can tell did that query result change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can tell did that query result change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can tell did that query result change
+uh maybe this one changed but this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe this one changed but this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe this one changed but this one
+did not what we'd like to report to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not what we'd like to report to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not what we'd like to report to the
+user is what is the first query that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is what is the first query that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is what is the first query that
+changed because that's like the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed because that's like the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed because that's like the first
+mistake that you made like oh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake that you made like oh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake that you made like oh you know
+retroactively oops I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactively oops I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactively oops I should have
+deposited $100 back here and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited $100 back here and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited $100 back here and then you
+know these queries which were checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these queries which were checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these queries which were checking
+whether the balance was positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the balance was positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the balance was positive or
+negative some of their results might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative some of their results might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative some of their results might
+change some of them might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change some of them might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change some of them might
+not if they change then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not if they change then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not if they change then the the
+algorithm has to I mean it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm has to I mean it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm has to I mean it doesn't have
+to rerun the these operations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rerun the these operations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rerun the these operations because
+that's what retroactivity buys for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what retroactivity buys for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what retroactivity buys for you
+but it has to say oh well now this query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has to say oh well now this query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has to say oh well now this query
+has changed and it then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed and it then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed and it then you have to
+rerun the algorithm from that point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rerun the algorithm from that point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rerun the algorithm from that point but
+not necessarily entirely I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily entirely I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily entirely I mean you
+could you you look at that and say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you you look at that and say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you you look at that and say oh
+you know did that query actually change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know did that query actually change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know did that query actually change
+anything this is now the algorithm so oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything this is now the algorithm so oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything this is now the algorithm so oh
+yeah instead of this update here I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah instead of this update here I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah instead of this update here I would
+have made a different update U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made a different update U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made a different update U
+Prime well that's good we know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime well that's good we know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime well that's good we know how to do
+that that's a retroactive update so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a retroactive update so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a retroactive update so I
+can delete this operation retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can delete this operation retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can delete this operation retroactive
+insert this one so in general what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert this one so in general what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert this one so in general what we
+assume the algorithm does is it finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the algorithm does is it finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the algorithm does is it finds
+the it it looks at the first error which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it it looks at the first error which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it it looks at the first error which
+is reported by our data structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reported by our data structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reported by our data structure and
+then it then may make various changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it then may make various changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it then may make various changes
+from that point onward but always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point onward but always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point onward but always
+monotonically left to right as if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonically left to right as if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonically left to right as if it was
+rerunning the algorithm but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rerunning the algorithm but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rerunning the algorithm but just
+changing what needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing what needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing what needed to
+change until all the errors are resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change until all the errors are resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change until all the errors are resolved
+all the queries have been corrected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the queries have been corrected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the queries have been corrected to
+their right answers then it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their right answers then it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their right answers then it can do
+whatever it wants then it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it wants then it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it wants then it can do
+retroactive operation any time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive operation any time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive operation any time in the
+past okay so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past okay so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past okay so this is an
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+uh once there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm uh makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh makes
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+retroactive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updates from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write and also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and also going to
+assume that it does it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it does it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it does it at
+times at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times at
+times uh less than or equal to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+errors so in general if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so in general if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so in general if you have a
+timeline then there's some some errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline then there's some some errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline then there's some some errors
+where bad queries were done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where bad queries were done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where bad queries were done
+uh naturally you would go right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh naturally you would go right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh naturally you would go right here and
+fix the first error because that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the first error because that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the first error because that may
+influence other errors okay and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence other errors okay and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence other errors okay and maybe
+you have uh so then you make that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh so then you make that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh so then you make that change
+maybe then that causes some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then that causes some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then that causes some other
+changes right after or somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes right after or somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes right after or somewhere in
+between um but then uh you don't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um but then uh you don't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um but then uh you don't I don't
+want to make a change here because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a change here because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a change here because that
+would be depending on this result which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be depending on this result which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be depending on this result which
+was incorrect so first you have to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was incorrect so first you have to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was incorrect so first you have to fix
+this okay so you keep going to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so you keep going to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so you keep going to the right
+and you visit all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you visit all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you visit all the
+stars that's the uh that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars that's the uh that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars that's the uh that's this
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a very different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very different kind of
+retroactivity I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity I would
+say it's more about maintaining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's more about maintaining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's more about maintaining this
+exact picture of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact picture of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact picture of what's
+Happening uh but being able to teleport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening uh but being able to teleport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening uh but being able to teleport
+over the uninteresting stuff so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the uninteresting stuff so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the uninteresting stuff so in this
+picture uh when I if we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh when I if we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh when I if we're doing
+priority cues like this when I make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority cues like this when I make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority cues like this when I make this
+change well that query changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well that query changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well that query changes that
+query changes you know the the delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query changes you know the the delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query changes you know the the delete
+mens the the mins that they're deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mens the the mins that they're deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mens the the mins that they're deleting
+change so here they were just updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so here they were just updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so here they were just updates
+but if if there's also a query here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if there's also a query here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if there's also a query here
+which which is what is the Min then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is what is the Min then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is what is the Min then all
+of these query values would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change so and you're going to you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so and you're going to you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so and you're going to you're
+forc now to pay for that so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forc now to pay for that so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forc now to pay for that so in some
+sense it gets easier I would say for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it gets easier I would say for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it gets easier I would say for a
+lot of problems this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of problems this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of problems this kind of
+retroactivity is easier but for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity is easier but for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity is easier but for many
+problems it's also more useful so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's also more useful so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's also more useful so their
+example is what if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is what if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is what if you want to do
+Dynamic dyra so you have Dyer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic dyra so you have Dyer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic dyra so you have Dyer's
+algorithm and then you say oh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and then you say oh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and then you say oh actually
+this Edge weight was wrong so you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge weight was wrong so you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge weight was wrong so you run
+Dyer's algorithm once you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyer's algorithm once you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyer's algorithm once you've got a
+priority Q in there telling you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority Q in there telling you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority Q in there telling you which
+vertex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex is
+next and then uh and now you say okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and then uh and now you say okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and then uh and now you say okay I
+changed this weight at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this weight at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this weight at the beginning of
+time I don't want to have to rerun dyra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I don't want to have to rerun dyra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I don't want to have to rerun dyra
+entirely if nothing changes maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely if nothing changes maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely if nothing changes maybe that
+way it was completely irrelevant well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was completely irrelevant well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it was completely irrelevant well if
+you just do a retroactive update and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do a retroactive update and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do a retroactive update and see
+did any of the query results change if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did any of the query results change if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did any of the query results change if
+they didn't change then great you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't change then great you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't change then great you have
+the right answer if they did change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer if they did change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer if they did change the
+results change and so you have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results change and so you have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results change and so you have to know
+for every wrong query that oh I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every wrong query that oh I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every wrong query that oh I really
+had to change the shortest pathway it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to change the shortest pathway it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to change the shortest pathway it's
+not this it's now this but hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this it's now this but hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this it's now this but hopefully you
+will only have to change very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only have to change very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only have to change very small
+amount if your graph didn't change in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount if your graph didn't change in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount if your graph didn't change in a
+big way so it's hard to prove results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big way so it's hard to prove results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big way so it's hard to prove results
+about that but at least it's uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but at least it's uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but at least it's uh this
+would let you dynamize almost any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would let you dynamize almost any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would let you dynamize almost any
+algorithm that's using the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's using the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's using the data
+structure so it's easier but useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so it's easier but useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so it's easier but useful for
+that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation okay let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay let me give you an
+example which is priority cues there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is priority cues there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is priority cues there's a
+bunch of results in their paper but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of results in their paper but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of results in their paper but for
+symmetry tell you about priority cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry tell you about priority cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry tell you about priority cues
+this will look completely different so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will look completely different so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will look completely different so
+don't worry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry um
+operations well the P the visual picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations well the P the visual picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations well the P the visual picture
+is the same but the data structuring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same but the data structuring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same but the data structuring is
+all completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all completely
+different they can do all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they can do all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they can do all these things
+in log m per retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log m per retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log m per retroactive
+operation uh now there's no notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh now there's no notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh now there's no notion of
+full and ret and full and partial it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full and ret and full and partial it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full and ret and full and partial it's
+just non- oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just non- oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just non- oblivious
+retroactivity uh I didn't write it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity uh I didn't write it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity uh I didn't write it here
+but the data structure always maintains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data structure always maintains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data structure always maintains
+what is the earliest error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+currently so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maintain the earliest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the earliest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the earliest in
+time error that error is a query that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time error that error is a query that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time error that error is a query that
+used to return one result now returns a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to return one result now returns a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to return one result now returns a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we
+have a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar
+picture so I I cheated I changed things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so I I cheated I changed things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so I I cheated I changed things
+a little bit I didn't cheat it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit I didn't cheat it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit I didn't cheat it's just a
+slight discrepancy for for retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight discrepancy for for retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight discrepancy for for retroactive
+regular retroactive insert and delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular retroactive insert and delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular retroactive insert and delete
+Min were more interesting because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min were more interesting because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min were more interesting because then
+there were chain reactions in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were chain reactions in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were chain reactions in this world
+you don't have to combine delete and Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to combine delete and Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to combine delete and Min
+you could consider delete separate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could consider delete separate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could consider delete separate from
+Min because now updates are allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min because now updates are allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min because now updates are allowed to
+depend on queries so maybe you compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on queries so maybe you compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on queries so maybe you compute a
+in and then you decide to delete that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then you decide to delete that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then you decide to delete that
+thing if the Min changes well then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if the Min changes well then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if the Min changes well then the
+thing that got deleted might also change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that got deleted might also change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that got deleted might also change
+that's the algorithm's choice what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the algorithm's choice what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the algorithm's choice what to
+do so in this new world of insert delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in this new world of insert delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in this new world of insert delete
+and Min slightly more General uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Min slightly more General uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Min slightly more General uh if you
+look at an an an item it gets insert at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an an an item it gets insert at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an an an item it gets insert at
+some time might get deleted at some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time might get deleted at some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time might get deleted at some time
+sometimes it might go off to Infinity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it might go off to Infinity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it might go off to Infinity if
+it never gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never gets
+deleted okay this is our new picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted okay this is our new picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted okay this is our new picture of
+the priority Q over time so again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority Q over time so again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority Q over time so again this
+is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time
+axis and this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and this is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and this is the key
+value so you have some inserts deletes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so you have some inserts deletes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so you have some inserts deletes
+they're all correspond to points in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all correspond to points in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all correspond to points in here
+and then you have Min queries which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have Min queries which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have Min queries which
+maybe I will draw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Red so Min query would be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red so Min query would be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red so Min query would be something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh give me what is the lowest segment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give me what is the lowest segment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give me what is the lowest segment at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time okay so that's my sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's my sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's my sequence of
+operations is a projection onto time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations is a projection onto time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations is a projection onto time so
+there's this thing then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this thing then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this thing then there's this
+query then there's this insertion then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query then there's this insertion then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query then there's this insertion then
+there's this deletion then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this deletion then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this deletion then there's this
+deletion then there's this query Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion then there's this query Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion then there's this query Min
+query then there's this insertion then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query then there's this insertion then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query then there's this insertion then
+there's this query then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this query then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this query then there's this
+deletion you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion you get the
+idea but this is a way to two-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but this is a way to two-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but this is a way to two-
+dimensionalize that picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry can delete without aery uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry can delete without aery uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry can delete without aery uh you can
+delete without a query in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete without a query in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete without a query in this model
+yeah make our life a little bit harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah make our life a little bit harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah make our life a little bit harder
+now uh what we need to support are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh what we need to support are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh what we need to support are
+insert Capital insert and capital delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert Capital insert and capital delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert Capital insert and capital delete
+retroactive insert and delete of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive insert and delete of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive insert and delete of all
+three of these operations before it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these operations before it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these operations before it was
+just updates now we can insert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just updates now we can insert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just updates now we can insert and
+delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete
+queries a little harder to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries a little harder to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries a little harder to think about
+but uh it can be done so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it can be done so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it can be done so for example
+let's just I'm not going to do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just I'm not going to do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just I'm not going to do all the
+cases because there's a lot of them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases because there's a lot of them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases because there's a lot of them um
+let's say I delete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I delete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I delete this
+deletion okay that means that this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion okay that means that this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion okay that means that this will
+just go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay that's bad because it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay that's bad because it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay that's bad because it changes
+the up all of these queries all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up all of these queries all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up all of these queries all these
+queries are now incorrect we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries are now incorrect we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries are now incorrect we're just
+going to keep the picture like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep the picture like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep the picture like this and
+remember that there are errors and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that there are errors and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that there are errors and we'll
+be able to maintain it every moment what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to maintain it every moment what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to maintain it every moment what
+is the next error the errors are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next error the errors are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next error the errors are these
+Crossings Crossing are bad that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings Crossing are bad that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings Crossing are bad that means
+you have the wrong picture but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the wrong picture but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the wrong picture but we'll
+wait for the algorithm we'll tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the algorithm we'll tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the algorithm we'll tell the
+algorithm this is the next Crossing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm this is the next Crossing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm this is the next Crossing and
+it's going to have to fix it by say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have to fix it by say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have to fix it by say
+deleting that query and then reinserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting that query and then reinserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting that query and then reinserting
+it then it will get the correct result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then it will get the correct result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then it will get the correct result
+but it might do other updates meanwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might do other updates meanwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might do other updates meanwhile
+so let's not try to fix them all now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's not try to fix them all now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's not try to fix them all now
+because uh they may change maybe they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh they may change maybe they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh they may change maybe they'll
+decide to reinsert a deletion here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to reinsert a deletion here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to reinsert a deletion here which
+would do that and then erase all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that and then erase all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that and then erase all of
+those Crossings we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Crossings we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Crossings we're
+lucky uh you might also insert an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky uh you might also insert an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky uh you might also insert an
+insertion that's basically the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion that's basically the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion that's basically the same as
+deleting a deletion you get a whole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting a deletion you get a whole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting a deletion you get a whole of
+Crossings um then there's so inserting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings um then there's so inserting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossings um then there's so inserting a
+inserting insertion and deleting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting insertion and deleting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting insertion and deleting a
+deleting deletion are about the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting deletion are about the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting deletion are about the same so
+the other the other case is inserting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the other case is inserting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the other case is inserting a
+deletion or deleting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion or deleting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion or deleting an
+insertion uh so inserting a deletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion uh so inserting a deletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion uh so inserting a deletion
+good let's say that I insert a deletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good let's say that I insert a deletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good let's say that I insert a deletion
+here so now suddenly this thing ceases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now suddenly this thing ceases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now suddenly this thing ceases
+to exist all of this is gone we get not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exist all of this is gone we get not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exist all of this is gone we get not
+a Crossing error but we get what I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Crossing error but we get what I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Crossing error but we get what I'll
+call A floating error which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call A floating error which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call A floating error which is that
+these guys are currently returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are currently returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are currently returning
+something that's there's no segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's there's no segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's there's no segment
+there okay so we can get Crossing errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so we can get Crossing errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so we can get Crossing errors
+and floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+errors I want to give you enough of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors I want to give you enough of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors I want to give you enough of this
+data structure to show that actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure to show that actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure to show that actually you
+use these data structures to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these data structures to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these data structures to solve
+it so in that sense it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so in that sense it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so in that sense it's actually not
+that much easier I said it was easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much easier I said it was easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much easier I said it was easier
+but we're going to need a retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to need a retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to need a retroactive
+successor in order to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor in order to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor in order to solve this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariance man who uses this color chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance man who uses this color chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance man who uses this color chalk
+it's so hard to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say I want to maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I want to maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I want to maintain the
+lowest leftmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Crossing so in this picture where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing so in this picture where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing so in this picture where I have
+a bunch of Crossings this is the one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of Crossings this is the one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of Crossings this is the one I
+want to maintain the bottom left one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maintain the bottom left one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maintain the bottom left one
+now there's a bit of a subtlety here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a bit of a subtlety here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a bit of a subtlety here
+which is do you look at do you minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is do you look at do you minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is do you look at do you minimize
+y-coordinate and then x coordinate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate and then x coordinate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate and then x coordinate or
+vice versa it turns out these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa it turns out these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa it turns out these are the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing I don't want to prove that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I don't want to prove that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I don't want to prove that here
+but because of this assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of this assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of this assumption that
+we're always proceeding monotonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always proceeding monotonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always proceeding monotonically
+left to right uh we have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right uh we have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right uh we have a nice
+invariant that if you look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that if you look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that if you look at all the
+crossings they involve uh segments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings they involve uh segments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings they involve uh segments that
+start to the left of all errors because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to the left of all errors because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to the left of all errors because
+all the changes we've made are to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the changes we've made are to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the changes we've made are to the
+left of all Errors By this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of all Errors By this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of all Errors By this property
+and so it's it's really just a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's it's really just a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's it's really just a whole
+bunch of rays coming in from negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of rays coming in from negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of rays coming in from negative
+Infinity on the left and a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity on the left and a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity on the left and a whole bunch
+of rays coming fromus Infinity on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rays coming fromus Infinity on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rays coming fromus Infinity on the
+bottom sometimes the Rays stop but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom sometimes the Rays stop but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom sometimes the Rays stop but if
+you look at where they cross there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at where they cross there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at where they cross there's a
+uniquely defined bottom left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely defined bottom left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely defined bottom left
+corner okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner okay so
+that's this picture this Rays might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this picture this Rays might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this picture this Rays might go
+different amounts from either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts from either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts from either
+side but there's a single lower left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but there's a single lower left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but there's a single lower left
+corner so we're going to maintain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner so we're going to maintain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner so we're going to maintain that
+and we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're also going to
+maintain uh the leftmost floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point floating
+error on each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error on each row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error on each row
+separately so in each horizontal line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so in each horizontal line uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so in each horizontal line uh
+like here we'll maintain that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here we'll maintain that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here we'll maintain that there's a
+floating error here for this row but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating error here for this row but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating error here for this row but
+we'll we won't figure out that one till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we won't figure out that one till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we won't figure out that one till
+later that just saves the work we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that just saves the work we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that just saves the work we have
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+okay now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let
+me show you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you an
+operation let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation let's do
+insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert
+Min so I want to I'm going to use x for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min so I want to I'm going to use x for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min so I want to I'm going to use x for
+time here because it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here because it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here because it's a little bit more
+intuitive x coordinate is time suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive x coordinate is time suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive x coordinate is time suppose I
+want to insert a query this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to insert a query this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to insert a query this is actually
+an easy case because uh there's no chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy case because uh there's no chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy case because uh there's no chain
+reactions here it's going to be correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions here it's going to be correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions here it's going to be correct
+because I'm doing the query right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm doing the query right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm doing the query right now
+but this is a basically a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a basically a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a basically a fully
+retroactive query I'm adding a new new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive query I'm adding a new new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive query I'm adding a new new
+time a new query and I want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a new query and I want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a new query and I want to know what
+is the first Ray that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hit how do I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so uh what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so uh what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so uh what's going on
+here is I'm basically manipulating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I'm basically manipulating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I'm basically manipulating these
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+segments I I mean the quer the red lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments I I mean the quer the red lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments I I mean the quer the red lines
+don't really affect this query they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really affect this query they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really affect this query they just
+might be incorrect but I don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be incorrect but I don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be incorrect but I don't care if
+they're incorrect I just want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're incorrect I just want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're incorrect I just want to know
+for this query what is the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this query what is the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this query what is the lowest
+segment so really I have segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment so really I have segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment so really I have segments
+they're changing inserting and deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're changing inserting and deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're changing inserting and deleting
+end points of the segments and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points of the segments and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points of the segments and I want to
+know from below what is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from below what is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from below what is the first
+segment that I hit this is called upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment that I hit this is called upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment that I hit this is called upward
+Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray
+shooting or vertical Ray shooting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting or vertical Ray shooting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting or vertical Ray shooting I
+guess would be the normal phrasing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess would be the normal phrasing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess would be the normal phrasing but I
+want to be a little more specific not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little more specific not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little more specific not
+downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward
+upward uh among Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+segments this is a well-studied problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and conveniently it can be solved in log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conveniently it can be solved in log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conveniently it can be solved in log
+end time per operation so you can modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end time per operation so you can modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end time per operation so you can modify
+segments and do upward r shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and do upward r shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and do upward r shooting
+queries in log end time operation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries in log end time operation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries in log end time operation but
+you already knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already knew
+that good you're nodding your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good you're nodding your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good you're nodding your head
+because that is retroactive successor if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is retroactive successor if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is retroactive successor if
+you think about it a retroactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it a retroactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it a retroactive
+insertion operation in the past is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion operation in the past is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion operation in the past is like
+it's fully retroactive successor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fully retroactive successor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fully retroactive successor that's
+this result um inserting an insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result um inserting an insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result um inserting an insertion
+that's like creating a new left end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like creating a new left end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like creating a new left end
+point of a segment inserting a deletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a segment inserting a deletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a segment inserting a deletion
+is like creating a new right end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like creating a new right end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like creating a new right end point
+deleting a deletion or deleting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting a deletion or deleting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleting a deletion or deleting an
+insertion is you could use that to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion is you could use that to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion is you could use that to move
+the endpoint so that's exactly Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoint so that's exactly Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoint so that's exactly Dynamic
+segments horizontal segments and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments horizontal segments and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments horizontal segments and then
+shooting array is in general if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting array is in general if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting array is in general if if
+General Ray shooting queries like this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Ray shooting queries like this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Ray shooting queries like this I
+can be not from minus infinity be at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be not from minus infinity be at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be not from minus infinity be at an
+arbitrary point and know and ask what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary point and know and ask what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary point and know and ask what do
+I hit upward next that is like at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hit upward next that is like at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hit upward next that is like at this
+time doing a successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doing a successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doing a successor
+query okay now this is a special kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query okay now this is a special kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query okay now this is a special kind of
+successor query because it's always from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor query because it's always from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor query because it's always from
+minus infinity so you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity so you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity so you might be able to
+solve it easier but in particular you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it easier but in particular you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it easier but in particular you
+can solve it using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve it using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve it using this
+result so regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so regular
+retroactivity helps you do non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity helps you do non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactivity helps you do non-
+oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious
+retroactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+um at a time so I will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at a time so I will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at a time so I will just
+say the rest the other cases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the rest the other cases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the rest the other cases are
+similar um there's one other thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um there's one other thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um there's one other thing you
+need to do which is in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do which is in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do which is in addition to
+Upward Ray shooting you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upward Ray shooting you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upward Ray shooting you have to do
+rightward ray shooting because of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightward ray shooting because of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightward ray shooting because of things
+like this if I delete this deletion I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if I delete this deletion I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if I delete this deletion I
+want to know what do I hit next so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what do I hit next so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what do I hit next so
+that's a rightward ray shooting among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rightward ray shooting among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rightward ray shooting among
+Dynamic segments which all happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic segments which all happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic segments which all happen to
+start at minus infinity so it's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at minus infinity so it's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at minus infinity so it's again
+Dynam it's Dynamic uh Ray shooting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynam it's Dynamic uh Ray shooting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynam it's Dynamic uh Ray shooting or
+successor queries but in X instead of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor queries but in X instead of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor queries but in X instead of Y
+so with those tricks you can do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with those tricks you can do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with those tricks you can do all of
+the cases of inserting deleting deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases of inserting deleting deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases of inserting deleting deleting
+insertions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions
+inserting you know all combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting you know all combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting you know all combinations of
+those things
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WxqdIRbQp0c.txt b/WxqdIRbQp0c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e63f37c944e2486c8e025ae540d846e71bb96464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WxqdIRbQp0c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I'm Bob field I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I'm Bob field I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I'm Bob field I'm in the
+chemistry Department I've been in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Department I've been in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Department I've been in the
+chemistry department for 35 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry department for 35 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry department for 35 years
+uh the course is molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the course is molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the course is molecular
+spectroscopy which used to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy which used to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy which used to be called
+576 molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+576 molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+576 molecular
+spectroscopy and it's now uh most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and it's now uh most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and it's now uh most recent
+Incarnation 580 the course 580 starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incarnation 580 the course 580 starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incarnation 580 the course 580 starts
+with some crucial ideas about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some crucial ideas about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some crucial ideas about the
+electronic structure of atoms and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure of atoms and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure of atoms and then
+develops from there to the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops from there to the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops from there to the electronic
+structure and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and other
+uh things that molecules can do uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things that molecules can do uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things that molecules can do uh it's
+mostly taught by taken by graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly taught by taken by graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly taught by taken by graduate
+students however there have always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students however there have always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students however there have always been
+one or two undergraduate students taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two undergraduate students taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two undergraduate students taking
+this course and they've always entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and they've always entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and they've always entered
+graduate school with a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school with a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school with a tremendous
+advantage over the others in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage over the others in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage over the others in the sense
+that they understand how spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they understand how spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they understand how spectroscopy
+works and how molecules work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and how molecules work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and how molecules work and
+spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy
+is applied quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied quantum mechanics
+and so a student who has not had a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a student who has not had a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a student who has not had a fair
+amount of experience with quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of experience with quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of experience with quantum
+mechanics will be very much out of place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics will be very much out of place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics will be very much out of place
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+course although I also have a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course although I also have a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course although I also have a relatively
+simple way of approaching quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of approaching quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of approaching quantum
+mechanics that even if a student has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that even if a student has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that even if a student has not
+had a course in Matrix formulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a course in Matrix formulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a course in Matrix formulation of
+quantum mechanics they will soon get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics they will soon get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics they will soon get the
+idea uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh it's a
+course that captures my vision of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that captures my vision of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that captures my vision of how
+molecules work and uh it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules work and uh it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules work and uh it's a very
+unconventional course not found in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional course not found in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional course not found in any
+textbooks except my own book which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks except my own book which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks except my own book which is
+the book on small molecules is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book on small molecules is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book on small molecules is called
+the Spectra and dynamics of diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectra and dynamics of diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectra and dynamics of diatomic
+molecules my aim in teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules my aim in teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules my aim in teaching
+576 is to show that spectroscopy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+576 is to show that spectroscopy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+576 is to show that spectroscopy is not
+just energy levels and formulas but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just energy levels and formulas but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just energy levels and formulas but it's
+uh a way of understanding how molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a way of understanding how molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a way of understanding how molecules
+work and basically the insistence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and basically the insistence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and basically the insistence on
+things being simple as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being simple as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being simple as opposed to
+multi-digit complicated is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-digit complicated is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-digit complicated is what I'm
+trying to get at well it's a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at well it's a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at well it's a fairly
+old-fashioned lecture course uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned lecture course uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned lecture course uh it's
+based on uh printed electron notes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh printed electron notes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh printed electron notes that
+have evolved over the years um every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved over the years um every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved over the years um every
+time I give this course I I uh go deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I give this course I I uh go deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I give this course I I uh go deeper
+into the subject so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the subject so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the subject so
+if someone from outside of MIT were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone from outside of MIT were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone from outside of MIT were to
+approach this course and want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this course and want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this course and want to learn
+from it I would I would recommend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it I would I would recommend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it I would I would recommend that
+that person uh decide on which of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person uh decide on which of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person uh decide on which of the
+many topics covered in the uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many topics covered in the uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many topics covered in the uh in the
+lecture syllabus they're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture syllabus they're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture syllabus they're interested in
+and pick a few of them and uh and study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick a few of them and uh and study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick a few of them and uh and study
+them rather than to read the whole uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them rather than to read the whole uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them rather than to read the whole uh
+material but my goal is to present uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but my goal is to present uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but my goal is to present uh
+simple pictures simple and memorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pictures simple and memorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pictures simple and memorable
+names for things and uh uh just to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names for things and uh uh just to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names for things and uh uh just to have
+a sense that molecules are their friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense that molecules are their friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense that molecules are their friends
+and have few surprises that they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have few surprises that they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have few surprises that they can't
+anticipate I love teaching I love uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate I love teaching I love uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate I love teaching I love uh
+sharing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing my
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+um and it's a wonderful thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a wonderful thing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a wonderful thing to be
+asked to learn something well enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to learn something well enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to learn something well enough to
+explain it to other people and uh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it to other people and uh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it to other people and uh I I
+regard this course as the one where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard this course as the one where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard this course as the one where the
+learning was most intense and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning was most intense and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning was most intense and the
+teaching the conveying of that was most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the conveying of that was most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the conveying of that was most
+rewarding
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X05j49pc6DE.txt b/X05j49pc6DE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..013ae331b456c75067a9c3b1bce6e7c9c17a1483
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X05j49pc6DE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today we're
+going to think about the even well also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about the even well also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about the even well also
+the low end of the polinomial hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low end of the polinomial hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low end of the polinomial hierarchy
+um so most of this class is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so most of this class is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so most of this class is about
+polinomial versus not polinomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial versus not polinomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial versus not polinomial and
+various Notions of hardness NP hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Notions of hardness NP hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Notions of hardness NP hardness
+and worse um we look briefly at p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse um we look briefly at p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse um we look briefly at p
+completeness uh which is about parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness uh which is about parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness uh which is about parallel
+Computing uh today we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing uh today we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing uh today we're going to be
+thinking about regular good old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about regular good old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about regular good old
+sequential Computing but trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential Computing but trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential Computing but trying to
+distinguish linear time versus nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish linear time versus nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish linear time versus nonlinear
+time and in particular trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in particular trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in particular trying to find
+problems that are quadratic or cubic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are quadratic or cubic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are quadratic or cubic in
+N uh for sequential running times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N uh for sequential running times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N uh for sequential running times and
+probably the most popular attack on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most popular attack on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most popular attack on this
+is called thre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called thre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called thre
+sum which is the following problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum which is the following problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum which is the following problem
+you're given n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integers let's say and you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers let's say and you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers let's say and you want to know
+do any three of them sum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so uh of course you can solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so uh of course you can solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so uh of course you can solve this
+in cubic Time by testing all triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cubic Time by testing all triples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cubic Time by testing all triples
+whether they sum to zero uh but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they sum to zero uh but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they sum to zero uh but you can
+also solve it in quadratic time um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also solve it in quadratic time um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also solve it in quadratic time um so
+it's not an algorithms class so I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an algorithms class so I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an algorithms class so I won't
+ask you to come up with the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to come up with the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to come up with the algorithm
+but they're quite quite easy uh first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're quite quite easy uh first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're quite quite easy uh first uh
+order N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order N2
+randomized uh is really easy you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized uh is really easy you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized uh is really easy you take
+all pairwise sums so first of all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pairwise sums so first of all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pairwise sums so first of all you
+build uh a dictionary a hashtable of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh a dictionary a hashtable of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh a dictionary a hashtable of all
+the integers and then you um look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers and then you um look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers and then you um look at all
+par wise sums for each py sum you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par wise sums for each py sum you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par wise sums for each py sum you see
+whether the negation is in the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the negation is in the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the negation is in the hash
+table in constant time so that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in constant time so that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in constant time so that gives you
+n^2 randomized uh because if you know A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 randomized uh because if you know A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 randomized uh because if you know A
++ B + c equal Z is the same thing as a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ B + c equal Z is the same thing as a +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ B + c equal Z is the same thing as a +
+Bal minus C so you look at all pawise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bal minus C so you look at all pawise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bal minus C so you look at all pawise
+sums see whether the negation is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums see whether the negation is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums see whether the negation is in the
+list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of
+integers okay you can also do uh order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers okay you can also do uh order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers okay you can also do uh order n
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+deterministic this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic this is uh
+a more fun puzzle but I'll spoil the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more fun puzzle but I'll spoil the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more fun puzzle but I'll spoil the
+answer for you just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for you just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for you just to give you
+intuition for why this problem is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for why this problem is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for why this problem is n
+s uh for every possible Target sum minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh for every possible Target sum minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh for every possible Target sum minus
+C so that's going to happen n times I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so that's going to happen n times I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so that's going to happen n times I'm
+going to run the following linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run the following linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run the following linear time
+algorithm which is I start so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is I start so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is I start so this is
+just two copies of the integers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two copies of the integers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two copies of the integers in
+sorted order I have nlog n time to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order I have nlog n time to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order I have nlog n time to sort
+so that's no problem I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's no problem I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's no problem I'm going to start
+from with my left finger here and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from with my left finger here and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from with my left finger here and my
+right finger here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right finger here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right finger here
+and look at the sum of those two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the sum of those two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the sum of those two numbers
+if it's too big I have a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's too big I have a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's too big I have a particular
+Target uh negative C in mind if the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target uh negative C in mind if the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target uh negative C in mind if the sum
+of these two numbers is smaller than C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two numbers is smaller than C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two numbers is smaller than C
+then I'm going to advance this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to advance this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to advance this one
+because if this is in sorted order that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if this is in sorted order that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if this is in sorted order that
+will make my sum larger if the sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make my sum larger if the sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make my sum larger if the sum is
+too big I will advance This One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big I will advance This One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big I will advance This One
+backwards so in general I have my right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so in general I have my right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so in general I have my right
+finger advancing left or my left finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger advancing left or my left finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger advancing left or my left finger
+advancing right in each step one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancing right in each step one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancing right in each step one of the
+two advances and this will not miss this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two advances and this will not miss this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two advances and this will not miss this
+will tell you whether that Target sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you whether that Target sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you whether that Target sum is
+among the par wise sums from this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the par wise sums from this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the par wise sums from this thing
+in linear time we have to do that end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear time we have to do that end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear time we have to do that end
+times once for each Target sum so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times once for each Target sum so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times once for each Target sum so that's
+the fancy quadratic algorithm no fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fancy quadratic algorithm no fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fancy quadratic algorithm no fancy
+data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures
+required uh cool so three sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required uh cool so three sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required uh cool so three sum is
+quadratic and the big conjecture is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic and the big conjecture is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic and the big conjecture is that
+you can't solve it any faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't solve it any faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't solve it any faster
+well you can so it's not quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can so it's not quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can so it's not quite the
+conjecture um the conjecture is uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture um the conjecture is uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture um the conjecture is uh that
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+no n 2us Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm uh in general in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh in general in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh in general in the worst
+case uh let me tell you before we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh let me tell you before we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh let me tell you before we get to
+and this has led to a whole world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has led to a whole world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has led to a whole world of
+lower bounds of threeome hardness if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds of threeome hardness if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds of threeome hardness if
+your problem is threeome hard then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem is threeome hard then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem is threeome hard then you
+expect it h also has no n the 2us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it h also has no n the 2us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it h also has no n the 2us
+Epsilon algorithm because if it did 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon algorithm because if it did 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon algorithm because if it did 3
+sum would and people generally believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum would and people generally believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum would and people generally believe
+that's uh the case for thre sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the case for thre sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the case for thre sum
+but there are some exceptions so one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some exceptions so one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some exceptions so one uh
+thing is that the numbers have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the numbers have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the numbers have to be
+fairly large um if if all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large um if if all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large um if if all of the
+integers are in the range let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers are in the range let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers are in the range let's say
+minus U to U that's the universe size uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U to U that's the universe size uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U to U that's the universe size uh
+then via fft you can solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then via fft you can solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then via fft you can solve the problem
+in U log U time plus linear time uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in U log U time plus linear time uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in U log U time plus linear time uh so
+your numbers better be at least larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your numbers better be at least larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your numbers better be at least larger
+than N2 in fact we'll see n Cub suffice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than N2 in fact we'll see n Cub suffice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than N2 in fact we'll see n Cub suffice
+so they don't have to be huge but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't have to be huge but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't have to be huge but they
+do have to be bigger than linear or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to be bigger than linear or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to be bigger than linear or
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more
+generally there are a bunch of sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there are a bunch of sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there are a bunch of sub
+quadratic but only slightly sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic but only slightly sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic but only slightly sub
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one uh achieves a roughly log squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh achieves a roughly log squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh achieves a roughly log squared
+savings although a little bit less is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings although a little bit less is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings although a little bit less is a
+log log squared in the denominator um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log squared in the denominator um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log squared in the denominator um
+this is a randomized algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a randomized algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a randomized algorithm
+in a model of computation called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a model of computation called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a model of computation called the
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+Ram so if you're interested in the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram so if you're interested in the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram so if you're interested in the word
+Ram you should take Advanced data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram you should take Advanced data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram you should take Advanced data
+structures but uh basically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but uh basically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but uh basically you can
+manipulate let's say log n bit words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate let's say log n bit words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate let's say log n bit words in
+constant time you can add them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time you can add them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time you can add them together
+multiply them that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them that sort of
+thing uh and you assume that the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh and you assume that the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh and you assume that the numbers
+you're dealing with fit in a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with fit in a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with fit in a word
+because if you're going to compare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're going to compare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're going to compare them
+you'd also need that assumption um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd also need that assumption um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd also need that assumption um so
+that's a reasonable model and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable model and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable model and it
+essentially affords a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially affords a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially affords a kind of
+logarithmic amount of parallelism and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic amount of parallelism and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic amount of parallelism and so
+because it's a quadratic problem roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a quadratic problem roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a quadratic problem roughly
+speaking you get a quadratic amount in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking you get a quadratic amount in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking you get a quadratic amount in
+the parallelism of the model uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallelism of the model uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallelism of the model uh so
+that's a bit improved this is uh by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit improved this is uh by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit improved this is uh by uh
+two former MIT students IIA Baron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two former MIT students IIA Baron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two former MIT students IIA Baron and
+miab patrascu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miab patrascu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miab patrascu and
+myself um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um
+and very recently this year there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very recently this year there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very recently this year there's been
+uh another nice Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's actually three algorithms depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually three algorithms depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually three algorithms depending
+on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your
+model but all based on a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea oops did I get these backwards I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea oops did I get these backwards I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea oops did I get these backwards I
+think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first uh these two results so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first uh these two results so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first uh these two results so this
+these are results by gronland and Petty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are results by gronland and Petty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are results by gronland and Petty
+so that's Petty he gave a talk here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Petty he gave a talk here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's Petty he gave a talk here
+about it recently um in a real Ram model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it recently um in a real Ram model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it recently um in a real Ram model
+of computation this is a weaker model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation this is a weaker model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation this is a weaker model of
+computation so the result is stronger um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so the result is stronger um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so the result is stronger um
+in a real Ram uh you're you're still you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a real Ram uh you're you're still you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a real Ram uh you're you're still you
+still assume that the numbers you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still assume that the numbers you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still assume that the numbers you're
+given you can add them uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you can add them uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you can add them uh I think
+actually all he needs is the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all he needs is the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all he needs is the ability to
+add them and compare them maybe subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them and compare them maybe subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them and compare them maybe subtract
+uh yeah also subtract but uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah also subtract but uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah also subtract but uh no
+multiplication is really uh useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is really uh useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is really uh useful in
+that particular model uh because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular model uh because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular model uh because you
+can't extract bits out of the thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't extract bits out of the thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't extract bits out of the thing so
+you don't assume that they're integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't assume that they're integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't assume that they're integers
+you just treat them as real numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just treat them as real numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just treat them as real numbers and
+all you know how to do is add a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know how to do is add a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know how to do is add a bunch of
+them and compare those additions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and compare those additions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and compare those additions
+uh so that's a weaker model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's a weaker model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's a weaker model of
+computation and still they're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and still they're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and still they're able to
+get a roughly logarithmic Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a roughly logarithmic Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a roughly logarithmic Improvement
+not quite as strong as the quadratic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite as strong as the quadratic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite as strong as the quadratic and
+log uh and but one Advance is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log uh and but one Advance is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log uh and but one Advance is that this
+is the first deterministic algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first deterministic algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first deterministic algorithm to
+be n squ uh so randomization isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n squ uh so randomization isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n squ uh so randomization isn't
+necessary to achieve that um though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to achieve that um though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to achieve that um though
+there's is 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's is 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's is 2/3
+power uh but the other Advance is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh but the other Advance is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh but the other Advance is that
+you don't need to manipulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to manipulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to manipulate the
+individual bits so even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual bits so even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual bits so even in the
+randomized model that's that's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized model that's that's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized model that's that's nice
+uh and then the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing and sort of the first thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and sort of the first thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and sort of the first thing to
+call into question the three sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call into question the three sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call into question the three sum
+conjecture which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conjecture is I wouldn't really call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture is I wouldn't really call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture is I wouldn't really call
+this an algorithm but it's a thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an algorithm but it's a thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an algorithm but it's a thing which
+runs in roughly into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in roughly into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in roughly into the
+1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5
+time uh but here it's a more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh but here it's a more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh but here it's a more powerful
+model a super powerful model called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a super powerful model called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a super powerful model called the
+decision tree model uh where the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree model uh where the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree model uh where the idea is
+that an algorithm is specified by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an algorithm is specified by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an algorithm is specified by an
+entire tree the depth of the tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire tree the depth of the tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire tree the depth of the tree is
+this big each note of the tree says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big each note of the tree says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big each note of the tree says uh
+add you know these five things compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add you know these five things compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add you know these five things compare
+them to these five things uh and see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to these five things uh and see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to these five things uh and see uh
+which is bigger and then Branch there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bigger and then Branch there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bigger and then Branch there's
+a left branch and a right tree if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a left branch and a right tree if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a left branch and a right tree if you've
+ever seen comparison trees same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen comparison trees same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen comparison trees same thing
+but uh the comparisons are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the comparisons are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the comparisons are more
+interesting uh but this is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh but this is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh but this is not an
+algorithm because we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because we don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because we don't know how to
+compute that tree efficiently we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that tree efficiently we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that tree efficiently we can
+compute it in probably polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it in probably polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it in probably polinomial time
+but definitely not we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but definitely not we don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but definitely not we don't know how to
+compute it in sub quadratic time or sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it in sub quadratic time or sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it in sub quadratic time or sub
+this time so it's a it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time so it's a it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time so it's a it's kind of a
+frustrating situation because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating situation because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating situation because we know
+that uh this thing is sort of out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this thing is sort of out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this thing is sort of out there
+but actually finding it is hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually finding it is hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually finding it is hard and
+there actually several problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually several problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually several problems in
+computer science since the 80s I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science since the 80s I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science since the 80s I think
+where we know better decision trees than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we know better decision trees than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we know better decision trees than
+we know algorithms so my sense would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know algorithms so my sense would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know algorithms so my sense would be
+uh that the decision tree model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the decision tree model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the decision tree model is
+strictly more powerful the threeome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly more powerful the threeome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly more powerful the threeome
+conjecture is true for regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture is true for regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture is true for regular
+algorithms if you define it this way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms if you define it this way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms if you define it this way or
+this way uh but in the decision tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way uh but in the decision tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way uh but in the decision tree
+model obviously you can do a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model obviously you can do a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model obviously you can do a lot better
+question what's the reason to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's the reason to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's the reason to believe
+like the decision tree model over just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the decision tree model over just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the decision tree model over just
+like some bit that we like run a pol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some bit that we like run a pol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some bit that we like run a pol
+time algorithm and then like look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm and then like look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm and then like look at the
+bit and it tells us the answer Oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and it tells us the answer Oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and it tells us the answer Oh you
+mean why like why do why should believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean why like why do why should believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean why like why do why should believe
+that decision trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision trees are
+like a model of computation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a model of computation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a model of computation that we
+should care about like oh no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about like oh no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about like oh no you
+shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't
+no decision tree is not a model you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no decision tree is not a model you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no decision tree is not a model you
+should consider a reasonable computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consider a reasonable computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consider a reasonable computer
+but it's interesting in that it suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's interesting in that it suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's interesting in that it suggests
+you know it gives you this tantalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it gives you this tantalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it gives you this tantalizing
+feeling that maybe you could turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that maybe you could turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that maybe you could turn this
+into a real algorithm that you could run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a real algorithm that you could run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a real algorithm that you could run
+on a computer but definitely yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a computer but definitely yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a computer but definitely yeah you
+cannot if you don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot if you don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot if you don't know what the
+decision tree is you can't run it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree is you can't run it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree is you can't run it on a
+computer directly so it's not uh a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer directly so it's not uh a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer directly so it's not uh a model
+of computation in the strict sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation in the strict sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation in the strict sense it's
+especially interest I mean it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially interest I mean it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially interest I mean it's always
+important to see how the model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to see how the model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to see how the model of
+competition relates to the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition relates to the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition relates to the bounds
+particularly if you're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if you're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if you're going to try to
+prove a lower bound there are some lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a lower bound there are some lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a lower bound there are some lower
+bounds of n^ s in restricted forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds of n^ s in restricted forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds of n^ s in restricted forms of
+the decision tree model this says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision tree model this says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision tree model this says you
+can't extend those lower bounds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't extend those lower bounds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't extend those lower bounds to
+arbitrary decision trees decision trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary decision trees decision trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary decision trees decision trees
+are traditionally used as a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traditionally used as a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traditionally used as a lower bound
+model if you can prove a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model if you can prove a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model if you can prove a lower bound
+there because it's a very powerful model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it's a very powerful model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it's a very powerful model
+that implies lower bounds in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies lower bounds in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies lower bounds in something
+like the real Ram so that's why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the real Ram so that's why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the real Ram so that's why people
+care in some sense this says you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in some sense this says you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care in some sense this says you can't
+prove a strong lower Bound in that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a strong lower Bound in that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a strong lower Bound in that model
+which is annoying another question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is annoying another question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is annoying another question what
+is a tree depend on like the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tree depend on like the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tree depend on like the structure
+and the contents of the node does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contents of the node does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contents of the node does it
+depend on the values of the integer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the values of the integer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the values of the integer or
+only the number of that um I'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the number of that um I'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the number of that um I'm pretty
+sure in this model uh you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure in this model uh you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure in this model uh you have a
+constant number of original integers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of original integers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of original integers you
+add them together and compare them to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together and compare them to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together and compare them to a
+constant number of original integers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of original integers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of original integers but
+like what is the I mean I can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the I mean I can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the I mean I can compute
+the tree in some I can take time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree in some I can take time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree in some I can take time to
+compute the tree but then what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the tree but then what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the tree but then what does it
+depend on like if I change the Val yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on like if I change the Val yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on like if I change the Val yeah
+the the tree of course has exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tree of course has exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tree of course has exponential
+size so you never would actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so you never would actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so you never would actually want to
+compute it explicitly what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it explicitly what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it explicitly what you want to
+compute is after I've done some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute is after I've done some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute is after I've done some number
+of things what's the next operation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things what's the next operation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things what's the next operation that
+happens sir this not my question my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens sir this not my question my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens sir this not my question my
+question is like what changes the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like what changes the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like what changes the actual
+structure of the tree is it just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the tree is it just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the tree is it just the
+number of oh yeah n right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of oh yeah n right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of oh yeah n right the the
+decision tree only depends on N okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree only depends on N okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree only depends on N okay
+yeah I mean in some sense the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean in some sense the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean in some sense the decision
+tree is encoding an Adaptive algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is encoding an Adaptive algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is encoding an Adaptive algorithm
+that depending on the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depending on the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depending on the results of
+previous comparisons tells you what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous comparisons tells you what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous comparisons tells you what to
+do next but if you think of it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next but if you think of it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next but if you think of it as the
+entire tree then it's only depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire tree then it's only depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire tree then it's only depending on
+it yep but because it's so big I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yep but because it's so big I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yep but because it's so big I mean
+that doesn't help us you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't help us you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't help us you could imagine
+pre-computing for n but there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-computing for n but there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-computing for n but there's no way
+to store it or and you couldn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store it or and you couldn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store it or and you couldn't really
+afford that exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford that exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford that exponential
+time okay so uh that's a short story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so uh that's a short story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so uh that's a short story
+about the known upper bounds and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the known upper bounds and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the known upper bounds and also
+the known lower bounds on threesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the known lower bounds on threesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the known lower bounds on threesome
+there are some weak lower bounds in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some weak lower bounds in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some weak lower bounds in a
+particular version of the decision tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular version of the decision tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular version of the decision tree
+model when you can only compare uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model when you can only compare uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model when you can only compare uh I
+think sums of two items then you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think sums of two items then you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think sums of two items then you can get
+an N Square lower bound but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N Square lower bound but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N Square lower bound but that's not
+especially interesting given this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially interesting given this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially interesting given this result
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+anymore let me tell you briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+km which is the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generalization instead of three do any K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization instead of three do any K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization instead of three do any K
+of them sum to zero um here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them sum to zero um here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them sum to zero um here they're
+actually stronger or lower bounds um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stronger or lower bounds um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stronger or lower bounds um so
+if three sum is the most popular thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if three sum is the most popular thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if three sum is the most popular thing
+considered for proving quadratic lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered for proving quadratic lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered for proving quadratic lower
+bounds because a lot of problems we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds because a lot of problems we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds because a lot of problems we care
+about are linear quadratic so 3 gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are linear quadratic so 3 gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are linear quadratic so 3 gets a
+lot of the attention uh km is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the attention uh km is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the attention uh km is a little
+easier to argue about in particular it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to argue about in particular it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to argue about in particular it's
+NP hard in general right this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hard in general right this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hard in general right this particular
+encodes something like partition um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes something like partition um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes something like partition um if
+you if you have n integers and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you have n integers and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you have n integers and their
+overall sum is zero and you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall sum is zero and you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall sum is zero and you want to know
+whether any n/ two of them sum to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether any n/ two of them sum to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether any n/ two of them sum to zero
+or something like that would be roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that would be roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that would be roughly
+partition so this is NP hard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so this is NP hard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so this is NP hard so
+definitely it's got to get hard for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely it's got to get hard for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely it's got to get hard for some
+k um and in fact you can show fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k um and in fact you can show fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k um and in fact you can show fixed
+parameter hard W1 hardness uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter hard W1 hardness uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter hard W1 hardness uh with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K uh so in particular if you assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh so in particular if you assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh so in particular if you assume the
+exponential time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time
+hypothesis uh then you can get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis uh then you can get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis uh then you can get some
+lower bounds and the best lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds and the best lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds and the best lower bound
+known so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known so
+far is that there's no n to the little o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is that there's no n to the little o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is that there's no n to the little o
+of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm assuming regular eth uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm assuming regular eth uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm assuming regular eth uh for
+this we need to assume that K is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to assume that K is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to assume that K is less
+than or equal to is not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to is not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to is not too
+giant um CU I guess if k equals n for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant um CU I guess if k equals n for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant um CU I guess if k equals n for
+example this problem is really easy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this problem is really easy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this problem is really easy so
+we have to can't go all the way uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to can't go all the way uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to can't go all the way uh so
+this says well maybe we don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says well maybe we don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says well maybe we don't get the
+constant right but there's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right but there's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right but there's some kind of
+n to the roughly K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the roughly K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the roughly K
+dependence um so you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence um so you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence um so you know there's a
+reason that there's a number here larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that there's a number here larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that there's a number here larger
+than one although we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one although we don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one although we don't know how to
+prove that the feeling is uh three sum K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the feeling is uh three sum K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the feeling is uh three sum K
+sum they require roughly n to Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum they require roughly n to Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum they require roughly n to Su
+constant times K you could debate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times K you could debate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times K you could debate about
+what the constant is but we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the constant is but we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the constant is but we have this
+theorem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem um
+and uh on the upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh on the upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh on the upper bound
+side and what people believe is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and what people believe is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and what people believe is the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+answer is K over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is K over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is K over2
+ceiling at least randomized if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling at least randomized if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling at least randomized if you want
+deterministic you might get a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic you might get a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic you might get a log
+Factor uh but you can definitely achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh but you can definitely achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh but you can definitely achieve
+this by the same kind of do all k/2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the same kind of do all k/2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the same kind of do all k/2 y
+sums uh twice and then look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums uh twice and then look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums uh twice and then look for
+collisions in a hash table okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions in a hash table okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions in a hash table okay so uh
+the ceiling is what's making three sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceiling is what's making three sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceiling is what's making three sum
+into a quadratic thing uh but four sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a quadratic thing uh but four sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a quadratic thing uh but four sum
+is just as easy as three sum um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as easy as three sum um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as easy as three sum um because
+you can still solve it in quadratic time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still solve it in quadratic time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still solve it in quadratic time
+okay but five sum conjecture is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but five sum conjecture is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but five sum conjecture is that
+requires n Cube time yeah sorry I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires n Cube time yeah sorry I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires n Cube time yeah sorry I didn't
+quite catch that is that a known result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite catch that is that a known result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite catch that is that a known result
+or just something this is an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just something this is an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just something this is an upper bound
+okay is known yeah and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conjecture uh is that that's tight uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture uh is that that's tight uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture uh is that that's tight uh
+there's no n to the ceiling k/ 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no n to the ceiling k/ 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no n to the ceiling k/ 2 minus
+Epsilon algorithm that's what we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon algorithm that's what we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon algorithm that's what we don't
+know but yeah algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but yeah algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but yeah algorithm is
+easy so that's km and this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so that's km and this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so that's km and this gives you
+some more intuition for why you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more intuition for why you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more intuition for why you should
+expect these problems are hard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these problems are hard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these problems are hard in
+particular uh if you could prove K sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh if you could prove K sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh if you could prove K sum
+requires I if you could prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires I if you could prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires I if you could prove this
+conjecture you prove the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture you prove the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture you prove the exponential
+time hypothesis you and you so you prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time hypothesis you and you so you prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time hypothesis you and you so you prove
+P does not equal MP and you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P does not equal MP and you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P does not equal MP and you make a
+million dollars and lots of good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars and lots of good things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars and lots of good things
+happen so we should try to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so we should try to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so we should try to do this
+um of course uh as I mentioned thre sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course uh as I mentioned thre sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course uh as I mentioned thre sum
+is the one we uh use the most in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one we uh use the most in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one we uh use the most in this
+world uh because for NP hard problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh because for NP hard problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh because for NP hard problems
+usually we use NP hardness and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we use NP hardness and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we use NP hardness and all the
+stuff we did you could use km but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we did you could use km but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we did you could use km but that's
+basically partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically partition
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh but this is sort of motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but this is sort of motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but this is sort of motivation
+for why you should think thre Su is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why you should think thre Su is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why you should think thre Su is hard
+leave it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at
+that so uh let me talk about threesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hardness so I'm going to call a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness so I'm going to call a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness so I'm going to call a problem
+threeome hard if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeome hard if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeome hard if
+uh if that algorithm has an N 2us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if that algorithm has an N 2us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if that algorithm has an N 2us
+Epsilon time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm then uh so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+threeome okay this is what we want want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeome okay this is what we want want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeome okay this is what we want want
+if I say a problem is threeome hard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say a problem is threeome hard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say a problem is threeome hard it
+means it shouldn't be solvable un less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it shouldn't be solvable un less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it shouldn't be solvable un less
+than quadratic time other than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than quadratic time other than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than quadratic time other than this
+polylog stuff so uh this is the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog stuff so uh this is the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog stuff so uh this is the formal
+meaning you can solve it in sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you can solve it in sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you can solve it in sub
+quadratic uh truly sub quadratic times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic uh truly sub quadratic times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic uh truly sub quadratic times
+this is often called the minus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often called the minus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often called the minus Epsilon
+uh then thre sum can be solved in truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then thre sum can be solved in truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then thre sum can be solved in truly
+sub quadratic time contradicting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub quadratic time contradicting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub quadratic time contradicting the
+thre sum conjecture so if you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thre sum conjecture so if you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thre sum conjecture so if you believe
+this threesome conjecture it means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this threesome conjecture it means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this threesome conjecture it means this
+is not possible for your problem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not possible for your problem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not possible for your problem and the
+way we're going to do that usually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're going to do that usually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're going to do that usually is
+with a thre sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction uh there are other ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh there are other ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh there are other ways to do
+it you don't have to follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't have to follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't have to follow this
+particular style of reduction but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular style of reduction but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular style of reduction but most
+of them do uh so it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them do uh so it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them do uh so it's going to be a
+multi call reduction but we have to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi call reduction but we have to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi call reduction but we have to in
+this world we have to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world we have to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world we have to be careful about
+polinomial factors we don't want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial factors we don't want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial factors we don't want to call
+your thing n times and say that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing n times and say that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thing n times and say that was a
+legitimate reduction so we'll say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate reduction so we'll say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate reduction so we'll say you
+can call if you're reducing from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call if you're reducing from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call if you're reducing from A to B
+uh then that means you can solve B using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then that means you can solve B using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then that means you can solve B using
+a and you're going to make a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and you're going to make a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and you're going to make a constant
+number of calls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of calls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of calls to
+a uh sorry other way around it means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh sorry other way around it means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh sorry other way around it means I
+can solve a using B uh usually we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve a using B uh usually we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve a using B uh usually we take
+an instance here reduces to an instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance here reduces to an instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instance here reduces to an instance
+here that's okay uh but because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's okay uh but because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's okay uh but because we're
+going to want to solve not just decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to solve not just decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to solve not just decision
+problems uh we're going to say okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh we're going to say okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh we're going to say okay you
+take your instance of a you can call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your instance of a you can call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your instance of a you can call an
+oracle for solving b a constant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle for solving b a constant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle for solving b a constant number
+of times as long as the thing you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times as long as the thing you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times as long as the thing you call
+it with is also not much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with is also not much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with is also not much bigger
+um so the N Prime that you call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the N Prime that you call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the N Prime that you call this
+thing with should be linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with should be linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with should be linear in
+N because uh and the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N because uh and the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N because uh and the running
+time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction should be sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quadratic okay pretty much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic okay pretty much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic okay pretty much all
+reductions it's like n n log n maybe n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions it's like n n log n maybe n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions it's like n n log n maybe n
+log squ n but it should be strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log squ n but it should be strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log squ n but it should be strictly less
+than n^ squ otherwise the reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n^ squ otherwise the reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n^ squ otherwise the reduction
+doesn't tell you much about the whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you much about the whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you much about the whether
+the problem is quadratic or not uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is quadratic or not uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is quadratic or not uh so
+with this much running time plausibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this much running time plausibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this much running time plausibly
+you could construct a larger instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could construct a larger instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could construct a larger instance
+but this constraint says the thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this constraint says the thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this constraint says the thing you
+this the instance of B that you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the instance of B that you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the instance of B that you call
+should be linear in size so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be linear in size so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be linear in size so that
+quadratic over here is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic over here is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic over here is the same thing as
+quadratic over here okay so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic over here okay so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic over here okay so those are
+the rules of the game we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of the game we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of the game we're not going to
+have to worry about these constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about these constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about these constraints
+too much most of our reductions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much most of our reductions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much most of our reductions are
+constant Factor blow up and uh run in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor blow up and uh run in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor blow up and uh run in a
+reasonable amount of time but we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of time but we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of time but we've got
+to be a little careful here to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little careful here to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little careful here to make sure
+the running time is not huge usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time is not huge usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time is not huge usually
+we're allow polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allow polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allow polinomial
+time okay so if you have a threesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so if you have a threesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so if you have a threesome
+reduction from A to B and you know a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from A to B and you know a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from A to B and you know a is
+threesome hard then B is threeome hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n Prime is the size uh n Prime is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Prime is the size uh n Prime is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Prime is the size uh n Prime is the
+size of the thing that you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the thing that you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the thing that you're the
+instance you're calling with so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you're calling with so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you're calling with so if you
+have an instance X over here uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an instance X over here uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an instance X over here uh you have
+some X Prime over here and N Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some X Prime over here and N Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some X Prime over here and N Prime is
+the size of X Prime there's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of X Prime there's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of X Prime there's a constant
+number of them but I want all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them but I want all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them but I want all of those
+instances to be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size okay so initially uh a is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size okay so initially uh a is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size okay so initially uh a is going to
+be threesome threes sum is threesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be threesome threes sum is threesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be threesome threes sum is threesome
+hard because if it has a sub quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because if it has a sub quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because if it has a sub quadratic
+algorithm then so does itself uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm then so does itself uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm then so does itself uh and so
+that's actually easy in NP hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually easy in NP hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually easy in NP hardness
+that's not so easy but uh and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so easy but uh and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so easy but uh and now we're
+going to if we uh let Beast be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to if we uh let Beast be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to if we uh let Beast be some
+other problem then we'll prove hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problem then we'll prove hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problem then we'll prove hardness
+um in this world because we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this world because we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this world because we don't have
+any you know solid lower bounds to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you know solid lower bounds to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you know solid lower bounds to work
+from it's also interesting to go in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's also interesting to go in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's also interesting to go in both
+directions uh I'm not going to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh I'm not going to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh I'm not going to define a
+notion of completeness here uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of completeness here uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of completeness here uh just
+because it has been done but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has been done but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has been done but you could
+Define threes sum completeness to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define threes sum completeness to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define threes sum completeness to mean
+uh you can reduce from thre sum and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can reduce from thre sum and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can reduce from thre sum and you
+can reduce to thre sum uh we'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce to thre sum uh we'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce to thre sum uh we'll see a
+few problems in that uh usually people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few problems in that uh usually people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few problems in that uh usually people
+call that equivalence sub quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that equivalence sub quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that equivalence sub quadratic
+equivalence uh okay so let me start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence uh okay so let me start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence uh okay so let me start with
+uh some base threeome hard problems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some base threeome hard problems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some base threeome hard problems to
+start from uh this all a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from uh this all a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from uh this all a lot of this
+comes from uh a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from uh a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from uh a paper
+uh this paper um by ganten and overmars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this paper um by ganten and overmars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this paper um by ganten and overmars
+1995 um and it they had been collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 um and it they had been collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 um and it they had been collecting
+over the years a whole bunch of mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years a whole bunch of mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years a whole bunch of mostly
+computational geometry problems which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational geometry problems which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational geometry problems which
+are threesome hard um in that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are threesome hard um in that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are threesome hard um in that you can
+reduce threes sum to all of them uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce threes sum to all of them uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce threes sum to all of them uh but
+in the center here is a bunch of core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center here is a bunch of core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center here is a bunch of core
+problems threes sum thre sum Prime uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems threes sum thre sum Prime uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems threes sum thre sum Prime uh
+which I would call ABC version of Threes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I would call ABC version of Threes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I would call ABC version of Threes
+sum we've seen a few ABC problems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum we've seen a few ABC problems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum we've seen a few ABC problems in the
+past uh and a geometric version of thre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past uh and a geometric version of thre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past uh and a geometric version of thre
+sum so so let me tell you about those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so so let me tell you about those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so so let me tell you about those uh
+first of all uh thre sum is threeome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all uh thre sum is threeome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all uh thre sum is threeome
+hard even when U is order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard even when U is order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard even when U is order n
+cubed so that's nice to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so that's nice to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so that's nice to know the
+integers you're working with don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers you're working with don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers you're working with don't have
+to be giant uh this is based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be giant uh this is based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be giant uh this is based on a
+hashing argument but uh which we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing argument but uh which we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing argument but uh which we won't
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into okay so what is 3ome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into okay so what is 3ome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into okay so what is 3ome
+prime uh 3ome Prime you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime uh 3ome Prime you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime uh 3ome Prime you're
+given uh three sets of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ABC yeah um for these reductions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC yeah um for these reductions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC yeah um for these reductions we're
+only using ristic reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only using ristic reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only using ristic reductions
+uh let's say we're only using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say we're only using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say we're only using
+deterministic reductions although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic reductions although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic reductions although
+randomize would also be interesting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize would also be interesting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize would also be interesting uh
+you just have to weaken this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to weaken this statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to weaken this statement
+but here I'll say uh deterministic does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here I'll say uh deterministic does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here I'll say uh deterministic does
+the hashing argument for why with yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hashing argument for why with yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hashing argument for why with yeah
+I'm pretty sure you can der randomize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure you can der randomize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure you can der randomize
+that hashing scheme uh pretty I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hashing scheme uh pretty I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hashing scheme uh pretty I need to
+double check but uh yeah that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check but uh yeah that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check but uh yeah that's the
+claim yeah that is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question so this is the ABC version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this is the ABC version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this is the ABC version of
+threesome uh we just want the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threesome uh we just want the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threesome uh we just want the three
+items to come from three particular sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items to come from three particular sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items to come from three particular sets
+um and traditionally this one is phrased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and traditionally this one is phrased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and traditionally this one is phrased
+as a plus bals c although you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a plus bals c although you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a plus bals c although you could also
+say a plus b plus C equals z uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a plus b plus C equals z uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a plus b plus C equals z uh it's the
+same thing you're just negating all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you're just negating all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you're just negating all the
+C's and in this world because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's and in this world because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's and in this world because you know
+you have one item from each Set uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one item from each Set uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one item from each Set uh
+that's actually it's really easy to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually it's really easy to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually it's really easy to just
+negate one subset of them uh so doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negate one subset of them uh so doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negate one subset of them uh so doesn't
+matter whether you put a minus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you put a minus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you put a minus sign here
+or not but I will not because that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but I will not because that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but I will not because that's how
+3 Su Prime is usually defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 Su Prime is usually defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 Su Prime is usually defined
+uh so I claim thre sum Prime is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I claim thre sum Prime is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I claim thre sum Prime is three
+sum hard why uh I let capital A if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum hard why uh I let capital A if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum hard why uh I let capital A if I'm
+given uh a thre sum instance let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh a thre sum instance let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh a thre sum instance let's call
+it s s is a set of n integers I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it s s is a set of n integers I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it s s is a set of n integers I'm going
+to let a equal s I'm going to let b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let a equal s I'm going to let b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let a equal s I'm going to let b
+equal s I'm going to let c equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal s I'm going to let c equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal s I'm going to let c equal
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+s done okay so that's a reduction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+threeome uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh like if zero is in your list uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like if zero is in your list uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like if zero is in your list uh the
+way the the instance that you construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the the instance that you construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the the instance that you construct
+it you might choose some element X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you might choose some element X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you might choose some element X of
+the list from a the same element X from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list from a the same element X from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list from a the same element X from
+B and then y from c and x plus X might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and then y from c and x plus X might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and then y from c and x plus X might
+uh plus I guess uh plus y might equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus I guess uh plus y might equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus I guess uh plus y might equal
+zero whereas in the original list you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero whereas in the original list you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero whereas in the original list you
+didn't have X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have X
+twice uh I was just giving the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice uh I was just giving the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice uh I was just giving the example
+of choosing 0 three times is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choosing 0 three times is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choosing 0 three times is a
+convenient example for that uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient example for that uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient example for that uh so that
+you can also detect in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also detect in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also detect in linear
+time what do you mean you can detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what do you mean you can detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what do you mean you can detect
+whether there are any such triples if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are any such triples if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are any such triples if
+you allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow
+repetition then you answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition then you answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition then you answer the question
+right your goal is to solve threeome so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your goal is to solve threeome so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your goal is to solve threeome so
+you're solving threeome by calling by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving threeome by calling by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving threeome by calling by
+making Oracle calls to threeome Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making Oracle calls to threeome Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making Oracle calls to threeome Prime
+right so if you can solve three sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you can solve three sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you can solve three sum
+ahead of time you're done in linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time you're done in linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time you're done in linear time
+you can check whether there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check whether there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check whether there are any
+pairs that allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that allow
+with some duplication uh a solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some duplication uh a solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some duplication uh a solution to
+threes sum instance I so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes sum instance I so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes sum instance I so this is not
+addressed in the paper which me makes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed in the paper which me makes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed in the paper which me makes me
+think that uh this definition of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh this definition of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh this definition of three
+in this definition of thre sum we allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this definition of thre sum we allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this definition of thre sum we allow
+the items to we basically every item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items to we basically every item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items to we basically every item
+could be used three times up to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used three times up to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used three times up to three
+times there's no requirement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times there's no requirement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times there's no requirement that
+they're distinct items so then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're distinct items so then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're distinct items so then this
+reduction is fine I don't think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is fine I don't think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is fine I don't think that's a
+big deal and you can get rid of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal and you can get rid of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal and you can get rid of it but
+uh that must be how it's normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that must be how it's normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that must be how it's normally
+defined I didn't specify whether it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined I didn't specify whether it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined I didn't specify whether it was
+uh three distinct items but let's allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three distinct items but let's allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three distinct items but let's allow
+uh multiplicity there and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiplicity there and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiplicity there and then this
+reduction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine because that's what the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because that's what the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because that's what the paper
+does okay uh with more effort like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay uh with more effort like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay uh with more effort like
+adding big integers and so on you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding big integers and so on you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding big integers and so on you can
+reduce in the other direction reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce in the other direction reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce in the other direction reduce
+from 3 sum Prime to thre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 3 sum Prime to thre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 3 sum Prime to thre
+sum uh I won't cover that because I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh I won't cover that because I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh I won't cover that because I just
+want to prove three some hardness about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove three some hardness about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove three some hardness about
+things but in fact uh all these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but in fact uh all these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but in fact uh all these three
+problems are identical to each other if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are identical to each other if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are identical to each other if
+any one of them is sub quadratic than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of them is sub quadratic than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of them is sub quadratic than
+they all are so that's nice because thre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all are so that's nice because thre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all are so that's nice because thre
+Su Prime is really a special case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su Prime is really a special case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su Prime is really a special case with
+thre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su
+okay so uh next problem is the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh next problem is the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh next problem is the geometric
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they call it geometric base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so here we're in 2D and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so here we're in 2D and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so here we're in 2D and we're
+given end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given end
+points uh whose y-coordinates are all 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh whose y-coordinates are all 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh whose y-coordinates are all 0
+1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or
+two imagine why there's three lists um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two imagine why there's three lists um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two imagine why there's three lists um
+and so they all live on three horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they all live on three horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they all live on three horizontal
+lines 0 1 and two here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines 0 1 and two here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines 0 1 and two here are the
+points and we want to know uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and we want to know uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and we want to know uh is
+there a non-horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line that passes through uh three points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like
+this okay so I claim Gom base is 3ome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so I claim Gom base is 3ome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so I claim Gom base is 3ome
+hard and this is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and this is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and this is their
+proof um on the first line we put a on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof um on the first line we put a on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof um on the first line we put a on
+the last line we put B and in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last line we put B and in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last line we put B and in the middle
+line we put every item in C divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we put every item in C divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we put every item in C divided by
+two okay so if you look at uh sorry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so if you look at uh sorry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so if you look at uh sorry and
+this is a reduction from 3ome Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reduction from 3ome Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reduction from 3ome Prime
+right so I have three integers want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have three integers want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have three integers want to
+know whether you can ever get a plus Bal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you can ever get a plus Bal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you can ever get a plus Bal
+c um so the idea is if I have two items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c um so the idea is if I have two items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c um so the idea is if I have two items
+A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and
+B uh then this point I mean if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh then this point I mean if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh then this point I mean if I just
+draw the line and intersect it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the line and intersect it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the line and intersect it with the
+Y equals 1 line that point will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y equals 1 line that point will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y equals 1 line that point will be the
+average of little a and little B so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of little a and little B so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of little a and little B so a
+plus b over two and so if there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b over two and so if there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b over two and so if there's an
+item uh C that matches a plus b then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item uh C that matches a plus b then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item uh C that matches a plus b then the
+C over2 will equal to a plus b over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C over2 will equal to a plus b over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C over2 will equal to a plus b over2
+so there's going to be a line through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be a line through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be a line through
+three points if and only if 3ome Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points if and only if 3ome Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points if and only if 3ome Prime
+had a yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a yes
+answer okay and you can reverse you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay and you can reverse you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay and you can reverse you can
+reduce in the reverse Direction uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce in the reverse Direction uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce in the reverse Direction uh in
+fact just like this you just multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact just like this you just multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact just like this you just multiply
+all these coordinates by two that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these coordinates by two that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these coordinates by two that gives
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+C all right so those are our starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all right so those are our starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all right so those are our starting
+points and we're going to use all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and we're going to use all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and we're going to use all of
+them um and I'm just going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and I'm just going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and I'm just going to run
+through a bunch of examples of threeome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bunch of examples of threeome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bunch of examples of threeome
+hard problems so all of them shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems so all of them shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems so all of them shouldn't
+have sub quadratic time algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sub quadratic time algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sub quadratic time algorithms
+unless uh three Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless uh three Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless uh three Su
+do so um the obvious starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so um the obvious starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so um the obvious starting
+point here is uh what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is uh what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is uh what's called
+degeneracy testing in computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy testing in computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy testing in computational
+Geometry so usually we like to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geometry so usually we like to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geometry so usually we like to assume
+you have end points in the plane they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have end points in the plane they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have end points in the plane they're
+in general position meaning no three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general position meaning no three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general position meaning no three are
+cinear so uh the problem is given end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear so uh the problem is given end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear so uh the problem is given end
+points are any three of them cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are any three of them cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are any three of them cinear
+question prime it says they're integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question prime it says they're integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question prime it says they're integers
+so how do you go that way oh uh integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you go that way oh uh integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you go that way oh uh integers
+and rational same thing you just scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rational same thing you just scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rational same thing you just scale
+up multiply so everything here I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up multiply so everything here I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up multiply so everything here I'm going
+to because we're going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because we're going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because we're going to go into
+geometry I will use rationals quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry I will use rationals quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry I will use rationals quite a
+bit Yeah so I can multiply everything by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Yeah so I can multiply everything by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Yeah so I can multiply everything by
+two to make it integers again uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to make it integers again uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to make it integers again uh but
+this problem does not say integers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem does not say integers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem does not say integers so
+that's why I'm allowed to do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm allowed to do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm allowed to do that I
+start with integers and then I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with integers and then I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with integers and then I do this
+but you could also add integers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also add integers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also add integers here
+wouldn't make a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make a big
+difference okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay um
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+given end points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane are any three colinear this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane are any three colinear this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane are any three colinear this I'm
+guessing is the original motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing is the original motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing is the original motivation for
+defining thre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum this is really a harder version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum this is really a harder version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum this is really a harder version of
+the problem this is kind of a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem this is kind of a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem this is kind of a special
+case but in particular um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but in particular um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but in particular um it's not
+exactly the same because we forbid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same because we forbid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same because we forbid
+horizontal lines right we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal lines right we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal lines right we had to
+construct a very degenerate instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a very degenerate instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a very degenerate instance
+with lots of points on horizontal lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of points on horizontal lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of points on horizontal lines
+in order for this correspondence to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for this correspondence to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for this correspondence to work
+so the question is can you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is can you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is can you make
+something that is only degenerate only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is only degenerate only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is only degenerate only
+has three points colinear uh when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three points colinear uh when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three points colinear uh when the
+three sum instance has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sum instance has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sum instance has a
+solution and this reduction is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and this reduction is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and this reduction is a little
+unsatisfying and I don't have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfying and I don't have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfying and I don't have a great
+intuition for it but uh it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for it but uh it's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for it but uh it's very simple
+we're going to take um this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take um this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take um this is going to
+be a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reduction
+from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+regular old thre sum not three sum Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular old thre sum not three sum Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular old thre sum not three sum Prime
+so every number X we're going to map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every number X we're going to map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every number X we're going to map to
+the point x comma x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point x comma x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point x comma x x
+cubed okay Cub because it's odd and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed okay Cub because it's odd and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed okay Cub because it's odd and not
+one basically uh and so we take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one basically uh and so we take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one basically uh and so we take our
+our uh X values and uh probably not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh X values and uh probably not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh X values and uh probably not a
+good idea to put zero in there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to put zero in there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to put zero in there but
+whatever um and we just you know project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um and we just you know project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um and we just you know project
+them onto this x cubed curve X3 is OD so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them onto this x cubed curve X3 is OD so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them onto this x cubed curve X3 is OD so
+it has this nice kind of picture and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this nice kind of picture and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this nice kind of picture and the
+claim is if you take any two points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is if you take any two points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is if you take any two points here
+uh so here is an x coordinate one4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here is an x coordinate one4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here is an x coordinate one4 and
+3/4 of course they would actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 of course they would actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 of course they would actually be
+integers but that's okay uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers but that's okay uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers but that's okay uh you can
+scale uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale uh
+then if you so the sum of those is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you so the sum of those is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you so the sum of those is one
+and if you look at negative 1 that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at negative 1 that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at negative 1 that will
+uh there you know the cube of negative 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there you know the cube of negative 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there you know the cube of negative 1
+which is one is exactly equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one is exactly equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one is exactly equal to uh
+where these two Cube points would hit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these two Cube points would hit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these two Cube points would hit if
+you extended the line yeah and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extended the line yeah and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extended the line yeah and now we
+have the problem that if you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the problem that if you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the problem that if you want to use
+the version of three Su here which where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version of three Su here which where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version of three Su here which where
+the three points have to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three points have to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three points have to be different
+yep so we definitely need that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so we definitely need that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so we definitely need that those
+guys are distinct I'm I'm sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are distinct I'm I'm sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are distinct I'm I'm sure that
+those two versions of thre sum are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two versions of thre sum are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two versions of thre sum are
+equivalent up to sub quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent up to sub quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent up to sub quadratic
+reductions but I don't see how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions but I don't see how to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions but I don't see how to prove
+it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off
+hand okay uh cool now why is this true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand okay uh cool now why is this true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand okay uh cool now why is this true
+uh I I checked it it's true you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I checked it it's true you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I checked it it's true you can do
+half a page of uh algebra and prove it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a page of uh algebra and prove it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a page of uh algebra and prove it I
+don't have a great intuition for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a great intuition for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a great intuition for that
+why this is true but uh there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is true but uh there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is true but uh there you
+go uh it's easy enough to check where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh it's easy enough to check where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh it's easy enough to check where
+this line should go and it happens to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line should go and it happens to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line should go and it happens to go
+exactly to the place where the sum goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly to the place where the sum goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly to the place where the sum goes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+sorry uh I'm guessing it would also work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh I'm guessing it would also work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh I'm guessing it would also work
+for x to the 5th but I didn't check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh so that was three points on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay so
+uh important life lesson about geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh important life lesson about geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh important life lesson about geometry
+is something called Duality so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called Duality so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called Duality so here
+we're interested whether there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested whether there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested whether there was one
+line that goes through three points a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that goes through three points a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that goes through three points a
+complimentary problem is I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary problem is I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary problem is I give you a
+bunch of lines do any uh three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines do any uh three of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines do any uh three of them
+pass through a common point is there one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through a common point is there one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through a common point is there one
+intersection between three or more lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection between three or more lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection between three or more lines
+okay that is there a point that is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that is there a point that is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that is there a point that is on
+three lines if you know projective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines if you know projective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines if you know projective
+geometry this is totally obvious is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry this is totally obvious is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry this is totally obvious is the
+same problem as this you just apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem as this you just apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem as this you just apply
+Duality um now there are many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality um now there are many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality um now there are many different
+dualities uh I'll give you two today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dualities uh I'll give you two today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dualities uh I'll give you two today um
+first my favorite is projective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Duality uh this sort of the mo the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality uh this sort of the mo the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality uh this sort of the mo the most
+standard at least in math if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard at least in math if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard at least in math if you have a
+point with x coordinate a and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with x coordinate a and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with x coordinate a and y
+coordinate B you map that to the line ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate B you map that to the line ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate B you map that to the line ax
++ b y + 1 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ b y + 1 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ b y + 1 =
+0 uh and vice versa so if I have a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 uh and vice versa so if I have a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 uh and vice versa so if I have a line
+almost every line can be written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every line can be written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every line can be written this
+way way every line that does not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way every line that does not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way every line that does not go
+through the origin can be written like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin can be written like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin can be written like
+this and then you can convert it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then you can convert it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then you can convert it into a
+corresponding point so if you give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding point so if you give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding point so if you give me a
+bunch of lines just uh translate so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines just uh translate so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines just uh translate so that
+none of them go through the origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them go through the origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them go through the origin and
+then convert into a corresponding set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then convert into a corresponding set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then convert into a corresponding set of
+points and the nice thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the nice thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the nice thing about this
+Duality is it preserves incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality is it preserves incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality is it preserves incidence
+meaning if before I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if before I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning if before I apply
+Duality uh I have a point and a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality uh I have a point and a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality uh I have a point and a line
+that are touching then after I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are touching then after I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are touching then after I apply
+Duality I will have a line and a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality I will have a line and a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality I will have a line and a point
+that are touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh that's great because in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's great because in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's great because in particular
+the three-way intersection or you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-way intersection or you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-way intersection or you know a
+point that is on three lines will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that is on three lines will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that is on three lines will
+convert into a line that goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into a line that goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into a line that goes through
+three points and so we get a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points and so we get a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points and so we get a reduction
+from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to
+here that's kind of like magic but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's kind of like magic but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's kind of like magic but it
+works um essentially because well these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um essentially because well these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um essentially because well these
+um if you think of a line over here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you think of a line over here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you think of a line over here as
+just a pair of coordinates usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pair of coordinates usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pair of coordinates usually
+written AB then we're just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written AB then we're just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written AB then we're just taking
+essentially a dotproduct between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a dotproduct between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a dotproduct between those
+two things as a plus one but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things as a plus one but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things as a plus one but doesn't
+matter which one was the point which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which one was the point which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which one was the point which one
+was the line so that's very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the line so that's very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the line so that's very convenient
+and you can use that to convert a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use that to convert a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use that to convert a lot of
+line problems into Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line problems into Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line problems into Point
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+um one I won't mention uh km very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one I won't mention uh km very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one I won't mention uh km very much
+but obviously the d-dimensional versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously the d-dimensional versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously the d-dimensional versions
+here are D+ one uh some hard so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are D+ one uh some hard so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are D+ one uh some hard so that's
+the the uh these are sort of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh these are sort of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh these are sort of the more
+geometric versions of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kasm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kasm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kasm okay
+so uh let's do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems next one's called separator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say uh we're given n line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say uh we're given n line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say uh we're given n line
+segments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane is there a line that separates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is there a line that separates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is there a line that separates
+them into any two non-empty groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that line is not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that line is not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that line is not allowed to
+intersect any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+segments okay so you're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments okay so you're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments okay so you're not allowed to
+split a line a segment into two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split a line a segment into two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split a line a segment into two parts
+you just want to partition the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to partition the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to partition the line
+segments into uh a left chunk and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments into uh a left chunk and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments into uh a left chunk and a
+right chunk um so there's actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right chunk um so there's actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right chunk um so there's actually two
+versions of this problem uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this problem uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this problem uh the first
+version allows in half infinite Rays as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version allows in half infinite Rays as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version allows in half infinite Rays as
+segments and then you can assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and then you can assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and then you can assume that
+all the segments are horizontal so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the segments are horizontal so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the segments are horizontal so I
+think that pretty clearly expresses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that pretty clearly expresses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that pretty clearly expresses it
+um but we can in particular uh think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we can in particular uh think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we can in particular uh think
+that we are reducing from Gom base right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are reducing from Gom base right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are reducing from Gom base right
+we had this setup we have points on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this setup we have points on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this setup we have points on
+three lines we want to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines we want to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines we want to know whether
+there's a line that passes through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a line that passes through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a line that passes through them
+so I'm just going to take the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to take the complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to take the complement
+essentially of those lines emit tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially of those lines emit tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially of those lines emit tiny
+intervals uh wherever I had points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals uh wherever I had points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals uh wherever I had points
+before and now there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and now there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and now there will be a
+separating line if and only if uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating line if and only if uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating line if and only if uh the
+original points had a line through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original points had a line through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original points had a line through them
+okay if you make these tiny enough you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you make these tiny enough you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you make these tiny enough you
+won't be able to do anything else whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do anything else whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do anything else whoops
+yeah I right you could just split them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I right you could just split them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I right you could just split them
+into third 2/3 yeah I definitely need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into third 2/3 yeah I definitely need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into third 2/3 yeah I definitely need
+here that it's a non-horizontal line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks now this requires having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks now this requires having these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks now this requires having these
+half infinite rays was you could always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half infinite rays was you could always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half infinite rays was you could always
+uh you could make a line like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could make a line like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could make a line like this right
+so uh you're not allowed to do that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you're not allowed to do that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you're not allowed to do that if
+these go off to Infinity then you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these go off to Infinity then you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these go off to Infinity then you'd be
+cutting those Rays okay so maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting those Rays okay so maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting those Rays okay so maybe you
+consider that reasonable maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that reasonable maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that reasonable maybe not
+depends on the application uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the application uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the application uh if you
+don't consider half infinite things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't consider half infinite things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't consider half infinite things
+reasonable uh you can replace them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable uh you can replace them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable uh you can replace them with
+some vertical segments you build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vertical segments you build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vertical segments you build this
+little box uh essentially a box uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little box uh essentially a box uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little box uh essentially a box uh like
+a pin wheel pattern so there's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pin wheel pattern so there's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pin wheel pattern so there's no way to
+cut it up except to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it up except to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it up except to go through the
+center um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center um so
+uh two versions version one we allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two versions version one we allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two versions version one we allow
+half infinite things and every segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half infinite things and every segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half infinite things and every segment
+is horizontal version two horizontal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is horizontal version two horizontal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is horizontal version two horizontal and
+vertical segments all finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical segments all finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical segments all finite length
+we'll use this version uh to reduce from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this version uh to reduce from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this version uh to reduce from
+a bunch of times or we will follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of times or we will follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of times or we will follow this
+kind of reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reduction
+essentially okay next problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay next problem is called strips cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box I like these names of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box I like these names of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box I like these names of problems
+they're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+um in fact there's a so so clear here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact there's a so so clear here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact there's a so so clear here's
+a figure you have a box which means axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a figure you have a box which means axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a figure you have a box which means axis
+aligned rectangle um and I have strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned rectangle um and I have strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned rectangle um and I have strips
+strips are I take two parallel lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips are I take two parallel lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips are I take two parallel lines and
+I take the lines in between them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the lines in between them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the lines in between them right
+all these parallel lines between here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these parallel lines between here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these parallel lines between here
+and here that's a strip so I'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here that's a strip so I'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here that's a strip so I'm giving
+nend strips I'm giving a box I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nend strips I'm giving a box I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nend strips I'm giving a box I want to
+know whether there's an empty part or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether there's an empty part or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether there's an empty part or
+whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it
+covers you also give them angles or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers you also give them angles or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers you also give them angles or just
+strips oh yeah the sorry the angle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips oh yeah the sorry the angle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips oh yeah the sorry the angle the
+strips are placed I give you two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips are placed I give you two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips are placed I give you two lines
+for each strip and I mean the region in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each strip and I mean the region in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each strip and I mean the region in
+between them they're they're they're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them they're they're they're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them they're they're they're on
+the plane you can't slide them around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane you can't slide them around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane you can't slide them around
+that would be a different that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a different that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a different that would be
+a coverage problem it's it's pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coverage problem it's it's pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coverage problem it's it's pretty easy
+I just want to compute whether there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to compute whether there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to compute whether there's
+any point in here that is not hit by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in here that is not hit by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in here that is not hit by any
+of the given strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the given strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the given strips
+yeah okay so I should mention all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so I should mention all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so I should mention all of
+these problems uh except where I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems uh except where I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems uh except where I say
+otherwise can be solved in quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise can be solved in quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise can be solved in quadratic
+time uh and so this is showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and so this is showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and so this is showing that
+that's essentially tight so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially tight so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially tight so you can
+solve this problem by Computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem by Computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem by Computing the
+arrangement of these lines in quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of these lines in quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of these lines in quadratic
+time and checking all the cells whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and checking all the cells whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and checking all the cells whether
+they are in all the strips so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in all the strips so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in all the strips so that's not
+hard but the claim is you can't do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but the claim is you can't do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but the claim is you can't do any
+better than n squ if you believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than n squ if you believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than n squ if you believe the
+threesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threesome
+conjecture okay uh and the reduction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture okay uh and the reduction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture okay uh and the reduction is
+essentially this um but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this um but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this um but I'm going to
+modify it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+uh yeah so remember this I rotated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so remember this I rotated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so remember this I rotated this
+90° for a reason because I want to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° for a reason because I want to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° for a reason because I want to use a
+particular kind of Duality um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of Duality um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of Duality um the
+construction is going to be the Dual of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction is going to be the Dual of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction is going to be the Dual of
+this uh but remember I want here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh but remember I want here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh but remember I want here the
+goal is to find a line that does not hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to find a line that does not hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to find a line that does not hit
+any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these
+segments um so here's and the segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments um so here's and the segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments um so here's and the segments
+are vertical or and they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vertical or and they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vertical or and they might be
+infinite half infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite half infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite half infinite
+Ray okay so uh I'm going to start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray okay so uh I'm going to start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray okay so uh I'm going to start from
+that and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then I'm going to
+dualize using a different dualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dualize using a different dualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dualize using a different dualization
+this is probably the most popular one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably the most popular one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably the most popular one in
+computational geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think because everyone remembers yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think because everyone remembers yal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think because everyone remembers yal
+MX plus b and so there's the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX plus b and so there's the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX plus b and so there's the obvious
+conversion between a point which has B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion between a point which has B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion between a point which has B
+and M to a line which is uh MX plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M to a line which is uh MX plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M to a line which is uh MX plus
+b okay you could argue about which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b okay you could argue about which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b okay you could argue about which is
+which but I think this is the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which but I think this is the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which but I think this is the more
+common so what this means is uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common so what this means is uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common so what this means is uh you know
+I start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start with a
+point the y-coordinate determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the y-coordinate determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the y-coordinate determines the
+slope of my line and and the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of my line and and the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of my line and and the x
+coordinate determines the Y intercept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate determines the Y intercept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate determines the Y intercept of
+my line that's b um and you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my line that's b um and you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my line that's b um and you can also
+convert in the other direction I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert in the other direction I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert in the other direction I don't
+think we'll need to here and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll need to here and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll need to here and that will
+work for all non-vertical lines this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for all non-vertical lines this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for all non-vertical lines this
+will not represent vertical lines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not represent vertical lines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not represent vertical lines in
+case you're curious if you want vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're curious if you want vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're curious if you want vertical
+lines here or if you want uh lines going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here or if you want uh lines going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here or if you want uh lines going
+through the origin here you need points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin here you need points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin here you need points
+at Infinity that's the projective thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Infinity that's the projective thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Infinity that's the projective thing
+but we don't need that here uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't need that here uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't need that here uh because
+we're just going to take these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to take these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to take these points
+and convert each of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert each of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert each of them to
+corresponding lines so this is a segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding lines so this is a segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding lines so this is a segment
+I'm going to get an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get an infinite number of
+points oh sorry uh there's infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points oh sorry uh there's infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points oh sorry uh there's infinite
+number of points here so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points here so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points here so I'm going to
+convert into an infinite number of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into an infinite number of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into an infinite number of lines
+that's actually okay because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually okay because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually okay because these
+points all have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points all have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points all have the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry
+opposite I really want the x coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite I really want the x coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite I really want the x coordinate
+to be M the y coordinate to be B for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be M the y coordinate to be B for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be M the y coordinate to be B for
+this picture to be the right picture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture to be the right picture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture to be the right picture um
+so all of these points have the same x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these points have the same x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these points have the same x
+coordinate uh so they all have when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate uh so they all have when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate uh so they all have when I
+convert them into lines they will all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert them into lines they will all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert them into lines they will all
+have the same slope and they'll also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same slope and they'll also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same slope and they'll also be
+right next to each other namely they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to each other namely they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to each other namely they
+will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a
+strip Isn't that cool so when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip Isn't that cool so when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip Isn't that cool so when you do
+this dualization a vertical segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dualization a vertical segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dualization a vertical segment
+becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strip I think the the fancy word would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip I think the the fancy word would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip I think the the fancy word would
+be here you have a pencil of points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here you have a pencil of points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here you have a pencil of points and
+you convert that into a pencil of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you convert that into a pencil of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you convert that into a pencil of
+parallel lines a pencil of parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines a pencil of parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines a pencil of parallel
+lines is a strip now um the pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines is a strip now um the pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines is a strip now um the pencil
+pencil just means like a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil just means like a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil just means like a continuous
+family uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh now
+here uh these guys are infinite so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh these guys are infinite so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh these guys are infinite so it's
+going to be a strip that goes off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a strip that goes off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a strip that goes off to
+Infinity on one end that's a half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity on one end that's a half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity on one end that's a half plane
+okay so if we have AR Ray vertical Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we have AR Ray vertical Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we have AR Ray vertical Ray
+that's going to convert into half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to convert into half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to convert into half plane
+so that's half planes aren't allowed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's half planes aren't allowed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's half planes aren't allowed so
+we're going to have to do something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to do something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to do something with
+them but there's only six of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but there's only six of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but there's only six of them
+there's three down here three up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three down here three up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three down here three up
+here okay and we also haven't defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and we also haven't defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and we also haven't defined
+what our Target rectangle is but at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our Target rectangle is but at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our Target rectangle is but at this
+point what we would like to say uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what we would like to say uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what we would like to say uh so
+let's see what would what would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what would what would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what would what would it
+correspond to a line here notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a line here notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a line here notice the
+line will never be vertical what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line will never be vertical what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line will never be vertical what what
+would be a line that that happens not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a line that that happens not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a line that that happens not to
+hit any of these things in the duel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit any of these things in the duel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit any of these things in the duel that
+line maps to a point and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line maps to a point and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line maps to a point and so that's
+saying that there is a point that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that there is a point that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that there is a point that is not
+covered by any of these strips or half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by any of these strips or half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered by any of these strips or half
+planes okay so we want to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes okay so we want to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes okay so we want to know whether
+the union of these things is the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of these things is the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of these things is the entire
+plane so that's not quite the problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so that's not quite the problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so that's not quite the problem we
+wanted to reduce to uh but it's not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to reduce to uh but it's not hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to reduce to uh but it's not hard
+to fix it we essentially just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix it we essentially just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix it we essentially just need to
+make a re take a really big rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a re take a really big rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a re take a really big rectangle
+and then there will be an empty point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there will be an empty point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there will be an empty point in
+there if and only if there was a a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if and only if there was a a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if and only if there was a a line
+in this problem okay how big do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem okay how big do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem okay how big do
+rectangle have to be well conveniently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle have to be well conveniently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle have to be well conveniently
+these half planes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these half planes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these half planes uh
+essentially narrow us down to a hexagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially narrow us down to a hexagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially narrow us down to a hexagon
+because you have six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have six of
+them it might be less than a hexagon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it might be less than a hexagon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it might be less than a hexagon I
+draw six U and we're saying you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw six U and we're saying you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw six U and we're saying you know all
+of this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff is
+covered all the things outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered all the things outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered all the things outside the
+hexagon are covered by those half planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagon are covered by those half planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagon are covered by those half planes
+so really it's just a matter whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really it's just a matter whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really it's just a matter whether
+this has any empty points so take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has any empty points so take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has any empty points so take the
+bounding box of the of that hexagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding box of the of that hexagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding box of the of that hexagon
+that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my
+box a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box a
+box and now I don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and now I don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and now I don't have to worry about
+hexagon the the half planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore um I can restrict them I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um I can restrict them I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um I can restrict them I should
+really use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use a
+color uh I can just say oh well now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color uh I can just say oh well now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color uh I can just say oh well now this
+is a strip which covers you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strip which covers you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strip which covers you know in
+particular I need to cover this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I need to cover this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I need to cover this part of
+the rectangle I no longer need to go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangle I no longer need to go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangle I no longer need to go off
+to Infinity so now uh I have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity so now uh I have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity so now uh I have a bunch of
+finite strips and a finite box and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite strips and a finite box and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite strips and a finite box and it's
+just a matter of whether that thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of whether that thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of whether that thing has
+any empty Parts yeah so the yes NOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any empty Parts yeah so the yes NOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any empty Parts yeah so the yes NOS
+flip uh yeah there will be an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip uh yeah there will be an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip uh yeah there will be an empty
+point if and only if the original thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if and only if the original thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if and only if the original thing
+had a yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a yes
+answer yeah so they will cover if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah so they will cover if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah so they will cover if and
+only if you do not if you have a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you do not if you have a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you do not if you have a no
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah other questions yeah just NCL do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other questions yeah just NCL do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other questions yeah just NCL do we
+have a name for the thing that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a name for the thing that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a name for the thing that you're
+proding from the right is this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proding from the right is this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proding from the right is this actually
+a special case of what you called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special case of what you called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special case of what you called
+separator right yeah uh right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator right yeah uh right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator right yeah uh right so what
+they say is this a reduction from Gom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say is this a reduction from Gom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say is this a reduction from Gom
+base mimicking the proof of separator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base mimicking the proof of separator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base mimicking the proof of separator
+one yeah there I don't have a name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah there I don't have a name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah there I don't have a name for
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry yeah oh right so what's the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah oh right so what's the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah oh right so what's the uh the
+uh projective Duality function ofor also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh projective Duality function ofor also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh projective Duality function ofor also
+preserving incidence yes uh this Duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving incidence yes uh this Duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving incidence yes uh this Duality
+also preserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also preserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also preserves
+incidence I think it's a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence I think it's a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence I think it's a slightly
+perturbed version of the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed version of the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed version of the regular
+projector Duality it is also a projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector Duality it is also a projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector Duality it is also a projector
+duality in a sense but with an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality in a sense but with an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality in a sense but with an extra
+mobious Transformations run in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobious Transformations run in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobious Transformations run in or
+something but those also preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incidents yeah we obviously need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents yeah we obviously need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents yeah we obviously need
+that okay uh so to make this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh so to make this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh so to make this a little
+more usable I mean strips can be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more usable I mean strips can be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more usable I mean strips can be nice
+we'll use it in some situations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use it in some situations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use it in some situations but
+geometers tend to like to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometers tend to like to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometers tend to like to think about
+triangles so we can also convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so we can also convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles so we can also convert this
+into whether a bunch of triangles cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into whether a bunch of triangles cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into whether a bunch of triangles cover
+a given triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh basically so here we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically so here we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically so here we are going to
+reduce from strips covering a box we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce from strips covering a box we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce from strips covering a box we
+start with the box and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the box and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the box and we're going to
+convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert
+that we draw on top of it so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we draw on top of it so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we draw on top of it so it's a
+little clearer I'm going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little clearer I'm going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little clearer I'm going to take a
+really big triangle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big triangle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big triangle which
+contains uh that box but then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains uh that box but then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains uh that box but then I'm going
+to add a and then I we'll triangulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add a and then I we'll triangulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add a and then I we'll triangulate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+exterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior
+here um and add those triangles to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and add those triangles to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and add those triangles to my
+covering collection so all of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering collection so all of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering collection so all of this stuff
+is covered for free and so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is covered for free and so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is covered for free and so now what
+remains in order to cover this triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in order to cover this triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in order to cover this triangle
+I just need to cover this box okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just need to cover this box okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just need to cover this box okay so uh
+that's one part of it uh and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one part of it uh and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one part of it uh and then the
+other thing is that we're given strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is that we're given strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is that we're given strips
+uh so if I have a strip actually do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if I have a strip actually do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if I have a strip actually do I
+have a figure for this no okay if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a figure for this no okay if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a figure for this no okay if I have
+a strip in the original problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strip in the original problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strip in the original problem which
+looks something like this uh I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this uh I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this uh I really
+only care about the portion of the strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the portion of the strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the portion of the strip
+that hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hits the
+box here so uh I will just so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box here so uh I will just so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box here so uh I will just so uh
+triangulate that part and say those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulate that part and say those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulate that part and say those
+triangles are in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles are in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles are in my
+set okay and then those triangles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay and then those triangles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay and then those triangles are
+going to cover this triangle the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover this triangle the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover this triangle the red
+triangles will cover the red triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles will cover the red triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles will cover the red triangle
+big red triangle if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big red triangle if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big red triangle if and only if the
+white strips cover the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white strips cover the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white strips cover the white
+rectangle pretty easy uh all we need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle pretty easy uh all we need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle pretty easy uh all we need is
+that these have constant complexity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these have constant complexity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these have constant complexity so
+we're not blowing up by more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not blowing up by more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not blowing up by more than a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+Factor uh note here all of the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh note here all of the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh note here all of the smaller
+triangles are contained inside the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles are contained inside the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles are contained inside the big
+triangle so you can even assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so you can even assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so you can even assume that
+these guys are contained in this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are contained in this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are contained in this guy
+we'll use that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point okay possibly very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soon so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon so uh
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem hole in Union I give you a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem hole in Union I give you a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem hole in Union I give you a bunch
+of triangles I take their Union I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triangles I take their Union I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triangles I take their Union I want
+to know whether that's a Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether that's a Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether that's a Simply
+Connected polygon or whether it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected polygon or whether it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected polygon or whether it has a
+hole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center uh almost the same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center uh almost the same as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center uh almost the same as this
+problem I do have to do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I do have to do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I do have to do a little bit of
+work uh because maybe you uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh because maybe you uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh because maybe you uh actually
+pretty much that reduction will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much that reduction will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much that reduction will work
+fine as long as the outer triangle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as long as the outer triangle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as long as the outer triangle is
+strictly bigger than the strip then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly bigger than the strip then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly bigger than the strip then I'll
+always have these outer red things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have these outer red things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have these outer red things which
+make a region and then there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a region and then there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a region and then there'll be a
+hole in there if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in there if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in there if and only if the
+rectangle is not fully covered so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle is not fully covered so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle is not fully covered so I just
+need to enlarge that outer triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to enlarge that outer triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to enlarge that outer triangle
+slightly then I have a proof that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly then I have a proof that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly then I have a proof that this
+is threeome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is threeome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is threeome
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+done uh here we're also using that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh here we're also using that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh here we're also using that the
+red triangles are contained inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red triangles are contained inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red triangles are contained inside the
+big red triangle you don't go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big red triangle you don't go outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big red triangle you don't go outside
+and possibly make a hole in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possibly make a hole in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possibly make a hole in some other
+way okay another easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay another easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay another easy
+one triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure I give you a bunch of triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure I give you a bunch of triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure I give you a bunch of triangles
+what is the area of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the area of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the area of their
+Union well it's going to be the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union well it's going to be the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union well it's going to be the area of
+the big triangle if and only if the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big triangle if and only if the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big triangle if and only if the big
+triangle's covered so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle's covered so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle's covered so this is a
+reduction from triangle covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from triangle covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from triangle covers
+triangle okay easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um here's a somewhat different problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a somewhat different problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a somewhat different problem
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering
+um so here I'm given a bunch of half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planes 10 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes 10 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes 10 of them
+uh I want to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to know is
+there a kway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intersection um you can think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection um you can think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection um you can think of this as
+a version of two-dimensional linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of two-dimensional linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of two-dimensional linear
+programming uh so this is all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming uh so this is all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming uh so this is all in
+2D you're given a bunch of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D you're given a bunch of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D you're given a bunch of linear
+inequalities which are half planes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities which are half planes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities which are half planes you
+want to know not can I satisfy all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know not can I satisfy all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know not can I satisfy all of
+them maybe that's not possible but can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them maybe that's not possible but can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them maybe that's not possible but can I
+satisfy at least K of them so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy at least K of them so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy at least K of them so this is
+approximating linear programming there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating linear programming there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating linear programming there
+are a lot of algorithms for doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of algorithms for doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of algorithms for doing that
+you can do this in quadratic time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this in quadratic time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this in quadratic time but
+the claim is you can't do it better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is you can't do it better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is you can't do it better if
+you believe the uh threeome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe the uh threeome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe the uh threeome
+conjecture okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture okay
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+uh think I don't have a figure no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to reduce from strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to reduce from strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to reduce from strips
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box so we're given a bunch this figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so we're given a bunch this figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so we're given a bunch this figure
+again we're given a bunch of strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're given a bunch of strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're given a bunch of strips
+we're given a rectangle we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a rectangle we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a rectangle we want to
+convert that uh whether the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that uh whether the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that uh whether the whole thing
+intersects to uh whether there's a kway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects to uh whether there's a kway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects to uh whether there's a kway
+intersection between infinite strips on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection between infinite strips on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection between infinite strips on
+one side half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side half
+planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+okay so here here's what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here here's what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here here's what I'm going to do
+if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strip I should maybe really draw it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip I should maybe really draw it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip I should maybe really draw it this
+way whatever bunch of parallel lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way whatever bunch of parallel lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way whatever bunch of parallel lines
+finite uh segment of them but the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite uh segment of them but the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite uh segment of them but the lines
+are infinite in this this direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are infinite in this this direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are infinite in this this direction and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+direction I'm going to convert that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'm going to convert that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'm going to convert that into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+complement a common trick here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement a common trick here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement a common trick here so we
+have a half plane over here and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a half plane over here and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a half plane over here and we have
+a half plane over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half plane over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half plane over
+here obviously you cannot be in both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here obviously you cannot be in both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here obviously you cannot be in both of
+these at once because they're disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these at once because they're disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these at once because they're disjoint
+so the best you can hope for is to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best you can hope for is to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best you can hope for is to be in
+one of them which means you're not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them which means you're not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them which means you're not here
+and remember the whole question here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the whole question here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the whole question here is
+whether there's a point that is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a point that is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a point that is not in
+any of the strips so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the strips so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the strips so you're going to
+get one point you're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one point you're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one point you're going to get a
+score of one if you're here or here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score of one if you're here or here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score of one if you're here or here
+you're going to get a score of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a score of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a score of zero
+locally if you're in the region that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally if you're in the region that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally if you're in the region that's
+that's already covered okay uh now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already covered okay uh now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already covered okay uh now we
+also need to represent the rectangle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to represent the rectangle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to represent the rectangle in
+some way so uh if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way so uh if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way so uh if I'm
+given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a
+box draw this line this line this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box draw this line this line this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box draw this line this line this line
+and this line and the half planes I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this line and the half planes I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this line and the half planes I want
+are the ones that contain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rectangle so the idea is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle so the idea is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle so the idea is you're going to
+get four bonus points if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get four bonus points if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get four bonus points if you're in the
+rectangle so and now the question is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle so and now the question is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle so and now the question is I'm
+going to set K to be n + 4 I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set K to be n + 4 I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set K to be n + 4 I want to
+know are there any points that are in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are there any points that are in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are there any points that are in N
+plus4 of the half planes to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus4 of the half planes to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus4 of the half planes to do that
+you'd have to be in all four of these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to be in all four of these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to be in all four of these in
+other words in the box and in in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in the box and in in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in the box and in in one of
+these for every strip because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for every strip because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for every strip because you can't
+be in both uh just to achieve that score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in both uh just to achieve that score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in both uh just to achieve that score
+of n plus 4 so that means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n plus 4 so that means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n plus 4 so that means you're
+exterior to all the strips but inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior to all the strips but inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior to all the strips but inside
+the rectangle so it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangle so it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangle so it's the same
+problem cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem is a visibility problem got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is a visibility problem got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is a visibility problem got a
+couple visibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems both of these problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems both of these problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems both of these problems are
+about something called uh weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+visibility uh if you have two geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility uh if you have two geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility uh if you have two geometric
+objects A and B they are strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects A and B they are strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects A and B they are strongly
+visible to each other if every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to each other if every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to each other if every point
+over here can see every point over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here can see every point over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here can see every point over here
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+uh uh c means you don't the visibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh c means you don't the visibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh c means you don't the visibility
+line doesn't cross anything else but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line doesn't cross anything else but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line doesn't cross anything else but
+what we're talking about here is weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about here is weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about here is weak
+visibility which says there's some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility which says there's some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility which says there's some point
+over here which can see some point over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here which can see some point over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here which can see some point over
+here so I want to know say given two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I want to know say given two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I want to know say given two
+segments whether there's some point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments whether there's some point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments whether there's some point here
+some point here where if I draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point here where if I draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point here where if I draw the
+connecting visibility line there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting visibility line there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting visibility line there's no
+other segment blocking it so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other segment blocking it so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other segment blocking it so this is
+this is a and this is B this would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a and this is B this would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a and this is B this would be an
+example where A and B they do weakly see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where A and B they do weakly see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where A and B they do weakly see
+each other because there's that pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because there's that pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because there's that pair
+okay so given in segments you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given in segments you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given in segments you can
+construct What's called the visibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct What's called the visibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct What's called the visibility
+graph which is all of these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which is all of these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which is all of these things in
+quadratic time uh if I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic time uh if I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic time uh if I want to know
+whether this segment can uh see another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this segment can uh see another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this segment can uh see another
+segment in this weak sense that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment in this weak sense that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment in this weak sense that's
+threeome hard here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof take exactly the same thing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof take exactly the same thing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof take exactly the same thing just
+add two segments this segment can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add two segments this segment can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add two segments this segment can see
+that segment if and only if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that segment if and only if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that segment if and only if there's a
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+okay this is there's so many fun little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is there's so many fun little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is there's so many fun little
+things you can do but these are problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do but these are problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do but these are problems
+that a lot of people have thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people have thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people have thought about
+and they're always wondering can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're always wondering can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're always wondering can we do
+better than quadratic now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than quadratic now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than quadratic now we know
+they're all sort of in the same bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all sort of in the same bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all sort of in the same bucket
+more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or
+less okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less okay
+uh here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's another
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yes
+okay so uh the problem is I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the problem is I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the problem is I give you a
+bunch of triangles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of triangles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of triangles in
+3D and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+um and maybe I give you a point up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe I give you a point up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe I give you a point up here
+and I want to know whether that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know whether that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know whether that point
+can weakly see a given triangle and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can weakly see a given triangle and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can weakly see a given triangle and here
+all the triangles are horizontal make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the triangles are horizontal make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the triangles are horizontal make it
+nice and simple and it is possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and simple and it is possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and simple and it is possible to
+solve this I think in n^2 log n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this I think in n^2 log n time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this I think in n^2 log n time
+maybe n s time you can construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe n s time you can construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe n s time you can construct the
+visibility graph here in N squ uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility graph here in N squ uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility graph here in N squ uh
+because they're all horizontal so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all horizontal so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all horizontal so um I
+want to so given this point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to so given this point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to so given this point I want to
+know can it see any of t or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can it see any of t or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can it see any of t or is it
+completely blocked by these triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely blocked by these triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely blocked by these triangles
+sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound
+familiar if we point put that point way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar if we point put that point way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar if we point put that point way
+up near or at Infinity depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up near or at Infinity depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up near or at Infinity depending on what
+you allow me near Infinity will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow me near Infinity will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow me near Infinity will be
+enough this will essentially be or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this will essentially be or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this will essentially be or
+orthographic projection of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthographic projection of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthographic projection of these
+triangles onto this triangle it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles onto this triangle it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles onto this triangle it's a
+question whether these triangles cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether these triangles cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether these triangles cover
+this triangle so this is a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle so this is a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle so this is a reduction
+from triangles cover triangle to visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from triangles cover triangle to visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from triangles cover triangle to visible
+triangle pretty easy just put all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle pretty easy just put all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle pretty easy just put all these
+guys really close close uh slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys really close close uh slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys really close close uh slightly
+different Z coordinates so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Z coordinates so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Z coordinates so they're not
+overlapping and put the point far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away so visible triangle is threeome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so visible triangle is threeome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so visible triangle is threeome
+heart all right uh let's do some motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart all right uh let's do some motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart all right uh let's do some motion
+planning robot motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning robot motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning robot motion
+planning first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2D so planer motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D so planer motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D so planer motion
+planning um I give you a segment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning um I give you a segment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning um I give you a segment that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+robot and I have so this is the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot and I have so this is the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot and I have so this is the special
+one it's the robot then I have various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's the robot then I have various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's the robot then I have various
+obstacles which the uh robot is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles which the uh robot is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles which the uh robot is not
+allowed to penetrate I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to penetrate I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to penetrate I give you a
+starting position for the robot and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting position for the robot and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting position for the robot and I
+give you a Target position for the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a Target position for the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a Target position for the robot
+I want to know can I go from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know can I go from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know can I go from here to
+Here by some motion a motion you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here by some motion a motion you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here by some motion a motion you would
+allow rotations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow rotations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow rotations and
+translations so can I slide this robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations so can I slide this robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations so can I slide this robot
+somehow through this obstacle course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow through this obstacle course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow through this obstacle course
+maybe here just some parallel parking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe here just some parallel parking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe here just some parallel parking
+whatever you can do lots of tricks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can do lots of tricks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can do lots of tricks to
+get from A to B uh this problem can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from A to B uh this problem can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from A to B uh this problem can be
+solved in quadratic time most 2D motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved in quadratic time most 2D motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved in quadratic time most 2D motion
+planning problems with with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning problems with with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning problems with with just
+rotation and translation can be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and translation can be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and translation can be solved
+in in N squar time uh yeah and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in N squar time uh yeah and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in N squar time uh yeah and that's
+tight because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this we build these frames which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we build these frames which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we build these frames which are
+large enough that it doesn't constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough that it doesn't constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough that it doesn't constrain
+the robot robot's big enough that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot robot's big enough that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot robot's big enough that it's
+going to have to simultaneously Pierce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to simultaneously Pierce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to simultaneously Pierce
+all three lines here and we're done okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three lines here and we're done okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three lines here and we're done okay
+great all this buildup for very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all this buildup for very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all this buildup for very simple
+proofs uh cool one more is that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs uh cool one more is that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs uh cool one more is that one
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quadratic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic yeah
+uh you can solve this in quadratic time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can solve this in quadratic time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can solve this in quadratic time
+cubic is obvious uh there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic is obvious uh there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic is obvious uh there are three
+degrees of freedom but I think in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom but I think in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom but I think in fact
+quadratic time that's that's the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic time that's that's the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic time that's that's the claim
+in the paper I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper I haven't
+studied motion planning algorithms for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied motion planning algorithms for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied motion planning algorithms for a
+while so don't know exactly how it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while so don't know exactly how it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while so don't know exactly how it goes
+but in general uh constant dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general uh constant dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general uh constant dimensional
+motion planning with constant numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion planning with constant numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion planning with constant numbers of
+objects can be solved in polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects can be solved in polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects can be solved in polinomial time
+but yeah you can debate about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah you can debate about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah you can debate about the
+constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+okay which do matter here but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which do matter here but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which do matter here but I think
+claim is tightness for that one here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is tightness for that one here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is tightness for that one here's
+another one which can be solved in they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one which can be solved in they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one which can be solved in they
+claim here they say n^2 log n so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim here they say n^2 log n so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim here they say n^2 log n so uh
+although it's they say we can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's they say we can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's they say we can probably
+get n s but n^ s log n was enough uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n s but n^ s log n was enough uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n s but n^ s log n was enough uh
+it's a particular version of 3D motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planning uh so we given a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning uh so we given a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning uh so we given a vertical
+segment that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment that's our
+robot we're going to have triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot we're going to have triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot we're going to have triangles
+those are our obstacles because with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are our obstacles because with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are our obstacles because with
+triangles we can make polyhedra in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles we can make polyhedra in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles we can make polyhedra in this
+case all the triangles will lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all the triangles will lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all the triangles will lie
+horizontal in horizontal planes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal in horizontal planes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal in horizontal planes and the
+seg M Position will be vertical and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seg M Position will be vertical and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seg M Position will be vertical and here
+you only allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+translation with translation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation with translation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation with translation and
+rotation you could also do this but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation you could also do this but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation you could also do this but they
+restrict a translation only because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict a translation only because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict a translation only because
+there they can get a almost quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they can get a almost quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they can get a almost quadratic
+time algorithm with rotation you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm with rotation you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm with rotation you have to
+add couple factors of n probably but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add couple factors of n probably but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add couple factors of n probably but
+this version they can solve in n s log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version they can solve in n s log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version they can solve in n s log n
+and it's threeome hard uh by a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's threeome hard uh by a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's threeome hard uh by a similar
+kind of structure to the triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structure to the triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structure to the triangles
+covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering
+triangle um namely we build this cage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle um namely we build this cage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle um namely we build this cage
+the triangles aren't shaded in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangles aren't shaded in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangles aren't shaded in but
+there's basically a triangle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically a triangle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically a triangle of
+triangles here and a bunch of them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles here and a bunch of them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles here and a bunch of them the
+segment is say unit length and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment is say unit length and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment is say unit length and so
+there's you know this many uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know this many uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know this many uh to
+subdivide the space they call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivide the space they call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivide the space they call this a
+cage uh all of these triangles live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage uh all of these triangles live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage uh all of these triangles live in
+horizontal planes but there's no way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal planes but there's no way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal planes but there's no way for
+this vertical robot with translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertical robot with translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertical robot with translation
+only to get out it's too long uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to get out it's too long uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to get out it's too long uh and so
+the starting configuration is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting configuration is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting configuration is going to
+be up here the destination is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be up here the destination is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be up here the destination is going to
+be down here and in the middle triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down here and in the middle triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down here and in the middle triangle
+here we're going to put a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to put a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to put a whole bunch of
+triangles like this so just squish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles like this so just squish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles like this so just squish this
+down put them all in here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down put them all in here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down put them all in here and then
+you're going to be able to penetrate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to penetrate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to penetrate if
+and only if there's a blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if there's a blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if there's a blank
+spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+okay end of this paper uh I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay end of this paper uh I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay end of this paper uh I think we
+covered almost all of these proofs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered almost all of these proofs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered almost all of these proofs we
+started with uh the base problems 3ome 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with uh the base problems 3ome 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with uh the base problems 3ome 3
+Su Prime Gom base two versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su Prime Gom base two versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su Prime Gom base two versions of
+separator uh which we weren w't directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator uh which we weren w't directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator uh which we weren w't directly
+reducing from but we mimicked a zillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing from but we mimicked a zillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing from but we mimicked a zillion
+times uh we had the degeneracy over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh we had the degeneracy over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh we had the degeneracy over here
+strips covering a box triangles covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips covering a box triangles covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips covering a box triangles covering
+a triangle hole and a union visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triangle hole and a union visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triangle hole and a union visible
+triangle those are actually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle those are actually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle those are actually all
+identical to each other you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to each other you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to each other you can reduce
+in all directions uh we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all directions uh we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all directions uh we talked about
+Point C this was the linear programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point C this was the linear programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point C this was the linear programming
+uh Mo planer motion planning 3d motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mo planer motion planning 3d motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mo planer motion planning 3d motion
+planning happen to reduce from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning happen to reduce from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning happen to reduce from here
+instead of there uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of there uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of there uh and
+visibility cool lot of fun little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility cool lot of fun little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility cool lot of fun little
+reductions and it gives you a flavor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions and it gives you a flavor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions and it gives you a flavor for
+N squared hard is problems are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared hard is problems are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared hard is problems are the
+reverse directions of all those open or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse directions of all those open or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse directions of all those open or
+I think all all the reverse directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think all all the reverse directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think all all the reverse directions
+are open uh I mean you have to check all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open uh I mean you have to check all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open uh I mean you have to check all
+the paper since 1995 but uh definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper since 1995 but uh definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper since 1995 but uh definitely
+in that paper they're open and I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that paper they're open and I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that paper they're open and I haven't
+heard of any uh there isn't a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of any uh there isn't a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of any uh there isn't a ton of
+work in going the other direction but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in going the other direction but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in going the other direction but it
+would definitely be nice too uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely be nice too uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely be nice too uh
+especially if you know thre sum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you know thre sum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you know thre sum it
+builds more evidence that thre sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds more evidence that thre sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds more evidence that thre sum is
+the right problem if you can uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right problem if you can uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right problem if you can uh do
+reductions in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions in both
+directions okay um I want to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay um I want to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay um I want to show you a
+couple more I'll show you one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more I'll show you one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more I'll show you one more
+reduction um which relates to a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction um which relates to a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction um which relates to a problem
+that we proved was strongly NP complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we proved was strongly NP complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we proved was strongly NP complete
+at some point way back when um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point way back when um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point way back when um this is
+about fixed angle chains you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fixed angle chains you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fixed angle chains you have this
+kind of linkage structure the these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of linkage structure the these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of linkage structure the these are
+rigid bars these are rigid angles but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid bars these are rigid angles but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid bars these are rigid angles but uh
+you can still twist one segment around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still twist one segment around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still twist one segment around
+another so it preserves the Angles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so it preserves the Angles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so it preserves the Angles and
+the edge lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge lengths
+and so if I give you a structure like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I give you a structure like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I give you a structure like
+this I want to know uh if I spin along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to know uh if I spin along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to know uh if I spin along
+this Edge if I take all this stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge if I take all this stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge if I take all this stuff and
+rotate it out of plane around this Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it out of plane around this Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it out of plane around this Edge
+does it hit anything or can it go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it hit anything or can it go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it hit anything or can it go all
+the way around what about this Edge what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around what about this Edge what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around what about this Edge what
+about this Edge what about this Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Edge what about this Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Edge what about this Edge
+this is a polinomial Time fixed angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a polinomial Time fixed angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a polinomial Time fixed angle
+chain problem I want to know for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain problem I want to know for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain problem I want to know for every
+Edge which one's spinning causes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge which one's spinning causes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge which one's spinning causes a
+collision uh in fact if I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision uh in fact if I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision uh in fact if I just want to
+know whether these guys cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether these guys cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether these guys cause a
+collision because if they do uh a plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision because if they do uh a plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision because if they do uh a plus b
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+C I think that's maybe clear enough we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I think that's maybe clear enough we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I think that's maybe clear enough we
+threw B negative B over2 in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw B negative B over2 in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw B negative B over2 in the middle
+uh in this case we've shifted the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case we've shifted the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case we've shifted the the
+ABC is the x coordinate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC is the x coordinate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC is the x coordinate in this
+structure and these are candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and these are candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and these are candidate
+foldings here where we miss here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foldings here where we miss here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foldings here where we miss here where
+we Collide um we've separated things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Collide um we've separated things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Collide um we've separated things out
+by taking every item of a subtracting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking every item of a subtracting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking every item of a subtracting a
+huge number from it to put it over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number from it to put it over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number from it to put it over here
+and every item of C adding a huge number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every item of C adding a huge number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every item of C adding a huge number
+and because we're in the threeome prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we're in the threeome prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we're in the threeome prime
+problem we know we get one item for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we know we get one item for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we know we get one item for each
+so adding and subtracting a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adding and subtracting a matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adding and subtracting a matching
+huge number will preserve all three Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number will preserve all three Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number will preserve all three Su
+pairs three Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs three Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs three Su
+triples um so that lets us separate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples um so that lets us separate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples um so that lets us separate out
+this picture and then you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture and then you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture and then you just have to
+check this reflection corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this reflection corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this reflection corresponds to
+adding in the right way because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in the right way because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in the right way because of the
+negation and divided by two but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation and divided by two but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation and divided by two but uh
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+it so that's uh another and there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's uh another and there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's uh another and there there
+are a bunch of other problems like if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of other problems like if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of other problems like if I
+give you two polygons I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you two polygons I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you two polygons I want to know
+whether I can translate this polygon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I can translate this polygon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I can translate this polygon to
+fit inside that polygon that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit inside that polygon that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit inside that polygon that's also
+threeome hard proof is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeome hard proof is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeome hard proof is a little bit
+messy so I don't have have it here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy so I don't have have it here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy so I don't have have it here uh
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention
+um another more recent use of thre sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another more recent use of thre sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another more recent use of thre sum
+conjecture is some non-quadratic lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounds so we're still going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so we're still going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so we're still going to assume
+the three sum conjecture but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three sum conjecture but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three sum conjecture but we're going
+to prove that a problem requires some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that a problem requires some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that a problem requires some
+time other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time other than
+n^2 so here are two problems with has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 so here are two problems with has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 so here are two problems with has
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done these are graph problems which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these are graph problems which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these are graph problems which is
+cool because everything we've seen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool because everything we've seen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool because everything we've seen so
+far has been a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so have a weighted undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so have a weighted undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so have a weighted undirected
+graph I want to know whether there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I want to know whether there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I want to know whether there's a
+three cycle also called a triangle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cycle also called a triangle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cycle also called a triangle of
+given weight so I want to know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given weight so I want to know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given weight so I want to know for
+example is their triangle of weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero this can be done in polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this can be done in polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this can be done in polinomial time
+obviously uh and what the lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says is uh number of edges to the 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is uh number of edges to the 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is uh number of edges to the 1.5
+instead of two or whatever you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two or whatever you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two or whatever you want to
+think about this um minus Epsilon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this um minus Epsilon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this um minus Epsilon this
+what the this is MI patasco what he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the this is MI patasco what he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the this is MI patasco what he says
+is this this problem finding this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this problem finding this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this problem finding this in
+this much time is thre sum hard meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much time is thre sum hard meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much time is thre sum hard meaning
+if this is possible then threes sum can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is possible then threes sum can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is possible then threes sum can
+be solved in sub quadratic time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved in sub quadratic time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved in sub quadratic time so
+there's a gap between this bound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap between this bound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap between this bound and
+threesome bound introduced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threesome bound introduced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threesome bound introduced by the
+reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here's another fun problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we're given an unweighted graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're given an unweighted graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're given an unweighted graph
+undirected graph and we just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph and we just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph and we just want to
+find e triangles just list them for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find e triangles just list them for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find e triangles just list them for me
+please uh or tell me there aren't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please uh or tell me there aren't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please uh or tell me there aren't that
+many uh that take uh you cannot do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh that take uh you cannot do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh that take uh you cannot do that
+in better than e to the 4/3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in better than e to the 4/3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in better than e to the 4/3 minus
+Epsilon time uh if you believe the thre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon time uh if you believe the thre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon time uh if you believe the thre
+sum conjecture so these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum conjecture so these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum conjecture so these are both
+threesome hard in a different sense from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threesome hard in a different sense from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threesome hard in a different sense from
+what we were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were using
+before before is quadratic quadratic now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before is quadratic quadratic now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before is quadratic quadratic now
+with graphs also there's versus e so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with graphs also there's versus e so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with graphs also there's versus e so uh
+but neither of these are quadratic no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but neither of these are quadratic no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but neither of these are quadratic no
+matter how you slice them so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how you slice them so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how you slice them so they are
+different um so there a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so there a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so there a small number of
+bounds of that form and that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds of that form and that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds of that form and that's kind of a
+interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and
+relatively hot area say people thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively hot area say people thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively hot area say people thinking
+about that um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um in
+particular um there's been a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um there's been a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um there's been a recent
+surge of interest in thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surge of interest in thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surge of interest in thinking about
+graph problems now for graph problems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph problems now for graph problems uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph problems now for graph problems uh
+all the there isn't a ton of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the there isn't a ton of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the there isn't a ton of work
+relating three sums which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating three sums which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating three sums which is a very
+arithmetic based problem to graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic based problem to graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic based problem to graph
+problems but this is a a beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but this is a a beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but this is a a beginning of
+that uh but there's some other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh but there's some other problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh but there's some other problems
+which people think are hard um so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people think are hard um so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people think are hard um so let me
+give you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diameter so here we're given a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter so here we're given a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter so here we're given a weighted
+undirected graph I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph I want to
+know uh so Delta VW this is like clrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh so Delta VW this is like clrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh so Delta VW this is like clrs
+notation this is the uh weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this is the uh weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation this is the uh weight of the
+minimum weight path from V to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight path from V to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum weight path from V to
+W and I want to know the max overall V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and I want to know the max overall V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and I want to know the max overall V
+and W what is the longest shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W what is the longest shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W what is the longest shortest path
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+diameter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conjecture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no V to the 3 minus Epsilon algorithm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no V to the 3 minus Epsilon algorithm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no V to the 3 minus Epsilon algorithm so
+here uh there's a lot of interest around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh there's a lot of interest around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh there's a lot of interest around
+cubic problems because this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic problems because this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic problems because this problem
+seems cubic another closely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems cubic another closely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems cubic another closely related
+problem is all pair of shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is all pair of shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is all pair of shortest
+paths uh I want to know Delta of VW for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths uh I want to know Delta of VW for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths uh I want to know Delta of VW for
+all V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all V and
+W this is of course a harder problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W this is of course a harder problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W this is of course a harder problem
+than diameter also conjecture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than diameter also conjecture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than diameter also conjecture this
+conjecture implies uh conjecture over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture implies uh conjecture over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture implies uh conjecture over
+here uh this one's a little more famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh this one's a little more famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh this one's a little more famous
+the all pair shortest path conjecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all pair shortest path conjecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all pair shortest path conjecture is
+that you cannot solve this in truly sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot solve this in truly sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot solve this in truly sub
+cubic time there are again polylog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic time there are again polylog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic time there are again polylog
+improvements um but you cannot beat uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements um but you cannot beat uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements um but you cannot beat uh
+we don't know how to beat by a v to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how to beat by a v to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how to beat by a v to the
+Epsilon Factor n to the Epsilon Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Factor n to the Epsilon Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Factor n to the Epsilon Factor
+over the standard algorithm which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the standard algorithm which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the standard algorithm which would
+be uh what's it called Floyd warshaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh what's it called Floyd warshaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh what's it called Floyd warshaw
+it's a trip nested Loop relax every Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trip nested Loop relax every Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trip nested Loop relax every Edge
+and times uh is the standard V cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times uh is the standard V cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times uh is the standard V cubed
+algorithm uh for sparse graphs you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh for sparse graphs you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh for sparse graphs you can
+do better but for dense graphs the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better but for dense graphs the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better but for dense graphs the claim
+is that's the best you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's the best you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's the best you can do
+and so there's a bunch of problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a bunch of problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a bunch of problems that
+are all paired short as paths hard there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all paired short as paths hard there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all paired short as paths hard there
+some problems that are diameter hard um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems that are diameter hard um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems that are diameter hard um
+being diameter hard is a Little Bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being diameter hard is a Little Bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being diameter hard is a Little Bit
+Stronger uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stronger uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stronger uh
+obviously diameter can reduce to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously diameter can reduce to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously diameter can reduce to all
+pair short as paths via now we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair short as paths via now we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair short as paths via now we want a
+subcubic reduction something n the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcubic reduction something n the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcubic reduction something n the 3
+minus Epsilon time instead of n 2us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Epsilon time instead of n 2us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Epsilon time instead of n 2us
+Epsilon you can reduce diameter all pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon you can reduce diameter all pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon you can reduce diameter all pair
+of shortest paths big open problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shortest paths big open problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shortest paths big open problem is
+whether you can reduce all pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can reduce all pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can reduce all pair of
+shortest paths to diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths to diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths to diameter
+um but you can reduce all pairs shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can reduce all pairs shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can reduce all pairs shortest
+paths uh to some cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh let
+me I have an image of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I have an image of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I have an image of some
+reductions um so negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions um so negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions um so negative
+triangle um is there a triangle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle um is there a triangle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle um is there a triangle of
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weight okay over here we wanted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight okay over here we wanted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight okay over here we wanted a
+triangle of weight exactly zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle of weight exactly zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle of weight exactly zero that
+helps you find things faster uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you find things faster uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you find things faster uh over
+here we just want a triangle of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just want a triangle of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just want a triangle of negative
+weight there's more options for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight there's more options for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight there's more options for those
+finding that is all pair shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that is all pair shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that is all pair shortest paths
+hard you can reduce all pairs shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard you can reduce all pairs shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard you can reduce all pairs shortest
+paths to that problem it's kind of crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths to that problem it's kind of crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths to that problem it's kind of crazy
+uh and here the reduction is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here the reduction is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here the reduction is not a
+single or constant number of call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single or constant number of call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single or constant number of call
+reductions like we've been doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions like we've been doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions like we've been doing this
+has a huge output this only has a yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a huge output this only has a yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a huge output this only has a yes or
+no output okay so this reduction is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no output okay so this reduction is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no output okay so this reduction is a
+little bit crazy but B basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit crazy but B basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit crazy but B basically you
+take the sum overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sum overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sum overall
+calls uh for this reduction um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls uh for this reduction um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls uh for this reduction um and you
+know it just has to work out that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it just has to work out that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it just has to work out that if you
+could solve a negative triangle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve a negative triangle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve a negative triangle in
+subcubic time then you could also solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcubic time then you could also solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcubic time then you could also solve
+all pair of shortest paths in subcubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pair of shortest paths in subcubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pair of shortest paths in subcubic
+time okay so if you take the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so if you take the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so if you take the sum of the
+uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n
+primes uh to the power 3 - Epsilon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes uh to the power 3 - Epsilon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes uh to the power 3 - Epsilon this
+should work out to uh n to the 3us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work out to uh n to the 3us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work out to uh n to the 3us
+Epsilon okay over the different sub call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay over the different sub call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay over the different sub call
+the different calls you make to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different calls you make to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different calls you make to the
+negative triangle so it's a weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative triangle so it's a weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative triangle so it's a weaker
+notion of reduction which lets you prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of reduction which lets you prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of reduction which lets you prove
+these things kind of a big innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things kind of a big innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things kind of a big innovation
+from just a few this one hasn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just a few this one hasn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just a few this one hasn't even
+been published yet it will be in soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been published yet it will be in soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been published yet it will be in soda
+2015 it's on the archive now um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 it's on the archive now um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 it's on the archive now um and
+there have been a few papers over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a few papers over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a few papers over the
+last few years doing these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years doing these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years doing these kinds of
+reductions actually the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions actually the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions actually the negative
+triangle one is from an older paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle one is from an older paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle one is from an older paper by
+uh velesco Williams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh velesco Williams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh velesco Williams and
+uh and Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Williams
+uh it's a husband wife team Stanford uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a husband wife team Stanford uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a husband wife team Stanford uh
+okay some more problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radius uh for vertex V the radius around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius uh for vertex V the radius around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius uh for vertex V the radius around
+V is how big a ball do you need to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is how big a ball do you need to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is how big a ball do you need to grow
+in order to cover all the vertices I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to cover all the vertices I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to cover all the vertices I
+want to know what's the most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's the most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what's the most the
+farthest vertex W from V and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest vertex W from V and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest vertex W from V and then the
+radius of the graph is what is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the graph is what is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the graph is what is the best
+such vertex that minimizes the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such vertex that minimizes the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such vertex that minimizes the radius of
+the vertex so closely related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex so closely related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex so closely related to this
+but it is uh equivalent to negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is uh equivalent to negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is uh equivalent to negative
+triangle both of these are are this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle both of these are are this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle both of these are are this is a
+new well okay of course you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new well okay of course you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new well okay of course you can reduce
+negative triangle to well that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative triangle to well that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative triangle to well that's not so
+obvious you can reduce radius to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious you can reduce radius to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious you can reduce radius to all
+pair of shortest paths uh because once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of shortest paths uh because once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of shortest paths uh because once
+you have all the Deltas you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the Deltas you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the Deltas you can compute
+that Max Min in quadratic time um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Max Min in quadratic time um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Max Min in quadratic time um so
+that means all these problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means all these problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means all these problems are
+equivalent to each other up to subcubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to each other up to subcubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to each other up to subcubic
+reductions okay uh median is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions okay uh median is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions okay uh median is another
+problem very similar I just replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem very similar I just replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem very similar I just replace this
+Max with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max with a
+sum so that's some other kind of central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so that's some other kind of central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so that's some other kind of central
+located vertex uh that's median and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located vertex uh that's median and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located vertex uh that's median and
+that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also
+equivalent to all these problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to all these problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to all these problems so
+there's a growing list of problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a growing list of problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a growing list of problems that
+are uh in this sort of cubic space all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh in this sort of cubic space all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh in this sort of cubic space all
+the problems are conjectured to be cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems are conjectured to be cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems are conjectured to be cubic
+and a lot of them are equivalent to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of them are equivalent to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of them are equivalent to each
+other though there's this divide between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other though there's this divide between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other though there's this divide between
+diameter and all pair of shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and all pair of shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and all pair of shortest paths
+there are some bounds assuming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some bounds assuming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some bounds assuming uh
+versions of uh assuming strong eth so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of uh assuming strong eth so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of uh assuming strong eth so if
+you have strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have strong
+eth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eth
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then what uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what uh there's
+no e to the 2us Epsilon algorithm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no e to the 2us Epsilon algorithm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no e to the 2us Epsilon algorithm this
+is not quite what we want we want V to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite what we want we want V to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite what we want we want V to
+the 3 minus Epsilon this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 minus Epsilon this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 minus Epsilon this is
+this is a statement about sparse graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a statement about sparse graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a statement about sparse graphs
+um you you can beat this for dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you can beat this for dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you can beat this for dense
+graphs for sparse graphs this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs for sparse graphs this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs for sparse graphs this is
+interesting um this is for the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um this is for the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um this is for the worst
+case relationship between V and E uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case relationship between V and E uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case relationship between V and E uh so
+you get some things like this you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some things like this you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some things like this you get
+this even if you allow some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even if you allow some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even if you allow some
+approximability uh but we still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability uh but we still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximability uh but we still don't
+have a way to actually prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way to actually prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way to actually prove this
+conjecture yeah you haven't said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture yeah you haven't said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture yeah you haven't said
+anything about it I assume that three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it I assume that three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it I assume that three
+sum and this world there's no bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and this world there's no bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and this world there's no bridge
+between them yeah I believe there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them yeah I believe there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them yeah I believe there's no
+Bridge currently this is the close thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge currently this is the close thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge currently this is the close thing
+and they do seem similar uh but you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do seem similar uh but you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do seem similar uh but you and
+also here we have cubic there we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here we have cubic there we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here we have cubic there we have
+quadratic uh so maybe you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic uh so maybe you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic uh so maybe you can do it
+maybe with five sum you could show some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with five sum you could show some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with five sum you could show some
+relation I don't know but there's no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I don't know but there's no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I don't know but there's no no
+such theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such theorem
+yet this these problems sound very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet this these problems sound very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet this these problems sound very
+similar to these problems in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to these problems in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to these problems in particular
+listing a bunch of negative triangles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing a bunch of negative triangles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing a bunch of negative triangles is
+just as hard as finding one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as hard as finding one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as hard as finding one and so
+there's some similarity to over here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some similarity to over here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some similarity to over here but
+the constraint on the triangles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint on the triangles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint on the triangles is
+different here we want negative ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different here we want negative ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different here we want negative ones
+here any triangle or triangle of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here any triangle or triangle of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here any triangle or triangle of zero
+weight yeah so it's a it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight yeah so it's a it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight yeah so it's a it's an
+interesting space and still very ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting space and still very ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting space and still very ongoing
+a lot of all of these things that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of all of these things that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of all of these things that this
+stuff this stuff is all within the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff this stuff is all within the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff this stuff is all within the last
+four years um so it'll be interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years um so it'll be interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years um so it'll be interesting to
+see how it develops but it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it develops but it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it develops but it's sort of
+these are the current approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the current approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the current approaches to
+understanding n s n cubed and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding n s n cubed and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding n s n cubed and sort of
+the low end of the polinomial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low end of the polinomial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low end of the polinomial uh
+Spectrum I think it's pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum I think it's pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum I think it's pretty interesting
+uh but also where we know the least and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but also where we know the least and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but also where we know the least and
+have the fewest General techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the fewest General techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the fewest General techniques for
+for proving things thre sum is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proving things thre sum is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proving things thre sum is a little
+more established and there's uh a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more established and there's uh a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more established and there's uh a bunch
+of proofs like the one you've seen not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proofs like the one you've seen not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proofs like the one you've seen not
+too many out there actually um but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many out there actually um but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many out there actually um but uh
+they're quite accessible this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quite accessible this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quite accessible this stuff is
+still uh I think converging but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh I think converging but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh I think converging but very
+exciting things relating all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things relating all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things relating all these
+algorithmic problems to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic problems to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic problems to each other and
+kind of a nice way for us to end this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a nice way for us to end this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a nice way for us to end this is
+my last lecture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my last lecture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my last lecture for
+6890 um and the next two classes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6890 um and the next two classes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6890 um and the next two classes are
+guest lectures by costus about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lectures by costus about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lectures by costus about
+algorithmic game theory in a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic game theory in a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic game theory in a class
+called ppad and PP D hardness which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ppad and PP D hardness which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ppad and PP D hardness which is
+his own Universe uh but around economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own Universe uh but around economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own Universe uh but around economic
+Game Theory and very cool stuff he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Game Theory and very cool stuff he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Game Theory and very cool stuff he is
+the expert on it so and he's a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expert on it so and he's a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expert on it so and he's a professor
+here so he graciously agreed to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so he graciously agreed to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so he graciously agreed to do two
+lectures on it should be fun I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on it should be fun I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on it should be fun I'm looking
+forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to
+it thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thanks
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X9K8LT7SCZ0.txt b/X9K8LT7SCZ0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..235d36092ea43e10e2ecfb7262514441b9f21da3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X9K8LT7SCZ0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider a rod of mass m and suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a rod of mass m and suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a rod of mass m and suppose I
+apply a force to this rod let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course like that so we know that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course like that so we know that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course like that so we know that as a
+result of that applied force the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that applied force the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that applied force the center
+of mass of the rod which we can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass of the rod which we can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass of the rod which we can imagine
+is right at the center of the rod will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right at the center of the rod will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right at the center of the rod will
+translate with some acceleration such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate with some acceleration such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate with some acceleration such
+that the vector F is equal to the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector F is equal to the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector F is equal to the mass
+of the rod times the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rod times the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rod times the acceleration of the
+center of mass now recall that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass now recall that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass now recall that for a
+rigid body this equation will be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body this equation will be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body this equation will be true
+regardless of where on the rod I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of where on the rod I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of where on the rod I apply
+the force so for example if I draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force so for example if I draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force so for example if I draw the
+rod again over here and I apply the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod again over here and I apply the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod again over here and I apply the same
+force vector F but I apply it let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force vector F but I apply it let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force vector F but I apply it let's say
+on the right hand side I'll still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side I'll still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side I'll still have
+the same F equals MA all I specify with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same F equals MA all I specify with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same F equals MA all I specify with
+F is its magnitude and direction but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is its magnitude and direction but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is its magnitude and direction but for
+a rigid body no matter where on the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigid body no matter where on the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigid body no matter where on the body
+I apply that force the translation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply that force the translation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply that force the translation the
+the acceleration of the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of the center of mass
+will be the same now we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same now we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same now we know from
+experience however that the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience however that the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience however that the motion of
+the rod is different if I push it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod is different if I push it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod is different if I push it at the
+center or at the at one end or at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center or at the at one end or at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center or at the at one end or at the
+other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end
+the point is though that the motion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is though that the motion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is though that the motion the
+overall motion the overall translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall motion the overall translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall motion the overall translation
+of the object doesn't just involve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the object doesn't just involve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the object doesn't just involve the
+translation in the center of mass but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation in the center of mass but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation in the center of mass but it
+also involves some rotation in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also involves some rotation in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also involves some rotation in general
+so in fact there is a theorem called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact there is a theorem called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact there is a theorem called
+Sholes as theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which tells us that the most general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us that the most general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us that the most general
+displacement of a rigid body can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of a rigid body can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of a rigid body can be
+split into the translation of the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into the translation of the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into the translation of the center
+of mass and a rotation about the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass and a rotation about the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass and a rotation about the center
+of mass our F equals MA relation tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass our F equals MA relation tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass our F equals MA relation tells
+us how an applied force affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how an applied force affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how an applied force affects the
+first part the translation of the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part the translation of the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part the translation of the center
+of mass but how does that apply force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass but how does that apply force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass but how does that apply force
+affect the rotation of the rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the rotation of the rigid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the rotation of the rigid body
+will see that this depends not only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that this depends not only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that this depends not only on
+the magnitude and direction of the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and direction of the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and direction of the force
+but also on where the force is applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also on where the force is applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also on where the force is applied
+okay that's different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's different than the
+translation center of mass which only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation center of mass which only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation center of mass which only
+depends upon what the force is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon what the force is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon what the force is the
+rotation about the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the center of mass
+depends both upon the force itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends both upon the force itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends both upon the force itself and
+where on the object that it's applied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on the object that it's applied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on the object that it's applied in
+fact in the next few lessons we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in the next few lessons we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in the next few lessons we'll see
+that there's a special equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a special equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a special equation of
+motion for describing rotational motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for describing rotational motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for describing rotational motion
+that's analogous to Newton's second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's analogous to Newton's second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's analogous to Newton's second law
+of motion analogous tentacles MA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion analogous tentacles MA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion analogous tentacles MA
+applying two rotational motion and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying two rotational motion and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying two rotational motion and we
+write that relationship this rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation of motion is written as tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion is written as tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion is written as tau
+which is a vector is equal to I times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a vector is equal to I times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a vector is equal to I times
+alpha which is a vector so tau is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha which is a vector so tau is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha which is a vector so tau is a new
+quantity we haven't talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we haven't talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we haven't talked about before
+called the torque it's a vector I is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the torque it's a vector I is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the torque it's a vector I is the
+moment of inertia that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia that we've already
+encountered and alpha is the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered and alpha is the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered and alpha is the angular
+acceleration of the rotation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now Tao is a sort of rotational analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Tao is a sort of rotational analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Tao is a sort of rotational analog
+to the force and it depends upon not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the force and it depends upon not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the force and it depends upon not
+just the force itself but on where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the force itself but on where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the force itself but on where the
+force is applied computing the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is applied computing the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is applied computing the torque
+Tao depends upon something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tao depends upon something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tao depends upon something called a
+vector product or cross product it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector product or cross product it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector product or cross product it's a
+way of multiplying two vectors together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of multiplying two vectors together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of multiplying two vectors together
+to produce a third vector in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a third vector in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a third vector in that way
+it's different than the dot product or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different than the dot product or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different than the dot product or
+scalar product that we've discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product that we've discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product that we've discussed
+earlier where we multiply two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier where we multiply two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier where we multiply two vectors
+together and get a scalar or a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and get a scalar or a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and get a scalar or a pure
+number there's this is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number there's this is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number there's this is a different
+operation the vector product or cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the vector product or cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the vector product or cross
+product torque is the first physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product torque is the first physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product torque is the first physical
+quantity we've encountered but it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we've encountered but it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we've encountered but it won't
+be the last that involves a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the last that involves a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the last that involves a cross
+product in its definition and so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in its definition and so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in its definition and so before
+giving you a formal definition of torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a formal definition of torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a formal definition of torque
+will first review the mathematics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will first review the mathematics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will first review the mathematics of
+cross products and we'll do that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross products and we'll do that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross products and we'll do that in the
+next lesson now the angular acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lesson now the angular acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lesson now the angular acceleration
+alpha tells us about how the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha tells us about how the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha tells us about how the rotational
+motion changes again just like in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion changes again just like in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion changes again just like in F
+equals MA where we could divide the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals MA where we could divide the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals MA where we could divide the two
+sides of this equation into dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this equation into dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this equation into dynamics and
+kinematics kinematics is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics kinematics is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics kinematics is telling us
+about a geometrical description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a geometrical description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a geometrical description of the
+motion of the translational motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the translational motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the translational motion and
+the dynamics F is telling us about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics F is telling us about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics F is telling us about how
+the applied forces cause changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied forces cause changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied forces cause changes in the
+motion changes in the kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion changes in the kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion changes in the kinematics
+likewise for rotational motion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise for rotational motion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise for rotational motion the
+angular acceleration alpha tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration alpha tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration alpha tells us
+about the geometry of the rotation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the geometry of the rotation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the geometry of the rotation of
+motion and specifically how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and specifically how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and specifically how the
+rotational motion is changing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational motion is changing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational motion is changing and the
+torque is telling us about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque is telling us about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque is telling us about the
+application of forces and how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of forces and how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of forces and how that
+causes changes in the rotational motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes changes in the rotational motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes changes in the rotational motion
+so that leaves one other quantity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that leaves one other quantity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that leaves one other quantity which
+is the moment of inertia and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the moment of inertia and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the moment of inertia and I want to
+talk about what that means for just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what that means for just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what that means for just a
+moment so the term inertia term inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so the term inertia term inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so the term inertia term inertia
+and physics represents a resistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physics represents a resistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physics represents a resistance to
+an applied force it tells us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applied force it tells us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applied force it tells us how
+difficult it is to change an object's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it is to change an object's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it is to change an object's
+motion so for example suppose I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so for example suppose I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so for example suppose I have two
+blocks one of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks one of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks one of mass
+and another that's ten times as massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another that's ten times as massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another that's ten times as massive
+so 10 and Newton's second law F equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 10 and Newton's second law F equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 10 and Newton's second law F equals
+MA tells us that if I want to accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MA tells us that if I want to accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MA tells us that if I want to accelerate
+the heavier mass to the same rate that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavier mass to the same rate that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavier mass to the same rate that I
+do with a smaller mass I'll need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a smaller mass I'll need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a smaller mass I'll need to
+apply a force that's ten times larger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a force that's ten times larger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a force that's ten times larger so
+for translation of motion the mass M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for translation of motion the mass M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for translation of motion the mass M
+represents the notion of inertia the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the notion of inertia the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the notion of inertia the
+resistance to a force it tells us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to a force it tells us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to a force it tells us how
+much force we have to apply to achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much force we have to apply to achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much force we have to apply to achieve a
+certain change in motion now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain change in motion now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain change in motion now for
+rotational motion that role is played by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational motion that role is played by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational motion that role is played by
+the moment of inertia I that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia I that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia I that tells us
+how difficult it is to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how difficult it is to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how difficult it is to change the
+rotation of an object if I increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of an object if I increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of an object if I increase the
+moment of inertia by a factor of 10 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia by a factor of 10 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia by a factor of 10 then
+I'll need a torque that is 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll need a torque that is 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll need a torque that is 10 times
+larger in order to achieve the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in order to achieve the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger in order to achieve the same
+change in rotational motion the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in rotational motion the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in rotational motion the same
+angular acceleration but recall that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration but recall that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration but recall that our
+definition of moment of inertia for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of moment of inertia for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of moment of inertia for some
+rigid body is if I break up the rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body is if I break up the rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body is if I break up the rigid
+body into a bunch of little pieces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body into a bunch of little pieces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body into a bunch of little pieces and
+for each piece I take the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each piece I take the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each piece I take the product of the
+mass of that piece Delta M J times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of that piece Delta M J times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of that piece Delta M J times the
+perpendicular distance of that piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular distance of that piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular distance of that piece
+from the rotation axis I'll call that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rotation axis I'll call that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rotation axis I'll call that R
+sub J and if I sum that over the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub J and if I sum that over the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub J and if I sum that over the entire
+object the entire body that gives me my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the entire body that gives me my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the entire body that gives me my
+moment of inertia well so I'm sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia well so I'm sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia well so I'm sorry this
+is R squared so it's the the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R squared so it's the the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R squared so it's the the mass of
+each element times the distance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element times the distance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element times the distance of the
+axis squared Delta M J times are J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis squared Delta M J times are J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis squared Delta M J times are J
+squared now I can increase the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now I can increase the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now I can increase the moment of
+inertia by a factor of 10 by increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia by a factor of 10 by increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia by a factor of 10 by increasing
+the total mass of the object but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total mass of the object but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total mass of the object but you can
+see from this equation that I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from this equation that I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from this equation that I can also
+do it with this same mass by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with this same mass by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with this same mass by changing
+the location of the mass if I increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of the mass if I increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of the mass if I increase
+the ars if I move the mass the same mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ars if I move the mass the same mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ars if I move the mass the same mass
+but i but I move it to be farther away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i but I move it to be farther away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i but I move it to be farther away
+from the rotation axis that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rotation axis that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rotation axis that also
+achieves an increase in the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves an increase in the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves an increase in the moment of
+inertia so what that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia so what that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia so what that tells us
+the for rotation of motion it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for rotation of motion it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for rotation of motion it's not just
+the amount of mass that matters but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of mass that matters but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of mass that matters but also
+how that mass is distributed okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that mass is distributed okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that mass is distributed okay so in
+that sense rotational inertia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense rotational inertia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense rotational inertia is
+different than translational inertia for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than translational inertia for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than translational inertia for
+translational motion all that matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational motion all that matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational motion all that matters is
+the mass if I increase the mass by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass if I increase the mass by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass if I increase the mass by a
+factor of 10 then it will become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 then it will become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 then it will become a
+factor of 10 more difficult to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 more difficult to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 more difficult to get that
+object to accelerate I need a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to accelerate I need a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to accelerate I need a factor of
+10 larger force but with rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 larger force but with rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 larger force but with rotational
+motion I can increase the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion I can increase the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion I can increase the notion of
+inertia I can make it more difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia I can make it more difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia I can make it more difficult to
+change the rotation of motion either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rotation of motion either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rotation of motion either by
+changing the mass by increasing and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the mass by increasing and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the mass by increasing and or
+by Inc by making the distribution mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Inc by making the distribution mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Inc by making the distribution mass
+be further away from the rotation axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be further away from the rotation axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be further away from the rotation axis
+so as an example imagine if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an example imagine if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an example imagine if you were
+rolling a wheel up a hill it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling a wheel up a hill it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling a wheel up a hill it's different
+if I have a wheel whose mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a wheel whose mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a wheel whose mass is
+distributed evenly over the whole disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed evenly over the whole disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed evenly over the whole disk
+or if I have all of the mass in the rim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I have all of the mass in the rim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I have all of the mass in the rim
+if all of the masses in the rim then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of the masses in the rim then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of the masses in the rim then
+from this equation we see the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equation we see the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equation we see the moment of
+inertia is larger for the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia is larger for the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia is larger for the same amount of
+total mass and so it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass and so it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total mass and so it's much more
+difficult to roll a wheel up the hill if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to roll a wheel up the hill if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to roll a wheel up the hill if
+all of the mass is in the rim than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the mass is in the rim than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the mass is in the rim than it is
+if the mass is distributed evenly over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the mass is distributed evenly over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the mass is distributed evenly over
+the wheel so our rotational equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel so our rotational equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel so our rotational equivalent
+to Newton's second law is tau equals I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Newton's second law is tau equals I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Newton's second law is tau equals I
+alpha the torque equals the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha the torque equals the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha the torque equals the moment of
+inertia times the angular acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia times the angular acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia times the angular acceleration
+in the next few lessons we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few lessons we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few lessons we'll see how
+torque is defined and we'll derive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque is defined and we'll derive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque is defined and we'll derive this
+expression for the dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the dynamics of
+rotational motion and see how to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational motion and see how to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational motion and see how to apply
+it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YEUyMX7kouw.txt b/YEUyMX7kouw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a27271efb54bdc5aeac094e3e0d2e165765f6099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YEUyMX7kouw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm Kathy drenan I'm a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm Kathy drenan I'm a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm Kathy drenan I'm a professor of
+chemistry and biology here at MIT I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and biology here at MIT I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and biology here at MIT I'm
+also a professor and investigator with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a professor and investigator with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a professor and investigator with
+the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
+I've been teaching freshman chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been teaching freshman chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been teaching freshman chemistry
+here at MIT particularly course called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT particularly course called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT particularly course called
+5111 since uh I started in 1999 so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5111 since uh I started in 1999 so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5111 since uh I started in 1999 so I've
+always loved education and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always loved education and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always loved education and when I
+started at vaser College um I went there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at vaser College um I went there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at vaser College um I went there
+to study either drama or biopsychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study either drama or biopsychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study either drama or biopsychology
+now I mentioned on a chemist and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mentioned on a chemist and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mentioned on a chemist and a
+biologist you're like kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist you're like kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist you're like kind of what
+happened there um so I went there and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there um so I went there and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there um so I went there and I
+didn't really know what I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really know what I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really know what I wanted to
+study and they said oh well if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and they said oh well if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and they said oh well if you're
+thinking of anything biology you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of anything biology you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of anything biology you have to
+take chemistry and I said oh no please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take chemistry and I said oh no please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take chemistry and I said oh no please
+don't make me take chemistry I took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make me take chemistry I took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make me take chemistry I took it
+in high school I can tell you it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school I can tell you it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school I can tell you it has
+absolutely nothing to do with Biology um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing to do with Biology um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing to do with Biology um
+it's deadly dull don't make me well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deadly dull don't make me well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deadly dull don't make me well I
+had to take it and I took it freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take it and I took it freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take it and I took it freshman
+year first semester and fell in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year first semester and fell in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year first semester and fell in love
+with chemistry and I realized it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chemistry and I realized it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chemistry and I realized it was
+about teaching and how one teacher could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about teaching and how one teacher could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about teaching and how one teacher could
+really Mak such an enormous difference I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Mak such an enormous difference I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Mak such an enormous difference I
+I became interested in teaching vaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I became interested in teaching vaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I became interested in teaching vaster
+college actually had no research at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college actually had no research at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college actually had no research at that
+point um so my Summers I had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um so my Summers I had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um so my Summers I had to do
+something else I couldn't work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I couldn't work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I couldn't work in the
+research lab and so I was a summer camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research lab and so I was a summer camp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research lab and so I was a summer camp
+counselor and uh 8 through 12 year olds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counselor and uh 8 through 12 year olds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counselor and uh 8 through 12 year olds
+and I taught them about botney and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I taught them about botney and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I taught them about botney and all
+sorts of other things and I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other things and I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other things and I was like
+this is great so I like signed up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great so I like signed up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great so I like signed up to
+take education classes and my adviser in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take education classes and my adviser in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take education classes and my adviser in
+chemistry uh was like what what now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry uh was like what what now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry uh was like what what now with
+this thing I'm signing you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I'm signing you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I'm signing you're taking
+this education course what is this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this education course what is this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this education course what is this but I
+was just absolutely in love with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just absolutely in love with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just absolutely in love with it and
+then when it was time to for graduation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when it was time to for graduation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when it was time to for graduation
+PE I thought about applying to grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE I thought about applying to grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE I thought about applying to grad
+school but I wasn't really quite sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but I wasn't really quite sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but I wasn't really quite sure
+and I I wanted to really try out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I wanted to really try out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I wanted to really try out this
+teaching thing and see what I thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching thing and see what I thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching thing and see what I thought of
+it so I got a job teaching high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I got a job teaching high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I got a job teaching high school
+and I taught high school at a Quaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I taught high school at a Quaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I taught high school at a Quaker
+boarding school in working hog farm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding school in working hog farm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding school in working hog farm and
+uh you have to understand I'm from New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to understand I'm from New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to understand I'm from New
+York and like New York like in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and like New York like in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and like New York like in New
+Jersey like I can be an hour away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey like I can be an hour away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey like I can be an hour away from
+New York City City like that was okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City City like that was okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City City like that was okay
+and then I was going to Iowa so I packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I was going to Iowa so I packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I was going to Iowa so I packed
+up and moved to Iowa to this Quaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and moved to Iowa to this Quaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and moved to Iowa to this Quaker
+boarding school and I taught chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding school and I taught chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding school and I taught chemistry
+biology and physics and drama so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and physics and drama so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and physics and drama so that
+came in handy I did end up taking some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in handy I did end up taking some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in handy I did end up taking some
+drama and uh I absolutely loved it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama and uh I absolutely loved it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama and uh I absolutely loved it but
+as a high school teacher um I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a high school teacher um I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a high school teacher um I really
+wanted to enrich the curriculum and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to enrich the curriculum and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to enrich the curriculum and I
+was looking for things to say oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking for things to say oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking for things to say oh you
+need to learn this in chemistry because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn this in chemistry because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn this in chemistry because
+the big question that scientists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big question that scientists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big question that scientists are
+trying to answer right now is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to answer right now is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to answer right now is this thing
+and you need to know this to do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to know this to do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to know this to do that but
+I didn't really know what this thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't really know what this thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't really know what this thing was
+so I felt like and I I I tried to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I felt like and I I I tried to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I felt like and I I I tried to get
+other material like you know to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other material like you know to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other material like you know to learn
+more about the world of research but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the world of research but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the world of research but
+there just wasn't very much good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just wasn't very much good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just wasn't very much good
+material out there especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material out there especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material out there especially for
+chemistry and so I went to grad school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and so I went to grad school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and so I went to grad school
+at University of Michigan and I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at University of Michigan and I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at University of Michigan and I thought
+okay I'll learn about the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll learn about the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll learn about the world of
+research and I'll go back and teach high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and I'll go back and teach high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and I'll go back and teach high
+school and so I just tell people that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and so I just tell people that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and so I just tell people that I
+got slightly distracted on my Pathway to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got slightly distracted on my Pathway to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got slightly distracted on my Pathway to
+do that um but I ended up at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that um but I ended up at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that um but I ended up at MIT and
+teaching here is such a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching here is such a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching here is such a wonderful
+experience I mean the students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I mean the students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I mean the students are
+absolutely incredible and uh it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely incredible and uh it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely incredible and uh it's this
+is I I sort of found a home I can do run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I sort of found a home I can do run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I sort of found a home I can do run
+a research group but I also can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a research group but I also can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a research group but I also can just
+have a fantastic time teaching and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fantastic time teaching and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fantastic time teaching and so
+that's sort of uh my unusual path I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of uh my unusual path I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of uh my unusual path I
+guess to teaching this course at MIT
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Z7r4aAZ9Vqo.txt b/Z7r4aAZ9Vqo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38edae4c8e8a6530856dc594e4ad65b347aa919c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Z7r4aAZ9Vqo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody it's my pleasure once again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody it's my pleasure once again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody it's my pleasure once again to
+welcome tibi Charl who is the author of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome tibi Charl who is the author of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome tibi Charl who is the author of
+your taper compiler to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your taper compiler to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your taper compiler to talk about the
+silk runtime system thanks Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk runtime system thanks Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk runtime system thanks Charles
+I can everyone hear me in the back seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can everyone hear me in the back seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can everyone hear me in the back seem
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay thanks for the introduction today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thanks for the introduction today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thanks for the introduction today
+I'll be talking about the silicon time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking about the silicon time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking about the silicon time
+system this is pretty exciting for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is pretty exciting for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is pretty exciting for me
+this is a lecture that's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lecture that's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lecture that's not about
+compilers I get to talk about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers I get to talk about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers I get to talk about something
+a little different for once it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different for once it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different for once it should be
+a fun lecture recently as I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun lecture recently as I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun lecture recently as I understand
+it you've been looking at storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you've been looking at storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you've been looking at storage
+allocation both in the serial case as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation both in the serial case as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation both in the serial case as
+well as the parallel case and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the parallel case and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the parallel case and you've
+already done silk programming for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done silk programming for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done silk programming for a
+while at this point this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while at this point this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while at this point this lecture
+honestly is a bit of a non sequitur can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly is a bit of a non sequitur can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly is a bit of a non sequitur can
+in terms of the overall flow of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the overall flow of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the overall flow of the
+course and it's also an advanced topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and it's also an advanced topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and it's also an advanced topic
+the silk runtime system is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk runtime system is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk runtime system is a pretty
+complicated piece of software but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated piece of software but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated piece of software but
+nevertheless I believe you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless I believe you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless I believe you should have
+enough background to at least start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough background to at least start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough background to at least start to
+understand and appreciate some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and appreciate some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and appreciate some of the
+aspects of the design of the silk run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the design of the silk run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the design of the silk run
+time system so that's why we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time system so that's why we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time system so that's why we're talking
+about that today just to quickly recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that today just to quickly recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that today just to quickly recall
+something that you're all I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're all I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're all I'm sure
+intimately familiar with by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimately familiar with by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimately familiar with by this point
+what's the program El Sol programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the program El Sol programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the program El Sol programming
+all about well silk is a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about well silk is a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about well silk is a parallel
+programming language that allows allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language that allows allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language that allows allows
+you to make your software run faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make your software run faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make your software run faster
+using parallel processors and to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using parallel processors and to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using parallel processors and to use
+silk it's pretty straightforward you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk it's pretty straightforward you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk it's pretty straightforward you may
+start with some serial code that runs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some serial code that runs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some serial code that runs in
+some running time we'll denote that as T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some running time we'll denote that as T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some running time we'll denote that as T
+sub s for certain parts of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub s for certain parts of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub s for certain parts of the lecture
+if you wanted to run in parallel using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to run in parallel using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to run in parallel using
+silk you just insert silk keywords in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk you just insert silk keywords in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk you just insert silk keywords in
+choice locations for example you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice locations for example you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice locations for example you can
+paralyze the outer loop in this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze the outer loop in this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze the outer loop in this matrix
+multiply kernel and that will allow your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply kernel and that will allow your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply kernel and that will allow your
+code run in time TCP on P processors an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code run in time TCP on P processors an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code run in time TCP on P processors an
+ideally tcp should be less than T sub s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally tcp should be less than T sub s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally tcp should be less than T sub s
+now just adding keywords is all you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just adding keywords is all you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just adding keywords is all you need
+to do to tell silk to execute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to tell silk to execute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to tell silk to execute the
+computation in parallel what is silk do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in parallel what is silk do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in parallel what is silk do
+in light of those keywords at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light of those keywords at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light of those keywords at a very
+high level silk and it's specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level silk and it's specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level silk and it's specifically
+its runtime system takes care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its runtime system takes care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its runtime system takes care of the
+task of scheduling and load balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of scheduling and load balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of scheduling and load balancing
+the computation on the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation on the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation on the parallel
+processors and on the multi-core system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and on the multi-core system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and on the multi-core system
+in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general
+so after you've denoted logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after you've denoted logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after you've denoted logical
+parallelism the program using spa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism the program using spa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism the program using spa
+silicon silk sync and so for the soaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon silk sync and so for the soaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon silk sync and so for the soaked
+scheduler Maps that computation onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler Maps that computation onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler Maps that computation onto the
+processors and it does so dynamically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and it does so dynamically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and it does so dynamically at
+runtime based on whatever processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime based on whatever processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime based on whatever processing
+resources happen to be available and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources happen to be available and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources happen to be available and so
+accuses a randomized work stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuses a randomized work stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuses a randomized work stealing
+scheduler which guarantees that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler which guarantees that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler which guarantees that that
+mapping is efficient and the execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping is efficient and the execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping is efficient and the execution
+runs efficiently now you've all been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs efficiently now you've all been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs efficiently now you've all been
+using the silk platform for a while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the silk platform for a while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the silk platform for a while and
+it's basic usage you write some silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basic usage you write some silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basic usage you write some silk
+code possibly by parallelizing ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code possibly by parallelizing ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code possibly by parallelizing ordinary
+serial code you feed that to a compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial code you feed that to a compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial code you feed that to a compiler
+you get a binary you run the binary on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a binary you run the binary on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a binary you run the binary on
+your you run the binary with some four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you run the binary with some four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you run the binary with some four
+to your input on a mult multi core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your input on a mult multi core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your input on a mult multi core
+system you get parallel performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you get parallel performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you get parallel performance
+today we're gonna look at how exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're gonna look at how exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're gonna look at how exactly
+does silk work what's the magic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does silk work what's the magic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does silk work what's the magic that
+goes on hidden by the boxes on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on hidden by the boxes on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on hidden by the boxes on this
+diagram and at the very the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and at the very the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and at the very the very first
+thing to note is that this picture is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note is that this picture is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note is that this picture is a
+little bit the first simplification that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the first simplification that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the first simplification that
+we're gonna break is to say it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna break is to say it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna break is to say it's not
+really just silk source and the silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just silk source and the silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just silk source and the silk
+compiler there's also a runtime system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler there's also a runtime system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler there's also a runtime system
+library some loops okar tsso in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library some loops okar tsso in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library some loops okar tsso in case
+you've seen that file or messages about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen that file or messages about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen that file or messages about
+that file on your system and really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that file on your system and really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that file on your system and really it's
+the compiler and the runtime library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler and the runtime library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler and the runtime library
+that work together to implement silks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work together to implement silks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work together to implement silks
+runtime system to do the work stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime system to do the work stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime system to do the work stealing
+and do the efficient scheduling and load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the efficient scheduling and load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the efficient scheduling and load
+balancing now we might suspect that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing now we might suspect that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing now we might suspect that if
+you just take a look at the code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take a look at the code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take a look at the code that
+you get when you compile a soak program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you compile a soak program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you compile a soak program
+but my tell you something about how silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my tell you something about how silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my tell you something about how silk
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+see pseudocode for the result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pseudocode for the result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pseudocode for the result that
+results when you compile a simple piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results when you compile a simple piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results when you compile a simple piece
+of silk code it's a bit complicated I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silk code it's a bit complicated I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silk code it's a bit complicated I
+think that's fair to say there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's fair to say there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's fair to say there's a lot
+going on here there was one function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here there was one function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here there was one function in
+the original program now there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original program now there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original program now there are two
+there are some new variables there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some new variables there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some new variables there's
+some calls to functions that look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some calls to functions that look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some calls to functions that look a
+little bit strange there's a lot going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit strange there's a lot going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit strange there's a lot going
+on in the compiled results this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the compiled results this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the compiled results this isn't
+exactly easy to interpret or understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly easy to interpret or understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly easy to interpret or understand
+and this doesn't even bring into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this doesn't even bring into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this doesn't even bring into the
+picture the runtime system library the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the runtime system library the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the runtime system library the
+runtime system library you can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime system library you can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime system library you can find the
+source code online it's a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code online it's a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code online it's a little less
+than twenty thousand lines of code it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than twenty thousand lines of code it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than twenty thousand lines of code it's
+also kind of complicated so rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of complicated so rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of complicated so rather than
+dive into the code directly what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into the code directly what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into the code directly what we're
+going to do today is an attempt a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do today is an attempt a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do today is an attempt a
+top-down approach to understanding how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-down approach to understanding how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-down approach to understanding how
+the so prone type system works and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so prone type system works and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so prone type system works and some
+of the design considerations so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the design considerations so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the design considerations so we're
+gonna start by talking about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start by talking about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start by talking about some of the
+required functionality that we need out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required functionality that we need out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required functionality that we need out
+of the silic runtime system as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the silic runtime system as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the silic runtime system as well as
+some performance considerations for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some performance considerations for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some performance considerations for how
+silk how the runtime system should work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk how the runtime system should work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk how the runtime system should work
+and then we'll take a look at how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll take a look at how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll take a look at how the
+worker Dex and silk get implemented how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker Dex and silk get implemented how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker Dex and silk get implemented how
+spawning actually works how stealing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawning actually works how stealing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawning actually works how stealing a
+computation works and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation works and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation works and how
+synchronization works within silk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization works within silk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization works within silk that
+all sound good any questions so far this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sound good any questions so far this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sound good any questions so far this
+should all be review more or less okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be review more or less okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be review more or less okay
+so let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk a little bit about
+required functionality you see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required functionality you see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required functionality you see in this
+picture before I hope this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture before I hope this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture before I hope this picture
+Illustrated the execution model of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated the execution model of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated the execution model of a
+silk program here we have everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk program here we have everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk program here we have everyone's
+favorite exponential time fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite exponential time fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite exponential time fibonacci
+routine parallelized using silk this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine parallelized using silk this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine parallelized using silk this is
+not an efficient way to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an efficient way to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an efficient way to compute
+Fibonacci numbers but it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers but it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers but it's a nice
+didactic example for understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didactic example for understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didactic example for understanding
+parallel computation especially the silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel computation especially the silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel computation especially the silk
+model and as we saw many lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and as we saw many lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and as we saw many lectures ago
+when you run this program on a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you run this program on a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you run this program on a given
+input the execution of the program can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the execution of the program can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the execution of the program can
+be modeled using as a computation dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be modeled using as a computation dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be modeled using as a computation dag
+and this computation dag unfolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this computation dag unfolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this computation dag unfolds
+dynamically as the program executes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically as the program executes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically as the program executes but
+I want to stop and die take a hard look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to stop and die take a hard look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to stop and die take a hard look
+at exactly what that dynamic execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at exactly what that dynamic execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at exactly what that dynamic execution
+looks like when we've got parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like when we've got parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like when we've got parallel
+processors and work-stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and work-stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and work-stealing
+all coming into play so we'll stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coming into play so we'll stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coming into play so we'll stick with
+this Fibonacci routine and we'll imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fibonacci routine and we'll imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fibonacci routine and we'll imagine
+we've just got one processor on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just got one processor on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just got one processor on the
+system to start and we're just gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to start and we're just gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to start and we're just gonna use
+this one processor to execute for before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one processor to execute for before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one processor to execute for before
+and it's gonna take some time to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna take some time to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna take some time to do it
+just to make thee just to make the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make thee just to make the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make thee just to make the story
+interesting so we start exceeding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so we start exceeding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so we start exceeding this
+computation and that one processor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and that one processor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and that one processor is
+just going to execute the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to execute the Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to execute the Fibonacci
+routine from beginning up to the silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine from beginning up to the silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine from beginning up to the silk
+spawned statement as if it's ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawned statement as if it's ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawned statement as if it's ordinary
+serial code because it is ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial code because it is ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial code because it is ordinary
+serial code at this point the processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial code at this point the processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial code at this point the processor
+hits the silk spawn statement what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the silk spawn statement what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the silk spawn statement what
+happens what happens now anyone remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens to the dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+if bridge is downward and spawns another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if bridge is downward and spawns another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if bridge is downward and spawns another
+process more or less the way we model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process more or less the way we model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process more or less the way we model
+that the silks bond is of a routine fib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the silks bond is of a routine fib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the silks bond is of a routine fib
+of n minus 1 in this case I would be fib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus 1 in this case I would be fib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus 1 in this case I would be fib
+of 3 and so like an ordinary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 and so like an ordinary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 and so like an ordinary function
+call we're going to get a brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call we're going to get a brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call we're going to get a brand new
+frame for a fib of 3 and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame for a fib of 3 and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame for a fib of 3 and that's going to
+have some strand that's available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some strand that's available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some strand that's available to
+execute but the spawn is not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute but the spawn is not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute but the spawn is not your
+typical function call it actually allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical function call it actually allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical function call it actually allows
+some other computation to run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other computation to run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other computation to run in
+parallel and so the way we modeled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and so the way we modeled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and so the way we modeled out
+in this picture so we got a new frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture so we got a new frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture so we got a new frame
+for fib of 3 there's a strand available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fib of 3 there's a strand available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fib of 3 there's a strand available
+to execute there and the continuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute there and the continuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute there and the continuation
+the green strand is now available in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green strand is now available in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green strand is now available in in
+the frame for fit before but no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame for fit before but no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame for fit before but no one's
+necessarily executing it it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily executing it it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily executing it it's kind of
+faded in the picture so once this spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded in the picture so once this spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded in the picture so once this spawn
+has occurred what's the process are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has occurred what's the process are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has occurred what's the process are
+gonna do the processor is actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do the processor is actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do the processor is actually going
+to dive in and start executing fib of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive in and start executing fib of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive in and start executing fib of 3
+as if it were an ordinary function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it were an ordinary function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it were an ordinary function call
+yes there's a strand available within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's a strand available within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's a strand available within
+the frame of fib before but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame of fib before but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame of fib before but the
+processor isn't gonna worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor isn't gonna worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor isn't gonna worry about that
+strand it's just gonna say Oh fit before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand it's just gonna say Oh fit before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand it's just gonna say Oh fit before
+calls fib of 3 gonna start computing fib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls fib of 3 gonna start computing fib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls fib of 3 gonna start computing fib
+of 3 it's not good this is a processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 it's not good this is a processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 it's not good this is a processor
+dies down from pink strand to pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies down from pink strand to pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies down from pink strand to pink
+strand the instruction pointer for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand the instruction pointer for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand the instruction pointer for the
+processor returns to the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor returns to the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor returns to the beginning of
+the fib routine because we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fib routine because we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fib routine because we're now
+calling fib once again and this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling fib once again and this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling fib once again and this process
+repeats it executes the pink strand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats it executes the pink strand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats it executes the pink strand up
+until the silks bond just like ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the silks bond just like ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the silks bond just like ordinary
+old code the spawn occurs we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old code the spawn occurs we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old code the spawn occurs we've already
+seen this picture before the spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this picture before the spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this picture before the spawn
+allows another strand to execute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows another strand to execute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows another strand to execute in
+parallel but it also creates a frame for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but it also creates a frame for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but it also creates a frame for
+fib of 2 and the processor dives into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib of 2 and the processor dives into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib of 2 and the processor dives into
+fib of 2 resetting the instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib of 2 resetting the instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib of 2 resetting the instruction
+pointer to the beginning of fib p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the beginning of fib p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the beginning of fib p1
+executes sup to the spawn once again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes sup to the spawn once again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes sup to the spawn once again we
+get another strand to execute as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another strand to execute as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another strand to execute as well as
+an invocation of fib of one processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invocation of fib of one processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invocation of fib of one processor
+dives even further so that's fine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dives even further so that's fine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dives even further so that's fine this
+is just the processor doing more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the processor doing more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the processor doing more or less
+ordinary serial execution on this fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary serial execution on this fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary serial execution on this fit
+routine but it's also allowing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine but it's also allowing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine but it's also allowing some
+strands to be executed in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands to be executed in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands to be executed in parallel
+this is the one processor situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one processor situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one processor situation
+looks pretty good so far right and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty good so far right and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty good so far right and in
+the fit of one case it doesn't make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit of one case it doesn't make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit of one case it doesn't make it
+as far through the pink strand because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far through the pink strand because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far through the pink strand because
+in fact we hit the base case but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we hit the base case but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we hit the base case but now
+let's bring in some more processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's bring in some more processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's bring in some more processors
+suppose that another processor finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that another processor finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that another processor finally
+shows up and says I'm bored I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up and says I'm bored I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up and says I'm bored I wanted to
+do some work and decides to steal some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some work and decides to steal some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some work and decides to steal some
+computation it's gonna discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation it's gonna discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation it's gonna discover the
+green strand in the frame fib of 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green strand in the frame fib of 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green strand in the frame fib of 4 and
+PT is just going to jump in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT is just going to jump in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT is just going to jump in there and
+start executing that strand and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start executing that strand and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start executing that strand and if we
+think really hard about what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think really hard about what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think really hard about what this means
+P 2 is another processor on the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 2 is another processor on the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 2 is another processor on the system
+it has its own set of registers it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has its own set of registers it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has its own set of registers it has
+its own instruction pointer and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own instruction pointer and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own instruction pointer and so
+what's silk somehow allows to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's silk somehow allows to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's silk somehow allows to happen is
+for P 2 to just jump right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for P 2 to just jump right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for P 2 to just jump right into the
+middle of this fit before routine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this fit before routine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this fit before routine which
+is already executing it just sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already executing it just sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already executing it just sets the
+instruction pointer to point out that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer to point out that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer to point out that at
+that green instruction at the call to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that green instruction at the call to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that green instruction at the call to
+fib of n minus 2 and it's gonna pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib of n minus 2 and it's gonna pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib of n minus 2 and it's gonna pick up
+where processor 1 left off when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where processor 1 left off when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where processor 1 left off when it
+executed up to this point into before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed up to this point into before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed up to this point into before
+somehow in this case it executed n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in this case it executed n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in this case it executed n minus
+2 that calls fib of 2 creates a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that calls fib of 2 creates a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that calls fib of 2 creates a new
+strand it's just an ordinary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand it's just an ordinary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand it's just an ordinary function
+call it's going to descend into that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's going to descend into that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's going to descend into that new
+frame it's gonna return to the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it's gonna return to the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it's gonna return to the beginning
+of fib all that's well well and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fib all that's well well and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fib all that's well well and good
+another processor might come along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another processor might come along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another processor might come along and
+steal another piece of the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal another piece of the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal another piece of the computation
+it steals another green strand so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it steals another green strand so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it steals another green strand so once
+again this processor needs to jump into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this processor needs to jump into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this processor needs to jump into
+the middle of an executing function its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of an executing function its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of an executing function its
+instruction pointer is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer is just going to
+point at this call to fib of n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at this call to fib of n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at this call to fib of n minus 2
+somehow it's going to have the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it's going to have the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it's going to have the state of
+this executing function available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this executing function available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this executing function available
+despite having independent registers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite having independent registers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite having independent registers and
+needs to just start from this location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to just start from this location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to just start from this location
+with all the parameters set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the parameters set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the parameters set
+appropriately and start executing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately and start executing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately and start executing this
+function as if it's an ordinary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as if it's an ordinary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as if it's an ordinary function
+it calls fib of 3 minus 2 is 1 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it calls fib of 3 minus 2 is 1 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it calls fib of 3 minus 2 is 1 and now
+these processors might start executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processors might start executing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processors might start executing
+in parallel P 1 might return from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel P 1 might return from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel P 1 might return from its
+base case routine up to the parent call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case routine up to the parent call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case routine up to the parent call
+if F of minus 2 and started executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F of minus 2 and started executing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F of minus 2 and started executing
+its continuation because that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its continuation because that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its continuation because that wasn't
+stolen meanwhile P 3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen meanwhile P 3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen meanwhile P 3 to
+into the execution of a fit of one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the execution of a fit of one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the execution of a fit of one and
+then another step P 3 and P to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another step P 3 and P to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another step P 3 and P to make some
+progress executing their computation P 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress executing their computation P 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress executing their computation P 2
+encounters a silk spawn statement which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters a silk spawn statement which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters a silk spawn statement which
+creates a new frame and allows another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a new frame and allows another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a new frame and allows another
+strand X Union parallel P 3 encounters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand X Union parallel P 3 encounters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand X Union parallel P 3 encounters
+this base case routine and says ok it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this base case routine and says ok it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this base case routine and says ok it's
+time to return and all of that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to return and all of that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to return and all of that can
+happen in parallel and somehow the Silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in parallel and somehow the Silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in parallel and somehow the Silk
+system has to coordinate all of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has to coordinate all of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has to coordinate all of this and
+so already but we already have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already but we already have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already but we already have one
+mystery how does a processor start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery how does a processor start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery how does a processor start
+executing from the middle of a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing from the middle of a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing from the middle of a running
+function the running function and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the running function and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the running function and it's
+States lived on lived on P 1 initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States lived on lived on P 1 initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States lived on lived on P 1 initially
+and then P 2 and P 3 somehow find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then P 2 and P 3 somehow find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then P 2 and P 3 somehow find that
+states hop into the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states hop into the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states hop into the middle of the
+function and just start running that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and just start running that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and just start running that's
+kind of strange how does that happen how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strange how does that happen how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strange how does that happen how
+does this so chrono system make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this so chrono system make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this so chrono system make that
+happen this is one thing to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another thing to consider is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to consider is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to consider is what
+happens when we hit a sync we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we hit a sync we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we hit a sync we'll talk
+about how these issues get addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how these issues get addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how these issues get addressed
+later on but let's lay out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but let's lay out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but let's lay out all the
+considerations upfront before we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations upfront before we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations upfront before we just
+see how bad the problem is before we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how bad the problem is before we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how bad the problem is before we try
+to solve solve it bit by bit so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve solve it bit by bit so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve solve it bit by bit so now
+let's take this picture again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this picture again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this picture again and
+progress it a little bit further let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress it a little bit further let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress it a little bit further let's
+suppose that processor 3 decides to xq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that processor 3 decides to xq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that processor 3 decides to xq
+the return it's gonna return to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return it's gonna return to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return it's gonna return to an
+invocation of fib of 3 and the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invocation of fib of 3 and the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invocation of fib of 3 and the return
+statement is this silk sync is a silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is this silk sync is a silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is this silk sync is a silk
+sync statement but processor 3 can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync statement but processor 3 can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync statement but processor 3 can't
+execute the sync because the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the sync because the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the sync because the computation
+of fib of 2 in this case that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fib of 2 in this case that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fib of 2 in this case that's being
+done by processor 1 that computation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by processor 1 that computation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by processor 1 that computation is
+not done yet so the execution can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done yet so the execution can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done yet so the execution can't
+proceed past the sync so somehow P 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed past the sync so somehow P 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed past the sync so somehow P 3
+needs to say ok there's a sink statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to say ok there's a sink statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to say ok there's a sink statement
+Bo can execute beyond this point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bo can execute beyond this point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bo can execute beyond this point because
+specifically it's waiting on processor 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically it's waiting on processor 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically it's waiting on processor 1
+it doesn't care what processor 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't care what processor 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't care what processor 2 is
+doing prostitue is having a dandy time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing prostitue is having a dandy time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing prostitue is having a dandy time
+executing fib of 2 on the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing fib of 2 on the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing fib of 2 on the other side of
+the tree process of 3 shouldn't care so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree process of 3 shouldn't care so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree process of 3 shouldn't care so
+processor 3 can't do something like ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor 3 can't do something like ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor 3 can't do something like ok
+all processors need to stop get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all processors need to stop get to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all processors need to stop get to this
+point in the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the code
+their execution can proceed no no no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their execution can proceed no no no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their execution can proceed no no no it
+just needs to wait on Prosser what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just needs to wait on Prosser what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just needs to wait on Prosser what
+somehow the Silk system has to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the Silk system has to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the Silk system has to allow
+that fine grain synchronization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fine grain synchronization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fine grain synchronization to
+happen in this nested pattern so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this nested pattern so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this nested pattern so how
+does this silk sync wait on only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this silk sync wait on only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this silk sync wait on only the
+nested sub computations within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested sub computations within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested sub computations within the
+program how does it figure out how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program how does it figure out how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program how does it figure out how to do
+that how does this silk run time system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how does this silk run time system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how does this silk run time system
+implement this so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this so that's another
+consideration okay so at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration okay so at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration okay so at this point we
+have three top level considerations a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three top level considerations a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three top level considerations a
+single worker needs to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single worker needs to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single worker needs to be able to
+execute this program as if it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this program as if it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this program as if it's an
+orrery serial program thieves have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orrery serial program thieves have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orrery serial program thieves have to be
+able to jump into the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to jump into the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to jump into the middle of
+executing functions and pick up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing functions and pick up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing functions and pick up from
+where they left off from where other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they left off from where other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they left off from where other
+processors in the system left off syncs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors in the system left off syncs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors in the system left off syncs
+have to be able to stall stall functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to stall stall functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to stall stall functions
+appropriately based only on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately based only on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately based only on those
+functions nested child sub computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions nested child sub computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions nested child sub computations
+so we have three big considerations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three big considerations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three big considerations that
+we need to pick apart so far that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to pick apart so far that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to pick apart so far that's not
+the whole story though any ideas what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole story though any ideas what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole story though any ideas what
+other functionality we need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functionality we need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functionality we need to worry
+about for implementing the Silk system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for implementing the Silk system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for implementing the Silk system
+it's kind of an open-ended question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of an open-ended question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of an open-ended question but
+any thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have serial execution spawning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have serial execution spawning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have serial execution spawning or
+stealing and sinking as top-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing and sinking as top-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing and sinking as top-level
+concerns anyone remember some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns anyone remember some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns anyone remember some other
+features of silk that the runtime system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of silk that the runtime system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of silk that the runtime system
+magically makes happen correctly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically makes happen correctly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically makes happen correctly it's
+probably been a while has you seen those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably been a while has you seen those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably been a while has you seen those
+yeah the silk for loops divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the silk for loops divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the silk for loops divide and
+conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer
+somehow the runtime system does have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the runtime system does have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the runtime system does have to
+have to implement silk fours the silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to implement silk fours the silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to implement silk fours the silk
+fours end up getting implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours end up getting implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours end up getting implemented
+internally with spawns and syncs that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally with spawns and syncs that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally with spawns and syncs that's
+courtesy of the compiler yeah courtesy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtesy of the compiler yeah courtesy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtesy of the compiler yeah courtesy
+of the compiler so we won't look too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the compiler so we won't look too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the compiler so we won't look too
+hard at so for today but that's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard at so for today but that's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard at so for today but that's a that's
+definitely one concern so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely one concern so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely one concern so good
+observation any other thoughts sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation any other thoughts sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation any other thoughts sort of
+low-level system details that silk needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level system details that silk needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level system details that silk needs
+to implement correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cache coherence it actually doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache coherence it actually doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache coherence it actually doesn't need
+to worry too much about cache coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry too much about cache coherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry too much about cache coherence
+although given the latest runtime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although given the latest runtime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although given the latest runtime you
+know given latest performance numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know given latest performance numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know given latest performance numbers
+I've seen from silk maybe it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen from silk maybe it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen from silk maybe it should
+worry more about the cache but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry more about the cache but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry more about the cache but it turns
+out the hardware does a pretty good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the hardware does a pretty good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the hardware does a pretty good job
+maintaining the cache coherence protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the cache coherence protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the cache coherence protocol
+itself but good guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's not be a tough question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not be a tough question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not be a tough question because
+it's really just calling back memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just calling back memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just calling back memories
+of old lectures I think you recently had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of old lectures I think you recently had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of old lectures I think you recently had
+a quiz on this material so it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quiz on this material so it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quiz on this material so it's probably
+safe to say that all that material has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to say that all that material has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to say that all that material has
+been paged out of of your brain at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been paged out of of your brain at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been paged out of of your brain at this
+point so I'll just spoil the fun for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I'll just spoil the fun for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I'll just spoil the fun for you
+silk has a notion of a cactus stack so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk has a notion of a cactus stack so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk has a notion of a cactus stack so
+we talked a little bit about processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a little bit about processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a little bit about processors
+jumping into the middle of an executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping into the middle of an executing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping into the middle of an executing
+function and somehow having the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and somehow having the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and somehow having the state of
+that function available one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function available one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function available one
+consideration is register state but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration is register state but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration is register state but
+another consideration is the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another consideration is the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another consideration is the stack
+itself and silk supports the C C's rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and silk supports the C C's rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and silk supports the C C's rule
+for pointers namely that children can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pointers namely that children can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pointers namely that children can
+see pointers into parent frames but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pointers into parent frames but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see pointers into parent frames but
+parents can't see pointers into child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents can't see pointers into child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents can't see pointers into child
+frames now each processor each worker in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames now each processor each worker in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames now each processor each worker in
+a silk system needs to have its own view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silk system needs to have its own view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silk system needs to have its own view
+of the stack but those views aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stack but those views aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stack but those views aren't
+necessarily independent in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily independent in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily independent in this picture
+all five processors share the same view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five processors share the same view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five processors share the same view
+of the frame for function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame for function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame for function a
+instantiation a and then processor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation a and then processor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation a and then processor is
+three through five all share the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three through five all share the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three through five all share the same
+view for the instantiation C so somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view for the instantiation C so somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view for the instantiation C so somehow
+silk has to make all of those views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk has to make all of those views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk has to make all of those views
+available and consistent but not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and consistent but not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and consistent but not quite
+the same sort of consistent as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of consistent as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of consistent as we get
+with cache coherence silk somehow has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cache coherence silk somehow has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cache coherence silk somehow has to
+implement this cactus stack so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this cactus stack so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this cactus stack so that's
+another consideration that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another consideration that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another consideration that we have to
+worry about and then there's one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about and then there's one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about and then there's one more
+kind of funny detail if we take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny detail if we take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny detail if we take another
+look at work-stealing itself may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at work-stealing itself may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at work-stealing itself may
+remember we had this picture from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had this picture from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had this picture from
+several lectures ago where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lectures ago where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lectures ago where we have
+processors on the system each house each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors on the system each house each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors on the system each house each
+maintains its own deck of frames and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains its own deck of frames and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains its own deck of frames and
+workers are allowed to steal steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are allowed to steal steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are allowed to steal steel
+frames from each other but if we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames from each other but if we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames from each other but if we take a
+look at how this all unfolds yes we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how this all unfolds yes we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how this all unfolds yes we may
+have a a processor that performs a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a processor that performs a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a processor that performs a call
+and that'll push another frame for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll push another frame for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll push another frame for a
+called function onto its deck on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called function onto its deck on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called function onto its deck on the
+bottom you may spawn and then it'll push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you may spawn and then it'll push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you may spawn and then it'll push
+a spawn frame onto the bottom of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spawn frame onto the bottom of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spawn frame onto the bottom of its
+deck but we fast forward a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck but we fast forward a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck but we fast forward a little bit
+and we got end up with a worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got end up with a worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got end up with a worker
+nothing to do that workers gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do that workers gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do that workers gonna go
+ahead and steal picking or picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and steal picking or picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and steal picking or picking
+another worker in the system at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another worker in the system at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another worker in the system at random
+and it's gonna steal from the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna steal from the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna steal from the top of the
+deck but it's not just gonna steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck but it's not just gonna steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck but it's not just gonna steal the
+topmost item on the deck it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topmost item on the deck it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topmost item on the deck it's actually
+going to steal a chunk of items from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to steal a chunk of items from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to steal a chunk of items from the
+deck in particular if it selects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck in particular if it selects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck in particular if it selects the
+third processor in this picture third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third processor in this picture third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third processor in this picture third
+from the left this thief is gonna steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left this thief is gonna steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left this thief is gonna steal
+everything up to everything through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up to everything through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up to everything through the
+parent of the next spawned frame it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of the next spawned frame it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of the next spawned frame it
+needs to take this whole stack of frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to take this whole stack of frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to take this whole stack of frames
+and it's not clear a priori how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not clear a priori how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not clear a priori how many
+frames the workers gonna have to steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames the workers gonna have to steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames the workers gonna have to steal
+in this case but nevertheless it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case but nevertheless it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case but nevertheless it needs
+to take all those frames and resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take all those frames and resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take all those frames and resume
+execution after all that bottom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution after all that bottom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution after all that bottom is
+called frame that I just stole that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called frame that I just stole that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called frame that I just stole that's
+where there's a continuation with work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a continuation with work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a continuation with work
+available to be done in parallel and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to be done in parallel and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to be done in parallel and so
+if we think about it there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about it there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about it there are a lot of
+questions that arise what's involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that arise what's involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that arise what's involved in
+stealing frames what synchronization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing frames what synchronization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing frames what synchronization
+does the system have to implement what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the system have to implement what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the system have to implement what
+happens to the stack we it looks like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the stack we it looks like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the stack we it looks like we
+just shifted some frames from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shifted some frames from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shifted some frames from one
+processor to another but the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor to another but the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor to another but the first
+processor the victim still needs access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor the victim still needs access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor the victim still needs access
+to the data in that stack so how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data in that stack so how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data in that stack so how does
+that part work and how does any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part work and how does any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part work and how does any of this
+actually become efficient so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually become efficient so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually become efficient so now we have
+a pretty decent list of functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty decent list of functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty decent list of functionality
+that we need out of the silk runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need out of the silk runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need out of the silk runtime
+system we need serial execution to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we need serial execution to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we need serial execution to work
+we need thieves to be able to jump into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need thieves to be able to jump into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need thieves to be able to jump into
+the middle of running functions we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of running functions we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of running functions we need
+syncs to synchronize in this nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syncs to synchronize in this nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syncs to synchronize in this nested
+fine-grain way we need to implement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-grain way we need to implement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-grain way we need to implement a
+cactus stack for all the workers to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactus stack for all the workers to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cactus stack for all the workers to see
+and things have to deal with mixtures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things have to deal with mixtures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things have to deal with mixtures of
+spawn frames and called frames that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn frames and called frames that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn frames and called frames that may
+may be available when they steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be available when they steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be available when they steal
+computation so that's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so that's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so that's a bunch of
+considerations is this the whole picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations is this the whole picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations is this the whole picture
+well there's a little bit more to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a little bit more to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a little bit more to it
+than that so before I give you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so before I give you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so before I give you any
+answers I'm just going to keep raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers I'm just going to keep raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers I'm just going to keep raising
+questions and now I want to raise some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and now I want to raise some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and now I want to raise some
+questions concerning the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions concerning the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions concerning the performance of
+this system how do we want to design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system how do we want to design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system how do we want to design the
+system to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to get
+to get good parallel execution times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good parallel execution times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good parallel execution times
+well if we take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we take a look at the
+work-stealing bounds for silk the silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work-stealing bounds for silk the silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work-stealing bounds for silk the silk
+silks work stealing scheduler achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silks work stealing scheduler achieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silks work stealing scheduler achieves
+an expected running time of TCP on pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expected running time of TCP on pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expected running time of TCP on pew
+processors which is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors which is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors which is proportional to the
+work of the computation divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of the computation divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of the computation divided by the
+number of processors plus something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors plus something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors plus something on
+the order of the span of the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the span of the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the span of the computation
+now if we think if we take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we think if we take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we think if we take a look at
+this running time bound we can decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this running time bound we can decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this running time bound we can decompose
+it into two pieces the t1 over P part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into two pieces the t1 over P part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into two pieces the t1 over P part
+that's really the time that the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the time that the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the time that the parallel
+workers on the system spend doing actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers on the system spend doing actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers on the system spend doing actual
+work there P of those workers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there P of those workers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there P of those workers that are
+all making progress on the work of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all making progress on the work of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all making progress on the work of the
+computation that comes out to t1 over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that comes out to t1 over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that comes out to t1 over P
+the other part of the bound order T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of the bound order T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of the bound order T
+infinity that's the time that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that's the time that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that's the time that turns out
+to be the time that workers spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the time that workers spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the time that workers spend
+stealing computation from each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing computation from each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing computation from each other and
+ideally what we want when we paralyze a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally what we want when we paralyze a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally what we want when we paralyze a
+program using silk is we want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program using silk is we want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program using silk is we want to see
+this program achieve linear speed-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program achieve linear speed-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program achieve linear speed-up
+that means that if we give the give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if we give the give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if we give the give the
+program more processors to run and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program more processors to run and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program more processors to run and if we
+increase P we want to see the execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase P we want to see the execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase P we want to see the execution
+time decrease linearly with P and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time decrease linearly with P and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time decrease linearly with P and that
+means we want the program to do x' to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we want the program to do x' to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we want the program to do x' to
+spend most the workers in the Silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend most the workers in the Silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend most the workers in the Silk
+system to spend most of his time doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to spend most of his time doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to spend most of his time doing
+useful work we don't want the workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful work we don't want the workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful work we don't want the workers
+spending a lot of time stealing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot of time stealing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot of time stealing from
+each other in fact it's we have one even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in fact it's we have one even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in fact it's we have one even
+more than this we don't just want work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this we don't just want work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this we don't just want work
+divided by number of processors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by number of processors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by number of processors we
+really care about how the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about how the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about how the performance
+compares to the running time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares to the running time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares to the running time of the
+original serial code that we were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original serial code that we were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original serial code that we were given
+that we parallelized that original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we parallelized that original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we parallelized that original
+serial code ran in time T sub s and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial code ran in time T sub s and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial code ran in time T sub s and now
+we paralyze it using silks ball and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we paralyze it using silks ball and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we paralyze it using silks ball and
+soaked sink or in this case silk 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soaked sink or in this case silk 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soaked sink or in this case silk 4 and
+ideally with sufficient parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally with sufficient parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally with sufficient parallelism
+we're guarantee that the running time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're guarantee that the running time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're guarantee that the running time is
+going to be tcp proportional to the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be tcp proportional to the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be tcp proportional to the work
+of a processors t1 divided by p but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a processors t1 divided by p but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a processors t1 divided by p but we
+really want speed up compared to T sub s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want speed up compared to T sub s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want speed up compared to T sub s
+so that's our goal we want TC be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our goal we want TC be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our goal we want TC be to
+proportional to T sub s over P that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to T sub s over P that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to T sub s over P that says
+that we want the serial run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want the serial run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want the serial run
+to be pretty close to the work of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty close to the work of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty close to the work of the
+parallel computation so the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel computation so the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel computation so the one
+processor running time of our silk code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor running time of our silk code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor running time of our silk code
+ideally should look pretty close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally should look pretty close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally should look pretty close to the
+writing time of the original serial code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just to put these pieces together if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to put these pieces together if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to put these pieces together if
+we had in a if we were originally given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in a if we were originally given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in a if we were originally given
+a serial program that ran a time T sub s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serial program that ran a time T sub s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serial program that ran a time T sub s
+and we paralyze it using silk we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we paralyze it using silk we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we paralyze it using silk we end up
+with a parallel program with work t1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a parallel program with work t1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a parallel program with work t1 and
+span T infinity we want to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span T infinity we want to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span T infinity we want to achieve
+linear speed-up on P processors compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up on P processors compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up on P processors compared
+to the original serial running time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original serial running time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original serial running time in
+order to do that we need two things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that we need two things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that we need two things we
+need ample parallelism T 1 over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ample parallelism T 1 over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ample parallelism T 1 over T
+infinity should be a lot bigger than P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity should be a lot bigger than P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity should be a lot bigger than P
+and we've seen why that's the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've seen why that's the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've seen why that's the case in
+lectures past and we also want what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures past and we also want what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures past and we also want what's
+called high work efficiency we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called high work efficiency we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called high work efficiency we want the
+ratio of the serial running time divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the serial running time divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the serial running time divided
+by the work of the SIL computation to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the work of the SIL computation to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the work of the SIL computation to be
+pretty close to 1 as close as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the silk runtime system is designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the silk runtime system is designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the silk runtime system is designed
+with these two observations in mind in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these two observations in mind in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these two observations in mind in a
+particular the slope runtime system says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the slope runtime system says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the slope runtime system says
+suppose that we have a silk program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have a silk program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have a silk program that
+has ample parallelism it has sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has ample parallelism it has sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has ample parallelism it has sufficient
+parallelism to make good use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism to make good use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism to make good use of the
+available parallel processors then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available parallel processors then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available parallel processors then the
+goal of then in implementing the sope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of then in implementing the sope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of then in implementing the sope
+runtime we have a goal to maintain high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime we have a goal to maintain high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime we have a goal to maintain high
+work efficiency and to maintain high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work efficiency and to maintain high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work efficiency and to maintain high
+work efficiency the silk runtime system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work efficiency the silk runtime system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work efficiency the silk runtime system
+abides by what's called the work first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abides by what's called the work first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abides by what's called the work first
+principle which is to optimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which is to optimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which is to optimize the
+ordinary serial execution of the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary serial execution of the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary serial execution of the program
+even at the expense of some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the expense of some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the expense of some additional
+cost to steels now at 30,000 feet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to steels now at 30,000 feet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to steels now at 30,000 feet the
+way that the sope runtime system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the sope runtime system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the sope runtime system
+implements the work first principle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements the work first principle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements the work first principle and
+makes all these components work is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all these components work is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all these components work is by
+dividing the dividing the job between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the dividing the job between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing the dividing the job between
+both the compiler and the runtime system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the compiler and the runtime system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the compiler and the runtime system
+library the compiler uses a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library the compiler uses a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library the compiler uses a handful of
+small data structures including workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small data structures including workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small data structures including workers
+and stack frames and implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stack frames and implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stack frames and implements
+optimized fast paths for execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized fast paths for execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized fast paths for execution
+functions which should be executed when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which should be executed when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which should be executed when
+no steals occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no steals occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no steals occur
+the runtime system library handles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime system library handles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime system library handles
+issues with the parallel execution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with the parallel execution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with the parallel execution it
+uses larger data structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses larger data structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses larger data structures that
+maintain parallel running time state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain parallel running time state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain parallel running time state and
+it handles slower paths of execution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it handles slower paths of execution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it handles slower paths of execution in
+particular when Steel's actually occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when Steel's actually occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when Steel's actually occur
+so those are all the considerations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are all the considerations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are all the considerations we
+have some we have a lot of functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some we have a lot of functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some we have a lot of functionality
+requirements and we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and we have some
+performance considerations we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance considerations we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance considerations we want to
+optimize the work even at the expense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the work even at the expense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the work even at the expense of
+some steels let's finally take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steels let's finally take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steels let's finally take a look at
+how silk works how do we deal with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how silk works how do we deal with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how silk works how do we deal with all
+these problems I imagine some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems I imagine some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems I imagine some of you may
+have some ideas as to how you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some ideas as to how you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some ideas as to how you might
+tackle one issue or another but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle one issue or another but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle one issue or another but let's
+see what what really happens let start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what really happens let start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what really happens let start
+from the beginning how do we implement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning how do we implement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning how do we implement a
+work or deck now for this discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or deck now for this discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or deck now for this discussion
+we're gonna use a running example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use a running example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use a running example which
+is just a really really simple silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a really really simple silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a really really simple silk
+routine it's not even as complicated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine it's not even as complicated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine it's not even as complicated as
+fib we're gonna have a function foo that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib we're gonna have a function foo that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib we're gonna have a function foo that
+at one point spawns a function bar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point spawns a function bar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point spawns a function bar in
+the continuation calls Baz performs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuation calls Baz performs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuation calls Baz performs the
+sync and then returns and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync and then returns and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync and then returns and just to
+establish some terminology foo will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish some terminology foo will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish some terminology foo will be
+what we call a spawning function meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a spawning function meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a spawning function meaning
+that foo is capable of executing a silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that foo is capable of executing a silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that foo is capable of executing a silk
+spawn statement the function bar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn statement the function bar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn statement the function bar is
+spawned by foo we can see that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawned by foo we can see that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawned by foo we can see that from the
+silk spawn in front of bar and the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk spawn in front of bar and the call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk spawn in front of bar and the call
+to baz occurs in the continuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to baz occurs in the continuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to baz occurs in the continuation of
+that silk spawn simple picture everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that silk spawn simple picture everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that silk spawn simple picture everyone
+good so far any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so far any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so far any questions about the
+functionality requirements terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality requirements terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality requirements terminology
+performance considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're gonna take take a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're gonna take take a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're gonna take take a hard
+look at just one worker we're gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at just one worker we're gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at just one worker we're gonna say
+conceptually we have this deck like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually we have this deck like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually we have this deck like
+structure which has spawn frames and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which has spawn frames and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which has spawn frames and
+called frames let's ignore the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called frames let's ignore the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called frames let's ignore the rest of
+the workers on the system let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workers on the system let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workers on the system let's not
+worry about well we'll worry a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about well we'll worry a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about well we'll worry a little
+bit about how Steel's can't work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how Steel's can't work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how Steel's can't work but
+we're just going to focus on the actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to focus on the actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to focus on the actions
+that one worker performs how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one worker performs how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one worker performs how do we
+implement this deck and we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this deck and we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this deck and we want the
+worker to operate on its own deck a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker to operate on its own deck a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker to operate on its own deck a lot
+like a stack is going to push and pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stack is going to push and pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stack is going to push and pop
+frames from the bottom of the deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames from the bottom of the deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames from the bottom of the deck
+Steel's need to be able to transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steel's need to be able to transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steel's need to be able to transfer
+ownership of several consecutive frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of several consecutive frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of several consecutive frames
+from the top of the deck and these need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top of the deck and these need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top of the deck and these need
+to be able to resume a continuation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to resume a continuation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to resume a continuation so
+the way that the silk system does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the silk system does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the silk system does this
+to bring this concept into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring this concept into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring this concept into an
+implementation is that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is that it's going to
+implement the deck externally from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the deck externally from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the deck externally from the
+actual call stack those frames will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual call stack those frames will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual call stack those frames will
+still be in a stack somewhere and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be in a stack somewhere and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be in a stack somewhere and will
+be managed roughly speaking with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be managed roughly speaking with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be managed roughly speaking with the
+with a standard calling convention but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a standard calling convention but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a standard calling convention but
+the worker is going to maintain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worker is going to maintain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worker is going to maintain a
+separate deck data structure which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate deck data structure which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate deck data structure which will
+contain pointers into this stack and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain pointers into this stack and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain pointers into this stack and the
+worker itself will maintain the deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker itself will maintain the deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker itself will maintain the deck
+using head and tail pointers now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using head and tail pointers now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using head and tail pointers now in
+addition to this picture the frames that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to this picture the frames that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to this picture the frames that
+are available to be stolen the frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available to be stolen the frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available to be stolen the frames
+that have computation that a thief can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have computation that a thief can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have computation that a thief can
+come along and execute those frames will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along and execute those frames will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along and execute those frames will
+store an additional local structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store an additional local structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store an additional local structure that
+will contain information that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contain information that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contain information that's
+necessary for stealing to occur does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary for stealing to occur does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary for stealing to occur does
+this make sense questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make sense questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make sense questions so far
+ordinary call stack deck lives outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary call stack deck lives outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary call stack deck lives outside
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+worker points at the deck pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker points at the deck pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker points at the deck pretty simple
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I mentioned that the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mentioned that the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mentioned that the that the
+compiler and run that the compiler used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler and run that the compiler used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler and run that the compiler used
+relatively lightweight structures this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively lightweight structures this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively lightweight structures this
+is essentially one of them and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially one of them and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially one of them and if we
+take a look at the at the implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the at the implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the at the implementation
+of the sope runtime system this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sope runtime system this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sope runtime system this is the
+essence of it there are some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of it there are some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of it there are some additional
+implementation details but this is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation details but this is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation details but this is these
+are the core this is in a sense the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the core this is in a sense the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the core this is in a sense the core
+piece of the design so the rest is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the design so the rest is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the design so the rest is just
+details the Intel so plus runtime system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details the Intel so plus runtime system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details the Intel so plus runtime system
+takes this design and elaborates on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this design and elaborates on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this design and elaborates on it
+for a variety of in a variety of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of in a variety of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of in a variety of ways
+and we're gonna take a look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna take a look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna take a look at those
+elaborations first off well we'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborations first off well we'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborations first off well we'll see is
+that every spawn some computation ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every spawn some computation ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every spawn some computation ends
+up being executed within its own helper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being executed within its own helper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being executed within its own helper
+function which the compiler will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which the compiler will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which the compiler will
+generate that's called the spawn a spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate that's called the spawn a spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate that's called the spawn a spawn
+helper function and then the runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper function and then the runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper function and then the runtime
+system is going to maintain a few basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is going to maintain a few basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is going to maintain a few basic
+data structures as the workers execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures as the workers execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures as the workers execute
+their work there'll be a structure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work there'll be a structure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work there'll be a structure for
+the worker which will look similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worker which will look similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worker which will look similar to
+what we just saw in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just saw in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just saw in the previous slide
+there'll be a silk stack frame structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a silk stack frame structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a silk stack frame structure
+for each instantiation of a spawning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each instantiation of a spawning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each instantiation of a spawning
+function some function that can perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function some function that can perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function some function that can perform
+a spawn and there will be a stack frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spawn and there will be a stack frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spawn and there will be a stack frame
+structure for each spawn helper each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for each spawn helper each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for each spawn helper each
+instantiation that is spawned now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation that is spawned now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation that is spawned now if we
+take another look at the compiled code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another look at the compiled code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another look at the compiled code
+we had before some of it starts to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before some of it starts to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before some of it starts to make
+some sense originally we had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense originally we had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense originally we had our
+spawning function foo and a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawning function foo and a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawning function foo and a statement
+that's spawned off a called a bar and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spawned off a called a bar and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spawned off a called a bar and in
+the c pseudocode of the compiled results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c pseudocode of the compiled results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c pseudocode of the compiled results
+we see that we have two functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that we have two functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that we have two functions the
+first function foo that's our spawning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first function foo that's our spawning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first function foo that's our spawning
+function it's got a bunch of stuff in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's got a bunch of stuff in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's got a bunch of stuff in it
+and we'll figure out what that's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll figure out what that's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll figure out what that's doing
+in a second but there's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second but there's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second but there's a second
+function and that second function is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that second function is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that second function is the
+spawned helper and that spawn helper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawned helper and that spawn helper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawned helper and that spawn helper
+actually contains a statement which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually contains a statement which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually contains a statement which
+calls bar and ultimately saves a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls bar and ultimately saves a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls bar and ultimately saves a result
+make sense now we're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense now we're starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense now we're starting to
+understand some of the confusing c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some of the confusing c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some of the confusing c
+pseudocode we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if we take a look at each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we take a look at each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we take a look at each of
+these routines we see indeed there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these routines we see indeed there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these routines we see indeed there is a
+stack frame structure and so in Intelli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame structure and so in Intelli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame structure and so in Intelli
+so plus it's called the silk RTS stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plus it's called the silk RTS stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plus it's called the silk RTS stack
+frame very creative name I know and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame very creative name I know and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame very creative name I know and it's
+just added as an extra local variable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added as an extra local variable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added as an extra local variable in
+each of these functions you've got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these functions you've got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these functions you've got one
+inside of foo because that's a spawning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of foo because that's a spawning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of foo because that's a spawning
+function and you get one inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you get one inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you get one inside of the
+spawn helper now if we dive into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn helper now if we dive into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn helper now if we dive into the
+silk stack frame structure itself by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk stack frame structure itself by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk stack frame structure itself by
+cracking open the source code for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracking open the source code for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracking open the source code for the
+Intel so plus runtime we see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel so plus runtime we see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel so plus runtime we see that there
+are a lot of fields in this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of fields in this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of fields in this structure
+the main fields are as follows there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main fields are as follows there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main fields are as follows there is
+a buffer a context buffer and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buffer a context buffer and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buffer a context buffer and that's
+going to contain enough information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contain enough information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contain enough information to
+resume a function at a continuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume a function at a continuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume a function at a continuation
+particularly mean after.silk spawn or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly mean after.silk spawn or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly mean after.silk spawn or in
+fact after a silk sink statement there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact after a silk sink statement there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact after a silk sink statement there's
+an additional integer in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional integer in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional integer in the in the
+stack frame called flags which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame called flags which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame called flags which will
+summarize the state of the Silk stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the state of the Silk stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the state of the Silk stock
+frame we'll see a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame we'll see a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame we'll see a little bit more about
+that later and there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later and there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later and there's going to be a
+pointer to a parent silk stack frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a parent silk stack frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a parent silk stack frame
+that's somewhere above this above this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's somewhere above this above this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's somewhere above this above this
+so Carty a stack frame somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Carty a stack frame somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Carty a stack frame somewhere in the
+call stack so these silk RTS stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stack so these silk RTS stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stack so these silk RTS stack
+frames these are the extra bit of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames these are the extra bit of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames these are the extra bit of states
+that the silk runtime system adds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the silk runtime system adds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the silk runtime system adds to the
+ordinary call stack if we take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary call stack if we take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary call stack if we take a look at
+the actual worker structure it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual worker structure it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual worker structure it's a lot
+like what we saw before we have a deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we saw before we have a deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we saw before we have a deck
+that's external to the call stack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's external to the call stack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's external to the call stack the
+silk worker maintains head and pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk worker maintains head and pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk worker maintains head and pointer
+to head and tail pointers to the deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to head and tail pointers to the deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to head and tail pointers to the deck
+this little worker is also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little worker is also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little worker is also going to
+maintain a pointer to the current soak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a pointer to the current soak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a pointer to the current soak
+RTS stack frame which will tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTS stack frame which will tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTS stack frame which will tend to be
+somewhere near the bottom of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's the basic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the basic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the basic data
+structures that a single worker is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that a single worker is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that a single worker is going
+to maintain that includes the deck let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain that includes the deck let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain that includes the deck let's
+see a ball of action shall we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a ball of action shall we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a ball of action shall we
+any questions about that so far before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that so far before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that so far before
+we start watching pointers fly yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start watching pointers fly yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start watching pointers fly yeah what
+are the arrows among the elements on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the arrows among the elements on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the arrows among the elements on the
+call stack mean so in this picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stack mean so in this picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stack mean so in this picture of
+the call stack function instantiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call stack function instantiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call stack function instantiations
+are actually in green and local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually in green and local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually in green and local
+variables specifically the silk RT has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables specifically the silk RT has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables specifically the silk RT has
+stack frames those show up in beige so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frames those show up in beige so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frames those show up in beige so
+foo SF is the silk RT a stack frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foo SF is the silk RT a stack frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foo SF is the silk RT a stack frame
+inside instantiation of foo it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside instantiation of foo it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside instantiation of foo it's just a
+local variable it's also stored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variable it's also stored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variable it's also stored in the
+stack right now the silk Rd a stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack right now the silk Rd a stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack right now the silk Rd a stack
+frame maintains a parent pointer and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame maintains a parent pointer and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame maintains a parent pointer and it
+maintains a pointer up to some so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains a pointer up to some so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains a pointer up to some so
+cartier stack frame above it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartier stack frame above it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartier stack frame above it on the
+stack it's just another local variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack it's just another local variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack it's just another local variable
+also storing the stack so when we step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also storing the stack so when we step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also storing the stack so when we step
+away and look at the whole call stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and look at the whole call stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and look at the whole call stack
+with all the function frames and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the function frames and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the function frames and the
+silk RTS stack frames that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk RTS stack frames that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk RTS stack frames that's where we
+got the pointers climbing up the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the pointers climbing up the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the pointers climbing up the stack
+okay other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's make some pointers fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's make some pointers fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's make some pointers fly
+okay that's that's good this is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's good this is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's good this is gonna be
+kind of a letdown because the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a letdown because the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a letdown because the first
+thing we're gonna look at is some code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're gonna look at is some code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're gonna look at is some code
+so we're not gonna have pointers fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not gonna have pointers fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not gonna have pointers fly
+just yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can take a look at the code for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take a look at the code for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take a look at the code for the
+spawning function foo at this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawning function foo at this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawning function foo at this point and
+there's a lot of extra code in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of extra code in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of extra code in here
+clearly I've hide a lot of stuff on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly I've hide a lot of stuff on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly I've hide a lot of stuff on this
+slide and all this all the highlighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and all this all the highlighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and all this all the highlighted
+material is related to the execution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is related to the execution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is related to the execution of
+the silk runtime system but basically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk runtime system but basically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk runtime system but basically if
+we look at this code we can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this code we can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this code we can understand
+each of these pieces each of them has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these pieces each of them has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these pieces each of them has
+some role to play in making this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some role to play in making this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some role to play in making this whole
+process in work so at the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in work so at the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in work so at the very beginning
+we have our silk stack frame structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our silk stack frame structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our silk stack frame structure
+and there's a call to this enter frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a call to this enter frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a call to this enter frame
+function which all that really does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which all that really does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which all that really does is
+initialize the stack frame that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize the stack frame that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize the stack frame that's all
+the functions doing later on we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions doing later on we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions doing later on we find
+that there's this set jump routine we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this set jump routine we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this set jump routine we'll
+talk a lot more about such up in a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot more about such up in a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot more about such up in a bit
+that at this point we can say the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at this point we can say the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at this point we can say the set
+jump prepares the function for a spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump prepares the function for a spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump prepares the function for a spawn
+and inside the the conditional where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside the the conditional where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside the the conditional where the
+setup where the such I've occurs is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup where the such I've occurs is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup where the such I've occurs is a
+predicate we have a call to spawn bar if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate we have a call to spawn bar if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate we have a call to spawn bar if
+we remember from a couple slides ago a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember from a couple slides ago a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember from a couple slides ago a
+spawn bar was our spawn helper function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn bar was our spawn helper function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn bar was our spawn helper function
+so we're here we're just invoking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're here we're just invoking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're here we're just invoking the
+spot helper later on the code we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot helper later on the code we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot helper later on the code we have
+another blob of conditionals with a soak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another blob of conditionals with a soak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another blob of conditionals with a soak
+RTS sink call deep inside all that code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTS sink call deep inside all that code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTS sink call deep inside all that code
+performs a sink we'll talk about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs a sink we'll talk about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs a sink we'll talk about that a
+bit near the end of the lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit near the end of the lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit near the end of the lecture and
+finally at the end of the spawning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the end of the spawning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the end of the spawning
+function we have a call to pop frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have a call to pop frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have a call to pop frame
+which just cleans up the silk stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just cleans up the silk stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just cleans up the silk stack
+frame structure within this function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame structure within this function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame structure within this function and
+then there's a call to leaf frame which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a call to leaf frame which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a call to leaf frame which
+essentially cleans up the deck that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially cleans up the deck that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially cleans up the deck that's
+the spawning function this is the spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawning function this is the spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawning function this is the spawn
+helper it looks somewhat similar I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper it looks somewhat similar I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper it looks somewhat similar I've
+added extra whitespace just to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added extra whitespace just to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added extra whitespace just to make this
+slide a little bit prettier and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide a little bit prettier and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide a little bit prettier and in some
+ways it's similar to the spawning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's similar to the spawning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's similar to the spawning
+function itself we have a so cárdenas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself we have a so cárdenas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself we have a so cárdenas a
+crane before the spawn helper another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crane before the spawn helper another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crane before the spawn helper another
+call to enter frame which is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to enter frame which is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to enter frame which is just a
+little bit different but essentially it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different but essentially it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different but essentially it
+initializes this stack for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializes this stack for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializes this stack for
+it's its reason to be is similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its reason to be is similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its reason to be is similar to the
+enter frame call we saw before there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter frame call we saw before there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter frame call we saw before there's a
+call to silk RTS detach which performs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to silk RTS detach which performs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to silk RTS detach which performs a
+bunch of updates on the deck then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of updates on the deck then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of updates on the deck then
+there's the actual invocation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the actual invocation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the actual invocation of the
+spawns subroutine this is where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawns subroutine this is where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawns subroutine this is where we're
+calling bar and finally at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling bar and finally at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling bar and finally at the end of
+the function there's a call to pop frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function there's a call to pop frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function there's a call to pop frame
+to clean up the stack structure and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean up the stack structure and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean up the stack structure and a
+call to Li frame which will clean up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to Li frame which will clean up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to Li frame which will clean up the
+deck and possibly return it'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck and possibly return it'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck and possibly return it'll try to
+return we'll see more about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return we'll see more about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return we'll see more about that so
+let's watch all this an action question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's watch all this an action question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's watch all this an action question
+okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool
+but well let's let's see all of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well let's let's see all of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well let's let's see all of this in
+action we'll start off with a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action we'll start off with a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action we'll start off with a pretty
+boring picture all we've got on our call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring picture all we've got on our call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring picture all we've got on our call
+attack is main and our soak worker has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack is main and our soak worker has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack is main and our soak worker has
+nothing on its deck but now we suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing on its deck but now we suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing on its deck but now we suppose
+that main calls our spawning function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that main calls our spawning function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that main calls our spawning function
+foo and the spawning function foo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foo and the spawning function foo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foo and the spawning function foo
+contains a silk RT a stack frame what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a silk RT a stack frame what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a silk RT a stack frame what
+we're gonna do in the soap worker what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do in the soap worker what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do in the soap worker what
+that enter frame call is going to going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enter frame call is going to going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enter frame call is going to going
+to perform all is gonna do is update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform all is gonna do is update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform all is gonna do is update the
+current stack frame we now have a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current stack frame we now have a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current stack frame we now have a so
+card to a stack frame make sure their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card to a stack frame make sure their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card to a stack frame make sure their
+worker points at it that's all fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker points at it that's all fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker points at it that's all fast
+forward a little bit and few encounters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward a little bit and few encounters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward a little bit and few encounters
+this call to silk spawn at bar and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this call to silk spawn at bar and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this call to silk spawn at bar and in
+the c pseudocode that's compiled for foo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c pseudocode that's compiled for foo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c pseudocode that's compiled for foo
+we have a setup routine this setup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a setup routine this setup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a setup routine this setup is
+kind of a magical function this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a magical function this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a magical function this is the
+function that allows thieves to steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that allows thieves to steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that allows thieves to steal
+the continuation and in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuation and in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuation and in particular the
+setup takes as an argument a buffer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup takes as an argument a buffer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup takes as an argument a buffer in
+this case it's the context buffer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's the context buffer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's the context buffer that
+we have in the silk RTS stack frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the silk RTS stack frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the silk RTS stack frame and
+what the setup will do is it'll store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the setup will do is it'll store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the setup will do is it'll store
+information that's necessary to resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's necessary to resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's necessary to resume
+the function at the location of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function at the location of the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function at the location of the set
+jump and it stores that information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and it stores that information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and it stores that information is
+the buffer can I know what guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer can I know what guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer can I know what guess what
+that information might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instruction on the step instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction on the step instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction on the step instruction
+pointer stack pointer I believe both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer stack pointer I believe both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer stack pointer I believe both of
+those are in the frame in a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are in the frame in a starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are in the frame in a starting
+point yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah
+both of those are in the frame good what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are in the frame good what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are in the frame good what
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the registers are currently in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the registers are currently in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the registers are currently in use
+does it need all the registers you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it need all the registers you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it need all the registers you're
+absolutely on the right track but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely on the right track but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely on the right track but is
+there any way it could restrict the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any way it could restrict the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any way it could restrict the set
+of registers and needs to save that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of registers and needs to save that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of registers and needs to save that's
+part of it such a biz in that clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it such a biz in that clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it such a biz in that clever
+though so it it just stores a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though so it it just stores a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though so it it just stores a
+predetermined set of registers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined set of registers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined set of registers but
+there's another way to restrict the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only registers uses parameters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only registers uses parameters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only registers uses parameters in the
+called function yeah close enough Kali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called function yeah close enough Kali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called function yeah close enough Kali
+saved registers so register is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved registers so register is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved registers so register is that the
+that the function might that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the function might that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the function might that it's the
+responsibility of food is safe this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of food is safe this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of food is safe this goes
+all the way back to that discussion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to that discussion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to that discussion in
+lecture I don't remember which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I don't remember which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I don't remember which which
+small number talking about the calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number talking about the calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number talking about the calling
+convention these registers need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention these registers need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention these registers need to be
+saved as well as the instruction pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved as well as the instruction pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved as well as the instruction pointer
+and various stack pointers those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various stack pointers those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various stack pointers those are
+what gets saved into the buffer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets saved into the buffer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets saved into the buffer the
+other registers what we're about to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other registers what we're about to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other registers what we're about to call
+a function it's up to that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function it's up to that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function it's up to that other
+function to save the registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to save the registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to save the registers
+appropriately so we're not going to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately so we're not going to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately so we're not going to we
+don't need to worry about those yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry about those yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry about those yeah so
+good any questions about that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any questions about that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any questions about that all right
+so this edge up routine let's take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this edge up routine let's take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this edge up routine let's take it
+for granted that when we call a set John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted that when we call a set John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted that when we call a set John
+Ball in this given buffer it returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ball in this given buffer it returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ball in this given buffer it returns
+zero that's a good lie for now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's a good lie for now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's a good lie for now we'll
+just run with it so such up return zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run with it so such up return zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run with it so such up return zero
+the condition says if not zero which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition says if not zero which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition says if not zero which is
+which turns out to be true and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turns out to be true and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turns out to be true and so the
+next thing that happens is this call to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing that happens is this call to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing that happens is this call to
+the spawn helper spawn underscore bar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawn helper spawn underscore bar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawn helper spawn underscore bar in
+this case when we call spawn spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case when we call spawn spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case when we call spawn spawn
+underscore bar what happens to our stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore bar what happens to our stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore bar what happens to our stack
+some of this should look pretty routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this should look pretty routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this should look pretty routine
+for doing a function call and so we push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing a function call and so we push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing a function call and so we push
+the frame for the called function onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame for the called function onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame for the called function onto
+the stack and that called functions bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack and that called functions bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack and that called functions bond
+bar contains a local variable which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar contains a local variable which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar contains a local variable which is
+this so cardia stack frame so that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so cardia stack frame so that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so cardia stack frame so that also
+gets pushed onto the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed onto the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed onto the stack
+pretty straightforward we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward we've seen
+function calls many times before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls many times before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls many times before this
+should look pretty familiar now we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look pretty familiar now we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look pretty familiar now we do
+this silk RTS enter frame fast routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this silk RTS enter frame fast routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this silk RTS enter frame fast routine
+and I mentioned before that that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mentioned before that that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mentioned before that that's going
+to update the worker structure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update the worker structure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update the worker structure and the
+deck or no not the deck just a worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck or no not the deck just a worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck or no not the deck just a worker
+structure so what's going to happen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so what's going to happen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so what's going to happen here
+well we have a brand-new so card to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a brand-new so card to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a brand-new so card to a
+stack frame on the on the stack any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame on the on the stack any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame on the on the stack any
+guesses as to what change we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would enter into yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+point currents a crane to spawn bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point currents a crane to spawn bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point currents a crane to spawn bar
+Sacre you're right anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hope I got this animation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the various fields within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the various fields within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the various fields within the
+stock frame and what did sorry I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock frame and what did sorry I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock frame and what did sorry I don't
+know your name what's your name Greg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your name what's your name Greg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your name what's your name Greg
+what did Greg ask about before when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did Greg ask about before when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did Greg ask about before when we
+saw an earlier picture of the call stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set a pointer to the parent exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a pointer to the parent exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a pointer to the parent exactly so
+we're gonna do is we're gonna take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is we're gonna take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is we're gonna take this
+call stack we do the enter frame fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stack we do the enter frame fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stack we do the enter frame fast
+routine that establishes this parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine that establishes this parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine that establishes this parent
+pointer in our brand new calls in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer in our brand new calls in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer in our brand new calls in our
+brand new stack frame and we update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new stack frame and we update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new stack frame and we update the
+workers current stack frame to point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers current stack frame to point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers current stack frame to point at
+the bottom yes question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom yes question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom yes question
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+how does interframe know what the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does interframe know what the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does interframe know what the parent
+is good question enter frame knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good question enter frame knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good question enter frame knows the
+worker or rather enter frame can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker or rather enter frame can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker or rather enter frame can do a
+call which will give it access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call which will give it access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call which will give it access to the
+Silk worker structure and because it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silk worker structure and because it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silk worker structure and because it can
+do a call it can read the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a call it can read the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a call it can read the current
+saccharin pointer in the worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah in this case we do yep so we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in this case we do yep so we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in this case we do yep so we add
+the parent pointer then we delete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent pointer then we delete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent pointer then we delete and
+update so good catch any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool alright now we encounter this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool alright now we encounter this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool alright now we encounter this thing
+so card taste attached this one's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so card taste attached this one's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so card taste attached this one's kind
+of exciting finally we got to do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exciting finally we got to do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exciting finally we got to do do
+something to the deck any guesses what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the deck any guesses what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the deck any guesses what
+we do how do we update the deck so card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do how do we update the deck so card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do how do we update the deck so card
+is here here's a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here here's a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here here's a hint
+so card taste attached allows this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so card taste attached allows this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so card taste attached allows this is
+the function that allows some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that allows some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that allows some
+computation to be stolen once once silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation to be stolen once once silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation to be stolen once once silk
+artistic is done executing a thief could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic is done executing a thief could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic is done executing a thief could
+come along and steal the continuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along and steal the continuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along and steal the continuation of
+the silk spawn so what would silk RTS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk spawn so what would silk RTS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk spawn so what would silk RTS
+detach due to our worker and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detach due to our worker and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detach due to our worker and it's
+structures yeah and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+push the sacrum to the worker deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the sacrum to the worker deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the sacrum to the worker deck
+specifically at the tail now right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically at the tail now right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically at the tail now right I
+gave it away with by clicking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it away with by clicking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it away with by clicking the
+animation oh now the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation oh now the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation oh now the thing that's
+available to be stolen is inside of Fuu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to be stolen is inside of Fuu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to be stolen is inside of Fuu
+so what ends up getting pushed on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what ends up getting pushed on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what ends up getting pushed on to the
+deck is not the current stack frame but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck is not the current stack frame but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck is not the current stack frame but
+in fact its immediate parent so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact its immediate parent so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact its immediate parent so the the
+sacrum foo that gets pushed onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrum foo that gets pushed onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrum foo that gets pushed onto the
+tail of the deck and we now push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the deck and we now push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the deck and we now push
+something onto the tail of a deck and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something onto the tail of a deck and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something onto the tail of a deck and so
+we advanced the table pointer is so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we advanced the table pointer is so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we advanced the table pointer is so good
+everyone I see some nods I see at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I see some nods I see at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I see some nods I see at least
+one nod I'll take it but feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nod I'll take it but feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nod I'll take it but feel free to
+ask questions of course and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions of course and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions of course and then of
+course there's this invocation of bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's this invocation of bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's this invocation of bar
+this does what you might expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does what you might expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does what you might expect
+it calls bar no magic here well no new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it calls bar no magic here well no new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it calls bar no magic here well no new
+magic here okay fast-forward let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic here okay fast-forward let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic here okay fast-forward let's
+suppose that bar finally returns and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that bar finally returns and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that bar finally returns and now
+we return to the two same adapter bar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we return to the two same adapter bar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we return to the two same adapter bar in
+the spawn helper that statement is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawn helper that statement is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawn helper that statement is the
+pop frame actually says we just returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop frame actually says we just returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop frame actually says we just returned
+from bar we need get rid of bar from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bar we need get rid of bar from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bar we need get rid of bar from the
+stack frame good now we can actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame good now we can actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame good now we can actually get
+the pop frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pop frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pop frame
+what would the pop frame do it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the pop frame do it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the pop frame do it's going
+to clean up the stack frame structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean up the stack frame structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean up the stack frame structure so
+what would what would that entail any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what would that entail any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what would that entail any
+guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+move the currents a crane back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the currents a crane back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the currents a crane back to the
+parent very good they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's largely it I guess there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's largely it I guess there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's largely it I guess there's one
+other thing you can do this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do this is kind of
+optional given that it's gonna garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional given that it's gonna garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional given that it's gonna garbage
+the garbage the memory anyway so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garbage the memory anyway so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garbage the memory anyway so it
+updates the current stack frame to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates the current stack frame to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates the current stack frame to point
+to the parent and now I no longer needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parent and now I no longer needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parent and now I no longer needs
+that parent pointer so we can clean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parent pointer so we can clean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parent pointer so we can clean that
+up in principle and then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in principle and then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in principle and then there's this
+call to soak RTS leave frame this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to soak RTS leave frame this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to soak RTS leave frame this is
+magic well not really but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic well not really but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic well not really but it's not
+obvious this is a function call that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious this is a function call that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious this is a function call that may
+or may not return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not return
+welcome to the silk runtime system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the silk runtime system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the silk runtime system you
+end up with calls to functions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with calls to functions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with calls to functions that you
+may never return from this happens all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may never return from this happens all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may never return from this happens all
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+and these soak our DS leave frame may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these soak our DS leave frame may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these soak our DS leave frame may or
+may not return based entirely on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not return based entirely on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not return based entirely on what's
+on the status of the deck what content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the status of the deck what content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the status of the deck what content
+is currently sitting on this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is currently sitting on this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is currently sitting on this on the
+workers deck so why anyone have a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers deck so why anyone have a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers deck so why anyone have a guess
+as to why the leave frame routine might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to why the leave frame routine might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to why the leave frame routine might
+not return in the conventional sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's nothing if there's nothing left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing if there's nothing left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing if there's nothing left
+to do on the deck then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on the deck then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on the deck then it's going to
+start shakin right if there's nothing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start shakin right if there's nothing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start shakin right if there's nothing on
+the deck then it then it has nowhere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck then it then it has nowhere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck then it then it has nowhere to
+return to and so naturally as we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to and so naturally as we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to and so naturally as we've seen
+from silk workers in this path in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from silk workers in this path in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from silk workers in this path in the
+past it discovers there's nothing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past it discovers there's nothing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past it discovers there's nothing on the
+deck there's no work to do time to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck there's no work to do time to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck there's no work to do time to turn
+to a life of crime and try to steal work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a life of crime and try to steal work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a life of crime and try to steal work
+from someone else so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone else so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone else so there are two
+possible scenarios it could the pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible scenarios it could the pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible scenarios it could the pop
+because the seed and execution power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the seed and execution power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the seed and execution power
+continues as normal or it fails and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues as normal or it fails and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues as normal or it fails and it
+becomes a thief now which of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a thief now which of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a thief now which of these two
+cases do you think is more important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases do you think is more important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases do you think is more important for
+the runtime system to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+success case one exactly so why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at least we hope so yeah we assumed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least we hope so yeah we assumed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least we hope so yeah we assumed this
+hearkens all the way back to the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearkens all the way back to the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearkens all the way back to the two
+that work first principle we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work first principle we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work first principle we assume that
+in the common case workers are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the common case workers are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the common case workers are doing
+useful work they're not just spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful work they're not just spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful work they're not just spending
+their time stealing from each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time stealing from each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time stealing from each other and
+therefore ideally we want we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore ideally we want we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore ideally we want we want to
+assume that the worker will do what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the worker will do what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the worker will do what's
+normal just an ordinary serial execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal just an ordinary serial execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal just an ordinary serial execution
+in a normal serial execution there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a normal serial execution there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a normal serial execution there's
+something on the deck the pop succeeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the deck the pop succeeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the deck the pop succeeds
+that's case one and so what we'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's case one and so what we'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's case one and so what we'll see is
+that the runtime system in fact does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the runtime system in fact does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the runtime system in fact does a
+little bit of optimization on case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of optimization on case one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of optimization on case one
+let's talk about something a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about something a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about something a little more
+exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+how about stealing computation we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about stealing computation we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about stealing computation we like
+stealing stuff from each other yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep where does it return the results so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep where does it return the results so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep where does it return the results so
+where does it return the result in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it return the result in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it return the result in the
+spawn bar this actually the answer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn bar this actually the answer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn bar this actually the answer you
+can kind of see two lines above this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see two lines above this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see two lines above this so
+in this case in the original SIL code we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case in the original SIL code we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case in the original SIL code we
+had x equals silk spawn of bar and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had x equals silk spawn of bar and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had x equals silk spawn of bar and here
+what are the parameters to our spawn bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the parameters to our spawn bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the parameters to our spawn bar
+our function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and n now n is the input to bar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and n now n is the input to bar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and n now n is the input to bar right
+so what's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can rewind a little bit and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewind a little bit and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewind a little bit and see
+there you are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you are correct
+oops there you yeah so the original silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops there you yeah so the original silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops there you yeah so the original silk
+code we had x equals silk spawn bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code we had x equals silk spawn bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code we had x equals silk spawn bar
+that's the same X all that silk does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same X all that silk does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same X all that silk does is
+pass a pointer to the memory allocator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a pointer to the memory allocator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a pointer to the memory allocator
+for that variable down to the spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that variable down to the spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that variable down to the spawn
+helper and now the spawn helper when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper and now the spawn helper when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper and now the spawn helper when it
+calls bar and that returns it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls bar and that returns it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls bar and that returns it gets
+stored into that storage in the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored into that storage in the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored into that storage in the parent
+stack frame good good catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame good good catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame good good catch
+good observation any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good observation any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good observation any questions about
+that that makes sense cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably use too many animations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably use too many animations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably use too many animations in
+these slides alright now let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides alright now let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides alright now let's talk
+about stealing how do we how does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stealing how do we how does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stealing how do we how does a
+worker steal computation now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker steal computation now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker steal computation now the
+conceptual diagram we had before saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual diagram we had before saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual diagram we had before saw
+this one worker with nothing on its deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one worker with nothing on its deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one worker with nothing on its deck
+take a couple frames from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a couple frames from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a couple frames from another
+workers deck and just slide them on over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers deck and just slide them on over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers deck and just slide them on over
+what does that actually look like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that actually look like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that actually look like in the
+implementation well we're still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation well we're still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation well we're still going to
+take from the top of the deck but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from the top of the deck but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from the top of the deck but now we
+have a picture that's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a picture that's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a picture that's a little bit more
+accurate in terms of the structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate in terms of the structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate in terms of the structures that
+are really implemented in the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really implemented in the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really implemented in the system so
+we have the call sack of the victim and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the call sack of the victim and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the call sack of the victim and
+the victim also has a deck data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the victim also has a deck data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the victim also has a deck data
+structure and a silk worker data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and a silk worker data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and a silk worker data
+structure with head and tail pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure with head and tail pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure with head and tail pointers
+and a current stack frame so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a current stack frame so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a current stack frame so what
+happens when a thief comes along out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a thief comes along out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a thief comes along out of
+nowhere its bored it has nothing on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere its bored it has nothing on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere its bored it has nothing on its
+deck head and tail pointers both point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck head and tail pointers both point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck head and tail pointers both point
+to the top current stack frame has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top current stack frame has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top current stack frame has
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+what's the thief going to do any guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how does this thief take the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this thief take the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this thief take the content
+from the workers deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that's their Instagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+exactly right yep sorry was that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right yep sorry was that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right yep sorry was that I
+didn't mean to interrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean to interrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean to interrupt
+all right cool so the red highlighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool so the red highlighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool so the red highlighting
+should give a little bit of a hint the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give a little bit of a hint the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give a little bit of a hint the
+current stack frame in the thief is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current stack frame in the thief is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current stack frame in the thief is
+going to end up pointing to the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up pointing to the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up pointing to the stack
+frame at the top of the deck pointed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame at the top of the deck pointed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame at the top of the deck pointed to
+you by the top of the deck and the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by the top of the deck and the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by the top of the deck and the head
+of the deck needs to be updated so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deck needs to be updated so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deck needs to be updated so let's
+just see all those pointers shuffle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see all those pointers shuffle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see all those pointers shuffle the
+thief is going to take is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief is going to take is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief is going to take is going to
+target the head of the deck it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target the head of the deck it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target the head of the deck it's going
+to DQ that item from the from the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DQ that item from the from the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DQ that item from the from the top of
+the deck it's going to set the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck it's going to set the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck it's going to set the current
+stack frame to point to that item and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame to point to that item and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame to point to that item and
+it'll delete the pointer on the deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll delete the pointer on the deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll delete the pointer on the deck
+that makes sense cool now the victim and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense cool now the victim and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense cool now the victim and
+the thief are on different processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thief are on different processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thief are on different processors
+and this scenario involves shuffling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this scenario involves shuffling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this scenario involves shuffling a
+lot of pointers around so we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of pointers around so we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of pointers around so we think about
+if we think about this process there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about this process there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about this process there
+needs to be some way to handle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be some way to handle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be some way to handle the
+concurrent accesses that are gonna occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrent accesses that are gonna occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrent accesses that are gonna occur
+on the head of the deck you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head of the deck you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head of the deck you haven't
+talked about synchronization yet in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about synchronization yet in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about synchronization yet in this
+class that's going to be a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that's going to be a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that's going to be a couple of
+lectures down the road there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures down the road there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures down the road there are a
+couple I'll give you a couple spoilers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple I'll give you a couple spoilers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple I'll give you a couple spoilers
+for those synchronization lectures first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those synchronization lectures first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those synchronization lectures first
+off synchronization is expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off synchronization is expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off synchronization is expensive and
+second reason about synchronization is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reason about synchronization is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reason about synchronization is a
+source of massive headaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of massive headaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of massive headaches
+congratulations you now know those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations you now know those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations you now know those two
+lectures I'm just gonna go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I'm just gonna go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I'm just gonna go to the
+lectures you'll learn a lot they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures you'll learn a lot they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures you'll learn a lot they're
+great in this silk in the silk runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in this silk in the silk runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in this silk in the silk runtime
+system the way that those concurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the way that those concurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the way that those concurrent
+accesses are handled the pro is by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses are handled the pro is by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses are handled the pro is by using
+a protocol known as the t-h-e protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protocol known as the t-h-e protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protocol known as the t-h-e protocol
+this is pseudocode for most logic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pseudocode for most logic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pseudocode for most logic in the
+THC protocol there's a protocol that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+THC protocol there's a protocol that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+THC protocol there's a protocol that the
+worker executing work normally follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker executing work normally follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker executing work normally follows
+and there's the protocol for the thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the protocol for the thief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the protocol for the thief
+I'm not gonna walk through all the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna walk through all the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna walk through all the lines
+of code here and and describe what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code here and and describe what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code here and and describe what they
+do I'll just give you the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll just give you the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll just give you the very
+high-level view of this protocol from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level view of this protocol from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level view of this protocol from
+the theists perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theists perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theists perspective
+the thief always grabs a lock on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thief always grabs a lock on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thief always grabs a lock on the
+deck before doing any operations on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck before doing any operations on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck before doing any operations on the
+deck always acquire the lock first for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck always acquire the lock first for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck always acquire the lock first for
+the worker it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worker it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worker it's a little bit more
+optimized so what the worker will do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized so what the worker will do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized so what the worker will do is
+optimistically try to pop something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistically try to pop something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistically try to pop something from
+the bottom of the deck and only if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the deck and only if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the deck and only if it
+looks like that pop operation fails does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that pop operation fails does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that pop operation fails does
+the worker do something more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worker do something more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worker do something more complicated
+only then does it try to acquire a lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only then does it try to acquire a lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only then does it try to acquire a lock
+on the deck then try to pop something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the deck then try to pop something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the deck then try to pop something
+off see if it really succeeds or fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off see if it really succeeds or fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off see if it really succeeds or fails
+and you know possibly turn to a life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know possibly turn to a life of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know possibly turn to a life of
+crime so the workers protocol looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime so the workers protocol looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime so the workers protocol looks
+longer but that's just because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer but that's just because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer but that's just because the the
+worker implements a special case which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker implements a special case which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker implements a special case which
+which is optimized for the common case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is optimized for the common case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is optimized for the common case
+this is essentially where the leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially where the leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially where the leave
+frame routine that we saw before is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame routine that we saw before is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame routine that we saw before is
+optimized for case one optimize for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized for case one optimize for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized for case one optimize for the
+pop from the deck succeeding any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop from the deck succeeding any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop from the deck succeeding any
+questions about that seem clear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that seem clear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that seem clear from
+30,000 feet cool okay so that's how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 feet cool okay so that's how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 feet cool okay so that's how a
+worker steals work from the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker steals work from the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker steals work from the top of
+another from the top of a victim's deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another from the top of a victim's deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another from the top of a victim's deck
+now that thief needs to resume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that thief needs to resume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that thief needs to resume a
+continuation and this is that that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation and this is that that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation and this is that that whole
+process about jumping into the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process about jumping into the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process about jumping into the middle of
+an executing function it already has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an executing function it already has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an executing function it already has a
+frame it already has a bunch of state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it already has a bunch of state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it already has a bunch of state
+going on and somehow and all that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and somehow and all that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and somehow and all that was
+established by a different processor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established by a different processor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established by a different processor so
+somehow that thief has to magically come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that thief has to magically come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that thief has to magically come
+up with the right state and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the right state and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the right state and start
+executing that function how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing that function how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing that function how does that
+happen well this has to do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well this has to do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well this has to do with a
+routine that's the complement of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine that's the complement of the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine that's the complement of the set
+up routine we saw before the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up routine we saw before the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up routine we saw before the the
+complement of set jump is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of set jump is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of set jump is what's called
+long jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long jump
+so silk uses in particular silk thieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so silk uses in particular silk thieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so silk uses in particular silk thieves
+use the long jump function in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the long jump function in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the long jump function in order to
+resume a sole in continuation previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume a sole in continuation previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resume a sole in continuation previously
+in our spawning function foo we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our spawning function foo we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our spawning function foo we had this
+set jump call and that set jump save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set jump call and that set jump save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set jump call and that set jump save
+some states to a local buffer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some states to a local buffer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some states to a local buffer in
+particularly the buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the buffer
+in the stack frame of foo now the thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stack frame of foo now the thief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stack frame of foo now the thief
+has just created this silk worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just created this silk worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just created this silk worker
+structure where the current stack frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where the current stack frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where the current stack frame
+is pointing at the stack frame of foo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing at the stack frame of foo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pointing at the stack frame of foo
+and so what the thief will do is it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what the thief will do is it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what the thief will do is it will
+execute a call to the it'll execute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute a call to the it'll execute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute a call to the it'll execute the
+statement long jump pass it Aleksey the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement long jump pass it Aleksey the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement long jump pass it Aleksey the
+long jump function passing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long jump function passing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long jump function passing that
+particular stack frames buffer and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stack frames buffer and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stack frames buffer and an
+additional argument and that long jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional argument and that long jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional argument and that long jump
+will take the register states throw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the register states throw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the register states throw it
+in the buffer put that register state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the buffer put that register state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the buffer put that register state
+into the worker and then what the worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the worker and then what the worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the worker and then what the worker
+proceed that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed that makes sense
+any questions about that this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that this is kind of
+a wacky routine because if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wacky routine because if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wacky routine because if you remember
+one of the one of the registers stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the registers stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the registers stored
+in that buffer is an instruction pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that buffer is an instruction pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that buffer is an instruction pointer
+and so it's going to read and read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's going to read and read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's going to read and read the
+instruction pointer out of the buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer out of the buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer out of the buffer
+it's also gonna read a bunch of kali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also gonna read a bunch of kali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also gonna read a bunch of kali
+saved registers and stack pointers out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved registers and stack pointers out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved registers and stack pointers out
+of the buffer and i'm just gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the buffer and i'm just gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the buffer and i'm just gonna say
+those are my those are that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my those are that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my those are that's my
+register state now that's what the thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register state now that's what the thief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register state now that's what the thief
+says it just stole that register state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it just stole that register state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it just stole that register state
+and it's going to set its RI p to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to set its RI p to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to set its RI p to be the
+RIPD it just read so where does that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RIPD it just read so where does that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RIPD it just read so where does that so
+what does that mean for where the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean for where the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean for where the long
+jump routine returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah returns in the stock frame above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah returns in the stock frame above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah returns in the stock frame above
+the one who just stole uh more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who just stole uh more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who just stole uh more or less
+can but more specifically we're in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but more specifically we're in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but more specifically we're in that
+function does it return which call to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does it return which call to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does it return which call to
+the the spawn bar here almost very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the spawn bar here almost very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the spawn bar here almost very very
+close very very close what ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close very very close what ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close very very close what ends up
+happening is that the long jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that the long jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that the long jump
+effectively returns from the set jump a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively returns from the set jump a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively returns from the set jump a
+second time this is the weird protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time this is the weird protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time this is the weird protocol
+between set jump and long jump set jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between set jump and long jump set jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between set jump and long jump set jump
+you pass it a buffer it saves some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass it a buffer it saves some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass it a buffer it saves some
+register state and then it returns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register state and then it returns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register state and then it returns and
+it returns immediately and on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it returns immediately and on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it returns immediately and on it's
+direct invocation that set jump call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct invocation that set jump call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct invocation that set jump call
+returns the value zero as we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the value zero as we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the value zero as we mentioned
+before now if you invoke a long jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now if you invoke a long jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now if you invoke a long jump
+using the same buffer that causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same buffer that causes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same buffer that causes the
+processor to effectively return from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor to effectively return from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor to effectively return from the
+same set jump call they use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set jump call they use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set jump call they use the same
+buffer but now it's going to return with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer but now it's going to return with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer but now it's going to return with
+a different value and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different value and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different value and it's going to
+return with the value specified in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return with the value specified in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return with the value specified in the
+second argument so invoking long jump of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second argument so invoking long jump of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second argument so invoking long jump of
+buffer X returns from that set jump with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer X returns from that set jump with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer X returns from that set jump with
+the value X so when the so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value X so when the so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value X so when the so when the
+thief executes a long jump with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief executes a long jump with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief executes a long jump with the
+appropriate buffer and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate buffer and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate buffer and the second
+argument is one what happens anyone walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is one what happens anyone walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is one what happens anyone walk
+me through this oh well it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me through this oh well it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me through this oh well it's on the
+slide okay so now set that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide okay so now set that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide okay so now set that set of
+effectively returns a second time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively returns a second time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively returns a second time but
+now it returns with the value one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it returns with the value one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it returns with the value one and
+now the predicate the predicate gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the predicate the predicate gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the predicate the predicate gets
+evaluated so if not one which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated so if not one which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated so if not one which would be
+if false well don't do the consequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if false well don't do the consequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if false well don't do the consequent
+because you're just because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're just because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're just because the
+predicate was false and that means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate was false and that means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate was false and that means it's
+gonna skip the call to spawn bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna skip the call to spawn bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna skip the call to spawn bar and
+it'll just fall through and execute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just fall through and execute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just fall through and execute the
+stuff right after that condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right after that condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right after that condition that
+conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+which happens to be the continuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens to be the continuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens to be the continuation of
+the spawn that's kind of neat I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawn that's kind of neat I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawn that's kind of neat I think
+that's kind of neat maybe I'm biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of neat maybe I'm biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of neat maybe I'm biased
+anyone else think that I need actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else think that I need actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else think that I need actually
+anyone desperately confused about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone desperately confused about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone desperately confused about this
+such a long term nonsense any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a long term nonsense any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a long term nonsense any questions
+you want to ask or just generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to ask or just generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to ask or just generally
+confused about why these things exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about why these things exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about why these things exist in
+modern computing yeah is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern computing yeah is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern computing yeah is there any
+reason you couldn't just add some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you couldn't just add some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you couldn't just add some fixed
+offset to the instruction pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset to the instruction pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset to the instruction pointer to
+jump over the call in principle I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump over the call in principle I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump over the call in principle I think
+if you can statically compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can statically compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can statically compute the
+distance you need to jump then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you need to jump then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you need to jump then you can
+just add that to our IP and let the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add that to our IP and let the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add that to our IP and let the long
+jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump
+do its thing or rather the thief will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do its thing or rather the thief will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do its thing or rather the thief will
+just adopt that our IP and end up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just adopt that our IP and end up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just adopt that our IP and end up in the
+right place what's done here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place what's done here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place what's done here is
+basically this was the protocol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this was the protocol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this was the protocol that
+they set existing such up and long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set existing such up and long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set existing such up and long term
+routines implement and I imagine it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines implement and I imagine it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines implement and I imagine it's a
+more it's a bit more flexible of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's a bit more flexible of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's a bit more flexible of a
+protocol then well you strictly need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol then well you strictly need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol then well you strictly need for
+the silk runtime and so you know it adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk runtime and so you know it adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk runtime and so you know it adds
+up working on but if you can statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up working on but if you can statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up working on but if you can statically
+compute that offset there's no reason in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that offset there's no reason in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that offset there's no reason in
+principle you couldn't adopt a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you couldn't adopt a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you couldn't adopt a different
+approach so good observation any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so good observation any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so good observation any
+questions any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any other questions
+it's fine to be generally confused why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine to be generally confused why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine to be generally confused why
+their routines such a been long jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their routines such a been long jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their routines such a been long jump
+with this whacky behavior compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this whacky behavior compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this whacky behavior compiler
+writers have that reaction all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers have that reaction all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers have that reaction all the time
+these are a nightmare to compile but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a nightmare to compile but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a nightmare to compile but
+anyway okay so we've seen how the how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so we've seen how the how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so we've seen how the how a
+thief can take some computation off of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief can take some computation off of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief can take some computation off of a
+victim's deck and we've seen how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim's deck and we've seen how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim's deck and we've seen how the
+thief can jump right into the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief can jump right into the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief can jump right into the middle of
+an executing function with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an executing function with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an executing function with the
+appropriate register state is this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate register state is this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate register state is this the
+end of the story is there anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the story is there anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the story is there anything else
+we need to talk about with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to talk about with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to talk about with respect to
+stealing or more pointedly what else do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing or more pointedly what else do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing or more pointedly what else do
+we need to talk about with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to talk about with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to talk about with respect to
+stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're welcome to answer you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're welcome to answer you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're welcome to answer you like
+okay I remember that list of concerns we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I remember that list of concerns we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I remember that list of concerns we
+had at the beginning list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had at the beginning list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had at the beginning list of
+requirements things about it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will talk about sinks but not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about sinks but not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about sinks but not just
+yet what other thing was brought up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet what other thing was brought up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet what other thing was brought up as
+remember this slide from a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this slide from a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this slide from a previous
+lecture here's another hint so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture here's another hint so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture here's another hint so the
+register register state is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register register state is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register register state is certainly
+part of the state of an executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the state of an executing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the state of an executing
+function what else defines a state of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what else defines a state of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what else defines a state of an
+executing function whereas the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing function whereas the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing function whereas the other
+state of the function where does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the function where does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the function where does that
+live it lives on the stack so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live it lives on the stack so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live it lives on the stack so what is
+there to talk about regarding the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cactus stack exactly so we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cactus stack exactly so we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cactus stack exactly so we mentioned
+before that thieves need to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that thieves need to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that thieves need to implement
+this cactus stack abstraction for so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cactus stack abstraction for so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cactus stack abstraction for so for
+the silk runtime system what exact why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk runtime system what exact why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silk runtime system what exact why
+exactly do we need this cactus stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly do we need this cactus stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly do we need this cactus stack
+what's wrong was just having the thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong was just having the thief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong was just having the thief
+have stock used the victims stack yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the victim might just free up a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the victim might just free up a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the victim might just free up a bunch of
+stuff ends that it's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff ends that it's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff ends that it's no longer
+accessible so it can free some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible so it can free some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible so it can free some amount of
+some amount of stuff in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of stuff in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of stuff in particular
+everything up to the function foo but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up to the function foo but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up to the function foo but in
+fact it can't return from the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it can't return from the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it can't return from the function
+foo because some other well assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foo because some other well assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foo because some other well assuming
+that the silk RT has leaf frame thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the silk RT has leaf frame thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the silk RT has leaf frame thing is
+implemented the function foo is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented the function foo is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented the function foo is no
+longer in a stack it won't ever reach it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in a stack it won't ever reach it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in a stack it won't ever reach it
+bla bla bla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bla bla bla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bla bla bla
+so it won't return from the function foo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it won't return from the function foo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it won't return from the function foo
+while another worker is working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while another worker is working on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while another worker is working on it
+but good observation there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good observation there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good observation there's something
+else that can go wrong if the thief just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that can go wrong if the thief just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that can go wrong if the thief just
+directly uses the victim's stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's take a hint from the slide we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's take a hint from the slide we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's take a hint from the slide we
+have so far so the example that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so far so the example that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so far so the example that's going
+to be shown is that the thief steals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shown is that the thief steals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shown is that the thief steals the
+continuation of foo and then the thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation of foo and then the thief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation of foo and then the thief
+is going to call a function Baz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the thief is using the victim's stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thief is using the victim's stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thief is using the victim's stack
+and then it calls a function Baz what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it calls a function Baz what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it calls a function Baz what
+goes wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly the victim in this picture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the victim in this picture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the victim in this picture for
+example has some other functions on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example has some other functions on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example has some other functions on its
+stack below foo so if the thief does any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack below foo so if the thief does any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack below foo so if the thief does any
+function calls and is using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls and is using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls and is using the same
+stack it's gonna scribble all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack it's gonna scribble all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack it's gonna scribble all over the
+state of in this case spawn bar and bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of in this case spawn bar and bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of in this case spawn bar and bar
+which the victim is trying to use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the victim is trying to use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the victim is trying to use and
+maintain so the thief will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain so the thief will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain so the thief will end up
+corrupting the victims stack and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupting the victims stack and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupting the victims stack and if you
+think about it it's also possible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it it's also possible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it it's also possible for
+the victim to grab the thief's stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the victim to grab the thief's stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the victim to grab the thief's stack
+involved they can't they can't share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved they can't they can't share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved they can't they can't share a
+stack but they do want to share some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack but they do want to share some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack but they do want to share some
+amount of some amount of data on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of some amount of data on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of some amount of data on the
+stack they do both care about the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack they do both care about the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack they do both care about the state
+of foo and that needs to be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of foo and that needs to be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of foo and that needs to be consistent
+across all the workers but you at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the workers but you at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the workers but you at least
+need a separate call stack for the thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a separate call stack for the thief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a separate call stack for the thief
+we'd rather not do unnecessary work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd rather not do unnecessary work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd rather not do unnecessary work in
+order to initialize this call stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to initialize this call stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to initialize this call stack
+however we really need this call stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we really need this call stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we really need this call stack
+for things that the thief might might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that the thief might might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that the thief might might
+evoke variable is that the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoke variable is that the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoke variable is that the local
+variables the thief might need or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the thief might need or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the thief might need or
+functions that the thief might call or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that the thief might call or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that the thief might call or
+spawn okay so how do we implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn okay so how do we implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn okay so how do we implement the
+call stack sorry the cactus stuck we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stack sorry the cactus stuck we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call stack sorry the cactus stuck we
+have a victim sack the thief stack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a victim sack the thief stack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a victim sack the thief stack and
+we have a pretty cute trick in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a pretty cute trick in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a pretty cute trick in my
+opinion so the thief steals this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion so the thief steals this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion so the thief steals this
+continuation it's not it's gonna do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation it's not it's gonna do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation it's not it's gonna do a
+little bit of magic with its stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of magic with its stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of magic with its stack
+pointers what it's gonna do is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers what it's gonna do is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers what it's gonna do is it's
+going to use the rbp it was given which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the rbp it was given which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the rbp it was given which
+points out the victim stack and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out the victim stack and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out the victim stack and it's
+gonna set the stack pointer to point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna set the stack pointer to point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna set the stack pointer to point at
+its own stack so RB P is over there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own stack so RB P is over there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own stack so RB P is over there and
+RSP for the thief is pointing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSP for the thief is pointing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSP for the thief is pointing to the
+beginning of the thief's call stack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the thief's call stack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the thief's call stack and
+that is basically fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically fine
+the thief can access all the state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thief can access all the state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thief can access all the state in
+the function foo as offsets from RB p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function foo as offsets from RB p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function foo as offsets from RB p
+but if the thief needs to do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the thief needs to do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the thief needs to do any
+function calls we have a calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls we have a calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls we have a calling
+convention that involves saving our VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that involves saving our VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that involves saving our VP
+and updating our SP in order to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and updating our SP in order to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and updating our SP in order to execute
+the call so in particular the thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call so in particular the thief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call so in particular the thief
+calls a function bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls a function bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls a function bars
+it saves its current value of our VP on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it saves its current value of our VP on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it saves its current value of our VP on
+to its own stack okay advances RRSP it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its own stack okay advances RRSP it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its own stack okay advances RRSP it
+says RB P equal to RSP it pushes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says RB P equal to RSP it pushes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says RB P equal to RSP it pushes the
+stack frame for Baz onto the stack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame for Baz onto the stack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack frame for Baz onto the stack and
+it advances RSP a little bit further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it advances RSP a little bit further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it advances RSP a little bit further and
+just like that the thief is churning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that the thief is churning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that the thief is churning
+away on its own stack so just with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away on its own stack so just with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away on its own stack so just with this
+magic of our VP pointing there and rst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic of our VP pointing there and rst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic of our VP pointing there and rst
+pointing here we get our cactus stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing here we get our cactus stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing here we get our cactus stack
+everyone followed that anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone followed that anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone followed that anyone
+desperately confused by this stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately confused by this stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately confused by this stack
+pointer base pointer nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who thinks is kind of a neat trick all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks is kind of a neat trick all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks is kind of a neat trick all
+right cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cool
+everything is a really mundane trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is a really mundane trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is a really mundane trick
+hopefully no things are the mundane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully no things are the mundane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully no things are the mundane
+trick okay there's like half a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick okay there's like half a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick okay there's like half a hand
+there that's fine noise I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's fine noise I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's fine noise I think this is
+a neat trick just messing around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat trick just messing around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat trick just messing around with
+the stack pointers are there any worries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack pointers are there any worries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack pointers are there any worries
+about using our VP and our SP this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using our VP and our SP this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using our VP and our SP this way
+any any concerns that you might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any concerns that you might think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any concerns that you might think of
+from using using these two stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using using these two stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using using these two stack
+pointers as described in a past lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers as described in a past lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers as described in a past lecture
+briefly mentioned was a compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly mentioned was a compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly mentioned was a compiler
+optimization for dealing with stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization for dealing with stacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization for dealing with stacks
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right there was a compiler optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there was a compiler optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there was a compiler optimization
+that said in certain cases you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said in certain cases you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said in certain cases you don't
+need both the base pointer and the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need both the base pointer and the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need both the base pointer and the stack
+pointer you can do all offsets I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer you can do all offsets I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer you can do all offsets I think
+it's actually off the stack pointer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually off the stack pointer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually off the stack pointer and
+then the base pointer becomes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the base pointer becomes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the base pointer becomes an
+additional general purpose register that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional general purpose register that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional general purpose register that
+optimization clearly does not work if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization clearly does not work if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization clearly does not work if
+you need the base pointer stack pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the base pointer stack pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the base pointer stack pointer
+to do this wacky to do this wacky trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this wacky to do this wacky trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this wacky to do this wacky trick
+the answer is that the SIL compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that the SIL compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that the SIL compiler
+specifically specifically says if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically specifically says if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically specifically says if this
+function has a continuation that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has a continuation that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has a continuation that could
+be stolen don't do that optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stolen don't do that optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stolen don't do that optimization
+it's super illegal it's very bad don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's super illegal it's very bad don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's super illegal it's very bad don't
+do the optimization it's not about being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the optimization it's not about being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the optimization it's not about being
+the answer and it costs us a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer and it costs us a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer and it costs us a general
+purpose register for silk functions not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose register for silk functions not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose register for silk functions not
+the biggest loss in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest loss in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest loss in the world
+all right there's a little bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's a little bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's a little bit of time
+left so we can talk about synchronizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so we can talk about synchronizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so we can talk about synchronizing
+computation I'll give you the brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation I'll give you the brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation I'll give you the brief
+version of this this part gets fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this this part gets fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this this part gets fairly
+fairly complicated and so I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complicated and so I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complicated and so I'll give you
+a high-level summary of how all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high-level summary of how all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high-level summary of how all this
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+so just to page back in some contexts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to page back in some contexts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to page back in some contexts we
+have this scenario where different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this scenario where different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this scenario where different
+processors are executing different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors are executing different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors are executing different parts
+of our computation dag and one processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our computation dag and one processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our computation dag and one processor
+might encounter a silk sync statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might encounter a silk sync statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might encounter a silk sync statement
+that it can't execute because some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can't execute because some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can't execute because some other
+processor is busy executing some spawned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor is busy executing some spawned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor is busy executing some spawned
+sub computation now in this case P 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub computation now in this case P 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub computation now in this case P 3 is
+waiting on P 1 to finish its execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting on P 1 to finish its execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting on P 1 to finish its execution
+before the sync can proceed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the sync can proceed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the sync can proceed and
+synchronization needs to happen really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization needs to happen really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization needs to happen really
+only on the sub computation that P 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the sub computation that P 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the sub computation that P 1 is
+executing P 2 shouldn't play a role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing P 2 shouldn't play a role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing P 2 shouldn't play a role in
+this so what exactly happens when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what exactly happens when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what exactly happens when a
+worker reaches the silk sync before all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker reaches the silk sync before all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker reaches the silk sync before all
+the spawns sub computations return well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawns sub computations return well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawns sub computations return well
+we'd like to worker to become a thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to worker to become a thief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to worker to become a thief
+we'd rather the worker not just sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd rather the worker not just sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd rather the worker not just sit
+there and wait until all this balance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and wait until all this balance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and wait until all this balance of
+computation is returned that's a waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is returned that's a waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is returned that's a waste
+of a perfectly good worker but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a perfectly good worker but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a perfectly good worker but we also
+can't let the workers current function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't let the workers current function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't let the workers current function
+frame disappear there's a spawn sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame disappear there's a spawn sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame disappear there's a spawn sub
+computation that's using that frame that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that's using that frame that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that's using that frame that
+frame is its parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is its parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is its parent
+it may be accessing state in that frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be accessing state in that frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be accessing state in that frame
+and maybe trying to save a return value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe trying to save a return value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe trying to save a return value
+to some location in that frame and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some location in that frame and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some location in that frame and so
+the frame has to has to persist even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame has to has to persist even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame has to has to persist even if
+the worker that's working on the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worker that's working on the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worker that's working on the frame
+goes off and becomes a thief moreover in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes off and becomes a thief moreover in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes off and becomes a thief moreover in
+the future that's up computation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future that's up computation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future that's up computation we
+believe should return and that worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe should return and that worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe should return and that worker
+must resume the frame and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must resume the frame and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must resume the frame and actually
+execute past the silk sync finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute past the silk sync finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute past the silk sync finally the
+silk sync should only apply to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk sync should only apply to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk sync should only apply to the
+nested sub computations underneath this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested sub computations underneath this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested sub computations underneath this
+function not the program in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function not the program in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function not the program in general and
+so we don't we don't allow ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't we don't allow ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't we don't allow ourselves
+synchronization just among all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization just among all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization just among all the
+workers wholesale we don't say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers wholesale we don't say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers wholesale we don't say okay
+we've hit a sync every worker in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've hit a sync every worker in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've hit a sync every worker in the
+system must reach some point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system must reach some point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system must reach some point in the
+execution we only care about this nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution we only care about this nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution we only care about this nested
+synchronization so if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization so if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization so if we think about
+this and we're talking about nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we're talking about nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we're talking about nested
+synchronization for computations under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization for computations under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization for computations under a
+function we have this notion of cactus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have this notion of cactus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have this notion of cactus
+stack we have this notion of a tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack we have this notion of a tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack we have this notion of a tree of
+function invocations we may immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function invocations we may immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function invocations we may immediately
+start to think about well what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think about well what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think about well what if we
+just maintain some state in a tree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maintain some state in a tree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maintain some state in a tree to
+keep track of who needs to synchronize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of who needs to synchronize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of who needs to synchronize
+with whom which computations are waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with whom which computations are waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with whom which computations are waiting
+on which other computations to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which other computations to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which other computations to finish
+and in fact that's essentially what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact that's essentially what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact that's essentially what this
+so part-time system does it maintains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part-time system does it maintains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part-time system does it maintains a
+tree of states called full frames and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of states called full frames and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of states called full frames and
+those full frames store state for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those full frames store state for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those full frames store state for the
+parallel of sub computations and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel of sub computations and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel of sub computations and it
+keeps track those full frames keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps track those full frames keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps track those full frames keep track
+which sub computations are outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sub computations are outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sub computations are outstanding
+and how they relate to each other this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they relate to each other this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they relate to each other this
+is a high-level picture of a full frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high-level picture of a full frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high-level picture of a full frame
+there are some there lots of details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some there lots of details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some there lots of details
+delighted to be honest but at 30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted to be honest but at 30,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted to be honest but at 30,000
+feet a full frame keeps track of a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet a full frame keeps track of a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet a full frame keeps track of a bunch
+of information for the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information for the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information for the parallel
+execution I know I'm giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution I know I'm giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution I know I'm giving you the
+quick version of this including pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick version of this including pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick version of this including pointers
+to parent frames and possibly pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parent frames and possibly pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parent frames and possibly pointers
+to child frames or at least the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to child frames or at least the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to child frames or at least the number
+of outstanding child frames the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outstanding child frames the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outstanding child frames the
+processors when visit system work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors when visit system work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors when visit system work on
+what are called active full frames in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called active full frames in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called active full frames in
+the diagram those full frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram those full frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram those full frames
+there are the rounded rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the rounded rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the rounded rectangles
+highlight and dark blue other full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight and dark blue other full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight and dark blue other full
+frames in the system are what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames in the system are what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames in the system are what we call
+suspended there they're waiting on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended there they're waiting on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended there they're waiting on some
+sub computation to return that's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub computation to return that's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub computation to return that's what a
+full frame tree can look like under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full frame tree can look like under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full frame tree can look like under some
+execution let's see how a full frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution let's see how a full frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution let's see how a full frame
+tree can come into being just by working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree can come into being just by working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree can come into being just by working
+through an animation so suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an animation so suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an animation so suppose we have
+some worker with a bunch of spawn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some worker with a bunch of spawn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some worker with a bunch of spawn and
+called frames on its deck no one else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called frames on its deck no one else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called frames on its deck no one else
+has no other workers have anything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no other workers have anything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no other workers have anything on
+their decks and and finally some worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their decks and and finally some worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their decks and and finally some worker
+says it wants to steal sub car it wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it wants to steal sub car it wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it wants to steal sub car it wants
+a steal and I'll admit this animation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steal and I'll admit this animation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steal and I'll admit this animation is
+crafted slightly just to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafted slightly just to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafted slightly just to make the
+pictures a little bit nicer it can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures a little bit nicer it can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures a little bit nicer it can look
+more complicated in practice don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated in practice don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated in practice don't worry
+if that was actually worried of yours so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that was actually worried of yours so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that was actually worried of yours so
+what's gonna so what's gonna happen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna so what's gonna happen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna so what's gonna happen the
+thief is gonna take some frames from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief is gonna take some frames from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thief is gonna take some frames from the
+top of the victim's deck and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the victim's deck and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the victim's deck and it's
+actually going to steal not just those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to steal not just those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to steal not just those
+frames but the whole full frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames but the whole full frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames but the whole full frame
+structure along with it the full frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure along with it the full frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure along with it the full frame
+structure is just represented with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is just represented with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is just represented with this
+rounded rectangle in fact it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded rectangle in fact it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded rectangle in fact it's a
+constant size thing but the theme is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size thing but the theme is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size thing but the theme is
+gonna take the whole full frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take the whole full frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take the whole full frame
+structure and it's going to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it's going to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it's going to give the
+victim a brand new full frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim a brand new full frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim a brand new full frame and
+establish the the child to parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the the child to parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the the child to parent
+pointer in that in the victims new full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer in that in the victims new full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer in that in the victims new full
+frame that's kind of weird it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that's kind of weird it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that's kind of weird it's not
+obvious why the thief would take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious why the thief would take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious why the thief would take the
+full frame as a stealing computation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full frame as a stealing computation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full frame as a stealing computation at
+least not from one step but we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not from one step but we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not from one step but we can see
+why it helps just given one more step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it helps just given one more step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it helps just given one more step so
+let's fast forward this picture a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fast forward this picture a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fast forward this picture a little
+bit and now we have another worker try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and now we have another worker try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and now we have another worker try
+to steal some sub computation some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to steal some sub computation some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to steal some sub computation some
+computation and we have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and we have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and we have a little bit
+more stuff going on so this worker might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff going on so this worker might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff going on so this worker might
+randomly select the last worker on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly select the last worker on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly select the last worker on the
+right steal a computation from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right steal a computation from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right steal a computation from the top
+of its deck and it's gonna steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its deck and it's gonna steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its deck and it's gonna steal the
+full frame along with those along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full frame along with those along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full frame along with those along with
+the the deck frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the deck frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the deck frames
+and because it stole the full-frame all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it stole the full-frame all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it stole the full-frame all
+pointers to that full-frame from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to that full-frame from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to that full-frame from any
+child sub computations are still valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child sub computations are still valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child sub computations are still valid
+the child self computation on the Left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child self computation on the Left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child self computation on the Left
+still points to the correct full-frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still points to the correct full-frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still points to the correct full-frame
+the the full frame that was stolen has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the full frame that was stolen has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the full frame that was stolen has
+the parent context of that child and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent context of that child and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent context of that child and so
+we need to make sure that pointer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make sure that pointer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make sure that pointer is
+still it's still good if if it created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it's still good if if it created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it's still good if if it created a
+new full frame for itself then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new full frame for itself then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new full frame for itself then you would
+have to update the child pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to update the child pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to update the child pointers
+somehow and that requires more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and that requires more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and that requires more
+synchronization and a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization and a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization and a more complicated
+protocol synchronization is expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol synchronization is expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol synchronization is expensive
+protocols are complicated this ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols are complicated this ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols are complicated this ends up
+saving some complexity and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving some complexity and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving some complexity and then it
+creates a frame for the child and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a frame for the child and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a frame for the child and we can
+see this process unfold just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this process unfold just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this process unfold just a little
+bit further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello behold after a few steals we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello behold after a few steals we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello behold after a few steals we end
+up with a tree we have to two children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a tree we have to two children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a tree we have to two children
+pointing to one parent and one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to one parent and one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to one parent and one of those
+children has its own child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children has its own child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children has its own child
+great now suppose that some worker says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now suppose that some worker says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now suppose that some worker says
+oh I encountered a sink can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I encountered a sink can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I encountered a sink can i
+synchronize in this case the worker has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize in this case the worker has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize in this case the worker has
+an outstanding child computation so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outstanding child computation so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outstanding child computation so I
+can't synchronize and so we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't synchronize and so we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't synchronize and so we can't
+recycle the full frame we can't recycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle the full frame we can't recycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle the full frame we can't recycle
+any of the any of the stack for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the any of the stack for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the any of the stack for this
+child and so instead the worker will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and so instead the worker will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and so instead the worker will
+suspend its full frame turn you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend its full frame turn you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend its full frame turn you from
+dark blue light blue in our picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark blue light blue in our picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark blue light blue in our picture and
+it goes and becomes a thief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the program has ample parallelism what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program has ample parallelism what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program has ample parallelism what
+do you expect to typically happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you expect to typically happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you expect to typically happen when
+the program execution reaches a silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program execution reaches a silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program execution reaches a silk
+sync we're kind of out of time so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync we're kind of out of time so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync we're kind of out of time so I
+think I'm just gonna spoil the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm just gonna spoil the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm just gonna spoil the answer
+for this unless anyone has it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this unless anyone has it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this unless anyone has it has a
+guest handy so what's the common case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest handy so what's the common case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest handy so what's the common case
+for a silk sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the sake of time the common case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of time the common case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of time the common case is
+that the executing function has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the executing function has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the executing function has no
+outstanding children all the workers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding children all the workers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding children all the workers on
+the system we're busy doing their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we're busy doing their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we're busy doing their own
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+there's no synchronization that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no synchronization that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no synchronization that's
+necessary and so how is the runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and so how is the runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and so how is the runtime
+optimize this case it ends up using some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize this case it ends up using some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize this case it ends up using some
+bits yeah ends up having the full frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits yeah ends up having the full frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits yeah ends up having the full frame
+use some bits of an Associated stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some bits of an Associated stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some bits of an Associated stack
+frame in particular flag field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in particular flag field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in particular flag field
+and that's why when we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why when we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why when we look at the
+compiled code for a silk sync we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled code for a silk sync we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled code for a silk sync we see
+some conditions that that evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conditions that that evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conditions that that evaluate the
+flags within the within the local stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags within the within the local stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags within the within the local stack
+frame that's just an optimization to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that's just an optimization to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame that's just an optimization to say
+if you don't need a sync don't do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't need a sync don't do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't need a sync don't do any
+computation otherwise otherwise some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation otherwise otherwise some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation otherwise otherwise some
+steals really did occur go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals really did occur go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals really did occur go ahead and
+execute the silk RTS sync routine there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the silk RTS sync routine there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the silk RTS sync routine there
+are a bunch of other runtime features if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of other runtime features if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of other runtime features if
+you take a look at that picture for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at that picture for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at that picture for a
+long time you may be dissatisfied with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time you may be dissatisfied with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time you may be dissatisfied with
+what that implies about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that implies about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that implies about some of the
+protocols and there's a lot more code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols and there's a lot more code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols and there's a lot more code
+within the runtime system itself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the runtime system itself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the runtime system itself to
+implement a variety of other features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a variety of other features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a variety of other features
+such as support for C++ exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as support for C++ exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as support for C++ exceptions
+reducer hyper objects and a form of ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducer hyper objects and a form of ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducer hyper objects and a form of ID
+ID is called pedigrees we won't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID is called pedigrees we won't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID is called pedigrees we won't talk
+about that today I'm actually all out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that today I'm actually all out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that today I'm actually all out of
+time thanks for listening to all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thanks for listening to all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thanks for listening to all the all
+this about the soap run type system feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about the soap run type system feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about the soap run type system feel
+free to ask any questions after your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to ask any questions after your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to ask any questions after your
+class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZLOhV4XQ_tI.txt b/ZLOhV4XQ_tI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f3830ec4ecf1327c47a0c4d0a1fd895d330f2c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZLOhV4XQ_tI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so finally it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so finally it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so finally it's
+our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our last
+recitation and finally it's my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation and finally it's my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation and finally it's my favorite
+topic cryptography cuz I work in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic cryptography cuz I work in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic cryptography cuz I work in this
+area so I have probably a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so I have probably a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so I have probably a little bit
+more than what's required to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what's required to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what's required to tell
+you uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh so this
+recitations is uh like say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Primitives so uh we'll introduce several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives so uh we'll introduce several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives so uh we'll introduce several
+more Primitives that may be useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Primitives that may be useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Primitives that may be useful to
+your future work or study and and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future work or study and and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future work or study and and so the
+first one is digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signature so we have briefly mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so we have briefly mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so we have briefly mentioned
+digital signatures in the lecture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signatures in the lecture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signatures in the lecture but
+mainly as an application of hash right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly as an application of hash right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly as an application of hash right
+so now I'm going to introduce it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to introduce it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to introduce it as a
+standal along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primitive so as you may have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive so as you may have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive so as you may have already
+known digital signature um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known digital signature um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known digital signature um
+is used for verifying message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used for verifying message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used for verifying message
+authenticity and it's a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s and
+verify so sign takes a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify so sign takes a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify so sign takes a secret
+key and a message it outputs uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and a message it outputs uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and a message it outputs uh uh
+signature which we refer to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature which we refer to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature which we refer to as
+Sigma and verify takes a public key a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and verify takes a public key a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and verify takes a public key a
+message and a signature and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and a signature and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and a signature and output
+um either true or false I either accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um either true or false I either accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um either true or false I either accepts
+the signature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature or
+reject so uh we use secret key to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject so uh we use secret key to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject so uh we use secret key to sign
+and public key to verify that means so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public key to verify that means so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public key to verify that means so
+if I want to send a message I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to send a message I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to send a message I should be
+the only one uh who is able to sign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one uh who is able to sign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one uh who is able to sign it
+and everyone can verify that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone can verify that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone can verify that this
+message indeed comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message indeed comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message indeed comes from
+me right so what properties do we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right so what properties do we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right so what properties do we want
+from digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signatures yeah any any thoughts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead a signature and a message how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead a signature and a message how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead a signature and a message how to
+get the super key okay that's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the super key okay that's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the super key okay that's definitely
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+yeah uh I'll put um gen more General uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh I'll put um gen more General uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh I'll put um gen more General uh
+description of what you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answers only one signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mhm have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm have one
+sign okay uh so what's her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay uh so what's her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay uh so what's her
+name um e says one me a message should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um e says one me a message should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um e says one me a message should
+only have one signature okay let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one signature okay let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one signature okay let's think
+about whether that's necessary so if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether that's necessary so if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether that's necessary so if if
+my algorithm is a randomized one that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm is a randomized one that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm is a randomized one that uh
+for for the same message I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the same message I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the same message I
+output many possible signatures so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output many possible signatures so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output many possible signatures so yeah
+why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bad so for any of them they will verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so for any of them they will verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so for any of them they will verify
+if that's how my algorithm works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's how my algorithm works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's how my algorithm works
+I think that's that's fine that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's that's fine that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's that's fine that's okay
+it's not a bad thing actually randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a bad thing actually randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a bad thing actually randomized
+signature uh is considered more secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature uh is considered more secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature uh is considered more secure
+they are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficient any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thoughts you about speed at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts you about speed at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts you about speed at all
+it that's definitely one but we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's definitely one but we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's definitely one but we haven't
+have we haven't got any scheme yet so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we haven't got any scheme yet so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we haven't got any scheme yet so we
+care about functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about functionality
+first there are faster signatures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there are faster signatures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there are faster signatures and
+slower ones okay so the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower ones okay so the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower ones okay so the first one is
+actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very
+trial we first want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial we first want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial we first want
+correctness what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean that means if this Sigma is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means if this Sigma is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means if this Sigma is indeed
+generated by this design function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by this design function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by this design function that
+verify better outputs one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify better outputs one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify better outputs one right
+otherwise it should call output zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it should call output zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it should call output zero
+that's actually the first and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the first and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the first and the most
+basic property we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic property we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic property we
+want okay I I don't want to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay I I don't want to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay I I don't want to write it
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's uh okay so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh okay so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh okay so the other
+one uh so your answer is very close that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so your answer is very close that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so your answer is very close that
+you don't want to extract the secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to extract the secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to extract the secret
+key but to make it more general what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key but to make it more general what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key but to make it more general what we
+really want is unforgeability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means if I have the secret key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if I have the secret key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if I have the secret key and
+someone else an adversary who does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else an adversary who does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else an adversary who does not
+have the secret key should not be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the secret key should not be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the secret key should not be able
+to sign the message to pretend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me right so they should not produ be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right so they should not produ be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right so they should not produ be
+able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+produce M Star Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce M Star Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce M Star Sigma
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay such that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+verifies make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifies make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifies make
+sense uh so what you said is a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh so what you said is a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh so what you said is a special
+case of this so if they can extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of this so if they can extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of this so if they can extract
+somehow extract the secret key then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow extract the secret key then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow extract the secret key then of
+course they can forge my signature on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they can forge my signature on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they can forge my signature on
+any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+messages right but we do want to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages right but we do want to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages right but we do want to also
+prevent the attack where they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the attack where they do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the attack where they do not
+they cannot EX the secret key but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot EX the secret key but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot EX the secret key but they
+somehow can forge another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow can forge another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow can forge another
+signature but usually we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature but usually we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature but usually we want to make
+the uh adversary adversary more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh adversary adversary more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh adversary adversary more
+powerful because well then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because well then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because well then we have
+higher confidence that uh we won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher confidence that uh we won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher confidence that uh we won't be
+attacked so an adversary it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked so an adversary it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked so an adversary it's totally
+reasonable for it to see a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable for it to see a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable for it to see a bunch of
+messages from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+right because I am signing messages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I am signing messages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I am signing messages and
+output it to the world so an adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output it to the world so an adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output it to the world so an adversary
+may have seen some of the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen some of the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen some of the message
+signature pairs I generated right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature pairs I generated right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature pairs I generated right but
+still we do not want it to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we do not want it to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we do not want it to create a
+forgery then how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgery then how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgery then how is that
+defined because he can definitely send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined because he can definitely send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined because he can definitely send
+one of these back that's a valid message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these back that's a valid message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these back that's a valid message
+signature pair so our unforgeability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature pair so our unforgeability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature pair so our unforgeability
+requirement is defined to be uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is defined to be uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement is defined to be uh he
+should not be able to send such a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be able to send such a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be able to send such a pair
+where M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where M
+Star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star is
+different from any message he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from any message he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from any message he has
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+seen there is no way to prevent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen there is no way to prevent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen there is no way to prevent the
+adversary from sending one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary from sending one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary from sending one of the
+message signature pairs he had seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before okay so far uh pretty St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forward now how can we get um digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward now how can we get um digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward now how can we get um digital
+signatures so in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+days uh researchers and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days uh researchers and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days uh researchers and it's actually
+great computer scientist they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great computer scientist they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great computer scientist they
+propose digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose digital
+signature can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implemented as the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented as the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented as the inverse
+of public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+encryption what does that mean uh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption what does that mean uh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption what does that mean uh so I
+use RSA as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so RSA
+encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is m to the E mod n right decryption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m to the E mod n right decryption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m to the E mod n right decryption is
+C to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to the
+D mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so the first attempt is we will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so the first attempt is we will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so the first attempt is we will just
+use this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this as
+our sign function and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sign function and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sign function and use
+this as our verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as our verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as our verify
+function okay so now this symbol is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so now this symbol is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so now this symbol is a
+little bit confusing so now I'm signing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing so now I'm signing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing so now I'm signing
+a message uh I call C okay okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message uh I call C okay okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message uh I call C okay okay let me
+let me actually change it this is RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually change it this is RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually change it this is RSA
+encryption I'm going to transform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption I'm going to transform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption I'm going to transform it
+into signature scheme where sign signs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into signature scheme where sign signs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into signature scheme where sign signs a
+message and verify raise the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and verify raise the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and verify raise the signature
+Sigma to the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to the power of
+v and checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and checks
+uh whether or not I get back my message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this actually makes a lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually makes a lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually makes a lot of sense
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+because think of it think of M as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because think of it think of M as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because think of it think of M as a
+cipher text then if I decrypt it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cipher text then if I decrypt it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cipher text then if I decrypt it and
+then reencrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reencrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reencrypt
+it I should get back my Cipher text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I should get back my Cipher text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I should get back my Cipher text
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+correctness we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctness and why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness and why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness and why is it
+unforgeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforgeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforgeable
+because an attacker does not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an attacker does not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an attacker does not have the
+secret key so he should should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key so he should should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key so he should should not be
+able to decrypt this this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to decrypt this this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to decrypt this this m
+here you cannot run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm right that's the reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right that's the reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right that's the reasoning
+behind it so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but
+unfortunately it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it is
+broken and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken and
+so I'll give you say several minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll give you say several minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll give you say several minutes to
+think about it can you come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it can you come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it can you come up with an
+attack a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack a
+forgery you can see a bunch of messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgery you can see a bunch of messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgery you can see a bunch of messages
+and then output a forgery for a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then output a forgery for a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then output a forgery for a message
+you have you haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh can you speak louder if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you speak louder if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you speak louder if you take the
+product of any messages exactly okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of any messages exactly okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of any messages exactly okay so
+if an adversary has seen a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an adversary has seen a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an adversary has seen a bunch of
+messages because RSA has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages because RSA has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages because RSA has
+this Sometimes good sometimes nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Sometimes good sometimes nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Sometimes good sometimes nice
+sometimes bad property that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes bad property that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes bad property that it's
+multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative
+homomorphic or well use a less fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homomorphic or well use a less fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homomorphic or well use a less fancy
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+malleable so if an adversary sees this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable so if an adversary sees this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable so if an adversary sees this
+messages it can set M Star to be M1 * M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages it can set M Star to be M1 * M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages it can set M Star to be M1 * M2
+and sigma star to Sigma 1 * Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma star to Sigma 1 * Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma star to Sigma 1 * Sigma
+2 right you can check this is a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right you can check this is a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right you can check this is a valid
+signature message signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair right you take this entire thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair right you take this entire thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair right you take this entire thing
+raised to D and that's the raised to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to D and that's the raised to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to D and that's the raised to D
+individually and then multiply together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and then multiply together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and then multiply together
+and that's exactly this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here Attack One okay there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Attack One okay there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Attack One okay there's actually
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attack that's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that's even
+simpler and tells you the scheme is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and tells you the scheme is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and tells you the scheme is even
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+broken so all I want to do is that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken so all I want to do is that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken so all I want to do is that come
+up with a sigma when it raised to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a sigma when it raised to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a sigma when it raised to e
+that's equal to M right okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to M right okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to M right okay so I'm
+going to select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to select the
+sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute M Sigma ra to e because e is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute M Sigma ra to e because e is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute M Sigma ra to e because e is my
+public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+key mod N I can do that right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key mod N I can do that right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key mod N I can do that right and then
+output Sigma M oh sorry M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma okay I select the signature first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay I select the signature first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay I select the signature first
+and I raise it to the power of E I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I raise it to the power of E I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I raise it to the power of E I get a
+very strange message but doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange message but doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange message but doesn't matter
+that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forgery okay so now you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgery okay so now you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgery okay so now you can see the
+scheme is well basically totally broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme is well basically totally broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme is well basically totally broken
+but they actually come from our well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they actually come from our well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they actually come from our well
+several renowned scientists why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several renowned scientists why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several renowned scientists why is that
+the case because actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case because actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case because actually that
+definition didn't exist when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition didn't exist when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition didn't exist when they were
+trying to when when they were working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to when when they were working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to when when they were working on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and so that definition looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so that definition looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so that definition looks
+obvious today but it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious today but it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious today but it's actually not
+obvious at all and I think it's this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious at all and I think it's this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious at all and I think it's this uh
+this algorithms come in the 70s 78 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithms come in the 70s 78 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithms come in the 70s 78 and
+in 82 gold warer and mikali two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 82 gold warer and mikali two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 82 gold warer and mikali two
+professors from MIT proposed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors from MIT proposed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors from MIT proposed the
+definition for Signature encryption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for Signature encryption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for Signature encryption and
+basically everything in cryptography and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything in cryptography and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything in cryptography and
+they want another touring word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so let's try to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas we do not want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we do not want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we do not want to change
+the uh framework let's still use RSA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh framework let's still use RSA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh framework let's still use RSA and
+combine it with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine it with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine it with some
+other primitive you have seen to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other primitive you have seen to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other primitive you have seen to try to
+fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for what do we want to do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what do we want to do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what do we want to do we want to
+break this uh multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property right and we want to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right and we want to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right and we want to break
+this or this step whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or this step whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or this step whatever it's
+called go ahead can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change change this end yeah okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change change this end yeah okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change change this end yeah okay right
+now just to remind you it's a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just to remind you it's a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just to remind you it's a product of
+two primes okay PQ mhm it's a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two primes okay PQ mhm it's a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two primes okay PQ mhm it's a product of
+two two prime sorry that's how RSA works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two prime sorry that's how RSA works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two prime sorry that's how RSA works
+so what's your idea uh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead we get the function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead we get the function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead we get the function it
+exactly uh okay let's just make a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh okay let's just make a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh okay let's just make a small
+change so s will be hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so s will be hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so s will be hash of
+M raised to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M raised to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M raised to D
+and verify will be yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verify will be yeah just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verify will be yeah just
+ver oh okay let check whether has of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver oh okay let check whether has of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver oh okay let check whether has of m
+equals signature ra to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e this indeed fixes the uh these attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this indeed fixes the uh these attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this indeed fixes the uh these attacks
+why because now you need well if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because now you need well if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because now you need well if you do
+this hash of M M1 times hash of M2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hash of M M1 times hash of M2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hash of M M1 times hash of M2 is
+not going to be hash of M Star right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be hash of M Star right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be hash of M Star right
+hash is supposed to be Sol random that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash is supposed to be Sol random that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash is supposed to be Sol random that's
+not going to work and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work and here
+uh what the attacker need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the attacker need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the attacker need to
+do is to find Hash of M such that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to find Hash of M such that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to find Hash of M such that it's
+ra uh Sigma raised to e it can still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra uh Sigma raised to e it can still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra uh Sigma raised to e it can still do
+this but it does not know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it does not know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it does not know what this
+message is because of the one-wayness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is because of the one-wayness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is because of the one-wayness of
+hash function if we use a good hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function if we use a good hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function if we use a good hash
+function there then it indeed fixes both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there then it indeed fixes both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there then it indeed fixes both
+the attacks but we have seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacks but we have seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacks but we have seen in the
+lecture that this hash function also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that this hash function also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that this hash function also
+needs to be Collision resistant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be Collision resistant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be Collision resistant right
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+that okay question isn't the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay question isn't the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay question isn't the message
+public yeah the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public yeah the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public yeah the message
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point oh no but okay you are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point oh no but okay you are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point oh no but okay you are talking
+about this attack right so the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this attack right so the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this attack right so the attacker
+needs to find the public message but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to find the public message but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to find the public message but all
+you can do is select the sigma and raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is select the sigma and raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is select the sigma and raise
+it to e that's going to be it's hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to e that's going to be it's hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to e that's going to be it's hash of
+M right and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M right and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M right and then he
+cannot figure out what this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what about the other way I mean if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what about the other way I mean if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what about the other way I mean if he
+has two messages he can still get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two messages he can still get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two messages he can still get and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get uh okay so he then he gets hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh okay so he then he gets hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh okay so he then he gets hash of
+M1 he gets hash of M2 but you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 he gets hash of M2 but you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 he gets hash of M2 but you need to
+find the M Star such that it's hash is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the M Star such that it's hash is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the M Star such that it's hash is
+the multiplication of these two and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication of these two and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication of these two and yeah
+he does not know how to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if the hash is uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if the hash is uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if the hash is uh not
+multiplicative one way and collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative one way and collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative one way and collision
+resistant then it seems that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant then it seems that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant then it seems that we have
+fixed all the attacks we know however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed all the attacks we know however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed all the attacks we know however
+how do we know there are no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know there are no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know there are no other
+attacks so actually indeed this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks so actually indeed this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks so actually indeed this is a
+good idea um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea um we
+have several national standards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several national standards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several national standards that
+just use this but slightly differently I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this but slightly differently I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this but slightly differently I
+can well it's just this is just for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information and so there's a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so there's a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so there's a standard
+called NC okay whatever X through 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called NC okay whatever X through 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called NC okay whatever X through 9
+3.5 sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 sorry
+.1 it uses RSA on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it takes the hash of the message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes the hash of the message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes the hash of the message and
+pad with this uh Hax string well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad with this uh Hax string well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad with this uh Hax string well and
+prepend it and pend another Hax string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepend it and pend another Hax string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepend it and pend another Hax string
+okay why why do they do that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why why do they do that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why why do they do that they don't
+know either but they just think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know either but they just think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know either but they just think it's
+probably more secure than only using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more secure than only using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more secure than only using a
+hash right there's another standard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash right there's another standard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash right there's another standard that
+has a different string and a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different string and a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different string and a different
+string here and okay doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string here and okay doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string here and okay doesn't
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+so that's indeed a weakness of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's indeed a weakness of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's indeed a weakness of these
+types of approaches so their security is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of approaches so their security is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of approaches so their security is
+what we called ad hoc they do we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called ad hoc they do we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called ad hoc they do we do not
+know how to break them but we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to break them but we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to break them but we do not
+know how to prove they are secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either yet that's what people do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+practice so unfortunately that's uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so unfortunately that's uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so unfortunately that's uh all
+I can tell you today so how not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you today so how not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you today so how not to
+construct the digital signature I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the digital signature I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the digital signature I cannot
+tell you how to construct the secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how to construct the secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how to construct the secure
+digital signature because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signature because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signature because that's the
+that's out of the scope of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out of the scope of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out of the scope of this class
+and it's uh major Topic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cryptography any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far go ahead the function here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far go ahead the function here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far go ahead the function here is the
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+way uh yes yes it's one way Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh yes yes it's one way Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh yes yes it's one way Collision
+resistant and so what is theuse of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant and so what is theuse of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant and so what is theuse of us
+the we just only function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we just only function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we just only function
+then um okay good question so okay let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um okay good question so okay let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um okay good question so okay let
+me let's be clear what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let's be clear what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let's be clear what you're
+saying okay okay can you answer your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay okay can you answer your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay okay can you answer your own
+question so my question was why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so my question was why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so my question was why do we
+have to use the r why we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use the r why we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use the r why we have the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+mhm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm so
+ADV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah how how does it create the fery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how how does it create the fery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how how does it create the fery
+yeah just answer your own question let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just answer your own question let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just answer your own question let
+everyone else know maybe they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else know maybe they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else know maybe they have the
+same question sorry answer your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question sorry answer your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question sorry answer your own
+question so my answer is so aders you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so my answer is so aders you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so my answer is so aders you
+can't just choose random message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just choose random message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just choose random message and
+hash it yeah what's the problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash it yeah what's the problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash it yeah what's the problem the
+problem is that a hash function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that a hash function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that a hash function is a
+public function that everybody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public function that everybody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public function that everybody can
+compute right so the attacker just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute right so the attacker just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute right so the attacker just
+choose a message compute this hash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a message compute this hash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a message compute this hash and
+so using the hash is it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using the hash is it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using the hash is it's not a
+signature but good point I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature but good point I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature but good point I'm actually
+coming to that uh so so far we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to that uh so so far we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to that uh so so far we have seen
+three major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Primitives private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+encryption public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+encryption and digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signature so if we categorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so if we categorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature so if we categorize
+them little bit so these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them little bit so these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them little bit so these two are
+asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric
+key right they have public key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key right they have public key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key right they have public key and
+secret key this one is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and these
+two are uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secrecy they are trying to hide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy they are trying to hide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy they are trying to hide the
+message and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and this one is
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+integrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity
+meaning the message is uh what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the message is uh what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the message is uh what the
+sender sends okay so you can see we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender sends okay so you can see we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender sends okay so you can see we are
+missing one primitive here right what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing one primitive here right what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing one primitive here right what if
+the two parties they do share a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two parties they do share a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two parties they do share a secret
+key and uh one party wants to verify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and uh one party wants to verify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and uh one party wants to verify the
+other party the message indeed comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other party the message indeed comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other party the message indeed comes
+from the other party okay so indeed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other party okay so indeed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other party okay so indeed we
+do have a A Primitive for that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have a A Primitive for that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have a A Primitive for that it's
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+message authentication code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message authentication code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message authentication code
+so it definition is basically exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it definition is basically exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it definition is basically exactly
+the same as uh digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as uh digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as uh digital
+signature okay um just going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature okay um just going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature okay um just going to change
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+here except that it has only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key so the sign function is replaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so the sign function is replaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so the sign function is replaced by
+a Mac and there's no notion of secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Mac and there's no notion of secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Mac and there's no notion of secret
+key and public key we have only one key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and public key we have only one key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and public key we have only one key
+and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we
+verify okay okay so verify function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify okay okay so verify function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify okay okay so verify function
+basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just
+becomes uh the other guy also recomputes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh the other guy also recomputes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh the other guy also recomputes
+the Mac of the message and check whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac of the message and check whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac of the message and check whether
+the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signature so verifier just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recompute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compare okay correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare okay correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare okay correct
+uh we also want correctness we also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we also want correctness we also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we also want correctness we also want
+unforgeability and it's defined exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforgeability and it's defined exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforgeability and it's defined exactly
+in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way now actually I would have asked this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now actually I would have asked this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now actually I would have asked this
+question here uh is Hash uh valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mac the answer is still no right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac the answer is still no right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac the answer is still no right because
+Mac is a public function everyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac is a public function everyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac is a public function everyone can
+compute and it's trivial to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and it's trivial to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and it's trivial to come up with
+a forgy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forgy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forgy
+okay so thank you for asking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question but the hash is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay how can we get a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay how can we get a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay how can we get a message
+authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code so several ideas can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so several ideas can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so several ideas can we
+just hash the key concatenated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hash the key concatenated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hash the key concatenated with the
+message right then some other random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message right then some other random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message right then some other random
+attacker who doesn't have the key does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker who doesn't have the key does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker who doesn't have the key does
+not know how to compute this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know how to compute this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know how to compute this thing
+right that's a reasonable idea but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a reasonable idea but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a reasonable idea but well
+if we can do it this way how about we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can do it this way how about we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can do it this way how about we do
+the message concatenate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message concatenate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message concatenate with the
+key or if you want you can do key conc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key or if you want you can do key conc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key or if you want you can do key conc
+with message and then conatin with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it turns out uh this doesn't work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out uh this doesn't work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out uh this doesn't work for
+some very Advanced reasons and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very Advanced reasons and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very Advanced reasons and this one
+may or may not for sha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not for sha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not for sha
+one uh it doesn't work unfortunately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh it doesn't work unfortunately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh it doesn't work unfortunately and
+for sha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sha
+three that's the replacement for sha one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's the replacement for sha one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's the replacement for sha one
+and Sh sha two it actually works so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sh sha two it actually works so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sh sha two it actually works so the
+simple simplest Mac we can imagine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple simplest Mac we can imagine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple simplest Mac we can imagine is
+just to choose shot three as the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to choose shot three as the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to choose shot three as the hash
+function and input uh is the key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and input uh is the key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and input uh is the key and
+then the message okay but not the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the message okay but not the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the message okay but not the other
+way that's also just FYI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's also just FYI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's also just FYI
+purpose oh by the way there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose oh by the way there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose oh by the way there's another
+reasonable thought that is how about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thought that is how about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thought that is how about we
+encrypt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hash right now everyone can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash right now everyone can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash right now everyone can compute the
+hash but they don't know how to encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash but they don't know how to encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash but they don't know how to encrypt
+if I use say secret key encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use say secret key encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use say secret key encryption
+oh this turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this turns out to
+be wrong as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay that's digal digital signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay that's digal digital signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay that's digal digital signature
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mac uh but one cave it here our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac uh but one cave it here our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac uh but one cave it here our
+unforgeability is defined this way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforgeability is defined this way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unforgeability is defined this way a
+little bit strange but makes sense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit strange but makes sense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit strange but makes sense uh
+but it indeed has some weak Ness in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it indeed has some weak Ness in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it indeed has some weak Ness in some
+applications so imagine say I sent you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so imagine say I sent you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so imagine say I sent you a
+message uh today's recitation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message uh today's recitation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message uh today's recitation is
+cancelled and it has my signature on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled and it has my signature on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled and it has my signature on it
+right so you can verify it indeed comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can verify it indeed comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can verify it indeed comes
+from me but once I sent that message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me but once I sent that message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me but once I sent that message
+every of you has that message right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every of you has that message right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every of you has that message right so
+next week one of you can send that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week one of you can send that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week one of you can send that
+message again saying today's recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message again saying today's recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message again saying today's recitation
+is canceled then you have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is canceled then you have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is canceled then you have no idea
+whether it's indeed me sending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's indeed me sending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's indeed me sending the
+message again or someone doing a April
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message again or someone doing a April
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message again or someone doing a April
+four day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+joke so how do we how do we prevent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke so how do we how do we prevent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke so how do we how do we prevent that
+well of course one thing I can do is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course one thing I can do is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course one thing I can do is if
+I'm smart I'll say today like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm smart I'll say today like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm smart I'll say today like
+parenthesis May the 8th recitation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis May the 8th recitation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis May the 8th recitation is
+canceled right then you cannot repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled right then you cannot repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled right then you cannot repeat
+that message but uh we want to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message but uh we want to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message but uh we want to protect
+human dubil right that's the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human dubil right that's the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human dubil right that's the whole point
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+cryptography so one thing we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography so one thing we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography so one thing we could
+do let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modification when I sign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+message I'll sign one concatenated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message I'll sign one concatenated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message I'll sign one concatenated with
+my message right next time I sign two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my message right next time I sign two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my message right next time I sign two
+concatenate with my message and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate with my message and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate with my message and then
+three four and just have this counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and just have this counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and just have this counter
+that keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps
+incrementing okay that Tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing okay that Tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing okay that Tri
+fixes so you can verify if you receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes so you can verify if you receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes so you can verify if you receive
+um uh the same message with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the same message with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the same message with the same
+counter then you know it's someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter then you know it's someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter then you know it's someone else
+who is resending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is resending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is resending
+it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so
+that's uh one thing we need to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh one thing we need to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh one thing we need to do for
+Signature in practic practical use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signature in practic practical use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signature in practic practical use
+now uh consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh consider
+another totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another totally different
+application so say I think everyone uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so say I think everyone uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so say I think everyone uses
+Google Drive Dropbox something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Drive Dropbox something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Drive Dropbox something like that
+right you store a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+files um well this Cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Server and you you you are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Server and you you you are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Server and you you you are here
+you have a say cell phone and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a say cell phone and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a say cell phone and you can
+access your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access your
+files but how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files but how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files but how do you
+know when you read a file it is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you read a file it is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you read a file it is indeed
+your file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your file
+unmodified how do you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodified how do you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodified how do you know maybe
+Google messes with you or there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google messes with you or there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google messes with you or there's
+someone in the middle who changes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the middle who changes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the middle who changes your
+file so okay usually most the people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file so okay usually most the people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file so okay usually most the people do
+not care about that but well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not care about that but well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not care about that but well in
+cryptography we do care about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in that case Mac and signatures do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case Mac and signatures do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case Mac and signatures do
+not help us why because if you uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not help us why because if you uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not help us why because if you uh just
+store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a
+Mac uh alongside each file what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong um okay but if they modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong um okay but if they modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong um okay but if they modify the
+file they do not know how to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file they do not know how to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file they do not know how to generate a
+Mac for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac for
+their version of the file right but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their version of the file right but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their version of the file right but what
+they can do is you have this file and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do is you have this file and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do is you have this file and
+then you come and write it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you come and write it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you come and write it and you
+generate a new Mac when you read it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a new Mac when you read it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a new Mac when you read it they
+give you the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the old
+version that has the valid signature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that has the valid signature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that has the valid signature or
+Mac on it because you generated that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it see uh you all see the problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it see uh you all see the problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it see uh you all see the problem you
+haven't seen the problem okay what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen the problem okay what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen the problem okay what do
+you mean they give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean they give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean they give you the
+okay so you have this file right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have this file right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have this file right you
+generate the Mac but you some uh at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the Mac but you some uh at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the Mac but you some uh at some
+point you want to update the file okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you want to update the file okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you want to update the file okay
+you want to you update this file to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you update this file to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you update this file to this
+file Prime and generate a new Mac right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file Prime and generate a new Mac right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file Prime and generate a new Mac right
+maybe then file double Prime Mac double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then file double Prime Mac double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then file double Prime Mac double
+Prime uh in this application we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh in this application we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh in this application we want
+freshness right when you read this file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshness right when you read this file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshness right when you read this file
+you want the latest version of the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the latest version of the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the latest version of the file
+so it should be the it should be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should be the it should be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should be the it should be what
+you wrote there last time right but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote there last time right but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote there last time right but when
+you're trying to read the file an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to read the file an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to read the file an
+attacker can give you this pair right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can give you this pair right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can give you this pair right if
+you check the Mac it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check the Mac it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check the Mac it's going to
+match this is also a valid message Mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair okay now everyone sees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem okay so what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so what can we
+do uh well one thing we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh well one thing we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh well one thing we could
+do is store all these Macs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is store all these Macs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is store all these Macs
+here on your phone right Mac one Mac 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on your phone right Mac one Mac 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on your phone right Mac one Mac 2
+a Mac for every single file but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Mac for every single file but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Mac for every single file but if you
+do that in fact we do not need Mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in fact we do not need Mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in fact we do not need Mac
+anymore or we can just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hash okay so I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash okay so I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash okay so I'll say
+Sigma I'll use sigmas but they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hashes well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes well this is
+probably good enough in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good enough in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good enough in practice
+so I'll say these files are X1 X2 X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll say these files are X1 X2 X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll say these files are X1 X2 X3
+X4 and you just create a hash for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 and you just create a hash for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 and you just create a hash for each
+of them and store them locally and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and store them locally and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and store them locally and the
+model here is that an an attacker cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here is that an an attacker cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here is that an an attacker cannot
+modify files on your own computer or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify files on your own computer or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify files on your own computer or on
+your own phone and then you can download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own phone and then you can download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own phone and then you can download
+the file match uh Compares it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file match uh Compares it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file match uh Compares it with the
+latest version of the hash and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest version of the hash and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest version of the hash and then you
+are convinced that it's the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are convinced that it's the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are convinced that it's the latest
+version right this is probably a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version right this is probably a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version right this is probably a good
+enough solution uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough solution uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough solution uh the
+only downside is that we do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only downside is that we do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only downside is that we do have to
+store a lot of hashes if you need a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a lot of hashes if you need a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a lot of hashes if you need a if
+you have a lot of files or in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of files or in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of files or in our
+algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminology we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology we
+say your space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your space
+complexity is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is over
+n right uh here I mean your local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right uh here I mean your local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right uh here I mean your local
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can we somehow reduce the space comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can we somehow reduce the space comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can we somehow reduce the space comp
+local space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complexity well one thing we could do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity well one thing we could do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity well one thing we could do is
+to concatenate all the files together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concatenate all the files together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concatenate all the files together
+generate a single hash and store that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a single hash and store that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a single hash and store that
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hash so everything in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash so everything in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash so everything in one
+try then we do have of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try then we do have of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try then we do have of one
+space but there's a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem can anyone tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me uh okay I think I think you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh okay I think I think you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh okay I think I think you are
+thinking in the uh right thing so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in the uh right thing so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in the uh right thing so how do
+I verify if I want to I cannot verify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I verify if I want to I cannot verify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I verify if I want to I cannot verify a
+single file I have to download all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single file I have to download all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single file I have to download all the
+files and recompute the hash to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files and recompute the hash to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files and recompute the hash to
+verify so the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify so the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify so the time
+complexity is o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and also if I want to update this file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and also if I want to update this file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and also if I want to update this file
+I have to recompute the hash right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to recompute the hash right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to recompute the hash right that
+involves again downloading all the files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves again downloading all the files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves again downloading all the files
+and feed them into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hash and we do have a better solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash and we do have a better solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash and we do have a better solution
+than both of them which is called a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than both of them which is called a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than both of them which is called a hash
+tree or merco tree it's invented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mle what we will do is so first for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mle what we will do is so first for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mle what we will do is so first for
+every file we're going to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash
+okay uh okay let me again use Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh okay let me again use Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh okay let me again use Sigma
+because H is unclear whether it's a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because H is unclear whether it's a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because H is unclear whether it's a hash
+value or a hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or a hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or a hash function
+Sigma 2 Sigma 3 Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 so I said a h tree and you guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so I said a h tree and you guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so I said a h tree and you guess what
+the what's the next step to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah
+exactly we're going to create a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we're going to create a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we're going to create a okay
+Sigma 5 which is the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 5 which is the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 5 which is the hash
+of Sigma 1 concatenated with Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sigma 1 concatenated with Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sigma 1 concatenated with Sigma
+2 okay so we do the same thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you all know what it is right I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you all know what it is right I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you all know what it is right I don't
+need to write it and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write it and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write it and keep
+going until we get a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hash and then we are going to store this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash and then we are going to store this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash and then we are going to store this
+thing locally on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the local storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the local storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the local storage
+complexity of one we only storing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of one we only storing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of one we only storing one
+hash locally so what's the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complexity okay so how do I verify MH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity okay so how do I verify MH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity okay so how do I verify MH
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+login yeah how do I verify I need to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login yeah how do I verify I need to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login yeah how do I verify I need to so
+first verify if this hash matches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first verify if this hash matches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first verify if this hash matches and
+then read this hash and verify whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then read this hash and verify whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then read this hash and verify whether
+this link matches and verify whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link matches and verify whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link matches and verify whether
+this one matches and then I'm done right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one matches and then I'm done right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one matches and then I'm done right
+if I want to update I also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to update I also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to update I also need to
+update this hash then it causes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update this hash then it causes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update this hash then it causes this
+hash to change and then that hash to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash to change and then that hash to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash to change and then that hash to
+change but it's always some path in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but it's always some path in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but it's always some path in that
+tree it doesn't affect anything globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it doesn't affect anything globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it doesn't affect anything globally
+question but you're not storing signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but you're not storing signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but you're not storing signal
+uh say again you're not storing signal F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say again you're not storing signal F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say again you're not storing signal F
+I am not yeah I have to go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am not yeah I have to go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am not yeah I have to go ahead and
+read it from where from um Google drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it from where from um Google drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it from where from um Google drive
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+Dropbox so are we sure that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox so are we sure that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox so are we sure that that is
+secure okay yeah so that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure okay yeah so that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure okay yeah so that's that's the
+next thing we're going to do is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing we're going to do is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing we're going to do is this
+secure or in other words can an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure or in other words can an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure or in other words can an
+adversary changes one of the files and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary changes one of the files and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary changes one of the files and
+somehow maintain the same root hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow maintain the same root hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow maintain the same root hash
+right that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course we assume the hash is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we assume the hash is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we assume the hash is
+Collision resistant or I should say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistant or I should say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistant or I should say if
+the hash is Collision resistant then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash is Collision resistant then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash is Collision resistant then
+this hash3 is Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistant any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+oh anyone wants to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it go ahead so like the root I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go ahead so like the root I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go ahead so like the root I
+eventually one of thead will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually one of thead will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually one of thead will be
+different because you change it yeah now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because you change it yeah now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because you change it yeah now
+if you want the root to be the same then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the root to be the same then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the root to be the same then
+the other has to be different but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other has to be different but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other has to be different but there
+no I it's hard to find the other yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I it's hard to find the other yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I it's hard to find the other yeah
+correct so okay so uh I'll just repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so okay so uh I'll just repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so okay so uh I'll just repeat
+what you said but I'll start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said but I'll start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said but I'll start with the
+leaf because that's easier for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf because that's easier for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf because that's easier for me to
+think about so say I change this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about so say I change this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about so say I change this one
+this block now I claim this hash here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block now I claim this hash here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block now I claim this hash here
+will change right if it doesn't then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change right if it doesn't then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change right if it doesn't then I
+have found a condition right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found a condition right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found a condition right because
+this X4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this X4
+Prime has the same hash as the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime has the same hash as the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime has the same hash as the original
+X4 okay so if this Sigma 4 changes then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 okay so if this Sigma 4 changes then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 okay so if this Sigma 4 changes then
+Sigma 6 will change otherwise I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 6 will change otherwise I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 6 will change otherwise I have
+found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a
+c uh because this Sigma 3 concatenate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c uh because this Sigma 3 concatenate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c uh because this Sigma 3 concatenate
+with the new Sigma 4 is my C right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the new Sigma 4 is my C right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the new Sigma 4 is my C right so
+same argument either this one changes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument either this one changes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument either this one changes or
+I have found a c I repeat the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have found a c I repeat the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have found a c I repeat the argument
+on all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any question about
+that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what
+like changes like two functions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like changes like two functions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like changes like two functions for
+example1 and2 M but uh Sigma one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example1 and2 M but uh Sigma one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example1 and2 M but uh Sigma one and
+sigma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 2
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+stay the okay so then we have found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the okay so then we have found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the okay so then we have found a
+CIS that is Sigma Sigma one concatenate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS that is Sigma Sigma one concatenate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS that is Sigma Sigma one concatenate
+with Sigma 2 that's a coll with the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Sigma 2 that's a coll with the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Sigma 2 that's a coll with the new
+Sigma one concatenated with the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma one concatenated with the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma one concatenated with the new
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense and com oh so if the conc stay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and com oh so if the conc stay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and com oh so if the conc stay the
+same that means both of them are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that means both of them are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that means both of them are the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I'm not sure if I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm not sure if I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm not sure if I understand
+your question so concatenation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question so concatenation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question so concatenation is
+basically just a bunch of bits Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a bunch of bits Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a bunch of bits Then
+followed by another bunch of bits right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by another bunch of bits right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by another bunch of bits right
+if this entire thing is the same that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this entire thing is the same that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this entire thing is the same that
+means this part is the same and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this part is the same and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this part is the same and this
+part is the same right and if your Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the same right and if your Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the same right and if your Sigma
+one new Sigma one is the same as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one new Sigma one is the same as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one new Sigma one is the same as your
+old Sigma 1 that means I have found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Sigma 1 that means I have found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Sigma 1 that means I have found the
+colation here because you changed it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colation here because you changed it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colation here because you changed it but
+your Sigma doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Sigma doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Sigma doesn't
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so lastly um going to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so lastly um going to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so lastly um going to I'm going to
+do a quick review of the napsack problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick review of the napsack problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick review of the napsack problem
+CU I think in the lecture uh really run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU I think in the lecture uh really run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU I think in the lecture uh really run
+out the time and didn't measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything okay so if you record the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay so if you record the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay so if you record the
+napsack crypto system uh it says we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack crypto system uh it says we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack crypto system uh it says we have
+a napsack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a napsack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a napsack
+problem uh our cor U1 to un and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh our cor U1 to un and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh our cor U1 to un and then
+we're going to transform it okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to transform it okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to transform it okay this is
+a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super
+increasing sequence I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing sequence I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing sequence I'm going to
+transform into a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one by multiplying a n and then mod M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by multiplying a n and then mod M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by multiplying a n and then mod M
+right so this is a easy problem and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a easy problem and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a easy problem and that
+is a hard problem so how do I encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hard problem so how do I encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hard problem so how do I encrypt
+I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going
+to uh take a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh take a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh take a subset
+sum which is MI wi where Mi I is the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum which is MI wi where Mi I is the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum which is MI wi where Mi I is the I
+bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+message so how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so how do I
+decrypt I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt I'll take
+this uh transform this s back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh transform this s back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh transform this s back to
+the to the super increasing domain by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the super increasing domain by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the super increasing domain by
+multiplyer inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplyer inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplyer inverse of
+n okay so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be inverse of n multiplied by this Mi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inverse of n multiplied by this Mi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inverse of n multiplied by this Mi I
+wi so that's how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi so that's how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi so that's how I
+encrypted and then each wi is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted and then each wi is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted and then each wi is n
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UI so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI so
+good okay so that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so that gives
+me Mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Mi
+itimes UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma of course every step is modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M so the first thing I'm going to claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so the first thing I'm going to claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so the first thing I'm going to claim
+is that M has to be larger than Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that M has to be larger than Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that M has to be larger than Sigma
+UI right if that's the case then the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI right if that's the case then the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI right if that's the case then the T
+my T is just this uh subset sum right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my T is just this uh subset sum right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my T is just this uh subset sum right so
+if I solve this napsack problem I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I solve this napsack problem I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I solve this napsack problem I get
+the same answer as solving the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer as solving the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer as solving the original
+the general napsack problem right if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general napsack problem right if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general napsack problem right if my
+m is not that large if m is too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is not that large if m is too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is not that large if m is too small
+then I have a problem because then my T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a problem because then my T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a problem because then my T
+will be this subset sum minus Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this subset sum minus Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this subset sum minus Su
+multiple of M right then it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of M right then it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of M right then it's a
+different problem I do not get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem I do not get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem I do not get the same
+message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay
+then uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we have a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so because we define density to be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because we define density to be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because we define density to be n
+over the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the log of
+Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max
+UI does everyone remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI does everyone remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI does everyone remember this
+part so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so each
+UI is in the range of 1 to M or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI is in the range of 1 to M or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI is in the range of 1 to M or maybe
+zero to M if I have a bunch of them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to M if I have a bunch of them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to M if I have a bunch of them then
+Okay this not super rigorous if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay this not super rigorous if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay this not super rigorous if I have a
+bunch of them chances are that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them chances are that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them chances are that some of
+them are uh very close to M right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are uh very close to M right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are uh very close to M right
+because it's unlikely that all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's unlikely that all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's unlikely that all of them
+are uh small so so this thing is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh small so so this thing is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh small so so this thing is roughly
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+over log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so then we have a dilemma if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so then we have a dilemma if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so then we have a dilemma if
+we set M to be a small number then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set M to be a small number then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set M to be a small number then my
+density is fine but that means all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is fine but that means all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is fine but that means all of my
+UI needs to be small right because M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI needs to be small right because M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI needs to be small right because M
+needs to be greater than the sum of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be greater than the sum of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be greater than the sum of them
+or if all all the uis are small then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if all all the uis are small then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if all all the uis are small then I
+have a very limited choices of them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very limited choices of them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very limited choices of them then
+actually an attacker can just guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an attacker can just guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an attacker can just guess what
+UI I chose by a Brute Force algorithm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI I chose by a Brute Force algorithm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI I chose by a Brute Force algorithm or
+or something like that and if my I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and if my I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and if my I
+choose M to be large or if I choose all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose M to be large or if I choose all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose M to be large or if I choose all
+the uis to be large to choose choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uis to be large to choose choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uis to be large to choose choose
+them from a large range then my m is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from a large range then my m is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from a large range then my m is is
+going to be very large and this density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very large and this density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very large and this density
+is low and that's vulnerable to the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low and that's vulnerable to the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low and that's vulnerable to the low
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+attacks and so how low a density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and so how low a density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and so how low a density is
+considered low so uh some several people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered low so uh some several people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered low so uh some several people
+proposed that well based on hers that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed that well based on hers that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed that well based on hers that if
+this density is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this density is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this density is less than
+0.45 then it's considered low density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.45 then it's considered low density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.45 then it's considered low density
+and it can be attacked and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be attacked and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be attacked and this
+threshold is had been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improved all right so but while most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved all right so but while most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved all right so but while most of
+the napsack crypto systems are broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the napsack crypto systems are broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the napsack crypto systems are broken
+there are a few that have so far still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few that have so far still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few that have so far still
+the test of time so they are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test of time so they are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test of time so they are still
+interesting because napsack problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because napsack problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because napsack problems
+napsack crypto systems will be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack crypto systems will be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack crypto systems will be much
+faster than RSA or any number Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than RSA or any number Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than RSA or any number Theory
+based it's the we are just adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based it's the we are just adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based it's the we are just adding
+numbers here right and RSA have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here right and RSA have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here right and RSA have this
+operation where m is a 1,000 bit number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation where m is a 1,000 bit number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation where m is a 1,000 bit number
+and E is also a 1,00 bit number and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E is also a 1,00 bit number and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E is also a 1,00 bit number and take
+this exponentiation is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponentiation is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponentiation is actually very
+slow so nap napsack crypto system are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so nap napsack crypto system are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so nap napsack crypto system are
+still interesting however their original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still interesting however their original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still interesting however their original
+motivation turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation turned out to be
+unsuccessful the original motivation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful the original motivation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful the original motivation is
+to base uh uh cryptography on the NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to base uh uh cryptography on the NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to base uh uh cryptography on the NP
+complete problem that's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem that's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem that's not going to
+work because MP problems are hard only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because MP problems are hard only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because MP problems are hard only
+in the worst case and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case and we need
+cryptography to be hard in the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography to be hard in the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography to be hard in the average
+case why because if they are only hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case why because if they are only hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case why because if they are only hard
+in the worst case that means there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case that means there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case that means there are
+several instances of the this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several instances of the this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several instances of the this problem
+that are hard so either you pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hard so either you pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hard so either you pick a
+secret key that doesn't correspond to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key that doesn't correspond to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key that doesn't correspond to to
+a hard problem or you pick a secret key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard problem or you pick a secret key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard problem or you pick a secret key
+that's that corresponds to a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that corresponds to a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that corresponds to a hard
+problem but everyone else picks the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but everyone else picks the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but everyone else picks the same
+secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+key because everyone wants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key because everyone wants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key because everyone wants to be
+secure that's the reason why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure that's the reason why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure that's the reason why it's
+unlikely to get cryptography from MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to get cryptography from MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to get cryptography from MP
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+okay that's all for today's recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all for today's recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all for today's recitation
+and thanks everyone for the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thanks everyone for the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thanks everyone for the entire
+semester thank you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester thank you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester thank you for your
+participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_mqFIqnCPak.txt b/_mqFIqnCPak.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c41a13c111e7ad0da0c12f6868513f20c7de0b57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_mqFIqnCPak.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the little prince lives on his asteroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little prince lives on his asteroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little prince lives on his asteroid
+b612 and he really likes to watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b612 and he really likes to watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b612 and he really likes to watch the
+stars and what he really wishes for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and what he really wishes for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and what he really wishes for is
+to watch the stars while floating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch the stars while floating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch the stars while floating to
+have the best possible view and who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the best possible view and who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the best possible view and who just
+immerse himself in the stars and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immerse himself in the stars and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immerse himself in the stars and so the
+little prince has to think if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little prince has to think if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little prince has to think if there is a
+position in space with respect to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in space with respect to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in space with respect to other
+celestial bodies where the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celestial bodies where the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celestial bodies where the gravitational
+force would just cancel so that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force would just cancel so that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force would just cancel so that he can
+float let's look at that so there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float let's look at that so there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float let's look at that so there is the
+planet of the businessman we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet of the businessman we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet of the businessman we're going to
+give it the mass m1 and there is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it the mass m1 and there is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it the mass m1 and there is also
+the small planet from the Lamplighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small planet from the Lamplighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small planet from the Lamplighter
+floating around with mass m2 and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around with mass m2 and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around with mass m2 and we know
+that gravitational forces act radially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can already see here that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can already see here that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can already see here that if we
+put the asteroid b612 somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the asteroid b612 somewhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the asteroid b612 somewhere here
+then maybe we find a constellation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe we find a constellation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe we find a constellation where
+a gravitational forces cancel so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gravitational forces cancel so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gravitational forces cancel so let's
+start by placing as the a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by placing as the a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by placing as the a little
+asteroid over here and what is this body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asteroid over here and what is this body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asteroid over here and what is this body
+experiencing in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing in terms of the
+gravitational forces well it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational forces well it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational forces well it's going to
+experience a gravitational force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience a gravitational force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience a gravitational force of
+object one so we have object one or f1m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object one so we have object one or f1m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object one so we have object one or f1m
+due to the interaction between object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the interaction between object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the interaction between object
+one store the business man planet and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one store the business man planet and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one store the business man planet and a
+little asteroid here and then we also of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little asteroid here and then we also of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little asteroid here and then we also of
+course have the same direction here due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course have the same direction here due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course have the same direction here due
+to the interaction of object two and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the interaction of object two and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the interaction of object two and our
+little asteroid so that would be F 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little asteroid so that would be F 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little asteroid so that would be F 2 m
+and you can clearly see that if we tally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can clearly see that if we tally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can clearly see that if we tally
+up these forces they are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these forces they are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these forces they are not going to
+add to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to zero
+so this is not a good location for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not a good location for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not a good location for the
+little princess asteroid to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little princess asteroid to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little princess asteroid to be the same
+would be true if we put it out here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be true if we put it out here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be true if we put it out here it
+will experience those same forces again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will experience those same forces again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will experience those same forces again
+what do we have here one M and two M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here one M and two M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here one M and two M
+just going in the opposite direction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going in the opposite direction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going in the opposite direction but
+you have guessed it already we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have guessed it already we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have guessed it already we can find
+a spot here in the middle where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spot here in the middle where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spot here in the middle where one
+force goes in this direction so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force goes in this direction so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force goes in this direction so this is
+f2 m and actually we should give those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 m and actually we should give those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 m and actually we should give those
+forces direction and the other body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces direction and the other body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces direction and the other body
+exerts a force going in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerts a force going in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerts a force going in the other
+direction and so we can say that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so we can say that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so we can say that we
+don't now just need to find that exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't now just need to find that exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't now just need to find that exact
+position here in between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here in between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here in between these two
+objects with two different masses where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects with two different masses where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects with two different masses where
+the little prince'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little prince'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little prince'
+can freefloat while watching the stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can freefloat while watching the stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can freefloat while watching the stars
+we can say already that if these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say already that if these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say already that if these two
+masses were the same it would obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses were the same it would obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses were the same it would obviously
+be in the middle but because of they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the middle but because of they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the middle but because of they are
+not the same we have to calculate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same we have to calculate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same we have to calculate what
+that distance is so we're going to label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance is so we're going to label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance is so we're going to label
+this distance here X and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance here X and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance here X and we're going to
+say that the two bodies here are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the two bodies here are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the two bodies here are a
+distance D apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D apart
+alright how are we going to go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright how are we going to go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright how are we going to go about
+this well we have to apply the universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well we have to apply the universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well we have to apply the universal
+law of gravitation in our F equals MA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of gravitation in our F equals MA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of gravitation in our F equals MA
+analysis well before we start with our F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis well before we start with our F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis well before we start with our F
+equals MA analysis we actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals MA analysis we actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals MA analysis we actually have to
+pick a coordinate origin and a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a coordinate origin and a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a coordinate origin and a unit
+vector and so let's place the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and so let's place the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and so let's place the the
+coordinate origin in here and let's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate origin in here and let's have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate origin in here and let's have
+I hat go in this direction and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat go in this direction and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat go in this direction and we're
+going to label this here position a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to label this here position a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to label this here position a and
+position B and position C these are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position B and position C these are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position B and position C these are our
+three options for asteroid placement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three options for asteroid placement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three options for asteroid placement and
+well let's look at position B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at position B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at position B
+and well we have the universal law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well we have the universal law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well we have the universal law of
+gravitation between the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation between the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation between the mass of the
+object here and we'll have to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object here and we'll have to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object here and we'll have to describe
+both components so first this one F 1 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both components so first this one F 1 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both components so first this one F 1 m
+and then f 2 m and if we store it with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then f 2 m and if we store it with f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then f 2 m and if we store it with f
+1m that goes in the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1m that goes in the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1m that goes in the negative
+I had direction so minus G M 1 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had direction so minus G M 1 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had direction so minus G M 1 on the
+distance is x squared in the I hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is x squared in the I hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is x squared in the I hat
+direction and then the other one goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then the other one goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then the other one goes in
+the plus I hat direction and we have G 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus I hat direction and we have G 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus I hat direction and we have G 2
+and now we have D minus X gives us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have D minus X gives us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have D minus X gives us this
+portion d minus x squared also in the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion d minus x squared also in the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion d minus x squared also in the I
+hat direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that needs to add up to zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that needs to add up to zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that needs to add up to zero because
+that is what we want right we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we want right we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we want right we want this
+too if it adds up to zero then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too if it adds up to zero then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too if it adds up to zero then we have
+no gravitational forces acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no gravitational forces acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no gravitational forces acting on the
+asteroid so now we need to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asteroid so now we need to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asteroid so now we need to solve this
+for X here and then the first step we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X here and then the first step we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X here and then the first step we
+see that actually G and M will fall out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that actually G and M will fall out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that actually G and M will fall out
+here and then we're left with M one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we're left with M one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we're left with M one over
+x squared minus plus M two over D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus plus M two over D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus plus M two over D minus
+x squared and we can write that as M two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared and we can write that as M two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared and we can write that as M two
+x squared minus m1g minus x squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus m1g minus x squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus m1g minus x squared and
+what you see here is that this will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is that this will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is that this will turn
+into a quadratic equation and if we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a quadratic equation and if we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a quadratic equation and if we do a
+few steps of arithmetic and then write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few steps of arithmetic and then write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few steps of arithmetic and then write
+down the general solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the general solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the general solution to this
+quadratic equation we will find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equation we will find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equation we will find this
+here x equals to DM 1 plus minus 2 DM 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here x equals to DM 1 plus minus 2 DM 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here x equals to DM 1 plus minus 2 DM 1
+squared minus 4 M 1 minus M 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m1d squared and then the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1d squared and then the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1d squared and then the square root of
+that over m1 minus m2 and actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over m1 minus m2 and actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over m1 minus m2 and actually we
+need two of those so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two of those so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two of those so we have this
+quadratic equation here while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equation here while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic equation here while the
+solution and we now need to consider one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we now need to consider one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we now need to consider one
+more thing namely this equation here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing namely this equation here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing namely this equation here is
+only valid if I can I write this here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only valid if I can I write this here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only valid if I can I write this here if
+X is between 0 and D right if I and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is between 0 and D right if I and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is between 0 and D right if I and in
+position C my X is larger than D which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position C my X is larger than D which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position C my X is larger than D which
+means this sorry this force here flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this sorry this force here flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this sorry this force here flip
+sign and then this would be different so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and then this would be different so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and then this would be different so
+this plus here refers to X being less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus here refers to X being less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus here refers to X being less
+than D and we have to decide which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than D and we have to decide which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than D and we have to decide which of
+the two signs here give gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two signs here give gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two signs here give gives us the
+correct which will fulfill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct which will fulfill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct which will fulfill this
+requirement here so this simplifies to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement here so this simplifies to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement here so this simplifies to x
+equals d m1 plus minus m1 m2 and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals d m1 plus minus m1 m2 and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals d m1 plus minus m1 m2 and here we
+have the square root and then here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the square root and then here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the square root and then here we
+have another bracket over m1 minus m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another bracket over m1 minus m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another bracket over m1 minus m2
+and we need to get this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to get this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to get this term here
+smaller than 1 or to be smaller than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 or to be smaller than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 or to be smaller than 1
+if the x is between 0 and d and as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the x is between 0 and d and as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the x is between 0 and d and as it
+turns out that is indeed true if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that is indeed true if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that is indeed true if we use
+the minus sign here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_nbtaQtX6JA.txt b/_nbtaQtX6JA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2495d7745ca637643157952b3ba8e94109cc18db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_nbtaQtX6JA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2165 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+you've been Computing derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been Computing derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been Computing derivatives of
+functions from the limit definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions from the limit definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions from the limit definition of
+derivative So today we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative So today we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative So today we're going to do
+another example of that and do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of that and do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of that and do some
+graphing as well so I've got a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing as well so I've got a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing as well so I've got a problem
+written here on the board so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here on the board so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here on the board so we're
+defining a function f ofx to be one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a function f ofx to be one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a function f ofx to be one over
+the quantity 1 + x^2 so what I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity 1 + x^2 so what I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity 1 + x^2 so what I'd like
+you to do is graph the function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is graph the function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is graph the function the
+curve yal f ofx X and to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve yal f ofx X and to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve yal f ofx X and to compute the
+derivative frime of x from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative frime of x from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative frime of x from the
+definition so why don't you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so why don't you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so why don't you take a
+couple of minutes to do that yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes to do that yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes to do that yourself
+then come back and we'll work it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together all right welcome back so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right welcome back so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right welcome back so to
+start off let's try graphing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off let's try graphing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off let's try graphing this
+function f ofx so one thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f ofx so one thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f ofx so one thing you can
+always do when you start out graphing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do when you start out graphing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do when you start out graphing a
+function is to just plot a few points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is to just plot a few points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is to just plot a few points
+and that'll give you a very rough sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll give you a very rough sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll give you a very rough sense
+of where the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where the function is
+um at least around those points so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least around those points so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least around those points so for
+example when X is equal to 0 we have F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when X is equal to 0 we have F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when X is equal to 0 we have F
+of 0 is 1 over 1 so that's just one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 is 1 over 1 so that's just one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 is 1 over 1 so that's just one so
+we've got this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this point
+here 0 one and when X is equal to 1 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 0 one and when X is equal to 1 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 0 one and when X is equal to 1 well
+x^2 is 1 so the denominator is two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 is 1 so the denominator is two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 is 1 so the denominator is two so
+the function value is2 so all right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function value is2 so all right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function value is2 so all right I'm
+not going to draw this to scale I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw this to scale I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to draw this to scale I'm
+going to put xal 1 here and the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put xal 1 here and the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put xal 1 here and the function
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+is a half so this is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a half so this is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a half so this is the point
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+one2 and oh okay we could do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 and oh okay we could do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 and oh okay we could do one more
+when X is equal to two uh this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X is equal to two uh this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X is equal to two uh this function
+let's see 2^2 is four so that's five so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see 2^2 is four so that's five so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see 2^2 is four so that's five so
+it's a fifth so I don't know a fifth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fifth so I don't know a fifth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fifth so I don't know a fifth is
+smaller than a half right uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than a half right uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than a half right uh so that's
+maybe down here so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe down here so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe down here so this is something
+like the0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one5 all right but this is a very rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one5 all right but this is a very rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one5 all right but this is a very rough
+idea we're getting so we can use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we're getting so we can use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we're getting so we can use some
+more sophisticated analysis to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated analysis to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated analysis to get a
+better idea of what this graph is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better idea of what this graph is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better idea of what this graph is going
+to look like so the first thing we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like so the first thing we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like so the first thing we could
+notice for example is that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice for example is that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice for example is that this is an
+even function right if I change the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even function right if I change the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even function right if I change the sign
+of x if I replace X by minus X well x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x if I replace X by minus X well x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x if I replace X by minus X well x^2
+and Min - x^2 are are both equal to X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Min - x^2 are are both equal to X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Min - x^2 are are both equal to X2
+so if you replace X by minus X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you replace X by minus X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you replace X by minus X the
+function value doesn't change so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function value doesn't change so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function value doesn't change so this is
+an even function that has symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even function that has symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even function that has symmetry
+across the the axis here so you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the the axis here so you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the the axis here so you know for
+example I could just Mirror Image these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I could just Mirror Image these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I could just Mirror Image these
+points so these points also have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so these points also have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so these points also have to be
+on the graph the points Min - one2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the graph the points Min - one2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the graph the points Min - one2 and
+minus 2 1/5 and any other part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 1/5 and any other part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 1/5 and any other part of the
+curve that I draw will be perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that I draw will be perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that I draw will be perfectly
+mirror imaged another thing to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror imaged another thing to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror imaged another thing to observe
+is that x^2 is always greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that x^2 is always greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that x^2 is always greater than or
+equal to zero so 1+ X2 is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so 1+ X2 is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero so 1+ X2 is always
+positive so 1 over 1+ x^2 is also always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so 1 over 1+ x^2 is also always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so 1 over 1+ x^2 is also always
+positive um also uh 1 + x^2 it reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um also uh 1 + x^2 it reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um also uh 1 + x^2 it reaches
+its minimum when X is equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its minimum when X is equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its minimum when X is equal to zero and
+then as X gets large either in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as X gets large either in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as X gets large either in the
+positive direction or in the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive direction or in the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive direction or in the negative
+Direction this gets larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction this gets larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction this gets larger and larger
+this just just the 1 plus x s part so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just just the 1 plus x s part so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just just the 1 plus x s part so if
+the denominator is getting larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator is getting larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator is getting larger and
+larger the the while the numerator stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the the while the numerator stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the the while the numerator stays
+constant the whole fraction gets smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the whole fraction gets smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the whole fraction gets smaller
+and smaller so as X gets bigger either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller so as X gets bigger either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller so as X gets bigger either
+bigger positive or bigger negative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger positive or bigger negative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger positive or bigger negative the
+the function value will diminish off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function value will diminish off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function value will diminish off to
+zero and it has its maximum value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it has its maximum value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it has its maximum value here
+at at zero because that's when 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at zero because that's when 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at zero because that's when 1 plus
+x^2 has its minimum so the function sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 has its minimum so the function sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 has its minimum so the function sort
+of has its maximum here at zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has its maximum here at zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has its maximum here at zero and then
+it flattens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flattens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flattens
+out and as X gets larger and larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and as X gets larger and larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and as X gets larger and larger and
+larger this gets goes to Infinity so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger this gets goes to Infinity so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger this gets goes to Infinity so the
+the whole fraction goes down to zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole fraction goes down to zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole fraction goes down to zero but
+it never reaches it right because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never reaches it right because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never reaches it right because we
+said it's always positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's always positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's always positive and
+similarly on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly on the other side
+side okay so that's the graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so that's the graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so that's the graph of the
+curve y = 1/ 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve y = 1/ 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve y = 1/ 1 +
+X2 roughly speaking okay um so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 roughly speaking okay um so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 roughly speaking okay um so now let's
+talk about Computing the derivative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Computing the derivative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Computing the derivative so
+right now to compute a derivative all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now to compute a derivative all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now to compute a derivative all
+you have is the limit definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is the limit definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is the limit definition of the
+derivative so when I ask you to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so when I ask you to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so when I ask you to compute
+the derivative what you've got to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative what you've got to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative what you've got to do is
+you know write down the that what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know write down the that what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know write down the that what that
+definition says um so that's the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition says um so that's the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition says um so that's the limit
+of a difference quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a difference quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a difference quotient
+so we have by definition the frime of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have by definition the frime of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have by definition the frime of X
+is equal to well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to well it's the
+limit as Delta X goes to zero of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as Delta X goes to zero of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as Delta X goes to zero of some
+difference quotient so on the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference quotient so on the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference quotient so on the bottom of
+the difference quotient we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference quotient we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference quotient we just have
+Delta X and on the top we have F ofx +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and on the top we have F ofx +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and on the top we have F ofx +
+Delta x minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x minus F
+ofx now in our case we have a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx now in our case we have a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx now in our case we have a you know
+you know a nice formula for f ofx so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a nice formula for f ofx so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a nice formula for f ofx so
+this is equal to the Limit as Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the Limit as Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the Limit as Delta X
+goes to zero of 1 over the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero of 1 over the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero of 1 over the quantity
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+1+ x + Delta xan squar oh I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ x + Delta xan squar oh I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ x + Delta xan squar oh I guess I
+didn't need that parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need that parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need that parenthesis
+there minus 1 over 1 + x^2 and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there minus 1 over 1 + x^2 and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there minus 1 over 1 + x^2 and then the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+thing is over Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is over Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is over Delta X
+so what would be really nice of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be really nice of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be really nice of course
+is If This Were a limit where we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is If This Were a limit where we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is If This Were a limit where we could
+just plug in the the value Delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the the value Delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the the value Delta x
+equals z and evaluate it but the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and evaluate it but the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and evaluate it but the way the
+definition of a derivative works that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a derivative works that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a derivative works that
+never works right you're always left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never works right you're always left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never works right you're always left
+with the numerator as Delta X goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the numerator as Delta X goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the numerator as Delta X goes to
+zero that top is always going to be F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that top is always going to be F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that top is always going to be F
+ofx minus F ofx and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx minus F ofx and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx minus F ofx and it's going to be
+zero and the bottom is always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the bottom is always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the bottom is always going to
+be Delta X going to zero which is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Delta X going to zero which is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Delta X going to zero which is zero
+so so you always when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you always when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you always when you have a
+differentiable function you always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function you always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function you always have
+a a derivative that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a derivative that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a derivative that's going to be a
+limit of a Z over zero form so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a Z over zero form so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a Z over zero form so you need
+to do some sort of manipulation in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some sort of manipulation in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some sort of manipulation in order
+to in order to get it into a form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in order to get it into a form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in order to get it into a form you
+can evaluate it so what we really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can evaluate it so what we really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can evaluate it so what we really like
+is to manipulate this numerator somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to manipulate this numerator somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to manipulate this numerator somehow
+and pull out say a factor of Delta X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull out say a factor of Delta X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull out say a factor of Delta X and
+then that could cancel with the Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that could cancel with the Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that could cancel with the Delta X
+we have in the denominator something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the denominator something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the denominator something
+some trick like that some algebraic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trick like that some algebraic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trick like that some algebraic or
+or other manipulation to to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other manipulation to to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other manipulation to to make this
+into a into a form where we can plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a form where we can plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a form where we can plug in
+and evaluate so all right so right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate so all right so right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate so all right so right here
+there's sort of only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of only one
+manipulation that that's natural to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation that that's natural to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation that that's natural to do
+which is we can we can you know add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we can we can you know add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we can we can you know add
+these two fractions together so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two fractions together so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two fractions together so let's do
+that and we can rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we can rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we can rewrite this
+limit it's the limit as Delta X goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it's the limit as Delta X goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it's the limit as Delta X goes to
+zero so all right I'm going to pull this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so all right I'm going to pull this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so all right I'm going to pull this
+one over Delta X out front just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Delta X out front just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Delta X out front just to make
+everything look a little bit nicer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything look a little bit nicer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything look a little bit nicer so
+it's one over Delta x times okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one over Delta x times okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one over Delta x times okay so I'm
+I want to you know subtract these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to you know subtract these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to you know subtract these two
+fractions I want to put them over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions I want to put them over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions I want to put them over a
+common denominator so the den
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common denominator so the den
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common denominator so the den
+denominator is just going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is just going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is just going to be the
+product of the denominators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the denominators so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the denominators so
+that's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1
++ x + Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x + Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x + Delta
+xan 2ar Time 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xan 2ar Time 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xan 2ar Time 1 +
+x^2 okay and so this fraction is 1 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 okay and so this fraction is 1 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 okay and so this fraction is 1 + x^2
+over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that
+denominator and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and the second
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+is 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 +
+X Plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus Delta
+xtity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xtity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xtity
+s over that common denominator okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over that common denominator okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over that common denominator okay so
+we still haven't got where we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still haven't got where we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still haven't got where we want to be
+yet because we still have this one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because we still have this one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because we still have this one over
+Delta X hanging out so okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X hanging out so okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X hanging out so okay so we have
+to you know keep going um and so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know keep going um and so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know keep going um and so here I
+guess there's a this is a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess there's a this is a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess there's a this is a sort of a
+problem that forces us a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that forces us a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that forces us a little bit in
+One Direction um you know there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction um you know there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction um you know there's not
+much we can do with the denominator but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can do with the denominator but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can do with the denominator but
+here in the numerator we could expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the numerator we could expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the numerator we could expand
+this out and and start combining stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out and and start combining stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out and and start combining stuff
+so let's do that so this is equal to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that so this is equal to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that so this is equal to all
+right well the limit hangs out since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well the limit hangs out since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well the limit hangs out since the
+limit as Delta X goes to zero of 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as Delta X goes to zero of 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as Delta X goes to zero of 1 over
+Delta x times okay so 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x times okay so 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x times okay so 1 +
+x^2 minus all right so if you expand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 minus all right so if you expand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 minus all right so if you expand out
+x + Delta X quantity squared using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + Delta X quantity squared using your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + Delta X quantity squared using your
+favorite either foil or the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite either foil or the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite either foil or the binomial
+theorem or just you know whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem or just you know whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem or just you know whatever you
+like however you like to multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like however you like to multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like however you like to multiply two
+binomials so we get a Min -1 - x^2 - 2 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomials so we get a Min -1 - x^2 - 2 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomials so we get a Min -1 - x^2 - 2 x
+* Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Delta
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+minus Delta x^ 2 that's the top okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta x^ 2 that's the top okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta x^ 2 that's the top okay and
+we haven't changed the bottom it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't changed the bottom it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't changed the bottom it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x + Delta x^ SAR * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x + Delta x^ SAR * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x + Delta x^ SAR * 1
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2 okay well so what okay so now some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 okay well so what okay so now some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 okay well so what okay so now some
+nice stuff is starting to happen which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice stuff is starting to happen which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice stuff is starting to happen which
+is this this one and this minus one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this one and this minus one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this one and this minus one are
+going to cancel and this X2 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cancel and this X2 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cancel and this X2 and this
+minus X2 are going to cancel and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X2 are going to cancel and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X2 are going to cancel and then
+after we cancel those terms we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we cancel those terms we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we cancel those terms we see that
+in the numerator here everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator here everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator here everything is
+going to have a factor of Delta X right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a factor of Delta X right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a factor of Delta X right
+these four are going to cancel and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four are going to cancel and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four are going to cancel and we'll
+just be left with these two terms both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be left with these two terms both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be left with these two terms both
+of which are divisible by Delta X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which are divisible by Delta X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which are divisible by Delta X so
+that's where this cancellation we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where this cancellation we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where this cancellation we've
+been looking for is going to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking for is going to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking for is going to come from
+um so let's keep going uh so we cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's keep going uh so we cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's keep going uh so we cancel
+those they they subtract give us zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they they subtract give us zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they they subtract give us zero so
+this limit is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit is equal to the
+Limit Delta X goes to zero okay and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limit Delta X goes to zero okay and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limit Delta X goes to zero okay and and
+then we can divide this Delta X from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can divide this Delta X from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can divide this Delta X from the
+denominator in and what we're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator in and what we're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator in and what we're left with
+upstairs is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs is minus
+2x minus Delta X the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x minus Delta X the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x minus Delta X the whole thing
+over the same denominator still 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the same denominator still 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the same denominator still 1
++ x + Delta X 2 * 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x + Delta X 2 * 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x + Delta X 2 * 1 +
+x^2 all right great so we've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 all right great so we've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 all right great so we've done this
+manipulation we C we finally found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation we C we finally found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation we C we finally found a
+Delta X that we could cancel with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X that we could cancel with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X that we could cancel with that
+Delta X we started with in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X we started with in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X we started with in the
+denominator and now this limit is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and now this limit is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and now this limit is no
+longer this Zer over zero form right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer this Zer over zero form right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer this Zer over zero form right
+when Delta X goes to zero the top goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Delta X goes to zero the top goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Delta X goes to zero the top goes
+to minus 2X and the bottom well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus 2X and the bottom well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus 2X and the bottom well let's
+see this Delta X just goes to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Delta X just goes to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Delta X just goes to zero so
+it's 1 + x^2 * 1 + x^2 so that's not 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 + x^2 * 1 + x^2 so that's not 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 + x^2 * 1 + x^2 so that's not 0
+over Z we can just plug in to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Z we can just plug in to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Z we can just plug in to evaluate
+so this is just works out to a minus 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just works out to a minus 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just works out to a minus 2x
+over okay 1 + x^2 * 1 + x^2 is 1 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay 1 + x^2 * 1 + x^2 is 1 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay 1 + x^2 * 1 + x^2 is 1 + x^2
+quantity sared and so this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity sared and so this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity sared and so this is the the
+derivative that we were looking for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that we were looking for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that we were looking for this
+is just to remind you what that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to remind you what that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to remind you what that was
+that's D over DX of 1 over the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's D over DX of 1 over the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's D over DX of 1 over the quantity
+1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 +
+x^2 now if you wanted you could check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 now if you wanted you could check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 now if you wanted you could check
+this a little bit by by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit by by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit by by looking at the
+graph and looking at this function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and looking at this function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and looking at this function and
+just making sure that that it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making sure that that it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making sure that that it makes
+sense so for example this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so for example this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so for example this uh this
+function this derivative has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this derivative has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this derivative has the
+property that it's zero when X is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it's zero when X is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it's zero when X is zero
+and that's the only time at zero and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the only time at zero and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the only time at zero and if
+we go back and look at the graph that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back and look at the graph that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back and look at the graph that we
+drew over here we see that's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew over here we see that's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew over here we see that's also a
+property that this graph has right it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that this graph has right it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that this graph has right it it
+has this this horizontal tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this this horizontal tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this this horizontal tangent line
+there and then it diminishes off to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then it diminishes off to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then it diminishes off to the
+right and it on the left side it's incre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it on the left side it's incre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it on the left side it's incre
+so it increases then it then it has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it increases then it then it has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it increases then it then it has that
+horizontal tangent line and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal tangent line and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal tangent line and then it
+decreases and so if we go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases and so if we go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases and so if we go back to this
+function we see yes indeed when X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we see yes indeed when X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we see yes indeed when X is
+negative this whole thing is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this whole thing is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this whole thing is positive
+and then at zero it's zero and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at zero it's zero and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at zero it's zero and then it's
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+thereafter and similarly you could note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter and similarly you could note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter and similarly you could note
+that this function here is an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this function here is an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this function here is an odd
+function if you change the sign of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you change the sign of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you change the sign of X
+that changes the the sign of this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes the the sign of this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes the the sign of this whole
+expression and so okay and so that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and so okay and so that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and so okay and so that makes
+perfect sense back here the the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sense back here the the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sense back here the the symmetry
+of this curve is such that you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this curve is such that you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this curve is such that you know if
+we look at a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a tangent
+line to the left of zero and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the left of zero and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the left of zero and the the
+symmetric tangent line to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric tangent line to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric tangent line to the right of
+zero they're mirror images of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero they're mirror images of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero they're mirror images of each other
+so their slopes are exactly negatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their slopes are exactly negatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their slopes are exactly negatives of
+each other um so that's a a nice way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other um so that's a a nice way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other um so that's a a nice way you
+can sort of put the two different pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of put the two different pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of put the two different pieces
+of this problem together in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem together in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem together in order to
+double check your work so that's that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ag4Qe2uheP0.txt b/ag4Qe2uheP0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66392b835b53dd12b9f7e8d8b720fdf6aaa0da79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ag4Qe2uheP0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the next few videos we'll be using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few videos we'll be using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few videos we'll be using a
+dataset published by the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataset published by the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataset published by the United States
+Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
+Services to practice creating cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services to practice creating cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services to practice creating cart
+models to predict healthcare cost we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to predict healthcare cost we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to predict healthcare cost we
+unfortunately can't use the D to Hawkeye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately can't use the D to Hawkeye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately can't use the D to Hawkeye
+data due to privacy issues the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data due to privacy issues the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data due to privacy issues the data set
+will be using instead claims data dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be using instead claims data dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be using instead claims data dot
+CSV is structured to represent a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV is structured to represent a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV is structured to represent a sample
+of patients in the Medicare program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients in the Medicare program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients in the Medicare program
+which provides health insurance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provides health insurance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provides health insurance to
+Americans aged 65 and older as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans aged 65 and older as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans aged 65 and older as well as
+some younger people with certain medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some younger people with certain medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some younger people with certain medical
+conditions to protect the privacy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to protect the privacy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to protect the privacy of
+patients represented in this publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients represented in this publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients represented in this publicly
+available data set a number of steps are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available data set a number of steps are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available data set a number of steps are
+performed to anonymize the data so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed to anonymize the data so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed to anonymize the data so we
+would need to retrain the models we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to retrain the models we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to retrain the models we
+develop in this lecture on D anonymized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in this lecture on D anonymized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in this lecture on D anonymized
+data if we wanted to apply our models in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if we wanted to apply our models in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if we wanted to apply our models in
+the real world let's start by reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world let's start by reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world let's start by reading
+our dataset into R and taking a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dataset into R and taking a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dataset into R and taking a look at
+its structure we'll call our dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its structure we'll call our dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its structure we'll call our dataset
+claims and we'll use the read dot CSV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims and we'll use the read dot CSV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims and we'll use the read dot CSV
+function to read in the data file claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to read in the data file claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to read in the data file claims
+data dot CSV make sure to navigate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data dot CSV make sure to navigate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data dot CSV make sure to navigate to
+the directory on your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directory on your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directory on your computer
+containing the file claims data dot CSV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the file claims data dot CSV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the file claims data dot CSV
+first now let's take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first now let's take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first now let's take a look at the
+structure of our data frame using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our data frame using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our data frame using the
+STR function the observations represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STR function the observations represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STR function the observations represent
+a 1% random sample of Medicare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1% random sample of Medicare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1% random sample of Medicare
+beneficiaries limited to those still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiaries limited to those still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiaries limited to those still
+alive at the end of 2008 our independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive at the end of 2008 our independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive at the end of 2008 our independent
+variables are from 2008 and we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are from 2008 and we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are from 2008 and we will be
+predicting cost in 2009 our independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting cost in 2009 our independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting cost in 2009 our independent
+variables are the patient's age in years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are the patient's age in years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are the patient's age in years
+at the end of 2008 and then several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of 2008 and then several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of 2008 and then several
+binary variables indicating whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary variables indicating whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary variables indicating whether or
+not the patient had diagnosis codes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the patient had diagnosis codes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the patient had diagnosis codes for
+a particular disease or related disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular disease or related disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular disease or related disorder
+in 2008 Alzheimer's arthritis cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2008 Alzheimer's arthritis cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2008 Alzheimer's arthritis cancer
+chronic obstructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic obstructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic obstructive
+pulmonary disease or COPD depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulmonary disease or COPD depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulmonary disease or COPD depression
+diabetes heart failure ischemic heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes heart failure ischemic heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes heart failure ischemic heart
+disease or ihd kidney disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or ihd kidney disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or ihd kidney disease
+osteoporosis and stroke each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis and stroke each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis and stroke each of these
+variables will take value one if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables will take value one if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables will take value one if the
+patient had a diagnosis code for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient had a diagnosis code for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient had a diagnosis code for the
+particular disease and value zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular disease and value zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular disease and value zero
+otherwise reimbursement 2008 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise reimbursement 2008 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise reimbursement 2008 is the
+total amount of Medicare reimbursements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of Medicare reimbursements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of Medicare reimbursements
+for this patient in 2008 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this patient in 2008 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this patient in 2008 and
+reimbursement 2009 is a total value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement 2009 is a total value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement 2009 is a total value of
+all Medicare reimbursements for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Medicare reimbursements for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Medicare reimbursements for the
+patient in 2009 bucket 2008 is the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in 2009 bucket 2008 is the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in 2009 bucket 2008 is the cost
+bucket the patient fell into in 2008 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket the patient fell into in 2008 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket the patient fell into in 2008 and
+bucket 2009 is the cost bucket the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket 2009 is the cost bucket the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket 2009 is the cost bucket the
+patient fell into in 2009 these cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient fell into in 2009 these cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient fell into in 2009 these cost
+buckets are defined using the thresholds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets are defined using the thresholds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets are defined using the thresholds
+determined by D to Hawkeye so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by D to Hawkeye so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by D to Hawkeye so the first
+cost bucket contains patients with cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost bucket contains patients with cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost bucket contains patients with cost
+less than $3,000 the second cost bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than $3,000 the second cost bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than $3,000 the second cost bucket
+contains patients with costs between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains patients with costs between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains patients with costs between
+$3,000 and $8,000 and so on we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3,000 and $8,000 and so on we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3,000 and $8,000 and so on we can
+verify that the number of patients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that the number of patients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that the number of patients in
+each cost bucket has the same structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cost bucket has the same structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cost bucket has the same structure
+as what we saw for d2 Hawkeye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we saw for d2 Hawkeye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we saw for d2 Hawkeye
+but computing the percentage of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but computing the percentage of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but computing the percentage of patients
+in each cost bucket so we'll create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each cost bucket so we'll create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each cost bucket so we'll create a
+table of the variable bucket 2009 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of the variable bucket 2009 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of the variable bucket 2009 and
+divide by the number of rows in claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the number of rows in claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the number of rows in claims
+this gives the percentage of patients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives the percentage of patients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives the percentage of patients in
+each of the cost buckets the first cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the cost buckets the first cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the cost buckets the first cost
+bucket has almost 70 percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket has almost 70 percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket has almost 70 percent of the
+patients the second cost bucket has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients the second cost bucket has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients the second cost bucket has
+about 20 percent of the patients and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 percent of the patients and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 percent of the patients and the
+remaining 10 percent are split between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining 10 percent are split between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining 10 percent are split between
+the final three cost buckets so the vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final three cost buckets so the vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final three cost buckets so the vast
+majority of patients in this dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of patients in this dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of patients in this dataset
+have low cost our goal will be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low cost our goal will be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low cost our goal will be to
+predict the cost bucket that patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the cost bucket that patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the cost bucket that patient
+fell into in 2009 using a cart model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell into in 2009 using a cart model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell into in 2009 using a cart model but
+before we build our model we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we build our model we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we build our model we need to
+split our data into a training set and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split our data into a training set and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split our data into a training set and a
+testing set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing set
+so we'll load the package CA tools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll load the package CA tools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll load the package CA tools and
+then we'll set our random seed to 88 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll set our random seed to 88 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll set our random seed to 88 so
+that we all get the same split and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all get the same split and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all get the same split and we'll
+use the sample dot split function where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the sample dot split function where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the sample dot split function where
+our dependent variable is claims bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dependent variable is claims bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dependent variable is claims bucket
+2009 em we'll set our split ratio to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 em we'll set our split ratio to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 em we'll set our split ratio to be
+0.6 so we'll put 60% of the data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6 so we'll put 60% of the data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6 so we'll put 60% of the data in the
+training set we'll call our training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set we'll call our training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set we'll call our training set
+claims trained and we'll take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims trained and we'll take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims trained and we'll take the
+observations of claims for which SPL is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of claims for which SPL is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of claims for which SPL is
+exactly equal to true and our testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to true and our testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to true and our testing
+set will be called claims test where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set will be called claims test where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set will be called claims test where
+we'll take the observations of claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for which SPL is exactly equal to false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which SPL is exactly equal to false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which SPL is exactly equal to false
+now that our dataset is ready we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that our dataset is ready we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that our dataset is ready we'll see
+in the next video how a smart baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next video how a smart baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next video how a smart baseline
+method would perform
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/b9fHAZAWtFs.txt b/b9fHAZAWtFs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4dc552e32258a8a27fa01d9ab806f681ac22a2e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/b9fHAZAWtFs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to MIT Lincoln laboratory's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to MIT Lincoln laboratory's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to MIT Lincoln laboratory's
+introduction to engineering in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to engineering in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to engineering in this
+course we will explore how engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we will explore how engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we will explore how engineering
+can be an excellent foundation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an excellent foundation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an excellent foundation for a
+wide array of Technical and Scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide array of Technical and Scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide array of Technical and Scientific
+careers using real-world examples from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers using real-world examples from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers using real-world examples from
+MIT Lincoln laboratory projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Lincoln laboratory projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Lincoln laboratory projects
+these examples are only the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples are only the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples are only the beginning
+though because engineering is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though because engineering is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though because engineering is for
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+engineering is a process that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is a process that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is a process that you can
+use to solve problems that matter to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to solve problems that matter to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to solve problems that matter to you
+and to your friends family and community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to your friends family and community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to your friends family and community
+but first what is engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first what is engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first what is engineering
+engineering is defined as one the branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is defined as one the branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is defined as one the branch
+of science and technology concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science and technology concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science and technology concerned with
+the design building and use of engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design building and use of engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design building and use of engines
+machines and structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and structures
+two the work done by or the occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the work done by or the occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the work done by or the occupation
+of an engineer and three the action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an engineer and three the action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an engineer and three the action of
+working artfully to bring something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working artfully to bring something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working artfully to bring something
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+this third definition is our favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third definition is our favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third definition is our favorite
+because it indicates that engineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it indicates that engineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it indicates that engineering is
+not only a career path but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a career path but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a career path but it also
+involves using creativity to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves using creativity to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves using creativity to improve
+existing Technologies and build entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing Technologies and build entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing Technologies and build entirely
+new technologies that don't even exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies that don't even exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies that don't even exist
+yet engineering is a way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet engineering is a way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet engineering is a way of thinking
+engineering is the art of intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is the art of intentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is the art of intentional
+problem solving and using mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving and using mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving and using mathematical
+and scientific principles to produce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientific principles to produce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientific principles to produce an
+optimized solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized solution
+you've probably learned about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably learned about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably learned about the
+scientific method in your science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method in your science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method in your science
+classes it probably went something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes it probably went something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes it probably went something like
+this start by defining the problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this start by defining the problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this start by defining the problem so
+you have a good picture of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a good picture of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a good picture of what is
+needed then identify your resources so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed then identify your resources so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed then identify your resources so
+you know what you have available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you have available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you have available
+some of the most interesting projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the most interesting projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the most interesting projects
+come out of creative reuse of everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of creative reuse of everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of creative reuse of everyday
+items and Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and Technology
+now research existing solutions to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now research existing solutions to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now research existing solutions to see
+if someone has already come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone has already come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone has already come up with a
+solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem
+the solutions you find don't work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions you find don't work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions you find don't work for
+your situation or need to be improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your situation or need to be improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your situation or need to be improved
+then develop an approach of your own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then develop an approach of your own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then develop an approach of your own and
+come up with an experimental plan to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with an experimental plan to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with an experimental plan to put
+it into practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into practice
+once you've developed your prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've developed your prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've developed your prototype
+make sure to take detailed notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure to take detailed notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure to take detailed notes
+this helps when others want to use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helps when others want to use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helps when others want to use your
+prototype and when you return to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype and when you return to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype and when you return to it
+after time has passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time has passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time has passed
+you can always continue to improve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always continue to improve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always continue to improve your
+own prototypes as you learn more by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own prototypes as you learn more by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own prototypes as you learn more by
+trying it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying it out
+this is very common in the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very common in the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very common in the research
+world too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world too
+this kind of problem solving is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of problem solving is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of problem solving is the
+basis of all engineering and science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of all engineering and science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of all engineering and science
+what makes engineering different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes engineering different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes engineering different from
+science is that you also get to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is that you also get to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is that you also get to build
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Engineers use science mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers use science mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers use science mathematics
+materials and Ingenuity to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and Ingenuity to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and Ingenuity to build
+everything from Tiny structures that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from Tiny structures that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from Tiny structures that can
+travel through the bloodstream to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through the bloodstream to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through the bloodstream to
+evaluate the health of a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the health of a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the health of a patient
+huge machines that can take an astronaut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge machines that can take an astronaut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge machines that can take an astronaut
+to Mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mars
+your imagination is the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your imagination is the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your imagination is the limit
+well in your budget for the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you don't have to master every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to master every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to master every
+mathematical and scientific concept to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and scientific concept to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and scientific concept to
+be an engineer that's what teams are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an engineer that's what teams are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an engineer that's what teams are for
+most engineering projects involve people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most engineering projects involve people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most engineering projects involve people
+with different skill sets together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different skill sets together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different skill sets together
+through creativity and hard work can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through creativity and hard work can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through creativity and hard work can
+determine the best solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the best solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the best solution for
+solutions for a particular problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for a particular problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for a particular problem
+depending on what type of engineer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what type of engineer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what type of engineer you
+want to be you will gain additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be you will gain additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be you will gain additional
+skills that focus on your specialty for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that focus on your specialty for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that focus on your specialty for
+the core engineering skill set will set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core engineering skill set will set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core engineering skill set will set
+you up for Success regardless of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up for Success regardless of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up for Success regardless of what
+type of engineer you decide to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of engineer you decide to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of engineer you decide to be
+so how do you decide what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you decide what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you decide what type of
+engineer to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer to be
+MIT Lincoln laboratory office if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Lincoln laboratory office if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Lincoln laboratory office if this
+course will help narrow down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will help narrow down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will help narrow down the
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+apply the Engineering Process to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the Engineering Process to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the Engineering Process to solve
+problems in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in your life
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bElGczheDOc.txt b/bElGczheDOc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b282fc25be72299611646031df9cd10b62a41eb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bElGczheDOc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right everyone has their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right everyone has their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right everyone has their
+candles lit okay so you can start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quiz I mean it could be L be more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz I mean it could be L be more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz I mean it could be L be more like
+you can't read you can't you know but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't read you can't you know but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't read you can't you know but I
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know all right so time's up so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all right so time's up so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all right so time's up so you can
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+turn hand all the quizzes down the lanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn hand all the quizzes down the lanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn hand all the quizzes down the lanes
+to get to me that would be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to me that would be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to me that would be great
+um given the amount of background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um given the amount of background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um given the amount of background and
+expertise you have in this area I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise you have in this area I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise you have in this area I'm
+clearly not going to grade these qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not going to grade these qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not going to grade these qu
+quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes
+um uh with a lot of Cruelty so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with a lot of Cruelty so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with a lot of Cruelty so I don't
+know how to put it they'll be degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to put it they'll be degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to put it they'll be degraded
+leniently so don't stress too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leniently so don't stress too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leniently so don't stress too much about
+getting it through the real idea was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it through the real idea was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it through the real idea was to
+call it a quiz so that you had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a quiz so that you had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a quiz so that you had some
+motivation to do the work and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation to do the work and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation to do the work and then to
+experience doing work with a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience doing work with a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience doing work with a variety of
+different lighting situations all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lighting situations all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lighting situations all of
+which are pretty Limited in um function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are pretty Limited in um function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are pretty Limited in um function
+compared to what you're used to so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to what you're used to so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to what you're used to so we're
+going to do part of the lecture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do part of the lecture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do part of the lecture in the
+dark so you should you can keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark so you should you can keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark so you should you can keep your
+candles and lanterns and whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles and lanterns and whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles and lanterns and whatever you
+want on cuz that's all we've got for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want on cuz that's all we've got for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want on cuz that's all we've got for
+right now um I would ask that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um I would ask that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um I would ask that you don't
+use your flashlights too much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your flashlights too much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your flashlights too much because
+they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really
+noisy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy so
+um first I just want to talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first I just want to talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first I just want to talk about what
+it was like to use each of the lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like to use each of the lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like to use each of the lighting
+sources and like to have to do work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and like to have to do work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and like to have to do work
+doing all of them using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so what what we started with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so what what we started with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so what what we started with just
+candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle
+light so candle light was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so candle light was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so candle light was quite
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very very limited um low light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very limited um low light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very limited um low light
+distribution andus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+it's actually low very low Lu um so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually low very low Lu um so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually low very low Lu um so it's
+inconvenient um and it's definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient um and it's definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient um and it's definitely a
+way to go without ulty people in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go without ulty people in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go without ulty people in your
+family are sick and your head Lan really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family are sick and your head Lan really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family are sick and your head Lan really
+close together and just make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together and just make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together and just make sure you
+speak loud enough so everyone can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak loud enough so everyone can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak loud enough so everyone can hear
+so when people are sick everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when people are sick everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when people are sick everyone's
+helping together yeah Kurt did you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping together yeah Kurt did you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping together yeah Kurt did you have
+hand up not sure if car is but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand up not sure if car is but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand up not sure if car is but it
+flickered a lot it flickered a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flickered a lot it flickered a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flickered a lot it flickered a lot
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flame yeah what what else about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame yeah what what else about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame yeah what what else about the
+second candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second candle
+helps diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps diff
+light yeah help diffuse light and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light yeah help diffuse light and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light yeah help diffuse light and kind
+of made it a lot easier to or distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of made it a lot easier to or distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of made it a lot easier to or distribute
+the light a little better yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light a little better yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light a little better yeah
+absolutely so the the second candle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so the the second candle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so the the second candle has
+the diffusing aspect as well as the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusing aspect as well as the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusing aspect as well as the wind
+protection both of which add a lot to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection both of which add a lot to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection both of which add a lot to um
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+functionality um and then next I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality um and then next I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality um and then next I gave
+you guys some aluminum foil how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys some aluminum foil how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys some aluminum foil how did you
+use it and what did you find it useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it and what did you find it useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it and what did you find it useful
+so let's go to each group so how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to each group so how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to each group so how did you
+guys use it Missy um we put it under our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys use it Missy um we put it under our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys use it Missy um we put it under our
+two candles and kind of just um spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two candles and kind of just um spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two candles and kind of just um spread
+out the light a little bit along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the light a little bit along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the light a little bit along the
+table so like since we're all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so like since we're all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so like since we're all in
+CRA really help it did help yeah and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRA really help it did help yeah and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRA really help it did help yeah and how
+about you guys we it up like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you guys we it up like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you guys we it up like this and
+did you find it helped yeah find it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you find it helped yeah find it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you find it helped yeah find it and
+then and reflected it towards towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and reflected it towards towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and reflected it towards towards
+the writing area cool and how you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing area cool and how you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing area cool and how you guys
+do the same thing to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing to put it
+over great and you guys actually started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over great and you guys actually started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over great and you guys actually started
+with some tin foil that I guess you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some tin foil that I guess you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some tin foil that I guess you got
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+lunch nice um yeah so and then we added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch nice um yeah so and then we added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch nice um yeah so and then we added
+the um the flashlights I think is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the flashlights I think is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the flashlights I think is that
+right mhm and some of you guys used them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mhm and some of you guys used them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mhm and some of you guys used them
+and some of you didn't so for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you didn't so for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you didn't so for those who
+used it what was good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it like yeah it was very bright very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like yeah it was very bright very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like yeah it was very bright very
+concentrated it was nice um just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated it was nice um just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated it was nice um just the
+lifetime LIF span of it was very Short's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime LIF span of it was very Short's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime LIF span of it was very Short's
+a lot of work that need to be put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work that need to be put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work that need to be put into
+it to get like you desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to get like you desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to get like you desire
+um so shortterm sure it's nice use but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so shortterm sure it's nice use but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so shortterm sure it's nice use but
+but it's a lot of work so maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a lot of work so maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a lot of work so maybe one
+person would like do it and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would like do it and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would like do it and the other
+person qu yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person qu yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person qu yeah
+yeah well you guys liked it Jessica yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you guys liked it Jessica yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you guys liked it Jessica yeah
+um yeah I to agree with what Carter said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I to agree with what Carter said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I to agree with what Carter said
+um also like when I started with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also like when I started with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also like when I started with the
+candles the first one was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles the first one was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles the first one was kind of
+annoying the second one got so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying the second one got so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying the second one got so much
+better but the time that we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but the time that we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but the time that we had the
+lantern that you provided the flashlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lantern that you provided the flashlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lantern that you provided the flashlight
+that you provided us plus our three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you provided us plus our three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you provided us plus our three
+lanterns I was like there's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanterns I was like there's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanterns I was like there's so much
+excess light here we don't need yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess light here we don't need yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess light here we don't need yeah so
+it's kind of phenomenal how at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of phenomenal how at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of phenomenal how at this
+point I imagine most of us are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I imagine most of us are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I imagine most of us are
+relatively comfortable in this level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively comfortable in this level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively comfortable in this level of
+light whereas if you had walked into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light whereas if you had walked into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light whereas if you had walked into the
+classroom in this level of light you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom in this level of light you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom in this level of light you
+would not have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not have been
+thrilled um but starting with just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrilled um but starting with just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrilled um but starting with just a
+candle having all these light source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle having all these light source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle having all these light source is
+actually decent however can you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decent however can you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decent however can you imagine
+studying for your final during finals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying for your final during finals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying for your final during finals
+week using this amount of light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week using this amount of light to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week using this amount of light to
+comfortably study would this be would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably study would this be would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably study would this be would
+you opt for this probably not I sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you opt for this probably not I sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you opt for this probably not I sure
+wouldn't um I'd want a whole lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't um I'd want a whole lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't um I'd want a whole lot more
+light to read comfortably and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to read comfortably and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to read comfortably and write
+comfortably um or if you were sewing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably um or if you were sewing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably um or if you were sewing or
+cooking Etc so this is both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking Etc so this is both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking Etc so this is both a
+surprisingly small amount of light to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly small amount of light to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly small amount of light to be
+highly functional and yet very clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly functional and yet very clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly functional and yet very clearly
+not not enough for really optimal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not enough for really optimal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not enough for really optimal for
+the people who didn't like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who didn't like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who didn't like the
+flashlight what was why did you not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlight what was why did you not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlight what was why did you not just
+op not use it yeah it was just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op not use it yeah it was just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op not use it yeah it was just really
+harsh like compared to like the candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh like compared to like the candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh like compared to like the candle
+light is a lot softer and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is a lot softer and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is a lot softer and so when you
+put the um the flashlight on it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the um the flashlight on it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the um the flashlight on it was just
+this harsh bright light but it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this harsh bright light but it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this harsh bright light but it was like
+it couldn't go everywhere and at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't go everywhere and at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't go everywhere and at one
+point we had some person holding it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we had some person holding it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we had some person holding it was
+just like like for La of a better word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like like for La of a better word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like like for La of a better word
+kind of inconvenient M so yeah your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of inconvenient M so yeah your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of inconvenient M so yeah your eyes
+adjusted to it so that you like couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to it so that you like couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to it so that you like couldn't
+then read anything that didn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then read anything that didn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then read anything that didn't have that
+light on it so then you were beholden to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on it so then you were beholden to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on it so then you were beholden to
+it yeah so yeah and how about the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah so yeah and how about the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah so yeah and how about the back
+group well we didn't use it I I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group well we didn't use it I I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group well we didn't use it I I started
+using it and pointing it to papers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it and pointing it to papers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it and pointing it to papers but
+then my hand kept like moving cuz I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my hand kept like moving cuz I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my hand kept like moving cuz I had
+to squeeze it so I think it'd be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze it so I think it'd be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze it so I think it'd be useful
+for like I don't know like late at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like I don't know like late at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like I don't know like late at night
+walking somewhere and shining in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking somewhere and shining in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking somewhere and shining in front
+of you where you don't have to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you where you don't have to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you where you don't have to like
+focus it on an area yeah but uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus it on an area yeah but uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus it on an area yeah but uh for the
+purposes of this it was really annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of this it was really annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of this it was really annoying
+okay and then your lanterns what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then your lanterns what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then your lanterns what did you
+guys notice about your lanterns any ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys notice about your lanterns any ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys notice about your lanterns any ones
+that you were pleasantly surprised or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were pleasantly surprised or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were pleasantly surprised or
+Pleasant or unpleasantly surprised about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pleasant or unpleasantly surprised about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pleasant or unpleasantly surprised about
+your the utility of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lantern oh a lot of people notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern oh a lot of people notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern oh a lot of people notice
+Carter's reflection on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ceilings just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceilings just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceilings just
+the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purpose it was better sideways than like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose it was better sideways than like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose it was better sideways than like
+straight up and your your original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up and your your original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up and your your original
+intent was for it to be straight up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent was for it to be straight up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent was for it to be straight up uh
+yeah yeah I mean like this lights like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I mean like this lights like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I mean like this lights like
+around but if you're trying to read you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but if you're trying to read you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but if you're trying to read you
+want it like around yeah how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it like around yeah how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it like around yeah how many of you
+used your lanterns in the dark when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used your lanterns in the dark when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used your lanterns in the dark when you
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+them cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cool
+so that's great um definitely this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's great um definitely this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's great um definitely this is
+the kind of thing where ideally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing where ideally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing where ideally you
+would prototype it in the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prototype it in the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prototype it in the dark
+um if as you were building it any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if as you were building it any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if as you were building it any other
+thoughts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lanterns okay um great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanterns okay um great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanterns okay um great
+so I want to just run through um any big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to just run through um any big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to just run through um any big
+questions you guys had on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you guys had on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you guys had on the
+quiz so and I am going to turn on a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz so and I am going to turn on a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz so and I am going to turn on a bit
+more light because it's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more light because it's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more light because it's really hard to
+lecture I learned this the hard way last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I learned this the hard way last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I learned this the hard way last
+year when I couldn't do anything um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year when I couldn't do anything um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year when I couldn't do anything um um
+trying to lecture so it's going to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to lecture so it's going to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to lecture so it's going to I'm
+going to get a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a little more
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for are there any major questions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for are there any major questions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for are there any major questions on the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page okay and the answers will be posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page okay and the answers will be posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page okay and the answers will be posted
+on Stellar so um yeah you can see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Stellar so um yeah you can see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Stellar so um yeah you can see them
+um what did people get on the um first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what did people get on the um first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what did people get on the um first
+an first estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say again we turn what was the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say again we turn what was the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say again we turn what was the question
+that's really UNH helpful I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really UNH helpful I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really UNH helpful I'm
+sorry I didn't think this through um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't think this through um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't think this through um so
+the first question is have how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first question is have how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first question is have how many
+average incandescent light bulbs could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average incandescent light bulbs could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average incandescent light bulbs could
+an average adult Power by pedaling on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bike two eight anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike two eight anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike two eight anywhere
+else okay so that's about what I got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay so that's about what I got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay so that's about what I got so
+uh we're all on the same round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're all on the same round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're all on the same round
+so 100 to 200 Watts pedaling which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 100 to 200 Watts pedaling which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 100 to 200 Watts pedaling which we
+talked about on an in an earlier class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about on an in an earlier class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about on an in an earlier class
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then excuse me and then we have 40 to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then excuse me and then we have 40 to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then excuse me and then we have 40 to um
+100 watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 watt
+bulb so dividing that out um is anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb so dividing that out um is anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb so dividing that out um is anywhere
+between one and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and five
+bulbs is that vaguely you guys did yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs is that vaguely you guys did yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs is that vaguely you guys did yeah
+great uh can you see this at all yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh can you see this at all yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh can you see this at all yeah in
+the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back
+yeah um so you no longer have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so you no longer have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so you no longer have to
+maintain your family bonds so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain your family bonds so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain your family bonds so if you
+want to move forward so you can see feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move forward so you can see feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move forward so you can see feel
+free to do so um because I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to do so um because I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to do so um because I don't know
+how to maybe I can try this headlamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to maybe I can try this headlamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to maybe I can try this headlamp
+yes let me try this one first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+help okay um and now I feel really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help okay um and now I feel really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help okay um and now I feel really
+awesome fashion wise um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome fashion wise um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome fashion wise um okay
+so second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so second
+question is the how long will a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is the how long will a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is the how long will a solar
+Lantern last at night turn to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern last at night turn to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern last at night turn to its
+maximum settings of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum settings of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum settings of four
+LEDs and so I heard a lot of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEDs and so I heard a lot of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEDs and so I heard a lot of questions
+on this one like what is a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one like what is a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one like what is a solar
+Lantern I don't have any context for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern I don't have any context for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern I don't have any context for
+says what are you talking about and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what are you talking about and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what are you talking about and one
+of the muddy cards that I got last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the muddy cards that I got last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the muddy cards that I got last week
+was why are we doing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was why are we doing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was why are we doing all these
+ridiculous estimations um are you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous estimations um are you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous estimations um are you just
+trying to make me feel stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make me feel stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make me feel stupid
+um and no I'm really not trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and no I'm really not trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and no I'm really not trying to make
+you feel stupid and I totally get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel stupid and I totally get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel stupid and I totally get that
+when you get this estimation question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get this estimation question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get this estimation question
+and it's written just the same way as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's written just the same way as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's written just the same way as a
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+um problem set problem that is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um problem set problem that is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um problem set problem that is basically
+you know like how do you integrate x squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like how do you integrate x squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like how do you integrate x squ
+and you're like I know how to do X squ I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're like I know how to do X squ I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're like I know how to do X squ I
+know the exact right answer I can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact right answer I can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact right answer I can do it
+100 times and I'm giving you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 times and I'm giving you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 times and I'm giving you this
+question with not enough information not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question with not enough information not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question with not enough information not
+enough details it's a really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough details it's a really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough details it's a really different
+feeling and it can make you feel really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and it can make you feel really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and it can make you feel really
+insecure and foolish and stressed out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure and foolish and stressed out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure and foolish and stressed out um
+and part of the reason we're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason we're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason we're doing this
+over and over again in every class is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again in every class is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again in every class is so
+you get used to it and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get used to it and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get used to it and you get
+acclimated to it so that immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acclimated to it so that immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acclimated to it so that immediate
+stress response oh my God I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress response oh my God I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress response oh my God I don't know
+the right answer um I'm a oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer um I'm a oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer um I'm a oh my
+God dissipates and is replaced by all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God dissipates and is replaced by all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God dissipates and is replaced by all
+right well I don't know off the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I don't know off the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I don't know off the top of
+my head let me think about this what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head let me think about this what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head let me think about this what are
+the contexts I can use what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contexts I can use what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contexts I can use what are those
+techniques that we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we talked about in the
+first day of class that can help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of class that can help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of class that can help me
+start to approach this estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to approach this estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to approach this estimation
+problem so that I can come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that I can come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that I can come up with some
+sort of answer um and that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of answer um and that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of answer um and that I'm going to
+be confident that I'm not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be confident that I'm not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be confident that I'm not going to get
+the right answer but I'll probably get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer but I'll probably get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer but I'll probably get
+in the right or of mattitude or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right or of mattitude or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right or of mattitude or in the
+ballpark and that that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark and that that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark and that that's what we're
+going for here so it's to get practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for here so it's to get practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for here so it's to get practice
+with doing this so that you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with doing this so that you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with doing this so that you start to
+feel more comfortable with it it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel more comfortable with it it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel more comfortable with it it's never
+going to feel the same as when I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feel the same as when I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feel the same as when I ask you
+how to inte great X squ because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to inte great X squ because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to inte great X squ because it's the
+difference between rote rization um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between rote rization um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between rote rization um
+slash like truly understanding calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash like truly understanding calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash like truly understanding calculus
+and approaching a brand new problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approaching a brand new problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approaching a brand new problem with
+very little information and very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little information and very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little information and very little
+time and knowing how to handle it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and knowing how to handle it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and knowing how to handle it but
+the latter is really powerful basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter is really powerful basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter is really powerful basically
+anyone can learn calculus calculus with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can learn calculus calculus with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can learn calculus calculus with
+enough time but learning estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time but learning estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time but learning estimation
+takes some practice at a different level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some practice at a different level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some practice at a different level
+that's really really valuable long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really really valuable long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really really valuable long term
+so no I'm not trying to make you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no I'm not trying to make you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no I'm not trying to make you feel
+stressed um and and the the goal is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed um and and the the goal is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed um and and the the goal is when
+you see this problem to spend less time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this problem to spend less time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this problem to spend less time
+on the what the heck and more time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the what the heck and more time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the what the heck and more time on
+the well let's proo it this way no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well let's proo it this way no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well let's proo it this way no
+that's not let's dead end let's try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not let's dead end let's try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not let's dead end let's try this
+way this way um and just get fluid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this way um and just get fluid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this way um and just get fluid in
+those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different
+approaches so this question the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches so this question the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches so this question the solar
+Lantern last what did you guys um come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern last what did you guys um come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern last what did you guys um come
+up with how many hours or days did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with how many hours or days did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with how many hours or days did you
+come up with yeah Jessica we I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with yeah Jessica we I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with yeah Jessica we I was
+actually going to say that um I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to say that um I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to say that um I really
+like the estimation because like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the estimation because like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the estimation because like for
+example we already jumped to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we already jumped to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we already jumped to some of the
+assumptions that we know that we knew or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we know that we knew or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we know that we knew or
+calculations from last class but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations from last class but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations from last class but we
+forgot to account for for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to account for for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to account for for example we
+were thinking of a 3 m squared panel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking of a 3 m squared panel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking of a 3 m squared panel and
+here a lantern is not going to be 3 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a lantern is not going to be 3 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a lantern is not going to be 3 m
+squared yeah so what I'm going to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared yeah so what I'm going to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared yeah so what I'm going to say is
+that we supposed that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we supposed that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we supposed that we're going to
+have a storage device for that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a storage device for that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a storage device for that's going
+to be 3 m squared and our Lantern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 3 m squared and our Lantern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 3 m squared and our Lantern is
+only going to be like the output sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be like the output sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be like the output sort of
+demand okay um with the four LEDs and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay um with the four LEDs and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay um with the four LEDs and in
+that calculation we got like 3,000 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calculation we got like 3,000 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calculation we got like 3,000 hours
+okay so given your um assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given your um assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given your um assumption
+that doesn't sound crazy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't sound crazy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't sound crazy to
+me but I bet other people didn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but I bet other people didn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but I bet other people didn't make
+the same assumption on the size of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same assumption on the size of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same assumption on the size of your
+solar panel so what were some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel so what were some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel so what were some other
+assumptions and answers yeah well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and answers yeah well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and answers yeah well we
+assumed um our solar panel would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed um our solar panel would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed um our solar panel would be a
+quarter size of the smaller solar panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter size of the smaller solar panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter size of the smaller solar panel
+that we used last week and then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used last week and then we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used last week and then we also
+assumed that only 20% of that solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that only 20% of that solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that only 20% of that solar
+energy from the panel would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the panel would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the panel would actually
+converted into chemical energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into chemical energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into chemical energy for
+battery storage and subsequently when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery storage and subsequently when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery storage and subsequently when we
+calculated everything out it was around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated everything out it was around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated everything out it was around
+3 hours total okay great so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 hours total okay great so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 hours total okay great so that's a
+huge difference but there's some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference but there's some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference but there's some really
+vividly different assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vividly different assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vividly different assumptions that
+mandate that that's a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate that that's a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandate that that's a reasonable
+difference do you remember how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference do you remember how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference do you remember how big the
+panel was last week and then a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel was last week and then a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel was last week and then a quarter
+of that so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compare it was it was about a a foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it was it was about a a foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it was it was about a a foot
+squared so quarter quarter of a foot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did I record that correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I record that correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I record that correctly
+Jessica that it's 3 m squar is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica that it's 3 m squar is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica that it's 3 m squar is what you
+assumed yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed yeah okay
+um and then what about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then what about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then what about you
+guys we decided that the uh like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys we decided that the uh like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys we decided that the uh like we
+would have enough Sol panel toly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have enough Sol panel toly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have enough Sol panel toly
+like a 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 9
+battery so then we just used the 9V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery so then we just used the 9V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery so then we just used the 9V
+battery um which you said had about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery um which you said had about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery um which you said had about like
+15 K and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 K and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 K and then
+um One charging the four LEDs for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hour2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hours cool and what about did I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours cool and what about did I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours cool and what about did I haven't
+talked to you guys yet what did so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you guys yet what did so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you guys yet what did so we
+said installation on an average Sol 1 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said installation on an average Sol 1 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said installation on an average Sol 1 m
+s is 4.6 KS per day um and so then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is 4.6 KS per day um and so then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is 4.6 KS per day um and so then uh
+let's see what we do there then we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we do there then we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we do there then we had
+did we do there calculated the wattage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do there calculated the wattage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do there calculated the wattage
+of four bulbs uh four LEDs and we came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four bulbs uh four LEDs and we came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four bulbs uh four LEDs and we came
+out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be
+375 um hours 375 hours but then Tak into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+375 um hours 375 hours but then Tak into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+375 um hours 375 hours but then Tak into
+consideration 20% efficiency around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration 20% efficiency around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration 20% efficiency around
+that'll go down to 75 hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll go down to 75 hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll go down to 75 hours of
+functioning okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so three out of the four groups were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three out of the four groups were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three out of the four groups were all
+in the same range and then one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same range and then one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same range and then one group
+assumed a much bigger solar panel than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed a much bigger solar panel than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed a much bigger solar panel than
+is typical for a solar Lantern but isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typical for a solar Lantern but isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typical for a solar Lantern but isn't
+is not untypical for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not untypical for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not untypical for um
+a a a lighting system in a house or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a lighting system in a house or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a lighting system in a house or not
+atypical necessarily so none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atypical necessarily so none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atypical necessarily so none of these
+are um out of control so that's great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um out of control so that's great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um out of control so that's great um
+are there any other questions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other questions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other questions on the
+quiz and I apologize that I made you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and I apologize that I made you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and I apologize that I made you
+hand them back before I asked you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand them back before I asked you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand them back before I asked you these
+questions yeah so we found the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so we found the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so we found the measure
+eacy or however you say it really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eacy or however you say it really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eacy or however you say it really really
+strange is there ever a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange is there ever a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange is there ever a situation where
+that's you know practically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know practically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know practically
+used so lighting design and measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so lighting design and measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so lighting design and measurements
+is really really strange and in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really strange and in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really strange and in my
+opinion not being a lighting expert um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion not being a lighting expert um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion not being a lighting expert um
+and it is a very wishy-washy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a very wishy-washy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a very wishy-washy because
+of our eyes and how it's we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our eyes and how it's we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our eyes and how it's we basically
+don't have a sensor that can use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a sensor that can use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a sensor that can use our
+eyes and then there's so many criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and then there's so many criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and then there's so many criteria
+like you have the source the light at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have the source the light at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have the source the light at
+the source and then you have what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source and then you have what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source and then you have what it
+goes through and then what it reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through and then what it reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through and then what it reflects
+off of and where you're standing and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of and where you're standing and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of and where you're standing and if
+I'm standing here versus here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm standing here versus here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm standing here versus here that
+changes my experience of that Lantern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes my experience of that Lantern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes my experience of that Lantern
+really drastically um where you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drastically um where you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really drastically um where you can see
+me much better if I stand here but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me much better if I stand here but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me much better if I stand here but I
+can't see you at all because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see you at all because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see you at all because I'm
+completely blinded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely blinded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely blinded
+right so no no I did that intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so no no I did that intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so no no I did that intentionally
+so um that is the reality of lighting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um that is the reality of lighting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um that is the reality of lighting is
+it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really
+wild um thing to measure and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild um thing to measure and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild um thing to measure and understand
+so the a lot of the metrics that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the a lot of the metrics that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the a lot of the metrics that people
+use are less um precise or comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use are less um precise or comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use are less um precise or comfortable
+than say beam bending or other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say beam bending or other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say beam bending or other things
+that as a mechanical engineer I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a mechanical engineer I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a mechanical engineer I'm a
+little more used to so I'm going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more used to so I'm going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more used to so I'm going to run
+through these today um and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these today um and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these today um and hopefully
+they'll get clearer but I can't say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get clearer but I can't say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get clearer but I can't say that
+I feel 100% comfortable on all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel 100% comfortable on all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel 100% comfortable on all of these
+and I wouldn't expect that you are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wouldn't expect that you are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wouldn't expect that you are going
+to do either at the end of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do either at the end of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do either at the end of the class
+today but it's more just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but it's more just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but it's more just give you a
+taste of how lighting designers think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste of how lighting designers think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste of how lighting designers think
+about this and if you end up working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and if you end up working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and if you end up working on
+lighting issues um having the capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting issues um having the capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting issues um having the capability
+to know where to go to learn more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where to go to learn more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where to go to learn more but
+yeah efficacy yeah they're all Lux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah efficacy yeah they're all Lux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah efficacy yeah they're all Lux
+lumens candle power it all just is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumens candle power it all just is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumens candle power it all just is
+frustrating um the whole set which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating um the whole set which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating um the whole set which you
+guys experienced today I believe any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys experienced today I believe any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys experienced today I believe any
+other questions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quiz okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz okay
+so um so now what I want to do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so now what I want to do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so now what I want to do is just
+show you a bunch of different light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a bunch of different light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a bunch of different light
+sources um so you guys can leave your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources um so you guys can leave your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources um so you guys can leave your
+candles on but maybe turn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles on but maybe turn off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles on but maybe turn off the
+flashlights and lanterns so that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlights and lanterns so that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlights and lanterns so that um
+unless it gets unless it's really awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it gets unless it's really awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it gets unless it's really awful
+with just the candles um so to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just the candles um so to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just the candles um so to start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this device is called the delight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this device is called the delight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this device is called the delight and
+it's one of the more um well-respected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the more um well-respected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the more um well-respected
+uh Lantern companies out there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lantern companies out there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lantern companies out there it's
+quite robust though um some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite robust though um some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite robust though um some of our
+Community Partners who use it it's far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Partners who use it it's far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Partners who use it it's far
+from 100% robust um it has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 100% robust um it has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 100% robust um it has a bunch of
+different brightnesses that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brightnesses that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brightnesses that you can
+use um it's has a nice diffuser that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um it's has a nice diffuser that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um it's has a nice diffuser that
+makes it work pretty well you saw how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it work pretty well you saw how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it work pretty well you saw how
+well it worked here um compared to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it worked here um compared to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it worked here um compared to like
+this headlamp um gets you much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this headlamp um gets you much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this headlamp um gets you much more
+directed light but it's that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed light but it's that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed light but it's that's a lot
+less useful for most situations um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less useful for most situations um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less useful for most situations um so
+the dlight is really pretty great it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dlight is really pretty great it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dlight is really pretty great it
+comes with a solar panel um it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with a solar panel um it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with a solar panel um it comes
+with I need two lights now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it comes with uh a spot so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it comes with uh a spot so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it comes with uh a spot so you can
+charge your cell phone off of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge your cell phone off of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge your cell phone off of the same
+battery that you you charge the light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery that you you charge the light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery that you you charge the light on
+so um it's it's pretty well respected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um it's it's pretty well respected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um it's it's pretty well respected
+dlight makes another light that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlight makes another light that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlight makes another light that's
+smaller that's cheaper that I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller that's cheaper that I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller that's cheaper that I'll show
+later on today um but we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on today um but we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on today um but we don't have a
+version of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it
+unfortunately um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately um other
+lanterns so this is made by free play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanterns so this is made by free play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanterns so this is made by free play
+which is a company that started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a company that started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a company that started with
+radios and they also do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radios and they also do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radios and they also do a lot of
+lanterns as well as radios and it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanterns as well as radios and it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanterns as well as radios and it's a a
+hand cranked one but it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand cranked one but it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand cranked one but it's a little bit
+nicer than the hand crank ones that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer than the hand crank ones that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer than the hand crank ones that you
+got are really a lot nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got are really a lot nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got are really a lot nicer
+um and you can see that the lantern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can see that the lantern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can see that the lantern
+Works relatively well um there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works relatively well um there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works relatively well um there are some
+things that you might want to change um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you might want to change um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you might want to change um
+at the brake will turn on the lights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the brake will turn on the lights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the brake will turn on the lights and
+you guys can look through all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can look through all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can look through all of these
+um with full light um but what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with full light um but what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with full light um but what I want to
+do is just compare the different light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is just compare the different light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is just compare the different light
+that you get out um this is a uh lantern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get out um this is a uh lantern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get out um this is a uh lantern
+that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is
+Thai um and it has a a dimmer and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thai um and it has a a dimmer and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thai um and it has a a dimmer and then a
+sort of funky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of funky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of funky
+diffuser um and yeah all of these I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser um and yeah all of these I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser um and yeah all of these I'm
+just going to show and we can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to show and we can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to show and we can sort of
+think about the pros and cons if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the pros and cons if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the pros and cons if there's
+obvious ones I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what uh I think I don't know what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh I think I don't know what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh I think I don't know what it's
+called it's made by geep GE P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it's made by geep GE P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it's made by geep GE P
+um this is the um the BOGO light which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the um the BOGO light which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the um the BOGO light which
+is getting distributed a lot around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting distributed a lot around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting distributed a lot around here
+I'm not sure where they um get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure where they um get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure where they um get their
+money but like everyone I know who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but like everyone I know who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but like everyone I know who has
+one got it for free at some conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one got it for free at some conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one got it for free at some conference
+so um so they're distributed a lot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so they're distributed a lot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so they're distributed a lot it
+has a big solar panel on the side um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big solar panel on the side um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big solar panel on the side um and
+then it has different levels of LED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has different levels of LED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has different levels of LED
+lighting that you can use um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting that you can use um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting that you can use um it
+automatically turns off if it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically turns off if it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically turns off if it's in the
+sun some of these do that so if it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun some of these do that so if it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun some of these do that so if it's too
+light it won't let you use it to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it won't let you use it to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it won't let you use it to run
+down the batteries um it has a clip so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the batteries um it has a clip so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the batteries um it has a clip so
+you can hang it on something on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hang it on something on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hang it on something on your
+backpack or wherever um another one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack or wherever um another one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpack or wherever um another one that
+that Ikea makes is kind of neat um is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ikea makes is kind of neat um is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ikea makes is kind of neat um is a
+desk lamp and there's a similar desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk lamp and there's a similar desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk lamp and there's a similar desk
+lamp that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that Delight makes um the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that Delight makes um the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that Delight makes um the thing
+that's kind of interesting about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting about this is
+that the solar panel pops out so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solar panel pops out so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solar panel pops out so you can
+leave your light inside and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave your light inside and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave your light inside and then you can
+take your solar panel and put it outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your solar panel and put it outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your solar panel and put it outside
+so that it it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it it um
+captures the sunlight you need to power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the sunlight you need to power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the sunlight you need to power
+it um the drawback is is if you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the drawback is is if you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the drawback is is if you lose
+that centerpiece you're stuck so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that centerpiece you're stuck so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that centerpiece you're stuck so there's
+a pro and con there um this is a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pro and con there um this is a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pro and con there um this is a light
+that takes like a little LED simple can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes like a little LED simple can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes like a little LED simple can
+you guys see this at all when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys see this at all when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys see this at all when I do
+things like this okay um takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this okay um takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this okay um takes a little
+LED just handlight and then it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED just handlight and then it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED just handlight and then it has an
+extender for it so that um it diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extender for it so that um it diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extender for it so that um it diffuses
+the light and makes it um useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light and makes it um useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light and makes it um useful in
+other situations where you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situations where you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situations where you just don't
+just want the task light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want the task light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want the task light
+uh it's a little hard to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a little hard to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a little hard to use
+um a lot of lanterns are based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of lanterns are based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of lanterns are based on the
+classic like kerosene lantern that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic like kerosene lantern that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic like kerosene lantern that looks
+sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like
+this um this one is a modified design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um this one is a modified design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um this one is a modified design
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+bright that uh has a fluorescent light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright that uh has a fluorescent light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright that uh has a fluorescent light
+instead of using kerosene um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using kerosene um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using kerosene um but it's
+still very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very similar
+design um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um
+what else do we have we have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do we have we have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do we have we have a whole
+bunch I'm going to start getting just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch I'm going to start getting just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch I'm going to start getting just to
+the ones that are interesting this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are interesting this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are interesting this is
+one that should remind you of your solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that should remind you of your solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that should remind you of your solar
+Lantern kind of uh not solar Lantern but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern kind of uh not solar Lantern but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern kind of uh not solar Lantern but
+DIY lantern um because it's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DIY lantern um because it's very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DIY lantern um because it's very much
+DIY and the connection is a little flaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DIY and the connection is a little flaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DIY and the connection is a little flaky
+um but you can see it has a built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can see it has a built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can see it has a built-in
+switch sorry for the glare for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch sorry for the glare for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch sorry for the glare for some of
+you maybe I'll point it this way um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe I'll point it this way um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maybe I'll point it this way um it
+uses an uh CD as the reflector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses an uh CD as the reflector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses an uh CD as the reflector which
+works really well um comparatively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well um comparatively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well um comparatively and
+then just wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just wood
+for um holding the batteries and a found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um holding the batteries and a found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um holding the batteries and a found
+switch um most people in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch um most people in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch um most people in developing
+countries if they upgrade from candles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries if they upgrade from candles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries if they upgrade from candles
+upgrade to kerosene so I'm very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade to kerosene so I'm very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade to kerosene so I'm very quickly
+going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you
+kerosene so here's a kerosene lantern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene so here's a kerosene lantern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene so here's a kerosene lantern
+and what do you notice about it SMY so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you notice about it SMY so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you notice about it SMY so
+it's totally smoky it's smelly kerosene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally smoky it's smelly kerosene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally smoky it's smelly kerosene
+is pretty dangerous um so I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty dangerous um so I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty dangerous um so I would be
+hard to imagine wanting this in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to imagine wanting this in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to imagine wanting this in your
+house if you had to um for a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house if you had to um for a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house if you had to um for a variety of
+safety reasons um and certainly carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety reasons um and certainly carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety reasons um and certainly carrying
+around would be dangerous and it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around would be dangerous and it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around would be dangerous and it has the
+same flickering issues that a candle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same flickering issues that a candle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same flickering issues that a candle has
+obviously so I'm going to blow it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously so I'm going to blow it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously so I'm going to blow it out
+now so we don't smoke ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we don't smoke ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we don't smoke ourselves
+out yeah is that the same kind of is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah is that the same kind of is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah is that the same kind of is it
+kosene powered then or whatever that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kosene powered then or whatever that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kosene powered then or whatever that we
+use when we're like outside lanterns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use when we're like outside lanterns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use when we're like outside lanterns to
+keep the mosquito away sometimes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the mosquito away sometimes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the mosquito away sometimes yeah
+like kind of like glow torches mhm yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of like glow torches mhm yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of like glow torches mhm yeah
+it's the same kerosene so that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same kerosene so that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same kerosene so that's one of
+the things that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that um
+kerosene offers is mosquito repelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene offers is mosquito repelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene offers is mosquito repelling
+and that's one of the things to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the things to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the things to think
+about for all of these lights is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for all of these lights is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for all of these lights is that
+traditional lights do offer some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional lights do offer some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional lights do offer some
+benefits that people like like mosquito
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits that people like like mosquito
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits that people like like mosquito
+repelling like um Heating in some areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelling like um Heating in some areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelling like um Heating in some areas
+so then and just going back to grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then and just going back to grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then and just going back to grid
+light bulbs for a minute um we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs for a minute um we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs for a minute um we have a
+setup here so watch your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup here so watch your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup here so watch your
+eyes this is a um 40 watt um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes this is a um 40 watt um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes this is a um 40 watt um
+incandescent light bulb which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent light bulb which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent light bulb which is
+comically low in um normal housing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comically low in um normal housing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comically low in um normal housing but
+And yet when we're used to this low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yet when we're used to this low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yet when we're used to this low
+light is ridiculously painful so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is ridiculously painful so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is ridiculously painful so then
+you can add a reflector which makes it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add a reflector which makes it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add a reflector which makes it a
+little less miserable to use um but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less miserable to use um but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less miserable to use um but if
+you notice just the color of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice just the color of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice just the color of the
+light and then compare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and then compare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and then compare it
+to this incandescent or this fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this incandescent or this fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this incandescent or this fluorescent
+light um this isn't the fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um this isn't the fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um this isn't the fluorescent
+light that's the same color as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that's the same color as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that's the same color as these
+fluorescent bulbs they've actually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent bulbs they've actually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent bulbs they've actually done
+a lot to um improve fluorescent light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to um improve fluorescent light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to um improve fluorescent light
+color temperature to make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color temperature to make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color temperature to make it more
+pleasing to the eye whereas LED lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing to the eye whereas LED lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing to the eye whereas LED lights
+are still quite um comparatively blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still quite um comparatively blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still quite um comparatively blue
+this one has a nice diffuser so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has a nice diffuser so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has a nice diffuser so it's
+less painful but you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less painful but you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less painful but you can see how
+drastically different the color of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically different the color of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically different the color of the
+light is and light color really tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is and light color really tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is and light color really tends to
+impact people's mood and perception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact people's mood and perception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact people's mood and perception of
+uh the life and how much they like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the life and how much they like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the life and how much they like the
+lighting so while LEDs have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting so while LEDs have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting so while LEDs have a lot of
+potential um the color temperature issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential um the color temperature issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential um the color temperature issue
+is is strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is strong
+um the um the light I was using earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um the light I was using earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um the light I was using earlier
+the headlamp was really annoying because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headlamp was really annoying because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headlamp was really annoying because
+um like it's great for task lighting oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like it's great for task lighting oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like it's great for task lighting oh
+this is a better one actually um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a better one actually um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a better one actually um but
+it's very I blind you really fast right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very I blind you really fast right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very I blind you really fast right
+so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they
+invented this diffuser um which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this diffuser um which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this diffuser um which I think
+UPS the Dork Factor an amazing amount um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS the Dork Factor an amazing amount um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPS the Dork Factor an amazing amount um
+but um and there's a reason like I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um and there's a reason like I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um and there's a reason like I found
+this at REI on like more than it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at REI on like more than it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at REI on like more than it was
+like 75% off because I think no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 75% off because I think no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 75% off because I think no one's
+buying this because while the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying this because while the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying this because while the idea of a
+diffuser makes a lot of sense um if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser makes a lot of sense um if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser makes a lot of sense um if it
+doesn't look good you're in trouble um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look good you're in trouble um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look good you're in trouble um
+and this really has a lot to be desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really has a lot to be desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really has a lot to be desired
+in terms of um how good it looks on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of um how good it looks on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of um how good it looks on um
+and that's true everywhere that what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true everywhere that what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's true everywhere that what um
+what a device looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a device looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a device looks like
+matters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters okay
+so um so yeah so at the break we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so yeah so at the break we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so yeah so at the break we can
+look through all of these you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through all of these you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through all of these you can look
+through all of these different lanterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these different lanterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these different lanterns
+we have okay so I'm going to turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have okay so I'm going to turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have okay so I'm going to turn on the
+projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um about the kinku projector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um about the kinku projector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um about the kinku projector which
+was actually um originally invented here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually um originally invented here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually um originally invented here
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+MIT uh in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+209 so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the kingu um which as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the kingu um which as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the kingu um which as I
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+is uh an offshoot and you can notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh an offshoot and you can notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh an offshoot and you can notice
+already how much brighter this classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already how much brighter this classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already how much brighter this classroom
+is just from the little projector it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just from the little projector it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just from the little projector it's
+sort of shocking from the our trajector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of shocking from the our trajector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of shocking from the our trajector
+which is amazingly Bright Now um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is amazingly Bright Now um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is amazingly Bright Now um so the
+king projector again came out of mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king projector again came out of mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king projector again came out of mit's
+29 class and then through went through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 class and then through went through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 class and then through went through a
+lot of iterations to where it is now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of iterations to where it is now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of iterations to where it is now so
+I wanted to show some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to show some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to show some of those
+iterations so this was the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations so this was the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations so this was the initial
+prototype that came out of 209
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype that came out of 209
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype that came out of 209
+um I need a pointer or something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I need a pointer or something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I need a pointer or something um
+there and you can see it being tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you can see it being tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you can see it being tested
+here um and then it went through two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and then it went through two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and then it went through two
+iterations to where it currently is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations to where it currently is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations to where it currently is
+today you might have heard them mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you might have heard them mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you might have heard them mention
+that they used Fisher Price Optics which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used Fisher Price Optics which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used Fisher Price Optics which
+sounds really funny right um but toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds really funny right um but toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds really funny right um but toy
+companies do an amazing job of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do an amazing job of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do an amazing job of getting
+costs down really low and then producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs down really low and then producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs down really low and then producing
+in high volume and so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high volume and so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high volume and so one of the things
+that can be really handy is if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be really handy is if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be really handy is if you know
+that they're toys is going to stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're toys is going to stay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're toys is going to stay in
+production for a long time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production for a long time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production for a long time you can
+Harvest those parts um and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvest those parts um and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvest those parts um and that's
+something daab Health has been starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something daab Health has been starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something daab Health has been starting
+to do um if you know that something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do um if you know that something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do um if you know that something's
+just going to be readily available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be readily available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be readily available for
+the foreseeable future why not use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreseeable future why not use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreseeable future why not use those
+parts um it's a lot cheaper than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts um it's a lot cheaper than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts um it's a lot cheaper than
+manufacturing yourself or even buying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing yourself or even buying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing yourself or even buying it
+yourself sometimes um so the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself sometimes um so the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself sometimes um so the reason I
+wanted to show this is just because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show this is just because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show this is just because I
+think a lot of one of the reason I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of one of the reason I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of one of the reason I want
+to show this is because a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show this is because a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show this is because a lot of times
+we sort of think about um prototypes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of think about um prototypes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of think about um prototypes as
+like oh we have a prototype and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh we have a prototype and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh we have a prototype and then we
+have production and instead like in tw9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have production and instead like in tw9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have production and instead like in tw9
+they probably did three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably did three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably did three or four
+prototypes to get to this point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes to get to this point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes to get to this point and then
+this just throws three prototypes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just throws three prototypes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just throws three prototypes and
+there's actually many more um that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually many more um that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually many more um that they
+had to get through to get to a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to get through to get to a version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to get through to get to a version
+that they could actually produce in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could actually produce in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could actually produce in
+relative quantities and this is still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative quantities and this is still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative quantities and this is still in
+the order magnitude of hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order magnitude of hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order magnitude of hundreds of
+projectors not thousands or tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors not thousands or tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors not thousands or tens of
+thousands or Millions um one aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or Millions um one aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or Millions um one aspect of
+the K projector that also came up in 209
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K projector that also came up in 209
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K projector that also came up in 209
+and second year was how do you power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second year was how do you power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second year was how do you power the
+kingu um and so so students worked on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kingu um and so so students worked on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kingu um and so so students worked on um
+this device which is basically a rowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device which is basically a rowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device which is basically a rowing
+machine um to power the device which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um to power the device which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine um to power the device which
+worked really well um Harvard students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really well um Harvard students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked really well um Harvard students
+came up with a trle powered device and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a trle powered device and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a trle powered device and
+then what they're using currently is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they're using currently is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they're using currently is a
+battery pack that connects to a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery pack that connects to a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery pack that connects to a solar
+panel um these devices can you think why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel um these devices can you think why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel um these devices can you think why
+a solar panel might be chosen over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solar panel might be chosen over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solar panel might be chosen over these
+devices way more portable way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices way more portable way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices way more portable way more
+portable absolutely minim minimal work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable absolutely minim minimal work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable absolutely minim minimal work
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+noise yep time time saer yeah so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise yep time time saer yeah so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise yep time time saer yeah so these
+um the price of these two sets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the price of these two sets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the price of these two sets is
+relatively similar but it's a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively similar but it's a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively similar but it's a whole lot
+easier for kingu to ship solar panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for kingu to ship solar panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for kingu to ship solar panels
+than it is to ship stuff like this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is to ship stuff like this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is to ship stuff like this um
+and then there are some gender issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are some gender issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are some gender issues
+which were addressed between this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were addressed between this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were addressed between this and
+this in terms of who's allowed to use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of who's allowed to use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of who's allowed to use um
+the power but still um it's no one wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power but still um it's no one wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power but still um it's no one wants
+to be sitting riding a um bike or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sitting riding a um bike or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sitting riding a um bike or or
+doing um doing a rowing machine while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um doing a rowing machine while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um doing a rowing machine while
+you're in the classroom If instead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the classroom If instead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the classroom If instead you
+could have a solar panel so while human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a solar panel so while human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a solar panel so while human
+power is great and we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is great and we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is great and we talked about that
+a lot last time um there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot last time um there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot last time um there's still
+opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improvement okay so this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement okay so this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement okay so this lecture is
+adapted from um Suzanne sitlinger who um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted from um Suzanne sitlinger who um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted from um Suzanne sitlinger who um
+was in the smart cities part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the smart cities part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the smart cities part of the
+media lab and she got her PhD last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab and she got her PhD last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab and she got her PhD last year
+I'm not sure where she is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure where she is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure where she is now
+um but she taught this lecture last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but she taught this lecture last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but she taught this lecture last year
+so that's where this is coming from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where this is coming from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where this is coming from so
+just to give a little bit of context um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give a little bit of context um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give a little bit of context um
+one and a half billion people don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half billion people don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half billion people don't have
+access to electricity um about a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to electricity um about a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to electricity um about a third
+of the population in this situation live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population in this situation live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population in this situation live
+in India so that's why a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India so that's why a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India so that's why a lot of the
+projects we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects we're going to be talking about
+are based in India um also India has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based in India um also India has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based in India um also India has a
+relatively um high growth that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively um high growth that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively um high growth that's
+providing wealth to a lot of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing wealth to a lot of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing wealth to a lot of people and
+then still a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then still a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then still a very
+second set of people who are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set of people who are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set of people who are getting
+very little benefit and so the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little benefit and so the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little benefit and so the contrast
+make means there's some resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make means there's some resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make means there's some resources and
+some opportunity there too to do work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some opportunity there too to do work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some opportunity there too to do work
+there um and the International Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and the International Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and the International Energy
+agency doesn't predict this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency doesn't predict this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency doesn't predict this is going to
+change very quickly um so most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change very quickly um so most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change very quickly um so most people
+are relying on other fuels kerosene dung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relying on other fuels kerosene dung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relying on other fuels kerosene dung
+wood diesel candles battery powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood diesel candles battery powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood diesel candles battery powered
+flashlights for lighting um and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlights for lighting um and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashlights for lighting um and all of
+those have some real drawbacks you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have some real drawbacks you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have some real drawbacks you saw
+the drawbacks of kerosene and candle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawbacks of kerosene and candle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawbacks of kerosene and candle at
+least some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some of
+them um you can imagine the drawback of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um you can imagine the drawback of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um you can imagine the drawback of
+battery powered flashlights of nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery powered flashlights of nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery powered flashlights of nothing
+else is just the cost of those batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is just the cost of those batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is just the cost of those batteries
+um wood is really dirty dung is as dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wood is really dirty dung is as dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wood is really dirty dung is as dirty
+as it gets in terms of indoor air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it gets in terms of indoor air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it gets in terms of indoor air
+pollution issues um and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution issues um and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution issues um and it also
+interestingly like just as wood is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly like just as wood is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly like just as wood is bad
+for the environment dung is also bad for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the environment dung is also bad for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the environment dung is also bad for
+the environment because it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment because it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment because it's a really
+great fertilizer and in regions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great fertilizer and in regions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great fertilizer and in regions where
+they use a lot of dung to do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a lot of dung to do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a lot of dung to do other
+things the quality of the soil goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the quality of the soil goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the quality of the soil goes down
+dramatically um and then diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um and then diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um and then diesel
+unsurprisingly is rather dirty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly is rather dirty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly is rather dirty and
+dangerous similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous similar to
+kerosene um one other issue that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene um one other issue that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene um one other issue that's
+really interesting is how much you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting is how much you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting is how much you pay
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if you have modern lighting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have modern lighting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have modern lighting as
+opposed to kerosene it gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to kerosene it gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to kerosene it gets very
+expensive very fast so this is just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive very fast so this is just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive very fast so this is just a a
+set of the range of how expensive um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the range of how expensive um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of the range of how expensive um
+different lighting is compared to how um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lighting is compared to how um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lighting is compared to how um
+how light it is and this slide is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how light it is and this slide is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how light it is and this slide is really
+um hard to parse and I added color to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hard to parse and I added color to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hard to parse and I added color to it
+to make it a little easier to parse but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it a little easier to parse but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it a little easier to parse but
+basically what it's showing is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it's showing is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it's showing is how much
+the the Y intercept is how much the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Y intercept is how much the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Y intercept is how much the um
+the initial cost is and then the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial cost is and then the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial cost is and then the slope
+is what is the continuing cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the continuing cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the continuing cost so
+ideally you want to be like right down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you want to be like right down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you want to be like right down
+there right so free to start and as low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so free to start and as low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so free to start and as low
+as poss and a very low slope so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as poss and a very low slope so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as poss and a very low slope so that the
+cost of ownership is going up so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of ownership is going up so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of ownership is going up so for
+example um a solar 5w compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um a solar 5w compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um a solar 5w compact
+fluorescent Lantern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent Lantern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent Lantern
+um is really expensive um and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is really expensive um and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is really expensive um and it just
+keeps going up in cost because even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going up in cost because even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going up in cost because even
+though you think it's solar it's free it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you think it's solar it's free it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you think it's solar it's free it
+tends to break a lot um and so the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to break a lot um and so the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to break a lot um and so the cost
+keeps going up so it's really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going up so it's really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going up so it's really expensive
+um candles start out free but they keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um candles start out free but they keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um candles start out free but they keep
+going up one thing I found really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up one thing I found really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up one thing I found really
+interesting was a simple kerosene lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting was a simple kerosene lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting was a simple kerosene lamp
+uh has a pretty nice low slope compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has a pretty nice low slope compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has a pretty nice low slope compared
+to most of these Technologies and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to most of these Technologies and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to most of these Technologies and then
+the hurricane kerosene lamp goes way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hurricane kerosene lamp goes way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hurricane kerosene lamp goes way up
+and I was wondering what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was wondering what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was wondering what's the
+difference does anyone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thought so a simple kerosene lamp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so a simple kerosene lamp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so a simple kerosene lamp is
+like this one and then a hurricane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one and then a hurricane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one and then a hurricane
+kerosene lamp it sort of like like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene lamp it sort of like like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene lamp it sort of like like the
+classic lantern that you imagine sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic lantern that you imagine sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic lantern that you imagine sort of
+like this but with um kerosene in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but with um kerosene in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but with um kerosene in it
+instead of um um any thoughts as to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of um um any thoughts as to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of um um any thoughts as to what
+the difference discrepancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is yeah glass have to be replaced so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah glass have to be replaced so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah glass have to be replaced so
+that's one possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility
+yeah does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah does it
+burn uh I don't think it burns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn uh I don't think it burns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn uh I don't think it burns
+brighter yeah doesn't it come with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter yeah doesn't it come with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter yeah doesn't it come with like
+something on the inside that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the inside that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the inside that has to be
+replaced yeah yeah so both Lanterns have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced yeah yeah so both Lanterns have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced yeah yeah so both Lanterns have
+Wicks right that's how you get the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wicks right that's how you get the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wicks right that's how you get the the
+kerosene lantern to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene lantern to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene lantern to work
+and a um simple kerosene lamp can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a um simple kerosene lamp can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a um simple kerosene lamp can use
+really really simple Wick and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple Wick and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple Wick and a
+hurricane lamp requires more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane lamp requires more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane lamp requires more expensive
+Wick and so that's the cost driver and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wick and so that's the cost driver and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wick and so that's the cost driver and
+it's sort of phenomenal because you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of phenomenal because you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of phenomenal because you'd
+think oh i' so much prefer a hurricane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh i' so much prefer a hurricane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh i' so much prefer a hurricane
+lamp because it's going to enclose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp because it's going to enclose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp because it's going to enclose it
+it's going to make it a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make it a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make it a little less
+Smokey it's going to make the candles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smokey it's going to make the candles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smokey it's going to make the candles
+flicker a little less but if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flicker a little less but if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flicker a little less but if you have to
+use the special Wick it's going to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the special Wick it's going to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the special Wick it's going to cost
+so much more very quickly um and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more very quickly um and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more very quickly um and then a
+grid connected 60 W incandescent lamp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid connected 60 W incandescent lamp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid connected 60 W incandescent lamp is
+pretty great um a compart fluorescent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty great um a compart fluorescent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty great um a compart fluorescent as
+we're all familiar with cost a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all familiar with cost a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all familiar with cost a little
+more initially but then your slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more initially but then your slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more initially but then your slope
+improves and hopefully um you make back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves and hopefully um you make back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves and hopefully um you make back
+your purchase pretty quickly so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your purchase pretty quickly so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your purchase pretty quickly so I I
+found this graph to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this graph to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this graph to be really
+interesting um when you start to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um when you start to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um when you start to have
+questions about what the differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what the differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what the differences are
+I put up the assumptions for table that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put up the assumptions for table that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put up the assumptions for table that
+table um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um but
+generally up to 30% of it yeah it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally up to 30% of it yeah it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally up to 30% of it yeah it not
+question about CF yeah so when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about CF yeah so when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about CF yeah so when you when
+you talk about slope as compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about slope as compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about slope as compared to
+kerosene are you talking talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene are you talking talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene are you talking talking about
+like like on what basis um are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like on what basis um are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like on what basis um are you
+estimating the cost of electricity like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the cost of electricity like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the cost of electricity like
+is that the cost in the US or the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the cost in the US or the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the cost in the US or the cost
+in like so you can see on here I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like so you can see on here I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like so you can see on here I mean
+you can't read it right now cuz it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't read it right now cuz it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't read it right now cuz it's too
+small but you can see the Assumption so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but you can see the Assumption so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but you can see the Assumption so
+they assumed that um Grid electricity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assumed that um Grid electricity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assumed that um Grid electricity in
+rural areas is about 10 cents per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural areas is about 10 cents per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural areas is about 10 cents per
+kilowatt hour um yeah no of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour um yeah no of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour um yeah no of course you
+can't see that it's impossible um I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see that it's impossible um I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see that it's impossible um I can
+barely read it um so I'm not I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely read it um so I'm not I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely read it um so I'm not I didn't
+put this up so that you could read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this up so that you could read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this up so that you could read it
+but that's you have it on your slid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's you have it on your slid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's you have it on your slid so
+that you can look through it later if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can look through it later if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can look through it later if
+you have questions like that um yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have questions like that um yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have questions like that um yeah and
+I didn't expect you to be able to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't expect you to be able to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't expect you to be able to read
+that whole slide in all 3 seconds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole slide in all 3 seconds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole slide in all 3 seconds or
+whatever um so yeah so but I put that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um so yeah so but I put that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um so yeah so but I put that up
+there so when you have these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so when you have these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so when you have these questions
+of comparison it's easy to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparison it's easy to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparison it's easy to figure out
+what the assumptions were and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the assumptions were and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the assumptions were and these
+assumptions are a few years old so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are a few years old so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are a few years old so some
+of the drawbacks of solar and LED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drawbacks of solar and LED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drawbacks of solar and LED
+lighting are getting better but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting are getting better but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting are getting better but they're
+still um i' I'd still say we're we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still um i' I'd still say we're we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still um i' I'd still say we're we're in
+relatively the same picture with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively the same picture with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively the same picture with some
+improvement um so Financial costs are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement um so Financial costs are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement um so Financial costs are a
+big issue with lighting so people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue with lighting so people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue with lighting so people can
+spend up to 30% of their income on light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend up to 30% of their income on light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend up to 30% of their income on light
+and in this country we 3% is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this country we 3% is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this country we 3% is the best
+estimate I could come up with but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate I could come up with but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate I could come up with but it's
+really really high um because when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really high um because when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really high um because when we
+collect um data on what we spend in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect um data on what we spend in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect um data on what we spend in the
+US you don't really break it out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US you don't really break it out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US you don't really break it out like
+you don't break out utilities and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't break out utilities and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't break out utilities and how
+much of your electric bill is light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of your electric bill is light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of your electric bill is light
+versus how much is your electric stove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus how much is your electric stove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus how much is your electric stove
+versus your electric water heater Etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus your electric water heater Etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus your electric water heater Etc so
+3% is really high um so people can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% is really high um so people can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% is really high um so people can be
+spending up to 10 times more than we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending up to 10 times more than we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending up to 10 times more than we're
+used to spending um which has a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to spending um which has a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to spending um which has a huge
+burden of course um environmental costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden of course um environmental costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden of course um environmental costs
+are severe from the proper disposal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are severe from the proper disposal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are severe from the proper disposal of
+batteries to Wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries to Wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries to Wood
+deforestation um and then one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation um and then one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation um and then one that we
+don't always think about is light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always think about is light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always think about is light
+pollution so that's less of an issue um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution so that's less of an issue um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution so that's less of an issue um
+in super rural areas but it is affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in super rural areas but it is affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in super rural areas but it is affecting
+everywhere more and more and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere more and more and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere more and more and certainly
+in this country light pollution has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country light pollution has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country light pollution has a
+really big impact it's great to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big impact it's great to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big impact it's great to have
+light from a safety perspective but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from a safety perspective but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from a safety perspective but then
+from other perspectives um light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other perspectives um light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other perspectives um light
+pollution can be really problematic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution can be really problematic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution can be really problematic in
+terms of pleasure at night from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of pleasure at night from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of pleasure at night from being
+able to enjoy the night sky being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to enjoy the night sky being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to enjoy the night sky being able
+to have a darken room at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a darken room at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a darken room at night
+Etc um social costs of not having light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc um social costs of not having light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc um social costs of not having light
+um so everything becomes difficult at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so everything becomes difficult at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so everything becomes difficult at
+night as I think became clear just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night as I think became clear just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night as I think became clear just now
+um so people who don't have light go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so people who don't have light go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so people who don't have light go to
+bed really early compared to people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed really early compared to people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed really early compared to people who
+do have light um there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have light um there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have light um there's some
+agricultural work and other type of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural work and other type of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural work and other type of work
+that need to happen at night either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to happen at night either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to happen at night either
+because they have Peak periods where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have Peak periods where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have Peak periods where
+like if you don't fish in these you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you don't fish in these you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you don't fish in these you know
+this one month you want to fish as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one month you want to fish as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one month you want to fish as much
+as humanly possible and if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as humanly possible and if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as humanly possible and if you can't
+fish at night you lose a ton of money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish at night you lose a ton of money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish at night you lose a ton of money to
+things like people um collecting Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like people um collecting Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like people um collecting Rose
+paddles that has has to be done at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paddles that has has to be done at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paddles that has has to be done at night
+because once the sun comes up um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once the sun comes up um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once the sun comes up um the
+flowers uh start to wilt um it means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers uh start to wilt um it means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers uh start to wilt um it means you
+just have less time in your day because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have less time in your day because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have less time in your day because
+you only have the time of the sun um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have the time of the sun um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have the time of the sun um it
+disrupts education if you can't do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts education if you can't do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts education if you can't do any
+night school um you can imagine how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night school um you can imagine how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night school um you can imagine how
+challenging it is to do surgery with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging it is to do surgery with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging it is to do surgery with no
+light um and get medical care and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um and get medical care and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um and get medical care and no
+light and so if you have any problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and so if you have any problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and so if you have any problems
+when the sun isn't up medically that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sun isn't up medically that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sun isn't up medically that can
+be really dangerous then of course just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really dangerous then of course just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really dangerous then of course just
+security issues um it's well understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security issues um it's well understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security issues um it's well understood
+that having lighting helps with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having lighting helps with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having lighting helps with
+security uh in terms of health costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security uh in terms of health costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security uh in terms of health costs
+breathing kerosene fumes and other smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing kerosene fumes and other smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing kerosene fumes and other smoke
+in indoor places is awful the including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in indoor places is awful the including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in indoor places is awful the including
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+particulate uh method uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulate uh method uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulate uh method uh
+emissions um there's just a danger of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions um there's just a danger of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions um there's just a danger of
+fire started when you have a fire lit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire started when you have a fire lit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire started when you have a fire lit um
+that's why I actually included the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I actually included the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I actually included the the
+candle holders for the first candle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle holders for the first candle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle holders for the first candle is
+it gets those candles get really hot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets those candles get really hot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets those candles get really hot and
+I didn't want anyone to get burned um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want anyone to get burned um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want anyone to get burned um
+and then just ice drain um makes makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just ice drain um makes makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just ice drain um makes makes
+your days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your days
+harder um so I think now is a good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder um so I think now is a good time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder um so I think now is a good time
+to take a break and then after the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a break and then after the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a break and then after the break
+we'll talk about the um all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the um all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the um all those
+different measurements of Lux and lumens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measurements of Lux and lumens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measurements of Lux and lumens
+and all that good stuff so it's as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that good stuff so it's as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that good stuff so it's as I
+mentioned earlier it's a dynamic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier it's a dynamic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier it's a dynamic process
+it's contendent on a lot of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's contendent on a lot of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's contendent on a lot of variables
+like um what are the requirements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um what are the requirements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um what are the requirements of the
+task um you can imagine that reading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task um you can imagine that reading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task um you can imagine that reading is
+a very different task than cooking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different task than cooking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different task than cooking in
+terms of what lighting requirements you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what lighting requirements you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what lighting requirements you
+need but both you need significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but both you need significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but both you need significant
+amounts of light to do well um mood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of light to do well um mood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of light to do well um mood and
+atmosphere are important the appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere are important the appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere are important the appearance
+the Aesthetics the Visual Comfort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aesthetics the Visual Comfort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aesthetics the Visual Comfort
+related um health safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related um health safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related um health safety
+well-being um the social communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being um the social communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being um the social communication
+aspect of lighting the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of lighting the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of lighting the different
+people's point of view costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's point of view costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's point of view costs and
+environmental concerns so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns so there's a lot
+to consider um and some specifics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider um and some specifics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider um and some specifics so
+brightness um is both the intensity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness um is both the intensity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness um is both the intensity and
+the amount of light and you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of light and you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of light and you can sort of
+see the extremes of staring at the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the extremes of staring at the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the extremes of staring at the sun
+um thankfully through a camera lens um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thankfully through a camera lens um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thankfully through a camera lens um
+and how bright that is versus the glows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how bright that is versus the glows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how bright that is versus the glows
+and this is not coming out that well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not coming out that well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not coming out that well so
+I'm going to turn down the lights a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to turn down the lights a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to turn down the lights a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that look a little better or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look a little better or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that look a little better or the
+same I can't it looks a little better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I can't it looks a little better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I can't it looks a little better to
+my eye um so the glow and then glare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my eye um so the glow and then glare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my eye um so the glow and then glare is
+an issue that you guys all experienced I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that you guys all experienced I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that you guys all experienced I
+think today of getting shined at by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think today of getting shined at by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think today of getting shined at by one
+of my lights or one of your lights in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my lights or one of your lights in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my lights or one of your lights in
+your face and you really can't see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face and you really can't see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face and you really can't see a
+thing except for the light that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing except for the light that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing except for the light that's
+blinding your eyes so um I won't glare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinding your eyes so um I won't glare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinding your eyes so um I won't glare
+blind you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind you right
+now um contrast is another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um contrast is another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um contrast is another thing that
+consider so something with very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider so something with very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider so something with very positive
+contrast where um the object is brighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast where um the object is brighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast where um the object is brighter
+than the background as opposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the background as opposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the background as opposed to the
+reverse where all you can see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse where all you can see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse where all you can see is the
+silhouette because the background um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silhouette because the background um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silhouette because the background um is
+brighter than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than the
+foreground um and again like obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground um and again like obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground um and again like obviously
+if there's no contrast you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no contrast you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no contrast you can't see
+anything and then one thing to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and then one thing to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and then one thing to think
+about is Illusions associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is Illusions associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is Illusions associated with
+contrast so you've probably seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast so you've probably seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast so you've probably seen this
+before but this color gray and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but this color gray and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but this color gray and this
+color gray are the same color and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color gray are the same color and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color gray are the same color and it's
+just the Black versus the white that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Black versus the white that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Black versus the white that
+changes um your perception of gray um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes um your perception of gray um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes um your perception of gray um
+you can click here in the slides to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click here in the slides to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click here in the slides to go
+see a cool animation where they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a cool animation where they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a cool animation where they actually
+like um move the the gray off and on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um move the the gray off and on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um move the the gray off and on so
+you can literally watch the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can literally watch the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can literally watch the contrast
+happen and the perceived change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and the perceived change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and the perceived change in the
+gray color happen right before your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray color happen right before your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray color happen right before your eyes
+it's kind of cool um that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of cool um that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of cool um that's called
+White's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+illusion um you guys all experienced can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion um you guys all experienced can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion um you guys all experienced can
+candles in terms of contrast issues um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles in terms of contrast issues um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles in terms of contrast issues um
+and you'll notice like obviously I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice like obviously I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice like obviously I I'm
+not going to I could light a candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to I could light a candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to I could light a candle
+right now so why don't I when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so why don't I when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so why don't I when it was
+pitch dark um the candle was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch dark um the candle was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch dark um the candle was really
+really evident and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and
+now it's kind of bright but it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's kind of bright but it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's kind of bright but it's not as
+shocking or as useful um as it was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking or as useful um as it was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking or as useful um as it was and
+then another thing to notice um in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another thing to notice um in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another thing to notice um in this
+picture and because it's a painting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and because it's a painting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and because it's a painting it's
+a whole lot easier to get the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot easier to get the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot easier to get the contrast
+than if it were a camera which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if it were a camera which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if it were a camera which is why
+it's a nice picture to use is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice picture to use is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice picture to use is that this
+candle light works pretty well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle light works pretty well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle light works pretty well for
+lighting her face but is probably pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting her face but is probably pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting her face but is probably pretty
+terrible for lighting her way in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible for lighting her way in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible for lighting her way in terms
+of not tripping on anything and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not tripping on anything and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not tripping on anything and so
+candles have some aspects that they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles have some aspects that they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles have some aspects that they work
+really well on and others not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well on and others not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well on and others not so
+much um the color temperature issue we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um the color temperature issue we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um the color temperature issue we
+talked about so I think this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about so I think this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about so I think this will be
+less painful now um um still a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less painful now um um still a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less painful now um um still a little
+painful but not as bad um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful but not as bad um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful but not as bad um so the
+extremes um and you can see like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes um and you can see like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes um and you can see like the
+candle color temperature versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle color temperature versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle color temperature versus
+incandescent versus fluorescent versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent versus fluorescent versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent versus fluorescent versus
+like improved fluorescent versus a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like improved fluorescent versus a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like improved fluorescent versus a more
+traditional fluorescent versus the LED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional fluorescent versus the LED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional fluorescent versus the LED
+it's a huge range and even if we had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge range and even if we had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge range and even if we had no
+lighting um and just were using the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting um and just were using the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting um and just were using the Sun
+the difference between sunlight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between sunlight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between sunlight and
+shade uh is pretty significant so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade uh is pretty significant so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade uh is pretty significant so we're
+used to some range so expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to some range so expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to some range so expect that
+there's some perfect color that will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some perfect color that will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some perfect color that will um
+that is the one we're shooting for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the one we're shooting for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the one we're shooting for is
+not necessary but um candles certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary but um candles certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary but um candles certainly
+are on the far end of the spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the far end of the spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the far end of the spectrum and
+LEDs um aren't shown here but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEDs um aren't shown here but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEDs um aren't shown here but on the
+opposite end and pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unpleasant yeah so that's Kelvin so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant yeah so that's Kelvin so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant yeah so that's Kelvin so it's
+like a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a heat
+temperature um measuring all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um measuring all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um measuring all of these
+you can read up on all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read up on all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read up on all the different
+ways that people measure this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people measure this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people measure this sort of
+thing and the controversy over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the controversy over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the controversy over the
+different measurements again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measurements again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measurements again because
+it's so subjective it's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so subjective it's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so subjective it's really hard to
+get a really analytical measurement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a really analytical measurement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a really analytical measurement that
+captures all aspects of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures all aspects of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures all aspects of light
+performance So speaking of that um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance So speaking of that um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance So speaking of that um just
+going through the terms so the Lumen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the terms so the Lumen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the terms so the Lumen and
+I find this diagram to be really helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find this diagram to be really helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find this diagram to be really helpful
+is the light that's being emitted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the light that's being emitted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the light that's being emitted and
+then the Luminous intensity or Candela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Luminous intensity or Candela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Luminous intensity or Candela
+is the lumens per angle and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lumens per angle and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lumens per angle and then
+illuminance is or lock is the lumens per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminance is or lock is the lumens per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminance is or lock is the lumens per
+square meter and then luminance is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square meter and then luminance is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square meter and then luminance is the
+what the Luminous intensity that reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Luminous intensity that reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Luminous intensity that reaches
+the eye is everyone totally clear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye is everyone totally clear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye is everyone totally clear on
+that so um so yeah all the the words are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um so yeah all the the words are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um so yeah all the the words are
+somewhat similar and we're just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat similar and we're just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat similar and we're just talking
+about different ways of looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different ways of looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different ways of looking at it
+and because you can only ever see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because you can only ever see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because you can only ever see the
+light using your eye unless you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light using your eye unless you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light using your eye unless you have a
+light meter um which will be getting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light meter um which will be getting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light meter um which will be getting but
+we don't have right now um it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have right now um it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have right now um it's sort of
+difficult to even conceive of exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to even conceive of exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to even conceive of exactly
+what these mean apart from just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these mean apart from just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these mean apart from just
+hypothetically um and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically um and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically um and then of course
+brightness is subjective and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness is subjective and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness is subjective and not
+something that's really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really easy to
+measure you guys look confused do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you guys look confused do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you guys look confused do you
+look confused I feel like when I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look confused I feel like when I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look confused I feel like when I think
+of FL I think something going over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FL I think something going over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FL I think something going over a
+certain area but it's just to form so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain area but it's just to form so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain area but it's just to form so so
+like I understand Lumin as like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I understand Lumin as like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I understand Lumin as like an
+energy un and like the amount of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy un and like the amount of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy un and like the amount of light
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+Emitt but not as a flux I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emitt but not as a flux I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emitt but not as a flux I feel like
+luminous flux would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminous flux would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminous flux would be more
+Del so I I understand what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del so I I understand what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del so I I understand what you're saying
+that the way flux is used in this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way flux is used in this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way flux is used in this set of
+definitions is contrary to the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions is contrary to the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions is contrary to the way
+you're used to seeing flux um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to seeing flux um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to seeing flux um and I
+cannot take credit for these definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot take credit for these definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot take credit for these definitions
+so I can't help you resolve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can't help you resolve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can't help you resolve that
+conflict only to agree with you that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict only to agree with you that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict only to agree with you that it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um illuminance verus luminance you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um illuminance verus luminance you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um illuminance verus luminance you got
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+a I'm sorry it says under luminous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm sorry it says under luminous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm sorry it says under luminous
+intensity Candela or Lum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity Candela or Lum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity Candela or Lum
+padian per radian steradian um so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padian per radian steradian um so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padian per radian steradian um so it's
+the steradian is again a strange measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steradian is again a strange measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steradian is again a strange measure
+of an angle um I'm not going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an angle um I'm not going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an angle um I'm not going to ask you
+to uh derive or calculate luminous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh derive or calculate luminous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh derive or calculate luminous
+intensity just so that you're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity just so that you're familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity just so that you're familiar
+with these existence yeah not no I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these existence yeah not no I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these existence yeah not no I think
+is a solid angle right yeah was ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solid angle right yeah was ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solid angle right yeah was ask
+question is like the measure of solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like the measure of solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is like the measure of solid
+Ang it's just it's like if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ang it's just it's like if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ang it's just it's like if you have a
+circle you know you have a radi which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle you know you have a radi which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle you know you have a radi which
+it's just mapping that to a sphere okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just mapping that to a sphere okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just mapping that to a sphere okay
+so it's the same idea as R except just R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same idea as R except just R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same idea as R except just R
+for sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sphere
+okay makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay makes
+L okay um and so here are a bunch of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay um and so here are a bunch of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay um and so here are a bunch of um
+these quantities with symbols and SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities with symbols and SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities with symbols and SI
+units some of which help and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units some of which help and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units some of which help and some of
+which add to the confusion like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which add to the confusion like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which add to the confusion like the
+difference um between light incident on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um between light incident on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um between light incident on
+a Surface versus light emitted from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Surface versus light emitted from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Surface versus light emitted from a
+surface it all gets complicated and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it all gets complicated and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it all gets complicated and so
+basically the the takeaway from this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the the takeaway from this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the the takeaway from this is
+that if you want to actually compare two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to actually compare two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to actually compare two
+lights and say this one is superior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and say this one is superior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and say this one is superior to
+that one it's a lot of work and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one it's a lot of work and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one it's a lot of work and it's
+subjective even with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective even with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective even with these
+hypothetically some of these objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically some of these objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically some of these objective
+measures it's challenging um because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures it's challenging um because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures it's challenging um because of
+the nature of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of our
+eyes um just sort of like odor um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes um just sort of like odor um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes um just sort of like odor um is
+challenging to measure too um so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to measure too um so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to measure too um so when
+you're using a basic light meter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a basic light meter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a basic light meter um
+you're measuring illuminance which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring illuminance which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring illuminance which again
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+back here um is just measuring the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here um is just measuring the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here um is just measuring the light
+emitted onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface so you can compare when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so you can compare when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so you can compare when you
+using a light meter some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a light meter some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a light meter some of the things
+you want to do are compare vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do are compare vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do are compare vertical
+surfaces and horizontal surfaces um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and horizontal surfaces um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and horizontal surfaces um
+looking at where the light source um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at where the light source um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at where the light source um
+usually it's very rare in a room that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's very rare in a room that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's very rare in a room that
+there or in a location that there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or in a location that there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or in a location that there's only
+one light source um when we all had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one light source um when we all had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one light source um when we all had just
+four candles there were four light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four candles there were four light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four candles there were four light
+sources if only one family had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources if only one family had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources if only one family had the
+candle it would have been one light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle it would have been one light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle it would have been one light
+source but normally there's a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source but normally there's a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source but normally there's a whole lot
+there's my computer there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my computer there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my computer there's the
+projector there's the overhead lights um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector there's the overhead lights um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector there's the overhead lights um
+there would be light coming in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be light coming in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be light coming in from the
+windows of the doors if I hadn't covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows of the doors if I hadn't covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows of the doors if I hadn't covered
+them up so you have to consider all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up so you have to consider all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up so you have to consider all of
+those and then the stay light light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and then the stay light light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and then the stay light light
+sources and then whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and then whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and then whether you're
+measuring it I level and where exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it I level and where exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it I level and where exactly
+is eye level are you assuming an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eye level are you assuming an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eye level are you assuming an average
+woman or an average man or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman or an average man or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman or an average man or something
+else um and then also at the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um and then also at the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um and then also at the task
+surface as opposed to the eye surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface as opposed to the eye surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface as opposed to the eye surface
+all of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are
+important um just to give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um just to give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um just to give you a sense of
+order of magnitude of how bright and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude of how bright and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude of how bright and how
+unright yeah did you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unright yeah did you have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unright yeah did you have a question
+Eric did you have a question or was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric did you have a question or was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric did you have a question or was your
+hand just moving just sorry okay um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand just moving just sorry okay um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand just moving just sorry okay um so
+we can range a whole lot of order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can range a whole lot of order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can range a whole lot of order of
+magnitudes from a bright star at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes from a bright star at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes from a bright star at night
+which is still pretty dim but if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still pretty dim but if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still pretty dim but if you've
+ever been in the middle of nowhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever been in the middle of nowhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever been in the middle of nowhere in
+the middle of the night it's amazing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the night it's amazing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the night it's amazing how
+bright stars can be on a moon with in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright stars can be on a moon with in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright stars can be on a moon with in a
+night with no moon um it's surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night with no moon um it's surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night with no moon um it's surprisingly
+bright once your eyes adapt um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright once your eyes adapt um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright once your eyes adapt um
+to um Moon how strong a moon is uh to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um Moon how strong a moon is uh to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um Moon how strong a moon is uh to a
+living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+room hallway toilet versus living room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room hallway toilet versus living room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room hallway toilet versus living room
+this really depends on how well your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really depends on how well your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really depends on how well your
+toilet and your living room are lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toilet and your living room are lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toilet and your living room are lit
+compared to each other um there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to each other um there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to each other um there's a lot
+of variation here so this is General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation here so this is General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation here so this is General
+metric but there's a lot of variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric but there's a lot of variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric but there's a lot of variation of
+of course and then sunrise or sunr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course and then sunrise or sunr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course and then sunrise or sunr
+Sunset is going to be much brighter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunset is going to be much brighter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunset is going to be much brighter than
+your living room and then going all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your living room and then going all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your living room and then going all the
+way to full daylight and then direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to full daylight and then direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to full daylight and then direct
+sunlight um is incredibly bright and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight um is incredibly bright and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight um is incredibly bright and
+piercing so if you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piercing so if you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piercing so if you think about like
+sitting on a beach with no clouds just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on a beach with no clouds just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on a beach with no clouds just
+how bright that is um it's shockingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bright that is um it's shockingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bright that is um it's shockingly
+bright yeah how does an over more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright yeah how does an over more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright yeah how does an over more than a
+sunrise or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunrise or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunrise or a
+sunet what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think does anyone have a hypothesis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think does anyone have a hypothesis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think does anyone have a hypothesis for
+why an overcast day has more uh Lux than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why an overcast day has more uh Lux than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why an overcast day has more uh Lux than
+sunrise or Sunset I guess there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunrise or Sunset I guess there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunrise or Sunset I guess there's
+overcat St has clouds like has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcat St has clouds like has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcat St has clouds like has a
+diffuser and then where Sun said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser and then where Sun said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser and then where Sun said it's
+not direct sun but more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not direct sun but more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not direct sun but more of
+the I don't I don't know which word to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I don't I don't know which word to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I don't I don't know which word to
+use not not non but it's very indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not not non but it's very indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not not non but it's very indirect
+and the the angle of the sun is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the angle of the sun is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the angle of the sun is much
+lower on the horizon so the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower on the horizon so the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower on the horizon so the percentage
+of the sun that's that's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sun that's that's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sun that's that's actually the
+Rays that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays that are
+actually um providing light to you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um providing light to you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um providing light to you is
+significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly
+lower um and and there's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower um and and there's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower um and and there's a lot more
+diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+yeah um so there's recommendations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so there's recommendations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so there's recommendations for
+task lighting again in luck so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task lighting again in luck so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task lighting again in luck so we can
+use the light meter um and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the light meter um and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the light meter um and you can see
+that they're typically measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're typically measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're typically measured in
+horizontal as well as vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal as well as vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal as well as vertical
+illuminance and that a kitchen reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminance and that a kitchen reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminance and that a kitchen reading
+desk work all require a certain level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk work all require a certain level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk work all require a certain level
+much much higher than if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much higher than if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much higher than if you're just
+doing General tasks and you saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing General tasks and you saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing General tasks and you saw that
+today that we could get away with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that we could get away with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that we could get away with a
+ridiculously low level of Lux in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously low level of Lux in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously low level of Lux in this
+room um and function uh when we just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um and function uh when we just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um and function uh when we just had
+candles and maybe a little bit more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles and maybe a little bit more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candles and maybe a little bit more but
+if you wanted to be really reading or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to be really reading or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to be really reading or
+studying comfortably you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying comfortably you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying comfortably you wanted
+tremendous amount more locks what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount more locks what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount more locks what do
+they mean by circulation just that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean by circulation just that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean by circulation just that like
+going about your daily activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going about your daily activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going about your daily activities
+Yeah question vertical illuminance would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah question vertical illuminance would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah question vertical illuminance would
+be like from the top to the bottom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like from the top to the bottom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like from the top to the bottom right
+not like going down vertically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like going down vertically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like going down vertically so
+they're talking about measuring it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about measuring it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about measuring it on a
+horizontal surface and on a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal surface and on a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal surface and on a vertical
+surface okay so incident on a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so incident on a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so incident on a vertical
+and incident on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then also outside we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then also outside we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then also outside we have to
+worry about a lot of different ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about a lot of different ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about a lot of different ranges
+and you can see that um you care a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that um you care a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that um you care a whole
+lot more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about
+lighting a monument um if you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting a monument um if you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting a monument um if you care about
+everyone seeing the monument then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone seeing the monument then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone seeing the monument then you do
+say in your garden you can can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in your garden you can can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in your garden you can can be a
+whole lot dimmer and people can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot dimmer and people can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot dimmer and people can still
+walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk
+around um and again when I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um and again when I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um and again when I was talking
+about all the different areas that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the different areas that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the different areas that you
+have to worry about um you have glare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about um you have glare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about um you have glare
+you this is the point of interest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is the point of interest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is the point of interest you
+have light pollution that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have light pollution that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have light pollution that's going to
+affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your
+measurements um you have some reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements um you have some reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements um you have some reflective
+surfaces all of these different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces all of these different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces all of these different areas
+are things to consider this is one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things to consider this is one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things to consider this is one way
+of looking at it with um a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at it with um a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at it with um a physical
+diagram and this is another one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and this is another one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and this is another one that
+sort of runs through the different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of runs through the different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of runs through the different ways
+that you can measure these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can measure these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can measure these different
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+issues okay so I've gotten through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay so I've gotten through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay so I've gotten through all
+these different Basics on how to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different Basics on how to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different Basics on how to measure
+light and these basic criteria um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and these basic criteria um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and these basic criteria um
+there's a whole lot more content that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole lot more content that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole lot more content that we
+could go through that I'm not an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go through that I'm not an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go through that I'm not an expert
+in um and I don't think it's crucial but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um and I don't think it's crucial but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um and I don't think it's crucial but
+if you do get into this area it's deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do get into this area it's deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do get into this area it's deep
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+interesting so again we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so again we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so again we talked about
+just the quality of the light of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the quality of the light of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the quality of the light of a
+hurricane lamp say lit by kerosene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane lamp say lit by kerosene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane lamp say lit by kerosene
+versus an LED light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus an LED light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus an LED light
+the experience is very very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience is very very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience is very very different
+both in terms of the experience of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of the experience of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of the experience of how
+bright it is the color of the light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright it is the color of the light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright it is the color of the light the
+cleanliness the cost all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanliness the cost all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanliness the cost all of these things
+are quite distinct um and this graph or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite distinct um and this graph or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite distinct um and this graph or
+this chart really sort of tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart really sort of tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart really sort of tries to
+document those differences so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document those differences so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document those differences so the
+brightness is pretty um severely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness is pretty um severely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness is pretty um severely
+different that a fuel-based light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that a fuel-based light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that a fuel-based light is
+much much less bright typically than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much less bright typically than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much less bright typically than
+electrical light the quality is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical light the quality is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical light the quality is much
+poorer which you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer which you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer which you guys
+saw um and then the reliability well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw um and then the reliability well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw um and then the reliability well
+either one can be unreliable right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one can be unreliable right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one can be unreliable right and
+you kind of have to Define when you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of have to Define when you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of have to Define when you mean
+by reliability what's more important um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reliability what's more important um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reliability what's more important um
+to you relying on the grid is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you relying on the grid is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you relying on the grid is great
+until the grid becomes so unreliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the grid becomes so unreliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the grid becomes so unreliable
+that you stop relying on it um which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you stop relying on it um which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you stop relying on it um which has
+happened to my neighbors for example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to my neighbors for example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to my neighbors for example um
+when NSTAR was really misbehaving a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when NSTAR was really misbehaving a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when NSTAR was really misbehaving a few
+years ago so um it's it's an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so um it's it's an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so um it's it's an issue
+everywhere that um things that seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere that um things that seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere that um things that seem
+reliable aren't always and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable aren't always and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable aren't always and then you
+start choosing different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start choosing different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start choosing different type of
+reliability um so now I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability um so now I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability um so now I want to go
+through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of
+lighting and lighting tasks so learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting and lighting tasks so learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting and lighting tasks so learning
+is obviously a huge area where light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously a huge area where light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously a huge area where light
+provides a huge benefit to people if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a huge benefit to people if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a huge benefit to people if you
+can be studying or and or going to class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be studying or and or going to class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be studying or and or going to class
+at night that frees up a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night that frees up a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night that frees up a tremendous
+number of hours in the day that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hours in the day that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hours in the day that you can
+work and similarly working so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and similarly working so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and similarly working so I
+mentioned people plucking flowers people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned people plucking flowers people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned people plucking flowers people
+farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming
+um silk from silk worms and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um silk from silk worms and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um silk from silk worms and people
+cooking um it's all of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking um it's all of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking um it's all of these things are
+really benefited from being able to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really benefited from being able to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really benefited from being able to work
+at night um these two examples are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night um these two examples are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night um these two examples are from
+celco which we'll talk about later in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celco which we'll talk about later in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celco which we'll talk about later in a
+few slides um markets and vendors so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides um markets and vendors so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides um markets and vendors so if
+you can sell at night as well as the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell at night as well as the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell at night as well as the day
+that opens up a lot of potential profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opens up a lot of potential profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opens up a lot of potential profit
+and potential customers for you um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potential customers for you um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potential customers for you um and
+then we talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talked a little bit about
+medical care and the benefit from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical care and the benefit from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical care and the benefit from all
+the way you know from having baby babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you know from having baby babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you know from having baby babies
+to emergency surgery where having light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emergency surgery where having light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emergency surgery where having light
+at night is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night is really
+crucial um and then just walking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial um and then just walking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial um and then just walking and
+being safe at night uh anywhere from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being safe at night uh anywhere from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being safe at night uh anywhere from
+driving to wandering it's really handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving to wandering it's really handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving to wandering it's really handy
+to have light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have light
+unsurprisingly um and then if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly um and then if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly um and then if you think
+about how much time you spend at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much time you spend at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much time you spend at night
+socializing and how much harder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socializing and how much harder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socializing and how much harder that
+would be if there was no light to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if there was no light to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if there was no light to do so
+and how much um less time you'd have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much um less time you'd have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much um less time you'd have for
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+with your peers and with your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your peers and with your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your peers and with your friends
+and family with at night um so lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and family with at night um so lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and family with at night um so lights
+like the street light um Prov you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the street light um Prov you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the street light um Prov you know
+provides an opportunity for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides an opportunity for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides an opportunity for people to
+start all of a sudden meeting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start all of a sudden meeting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start all of a sudden meeting and
+socializing and or working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socializing and or working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socializing and or working
+together so some examples of light so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so some examples of light so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so some examples of light so I
+mentioned the d light and I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the d light and I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the d light and I think this
+um light has has been upgraded a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um light has has been upgraded a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um light has has been upgraded a little
+bit and is now called the d10 or S10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and is now called the d10 or S10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and is now called the d10 or S10
+maybe the S10 um but basically it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the S10 um but basically it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the S10 um but basically it's made
+by the same company d light that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same company d light that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same company d light that makes
+this light um but they this light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light um but they this light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light um but they this light is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+$60 um maybe 40 in some places um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60 um maybe 40 in some places um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60 um maybe 40 in some places um and
+this light they're selling at around 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light they're selling at around 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light they're selling at around 10
+um and so it's a whole lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so it's a whole lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so it's a whole lot more
+affordable it doesn't offer the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable it doesn't offer the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable it doesn't offer the cell
+phone charging in similar aspects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone charging in similar aspects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone charging in similar aspects but
+they've also worked a lot about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've also worked a lot about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've also worked a lot about making
+sure that it offers um a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it offers um a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it offers um a really good
+quality light um some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality light um some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality light um some of the
+limitations of this light for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of this light for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of this light for example
+were really clear and just how glaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really clear and just how glaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really clear and just how glaring
+it was and it's nice to have light at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was and it's nice to have light at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was and it's nice to have light at
+all but glaring light isn't ideal and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but glaring light isn't ideal and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but glaring light isn't ideal and so
+they've done a lot with diffusion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done a lot with diffusion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done a lot with diffusion to
+make sure that this light is Pleasant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that this light is Pleasant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that this light is Pleasant to
+use and this is a nice sort of side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and this is a nice sort of side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and this is a nice sort of side
+by-side picture of using a kerosene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by-side picture of using a kerosene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by-side picture of using a kerosene
+lantern versus using a dlight um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lantern versus using a dlight um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lantern versus using a dlight um you can
+see the the difference um this is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the difference um this is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the difference um this is much
+much brighter and probably a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much brighter and probably a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much brighter and probably a whole lot
+more pleasurable to read by as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pleasurable to read by as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pleasurable to read by as long as
+it's not too glaring um and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too glaring um and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too glaring um and they also
+had two settings um so that you can save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two settings um so that you can save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two settings um so that you can save
+your batteries if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your batteries if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your batteries if you need
+to um gine Shakti you may have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um gine Shakti you may have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um gine Shakti you may have heard of
+gine Bank um and gine shaki is a related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gine Bank um and gine shaki is a related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gine Bank um and gine shaki is a related
+program where they've been providing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where they've been providing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where they've been providing a
+solar electrification primarily for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar electrification primarily for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar electrification primarily for
+lighting um to many many homes um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting um to many many homes um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting um to many many homes um and so
+they're one sort of classic example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're one sort of classic example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're one sort of classic example of
+focusing on PV systems to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on PV systems to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on PV systems to provide
+lighting um celco which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting um celco which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting um celco which I'm going to
+show a video on about in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a video on about in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a video on about in a couple of
+minutes is another example um where as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes is another example um where as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes is another example um where as I
+mentioned so they were using kerosene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned so they were using kerosene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned so they were using kerosene
+lamps to feed silk worms which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps to feed silk worms which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps to feed silk worms which they
+needed to do at night um and kerosene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do at night um and kerosene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do at night um and kerosene
+lamps as you can imagine are dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps as you can imagine are dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps as you can imagine are dangerous
+and not only are they smelly and toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only are they smelly and toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not only are they smelly and toxic
+to people but they're killing off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people but they're killing off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people but they're killing off
+silkworms because they're toxic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silkworms because they're toxic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silkworms because they're toxic to
+silkworms too and so s selo was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silkworms too and so s selo was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silkworms too and so s selo was able to
+develop um a solar Lantern system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop um a solar Lantern system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop um a solar Lantern system that
+became affordable through some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became affordable through some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became affordable through some um
+complicated financing methods which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated financing methods which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated financing methods which is
+celco does a combination of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celco does a combination of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celco does a combination of technology
+and financing that allows people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and financing that allows people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and financing that allows people to
+access solar lighting that they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access solar lighting that they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access solar lighting that they couldn't
+otherwise access um and it um has had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise access um and it um has had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise access um and it um has had a
+lot of benefits similarly solar power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of benefits similarly solar power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of benefits similarly solar power
+powered headlamps the story on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered headlamps the story on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered headlamps the story on this
+project is that initially midwives came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is that initially midwives came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is that initially midwives came
+to CCO saying we really need solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to CCO saying we really need solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to CCO saying we really need solar
+powered lanterns um like headlamps not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered lanterns um like headlamps not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered lanterns um like headlamps not
+just lanterns because if you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lanterns because if you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lanterns because if you can imagine
+when you're delivering a baby you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're delivering a baby you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're delivering a baby you need
+task lighting run Center and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task lighting run Center and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task lighting run Center and if you have
+a lantern behind you your body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lantern behind you your body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lantern behind you your body is
+blocking what you need to see and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking what you need to see and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking what you need to see and so it
+becomes very inefficient and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very inefficient and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very inefficient and you don't
+want a kerosene lamp right up and close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a kerosene lamp right up and close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a kerosene lamp right up and close
+that's just dangerous um and so um celco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just dangerous um and so um celco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just dangerous um and so um celco
+came up with a headlamp but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a headlamp but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a headlamp but
+unfortunately midwives don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately midwives don't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately midwives don't have enough
+clients to pay for the headlamp so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients to pay for the headlamp so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients to pay for the headlamp so then
+celo looked at well who else needs these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celo looked at well who else needs these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celo looked at well who else needs these
+headlamps and they came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headlamps and they came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headlamps and they came up with a
+headlamp sharing method so that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headlamp sharing method so that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headlamp sharing method so that people
+um flower plucker Pluckers construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um flower plucker Pluckers construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um flower plucker Pluckers construction
+workers Rubber tappers and midwives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers Rubber tappers and midwives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers Rubber tappers and midwives
+could all share the headlamp so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could all share the headlamp so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could all share the headlamp so that
+everyone could benefit um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone could benefit um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone could benefit um so that
+requires not only some special financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires not only some special financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires not only some special financing
+but also some special um Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also some special um Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also some special um Community
+arrangements so that everyone is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements so that everyone is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements so that everyone is able to
+share these um headlamps successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share these um headlamps successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share these um headlamps successfully
+but if when they're successful it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if when they're successful it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if when they're successful it helps
+tremendously for a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people um so now I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um so now I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um so now I want to talk about
+celco or show you a video about celco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celco or show you a video about celco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celco or show you a video about celco
+the founder is Harish Hyundai um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founder is Harish Hyundai um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founder is Harish Hyundai um and I
+think the thing that isn't going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the thing that isn't going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the thing that isn't going to come
+out in the video enough is what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the video enough is what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the video enough is what he
+really learned very quickly um but had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learned very quickly um but had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learned very quickly um but had
+to do a lot of work to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lot of work to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lot of work to figure out how to
+address is that he had people regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address is that he had people regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address is that he had people regularly
+telling him that 300 rupees a month is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling him that 300 rupees a month is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling him that 300 rupees a month is
+expensive but 10 Rupees a day is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive but 10 Rupees a day is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive but 10 Rupees a day is
+fine and you can do the math really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and you can do the math really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and you can do the math really
+quickly and see that those are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and see that those are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and see that those are the same
+right that um 30 * 10 is 300 so why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that um 30 * 10 is 300 so why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that um 30 * 10 is 300 so why do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+think one would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feel like uh if you're paying Lum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like uh if you're paying Lum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like uh if you're paying Lum uh
+first like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first like
+theologically it seems like more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologically it seems like more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologically it seems like more money
+because like 300 is much more than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like 300 is much more than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like 300 is much more than 10
+but also because like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because like I
+mean I think it's hard to it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think it's hard to it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think it's hard to it's easier to
+like budget dayto day it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like budget dayto day it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like budget dayto day it's hard to
+budget like an entire month so like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget like an entire month so like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget like an entire month so like it's
+probably easier to like you know save 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably easier to like you know save 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably easier to like you know save 10
+Rupees every day as opposed to trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rupees every day as opposed to trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rupees every day as opposed to trying to
+like say 300 per month because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say 300 per month because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say 300 per month because you're
+unsure of a lot of variables yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsure of a lot of variables yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsure of a lot of variables yeah so the
+budget budgeting cycle is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget budgeting cycle is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget budgeting cycle is actually the
+huge thing that people using kerosene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge thing that people using kerosene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge thing that people using kerosene
+lanterns would sell during the day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanterns would sell during the day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanterns would sell during the day and
+if they made enough to buy kerosene at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they made enough to buy kerosene at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they made enough to buy kerosene at
+night they would and if they didn't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night they would and if they didn't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night they would and if they didn't they
+wouldn't and so that gave them a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't and so that gave them a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't and so that gave them a lot of
+flexibility for their budget whereas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility for their budget whereas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility for their budget whereas if
+you spend $300 300 rupees and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend $300 300 rupees and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend $300 300 rupees and then um
+you have a bad month you're out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bad month you're out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bad month you're out and
+there's no ability to um optimize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ability to um optimize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ability to um optimize that
+on a short cycle I'm also thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a short cycle I'm also thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a short cycle I'm also thinking that
+storing that money somewhere is business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing that money somewhere is business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing that money somewhere is business
+you don't want have saved up for whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want have saved up for whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want have saved up for whole
+month yeah you have the bestd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month yeah you have the bestd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month yeah you have the bestd
+anding know habits yeah now you saved up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anding know habits yeah now you saved up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anding know habits yeah now you saved up
+for the whole month and somebody steals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole month and somebody steals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole month and somebody steals
+it or it's lock or burs up because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or it's lock or burs up because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or it's lock or burs up because of
+the or what yeah so saving is risky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or what yeah so saving is risky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or what yeah so saving is risky and
+it's also hard if that if you've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also hard if that if you've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also hard if that if you've never
+been brought up to be um budgeting which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been brought up to be um budgeting which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been brought up to be um budgeting which
+is something that if live in poverty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that if live in poverty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that if live in poverty is
+not something that you're really doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that you're really doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that you're really doing
+on a month-to-month or year-to-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a month-to-month or year-to-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a month-to-month or year-to-year
+basis but are living day-to-day shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis but are living day-to-day shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis but are living day-to-day shifting
+to that mindset is very difficult and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that mindset is very difficult and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that mindset is very difficult and it
+does add an element of risk if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does add an element of risk if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does add an element of risk if you're
+saving money um you have to save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving money um you have to save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving money um you have to save it
+somewhere that has to be secure which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that has to be secure which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that has to be secure which is
+a big assumption any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thoughts so um and this is heres's quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts so um and this is heres's quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts so um and this is heres's quote
+but having talked to him my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having talked to him my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having talked to him my
+understanding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is
+that 300 rupees a month is expensive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 300 rupees a month is expensive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 300 rupees a month is expensive but
+20 rupes a day is fine so people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 rupes a day is fine so people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 rupes a day is fine so people are
+really generally spending much more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really generally spending much more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really generally spending much more to
+live dayto day than they are um if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live dayto day than they are um if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live dayto day than they are um if they
+could live month to month but living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could live month to month but living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could live month to month but living
+month to month is a barrier so high that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month to month is a barrier so high that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month to month is a barrier so high that
+it's completely insurmountable for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely insurmountable for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely insurmountable for um
+people at a certain level of poverty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at a certain level of poverty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at a certain level of poverty and
+below so I'm going to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again Street Markets are a crucial part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Street Markets are a crucial part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Street Markets are a crucial part
+of Indian comerce Street vendors sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Indian comerce Street vendors sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Indian comerce Street vendors sell
+everything from vegetables to incense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from vegetables to incense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from vegetables to incense to
+clothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing to
+handicrafts much of the action takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handicrafts much of the action takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handicrafts much of the action takes
+place in the hours after dusk normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the hours after dusk normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the hours after dusk normally
+the vendors depend on kerosene lamps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vendors depend on kerosene lamps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vendors depend on kerosene lamps to
+light their wees celo thought that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light their wees celo thought that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light their wees celo thought that the
+street vendors would be better served by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street vendors would be better served by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street vendors would be better served by
+solar lighting but the vendors were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar lighting but the vendors were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar lighting but the vendors were in
+no position to purchase PV panels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no position to purchase PV panels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no position to purchase PV panels and
+batteries for solar lighting so celco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries for solar lighting so celco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries for solar lighting so celco
+redesigned the value chain and created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesigned the value chain and created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesigned the value chain and created a
+new class of vendor the solar lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new class of vendor the solar lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new class of vendor the solar lighting
+entrepreneur with financing arranged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur with financing arranged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur with financing arranged by
+celo solar light entrepreneurs purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celo solar light entrepreneurs purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celo solar light entrepreneurs purchase
+large arrays of solar panels that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large arrays of solar panels that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large arrays of solar panels that can be
+placed on a roof or even a vacant lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on a roof or even a vacant lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on a roof or even a vacant lot
+every morning the solar entrepreneurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every morning the solar entrepreneurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every morning the solar entrepreneurs
+connect a series of batteries to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect a series of batteries to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect a series of batteries to their
+PV panels the 12vt batteries are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV panels the 12vt batteries are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV panels the 12vt batteries are the
+size and heft of car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and heft of car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and heft of car
+batteries the entrepreneurs have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries the entrepreneurs have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries the entrepreneurs have a set
+list of clients in the market some get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of clients in the market some get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of clients in the market some get
+get just batteries others get both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get just batteries others get both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get just batteries others get both
+battery and lights the entrepreneur we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and lights the entrepreneur we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and lights the entrepreneur we
+visited Dada Hyatt has over 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clients at 4:30 the solar entrepreneur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients at 4:30 the solar entrepreneur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients at 4:30 the solar entrepreneur
+disconnects the batteries loads his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnects the batteries loads his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnects the batteries loads his
+motorized Rick shop and drives his wees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorized Rick shop and drives his wees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorized Rick shop and drives his wees
+to the market a few kilomet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away he then delivers the solar powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away he then delivers the solar powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away he then delivers the solar powered
+B batteries to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clients for the vendors the solar lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients for the vendors the solar lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients for the vendors the solar lights
+Pro to be a good deal an evening's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro to be a good deal an evening's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro to be a good deal an evening's worth
+of light costs about 15% less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light costs about 15% less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light costs about 15% less than
+kerosene would for the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene would for the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene would for the same time
+period the lights have other advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the lights have other advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the lights have other advantages
+over kerosene as well they cast a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over kerosene as well they cast a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over kerosene as well they cast a wider
+Arc of light don't smell and do not pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc of light don't smell and do not pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc of light don't smell and do not pose
+a fire hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for solar entrepreneurs such as Dada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solar entrepreneurs such as Dada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solar entrepreneurs such as Dada
+Hyatt the lights are also a good deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hyatt the lights are also a good deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hyatt the lights are also a good deal
+after making his loan payment and paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after making his loan payment and paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after making his loan payment and paying
+off other expenses hayatt has enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off other expenses hayatt has enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off other expenses hayatt has enough
+left over to live on moreover he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over to live on moreover he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over to live on moreover he also
+has the possibility of further expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the possibility of further expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the possibility of further expanding
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+business okay so I think one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business okay so I think one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business okay so I think one of the
+things that's amazing about celco is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's amazing about celco is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's amazing about celco is
+that the idea of someone based basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the idea of someone based basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the idea of someone based basically
+renting uh light or access to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting uh light or access to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting uh light or access to light
+every day kind of seems obvious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day kind of seems obvious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day kind of seems obvious and
+simple now in 2020 hindsite but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple now in 2020 hindsite but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple now in 2020 hindsite but at the
+time is quite radical and if you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is quite radical and if you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is quite radical and if you you can
+kind of imagine why like it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of imagine why like it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of imagine why like it's sort of
+impossible for me to imagine every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for me to imagine every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for me to imagine every day
+stopping by the market and borrow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping by the market and borrow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping by the market and borrow you
+know renting a light to use tonight like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know renting a light to use tonight like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know renting a light to use tonight like
+and tomorrow bring you back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tomorrow bring you back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tomorrow bring you back and
+repeating that's so contrary to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating that's so contrary to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating that's so contrary to our
+societal Norm that it's hard to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal Norm that it's hard to wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal Norm that it's hard to wrap
+your head around and so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head around and so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head around and so this was a
+really different approach that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different approach that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different approach that would
+turned out to be very very successful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be very very successful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be very very successful um
+and is a great example of an approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a great example of an approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a great example of an approach
+and why are we talking about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why are we talking about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why are we talking about this in
+energy class well any solution has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy class well any solution has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy class well any solution has the
+technology piece but it also has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology piece but it also has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology piece but it also has the
+business piece and while we're certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business piece and while we're certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business piece and while we're certainly
+not emphasizing the business piece and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not emphasizing the business piece and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not emphasizing the business piece and
+if you want to there's other dlab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to there's other dlab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to there's other dlab
+classes where you can focus on that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes where you can focus on that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes where you can focus on that you
+can't design in a vacuum assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't design in a vacuum assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't design in a vacuum assuming that
+if the technology is good enough they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the technology is good enough they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the technology is good enough they
+will come regardless of the financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come regardless of the financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come regardless of the financing
+just is you can't assume there's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is you can't assume there's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is you can't assume there's a good
+enough financing model that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough financing model that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough financing model that's good
+enough if the technology isn't um and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough if the technology isn't um and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough if the technology isn't um and if
+you re watch a bunch of Harish hund's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you re watch a bunch of Harish hund's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you re watch a bunch of Harish hund's
+talking he'll he gets to that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking he'll he gets to that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking he'll he gets to that um that
+you need both in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need both in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need both in order to be
+successful so that wraps up the lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful so that wraps up the lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful so that wraps up the lighting
+lecture that I have are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that I have are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that I have are there any
+questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on
+lighting so I know you guys are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting so I know you guys are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting so I know you guys are really
+interested in the Community Partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the Community Partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the Community Partners
+we'll be working with and what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be working with and what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be working with and what exactly
+we'll be we'll be doing so I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be we'll be doing so I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be we'll be doing so I wanted to
+go through first what students did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through first what students did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through first what students did last
+year um am me do you mind bringing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um am me do you mind bringing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um am me do you mind bringing those
+three products over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three products over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three products over
+so one team worked um with blue energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one team worked um with blue energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one team worked um with blue energy
+and blue field which is on the Atlantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue field which is on the Atlantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue field which is on the Atlantic
+coast where they have a lot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast where they have a lot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast where they have a lot of um
+batteries that these deep cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries that these deep cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries that these deep cycle
+batteries that need to be recharged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries that need to be recharged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries that need to be recharged
+regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the batteries um they need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the batteries um they need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the batteries um they need to be
+recharged with distilled water and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recharged with distilled water and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recharged with distilled water and if
+you don't use distilled water you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't use distilled water you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't use distilled water you
+shorten the life of the batteries by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorten the life of the batteries by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorten the life of the batteries by a
+really significant amount and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really significant amount and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really significant amount and these are
+very expensive batteries that make up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive batteries that make up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive batteries that make up a
+a a big percentage of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a big percentage of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a big percentage of the system and
+people are living in islands and coastal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are living in islands and coastal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are living in islands and coastal
+areas where the only way to get to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where the only way to get to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where the only way to get to buy
+distilled water is to travel by boat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled water is to travel by boat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled water is to travel by boat for
+a few hours which is expensive and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few hours which is expensive and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few hours which is expensive and when
+there's any sort of weather is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any sort of weather is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any sort of weather is
+impossible and so people will naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible and so people will naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible and so people will naturally
+just use regular water rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use regular water rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use regular water rather than
+distilled water um and by regular water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled water um and by regular water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled water um and by regular water
+I generally mean well water or worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I generally mean well water or worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I generally mean well water or worst
+case ocean water um which kills the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case ocean water um which kills the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case ocean water um which kills the
+batteries really quickly but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries really quickly but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries really quickly but there's a
+temptation to just I I know we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation to just I I know we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation to just I I know we need to
+fill the battery so let me do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the battery so let me do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the battery so let me do it with
+the water I have here if I can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water I have here if I can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water I have here if I can't get
+distilled water distill water also isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled water distill water also isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled water distill water also isn't
+free if you're buying it um and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free if you're buying it um and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free if you're buying it um and so what
+they developed were two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they developed were two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they developed were two different
+approaches to a distiller um use at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to a distiller um use at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to a distiller um use at two
+different cost prices or Price levels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cost prices or Price levels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cost prices or Price levels so
+one using acrylic panels and one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one using acrylic panels and one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one using acrylic panels and one just
+using clear plastic sheeting um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using clear plastic sheeting um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using clear plastic sheeting um and then
+you just put it over a water source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put it over a water source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put it over a water source and
+um the water evaporates in the sun then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the water evaporates in the sun then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the water evaporates in the sun then
+um and the when it evaporates all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the when it evaporates all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the when it evaporates all the
+stuff that's not just pure water is left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's not just pure water is left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's not just pure water is left
+in the pan of the um down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pan of the um down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pan of the um down here and
+everything that is floating uh rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is floating uh rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is floating uh rolling
+down the sides is distilled water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the sides is distilled water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the sides is distilled water and
+then it collects this isn't a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it collects this isn't a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it collects this isn't a good
+option for drinking water both because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for drinking water both because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for drinking water both because
+distilled water tastes awful and isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled water tastes awful and isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled water tastes awful and isn't
+um as good for you as water that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as good for you as water that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as good for you as water that has
+some minerals in it and also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some minerals in it and also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some minerals in it and also because
+it's a pretty slow process but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty slow process but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty slow process but if you
+only need a small amount of water per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need a small amount of water per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need a small amount of water per
+month for a battery this works really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month for a battery this works really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month for a battery this works really
+well and um can be made pretty much out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and um can be made pretty much out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and um can be made pretty much out
+of locally available material materal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of locally available material materal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of locally available material materal
+and it's pretty simple um and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's pretty simple um and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's pretty simple um and so that
+was one project the students worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one project the students worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one project the students worked on
+what did they do when they went to Blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they do when they went to Blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they do when they went to Blue
+energy um we did a charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um we did a charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um we did a charcoal
+demonstration um for people so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration um for people so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration um for people so that they
+could learn how to make charcoal out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could learn how to make charcoal out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could learn how to make charcoal out of
+coconut hus because that was what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coconut hus because that was what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coconut hus because that was what was
+locally available that involved going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally available that involved going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally available that involved going to
+um a coastal area that is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a coastal area that is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a coastal area that is one of those
+areas where you can't get to except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where you can't get to except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where you can't get to except for
+boat um called kabila um so we spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat um called kabila um so we spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat um called kabila um so we spent
+some time there um just learning what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time there um just learning what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time there um just learning what
+the energy situation situation was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy situation situation was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy situation situation was like
+helping repair a wind turbine um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping repair a wind turbine um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping repair a wind turbine um and
+identifying other projects in Bluefields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying other projects in Bluefields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying other projects in Bluefields
+that we could work on and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could work on and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could work on and this is the
+project that ended up getting worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that ended up getting worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that ended up getting worked on
+all of these projects are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these projects are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these projects are going to be
+relatively small compared to say a 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small compared to say a 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small compared to say a 2009
+project and that's the reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and that's the reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and that's the reason for that
+is twofold one is that this class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twofold one is that this class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twofold one is that this class we
+pretty much work on projects for half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much work on projects for half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much work on projects for half
+the semester as opposed to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester as opposed to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester as opposed to the whole
+semester um and the other reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester um and the other reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester um and the other reason is that
+I really want these projects to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want these projects to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want these projects to get to
+completion so a project that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion so a project that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion so a project that we can
+actually hand off to a community partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hand off to a community partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hand off to a community partner
+at the end of the semester and say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the semester and say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the semester and say here
+run with it and they can without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run with it and they can without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run with it and they can without it
+falling apart and being like Oh it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling apart and being like Oh it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling apart and being like Oh it kind
+of doesn't work and a lot of projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doesn't work and a lot of projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doesn't work and a lot of projects
+just naturally in Academia get to the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just naturally in Academia get to the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just naturally in Academia get to the it
+just works well enough for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just works well enough for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just works well enough for the
+presentation and that's it and I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and that's it and I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and that's it and I want a
+pro project that'll work well enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro project that'll work well enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro project that'll work well enough to
+hand off which is a different level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand off which is a different level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand off which is a different level and
+so that's why we do relatively smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we do relatively smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we do relatively smaller
+projects but we get to into deeper level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects but we get to into deeper level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects but we get to into deeper level
+of design um on them so the next one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design um on them so the next one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design um on them so the next one is
+a bag sealer so this is working oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bag sealer so this is working oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bag sealer so this is working oh and
+blue energy is likely a a group we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue energy is likely a a group we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue energy is likely a a group we won't
+be able to work with this year um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to work with this year um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to work with this year um but
+this group worked with oop Phoenix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group worked with oop Phoenix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group worked with oop Phoenix which
+is a group we likely will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a group we likely will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a group we likely will be able to
+work with this year um and oop Phoenix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with this year um and oop Phoenix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with this year um and oop Phoenix
+one of their projects um was to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their projects um was to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their projects um was to make a
+bag sealer for orange juice so in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag sealer for orange juice so in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag sealer for orange juice so in the um
+one of the regions that oop Phenix works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the regions that oop Phenix works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the regions that oop Phenix works
+with um they have a Micro Hydro System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um they have a Micro Hydro System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um they have a Micro Hydro System
+and they actually are underutilizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually are underutilizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually are underutilizing
+that electricity that they're provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electricity that they're provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electricity that they're provided
+the the electricity doesn't work year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the electricity doesn't work year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the electricity doesn't work year
+round because the water is their year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round because the water is their year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round because the water is their year
+round but in the rainy season they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round but in the rainy season they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round but in the rainy season they have
+sort of a plethora of electricity um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a plethora of electricity um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a plethora of electricity um and
+they also have a plethora of oranges um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have a plethora of oranges um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have a plethora of oranges um
+and the orange growing season is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the orange growing season is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the orange growing season is
+relatively short so you have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short so you have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short so you have all these
+oranges and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges and you
+can you can sell them for very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can sell them for very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can sell them for very little
+the marketplace because all the oranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketplace because all the oranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketplace because all the oranges
+come to season at the same time um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to season at the same time um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to season at the same time um and
+so they're trying to figure out how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're trying to figure out how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're trying to figure out how do
+we save these oranges to save some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we save these oranges to save some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we save these oranges to save some money
+and so they looked into preserving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they looked into preserving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they looked into preserving the
+juice and then selling the juice um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice and then selling the juice um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice and then selling the juice um and
+being able to sell that for longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to sell that for longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to sell that for longer than
+you would be able to sell the oranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be able to sell the oranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be able to sell the oranges
+and so the key piece that was missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key piece that was missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key piece that was missing
+was how do we seal the bags and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how do we seal the bags and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how do we seal the bags and so um
+bag sealing technology exists but having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag sealing technology exists but having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag sealing technology exists but having
+a simple one that connects to um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple one that connects to um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple one that connects to um a
+microh hydroelectric system that's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microh hydroelectric system that's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microh hydroelectric system that's easy
+for them to repair and build in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to repair and build in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to repair and build in the
+field um with something that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um with something that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um with something that didn't
+exist and so that's what this group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and so that's what this group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and so that's what this group of
+students worked on and when they were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students worked on and when they were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students worked on and when they were at
+alop Phoenix um again they did charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alop Phoenix um again they did charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alop Phoenix um again they did charcoal
+demonstrations um as well as identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations um as well as identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations um as well as identifying
+the different projects that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different projects that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different projects that they could
+work on in this this year's class we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on in this this year's class we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on in this this year's class we're
+doing it slightly differently that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it slightly differently that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it slightly differently that we're
+going to pre-t talk about the projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pre-t talk about the projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pre-t talk about the projects
+and you're going to work on them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to work on them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to work on them a
+little bit before you go um that year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before you go um that year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before you go um that year
+they were really just doing project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identification um this prototype has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification um this prototype has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification um this prototype has
+already been delivered to group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been delivered to group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been delivered to group of
+Phoenix which is another one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix which is another one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix which is another one of the
+groups we're going to be working with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups we're going to be working with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups we're going to be working with so
+I can't show it um apart from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't show it um apart from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't show it um apart from the
+picture um but this group um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um but this group um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um but this group um
+makes um solar panels from cells that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes um solar panels from cells that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes um solar panels from cells that um
+are uh reject cells that don't meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh reject cells that don't meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh reject cells that don't meet the
+specs for everen solar so everen donates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs for everen solar so everen donates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs for everen solar so everen donates
+the cells to group of Phoenix and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells to group of Phoenix and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells to group of Phoenix and they
+cut them up and make solar panels with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut them up and make solar panels with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut them up and make solar panels with
+them and cutting a solar um cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and cutting a solar um cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and cutting a solar um cell is
+really really difficult and in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really difficult and in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really difficult and in the field
+or in the lab you would do it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the lab you would do it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the lab you would do it with a
+laser but a laser is well beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser but a laser is well beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser but a laser is well beyond the
+capability of group of Phoenix which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of group of Phoenix which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of group of Phoenix which um
+is Off the Grid pretty much um and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Off the Grid pretty much um and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Off the Grid pretty much um and so uh
+this group developed a fixture for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group developed a fixture for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group developed a fixture for a
+Dremel to allow a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dremel to allow a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dremel to allow a more
+repeatable process for cutting the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable process for cutting the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable process for cutting the cells
+so that the loss rate went from like 80%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the loss rate went from like 80%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the loss rate went from like 80%
+to 50% so um a big Improvement even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 50% so um a big Improvement even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 50% so um a big Improvement even
+though 50% is a painful loss rate 80% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though 50% is a painful loss rate 80% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though 50% is a painful loss rate 80% is
+much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+painful uh and then the last group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful uh and then the last group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful uh and then the last group
+worked with one group organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with one group organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with one group organization
+called kadre which again we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called kadre which again we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called kadre which again we probably
+won't work with again and also for group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work with again and also for group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work with again and also for group
+of Phoenix which we are working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phoenix which we are working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phoenix which we are working with
+again for a stove and a stove design so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for a stove and a stove design so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for a stove and a stove design so
+I we introduced the um charcoal idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we introduced the um charcoal idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we introduced the um charcoal idea to
+group of Phoenix women there um group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of Phoenix women there um group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of Phoenix women there um group of
+Phoenix is our neat community that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix is our neat community that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix is our neat community that um
+has a very strong uh Organization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very strong uh Organization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very strong uh Organization of
+Women almost entirely um and those women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Women almost entirely um and those women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Women almost entirely um and those women
+are really interested in alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really interested in alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really interested in alternative
+energy and so they they build their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so they they build their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so they they build their own
+solar cookers the solar cookers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cookers the solar cookers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cookers the solar cookers are
+really expensive and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive and so it's a
+problematic model from a financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic model from a financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic model from a financial
+long-term standpoint but from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term standpoint but from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term standpoint but from a
+community building social standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community building social standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community building social standpoint
+it's a really interesting very success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really interesting very success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really interesting very success
+model and so we're interested in working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so we're interested in working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so we're interested in working
+on them to figure out what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them to figure out what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them to figure out what are some
+other opportunities they can look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other opportunities they can look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other opportunities they can look into
+that might be more sustainable long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be more sustainable long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be more sustainable long term
+and one of them is charcoal and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is charcoal and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is charcoal and they're
+really interested in charcoal but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in charcoal but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in charcoal but they
+all use Adobe stoves meant for wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all use Adobe stoves meant for wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all use Adobe stoves meant for wood
+which aren't appropriate for charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which aren't appropriate for charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which aren't appropriate for charcoal
+and so I and the students working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I and the students working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I and the students working on
+this project came up with the idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project came up with the idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project came up with the idea to
+develop a stove in a stove so a charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a stove in a stove so a charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a stove in a stove so a charcoal
+stove that would pop into your Adobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove that would pop into your Adobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove that would pop into your Adobe
+stove wouldn't interrupt your cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove wouldn't interrupt your cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove wouldn't interrupt your cooking
+but would allow you to use charcoal very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but would allow you to use charcoal very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but would allow you to use charcoal very
+easily and the students came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and the students came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and the students came up with the
+aidea of making sure the stove is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aidea of making sure the stove is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aidea of making sure the stove is
+something that could be built by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could be built by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could be built by the
+women um at group of Phoenix so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women um at group of Phoenix so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women um at group of Phoenix so what
+they came up with was a stove that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with was a stove that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with was a stove that can
+be made from a single piece of sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made from a single piece of sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made from a single piece of sheet
+metal with just a couple of cuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal with just a couple of cuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal with just a couple of cuts and
+then a bunch of bending and so um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a bunch of bending and so um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a bunch of bending and so um they
+figured out the stove idea over spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the stove idea over spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out the stove idea over spring
+break and then in the summer one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then in the summer one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then in the summer one of the
+students went back and introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students went back and introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students went back and introduced the
+stove taught a workshop on how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove taught a workshop on how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove taught a workshop on how to make
+that um and got some tested it with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and got some tested it with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and got some tested it with some
+women to see how it worked um which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women to see how it worked um which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women to see how it worked um which is a
+pretty cool project and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool project and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool project and so
+that's this stove right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this stove right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this stove right here so
+um those are the four projects that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are the four projects that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are the four projects that came
+out last year um and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out last year um and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out last year um and so this
+year we fly into managa which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we fly into managa which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we fly into managa which is the
+capital city but we spend almost no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital city but we spend almost no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital city but we spend almost no time
+there um the group of Phoenix is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um the group of Phoenix is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um the group of Phoenix is in
+okatal um we may work in hinota um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okatal um we may work in hinota um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okatal um we may work in hinota um and
+also Phoenix is based generally in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Phoenix is based generally in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Phoenix is based generally in the
+bco region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so also Phoenix is a small Nicaraguan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also Phoenix is a small Nicaraguan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also Phoenix is a small Nicaraguan
+based NGO um focused on Rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based NGO um focused on Rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based NGO um focused on Rural
+sustainable development and they do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable development and they do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable development and they do a
+lot in the energy realm they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in the energy realm they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in the energy realm they're actually
+a group that was spun out of group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group that was spun out of group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group that was spun out of group of
+Phoenix so that's why the name sound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix so that's why the name sound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix so that's why the name sound so
+similar um it's in a very very rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um it's in a very very rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um it's in a very very rural
+area which means you have to hike in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which means you have to hike in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which means you have to hike in
+there's no um way to even get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no um way to even get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no um way to even get a good
+pickup in um so it's pretty rustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup in um so it's pretty rustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup in um so it's pretty rustic
+conditions hit latrines bucket showers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions hit latrines bucket showers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions hit latrines bucket showers
+if there's enough water um and sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's enough water um and sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's enough water um and sleeping
+on hammocks um and one of their big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hammocks um and one of their big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hammocks um and one of their big
+projects is they have a feed Shopper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects is they have a feed Shopper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects is they have a feed Shopper and
+they want to be able to Electrify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be able to Electrify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be able to Electrify it
+because right now it's human powered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now it's human powered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now it's human powered and
+it's a really really manually intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really really manually intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really really manually intensive
+system to use it um and then they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to use it um and then they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to use it um and then they also
+have interest in biodigesters maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interest in biodigesters maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interest in biodigesters maybe
+continuing work on the bag sealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing work on the bag sealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing work on the bag sealing
+project um and they're currently having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um and they're currently having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um and they're currently having
+a meeting this week I believe to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meeting this week I believe to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meeting this week I believe to talk
+about what other projects they'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what other projects they'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what other projects they'd be
+interested in that's one second is group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that's one second is group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that's one second is group
+of Phoenix which is in okatal um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phoenix which is in okatal um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phoenix which is in okatal um and
+this is a group that um has a university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a group that um has a university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a group that um has a university
+base in Nicaragua at the Technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base in Nicaragua at the Technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base in Nicaragua at the Technical
+University in Nicaragua um and has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Nicaragua um and has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Nicaragua um and has some
+connections back to daab um as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections back to daab um as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections back to daab um as well as
+other universities so it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universities so it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universities so it's a little bit
+more um westernized just a touch but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um westernized just a touch but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um westernized just a touch but it
+is very um integrated into the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very um integrated into the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very um integrated into the community
+with that um women's Cooperative that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that um women's Cooperative that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that um women's Cooperative that I
+mentioned um and so they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned um and so they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned um and so they're really
+focused on trying to empower the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on trying to empower the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on trying to empower the women
+to um create better Energy solutions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um create better Energy solutions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um create better Energy solutions for
+themselves and preserve their natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and preserve their natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and preserve their natural
+resources um so this group has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources um so this group has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources um so this group has
+comparative wealth in that some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative wealth in that some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative wealth in that some of the
+houses have TVs things like that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses have TVs things like that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses have TVs things like that um so
+some of our students last year were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our students last year were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our students last year were
+surprised by how wealthy we were work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by how wealthy we were work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by how wealthy we were work
+with the people we're working with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people we're working with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people we're working with one
+of the reasons that these women are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons that these women are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons that these women are
+comparatively wealthy is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively wealthy is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively wealthy is that this
+program has been going on for 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has been going on for 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has been going on for 20 years
+and so of the work has allowed them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of the work has allowed them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of the work has allowed them to
+gain a little bit of wealth um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain a little bit of wealth um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain a little bit of wealth um but the
+neat thing about them is that they serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat thing about them is that they serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat thing about them is that they serve
+as sort of figure heads for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of figure heads for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of figure heads for the whole
+region and so success that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and so success that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and so success that they have
+make gets other people really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make gets other people really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make gets other people really interested
+and so it's a really neat program to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's a really neat program to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's a really neat program to
+work with um some of the projects they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with um some of the projects they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with um some of the projects they
+are interested in but again pit latrines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in but again pit latrines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in but again pit latrines
+bucket showers is sort of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket showers is sort of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket showers is sort of the standard
+but you do get a bed um as opposed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do get a bed um as opposed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do get a bed um as opposed to a
+hammock so it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammock so it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammock so it's a little bit more
+refined um is refining their solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined um is refining their solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined um is refining their solar
+cooker ideally refining it significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooker ideally refining it significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooker ideally refining it significantly
+to make it much more affordable easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it much more affordable easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it much more affordable easy to
+manufacture aesthetically pleasing etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture aesthetically pleasing etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture aesthetically pleasing etc
+etc more functional um there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc more functional um there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc more functional um there's actually
+a group of Cornell students working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of Cornell students working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of Cornell students working on
+aspects of that as well so it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of that as well so it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of that as well so it would be
+interesting it'll be interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it'll be interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it'll be interesting to
+figure out how we intersect but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how we intersect but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how we intersect but they're
+going to be at group of Phoenix at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at group of Phoenix at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at group of Phoenix at the
+same time so there would be an easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so there would be an easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so there would be an easy way
+to overlap um they're also really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overlap um they're also really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overlap um they're also really
+interested in charcoal making and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in charcoal making and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in charcoal making and the
+stov making and so working with them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stov making and so working with them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stov making and so working with them on
+those aspects um both from developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aspects um both from developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aspects um both from developing
+their skills in making char as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their skills in making char as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their skills in making char as well as
+business plan development um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan development um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan development um and then
+they're really interested in figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really interested in figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really interested in figuring
+out a good way to make cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a good way to make cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a good way to make cell phone
+chargers um because that's a huge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargers um because that's a huge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargers um because that's a huge a
+solar cell phone chargers because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell phone chargers because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell phone chargers because that's
+a huge um need in the area where almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge um need in the area where almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge um need in the area where almost
+everyone has cell phones and very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has cell phones and very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has cell phones and very few
+people have electricity so charging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have electricity so charging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have electricity so charging the
+cell phones is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones is really
+difficult um other possibilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult um other possibilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult um other possibilities that
+we're looking into right now are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking into right now are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking into right now are um
+collaborating with daab health because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with daab health because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with daab health because
+DB Health has a lot of other projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB Health has a lot of other projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB Health has a lot of other projects
+and they also go to Nicaragua and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also go to Nicaragua and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also go to Nicaragua and so it
+seems natural that we could collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems natural that we could collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems natural that we could collaborate
+and they often have energy needs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they often have energy needs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they often have energy needs for
+their Solutions and so it seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Solutions and so it seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Solutions and so it seems like a
+natural overlap so I'm talking to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural overlap so I'm talking to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural overlap so I'm talking to them
+but Jose who teaches the class just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Jose who teaches the class just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Jose who teaches the class just got
+back from Nicaragua yesterday um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from Nicaragua yesterday um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from Nicaragua yesterday um so I
+haven't been able to talk to him about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to talk to him about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to talk to him about
+that yet and then um I visited hinota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet and then um I visited hinota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet and then um I visited hinota
+this summer um which is another region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this summer um which is another region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this summer um which is another region
+um and they're really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're really interested in
+making charcoal from these invasive lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making charcoal from these invasive lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making charcoal from these invasive lies
+in um their Lake um and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um their Lake um and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um their Lake um and so that's
+another possibility but I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility but I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility but I don't have
+strong enough context to be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough context to be able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough context to be able to be
+sure that that's going to happen but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that's going to happen but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that's going to happen but it
+is a possibility that I'm working on are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a possibility that I'm working on are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a possibility that I'm working on are
+there any questions about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these okay so by Friday I will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay so by Friday I will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay so by Friday I will have a
+survey online so that you can list your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey online so that you can list your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey online so that you can list your
+project preferences um and I know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project preferences um and I know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project preferences um and I know these
+are relatively vague but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively vague but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively vague but that's the
+nature of this work um and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this work um and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this work um and then I'll
+need you to complete that by Monday even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you to complete that by Monday even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you to complete that by Monday even
+if you're not going on the trip I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not going on the trip I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not going on the trip I need
+your preference because um you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preference because um you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your preference because um you're going
+to be working on the project apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be working on the project apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be working on the project apart from
+going on the trip um and then we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on the trip um and then we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on the trip um and then we'll have
+the teams formed by the 23rd and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teams formed by the 23rd and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teams formed by the 23rd and then
+from there you'll be assigned a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there you'll be assigned a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there you'll be assigned a project
+mentor and you guys will be working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor and you guys will be working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor and you guys will be working in
+your teams to work on developing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teams to work on developing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teams to work on developing um
+initial information information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial information information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial information information
+gathering initial prototypes that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering initial prototypes that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering initial prototypes that you
+can bring to Nicaragua to help you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring to Nicaragua to help you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring to Nicaragua to help you have
+a more informed conversations with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more informed conversations with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more informed conversations with your
+Community Partners and make a better end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Partners and make a better end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Partners and make a better end
+product in the end the other aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in the end the other aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in the end the other aspect of
+work that may be happening in Nicaragua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that may be happening in Nicaragua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that may be happening in Nicaragua
+in addition to gathering information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to gathering information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to gathering information
+about your project so get getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your project so get getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your project so get getting
+feedback on your initial prototypes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on your initial prototypes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on your initial prototypes your
+initial approaches um is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial approaches um is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial approaches um is trying to
+transfer some of our Technologies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer some of our Technologies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer some of our Technologies to the
+Community Partners we're working with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Partners we're working with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Partners we're working with so
+for example um group of Phoenix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um group of Phoenix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um group of Phoenix is
+really interested in doing some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in doing some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in doing some more
+charcoal Burns so we'll do that at group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal Burns so we'll do that at group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal Burns so we'll do that at group
+of Phoenix and you'll be trained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phoenix and you'll be trained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Phoenix and you'll be trained in
+charcoal Burns right before we go um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal Burns right before we go um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal Burns right before we go um
+because we try to push that as late as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we try to push that as late as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we try to push that as late as
+possible so that we're not doing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that we're not doing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that we're not doing it in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+snow uh I haven't had a chance to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow uh I haven't had a chance to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow uh I haven't had a chance to talk
+to oop Phoenix if they want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oop Phoenix if they want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oop Phoenix if they want to do
+charcoal Burns again if there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal Burns again if there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal Burns again if there's some
+other technology they want the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other technology they want the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other technology they want the primary
+work will be project um flushing out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work will be project um flushing out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work will be project um flushing out the
+projects and getting project feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and getting project feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and getting project feedback
+but there may also be some tech transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there may also be some tech transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there may also be some tech transfer
+but not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a
+ton so does that answer everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton so does that answer everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton so does that answer everyone's
+questions about all of this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about all of this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about all of this because
+there were a lot on the muddy cards so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot on the muddy cards so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot on the muddy cards so I
+just want to make sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearer Okay cool so now I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer Okay cool so now I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer Okay cool so now I want to go
+through the muddy cards um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the muddy cards um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the muddy cards um again
+um which I try to do every week one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I try to do every week one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I try to do every week one
+person asked what is the average daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person asked what is the average daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person asked what is the average daily
+energy consumption for Americans which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption for Americans which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption for Americans which
+hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully
+you're intuiting at this point um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're intuiting at this point um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're intuiting at this point um I
+brought I I showed it on the first week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought I I showed it on the first week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought I I showed it on the first week
+slides it's relatively easy to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides it's relatively easy to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides it's relatively easy to look up
+but um the average American uses about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um the average American uses about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um the average American uses about
+14,000 kilowatt hours per year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,000 kilowatt hours per year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,000 kilowatt hours per year of
+electricity um so that that's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um so that that's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um so that that's not all
+energy that we consume obviously but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that we consume obviously but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that we consume obviously but it
+gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a
+baseline um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline um
+someone was confused about how megga and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was confused about how megga and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was confused about how megga and
+kilowatt hours are related so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours are related so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours are related so they're
+both units of energy and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both units of energy and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both units of energy and it's
+3.6 megga is 1 kilowatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hour um and generally power and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour um and generally power and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour um and generally power and energy
+intuition is Muddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is Muddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is Muddy
+so can can you guys remind me energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can can you guys remind me energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can can you guys remind me energy is
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+can you can you do a quick definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you do a quick definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you do a quick definition of
+the difference between energy or power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between energy or power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between energy or power
+or a metaphor or however you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a metaphor or however you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a metaphor or however you want to
+Define it but how are you guys keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it but how are you guys keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it but how are you guys keeping
+it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind where it's muddy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind where it's muddy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind where it's muddy for
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+so excuse me power is like velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excuse me power is like velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so excuse me power is like velocity and
+energy is like distance yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and energy is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy is proportional to
+distance so power has you're considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so power has you're considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so power has you're considering
+time and energy you're just considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and energy you're just considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and energy you're just considering
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+net um and yeah if this is feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net um and yeah if this is feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net um and yeah if this is feeling
+uncomfortable I would practice it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable I would practice it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable I would practice it for
+the first quiz like get that into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first quiz like get that into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first quiz like get that into your
+head um and come talk to Amit or myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head um and come talk to Amit or myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head um and come talk to Amit or myself
+if you want to spend some more time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to spend some more time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to spend some more time on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+yeah so I'll talk about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'll talk about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'll talk about that in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+um so confused about the dissipation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so confused about the dissipation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so confused about the dissipation of
+energy in the grid and the having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the grid and the having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the grid and the having the
+wrong length of wire so basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong length of wire so basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong length of wire so basically what
+we talked about last week was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last week was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last week was that the
+longer the wire the more um the bigger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the wire the more um the bigger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the wire the more um the bigger a
+resistor you have and the bigger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor you have and the bigger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor you have and the bigger a
+resistor you have the more heat loss you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor you have the more heat loss you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor you have the more heat loss you
+have and the more heat loss you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the more heat loss you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the more heat loss you have the
+less energy trans you have because more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy trans you have because more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy trans you have because more
+of it is going into heat and less of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is going into heat and less of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is going into heat and less of it
+is getting to your end source and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting to your end source and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting to your end source and your
+end use so that was the the Basic G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end use so that was the the Basic G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end use so that was the the Basic G of
+last time was that you're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time was that you're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time was that you're never going to
+be able to transfer electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to transfer electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to transfer electricity
+perfectly from one system to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly from one system to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly from one system to another
+because there's always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always going to be
+efficiency losses but the farther a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency losses but the farther a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency losses but the farther a
+distance you have to travel the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you have to travel the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you have to travel the more
+loss you're going to have and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss you're going to have and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss you're going to have and so you
+need to either minimize the distance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to either minimize the distance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to either minimize the distance or
+minimize the resistance associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the resistance associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the resistance associated with
+your wire in order to have a successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wire in order to have a successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wire in order to have a successful
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+um I hope that clarifies it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope that clarifies it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope that clarifies it a little bit
+um if not again come talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if not again come talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if not again come talk to
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+um still a little confused about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um still a little confused about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um still a little confused about
+batteries um again talk to us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries um again talk to us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries um again talk to us because
+that's too General a question for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too General a question for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too General a question for me to
+know what to answer but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to answer but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to answer but um
+hopefully uh we can sort it out together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully uh we can sort it out together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully uh we can sort it out together
+um and then estimations of my daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then estimations of my daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then estimations of my daily
+energy consumption would be easier with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption would be easier with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption would be easier with
+given values of wattage for common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given values of wattage for common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given values of wattage for common
+appliances yep sorry so the whole idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appliances yep sorry so the whole idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appliances yep sorry so the whole idea
+for this was to practice the estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this was to practice the estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this was to practice the estimation
+and then use those estimates to do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use those estimates to do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use those estimates to do your
+first pass of your daily daily energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pass of your daily daily energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pass of your daily daily energy
+consumption but then have the time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption but then have the time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption but then have the time on
+the homework to refine those estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework to refine those estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework to refine those estimates
+um with actual real numbers but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with actual real numbers but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with actual real numbers but the
+intent is to practice those estimations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent is to practice those estimations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent is to practice those estimations
+so that's why I didn't just give them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I didn't just give them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I didn't just give them to
+you um and then one last question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um and then one last question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um and then one last question was
+the source differences between um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source differences between um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source differences between um we
+talked about the load differences but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the load differences but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the load differences but we
+didn't talk about the sources and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about the sources and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about the sources and so we
+were sort of doing a blackbox source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of doing a blackbox source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of doing a blackbox source and
+so we'll talk about solar power in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about solar power in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about solar power in more
+detail and wind power in more detail um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and wind power in more detail um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and wind power in more detail um
+coming up but uh yeah right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up but uh yeah right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up but uh yeah right now we're
+sort of thinking about it as a black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thinking about it as a black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thinking about it as a black box
+so that's why it's muddy because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it's muddy because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it's muddy because I
+haven't made it less muddy yet um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't made it less muddy yet um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't made it less muddy yet um okay
+are there any questions about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so one thing I wanted to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so one thing I wanted to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so one thing I wanted to mention
+just to finish up on the Q drum because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to finish up on the Q drum because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to finish up on the Q drum because
+I didn't want to talk about it too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to talk about it too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to talk about it too much
+until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+you guys did all your readings and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys did all your readings and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys did all your readings and stuff
+um is some of the criticisms of the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is some of the criticisms of the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is some of the criticisms of the Q
+drum and I also showed the hippo roller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum and I also showed the hippo roller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum and I also showed the hippo roller
+just so you see a different um version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you see a different um version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you see a different um version
+but a similar approach um so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a similar approach um so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a similar approach um so what do you
+think some of the criticisms of the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some of the criticisms of the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some of the criticisms of the Q
+drum might be leaks it leaks yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum might be leaks it leaks yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum might be leaks it leaks yeah so
+once it starts leaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it starts leaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it starts leaking
+um it's a pretty crummy technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a pretty crummy technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a pretty crummy technology to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+yeah yeah so on terrain like is shown by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so on terrain like is shown by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so on terrain like is shown by
+that boy it's it's pretty manageable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boy it's it's pretty manageable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boy it's it's pretty manageable but
+stairs were sort of an extreme version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs were sort of an extreme version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs were sort of an extreme version
+of terrain but you can imagine in super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terrain but you can imagine in super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terrain but you can imagine in super
+steep areas it's it's not so fun to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep areas it's it's not so fun to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep areas it's it's not so fun to use
+um so terrain is one concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so terrain is one concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so terrain is one concern
+um the longevity the leaking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the longevity the leaking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the longevity the leaking what
+else water dirty because where the valve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else water dirty because where the valve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else water dirty because where the valve
+is or where the cap is yeah so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or where the cap is yeah so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or where the cap is yeah so that's a
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big issue on a q drum because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue on a q drum because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue on a q drum because you have
+your valve right at the edge of the drum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your valve right at the edge of the drum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your valve right at the edge of the drum
+and so your valve is rolling in the mud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so your valve is rolling in the mud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so your valve is rolling in the mud
+basically and so every time you open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and so every time you open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and so every time you open and
+close the W the drum you're getting dirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the W the drum you're getting dirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the W the drum you're getting dirt
+into the drum which makes it dirtier I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the drum which makes it dirtier I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the drum which makes it dirtier I
+someone in this classroom told me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in this classroom told me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in this classroom told me that
+the hippo roller now has a UV light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippo roller now has a UV light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippo roller now has a UV light
+inside it um to try to address that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it um to try to address that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it um to try to address that
+issue they also have their valve a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue they also have their valve a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue they also have their valve a whole
+lot higher up um in terms of um water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot higher up um in terms of um water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot higher up um in terms of um water
+cleanliness issues so that is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanliness issues so that is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanliness issues so that is one of the
+limitations of the Q drum is just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of the Q drum is just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of the Q drum is just how
+dirty your water has the potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty your water has the potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty your water has the potential to
+get and it's pretty near impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and it's pretty near impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and it's pretty near impossible to
+clean out a q drum um successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean out a q drum um successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean out a q drum um successfully
+because of the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way it's
+constructed any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed any other
+thoughts yeah it takes physically more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts yeah it takes physically more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts yeah it takes physically more
+materials to construct and say a 5 gon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to construct and say a 5 gon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to construct and say a 5 gon
+bucket and it's not as versatile yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket and it's not as versatile yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket and it's not as versatile yeah so
+a whole lot less versatile and expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot less versatile and expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot less versatile and expensive
+and prevalent right like you can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prevalent right like you can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prevalent right like you can find a
+five gallon bucket everywhere pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five gallon bucket everywhere pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five gallon bucket everywhere pretty
+much or the equivalent a q drum you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or the equivalent a q drum you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or the equivalent a q drum you can
+almost find nowhere so um and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost find nowhere so um and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost find nowhere so um and if you
+think about shipping a five gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about shipping a five gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about shipping a five gallon
+bucket they stack into each other so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket they stack into each other so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket they stack into each other so you
+can fit a whole lot more five gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit a whole lot more five gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit a whole lot more five gallon
+buckets in a shipping container than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets in a shipping container than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets in a shipping container than you
+can Q drums and that makes the Q drum a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Q drums and that makes the Q drum a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Q drums and that makes the Q drum a
+whole lot more expensive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot more expensive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot more expensive because
+shipping costs get very high very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping costs get very high very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping costs get very high very
+quickly any other thoughts of concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the biggest ones when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the biggest ones when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the biggest ones when this
+technology came out was they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology came out was they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology came out was they used
+pictures like this one to advertise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures like this one to advertise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures like this one to advertise it
+and people were horrified because kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were horrified because kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were horrified because kids
+were carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were carrying
+water which is a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water which is a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water which is a really interesting
+thing to think about right because kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about right because kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to think about right because kids
+are already carrying water so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already carrying water so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already carrying water so it's not
+actually a very sensible concern from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very sensible concern from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very sensible concern from um
+the approach of what is really happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach of what is really happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach of what is really happening
+but from my where are you getting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from my where are you getting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from my where are you getting your
+money from concern it's huge because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from concern it's huge because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from concern it's huge because if
+you alienate all your donors by showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you alienate all your donors by showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you alienate all your donors by showing
+them an improved reality but they aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them an improved reality but they aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them an improved reality but they aren't
+aware of the real reality and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the real reality and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the real reality and you don't
+educate them well you destroy your donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate them well you destroy your donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate them well you destroy your donor
+pool um and if you're going off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool um and if you're going off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool um and if you're going off of
+donations which you'd have to do in a q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations which you'd have to do in a q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations which you'd have to do in a q
+drum because it's so expensive um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum because it's so expensive um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum because it's so expensive um that's
+a real problem and so I think that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real problem and so I think that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real problem and so I think that's one
+of the most interesting aspects of the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most interesting aspects of the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most interesting aspects of the Q
+drum for me is what you know it seems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum for me is what you know it seems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum for me is what you know it seems so
+great kids are dragging water instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great kids are dragging water instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great kids are dragging water instead of
+carrying it what a huge Improvement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying it what a huge Improvement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying it what a huge Improvement but
+if your donors are assuming now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your donors are assuming now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your donors are assuming now you're
+this is allowing children to carry water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is allowing children to carry water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is allowing children to carry water
+who used to be in school then all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who used to be in school then all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who used to be in school then all of a
+sudden no one will support you um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden no one will support you um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden no one will support you um so
+it's a really interesting aspect of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really interesting aspect of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really interesting aspect of this
+type of work and then just to check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of work and then just to check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of work and then just to check in
+on where we are today we did lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where we are today we did lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where we are today we did lighting
+and Community Partners ruction the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Community Partners ruction the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Community Partners ruction the lab
+will be Friday next week will be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be Friday next week will be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be Friday next week will be um
+solar thermal and PV and the quiz um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar thermal and PV and the quiz um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar thermal and PV and the quiz um in
+the flip order is what we just decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flip order is what we just decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flip order is what we just decided
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+then yeah this is this is where we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah this is this is where we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah this is this is where we're at
+e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cMIRECEsKHM.txt b/cMIRECEsKHM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..767e19836e11e1747481b9ebf79735b12c4f2d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cMIRECEsKHM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get started we're gonna talk we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started we're gonna talk we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started we're gonna talk we're
+gonna keep talking about polymers today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna keep talking about polymers today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna keep talking about polymers today
+um uh polymers uh that's also gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh polymers uh that's also gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh polymers uh that's also gonna be
+the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic
+of uh the quiz and because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the quiz and because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the quiz and because this
+uh you know because of the exam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know because of the exam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know because of the exam and
+everything and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and so we
+we're having our second lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having our second lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having our second lecture on
+polymers today the quiz tomorrow will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers today the quiz tomorrow will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers today the quiz tomorrow will be
+at the end of recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of recitation
+so that you can have a full second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can have a full second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can have a full second
+recitation on this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on this topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on this topic
+um okay now um i'd like to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now um i'd like to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now um i'd like to pick up
+what i mentioned on monday right monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mentioned on monday right monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mentioned on monday right monday
+uh we introduced polymers and i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we introduced polymers and i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we introduced polymers and i i
+covered two different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered two different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered two different ways
+to make polymers okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make polymers okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make polymers okay um
+on the one hand let's write those down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand let's write those down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand let's write those down
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+write those down with chalk which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write those down with chalk which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write those down with chalk which is
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+here we go on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go on the one hand
+we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had
+what we called radical initiation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radical initiate right we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical initiate right we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical initiate right we use the
+radical initiator remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical initiator remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical initiator remember this
+r dot and we talked about radicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r dot and we talked about radicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r dot and we talked about radicals
+okay and how that can lead to this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how that can lead to this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how that can lead to this kind
+of chain reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chain reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chain reaction
+right and so these are and so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so these are and so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so these are and so this this
+is called chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called chain
+polymerization uh sometimes it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization uh sometimes it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization uh sometimes it's called
+addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+polymerization but it all involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization but it all involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization but it all involves
+a radical to start it uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radical to start it uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radical to start it uh and then
+a double bond remember we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double bond remember we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double bond remember we talked about
+that double bond the importance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that double bond the importance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that double bond the importance of the
+double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond
+right so this would have like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this would have like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this would have like some
+monomer this would have like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer this would have like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer this would have like some
+monomer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer and
+it but it's got to have a uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's got to have a uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's got to have a uh with a
+double bond that's not an equal sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond that's not an equal sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond that's not an equal sign
+that's the double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the double bond
+now the second way we talked about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the second way we talked about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the second way we talked about was
+called condensation polymerization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called condensation polymerization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called condensation polymerization so
+condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polymerization these are two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization these are two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization these are two ways
+we covered that allow you to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we covered that allow you to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we covered that allow you to make
+these these really really long chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these really really long chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these really really long chains
+that's what a polymer is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a polymer is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a polymer is right
+polymer mer being from say hundreds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer mer being from say hundreds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer mer being from say hundreds to
+thousands and even millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and even millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and even millions
+and in condensation polymerization you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in condensation polymerization you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in condensation polymerization you
+would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have
+two different you could even have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different you could even have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different you could even have more
+two different monomers two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different monomers two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different monomers two different
+monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers
+and these two different monomers uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two different monomers uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two different monomers uh well
+let's write it explicitly they react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it explicitly they react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it explicitly they react
+okay and they react because they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they react because they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they react because they've got
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+these n groups that uh that when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n groups that uh that when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n groups that uh that when they
+see each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see each other
+right from one monomer to the next um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from one monomer to the next um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from one monomer to the next um
+they form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form
+a bond right and in the case that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond right and in the case that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond right and in the case that we did
+on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on monday
+uh they formed an amide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they formed an amide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they formed an amide bond
+and they gave off water right so water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they gave off water right so water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they gave off water right so water
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+so when you do condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you do condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you do condensation
+polymerization you start with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization you start with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization you start with two
+different monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different monomers
+they've got the end groups on them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got the end groups on them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got the end groups on them that
+when they see each other they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they see each other they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they see each other they want to
+react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+you wind up with a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wind up with a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wind up with a polymer
+that weighs a little bit less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weighs a little bit less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weighs a little bit less than the
+two monomers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two monomers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two monomers right
+because you've given off water oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've given off water oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've given off water oh you
+could give off other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give off other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give off other things
+there's a lot of examples so you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of examples so you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of examples so you give
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+in the reaction you give off maybe h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reaction you give off maybe h2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reaction you give off maybe h2o
+like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did
+could be could be hcl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be could be hcl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be could be hcl
+it could be nh3 there there are a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be nh3 there there are a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be nh3 there there are a number
+of ways i don't want you to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways i don't want you to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways i don't want you to get the
+feeling that the only way you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that the only way you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that the only way you can do
+condensation polymerization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation polymerization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation polymerization is
+is the nylon example right there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nylon example right there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nylon example right there's a lot
+of ways you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways you can do this
+but one thing that is that is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing that is that is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing that is that is certainly
+true is that in forming that bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is that in forming that bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is that in forming that bond
+you give something else up so the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give something else up so the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give something else up so the total
+mass is it and that's why sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is it and that's why sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is it and that's why sometimes
+people like calling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like calling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like calling this
+addition because in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition because in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition because in addition
+polymerization right when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization right when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization right when you
+when you take a monomer and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take a monomer and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take a monomer and you just
+keep adding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep adding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep adding it
+and the sum is this is n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sum is this is n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sum is this is n times
+the monomer right the sum of the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monomer right the sum of the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monomer right the sum of the weight
+whereas in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this case
+well it's a little bit less because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a little bit less because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a little bit less because you
+did a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a reaction
+right okay so that's all kind of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's all kind of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's all kind of getting
+us back in the mood that's what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us back in the mood that's what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us back in the mood that's what we did
+on monday now today i want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on monday now today i want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on monday now today i want to talk about
+the properties of polymers and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of polymers and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of polymers and how we
+control them how we can change them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control them how we can change them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control them how we can change them
+different ways that we can change it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that we can change it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that we can change it i
+can't cover everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't cover everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't cover everything
+but i want to cover some key elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to cover some key elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to cover some key elements of
+engineering polymers so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering polymers so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering polymers so we're going to
+talk about the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the properties
+and a couple of specific things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of specific things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of specific things that we
+use to control them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to control them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to control them
+so we will so let's start a list here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will so let's start a list here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will so let's start a list here in
+the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+and the first thing is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing is something we
+already did talk about monday which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did talk about monday which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did talk about monday which is
+just the monomer itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the monomer itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the monomer itself
+right so so what is it that matters in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so what is it that matters in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so what is it that matters in a
+polymer what is it that dictates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer what is it that dictates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer what is it that dictates
+what a polymer will be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a polymer will be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a polymer will be like
+right well one is the monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well one is the monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well one is the monomer
+so that's the unit oh well okay we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the unit oh well okay we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the unit oh well okay we just
+said you need two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you need two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you need two here
+so maybe there's monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe there's monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe there's monomers
+but that's the unit that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the unit that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the unit that you're
+repeating clearly that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating clearly that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating clearly that's going to be
+really important right what did you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important right what did you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important right what did you put
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+right is it c2h4 right is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is it c2h4 right is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is it c2h4 right is it
+polyethylene or is it something else did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene or is it something else did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene or is it something else did
+you add something to it the benzene ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add something to it the benzene ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add something to it the benzene ring
+right um and and so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so that's going to be
+really important the other thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important the other thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important the other thing that we
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+and so we're going to create this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to create this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to create this list
+is the molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the molecular weight
+now remember molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh we like you know every little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we like you know every little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we like you know every little
+community likes to come up with its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community likes to come up with its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community likes to come up with its own
+names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names
+we we know grams per mole and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know grams per mole and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know grams per mole and then and
+then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they
+say oh that's a dalton and so now we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh that's a dalton and so now we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh that's a dalton and so now we say
+okay a dalton is a gram per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a dalton is a gram per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a dalton is a gram per mole
+kilodalton would be a thousand grams per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilodalton would be a thousand grams per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilodalton would be a thousand grams per
+mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole
+and but we also said that this gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we also said that this gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we also said that this gives us
+the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree
+of polymerization so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polymerization so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polymerization so that's really
+important right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right because
+how much the degree of polymerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much the degree of polymerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much the degree of polymerization
+well i mean if i know what my myrrh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean if i know what my myrrh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean if i know what my myrrh is
+and and i know the molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i know the molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i know the molecular weight
+the grams per mole of a strand then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grams per mole of a strand then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grams per mole of a strand then i
+know how many mers went into it so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many mers went into it so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many mers went into it so i
+know the degree of polymerization that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the degree of polymerization that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the degree of polymerization that's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+n right it's some number but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right it's some number but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right it's some number but
+but this is important um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is important um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is important um
+and you know i'll put it over here so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i'll put it over here so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i'll put it over here so i
+can keep going down on that board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep going down on that board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep going down on that board
+when you have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a uh
+a synthesis of a polymer it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synthesis of a polymer it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synthesis of a polymer it doesn't
+matter which one of those you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which one of those you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which one of those you use
+you're going out a hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going out a hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going out a hundred thousand
+units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+i can't say well every single one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't say well every single one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't say well every single one is
+going to be a hundred thousand that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a hundred thousand that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a hundred thousand that is
+really really hard to do so instead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard to do so instead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard to do so instead you
+get a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a distribution
+so when you say the molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you say the molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you say the molecular weight
+what you mean is some average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you mean is some average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you mean is some average
+right so this would be like maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this would be like maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this would be like maybe the
+molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight
+maybe this is in daltons maybe it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is in daltons maybe it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is in daltons maybe it's in
+kilodaltons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilodaltons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilodaltons
+and you say oh the molecular weight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say oh the molecular weight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say oh the molecular weight is
+40 kilodaltons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 kilodaltons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 kilodaltons
+no that's the average right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's the average right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's the average right
+you might have ones that are way way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have ones that are way way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have ones that are way way
+longer out here maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer out here maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer out here maybe
+orders of magnitude longer this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude longer this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude longer this can be
+this distribution can be orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution can be orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution can be orders of
+magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it still can be you know you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still can be you know you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still can be you know you can try
+to make them longer so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them longer so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them longer so you have a
+distribution that's more out here or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's more out here or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's more out here or you
+make them shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them shorter
+right so this is something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is something that is
+important and that can be engineered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and that can be engineered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and that can be engineered
+you can imagine if my chains are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine if my chains are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine if my chains are really
+really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long
+then maybe it's a tougher material right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe it's a tougher material right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe it's a tougher material right
+because because there's just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because there's just more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because there's just more
+covalent bonded backbone to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonded backbone to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonded backbone to break
+right you can imagine that that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can imagine that that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can imagine that that might be
+one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing
+oh but the thing that we gotta gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but the thing that we gotta gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but the thing that we gotta gotta
+talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is
+is the chemistry which dictates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the chemistry which dictates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the chemistry which dictates the
+bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+and that's now that's a okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's now that's a okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's now that's a okay so the
+chemistry so the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so the interactions
+and this this takes us back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this takes us back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this takes us back
+to so many happy moments from this fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so many happy moments from this fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so many happy moments from this fall
+where we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talked about
+intermolecular forces all of those apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular forces all of those apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular forces all of those apply
+to polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to polymers
+they all apply what are the imf's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so like if i gave you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so like if i gave you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so like if i gave you an example
+like a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a question
+okay maybe maybe you could say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe maybe you could say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe maybe you could say well
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+uh okay i've got poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ethylene so this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene so this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene so this is the uh
+okay this is the way we remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the way we remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the way we remember this is
+how we we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we we write
+it and in this case i've left off my h's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in this case i've left off my h's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in this case i've left off my h's
+but the little sticks there means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the little sticks there means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the little sticks there means
+there's an h above each and below each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an h above each and below each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an h above each and below each
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh i've got polystyrene so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i've got polystyrene so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i've got polystyrene so that's
+polyethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene
+here's polystyrene here i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's polystyrene here i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's polystyrene here i'm just
+remember this one has a benzene ring oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this one has a benzene ring oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this one has a benzene ring oh
+that's a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a terrible
+drawing of a benzene ring but it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing of a benzene ring but it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing of a benzene ring but it's what
+it's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be
+they have to come out of the parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to come out of the parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to come out of the parentheses
+if it doesn't come out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't come out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't come out of the
+parenthesis it's not a polymer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis it's not a polymer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis it's not a polymer because
+you're not indicating repetition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not indicating repetition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not indicating repetition
+right okay that's supposed to be benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay that's supposed to be benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay that's supposed to be benzene
+and that would be poly um polystyrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be poly um polystyrene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be poly um polystyrene
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+how about another one how about uh i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about another one how about uh i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about another one how about uh i'll
+put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here
+how about polyvinyl alcohol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about polyvinyl alcohol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about polyvinyl alcohol so
+now watch this i'm going brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now watch this i'm going brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now watch this i'm going brackets
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+remember it's okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's okay and
+so here o h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here o h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here o h
+right and each one of these would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and each one of these would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and each one of these would have
+some number of repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of repeats
+that's pineal that's polyvinyl alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pineal that's polyvinyl alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pineal that's polyvinyl alcohol
+i can say well look just look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can say well look just look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can say well look just look at those
+monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers
+just look at the mers right remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the mers right remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the mers right remember the
+monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers
+if if these were made with with chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if these were made with with chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if these were made with with chain
+polymerization the monomers would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization the monomers would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization the monomers would have
+would have a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a double bond
+right remember that right but and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember that right but and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember that right but and so
+this is the repeat unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the repeat unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the repeat unit
+in the polymer that's what goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the polymer that's what goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the polymer that's what goes into the
+brackets or the parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets or the parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets or the parentheses
+that i could look at and say which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i could look at and say which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i could look at and say which is
+this which one of these is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which one of these is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which one of these is going to be
+the strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest
+right mechanically and you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mechanically and you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mechanically and you know from
+your imf days you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your imf days you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your imf days you know
+which one it is because only one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one it is because only one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one it is because only one of them
+can form a stronger bond than london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form a stronger bond than london
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form a stronger bond than london
+they're all going to have london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to have london
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to have london
+everyone has london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has london
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has london
+but this one has hydrogen as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one has hydrogen as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one has hydrogen as well
+that's got hydrogen bonds so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got hydrogen bonds so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got hydrogen bonds so the
+polyvinyl alcohol will be stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyvinyl alcohol will be stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyvinyl alcohol will be stronger
+right that will be the stronger one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that will be the stronger one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that will be the stronger one and
+you know and you know that that bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you know that that bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you know that that bond is
+going to be in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in there
+it's going to bond to other hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to bond to other hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to bond to other hydrogens
+from other chains or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other chains or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other chains or maybe
+from itself because remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from itself because remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from itself because remember this is
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+it looks like but even much much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like but even much much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like but even much much much
+much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much more
+these are macromolecules these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are macromolecules these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are macromolecules these are
+macromolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules
+okay yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes but
+now i'm going to take i wanted to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to take i wanted to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to take i wanted to put
+these here so i have them so i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here so i have them so i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here so i have them so i'm going
+to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+one of these which one is it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these which one is it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these which one is it it's
+polystyrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene
+it's this one with the very poorly drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this one with the very poorly drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this one with the very poorly drawn
+benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene
+and i didn't change anything about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i didn't change anything about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i didn't change anything about it
+but look at what it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at what it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at what it can do
+that's polystyrene in three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's polystyrene in three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's polystyrene in three different
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+they're all cups but they're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all cups but they're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all cups but they're you know
+these cups well right one styrofoam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cups well right one styrofoam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cups well right one styrofoam
+one i don't know what you call that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i don't know what you call that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i don't know what you call that but
+those are pl they're all plastic cups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are pl they're all plastic cups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are pl they're all plastic cups
+but they have very different properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have very different properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have very different properties
+they have the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the exact same
+polymer polystyrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer polystyrene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer polystyrene
+how do we do that that's not the imf's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that that's not the imf's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do that that's not the imf's
+it doesn't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even have to
+it doesn't have to have anything to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to have anything to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to have anything to do
+with the molecular weight it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the molecular weight it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the molecular weight it could
+no it's something else and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's something else and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's something else and that is
+the density oh and so now we get to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density oh and so now we get to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density oh and so now we get to talk
+about density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about density
+and crystallinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crystallinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crystallinity
+and i just saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three letters this makes me very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three letters this makes me very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three letters this makes me very happy
+now crystallinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now crystallinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now crystallinity
+crystallinity density memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallinity density memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallinity density memories
+good memories very good memories are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good memories very good memories are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good memories very good memories are
+happening right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right now
+from when we talked about amorphous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when we talked about amorphous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when we talked about amorphous
+materials and the glass transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and the glass transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and the glass transition
+right because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because remember
+i drew this on the board let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i drew this on the board let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i drew this on the board let's see
+let's get these to come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what that actually looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that actually looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that actually looks like
+what that actually looks like each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that actually looks like each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that actually looks like each
+strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+in there remember goes like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there remember goes like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there remember goes like this and
+then it's like oh wait i can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like oh wait i can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like oh wait i can make a
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+and then it's like nope i'm amorphous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's like nope i'm amorphous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's like nope i'm amorphous
+again and then it's like oh wait hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then it's like oh wait hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then it's like oh wait hold on
+i can crystallize right here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can crystallize right here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can crystallize right here and then
+it's amorphous again and this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amorphous again and this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amorphous again and this is so
+fun and then you go like this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and then you go like this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and then you go like this and that
+and that's one that's like one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one that's like one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one that's like one one
+hundredth of a strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundredth of a strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundredth of a strand
+and so the question so you can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question so you can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question so you can you know
+that the crystalline region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the crystalline region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the crystalline region
+what do i mean by crystalline well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by crystalline well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by crystalline well the
+strand is stacking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand is stacking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand is stacking up
+in some ordered regular repeating way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ordered regular repeating way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ordered regular repeating way
+what do i mean by amorphous well every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by amorphous well every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by amorphous well every
+i mean spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but but a polymer in its own strand can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but a polymer in its own strand can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but a polymer in its own strand can
+crystallize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize
+to some extent or to more or less right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent or to more or less right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent or to more or less right
+and that's something we can control we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something we can control we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something we can control we
+can engineer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can engineer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can engineer that
+and that's what leads to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what leads to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what leads to these
+differences because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because
+it you know that in a crystalline you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know that in a crystalline you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know that in a crystalline you
+know region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know region
+it's going to have a low a lower volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a low a lower volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a low a lower volume
+right is going to take up less volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is going to take up less volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is going to take up less volume
+that's what we did before with glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did before with glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did before with glasses
+so let's put that on the board right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put that on the board right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put that on the board right so
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+that from our from our good old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from our from our good old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from our from our good old days
+that if i melt a material well it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i melt a material well it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i melt a material well it could
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+a crystal that's temperature and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal that's temperature and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal that's temperature and this
+would be volume per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be volume per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be volume per mole
+right this would be like the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this would be like the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this would be like the melting
+point it might form a crystal but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it might form a crystal but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it might form a crystal but with
+polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers
+imagine i've got the spaghetti strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine i've got the spaghetti strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine i've got the spaghetti strands
+and now they're miles long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they're miles long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they're miles long
+it's really hard to line it all up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to line it all up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to line it all up and
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+a lot of it will not find that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it will not find that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it will not find that that
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+and instead it will be a glass which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead it will be a glass which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead it will be a glass which you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+is another way of saying so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another way of saying so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another way of saying so these are
+now tgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tgs
+right tg and so you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tg and so you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tg and so you know now
+uh all about this right and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all about this right and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all about this right and you know
+that cooling rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cooling rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cooling rate
+is one way to to to change the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way to to to change the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way to to to change the density
+to change the volume per mole right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the volume per mole right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the volume per mole right
+so so how so the density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how so the density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how so the density of the
+amorphous region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous region
+uh is one parameter that that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is one parameter that that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is one parameter that that could be
+glassy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassy
+in different ways like we did before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways like we did before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways like we did before and
+then how much of it you can make into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how much of it you can make into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how much of it you can make into a
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+is another parameter both of which play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another parameter both of which play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another parameter both of which play
+into the overall density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the overall density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the overall density
+and crystallinity right both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crystallinity right both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crystallinity right both of those
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+extremely important and those are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important and those are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important and those are going
+to depend on all sorts of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on all sorts of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on all sorts of parameters
+related to the processing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the processing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the processing and the
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+and so forth those are the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth those are the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth those are the things that
+can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to
+changes like this from the same exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes like this from the same exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes like this from the same exact
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+so if you look at let's let's go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at let's let's go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at let's let's go from
+polystyrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene
+to back to polyethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back to polyethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back to polyethylene
+right so if you look at polyethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you look at polyethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you look at polyethylene
+so this is a list i showed i think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a list i showed i think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a list i showed i think a
+version of this on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this on monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this on monday
+and these are all these are all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all these are all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all these are all uh
+it's hard to read don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to read don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to read don't worry about it
+it's these are all you know monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these are all you know monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these are all you know monomers
+and this is the polymer they didn't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the polymer they didn't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the polymer they didn't put
+the brackets there but you could see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brackets there but you could see oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brackets there but you could see oh
+maybe they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they did
+yeah kind sort of um you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah kind sort of um you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah kind sort of um you can see the
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+right coming out that's the repeat line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right coming out that's the repeat line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right coming out that's the repeat line
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and this is the monomer notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the monomer notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the monomer notice the
+double bonds ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds ready for
+chain polymerization right and here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain polymerization right and here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain polymerization right and here are
+the properties near the uses but i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties near the uses but i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties near the uses but i want
+to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this
+ldpe and hdpe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ldpe and hdpe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ldpe and hdpe
+now ldp and http so uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ldp and http so uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ldp and http so uh so that's
+low density and high density of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density and high density of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density and high density of the same
+exact polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact polymer
+so the interactions are the same right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the interactions are the same right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the interactions are the same right
+but all we've done is we've changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all we've done is we've changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all we've done is we've changed the
+density and the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the difference between the
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+is tremendous so when you go to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tremendous so when you go to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tremendous so when you go to the the
+grocery store and they give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store and they give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store and they give you a
+plastic bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic bag
+which you'll wind up feeding to fishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll wind up feeding to fishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll wind up feeding to fishes
+in the ocean as you now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ocean as you now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ocean as you now know
+um the uh it's very soft it's the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh it's very soft it's the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh it's very soft it's the exact
+same material that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same material that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same material that's in
+over 30 percent of all toys on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 30 percent of all toys on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 30 percent of all toys on the
+planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet
+it's still polyethylene all we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still polyethylene all we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still polyethylene all we've done
+is mess with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mess with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mess with that
+we've messed with the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've messed with the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've messed with the density
+the density so how do you mess with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density so how do you mess with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density so how do you mess with the
+density how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density how
+well we there it turns out with polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we there it turns out with polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we there it turns out with polymers
+there are different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different ways
+you can do this one we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this one we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this one we just talked about
+so one let's do a little uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one let's do a little uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one let's do a little uh okay
+no no i'm gonna do this so one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's say co processing i'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say co processing i'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say co processing i'll call it
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right here how quickly did i melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right here how quickly did i melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right here how quickly did i melt
+it right what were the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right what were the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right what were the conditions
+that i formed it in but see i could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i formed it in but see i could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i formed it in but see i could you
+can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine
+changing its ability to crystallize our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing its ability to crystallize our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing its ability to crystallize our
+pack by just changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack by just changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack by just changing
+something else about the about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else about the about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else about the about the
+the the polymer itself and so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the polymer itself and so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the polymer itself and so another
+way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that
+would be to change the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to change the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to change the physical
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+of the chain physical structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are two ways that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two ways that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two ways that you can do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+oh boy let's see how am i gonna continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy let's see how am i gonna continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy let's see how am i gonna continue
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay let's do this ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's do this ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's do this ha
+bullet one one way is called branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and another is called tacticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what are these so branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are these so branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are these so branching
+is exactly what it sounds like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what it sounds like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what it sounds like because
+the the polymer that i showed you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the polymer that i showed you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the polymer that i showed you here
+is just you know this is a mess and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just you know this is a mess and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just you know this is a mess and it's
+showing how it's a spaghetti chain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how it's a spaghetti chain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how it's a spaghetti chain but
+notice that it's just a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's just a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's just a line
+everywhere it's just we would call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it's just we would call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it's just we would call this
+a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a straight line it just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a straight line it just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a straight line it just kind of
+wanders around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanders around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanders around
+yeah okay we can because it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay we can because it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay we can because it's in
+contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast
+it's in contrast to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in contrast to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in contrast to
+if it if it's a straight line then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it if it's a straight line then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it if it's a straight line then it's
+sort of locally straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of locally straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of locally straight
+but what if it did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right then it's like which way do i go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then it's like which way do i go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then it's like which way do i go
+right that's it can be the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's it can be the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's it can be the exact same
+chemistry but because maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry but because maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry but because maybe
+one of those radicals in the soup while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those radicals in the soup while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those radicals in the soup while
+this was being made came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was being made came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was being made came in
+and got to move a hydrogen around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got to move a hydrogen around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got to move a hydrogen around in
+just the right way it was able to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the right way it was able to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the right way it was able to start
+growing off of the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing off of the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing off of the side
+right that's a branch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a branch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a branch so
+you can imagine that controlling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that controlling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that controlling this
+branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching
+would be a really big deal in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a really big deal in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a really big deal in terms of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the crystallinity right so if you go now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystallinity right so if you go now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystallinity right so if you go now
+if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to
+pasta it always seems to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta it always seems to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta it always seems to come back to
+pasta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta
+maybe it's just me i don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just me i don't think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just me i don't think so
+though i think there's something deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though i think there's something deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though i think there's something deeper
+about the pasta in here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pasta in here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pasta in here but
+see this is a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a polymer
+yeah but if i but you can imagine now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but if i but you can imagine now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but if i but you can imagine now if
+i make spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i make spaghetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i make spaghetti
+and it looks like the left it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like the left it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like the left it's all
+packed in but what if each spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed in but what if each spaghetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed in but what if each spaghetti
+it's actually an interesting idea for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually an interesting idea for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually an interesting idea for a
+new pasta brand right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new pasta brand right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new pasta brand right
+and what if each spaghetti strand looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what if each spaghetti strand looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what if each spaghetti strand looked
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+and and now you take those and you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now you take those and you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now you take those and you try
+to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your
+but it would be actually pretty cool but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be actually pretty cool but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be actually pretty cool but
+it wouldn't pack as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't pack as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't pack as
+well you can feel it with the pasta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can feel it with the pasta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can feel it with the pasta
+right you can feel it it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can feel it it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can feel it it's not it's
+going to take up more room in the bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take up more room in the bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take up more room in the bowl
+and it's the exact same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the exact same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the exact same thing with
+polymers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers so
+if you want a polymer to be stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want a polymer to be stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want a polymer to be stronger
+to have maybe more crystallinity or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have maybe more crystallinity or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have maybe more crystallinity or or
+higher density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher density
+hdpe then you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hdpe then you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hdpe then you don't want
+very much branching so you better dial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much branching so you better dial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much branching so you better dial
+that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in
+when you synthesize it you better think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you synthesize it you better think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you synthesize it you better think
+carefully about how you're making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about how you're making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about how you're making this
+to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent
+those kinds of side chains from growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of side chains from growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of side chains from growing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well tacticity is another thing and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well tacticity is another thing and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well tacticity is another thing and and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+not the same as branching tacticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as branching tacticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as branching tacticity
+is remember you know like in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember you know like in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember you know like in in uh
+where did it go i had it up there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did it go i had it up there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did it go i had it up there but
+so tacticity is whether you there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tacticity is whether you there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tacticity is whether you there's a
+benzene ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene ring
+which you know are they all on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know are they all on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know are they all on the same
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+are they on alternating sides how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they on alternating sides how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they on alternating sides how did
+this how did this thing go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how did this thing go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how did this thing go
+did two go on the same side and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did two go on the same side and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did two go on the same side and then one
+and then and is it random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and is it random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and is it random
+i mean you could imagine that if it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you could imagine that if it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you could imagine that if it's if
+it's kind of if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of if i have
+a way to break the symmetry of the tr of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to break the symmetry of the tr of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to break the symmetry of the tr of
+the chain like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain like this
+then you can imagine that if i break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine that if i break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine that if i break it
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+so i'm a tactic then that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm a tactic then that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm a tactic then that's going to be
+harder to line up as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to line up as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to line up as well
+right that's going to make it harder for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's going to make it harder for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's going to make it harder for
+the spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaghetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaghetti
+to kind of fall right and be right next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of fall right and be right next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of fall right and be right next
+to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+but if even if the spaghetti had little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if even if the spaghetti had little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if even if the spaghetti had little
+you call these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call these little
+mini benzene branches it's not branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini benzene branches it's not branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini benzene branches it's not branching
+but you can call them like little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can call them like little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can call them like little
+branches but if they're all on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches but if they're all on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches but if they're all on the same
+side then you can imagine they can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then you can imagine they can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then you can imagine they can still
+stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+really well right so when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well right so when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well right so when you have
+side groups like this this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side groups like this this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side groups like this this is another
+aspect of engineering the polymer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of engineering the polymer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of engineering the polymer that
+you've got to think very carefully about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to think very carefully about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to think very carefully about
+because if it's isotactic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's isotactic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's isotactic or
+syndiotactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndiotactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndiotactic
+then it's going to be so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to be so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to be so that's the
+physical structure of the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical structure of the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical structure of the chain
+then it's going to be able to pack more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to be able to pack more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to be able to pack more
+easily and it's going to be stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and it's going to be stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and it's going to be stronger
+right if it's a tactic and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's a tactic and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's a tactic and then you
+we're talking about like 100 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about like 100 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about like 100 degrees
+same polymer same chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same polymer same chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same polymer same chemical
+unit make the molecular weights the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit make the molecular weights the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit make the molecular weights the same
+all you've changed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you've changed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you've changed is
+whether there's symmetry or not and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's symmetry or not and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's symmetry or not and you
+can change the melting point by 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the melting point by 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the melting point by 100
+degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees
+right of the same material so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the same material so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the same material so that's
+another way that we engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way that we engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way that we engineer
+the properties of polymers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of polymers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of polymers okay
+same polymer garbage bags to tupperware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same polymer garbage bags to tupperware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same polymer garbage bags to tupperware
+same chemistry isotactic to a tactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chemistry isotactic to a tactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chemistry isotactic to a tactic
+okay now um wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um wow
+now we get to something really fun which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to something really fun which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to something really fun which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+crosslinks and and and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinks and and and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinks and and and this is
+this is number five okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is number five okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is number five okay so we're
+talking about ways to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about ways to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about ways to control
+polymers cross-linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers cross-linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers cross-linking
+is one of the single most important ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the single most important ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the single most important ways
+to engineer the properties of polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engineer the properties of polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engineer the properties of polymers
+and it basically is exactly what it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it basically is exactly what it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it basically is exactly what it says
+you're linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're linking
+two different polymer chains together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different polymer chains together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different polymer chains together
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+cross linking okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linking okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linking okay
+now it turns out the one remember i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out the one remember i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out the one remember i
+showed you the video of the nylon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the video of the nylon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the video of the nylon
+uh it's called the nylon rope pull if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's called the nylon rope pull if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's called the nylon rope pull if
+you want to see that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see that again
+google it it's so cool uh you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google it it's so cool uh you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google it it's so cool uh you you have
+two liquids with the two you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two liquids with the two you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two liquids with the two you know it's a
+condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation
+polymerization example two liquids with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization example two liquids with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization example two liquids with
+two liquids with two different monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two liquids with two different monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two liquids with two different monomers
+and you pull a solid out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pull a solid out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pull a solid out of the
+interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+that's this that's exactly this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this that's exactly this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this that's exactly this and
+those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+the molecules these are the monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules these are the monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules these are the monomers
+that were in the liquid and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were in the liquid and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were in the liquid and there's the
+there's the this is nylon six six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the this is nylon six six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the this is nylon six six
+remember it's because you have a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's because you have a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's because you have a chain
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and this is what you get and it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you get and it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you get and it keeps
+repeating and there's your polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating and there's your polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating and there's your polymer
+but look at what the reason i'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at what the reason i'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at what the reason i'm saying
+that nylon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nylon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nylon
+actually crosslinks is because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually crosslinks is because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually crosslinks is because of
+something very important it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important it's not
+just that that these have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that that these have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that that these have you know
+different interactions with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interactions with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different interactions with each other
+no it's something a little bit more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's something a little bit more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's something a little bit more than
+that so if i look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if i look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if i look at this
+and say okay here's a carbon and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay here's a carbon and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay here's a carbon and a
+nitrogen i'm going to just try to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen i'm going to just try to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen i'm going to just try to draw
+a part of this carbon nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of this carbon nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of this carbon nitrogen
+there's a hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hydrogen and
+oh boy here we go here's an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy here we go here's an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy here we go here's an oxygen
+okay and it goes on oh i'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it goes on oh i'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it goes on oh i'm not gonna
+draw what's in there it's six six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw what's in there it's six six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw what's in there it's six six
+and then comes uh another okay nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then comes uh another okay nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then comes uh another okay nitrogen
+hydrogen and then it goes up to a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and then it goes up to a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and then it goes up to a carbon
+oxygen and then ah six six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and then ah six six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and then ah six six
+or whatever it is right and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is right and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is right and then it goes
+to a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a carbon
+and oxygen like that and this goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen like that and this goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen like that and this goes to
+uh nitrogen and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nitrogen and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nitrogen and so on and so
+on but look oh remember this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but look oh remember this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but look oh remember this is called
+the amide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amide bond
+that's cool right that's the bond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool right that's the bond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool right that's the bond that
+formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's the amide bond that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the amide bond that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the amide bond that's the
+bond that formed it's polyamide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that formed it's polyamide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that formed it's polyamide
+right we we did this on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we did this on monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we did this on monday
+but now uh okay but look at what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now uh okay but look at what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now uh okay but look at what happens
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so if i have another one of these that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have another one of these that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have another one of these that
+comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up
+beneath it i'm not going to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath it i'm not going to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath it i'm not going to draw the
+whole thing i'm just going to draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing i'm just going to draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing i'm just going to draw that
+part that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that has
+the amide bond you can see that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amide bond you can see that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amide bond you can see that if i
+have an oxygen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an oxygen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an oxygen here
+with the carbon and let's do oh boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the carbon and let's do oh boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the carbon and let's do oh boy
+nitrogen and like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and like that okay
+and so on then this if this lines up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on then this if this lines up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on then this if this lines up
+but but it can line up and and then over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it can line up and and then over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it can line up and and then over
+here you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've got
+a hydrogen and so you can get this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen and so you can get this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen and so you can get this kind
+of really nice lineup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really nice lineup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really nice lineup
+to form a hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a hydrogen bond
+between these chains you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these chains you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these chains you can
+it can happen and that can add as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can happen and that can add as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can happen and that can add as we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+that can add strength to the material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can add strength to the material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can add strength to the material so
+that's a cross link because it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cross link because it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cross link because it's a very
+specific linkage between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific linkage between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific linkage between these
+these strands right it's not just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strands right it's not just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strands right it's not just sort
+of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+average over different types of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over different types of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over different types of bonding
+it's a specific link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a specific link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a specific link
+that's in the chain well it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the chain well it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the chain well it turns out
+that okay that just seemed to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that just seemed to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that just seemed to happen
+because of the chemistry that was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the chemistry that was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the chemistry that was there
+it can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can happen
+but look we can also make it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look we can also make it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look we can also make it happen
+we can engineer polymers and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can engineer polymers and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can engineer polymers and we do
+to have all sorts of cross-linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all sorts of cross-linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all sorts of cross-linking
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+right and it's really one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's really one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's really one of the most
+single important ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single important ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single important ways
+to control the properties of polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the properties of polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the properties of polymers
+right so i want to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i want to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i want to talk about that
+a little bit and i'm going to do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and i'm going to do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and i'm going to do it with
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+maybe the most well used at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the most well used at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the most well used at least
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+of uh of the of what a crosslinker does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of the of what a crosslinker does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of the of what a crosslinker does
+we're going to talk about rubber now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about rubber now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about rubber now
+rubber is is a natural polymer you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber is is a natural polymer you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber is is a natural polymer you can
+get it out of trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it out of trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it out of trees
+right i think maybe i have a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i think maybe i have a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i think maybe i have a picture
+yeah i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i do
+oh poor goodyear but we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh poor goodyear but we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh poor goodyear but we'll talk about
+him in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in a minute
+um but there's rubber coming right out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's rubber coming right out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's rubber coming right out
+of a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tree
+and when we see rubber in in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we see rubber in in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we see rubber in in this class
+we think of isoprene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of isoprene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of isoprene
+and isoprene is is this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isoprene is is this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isoprene is is this molecule
+okay so here's isoprene there's a ch3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there's a double bond to a ch2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a double bond to a ch2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a double bond to a ch2
+and another double bond to another ch2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the the polymer that is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the polymer that is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the polymer that is coming from
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+rubber tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's polyisoprene okay so so matt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's polyisoprene okay so so matt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's polyisoprene okay so so matt
+now okay i've got two double bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay i've got two double bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay i've got two double bonds
+we're going to talk about a second but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a second but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a second but i
+only need one to polymerize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one to polymerize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one to polymerize this
+i only need one right and and so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only need one right and and so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only need one right and and so if i
+think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this
+i can make a polymer out of it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can make a polymer out of it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can make a polymer out of it and the
+polymer would look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer would look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer would look like this
+this would be polyisoprene okay so h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be polyisoprene okay so h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be polyisoprene okay so h
+i'll draw the h's in just so we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll draw the h's in just so we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll draw the h's in just so we keep
+track here's another c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track here's another c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track here's another c
+and this has my oh boy i said i'd draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has my oh boy i said i'd draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has my oh boy i said i'd draw
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and now i have to once you commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i have to once you commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i have to once you commit
+all right there it is h right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there it is h right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there it is h right and then
+you've got the double bond in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the double bond in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the double bond in there and
+an h there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an h there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an h there
+and then you've got this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got this okay
+ch2 unit there oh and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch2 unit there oh and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch2 unit there oh and that is
+polyisoprene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyisoprene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyisoprene
+it's it's not it looks complicated it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not it looks complicated it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not it looks complicated it's
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+you know a ch3 unit and some ch2 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a ch3 unit and some ch2 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a ch3 unit and some ch2 units
+but here's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the key
+it's got left over a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got left over a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got left over a double bond
+and that's the key now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the key now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the key now
+you see that double bond i can do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that double bond i can do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that double bond i can do more
+chemistry with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry with
+i can do i can do cross-linked chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do i can do cross-linked chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do i can do cross-linked chemistry
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+and the story of right so i started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the story of right so i started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the story of right so i started with
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and i'm left with one because i needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm left with one because i needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm left with one because i needed
+one to to make the the hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to to make the the hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to to make the the hundred thousand
+long chains of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chains of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chains of these things
+right so this is isoprene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is polyisoprene yeah but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is polyisoprene yeah but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is polyisoprene yeah but the
+thing is that polyisoprene is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that polyisoprene is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that polyisoprene is not very
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the mayans used it people tried to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mayans used it people tried to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mayans used it people tried to use
+iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso
+poly isoprene directly from nature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly isoprene directly from nature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly isoprene directly from nature for
+centuries the the mayans would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries the the mayans would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries the the mayans would
+because it's soft you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's soft you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's soft you know it's it's
+like a mold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mold
+it's just really cool mold and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just really cool mold and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just really cool mold and probably
+at some point somebody stepped in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point somebody stepped in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point somebody stepped in it
+and they're like look my footprint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're like look my footprint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're like look my footprint and
+it stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stayed
+and so then they what they did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they what they did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they what they did is they
+made boots out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made boots out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made boots out of it
+and so they would put their whole foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they would put their whole foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they would put their whole foot
+inside of a bucket of isoprene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a bucket of isoprene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a bucket of isoprene
+and then it would sort of mold really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would sort of mold really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would sort of mold really
+well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right
+and they'd make shoes that way now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'd make shoes that way now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'd make shoes that way now the
+problem people tried to do this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem people tried to do this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem people tried to do this much
+later too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later too
+the problem with making a boot out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with making a boot out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with making a boot out of
+natural rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rubber
+is that the natural rubber doesn't hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the natural rubber doesn't hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the natural rubber doesn't hold
+together very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together very well
+so like seriously on a hot day the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like seriously on a hot day the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like seriously on a hot day the the
+boot melts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot melts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot melts
+which is not what you want people made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not what you want people made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not what you want people made
+clothing out of it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing out of it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing out of it too
+jackets were made with a poly with poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jackets were made with a poly with poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jackets were made with a poly with poly
+isoprene inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprene inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprene inside
+of two fibers but then it would melt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two fibers but then it would melt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two fibers but then it would melt and
+get like sticky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like sticky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like sticky
+right like on a summer day or if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like on a summer day or if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like on a summer day or if it
+rained out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rained out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rained out
+right so you had some issues with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you had some issues with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you had some issues with with
+rubber but people really wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber but people really wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber but people really wanted to make
+something out of this stuff it seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out of this stuff it seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out of this stuff it seemed
+really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really neat
+it could kind of be strong but not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could kind of be strong but not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could kind of be strong but not but
+then very moldable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then very moldable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then very moldable
+right and so along comes charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so along comes charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so along comes charles
+goodyear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodyear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodyear
+and he accidentally left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he accidentally left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he accidentally left
+rubber on a stove with sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber on a stove with sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber on a stove with sulfur
+and literally the way the story goes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and literally the way the story goes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and literally the way the story goes is
+his house started smelling like burned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his house started smelling like burned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his house started smelling like burned
+rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber
+which was probably the first time ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was probably the first time ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was probably the first time ever
+that smell was was made um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that smell was was made um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that smell was was made um
+and what it had what he found was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it had what he found was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it had what he found was that
+this rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rubber
+was completely different when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completely different when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completely different when it was
+left on the stove with sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left on the stove with sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left on the stove with sulfur
+it all comes back to the double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all comes back to the double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all comes back to the double bond
+it all comes back to the double bond why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all comes back to the double bond why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all comes back to the double bond why
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+now i've got a place where i can add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've got a place where i can add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've got a place where i can add a
+covalent link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent link
+and that's exactly what sulfur does all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what sulfur does all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what sulfur does all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so if i take now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take now uh
+if i take this uh this i'm gonna try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take this uh this i'm gonna try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take this uh this i'm gonna try to
+draw it again i'm not gonna draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it again i'm not gonna draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it again i'm not gonna draw the
+the h's this time so i've got this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h's this time so i've got this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h's this time so i've got this and
+here's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that
+that special double bond right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special double bond right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special double bond right and then
+i've got this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got this and
+this okay that's that's natural rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that's that's natural rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that's that's natural rubber
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+see with the double bond i can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with the double bond i can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with the double bond i can remember
+these are what are these well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are what are these well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are what are these well these are
+four electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four electrons
+but if sulfur comes along i might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if sulfur comes along i might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if sulfur comes along i might be
+able to take two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take two of them
+right and and move them like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and move them like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and move them like this
+and that's exactly what if sulfur comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what if sulfur comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what if sulfur comes
+and offers something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and offers something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and offers something
+that the carbon wants right like hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the carbon wants right like hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the carbon wants right like hey
+come and bond with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and bond with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and bond with me
+it'll be more fun maybe we'll go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be more fun maybe we'll go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be more fun maybe we'll go to a
+lower energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy state
+right and then the carbon's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the carbon's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the carbon's like you
+know what i i get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what i i get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what i i get that
+i'm that sounds pretty cool i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm that sounds pretty cool i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm that sounds pretty cool i'm going to
+give an electron from this double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an electron from this double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an electron from this double bond
+i get to stay connected here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get to stay connected here with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get to stay connected here with a
+single bond right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bond right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bond right
+and then i can be here and here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can be here and here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can be here and here and the
+sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur
+can provide that other electron and form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can provide that other electron and form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can provide that other electron and form
+a nice single bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice single bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice single bond
+right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that
+because there's that double bond you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's that double bond you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's that double bond you can
+do the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the chemistry
+to create covalent strong bonds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create covalent strong bonds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create covalent strong bonds to
+sulfur and then you get like another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur and then you get like another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur and then you get like another
+sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur
+and another sulfur and so on and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another sulfur and so on and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another sulfur and so on and these
+can be maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be maybe
+you know two three four sulfur units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two three four sulfur units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two three four sulfur units
+long depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long depending on how
+how you cook it and then this will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you cook it and then this will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you cook it and then this will come
+and this comes down and finds another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes down and finds another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes down and finds another
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+finds another strand and it finds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds another strand and it finds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds another strand and it finds the
+double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond
+that's in another polyisoprene strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in another polyisoprene strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in another polyisoprene strand
+that's called cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called cross
+that's that's purposeful well accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's purposeful well accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's purposeful well accidental
+he was a tinkerer and he played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a tinkerer and he played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a tinkerer and he played with
+lots of things and his greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things and his greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things and his greatest
+discovery was completely by accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery was completely by accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery was completely by accident
+and he never made any money off of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he never made any money off of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he never made any money off of it
+goodyear tire this is charles goodyear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodyear tire this is charles goodyear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodyear tire this is charles goodyear
+goodyear tires this is a company it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodyear tires this is a company it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodyear tires this is a company it was
+called the goodyear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the goodyear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the goodyear
+vulcanite company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulcanite company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulcanite company
+goodyear called it vulcanization and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodyear called it vulcanization and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodyear called it vulcanization and the
+reason is vulcan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is vulcan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is vulcan
+is the roman god for fire and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the roman god for fire and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the roman god for fire and he
+he accidentally left it on the fire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he accidentally left it on the fire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he accidentally left it on the fire and
+so that's called vulcanization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called vulcanization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called vulcanization
+because of that right so this was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that right so this was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that right so this was this
+used to be the goodyear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be the goodyear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be the goodyear
+vulcanite company it's now goodyear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulcanite company it's now goodyear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulcanite company it's now goodyear
+tires right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires right
+um and what happened what happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what happened what happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what happened what happened is
+this those sulfur bonds that came about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this those sulfur bonds that came about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this those sulfur bonds that came about
+accidentally the covalent bonds held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally the covalent bonds held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally the covalent bonds held
+that material together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material together
+and it gave it a controllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gave it a controllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gave it a controllable
+flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+and hardness right that's what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hardness right that's what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hardness right that's what they were
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+that's what they were after flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they were after flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they were after flexibility
+and hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hardness
+and so and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and so what
+you know what is actually happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is actually happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is actually happening in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+well what's happening is you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's happening is you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's happening is you're you're
+adding these covalent bonds between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these covalent bonds between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these covalent bonds between
+these very very long strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very very long strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very very long strands
+right and so you can imagine that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you can imagine that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you can imagine that if you
+if you you know if you pull on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know if you pull on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know if you pull on that
+material now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material now
+well the long strands can detangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the long strands can detangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the long strands can detangle
+so in the in the rubber tree these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the in the rubber tree these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the in the rubber tree these these
+long long long long long strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long long long long strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long long long long strands
+they're all wrapped up it's a spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all wrapped up it's a spaghetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all wrapped up it's a spaghetti
+bowl and i start pulling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl and i start pulling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl and i start pulling and
+and they don't break but they start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't break but they start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't break but they start to
+kind of slide and detangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of slide and detangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of slide and detangle
+right and eventually you just break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and eventually you just break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and eventually you just break it
+all apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all apart
+but now i've got a lock on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i've got a lock on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i've got a lock on it
+because each little piece of spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each little piece of spaghetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each little piece of spaghetti
+is tied to another one somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tied to another one somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tied to another one somewhere
+so i can untangle them only to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can untangle them only to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can untangle them only to a point
+and then these these linkages kick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these these linkages kick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these these linkages kick in
+and they're like no i'm sorry you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're like no i'm sorry you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're like no i'm sorry you can't
+stretch anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch anymore
+right that's what the cross-linking does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what the cross-linking does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what the cross-linking does
+and it gives it that strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives it that strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives it that strength
+and so you can imagine if i had more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine if i had more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine if i had more and
+more crosslinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more crosslinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more crosslinking
+i might have a stronger material right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might have a stronger material right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might have a stronger material right
+the stress strain curve could go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress strain curve could go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress strain curve could go like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if i not much crosslinking a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i not much crosslinking a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i not much crosslinking a lot of
+crosslinking right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinking right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinking right
+right because more and more of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because more and more of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because more and more of it is
+going to be dictated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dictated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dictated
+by these linkages here between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these linkages here between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these linkages here between the
+strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands
+and then there's something really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's something really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's something really cool
+that can happen with crosslinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen with crosslinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen with crosslinking
+because this is an example of a covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is an example of a covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is an example of a covalent
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+this is covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but crosslinking can be cross thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but crosslinking can be cross thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but crosslinking can be cross thinking
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+let's see it can be covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it can be hydrogen we already saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be hydrogen we already saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be hydrogen we already saw that
+there's sort of natural crosslinking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of natural crosslinking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of natural crosslinking in
+nylon because of that hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylon because of that hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylon because of that hydrogen bond
+you can introduce hydrogen bonds as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can introduce hydrogen bonds as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can introduce hydrogen bonds as well
+you can be purposeful about it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be purposeful about it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be purposeful about it by the
+way you can have an ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can you can put any kind of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can put any kind of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can put any kind of bonding
+that you can dial in and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can dial in and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can dial in and there are
+different ways to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to do that
+can become a cross-link opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can become a cross-link opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can become a cross-link opportunity
+right so you can just imagine how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can just imagine how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can just imagine how much
+this opened up polymer design how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opened up polymer design how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opened up polymer design how much
+this crosslinking opens up polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this crosslinking opens up polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this crosslinking opens up polymer
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+now um so let's go now there's a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so let's go now there's a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so let's go now there's a there's
+there's a downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a downside
+as well but first let's say positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but first let's say positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but first let's say positive
+let's go to your goody bag this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to your goody bag this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to your goody bag this is the
+chemistry inside your goody bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry inside your goody bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry inside your goody bag
+right now this is a very purposeful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is a very purposeful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is a very purposeful
+right these are the borax crosslinkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are the borax crosslinkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are the borax crosslinkers
+you've got that in your bag and you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got that in your bag and you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got that in your bag and you add
+it in and what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in and what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in and what i
+want you to do is get an actual feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do is get an actual feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do is get an actual feeling
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+the cross sinkers right and and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross sinkers right and and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross sinkers right and and so you
+can add more and you'll feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add more and you'll feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add more and you'll feel the
+material change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material change
+because you're linking more and more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're linking more and more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're linking more and more of
+it but see in this case it's a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but see in this case it's a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but see in this case it's a hydrogen
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+you see that so those are the bark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that so those are the bark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that so those are the bark
+crosslinkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinkers
+those groups keep their ohs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those groups keep their ohs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those groups keep their ohs and then
+those ohs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ohs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ohs
+there's the polyvinyl alcohol i drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the polyvinyl alcohol i drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the polyvinyl alcohol i drew
+that on the board somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the board somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the board somewhere
+before and and those ohs can now bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and and those ohs can now bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and and those ohs can now bond
+to the hydrogen of the oh in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hydrogen of the oh in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hydrogen of the oh in the in the
+pva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pva
+and that can form a crosslink but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can form a crosslink but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can form a crosslink but
+there's something different about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something different about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something different about this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and it's so cool and that's why slime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's so cool and that's why slime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's so cool and that's why slime is
+so cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool
+and and silly putty right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and silly putty right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and silly putty right because
+now there's a time scale involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a time scale involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a time scale involved
+there's a time scale involved so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time scale involved so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time scale involved so now you
+can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can
+pull it very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it very slowly
+and the hydrogen bonds that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydrogen bonds that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydrogen bonds that are
+crosslinking have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinking have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinking have it
+have time to change to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to change to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to change to move
+to reform maybe they break and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reform maybe they break and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reform maybe they break and then they
+reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform
+right um but if you pull it really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but if you pull it really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but if you pull it really fast
+those hydrogen bonds don't have time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those hydrogen bonds don't have time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those hydrogen bonds don't have time and
+i'll show you a picture in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you a picture in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you a picture in a second
+um and so so what can happen now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so so what can happen now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so so what can happen now
+is the the mechanical strength of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the mechanical strength of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the mechanical strength of this
+material the brittleness of it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the brittleness of it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the brittleness of it the
+properties of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of it
+can literally just depend on how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can literally just depend on how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can literally just depend on how quickly
+you pull it because you are up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull it because you are up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull it because you are up against
+the speed of hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of hydrogen bond
+forming and reforming and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming and reforming and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming and reforming and that is
+incredibly cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly cool
+you are literally feeling the formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are literally feeling the formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are literally feeling the formation
+the destruction and formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destruction and formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destruction and formation of
+hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds
+but there's something else that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's something else that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's something else that's going
+on in this that's also so cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this that's also so cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this that's also so cool
+this material slime that polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material slime that polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material slime that polymer
+is is below its glass transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is below its glass transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is below its glass transition
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+sorry above i meant above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry above i meant above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry above i meant above
+what does that mean it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean it means that
+without the cross-linkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the cross-linkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the cross-linkers
+that polymer is a viscous liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polymer is a viscous liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polymer is a viscous liquid
+it's this you remember the we drew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this you remember the we drew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this you remember the we drew it
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+i erased it i erased it above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i erased it i erased it above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i erased it i erased it above
+if you're below the ground the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're below the ground the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're below the ground the glass
+transition temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature
+you're basically like you know a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically like you know a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically like you know a solid
+like a brittle solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a brittle solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a brittle solid
+well like i drew polymers have polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well like i drew polymers have polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well like i drew polymers have polymers
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+amorphous maybe with some crystallinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous maybe with some crystallinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous maybe with some crystallinity
+but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but
+a lot of it's going to be amorphous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it's going to be amorphous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it's going to be amorphous
+maybe all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all of it
+and so it you know it's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it you know it's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it you know it's going to have a
+glass transition temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass transition temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass transition temperature
+and and if you're above that it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you're above that it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you're above that it's this
+viscous liquid it's this like super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous liquid it's this like super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous liquid it's this like super
+cooled viscous liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled viscous liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled viscous liquid
+but what i've done with the crosslinkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i've done with the crosslinkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i've done with the crosslinkers
+is i've said hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i've said hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i've said hold on
+you can't go away so i'm literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go away so i'm literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go away so i'm literally
+making a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a solid
+out of liquid you say yeah just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of liquid you say yeah just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of liquid you say yeah just put
+like water in the freezer no that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like water in the freezer no that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like water in the freezer no that's not
+the phase of that polymer is liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase of that polymer is liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase of that polymer is liquid
+it is a viscous liquid but it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a viscous liquid but it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a viscous liquid but it is not
+allowed to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to flow
+because or if it does it maybe can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because or if it does it maybe can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because or if it does it maybe can
+change its shape a little but it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its shape a little but it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its shape a little but it can't
+just flow all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flow all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flow all over the place
+because of those crosslinks right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those crosslinks right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those crosslinks right and
+and that's an elastomer and and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an elastomer and and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an elastomer and and if you
+do it just right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it just right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it just right
+you get a viscoelastic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a viscoelastic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a viscoelastic material
+and what do i mean by that well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do i mean by that well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do i mean by that well all
+these things have to line up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things have to line up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things have to line up right
+the thing has to want to be a liquid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing has to want to be a liquid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing has to want to be a liquid but
+the crosslinkers so it's got to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crosslinkers so it's got to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crosslinkers so it's got to have the
+right glass transition temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right glass transition temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right glass transition temperature
+but the crosslinkers are are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the crosslinkers are are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the crosslinkers are are sort of
+holding it in place and the crosslinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it in place and the crosslinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it in place and the crosslinker
+chemistry has to be the right strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry has to be the right strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry has to be the right strength
+it can't be too strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be too strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be too strong
+can't be too weak right and again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be too weak right and again by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be too weak right and again by
+accident you might make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident you might make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident you might make
+uh cross-linked silicone oh there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cross-linked silicone oh there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cross-linked silicone oh there's the
+goodie bag which is silly putty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodie bag which is silly putty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodie bag which is silly putty
+and that's why i wanted to give that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why i wanted to give that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why i wanted to give that to
+you because this this hits all the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because this this hits all the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because this this hits all the right
+combinations in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations in this case the
+the backbone is is made out of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backbone is is made out of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backbone is is made out of silicon
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh not carbon but it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not carbon but it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not carbon but it's the same thing
+it's the cross-linking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the cross-linking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the cross-linking that
+that does this so there's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does this so there's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does this so there's an example of
+silly putty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly putty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly putty
+which you all have in the goodie bag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you all have in the goodie bag and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you all have in the goodie bag and
+if you stretch it slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stretch it slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stretch it slowly
+if you stretch it slowly those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stretch it slowly those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stretch it slowly those uh
+hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds
+the the strands can kind of pull away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the strands can kind of pull away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the strands can kind of pull away
+and those hydrogen bonds have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those hydrogen bonds have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those hydrogen bonds have time to
+slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly
+form and reform that's why it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and reform that's why it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and reform that's why it kind of
+feels the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels the same
+nice elastic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice elastic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice elastic right
+depending on the material on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the material on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the material on the
+backbone it might go back as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone it might go back as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone it might go back as well
+in silly putty it kind of just keeps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silly putty it kind of just keeps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silly putty it kind of just keeps on
+still strands just keep on sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still strands just keep on sliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still strands just keep on sliding
+and the hydrogen bonds keep reforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydrogen bonds keep reforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hydrogen bonds keep reforming
+but if instead i pull it fast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if instead i pull it fast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if instead i pull it fast the
+hydrogen bonds don't have time to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds don't have time to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds don't have time to react
+that's why if you pull it really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why if you pull it really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why if you pull it really fast
+like okay this is don't do this somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay this is don't do this somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay this is don't do this somebody
+shot a bullet through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot a bullet through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot a bullet through it
+it breaks like glass because if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it breaks like glass because if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it breaks like glass because if you do
+that with silly putty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with silly putty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with silly putty
+and you can feel it in your hands just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can feel it in your hands just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can feel it in your hands just
+pull it really fast the hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it really fast the hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it really fast the hydrogen bonds
+don't have time to reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to reform
+right and and so what you're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so what you're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so what you're left with
+is you're just breaking apart this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're just breaking apart this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're just breaking apart this
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+now how elastic it feels right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how elastic it feels right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how elastic it feels right
+how viscous it feels all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how viscous it feels all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how viscous it feels all these things
+these are going to be be determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be be determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be be determined
+by the glass transition temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the glass transition temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the glass transition temperature the
+temperature of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the room
+right um and and so so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so so that's going to
+you know depend on whether you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know depend on whether you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know depend on whether you actually
+have a liquid you know a very viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a liquid you know a very viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a liquid you know a very viscous
+liquid or maybe you've got a solid then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid or maybe you've got a solid then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid or maybe you've got a solid then
+it's going to be more brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more brittle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more brittle
+all of these things are now at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are now at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are now at your
+disposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal
+to tune the properties of the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tune the properties of the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tune the properties of the polymer
+right they're all at your disposal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're all at your disposal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're all at your disposal and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+it's incredible to um to think about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredible to um to think about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredible to um to think about for
+me at least holding together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at least holding together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at least holding together
+a liquid in place like that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid in place like that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid in place like that and that's
+leads to viscoelasticity viscoelasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to viscoelasticity viscoelasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to viscoelasticity viscoelasticity
+right that's just viscous liquid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's just viscous liquid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's just viscous liquid in
+elastic okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a couple more things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple more things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple more things that we
+have to talk about and on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk about and on friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk about and on friday
+what i want to do fridays i want to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do fridays i want to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do fridays i want to come
+back a little bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a little bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a little bit to
+some of the ways that we're trying to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ways that we're trying to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ways that we're trying to uh
+maybe engineer polymers to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe engineer polymers to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe engineer polymers to be more
+like like nature right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like nature right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like nature right maybe
+to try to solve something talk about yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to solve something talk about yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to solve something talk about yes
+uh monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh monday
+if you want to try to solve the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to try to solve the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to try to solve the problems
+try to do something big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do something big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do something big
+and i gave an example of an ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i gave an example of an ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i gave an example of an ocean
+cleanup project but the ocean cleanup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanup project but the ocean cleanup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanup project but the ocean cleanup
+project won't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project won't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project won't matter
+if we keep dumping more and more plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we keep dumping more and more plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we keep dumping more and more plastic
+in the oceans it doesn't degrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the oceans it doesn't degrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the oceans it doesn't degrade
+so we have to think very carefully about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to think very carefully about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to think very carefully about
+what kinds of plastics we can make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of plastics we can make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of plastics we can make and
+the problem with with crosslinking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with with crosslinking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with with crosslinking this
+gets to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the
+the negative side right and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative side right and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative side right and this is a
+way of categorizing these things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of categorizing these things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of categorizing these things that
+i've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been talking about
+is it if i cross if i cross-link it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it if i cross if i cross-link it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it if i cross if i cross-link it a
+lot we call that a thermoset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot we call that a thermoset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot we call that a thermoset
+we call that a thermostat well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that a thermostat well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that a thermostat well why
+because when you heat it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you heat it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you heat it up
+thermo it's set so what you mold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermo it's set so what you mold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermo it's set so what you mold it
+and then and you've got your little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and you've got your little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and you've got your little
+crosslinker you know you pour your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinker you know you pour your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslinker you know you pour your
+sulfur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur in
+and then it it's got a very high number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it it's got a very high number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it it's got a very high number
+of crosslinks and you can see it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crosslinks and you can see it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crosslinks and you can see it there
+right and and it gives you very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and it gives you very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and it gives you very strong
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+but you can't you can't break it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't you can't break it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't you can't break it back
+apart so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so it's
+very hard to recycle it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to recycle it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to recycle it's almost
+impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+if you try to heat these back up they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to heat these back up they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to heat these back up they
+just burn usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just burn usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just burn usually
+and if you melt them they're not usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you melt them they're not usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you melt them they're not usually
+that useful because they've got all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that useful because they've got all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that useful because they've got all this
+other chemistry and it completely messes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chemistry and it completely messes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chemistry and it completely messes
+with the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the polymer
+on the other hand the thermal plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the thermal plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the thermal plastic
+has this kind of plastic deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this kind of plastic deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this kind of plastic deformation
+i think like a maybe like a garbage bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think like a maybe like a garbage bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think like a maybe like a garbage bag
+right so it can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it can really
+stretch and stretch and stretch but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch and stretch and stretch but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch and stretch and stretch but so
+but it it it doesn't have the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it it doesn't have the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it it doesn't have the cross
+sinkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinkers
+that's why you can do that but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you can do that but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you can do that but uh
+but but then and so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but then and so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but then and so this is actually
+much easier heat it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier heat it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier heat it up
+melt it and you can reuse it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt it and you can reuse it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt it and you can reuse it so that's
+that's a recyclable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a recyclable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a recyclable
+uh polymer but um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh polymer but um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh polymer but um but the
+the issue there is it's very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue there is it's very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue there is it's very difficult
+to get all of the necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all of the necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all of the necessary
+mechanical properties from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical properties from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical properties from these
+thermoplastics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoplastics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoplastics
+and so elastomers which are maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so elastomers which are maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so elastomers which are maybe
+lightly cross-linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly cross-linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly cross-linked
+polymers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers right
+that are that are above the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that are above the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that are above the glass
+transition temperature often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature often
+those are somewhere in between but could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are somewhere in between but could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are somewhere in between but could
+but most of the time if you crosslink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the time if you crosslink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the time if you crosslink
+even if you crosslink lightly it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you crosslink lightly it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you crosslink lightly it's very
+difficult to recycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to recycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to recycle
+and that's a really good problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a really good problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a really good problem because
+maybe we can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can come up
+with crosslink chemistries that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with crosslink chemistries that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with crosslink chemistries that are
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+right that give us an opportunity to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that give us an opportunity to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that give us an opportunity to uh
+to have the best of both worlds it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the best of both worlds it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the best of both worlds it's
+elastic when we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic when we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic when we want
+it's it's uh it's deforms when we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh it's deforms when we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh it's deforms when we want
+and it's solid when we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's solid when we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's solid when we want
+oh and by the way you can degrade all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and by the way you can degrade all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and by the way you can degrade all
+those crosslinks and reuse it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those crosslinks and reuse it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those crosslinks and reuse it
+that's the that's like one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's like one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's like one of the the
+dreams in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams in in
+in making environmentally friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making environmentally friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making environmentally friendly
+plastic see you guys on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/clG-JuzTxrI.txt b/clG-JuzTxrI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..732b7c751be49dd9cbe6a1affc981424f03db4c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clG-JuzTxrI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19352 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so we have uh organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we have uh organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we have uh organized
+three lectures and the basic idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures and the basic idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures and the basic idea of the
+lectures are to cover some of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are to cover some of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are to cover some of the major
+current issues in nuclear arms control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current issues in nuclear arms control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current issues in nuclear arms control
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+nonproliferation okay so uh we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation okay so uh we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation okay so uh we have uh
+the first lecture today on India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture today on India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture today on India and
+Pakistan which is one of the world's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan which is one of the world's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan which is one of the world's uh
+possible flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible flash
+points uh meaning that this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh meaning that this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh meaning that this there's
+there's a a path uh to a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a path uh to a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a path uh to a possible
+nuclear war uh which I won't go into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear war uh which I won't go into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear war uh which I won't go into uh
+vipin Nang will certainly spell out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vipin Nang will certainly spell out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vipin Nang will certainly spell out the
+case but in my view uh in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but in my view uh in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but in my view uh in trying to
+decide what to talk about uh this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to talk about uh this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to talk about uh this was a
+golden opportunity because vipin is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden opportunity because vipin is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden opportunity because vipin is here
+and he's an expert uh on these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's an expert uh on these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's an expert uh on these issues
+and uh I consider this as I say one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I consider this as I say one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I consider this as I say one of
+the possible flash points in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible flash points in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible flash points in the world
+one of the possible conceivable paths uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the possible conceivable paths uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the possible conceivable paths uh
+no path is super likely if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no path is super likely if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no path is super likely if you want to
+put it that way but but the effects of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it that way but but the effects of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it that way but but the effects of a
+nuclear exchange are catastrophic both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear exchange are catastrophic both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear exchange are catastrophic both
+for the people who get hit obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the people who get hit obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the people who get hit obviously
+because a nuclear weapon I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a nuclear weapon I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a nuclear weapon I don't have to
+tell you is incredibly destructive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is incredibly destructive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is incredibly destructive in
+hirosima something like 40% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hirosima something like 40% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hirosima something like 40% of the
+population was killed more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population was killed more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population was killed more or less
+instantly Burns or blasts and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly Burns or blasts and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly Burns or blasts and uh
+probably another 20 30 % died within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably another 20 30 % died within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably another 20 30 % died within a
+year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of
+radiation so uh in addition people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so uh in addition people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so uh in addition people have
+realized that there are severe climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that there are severe climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that there are severe climate
+effects of a nuclear exchange one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of a nuclear exchange one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of a nuclear exchange one of the
+things that happens with all the burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happens with all the burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happens with all the burning
+that goes on is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes on is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes on is that
+soot is emitted into the atmosphere uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soot is emitted into the atmosphere uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soot is emitted into the atmosphere uh
+this is the opposite of global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the opposite of global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the opposite of global warming
+this is global cooling this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is global cooling this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is global cooling this is like a
+volcanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcanic
+explosion and in about 1815 1816 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion and in about 1815 1816 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion and in about 1815 1816 there
+was a volcanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a volcanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a volcanic
+explosion uh in Asia and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion uh in Asia and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion uh in Asia and there was a
+winter without there was a summer excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter without there was a summer excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter without there was a summer excuse
+me there was a summer without crops in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there was a summer without crops in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there was a summer without crops in
+Europe okay and there was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe okay and there was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe okay and there was actually
+starvation in Europe due to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation in Europe due to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation in Europe due to this
+explosion was a one-time thing uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion was a one-time thing uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion was a one-time thing uh the uh
+climate models for even a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate models for even a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate models for even a limited
+nuclear war in Southeast Asia uh show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear war in Southeast Asia uh show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear war in Southeast Asia uh show
+that this effect would probably last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this effect would probably last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this effect would probably last
+five to 10 years and be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to 10 years and be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to 10 years and be uh
+Global okay from roughly a 100 nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global okay from roughly a 100 nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global okay from roughly a 100 nuclear
+weapons so there are papers I can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons so there are papers I can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons so there are papers I can give
+people references if they want uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people references if they want uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people references if they want uh
+there's a paper in physics today a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paper in physics today a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paper in physics today a few
+years ago about this but there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago about this but there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago about this but there are many
+papers on this subject so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on this subject so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on this subject so one of the
+things I want to say uh so the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want to say uh so the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want to say uh so the second
+lecture will will be on on proliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will will be on on proliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will will be on on proliferation
+and and Uranian enrichment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Uranian enrichment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Uranian enrichment and the
+implication so these lectures will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication so these lectures will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication so these lectures will
+combine both technology and policy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine both technology and policy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine both technology and policy and
+finally the last lecture I will give and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the last lecture I will give and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the last lecture I will give and
+it's kind of an overview of where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of an overview of where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of an overview of where we
+stand on nuclear arms control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on nuclear arms control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on nuclear arms control and
+proliferation I'll try to fill in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation I'll try to fill in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation I'll try to fill in some
+of the gaps I'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gaps I'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gaps I'll talk about the
+nonproliferation view that's coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation view that's coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation view that's coming up
+at the UN next spring I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the UN next spring I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the UN next spring I'll talk about
+the outlook for arms control as I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outlook for arms control as I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outlook for arms control as I see
+it okay I want to talk a few minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I want to talk a few minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I want to talk a few minutes to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+students uh because uh one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh because uh one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh because uh one of the things
+that's happened over the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happened over the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happened over the last few
+decades is since the collapse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades is since the collapse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades is since the collapse of the
+Soviet Union and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union and about
+1990 uh people stopped worrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 uh people stopped worrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 uh people stopped worrying about
+the bomb so so to speak uh before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bomb so so to speak uh before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bomb so so to speak uh before that
+uh there was a lot of concern students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a lot of concern students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a lot of concern students
+were asked to duck under their desks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were asked to duck under their desks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were asked to duck under their desks and
+things like that to protect themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that to protect themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that to protect themselves
+which of course was totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course was totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course was totally
+ridiculous uh wooden desk wouldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous uh wooden desk wouldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous uh wooden desk wouldn't do
+you much good in a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you much good in a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you much good in a nuclear
+war as you can well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war as you can well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war as you can well
+imagine um it'll just probably knock you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um it'll just probably knock you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um it'll just probably knock you
+on the head or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head or
+something God knows what it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something God knows what it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something God knows what it would
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+uh but uh the issue has kind of fallen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh the issue has kind of fallen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh the issue has kind of fallen
+off the table and the thing that con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the table and the thing that con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the table and the thing that con
+concerns people more on campus when if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns people more on campus when if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns people more on campus when if
+they think about global issues is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about global issues is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about global issues is is is
+is climate change and global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is climate change and global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is climate change and global warming
+okay but this is an issue which has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is an issue which has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is an issue which has not
+gone away if anything the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone away if anything the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone away if anything the probability of
+of a nuclear exchange is higher now than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nuclear exchange is higher now than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nuclear exchange is higher now than
+a decade ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decade ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decade ago
+unfortunately and we have not solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately and we have not solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately and we have not solved
+these problems and there are political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and there are political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and there are political
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+economic uh problems and I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic uh problems and I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic uh problems and I just want to
+say a few words about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few words about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few words about some of the
+intellectual problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual problems
+that need to be solved for example on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be solved for example on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be solved for example on a
+technical basis there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical basis there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical basis there there are
+inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection
+issues okay for example how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay for example how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay for example how do you
+inspect uh whether or not not a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect uh whether or not not a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect uh whether or not not a country
+is cheating on its nonproliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cheating on its nonproliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cheating on its nonproliferation
+obligations how how do how do you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations how how do how do you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations how how do how do you look
+for weapons production or or enrichment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weapons production or or enrichment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weapons production or or enrichment
+production these these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production these these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production these these are very
+difficult issues okay and they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult issues okay and they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult issues okay and they're very
+difficult technical issues so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult technical issues so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult technical issues so and then
+there are issues in which uh you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are issues in which uh you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are issues in which uh you have to
+combine technical issues with policy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine technical issues with policy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine technical issues with policy for
+example if we're going to go down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we're going to go down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we're going to go down to a
+very small number of weapons as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number of weapons as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number of weapons as you want
+to do for nuclear arms control then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for nuclear arms control then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for nuclear arms control then uh
+cheating with a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating with a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating with a small number
+particularly if you're going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if you're going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if you're going to go to
+zero uh cheating with a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh cheating with a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh cheating with a small number
+becomes a bigger issue so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a bigger issue so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a bigger issue so so
+verification issues are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification issues are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification issues are very important
+Reinventing the bomb you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reinventing the bomb you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reinventing the bomb you know if you
+really went to zero so there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really went to zero so there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really went to zero so there are all
+kinds of intellectual issues uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of intellectual issues uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of intellectual issues uh that
+need to be worked out okay both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be worked out okay both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be worked out okay both
+historical techn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical techn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical techn
+and political and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and political and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and political and there are many
+opportunities uh for research in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities uh for research in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities uh for research in these
+areas okay eurs and thesis so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay eurs and thesis so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay eurs and thesis so I just
+want to point that out and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point that out and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point that out and there are
+also positions in in government and NOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also positions in in government and NOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also positions in in government and NOS
+in the last semester we had several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last semester we had several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last semester we had several
+major arms control negotiators from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major arms control negotiators from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major arms control negotiators from the
+US government including Rose GM who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US government including Rose GM who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US government including Rose GM who was
+the chief negotiator on the US side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chief negotiator on the US side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chief negotiator on the US side
+uh for the new start treating said she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the new start treating said she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the new start treating said she
+was particularly excited to give a talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was particularly excited to give a talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was particularly excited to give a talk
+at MIT because we really needed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT because we really needed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT because we really needed a
+generation of technically trained people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of technically trained people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of technically trained people
+to go into nuclear arms control and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into nuclear arms control and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into nuclear arms control and she
+made a special plea so I want to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a special plea so I want to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a special plea so I want to pass
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+along uh so I'm going to get uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along uh so I'm going to get uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along uh so I'm going to get uh to
+today's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh
+lecture uh vipin Nang he a professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh vipin Nang he a professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh vipin Nang he a professor at
+uh uh in the MIT political science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the MIT political science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the MIT political science
+department and and the security studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and and the security studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and and the security studies
+program uh he's got a BS and Ms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh he's got a BS and Ms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh he's got a BS and Ms in
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+engineering uh he's got a degree from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh he's got a degree from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh he's got a degree from
+Bol College where I spent a very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bol College where I spent a very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bol College where I spent a very happy
+semester at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester at
+Oxford uh and uh he's written uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford uh and uh he's written uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford uh and uh he's written uh
+extensively on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively on uh
+nonproliferation and and issues of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation and and issues of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation and and issues of of uh
+Arms Control deterrence in particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arms Control deterrence in particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arms Control deterrence in particularly
+with respect to Southeast Asia and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Southeast Asia and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Southeast Asia and he's
+got a a book recently published on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a a book recently published on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a a book recently published on
+Regional powers and international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional powers and international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional powers and international
+conflict so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict so
+vipen great thanks Ain thanks for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vipen great thanks Ain thanks for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vipen great thanks Ain thanks for the
+kind introduction and uh for organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind introduction and uh for organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind introduction and uh for organizing
+this um so as Ain said I'm a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so as Ain said I'm a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so as Ain said I'm a professor
+in the political science department uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the political science department uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the political science department uh
+and I work primarily on nuclear strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I work primarily on nuclear strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I work primarily on nuclear strategy
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+proliferation uh and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation uh and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation uh and so uh
+what I thought I'd do today was talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I thought I'd do today was talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I thought I'd do today was talk
+about give an overview of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about give an overview of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about give an overview of nuclear
+proliferation and uh the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation and uh the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation and uh the consequences of
+proliferation in South Asia between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation in South Asia between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation in South Asia between
+India and Pakistan which is as Aaron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and Pakistan which is as Aaron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and Pakistan which is as Aaron
+mentioned an active and ongoing conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned an active and ongoing conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned an active and ongoing conflict
+where the threat of conventional War uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the threat of conventional War uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the threat of conventional War uh
+is persistent and uh there are periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is persistent and uh there are periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is persistent and uh there are periodic
+militarized crises between India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militarized crises between India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militarized crises between India and
+Pakistan uh that uh put both countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan uh that uh put both countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan uh that uh put both countries
+at the risk of conventional conf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the risk of conventional conf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the risk of conventional conf
+uh every now and then and now that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every now and then and now that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every now and then and now that both
+sides both states have nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides both states have nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides both states have nuclear weapons
+the question is what the likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what the likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what the likelihood of
+escalation the nuclear level is um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalation the nuclear level is um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalation the nuclear level is um just
+as a preview of my own thinking and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a preview of my own thinking and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a preview of my own thinking and and
+writing on the subject I think uh India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing on the subject I think uh India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing on the subject I think uh India
+and Pakistan have so far been lucky in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pakistan have so far been lucky in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pakistan have so far been lucky in
+that the con a conventional conflict has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the con a conventional conflict has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the con a conventional conflict has
+not yet escalated to the nuclear level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet escalated to the nuclear level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet escalated to the nuclear level
+but that's not a foregone conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not a foregone conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not a foregone conclusion
+going forward and I'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward and I'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward and I'll talk a little bit
+about that um and it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um and it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um and it's one of the
+regions where there's still active arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions where there's still active arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions where there's still active arms
+racing between India and Pakistan uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing between India and Pakistan uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing between India and Pakistan uh and
+so I'll talk a little bit about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll talk a little bit about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll talk a little bit about that and
+what the Dynamics uh have been with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Dynamics uh have been with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Dynamics uh have been with
+their nuclear strategies and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their nuclear strategies and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their nuclear strategies and what the
+effects on uh the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on uh the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on uh the relationship between
+India and Pakistan are if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and Pakistan are if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and Pakistan are if you have any
+questions at all uh during the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at all uh during the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at all uh during the lecture
+don't hesitate to stop me um I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hesitate to stop me um I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hesitate to stop me um I know
+there are diverse backgrounds here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are diverse backgrounds here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are diverse backgrounds here
+people from different departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from different departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from different departments
+undergraduates graduate students uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates graduate students uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates graduate students uh I'll
+go through um some basic uh theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through um some basic uh theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through um some basic uh theoretical
+material first if that's if everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material first if that's if everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material first if that's if everybody is
+you know okay with that we can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay with that we can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay with that we can move
+through that pretty quickly and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that pretty quickly and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that pretty quickly and talk
+about India and Pakistan uh so as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about India and Pakistan uh so as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about India and Pakistan uh so as I said
+India and Pakistan are both in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and Pakistan are both in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and Pakistan are both in the
+process of building up their nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of building up their nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of building up their nuclear
+Delivery Systems uh and uh their nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delivery Systems uh and uh their nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delivery Systems uh and uh their nuclear
+arsenals this is a picture of a Shaheen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenals this is a picture of a Shaheen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenals this is a picture of a Shaheen
+missile which is a Pakistani long uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile which is a Pakistani long uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile which is a Pakistani long uh
+it's a medium- range ballistic missile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a medium- range ballistic missile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a medium- range ballistic missile
+in the Pakistani inventory and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Pakistani inventory and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Pakistani inventory and it's
+based off of a Chinese export missile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based off of a Chinese export missile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based off of a Chinese export missile
+the mclass exports um and uh both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mclass exports um and uh both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mclass exports um and uh both are
+actively testing short and long range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively testing short and long range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively testing short and long range
+crew and ballistic missiles as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew and ballistic missiles as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew and ballistic missiles as their
+inventories are growing uh and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories are growing uh and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories are growing uh and that is
+uh one of the concerns I think as we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the concerns I think as we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the concerns I think as we uh
+talk about South Asia the basic puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about South Asia the basic puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about South Asia the basic puzzle
+though is uh does anyone know what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is uh does anyone know what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is uh does anyone know what these
+pictures are from so in in uh November
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are from so in in uh November
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are from so in in uh November
+November 26 2008 two weeks before my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November 26 2008 two weeks before my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November 26 2008 two weeks before my
+wife and I got married in Delhi actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife and I got married in Delhi actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife and I got married in Delhi actually
+uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+group nominally sponsored and based in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group nominally sponsored and based in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group nominally sponsored and based in
+Pakistan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan the
+larba orchestrated and uh a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larba orchestrated and uh a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larba orchestrated and uh a pretty
+daring sea based sea launched attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daring sea based sea launched attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daring sea based sea launched attack
+against Bombay where about 12 a dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Bombay where about 12 a dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Bombay where about 12 a dozen
+militants uh led by um The One Survivor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militants uh led by um The One Survivor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militants uh led by um The One Survivor
+from the militant uh group ajmer KAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the militant uh group ajmer KAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the militant uh group ajmer KAS
+casab pictured here uh sieged the Taj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casab pictured here uh sieged the Taj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casab pictured here uh sieged the Taj
+Hotel the obra hotel um the kabad house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotel the obra hotel um the kabad house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotel the obra hotel um the kabad house
+in uh Bombay and killed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh Bombay and killed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh Bombay and killed over
+170 uh Indians and westerners uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 uh Indians and westerners uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 uh Indians and westerners uh and the
+Indian government was faced with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian government was faced with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian government was faced with with
+the decision about how to respond to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision about how to respond to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision about how to respond to it
+this was the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the third
+provocation that the Indian government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocation that the Indian government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocation that the Indian government
+believe was sponsored by Pakistan in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe was sponsored by Pakistan in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe was sponsored by Pakistan in the
+in since 1998 the year in which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in since 1998 the year in which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in since 1998 the year in which they
+tested nuclear weapons uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested nuclear weapons uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested nuclear weapons uh and the
+question facing Indian leaders how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question facing Indian leaders how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question facing Indian leaders how do we
+respond to a state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to a state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to a state that
+sponsors militant attacks against our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsors militant attacks against our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsors militant attacks against our
+Metropol our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropol our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropol our
+metropoles targets our hotels and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropoles targets our hotels and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropoles targets our hotels and our
+financial center when they have nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial center when they have nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial center when they have nuclear
+weapons and so the worry in the Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and so the worry in the Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and so the worry in the Indian
+government was that nuclear weapons had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was that nuclear weapons had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was that nuclear weapons had
+Bolden Pakistan to sponsor these groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolden Pakistan to sponsor these groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolden Pakistan to sponsor these groups
+who were perpetrating more daring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were perpetrating more daring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were perpetrating more daring and
+audacious attacks against India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audacious attacks against India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audacious attacks against India and
+because Pakistan had nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Pakistan had nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Pakistan had nuclear weapons
+India didn't have a conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India didn't have a conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India didn't have a conventional
+retaliatory option to punish Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliatory option to punish Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliatory option to punish Pakistan
+for these attacks and so the Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these attacks and so the Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these attacks and so the Indian
+government for a decade has been trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government for a decade has been trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government for a decade has been trying
+to deal with what they believe is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with what they believe is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with what they believe is a a
+policy paralysis about dealing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy paralysis about dealing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy paralysis about dealing with a
+Pakistan that is more willing to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan that is more willing to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan that is more willing to support
+militant organizations to attack India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militant organizations to attack India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militant organizations to attack India
+now that it has nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it has nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it has nuclear weapons
+so brief outline of the talk I'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so brief outline of the talk I'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so brief outline of the talk I'll talk a
+little bit about basic deterrence Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about basic deterrence Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about basic deterrence Theory
+right in political science and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in political science and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in political science and in
+economics uh the core of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics uh the core of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics uh the core of nuclear
+strategy both in the Cold War and now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy both in the Cold War and now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy both in the Cold War and now is
+deterrence Theory so we'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence Theory so we'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence Theory so we'll talk a little
+bit about that hopefully it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about that hopefully it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about that hopefully it's not too
+basic uh I don't need to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh I don't need to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh I don't need to talk about the
+basics of nuclear weapons to a physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of nuclear weapons to a physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of nuclear weapons to a physics
+audience we'll go through it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience we'll go through it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience we'll go through it really
+briefly and some of the choices states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and some of the choices states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and some of the choices states
+have to make and how they operationalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make and how they operationalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make and how they operationalize
+their Arsenal which are really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Arsenal which are really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Arsenal which are really important
+in the India and Pakistan context I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the India and Pakistan context I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the India and Pakistan context I'll
+talk about the causes of and the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the causes of and the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the causes of and the process
+of nuclearization in South Asia how and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclearization in South Asia how and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclearization in South Asia how and
+why India and Pakistan acquired nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why India and Pakistan acquired nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why India and Pakistan acquired nuclear
+weapons and then I'll close with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and then I'll close with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and then I'll close with the
+consequences and where we are today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and where we are today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and where we are today um
+focusing mostly on the period since 199
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing mostly on the period since 199
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing mostly on the period since 199
+May 1998 is the breakpoint in the India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May 1998 is the breakpoint in the India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May 1998 is the breakpoint in the India
+Pakistan nuclear equation that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan nuclear equation that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan nuclear equation that's when
+India led by the then um BJP government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India led by the then um BJP government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India led by the then um BJP government
+tested nuclear weapons followed three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested nuclear weapons followed three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested nuclear weapons followed three
+weeks later by the Pakistani
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later by the Pakistani
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later by the Pakistani
+government I'll close with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government I'll close with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government I'll close with some
+conclusions so basic deterrence Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions so basic deterrence Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions so basic deterrence Theory
+right so the definition of deterrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the definition of deterrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the definition of deterrence
+very simple this is definition of deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple this is definition of deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple this is definition of deter
+this is all inspired by guys like Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all inspired by guys like Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all inspired by guys like Tom
+shelling uh Herman Khan Albert wolon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelling uh Herman Khan Albert wolon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelling uh Herman Khan Albert wolon
+anybody familiar with cold war nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody familiar with cold war nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody familiar with cold war nuclear
+strategy this will be familiar to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy this will be familiar to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy this will be familiar to right
+so basic deterrence theory in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basic deterrence theory in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basic deterrence theory in any
+context is trying to preserve the status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context is trying to preserve the status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context is trying to preserve the status
+quo by threatening unacceptable costs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo by threatening unacceptable costs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo by threatening unacceptable costs to
+an opponent or an adversary if they do X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opponent or an adversary if they do X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opponent or an adversary if they do X
+right some specified action so if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some specified action so if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some specified action so if you do
+X I will do y and the idea is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I will do y and the idea is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I will do y and the idea is we
+preserve the status quo and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the status quo and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the status quo and the idea is
+that why the punishment that you impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why the punishment that you impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why the punishment that you impose
+on your adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your adversary
+opponent should uh be greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent should uh be greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent should uh be greater than the
+benefits of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of them
+achieving whatever their objective is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving whatever their objective is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving whatever their objective is X
+such that they are deterred from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they are deterred from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they are deterred from
+undertaking the action Tom shelling used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking the action Tom shelling used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking the action Tom shelling used
+to love examples with children so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to love examples with children so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to love examples with children so uh I
+have an 18-month old son myself and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an 18-month old son myself and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an 18-month old son myself and he's
+starting to understand things and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to understand things and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to understand things and uh you
+know one as as as children get older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one as as as children get older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one as as as children get older
+right turn deter by punishment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right turn deter by punishment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right turn deter by punishment uh
+example that Tom shelling used was if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that Tom shelling used was if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that Tom shelling used was if
+you if your child does you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if your child does you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if your child does you know
+something something bad you punish them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something bad you punish them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something bad you punish them
+by sending them to their room denying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sending them to their room denying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sending them to their room denying
+them dinner uh timeout right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dinner uh timeout right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dinner uh timeout right so there's
+some punishment after the fact if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some punishment after the fact if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some punishment after the fact if they
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+X in uh another example is if you um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in uh another example is if you um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in uh another example is if you um if
+you hit me I will kill your mother right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit me I will kill your mother right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit me I will kill your mother right
+so there's a there's a punitive aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a punitive aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a punitive aspect
+to uh the uh deterrent threat such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the uh deterrent threat such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the uh deterrent threat such that
+the punishment exceeds the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punishment exceeds the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punishment exceeds the benefit of
+whatever an adversary's objective would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever an adversary's objective would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever an adversary's objective would
+be so in the Cold War the deterrence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so in the Cold War the deterrence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so in the Cold War the deterrence by
+denial threat was counterforce we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denial threat was counterforce we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denial threat was counterforce we were
+going to disarm and Target their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disarm and Target their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disarm and Target their own
+nuclear forces to make it impossible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear forces to make it impossible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear forces to make it impossible for
+them to carry out the their first strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to carry out the their first strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to carry out the their first strike
+so in a in a case where somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a in a case where somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a in a case where somebody's
+attacking me a deterrence by denial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking me a deterrence by denial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking me a deterrence by denial
+threat would be instead of killing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat would be instead of killing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat would be instead of killing your
+mother I'd cut your arm off so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother I'd cut your arm off so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother I'd cut your arm off so you can't
+attack me right and presumably the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack me right and presumably the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack me right and presumably the cost
+of cutting your arm off so you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cutting your arm off so you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cutting your arm off so you cannot
+achieve your objective in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve your objective in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve your objective in the first
+place is sufficient to deter you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is sufficient to deter you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is sufficient to deter you from
+undertaking it right so the a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking it right so the a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking it right so the a good way
+to think about this deterrence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this deterrence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this deterrence by
+punishment is we will we will punish you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment is we will we will punish you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment is we will we will punish you
+with such severe costs after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with such severe costs after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with such severe costs after you
+undertake the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertake the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertake the
+action such that you you'll have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action such that you you'll have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action such that you you'll have no
+incentive rational incentive to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive rational incentive to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive rational incentive to do so
+versus we will ratchet up the cost while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus we will ratchet up the cost while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus we will ratchet up the cost while
+you try to achieve the objective such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to achieve the objective such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to achieve the objective such
+that you won't be able to in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you won't be able to in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you won't be able to in the first
+place so I think that's a it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so I think that's a it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so I think that's a it's an
+important distinction when we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction when we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction when we think
+about nuclear strategy in the even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nuclear strategy in the even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nuclear strategy in the even in
+the south Asia case but in the Cold War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the south Asia case but in the Cold War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the south Asia case but in the Cold War
+the distinction was counter Force versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction was counter Force versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction was counter Force versus
+counter value right so for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter value right so for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter value right so for those
+familiar with cold war nuclear strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with cold war nuclear strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with cold war nuclear strategy
+when we threatened to Target Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we threatened to Target Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we threatened to Target Soviet
+cities or their economic or industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities or their economic or industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities or their economic or industrial
+capacity that was largely a deterrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity that was largely a deterrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity that was largely a deterrence
+by punishment strategy so in the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by punishment strategy so in the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by punishment strategy so in the event
+that they launched a conventional or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they launched a conventional or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they launched a conventional or a
+first nuclear strike against us we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first nuclear strike against us we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first nuclear strike against us we would
+retaliate against their cities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliate against their cities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliate against their cities the
+alternative was and this was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative was and this was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative was and this was a big
+debate early in the Cold War in a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate early in the Cold War in a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate early in the Cold War in a case
+of a conventional conflict we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a conventional conflict we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a conventional conflict we would
+launch nuclear weapons at their nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch nuclear weapons at their nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch nuclear weapons at their nuclear
+weapons such that they would not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons such that they would not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons such that they would not have
+the ability to launch those weapons at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to launch those weapons at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to launch those weapons at
+the United States or its allies so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States or its allies so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States or its allies so the
+deterrence theory has several basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence theory has several basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence theory has several basic
+requirements call them the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements call them the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements call them the three
+C's right so you need to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's right so you need to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's right so you need to have the
+capability to impose the threat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to impose the threat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to impose the threat that
+you're promising right so uh if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're promising right so uh if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're promising right so uh if you if
+you're threatening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're threatening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're threatening to
+destroy an adversary cities in the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy an adversary cities in the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy an adversary cities in the event
+they do something you need to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do something you need to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do something you need to have the
+capability to do that right so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to do that right so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to do that right so you need
+some explosive capability but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some explosive capability but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some explosive capability but you also
+most importantly in the nuclear sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most importantly in the nuclear sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most importantly in the nuclear sense
+need a delivery capability you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a delivery capability you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a delivery capability you need to
+be able to hit their cities right and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to hit their cities right and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to hit their cities right and it
+needs to be transparent to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be transparent to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be transparent to the to the
+adversary it needs to be credible right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary it needs to be credible right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary it needs to be credible right
+and this the term credibility and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this the term credibility and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this the term credibility and the
+concept of credibility is what dogged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of credibility is what dogged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of credibility is what dogged
+cold war strategy and still dogs nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold war strategy and still dogs nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold war strategy and still dogs nuclear
+strategy today right credibility is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy today right credibility is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy today right credibility is the
+hardest part of this how could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest part of this how could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest part of this how could you
+threaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten
+what was tandem out to you know Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was tandem out to you know Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was tandem out to you know Mutual
+suicide and have it be credible by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide and have it be credible by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide and have it be credible by your
+adversary right so in the event of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary right so in the event of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary right so in the event of you
+know uh so in the in the Cold War a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh so in the in the Cold War a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh so in the in the Cold War a good
+example is if the Soviet Union took West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is if the Soviet Union took West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is if the Soviet Union took West
+Berlin was it really credible that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin was it really credible that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin was it really credible that the
+United States would threaten to launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States would threaten to launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States would threaten to launch
+hundreds of nuclear weapons at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of nuclear weapons at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of nuclear weapons at the
+Soviet at Soviet cities the Soviet Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet at Soviet cities the Soviet Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet at Soviet cities the Soviet Union
+probably didn't think so right so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably didn't think so right so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably didn't think so right so in a
+deterrence by punishment versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence by punishment versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence by punishment versus
+deterrence by denial tradeoff which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence by denial tradeoff which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence by denial tradeoff which one
+do you think is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think is more
+credible right so in the case where an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible right so in the case where an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible right so in the case where an
+attacker is coming at you is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker is coming at you is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker is coming at you is a more
+credible threaten to kill their mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible threaten to kill their mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible threaten to kill their mother
+in response or to cut off their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response or to cut off their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response or to cut off their
+arm what is an attacker more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm what is an attacker more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm what is an attacker more likely to
+believe it is it is disproportionate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it is it is disproportionate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it is it is disproportionate to
+threaten certain punitive action and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten certain punitive action and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten certain punitive action and so
+it is often more credible and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is often more credible and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is often more credible and this is
+where the trade-off between the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the trade-off between the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the trade-off between the the
+debate early in the Cold War about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate early in the Cold War about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate early in the Cold War about
+deterrence deterrence by punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence deterrence by punishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence deterrence by punishment
+versus deterrence by denial turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus deterrence by denial turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus deterrence by denial turned on
+The credibility differences between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The credibility differences between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The credibility differences between the
+two that deterrence by denial seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that deterrence by denial seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that deterrence by denial seem to be
+more credible the adversary is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more credible the adversary is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more credible the adversary is more
+likely to believe that you would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to believe that you would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to believe that you would try to
+stop them from achieving their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop them from achieving their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop them from achieving their
+objectives than to kill millions of Inn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives than to kill millions of Inn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives than to kill millions of Inn
+innocent civilians that had nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent civilians that had nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent civilians that had nothing to
+do with the fight in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the fight in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the fight in the first place
+after something had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after something had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after something had already
+happened and so the United States ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and so the United States ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and so the United States ended
+up threatening both right so the uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up threatening both right so the uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up threatening both right so the uh and
+part of it was that the that the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it was that the that the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it was that the that the size of
+the US Arsenal made it possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Arsenal made it possible to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Arsenal made it possible to
+threaten both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten both
+um but there were I think there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there were I think there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there were I think there were
+many strategists who belied that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many strategists who belied that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many strategists who belied that the
+deterrence by denial missions were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence by denial missions were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence by denial missions were still
+more credible to the adversary but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more credible to the adversary but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more credible to the adversary but at
+the heart of deterrence is this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of deterrence is this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of deterrence is this issue of
+credibility and the third C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility and the third C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility and the third C is
+communication the adversary needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication the adversary needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication the adversary needs to
+know that you have the capability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have the capability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have the capability and
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+ align:start position:0%
+The credibility to threaten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The credibility to threaten the
+punishment or deterrence by denial um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment or deterrence by denial um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment or deterrence by denial um
+threat that you uh that that you make
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+ align:start position:0%
+threat that you uh that that you make
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat that you uh that that you make
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+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have to make a threat it
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+
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+right so you have to make a threat it
+has to be public the adversary has to
+
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+has to be public the adversary has to
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+
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+
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+know what the threat is the adversary
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective you are like you know laying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+red line down for and that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line down for and that you have the
+ 
+
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+red line down for and that you have the
+capability to inflict the punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to inflict the punishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to inflict the punishment
+that you threaten so there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you threaten so there's a huge
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you threaten so there's a huge
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of transparency that is required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of transparency that is required
+for deterrence to operate right has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deterrence to operate right has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deterrence to operate right has
+anyone seen Doctor Strange Love the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone seen Doctor Strange Love the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone seen Doctor Strange Love the
+movie right what's the problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie right what's the problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie right what's the problem with the
+the Doomsday Machine in in Doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Doomsday Machine in in Doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Doomsday Machine in in Doctor
+Strange Love there's that great line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strange Love there's that great line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strange Love there's that great line
+what's the point of a Doomsday Machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the point of a Doomsday Machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the point of a Doomsday Machine
+if you don't tell anybody about it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't tell anybody about it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't tell anybody about it right
+for Dooms everybody the the adversary
+
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+for Dooms everybody the the adversary
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+
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+for Dooms everybody the the adversary
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know that undertaking certain
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know that undertaking certain
+actions will result in some punishment
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+ 
+
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+for deterrents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for deterrents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+operate so nuclear weapons and fit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate so nuclear weapons and fit you
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+ align:start position:0%
+operate so nuclear weapons and fit you
+know deterrence as a concept predata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know deterrence as a concept predata
+ 
+
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+know deterrence as a concept predata
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+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons right the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons right the concept of
+ratting up the cost to try and deter an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratting up the cost to try and deter an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratting up the cost to try and deter an
+adversary you know predates nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary you know predates nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary you know predates nuclear
+weapons by centuries since the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons by centuries since the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons by centuries since the you know
+dawn of warfare but nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn of warfare but nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn of warfare but nuclear weapons
+fundamentally alter deterrence equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally alter deterrence equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally alter deterrence equations
+for several reasons right one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several reasons right one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several reasons right one the
+explosive yields and of as Aaron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosive yields and of as Aaron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosive yields and of as Aaron
+mentioned right even the hoshima a bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned right even the hoshima a bomb
+ 
+
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+mentioned right even the hoshima a bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilotons could kill 100,000 people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilotons could kill 100,000 people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilotons could kill 100,000 people you
+could kill cities entire cities with you
+
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+could kill cities entire cities with you
+ 
+
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+could kill cities entire cities with you
+know a single
+
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+know a single
+ 
+
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+know a single
+Warhead but more than that the missile
+
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+Warhead but more than that the missile
+ 
+
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+Warhead but more than that the missile
+age really changed how to turns could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age really changed how to turns could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age really changed how to turns could
+operate because prior to nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate because prior to nuclear weapons
+ 
+
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+operate because prior to nuclear weapons
+what was the most destructive military
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+ align:start position:0%
+what was the most destructive military
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the most destructive military
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+technology in state in in this in States
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+
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+inventory does anyone know before
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+inventory does anyone know before
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+
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+inventory does anyone know before
+nuclear weapons World War II how did the
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+nuclear weapons World War II how did the
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+
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+nuclear weapons World War II how did the
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+unit how did the United and allies and
+Germany
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+ align:start position:0%
+Germany
+ 
+
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+Germany
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+attack strategic bombing and fire
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing right and the problem was that
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+
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+bombing right and the problem was that
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+you had to send hundreds of airplanes
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+
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+you had to send hundreds of airplanes
+and sorties into enemy
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+and sorties into enemy
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+
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+and sorties into enemy
+territory to inflict that kind of damage
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+
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+so your own pilots and Air Force was at
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+
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+so your own pilots and Air Force was at
+risk now with the missile age you could
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+risk now with the missile age you could
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+
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+risk now with the missile age you could
+launch Warheads at no risk to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch Warheads at no risk to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch Warheads at no risk to your
+Pilots the numbers that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilots the numbers that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilots the numbers that you were
+required to uh destroy entire cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to uh destroy entire cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to uh destroy entire cities
+were much
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller right so you could ratchet up
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+
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+the cost really quickly
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+without incurring much cost yourself in
+ 
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+without incurring much cost yourself in
+the way the Strategic bombing and fire
+
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+the way the Strategic bombing and fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the Strategic bombing and fire
+bombing required of uh of States prior
+
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+bombing required of uh of States prior
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+
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+bombing required of uh of States prior
+to the Advent of the nuclear
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+to the Advent of the nuclear
+ 
+
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+age and one shouldn't underestimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and one shouldn't underestimate the
+psychological impact of an adversary
+
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+psychological impact of an adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological impact of an adversary
+being able to destroy entire cities with
+
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+being able to destroy entire cities with
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+
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+being able to destroy entire cities with
+a single Warhead from afar at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single Warhead from afar at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single Warhead from afar at very
+little risk to itself right so nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little risk to itself right so nuclear
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+
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+little risk to itself right so nuclear
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+
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+weapons ratchet up the the ease of
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+
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+weapons ratchet up the the ease of
+imposing punishment in ways that didn't
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+imposing punishment in ways that didn't
+ 
+
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+imposing punishment in ways that didn't
+exist prior to the to the nuclear AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist prior to the to the nuclear AG
+ 
+
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+exist prior to the to the nuclear AG
+right so nuclear weapons fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so nuclear weapons fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so nuclear weapons fundamentally
+change deterence equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change deterence equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change deterence equations
+I don't is everyone familiar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't is everyone familiar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't is everyone familiar with the
+basics of uranium plutonium nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of uranium plutonium nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of uranium plutonium nuclear
+weapons right so I don't need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons right so I don't need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons right so I don't need to go
+through and Rich uranium plutonium uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and Rich uranium plutonium uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and Rich uranium plutonium uh
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+reprocessing those are basic fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprocessing those are basic fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprocessing those are basic fishing
+weapons and you have Boost fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and you have Boost fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and you have Boost fishing
+weapons so what is important I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons so what is important I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons so what is important I think is
+most Regional powers are operating so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Regional powers are operating so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Regional powers are operating so
+India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India
+Pakistan uh South Africa when it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan uh South Africa when it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan uh South Africa when it had
+nuclear weapons so South Africa a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons so South Africa a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons so South Africa a little
+known fact South Africa nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known fact South Africa nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known fact South Africa nuclear weapons
+from 1979 to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1979 to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1979 to about
+1991 um uh most St start with fish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 um uh most St start with fish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 um uh most St start with fish and
+weapons move to boosted fish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weapons the advanced nuclear Powers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons the advanced nuclear Powers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons the advanced nuclear Powers have
+Fusion weapons most of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion weapons most of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion weapons most of the United
+States uh nuclear uh inventory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh nuclear uh inventory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh nuclear uh inventory is
+composed of uh Thermon these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of uh Thermon these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of uh Thermon these are
+thermonuclear weapons right so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermonuclear weapons right so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermonuclear weapons right so when you
+think of the a bomb that's fishing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the a bomb that's fishing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the a bomb that's fishing and
+boosted fishing weapons the H the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosted fishing weapons the H the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosted fishing weapons the H the H
+bomb uh are Fusion weapons and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb uh are Fusion weapons and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb uh are Fusion weapons and you know
+the United States has extremely Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States has extremely Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States has extremely Advanced
+dial up dial down yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial up dial down yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial up dial down yield
+uh nuclear weapons but they're all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nuclear weapons but they're all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nuclear weapons but they're all uh
+thermonuclear weapons where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermonuclear weapons where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermonuclear weapons where there's a
+primary that ignites a fusion secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary that ignites a fusion secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary that ignites a fusion secondary
+but most Regional powers are operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most Regional powers are operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most Regional powers are operating
+here right so North Korea India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so North Korea India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so North Korea India
+Pakistan uh Israel is assumed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan uh Israel is assumed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan uh Israel is assumed to have
+boosted ficient devices but I it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosted ficient devices but I it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosted ficient devices but I it's
+possible they have Fusion weapons it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible they have Fusion weapons it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible they have Fusion weapons it's
+unknown they've never tested or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown they've never tested or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown they've never tested or
+acknowledged their their nuclear forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged their their nuclear forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged their their nuclear forces
+um Britain uh well Britain is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Britain uh well Britain is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Britain uh well Britain is basically
+an agun force of the United States they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agun force of the United States they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agun force of the United States they
+lease their weapons from the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease their weapons from the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease their weapons from the United
+States uh for their Trident so uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh for their Trident so uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh for their Trident so uh those
+are basically Us weapons the French have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically Us weapons the French have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically Us weapons the French have
+Fusion weapons um but indiaan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion weapons um but indiaan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion weapons um but indiaan and
+Pakistan are operating in the fishing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan are operating in the fishing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan are operating in the fishing uh
+boosted fishing range right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosted fishing range right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosted fishing range right I mean
+that's important when when you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important when when you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important when when you can get
+to megaton yields you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to megaton yields you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to megaton yields you're talking about
+characteristically different weapons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristically different weapons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristically different weapons the
+number that would be required to destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that would be required to destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that would be required to destroy
+an entire city uh are much lower once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire city uh are much lower once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire city uh are much lower once
+you have Fusion weapons but obviously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Fusion weapons but obviously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Fusion weapons but obviously a
+ficient or a boost ficient device could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ficient or a boost ficient device could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ficient or a boost ficient device could
+do a lot of damage as well but once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of damage as well but once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of damage as well but once you
+have nuclear warheads that's not that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nuclear warheads that's not that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nuclear warheads that's not that's
+not you know you're only halfway there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know you're only halfway there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know you're only halfway there
+in terms of operation like as a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of operation like as a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of operation like as a nuclear
+Arsenal I think this is often forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenal I think this is often forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenal I think this is often forgotten
+when we talk about the proliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the proliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the proliferation
+process St States need more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process St States need more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process St States need more than just
+nuclear weapons and Warheads functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons and Warheads functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons and Warheads functional
+and reliable Warheads to have a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reliable Warheads to have a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reliable Warheads to have a nuclear
+Arsenal they need delivery capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenal they need delivery capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenal they need delivery capabilities
+right so the first question you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first question you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first question you have is
+okay how many and what type of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many and what type of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many and what type of nuclear
+weapons do I want to have India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons do I want to have India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons do I want to have India and
+Pakistan are still answering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan are still answering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan are still answering this
+question it is unclear how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it is unclear how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it is unclear how much is
+enough for India and Pakistan it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for India and Pakistan it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for India and Pakistan it is
+unclear how much is enough for China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear how much is enough for China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear how much is enough for China
+right China has about it's estimated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right China has about it's estimated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right China has about it's estimated in
+the 200 to 400 thermonuclear weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 200 to 400 thermonuclear weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 200 to 400 thermonuclear weapon
+range uh Arsenal size uh but faced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range uh Arsenal size uh but faced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range uh Arsenal size uh but faced with
+us missile defenses uh conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us missile defenses uh conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us missile defenses uh conventional
+counterforce capabilities is unclear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterforce capabilities is unclear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterforce capabilities is unclear how
+much is enough for China right you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is enough for China right you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is enough for China right you need
+to be able to a big piece of you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to a big piece of you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to a big piece of you know uh
+answering this question is a big Concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering this question is a big Concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering this question is a big Concept
+in the in the Cold War was uh secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the Cold War was uh secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the Cold War was uh secure
+second strike capability so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second strike capability so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second strike capability so we were
+worried about the United States was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about the United States was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about the United States was
+worried about a bolt out of the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about a bolt out of the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about a bolt out of the blue
+first strike you would lose n number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first strike you would lose n number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first strike you would lose n number of
+weapons you needed to have enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons you needed to have enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons you needed to have enough that
+would be able to survive that not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to survive that not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to survive that not only
+in terms of numbers but in deployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of numbers but in deployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of numbers but in deployment
+modes right where they were where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes right where they were where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes right where they were where they
+were based and how they were based to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were based and how they were based to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were based and how they were based to be
+able to retaliate back with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to retaliate back with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to retaliate back with
+certainty against the Soviet Union such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty against the Soviet Union such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty against the Soviet Union such
+that it deterred the Soviet Union from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it deterred the Soviet Union from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it deterred the Soviet Union from
+trying to uh undertake what was known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh undertake what was known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh undertake what was known as
+a splendid first strike in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a splendid first strike in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a splendid first strike in the first
+place a splendid First Strike being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a splendid First Strike being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a splendid First Strike being the
+ability to fully wipe out your nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to fully wipe out your nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to fully wipe out your nuclear
+Arsenal so secure second strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenal so secure second strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenal so secure second strike
+capability is uh for states is when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability is uh for states is when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability is uh for states is when they
+achieve a level of numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a level of numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a level of numbers and
+deployment mode such that an adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment mode such that an adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment mode such that an adversary
+cannot be confident that it could fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be confident that it could fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be confident that it could fully
+disarm that State's nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Arsenal other question is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenal other question is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenal other question is how do you
+deliver them right so Most states start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver them right so Most states start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver them right so Most states start
+with aircraft you've got aircraft you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with aircraft you've got aircraft you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with aircraft you've got aircraft you
+rig them to carry nuclear weapons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rig them to carry nuclear weapons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rig them to carry nuclear weapons but
+what's the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem with
+aircraft as a nuclear delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft as a nuclear delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft as a nuclear delivery
+capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you you have to penetrate enemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you have to penetrate enemy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you have to penetrate enemy
+defenses right you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses right you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses right you're not going to get
+there without a fight and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without a fight and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without a fight and so you know
+it's not uh it's not the ideal type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh it's not the ideal type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh it's not the ideal type of
+delivery capability right we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery capability right we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery capability right we had
+strategic bombers with huge complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic bombers with huge complements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic bombers with huge complements
+of you know escort aircraft they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know escort aircraft they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know escort aircraft they were
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+survivable the advantage to aircraft is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivable the advantage to aircraft is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivable the advantage to aircraft is
+you could recall them right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could recall them right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could recall them right they're
+piloted so bring them back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piloted so bring them back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piloted so bring them back the
+disadvantage is they still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage is they still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage is they still have to
+penetrate enemy Air Forces air defenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate enemy Air Forces air defenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate enemy Air Forces air defenses
+sorry so then the the United States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so then the the United States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so then the the United States and
+most Regional powers are attracted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Regional powers are attracted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Regional powers are attracted to
+ballistic missiles of various types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic missiles of various types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic missiles of various types
+right ballistic missiles have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ballistic missiles have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ballistic missiles have the
+advantage that can launch them from afar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that can launch them from afar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that can launch them from afar
+right they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they have different
+ranges liquid fuel solid fuel uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges liquid fuel solid fuel uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges liquid fuel solid fuel uh they're
+it it's not risky for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not risky for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not risky for the
+user they can't be recalled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user they can't be recalled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user they can't be recalled
+though but they're different basing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though but they're different basing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though but they're different basing
+modes right so you can have landbased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes right so you can have landbased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes right so you can have landbased
+ballistic missiles right we have ICBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic missiles right we have ICBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic missiles right we have ICBM
+silos in Wyoming and North Dakota um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silos in Wyoming and North Dakota um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silos in Wyoming and North Dakota um uh
+you could have mobile ballistic missiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have mobile ballistic missiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have mobile ballistic missiles
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+land we moved the United States moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land we moved the United States moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land we moved the United States moved
+quickly to seab based ballistic missiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to seab based ballistic missiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to seab based ballistic missiles
+slbms why why do you think c-based is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slbms why why do you think c-based is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slbms why why do you think c-based is is
+attractive at least for the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States right so uh in theory if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right so uh in theory if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right so uh in theory if your
+subs are quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs are quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs are quiet
+enough they're virtually 100% survivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough they're virtually 100% survivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough they're virtually 100% survivable
+right because they're very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're very difficult to
+track if your subs are quiet enough uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track if your subs are quiet enough uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track if your subs are quiet enough uh
+and this is something you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something you know there's
+an assumption that once a state acquires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption that once a state acquires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption that once a state acquires
+a c-based capability it has uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c-based capability it has uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c-based capability it has uh a
+survivable second Strike Force that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivable second Strike Force that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivable second Strike Force that's
+true probably in the US case but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true probably in the US case but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true probably in the US case but uh
+other states ssbns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other states ssbns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other states ssbns the
+cbas uh ballistic missile nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cbas uh ballistic missile nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cbas uh ballistic missile nuclear
+submarines are not as quiet as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarines are not as quiet as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarines are not as quiet as the
+United States is there's increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is there's increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is there's increasing
+evidence to show that we were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence to show that we were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence to show that we were pretty
+good at tracking Soviet sbns we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at tracking Soviet sbns we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at tracking Soviet sbns we were
+pretty good at tracking so Subs during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at tracking so Subs during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at tracking so Subs during
+the Cold War I don't know how much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War I don't know how much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War I don't know how much we
+track them now I mean you have to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track them now I mean you have to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track them now I mean you have to assume
+and you know so Soviet ssbns as they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so Soviet ssbns as they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so Soviet ssbns as they you
+know they got later generations became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they got later generations became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they got later generations became
+quieter and we were still pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quieter and we were still pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quieter and we were still pretty good at
+tracking them you can imagine first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking them you can imagine first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking them you can imagine first
+generation Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation Chinese
+ssbns Indian ssbn are going to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ssbns Indian ssbn are going to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ssbns Indian ssbn are going to be so
+loud some of them are not nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud some of them are not nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud some of them are not nuclear power
+they're Diesel power which actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Diesel power which actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Diesel power which actually
+helps with the noise signature but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps with the noise signature but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps with the noise signature but uh
+you know it is it is not necessarily the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is it is not necessarily the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is it is not necessarily the
+case that all states that Acquire cbas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that all states that Acquire cbas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that all states that Acquire cbas
+capabilities are going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities are going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities are going to have
+survivable second stri but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivable second stri but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivable second stri but this is the
+attraction of cbas cap a cbase force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction of cbas cap a cbase force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction of cbas cap a cbase force
+that uh a submar a submarine based uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a submar a submarine based uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a submar a submarine based uh
+nuclear force is more survivable than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear force is more survivable than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear force is more survivable than
+the landbased force because landbased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landbased force because landbased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landbased force because landbased
+force with all the imint out there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force with all the imint out there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force with all the imint out there now
+you can track you know where launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can track you know where launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can track you know where launch
+sites might be where they may flush out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites might be where they may flush out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites might be where they may flush out
+landbased forces so then you can Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landbased forces so then you can Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landbased forces so then you can Target
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+um increasingly some states you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um increasingly some states you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um increasingly some states you know
+States led by the United States are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States led by the United States are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States led by the United States are are
+attracted to cruise missiles as nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to cruise missiles as nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to cruise missiles as nuclear
+deliver capabilities tomahawks we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver capabilities tomahawks we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver capabilities tomahawks we have a
+uh Tomahawk land and Airbase uh nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tomahawk land and Airbase uh nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tomahawk land and Airbase uh nuclear
+uh version the French have uh an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh version the French have uh an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh version the French have uh an air
+launch cruise missile which is a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch cruise missile which is a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch cruise missile which is a main
+state of their nuclear force structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of their nuclear force structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of their nuclear force structure
+the Indians and Pakistan are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indians and Pakistan are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indians and Pakistan are also
+looking at cruise missiles um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at cruise missiles um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at cruise missiles um because
+they can what's the advantage of cruise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can what's the advantage of cruise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can what's the advantage of cruise
+missiles what's the worry now that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles what's the worry now that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles what's the worry now that with
+ballistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic
+missile uh with ballistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile uh with ballistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile uh with ballistic
+missiles right so missile defenses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles right so missile defenses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles right so missile defenses and
+the Aven of missile defenses uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aven of missile defenses uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aven of missile defenses uh is
+starting to threaten the survivability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to threaten the survivability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to threaten the survivability
+of ballistic missiles so one shift is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ballistic missiles so one shift is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ballistic missiles so one shift is to
+cruise missiles um which uh fly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise missiles um which uh fly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise missiles um which uh fly you know
+they they have lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have lower
+altitudes uh they can be more easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitudes uh they can be more easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitudes uh they can be more easily
+controlled so there's more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled so there's more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled so there's more uh
+recallability I think with cruise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recallability I think with cruise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recallability I think with cruise
+missiles than ballistic missiles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles than ballistic missiles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles than ballistic missiles but
+primarily to defeat missile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily to defeat missile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily to defeat missile
+defenses third question is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses third question is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses third question is how do you
+manage them some states put their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage them some states put their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage them some states put their
+nuclear forces under military control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear forces under military control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear forces under military control
+some states put them under you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some states put them under you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some states put them under you know very
+firm civilian control this is a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm civilian control this is a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm civilian control this is a question
+the United States wrestled with during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States wrestled with during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States wrestled with during
+the Cold War initially the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War initially the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War initially the department of
+atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic
+energy uh managed the nuclear pits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh managed the nuclear pits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh managed the nuclear pits in
+the United States was under very firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States was under very firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States was under very firm
+civilian control and then as it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian control and then as it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian control and then as it became
+clear that the United States would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the United States would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the United States would have
+to delegate some actual nuclear forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delegate some actual nuclear forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delegate some actual nuclear forces
+to the Army in Western Europe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Army in Western Europe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Army in Western Europe for
+tactical nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical nuclear
+weapons uh the US Arsenal became under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons uh the US Arsenal became under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons uh the US Arsenal became under
+you know came under military management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know came under military management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know came under military management
+but still under you know civilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still under you know civilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still under you know civilian
+Authority other states like Pakistan are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority other states like Pakistan are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority other states like Pakistan are
+completely under military control we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely under military control we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely under military control we'll
+talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about
+that but fundamentally the the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but fundamentally the the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but fundamentally the the question
+that Regional powers in particular have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Regional powers in particular have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Regional powers in particular have
+to face in ways that the superpowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to face in ways that the superpowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to face in ways that the superpowers
+didn't as much is what are you trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't as much is what are you trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't as much is what are you trying to
+deter with nuclear weapons right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter with nuclear weapons right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter with nuclear weapons right so
+nuclear what why are you attracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear what why are you attracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear what why are you attracting
+nuclear weapons and what are you using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons and what are you using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons and what are you using
+them for in your larger strategic policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for in your larger strategic policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for in your larger strategic policy
+so some states need nuclear weapons just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some states need nuclear weapons just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some states need nuclear weapons just
+to deter nuclear use against them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter nuclear use against them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter nuclear use against them right
+States like China for example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States like China for example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States like China for example right
+which have huge geographies you know 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have huge geographies you know 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have huge geographies you know 3
+million men under arms defense in depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million men under arms defense in depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million men under arms defense in depth
+strategy aren't really facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy aren't really facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy aren't really facing
+conventional threats on land the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional threats on land the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional threats on land the way
+that the US and Soviet Union were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the US and Soviet Union were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the US and Soviet Union were you
+know facing off in Western Europe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know facing off in Western Europe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know facing off in Western Europe so
+China and India both primarily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and India both primarily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and India both primarily have
+nuclear weapons to deter nuclear use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons to deter nuclear use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons to deter nuclear use
+against them right so you're worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them right so you're worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them right so you're worried
+about a nuclear armed adversary you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a nuclear armed adversary you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a nuclear armed adversary you
+don't want your adversary to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want your adversary to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want your adversary to have
+nuclear weapons and you not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons and you not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons and you not have the
+ability to retaliate right so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to retaliate right so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to retaliate right so you're
+really using nuclear weapons to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really using nuclear weapons to deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really using nuclear weapons to deter
+nuclear use against you and you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear use against you and you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear use against you and you can then
+rely on what we call an assured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on what we call an assured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on what we call an assured
+retaliation strategy right you just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliation strategy right you just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliation strategy right you just need
+to be able to survive what might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to survive what might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to survive what might be a
+first strike against you and retaliate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first strike against you and retaliate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first strike against you and retaliate
+with nuclear weapons against your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nuclear weapons against your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nuclear weapons against your
+adversaries population centers this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries population centers this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries population centers this is
+your classic deterrence by punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classic deterrence by punishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classic deterrence by punishment
+strategy nuclear weapons don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy nuclear weapons don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy nuclear weapons don't need to
+be on high alert retaliation doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on high alert retaliation doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on high alert retaliation doesn't
+need to be immediate it just needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be immediate it just needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be immediate it just needs to be
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+and uh you don't need tactical nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you don't need tactical nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you don't need tactical nuclear
+weapons because you're not using nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons because you're not using nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons because you're not using nuclear
+weapons on conventional forces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons on conventional forces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons on conventional forces that
+might be attacking you so this allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be attacking you so this allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be attacking you so this allows
+for much more centralized recessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for much more centralized recessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for much more centralized recessed
+management uh if that's your aim if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management uh if that's your aim if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management uh if that's your aim if your
+aim is to deter conventional aggression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim is to deter conventional aggression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim is to deter conventional aggression
+right this was the US and NATO during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this was the US and NATO during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this was the US and NATO during
+the Cold War we had conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War we had conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War we had conventional
+inferiority in Europe in order to offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferiority in Europe in order to offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferiority in Europe in order to offset
+the the conventional capability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the conventional capability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the conventional capability of the
+Warsaw pth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warsaw pth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warsaw pth
+and the Soviet Union we the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Soviet Union we the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Soviet Union we the United
+States needed nuclear weapons the threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States needed nuclear weapons the threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States needed nuclear weapons the threat
+of tactical nuclear weapons to offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tactical nuclear weapons to offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tactical nuclear weapons to offset
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+differential and we need to threaten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential and we need to threaten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential and we need to threaten to
+use nuclear weapons first if Warsaw pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use nuclear weapons first if Warsaw pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use nuclear weapons first if Warsaw pack
+nuclear conventional forces came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear conventional forces came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear conventional forces came
+crashing into Western Europe the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing into Western Europe the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing into Western Europe the United
+States very explicitly threatened to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States very explicitly threatened to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States very explicitly threatened to use
+tactical nuclear weapons against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical nuclear weapons against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical nuclear weapons against
+advancing Warsaw pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancing Warsaw pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancing Warsaw pack
+forces right unlike in the assured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces right unlike in the assured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces right unlike in the assured
+retaliation case you can say look I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliation case you can say look I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliation case you can say look I have
+a no first use policy I won't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a no first use policy I won't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a no first use policy I won't use
+nuclear weapons unless you use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons unless you use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons unless you use them
+against me primarily strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against me primarily strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against me primarily strategic
+weapons compared to here you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons compared to here you have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons compared to here you have a very
+forward aggressive tactical Nuclear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward aggressive tactical Nuclear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward aggressive tactical Nuclear uh
+weapons capability where you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons capability where you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons capability where you have to
+threaten to use nuclear weapons first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten to use nuclear weapons first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten to use nuclear weapons first
+right because you're trying to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you're trying to deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you're trying to deter
+conventional attacks against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional attacks against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional attacks against
+you and it kind of looks like a denial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it kind of looks like a denial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it kind of looks like a denial
+and Punishment Mission at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Punishment Mission at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Punishment Mission at the same time
+right and now Regional powers are faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now Regional powers are faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now Regional powers are faced
+with the same question Now can anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same question Now can anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same question Now can anyone
+guess where India Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did I say it already maybe yeah aured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I say it already maybe yeah aured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I say it already maybe yeah aured
+retaliation right they're not trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliation right they're not trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliation right they're not trying
+they have conventional superiority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have conventional superiority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have conventional superiority
+against Pakistan not really worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Pakistan not really worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Pakistan not really worried
+about China invading India marching all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about China invading India marching all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about China invading India marching all
+the way to Delhi Prim primarily trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to Delhi Prim primarily trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to Delhi Prim primarily trying
+to deter nuclear use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter nuclear use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter nuclear use
+against against its own cities where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against against its own cities where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against against its own cities where
+does Pakistan fall what is Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Pakistan fall what is Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Pakistan fall what is Pakistan
+worried about so Pakistan is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about so Pakistan is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about so Pakistan is you know
+primarily worried about Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily worried about Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily worried about Indian
+conventional superiority and having been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional superiority and having been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional superiority and having been
+at the receiving end of dismemberment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the receiving end of dismemberment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the receiving end of dismemberment
+from India in 1971 which I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from India in 1971 which I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from India in 1971 which I'll talk about
+Pakistan has operationalized a posture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan has operationalized a posture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan has operationalized a posture
+that is very aggressive very oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very aggressive very oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very aggressive very oriented
+towards uh Battlefield nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards uh Battlefield nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards uh Battlefield nuclear weapons
+against Indian conventional forces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Indian conventional forces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Indian conventional forces that
+might cross the international border and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might cross the international border and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might cross the international border and
+so they have a first use I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have a first use I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have a first use I call it
+asymmetric escalation Doctrine they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric escalation Doctrine they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric escalation Doctrine they're
+trying to they threaten to escalate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to they threaten to escalate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to they threaten to escalate a
+conventional conflict to the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional conflict to the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional conflict to the nuclear
+very quickly because uh or earlier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly because uh or earlier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly because uh or earlier than
+you know you know India would uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know India would uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know India would uh before
+any new other nuclear weapons were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new other nuclear weapons were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new other nuclear weapons were used
+because uh they're worried about Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh they're worried about Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh they're worried about Indian
+conventional superiority against it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional superiority against it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional superiority against it
+Pakistan actually started its its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan actually started its its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan actually started its its
+nuclear program before India tested the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear program before India tested the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear program before India tested the
+so-called p& in 1974 because on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called p& in 1974 because on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called p& in 1974 because on the
+heels of the 197 I will talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heels of the 197 I will talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heels of the 197 I will talk about this
+actually right now so India India secur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually right now so India India secur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually right now so India India secur
+security environment historically right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security environment historically right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security environment historically right
+so it has the 1962 war with China in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has the 1962 war with China in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has the 1962 war with China in
+which it's uh uh it's its conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's uh uh it's its conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's uh uh it's its conventional
+performance shocked even the the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance shocked even the the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance shocked even the the you
+know the Indian army and the Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Indian army and the Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Indian army and the Indian
+leadership because the Chinese uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership because the Chinese uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership because the Chinese uh the
+the Chinese performed so much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese performed so much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese performed so much better
+than the Indians in the 62 war and India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Indians in the 62 war and India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Indians in the 62 war and India
+decisively lost the 62 war two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively lost the 62 war two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively lost the 62 war two years
+later China tested its nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later China tested its nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later China tested its nuclear weapons
+right so the Indian military program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the Indian military program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the Indian military program
+gets its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets its
+motivation initially from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation initially from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation initially from its
+experiences in 62 and 64 with China and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in 62 and 64 with China and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in 62 and 64 with China and
+to avoid nuclear coercion in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid nuclear coercion in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid nuclear coercion in the future
+against China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against China
+China India Hedges under the N years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China India Hedges under the N years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China India Hedges under the N years and
+then the uh subsequent leadership under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh subsequent leadership under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh subsequent leadership under
+IND Gandhi it does also have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IND Gandhi it does also have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IND Gandhi it does also have these
+persistent Wars with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent Wars with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent Wars with
+Pakistan but it has conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan but it has conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan but it has conventional
+superiority and the really really never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superiority and the really really never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superiority and the really really never
+any talk about needing nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any talk about needing nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any talk about needing nuclear weapons
+to deter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pakistanis so India had a civilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistanis so India had a civilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistanis so India had a civilian
+nuclear program right got a cand do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear program right got a cand do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear program right got a cand do
+reactor from Canada some of the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor from Canada some of the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor from Canada some of the heavy
+water was was supplied by the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water was was supplied by the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water was was supplied by the United
+States 54 reprocessing facility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States 54 reprocessing facility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States 54 reprocessing facility in
+64 and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and then in
+1974 Indra Gandhi authorizes what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 Indra Gandhi authorizes what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 Indra Gandhi authorizes what's
+known at the time under the Atoms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known at the time under the Atoms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known at the time under the Atoms for
+Peace program there was a category known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peace program there was a category known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peace program there was a category known
+as a peaceful nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a peaceful nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a peaceful nuclear
+explosion which was I mean there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion which was I mean there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion which was I mean there were
+there legitimate there legitimate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there legitimate there legitimate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there legitimate there legitimate um
+uses it was believed at the time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses it was believed at the time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses it was believed at the time for the
+uh for nuclear like if you need to clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for nuclear like if you need to clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for nuclear like if you need to clear
+large swads of land for dams for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large swads of land for dams for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large swads of land for dams for example
+right and India was had had uh uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and India was had had uh uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and India was had had uh uh some
+potential uses for this but didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uses for this but didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uses for this but didn't
+really fool I mean a peaceful nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fool I mean a peaceful nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fool I mean a peaceful nuclear
+explosion still a nuclear explosion it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion still a nuclear explosion it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion still a nuclear explosion it
+wasn't however a warhead right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't however a warhead right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't however a warhead right I mean
+this thing was a rickety I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing was a rickety I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing was a rickety I think it was
+8 MERS in diameter device I mean it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 MERS in diameter device I mean it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 MERS in diameter device I mean it was
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+hulking unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hulking unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hulking unstable
+rickety fishing device that they tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rickety fishing device that they tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rickety fishing device that they tested
+in 197 it wasn't suitable for a military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 197 it wasn't suitable for a military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 197 it wasn't suitable for a military
+program right it wasn't miniaturized it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program right it wasn't miniaturized it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program right it wasn't miniaturized it
+didn't have you know um uh it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have you know um uh it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have you know um uh it wasn't
+even suitable for delivery by aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suitable for delivery by aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suitable for delivery by aircraft
+you'd have to throw it at the back of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to throw it at the back of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to throw it at the back of a
+cargo plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo plane
+right I mean it still gave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it still gave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it still gave them
+certainly the the the the physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the the the the physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the the the the physics of
+being able to uh you know sustain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to uh you know sustain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to uh you know sustain a
+fishing uh to sustain fishing and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing uh to sustain fishing and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing uh to sustain fishing and have
+like you know spherical compression all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know spherical compression all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know spherical compression all
+of that was uh I mean it was a plutonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that was uh I mean it was a plutonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that was uh I mean it was a plutonium
+device so you know it wasn't uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so you know it wasn't uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so you know it wasn't uh it
+wasn't trivial but it wasn't a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't trivial but it wasn't a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't trivial but it wasn't a nuclear
+weapon in the sense of the you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon in the sense of the you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon in the sense of the you know that
+we think of so a lot of work was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of so a lot of work was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of so a lot of work was still
+yet to be done after 1974 but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to be done after 1974 but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to be done after 1974 but it
+demonstrated the Indian scientists had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated the Indian scientists had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated the Indian scientists had
+the ability to at least you know design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to at least you know design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to at least you know design
+rudimentary nuclear weapons right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary nuclear weapons right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary nuclear weapons right and
+there there's several explanations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's several explanations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's several explanations for
+why it test in 74 as a general security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it test in 74 as a general security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it test in 74 as a general security
+environment I talked about China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I talked about China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I talked about China
+persistent Wars with Pakistan it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent Wars with Pakistan it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent Wars with Pakistan it just
+won the 197 war with Pak 1971 war with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the 197 war with Pak 1971 war with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the 197 war with Pak 1971 war with
+Pakistan which split Pakistan in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan which split Pakistan in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan which split Pakistan in two
+I'll talk about that that was the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about that that was the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about that that was the real
+motivation for the Pakistani program but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for the Pakistani program but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for the Pakistani program but
+the real explanation is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real explanation is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real explanation is a combination of
+domestic politics and the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic politics and the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic politics and the power of the
+scientists in India so inder Gandhi was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in India so inder Gandhi was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in India so inder Gandhi was
+facing a potential series of losses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing a potential series of losses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing a potential series of losses in
+state governments she wanted a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state governments she wanted a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state governments she wanted a big
+win the there were several um uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the there were several um uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the there were several um uh very
+prominent Indian physicists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent Indian physicists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent Indian physicists and
+Engineers who promised the uh the a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers who promised the uh the a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers who promised the uh the a big
+boost in her electoral fortunes if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost in her electoral fortunes if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost in her electoral fortunes if she
+tested a nuclear weapon and they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested a nuclear weapon and they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested a nuclear weapon and they really
+wanted to test a nuclear weapon because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to test a nuclear weapon because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to test a nuclear weapon because
+they've been working on it scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been working on it scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been working on it scientists
+like to test the things that they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to test the things that they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to test the things that they work
+on and they had been doing doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and they had been doing doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and they had been doing doing this
+persistently for several years and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistently for several years and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistently for several years and she
+then found her opportunity in 1974 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then found her opportunity in 1974 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then found her opportunity in 1974 when
+right before a series of State elections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before a series of State elections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before a series of State elections
+she authorized a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she authorized a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she authorized a
+test uh empirically uh the test didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test uh empirically uh the test didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test uh empirically uh the test didn't
+actually help her that much electorally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually help her that much electorally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually help her that much electorally
+but uh there was a belief that it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there was a belief that it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there was a belief that it might
+uh and so that was some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so that was some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so that was some of the
+motivations for the test but from 1974
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for the test but from 1974
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for the test but from 1974
+until about 1989 for about 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until about 1989 for about 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until about 1989 for about 15 years
+India's nuclear program went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India's nuclear program went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India's nuclear program went into
+effective dorcy there was no high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective dorcy there was no high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective dorcy there was no high level
+authorization from Indra Gandhi or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization from Indra Gandhi or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization from Indra Gandhi or her
+uh her son who later became prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh her son who later became prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh her son who later became prime
+minister after assassination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister after assassination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister after assassination
+1984 uh for the militarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984 uh for the militarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984 uh for the militarization of the
+program so India scientists worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so India scientists worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so India scientists worked on
+some of the uh the did some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the uh the did some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the uh the did some of the
+theoretical work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical work for
+miniaturization getting India in a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniaturization getting India in a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniaturization getting India in a place
+where if it had to militarize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if it had to militarize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if it had to militarize the
+program it could but there was no actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it could but there was no actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it could but there was no actual
+physical work done on that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical work done on that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical work done on that after
+1974 Pakistan faced a somewhat different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 Pakistan faced a somewhat different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1974 Pakistan faced a somewhat different
+security environment right so whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security environment right so whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security environment right so whereas
+India lost the 62 war and then faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India lost the 62 war and then faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India lost the 62 war and then faced
+China's nuclear test but never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China's nuclear test but never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China's nuclear test but never really
+faced the threat of a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced the threat of a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced the threat of a massive
+conventional Invasion From China really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Invasion From China really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Invasion From China really
+wanting nuclear weapons to deter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting nuclear weapons to deter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting nuclear weapons to deter the
+Chinese nuclear threat not the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese nuclear threat not the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese nuclear threat not the Chinese
+conventional threat Pakistan was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional threat Pakistan was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional threat Pakistan was really
+scarred by the 1971 War so the 1971 War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarred by the 1971 War so the 1971 War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarred by the 1971 War so the 1971 War
+uh was the war in which uh East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was the war in which uh East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was the war in which uh East
+Pakistan was birthed into Bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan was birthed into Bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan was birthed into Bangladesh
+right so there was a refugee crisis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there was a refugee crisis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there was a refugee crisis that
+West Pakistan and East so Pakistan at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Pakistan and East so Pakistan at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Pakistan and East so Pakistan at
+Birth in 1947 was split and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth in 1947 was split and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth in 1947 was split and
+non-contiguous with India in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-contiguous with India in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-contiguous with India in the middle
+you had East and West Pakistan West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had East and West Pakistan West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had East and West Pakistan West
+Pakistan was dominated by punjabis East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan was dominated by punjabis East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan was dominated by punjabis East
+Pakistan was dominated by bangladeshis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan was dominated by bangladeshis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan was dominated by bangladeshis
+Bengali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bengali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bengali
+sorry later bangladeshis bengalis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry later bangladeshis bengalis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry later bangladeshis bengalis right
+so there was ethnic tension between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was ethnic tension between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was ethnic tension between
+punjabis and bengalis the punjabis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punjabis and bengalis the punjabis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punjabis and bengalis the punjabis
+dominated the politics of Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated the politics of Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated the politics of Pakistan
+Bengali felt like there were second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bengali felt like there were second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bengali felt like there were second
+class citizens in Pakistan that created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class citizens in Pakistan that created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class citizens in Pakistan that created
+political tension and there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political tension and there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political tension and there was an
+uprising in 1971 India intervened on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uprising in 1971 India intervened on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uprising in 1971 India intervened on
+behalf of the bengalis to to split East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of the bengalis to to split East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of the bengalis to to split East
+Pakistan off of West Pakistan now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan off of West Pakistan now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan off of West Pakistan now if
+you're India this is a huge strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're India this is a huge strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're India this is a huge strategic
+Victory right you had two flanks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victory right you had two flanks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victory right you had two flanks of
+Pakistan you know surrounding you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan you know surrounding you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan you know surrounding you and
+you were able to make them you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were able to make them you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were able to make them you know two
+independent countries right with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent countries right with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent countries right with the
+benefit that you help birth Bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit that you help birth Bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit that you help birth Bangladesh
+from Bangladesh from uh Pakistan so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bangladesh from uh Pakistan so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bangladesh from uh Pakistan so uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's not like they would be allies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like they would be allies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like they would be allies
+against you in a conflict so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you in a conflict so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you in a conflict so
+strategically this worked out pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically this worked out pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically this worked out pretty
+well for India but for West Pakistan now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for India but for West Pakistan now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for India but for West Pakistan now
+present day Pakistan this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present day Pakistan this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present day Pakistan this is a pretty
+searing moment right you're amput your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searing moment right you're amput your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searing moment right you're amput your
+East Wing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Wing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Wing is
+amputated and uh it was at the hands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated and uh it was at the hands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated and uh it was at the hands of
+the Indians right so as early as 1965
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indians right so as early as 1965
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indians right so as early as 1965
+when it became clear that India might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it became clear that India might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it became clear that India might
+look at nuclear weapons because of China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at nuclear weapons because of China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at nuclear weapons because of China
+uh zulfikar alibo who was the Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zulfikar alibo who was the Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zulfikar alibo who was the Prime
+Minister that end up authorizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minister that end up authorizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minister that end up authorizing the
+program uh through the 1970s said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh through the 1970s said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh through the 1970s said we
+will eat grass or leaves or even go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eat grass or leaves or even go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eat grass or leaves or even go
+hungry but we will get a bomb of our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry but we will get a bomb of our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry but we will get a bomb of our own
+it's one of his famous quotes remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of his famous quotes remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of his famous quotes remember
+this was this was said as early as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this was said as early as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this was said as early as
+1965 but after the 1971 war in January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 but after the 1971 war in January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 but after the 1971 war in January
+1972 so right after the 1971 War budo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 so right after the 1971 War budo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1972 so right after the 1971 War budo
+authorizes a nuclear weapons program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorizes a nuclear weapons program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorizes a nuclear weapons program
+with the express intent of a militarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the express intent of a militarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the express intent of a militarized
+nuclear weapons program to deter Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons program to deter Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons program to deter Indian
+conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+so it wasn't because of the Indian p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it wasn't because of the Indian p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it wasn't because of the Indian p
+right which was 1974 Pakistan's nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which was 1974 Pakistan's nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which was 1974 Pakistan's nuclear
+weapons program predates India's 1974
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons program predates India's 1974
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons program predates India's 1974
+test the real motivation was the 1971
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the real motivation was the 1971
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the real motivation was the 1971
+War Pakistan could not suffer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War Pakistan could not suffer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War Pakistan could not suffer the
+conventional defeat at the hands of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional defeat at the hands of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional defeat at the hands of the
+Indians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians
+again and so Pakistan's nuclear program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and so Pakistan's nuclear program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and so Pakistan's nuclear program
+was triggered uh for a state that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was triggered uh for a state that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was triggered uh for a state that was
+essentially desperate for nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially desperate for nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially desperate for nuclear
+weapons Pakistan tried all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons Pakistan tried all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons Pakistan tried all possible
+Avenues right so he had the uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avenues right so he had the uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avenues right so he had the uranium
+pathway which was led by aqan everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway which was led by aqan everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway which was led by aqan everyone's
+familiar with aqan yes wean all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with aqan yes wean all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with aqan yes wean all right
+horrible horrible joke I apologize but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible horrible joke I apologize but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible horrible joke I apologize but
+uh so he he essentially stole the ureno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he he essentially stole the ureno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he he essentially stole the ureno
+designs ureno is the European Consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs ureno is the European Consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs ureno is the European Consortium
+um uh was he stole it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh was he stole it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh was he stole it from the
+Netherlands he he worked at ureno from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands he he worked at ureno from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands he he worked at ureno from
+the inside he stole the blueprints for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside he stole the blueprints for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside he stole the blueprints for
+what ended up being the P1 and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ended up being the P1 and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ended up being the P1 and then he
+modified it later to be P2 designs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified it later to be P2 designs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified it later to be P2 designs right
+so he stole the ureno centrifuge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he stole the ureno centrifuge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he stole the ureno centrifuge
+designs uh from from urano self where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs uh from from urano self where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs uh from from urano self where he
+was an employee he went back to buo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an employee he went back to buo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an employee he went back to buo and
+said look I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look I can
+deliver uh a nuclear weapons program uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver uh a nuclear weapons program uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver uh a nuclear weapons program uh
+and uh they set up Cascades of the p1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they set up Cascades of the p1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they set up Cascades of the p1s
+at Cuda which Pakistan would deny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Cuda which Pakistan would deny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Cuda which Pakistan would deny
+through the 1980s was a uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the 1980s was a uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the 1980s was a uranium
+enrichment facility the then president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment facility the then president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment facility the then president
+uh General Zia referred to as a goat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh General Zia referred to as a goat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh General Zia referred to as a goat
+shed uh repeatedly in interactions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed uh repeatedly in interactions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed uh repeatedly in interactions with
+the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States
+the problem was what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1979 Charlie Wilson's War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 Charlie Wilson's War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 Charlie Wilson's War
+anyone well so Iran okay that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone well so Iran okay that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone well so Iran okay that's true
+there's yeah we uh you had the Iran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yeah we uh you had the Iran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yeah we uh you had the Iran
+hostage crisis and the the revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostage crisis and the the revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostage crisis and the the revolution
+Iran but you also had what else December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1979 yes Christmas Invasion right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 yes Christmas Invasion right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 yes Christmas Invasion right so the
+the Soviets invade Afghanistan and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviets invade Afghanistan and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviets invade Afghanistan and all
+of a sudden Pakistan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden Pakistan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden Pakistan is
+America's one of the most useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's one of the most useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's one of the most useful
+countries in uh in the world for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in uh in the world for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in uh in the world for the
+United States because the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States because the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States because the United States
+decides to supply the muad in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to supply the muad in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to supply the muad in
+Afghanistan to fight the Soviets how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan to fight the Soviets how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan to fight the Soviets how do
+you get supplies to the mujahedin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get supplies to the mujahedin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get supplies to the mujahedin you
+have to rout them through Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to rout them through Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to rout them through Pakistan
+that's when the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the relationship between
+Pakistan and the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan and the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan and the United States
+flourished because we really had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flourished because we really had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flourished because we really had no
+option right history doesn't repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option right history doesn't repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option right history doesn't repeat
+itself but it Rhymes right we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but it Rhymes right we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but it Rhymes right we did the
+exact same thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same thing in the
+2000s and uh when we were when we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s and uh when we were when we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s and uh when we were when we're at
+war in Afghanistan we needed the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war in Afghanistan we needed the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war in Afghanistan we needed the ground
+lines of of communication through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of of communication through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of of communication through
+Pakistan um and the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan um and the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan um and the relationship between
+the isi and the CIA in the 1980s because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isi and the CIA in the 1980s because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isi and the CIA in the 1980s because
+of the US role in Afghanistan became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US role in Afghanistan became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US role in Afghanistan became
+uh what's the right word for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the right word for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the right word for it
+blossomed but it was always there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blossomed but it was always there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blossomed but it was always there was
+always tension in that relationship but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tension in that relationship but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tension in that relationship but
+due to us nonproliferation legislation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to us nonproliferation legislation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to us nonproliferation legislation
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Congress the United States would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress the United States would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress the United States would have
+been obligated to sanction Pakistan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been obligated to sanction Pakistan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been obligated to sanction Pakistan and
+cut off all Aid if Pakistan were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off all Aid if Pakistan were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off all Aid if Pakistan were to
+assemble a nuclear weapon remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble a nuclear weapon remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble a nuclear weapon remember
+Pakistan and India never signed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan and India never signed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan and India never signed the
+nuclear nonproliferation treaty us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear nonproliferation treaty us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear nonproliferation treaty us
+legislation required that a state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation required that a state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation required that a state that
+was not a member of the nonproliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a member of the nonproliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a member of the nonproliferation
+treaty found with nuclear weapons right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty found with nuclear weapons right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty found with nuclear weapons right
+or who had nuclear weapons uh would face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or who had nuclear weapons uh would face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or who had nuclear weapons uh would face
+immediate sanctions cut off of usaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate sanctions cut off of usaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate sanctions cut off of usaid
+right but that threatened us operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that threatened us operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that threatened us operations
+in Afghanistan so that couldn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Afghanistan so that couldn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Afghanistan so that couldn't happen
+so the there was a lot of tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the there was a lot of tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the there was a lot of tension
+between the nonproliferation Hawks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the nonproliferation Hawks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the nonproliferation Hawks at
+the state department and the executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state department and the executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state department and the executive
+so the Reagan Administration went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Reagan Administration went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Reagan Administration went to
+Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great
+Lengths uh to play fast and loose on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lengths uh to play fast and loose on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lengths uh to play fast and loose on
+where Pakistan was with this nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Pakistan was with this nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Pakistan was with this nuclear
+program nobody everybody knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program nobody everybody knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program nobody everybody knew that
+Pakistan had a nuclear weapons program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan had a nuclear weapons program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan had a nuclear weapons program
+but the wording of the the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the wording of the the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the wording of the the language of
+the legis legislation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legis legislation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legis legislation
+required and later you know embodied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and later you know embodied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and later you know embodied in
+what was known as a solars amendment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was known as a solars amendment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was known as a solars amendment
+that the US president certified that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the US president certified that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the US president certified that
+Pakistan doesn't have nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan doesn't have nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan doesn't have nuclear weapons
+right so as long as the exe and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as long as the exe and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as long as the exe and the
+executive defined nuclear weapons as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive defined nuclear weapons as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive defined nuclear weapons as the
+Assembly of a nuclear weapon right so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly of a nuclear weapon right so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly of a nuclear weapon right so as
+long as Pakistan did not cross that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as Pakistan did not cross that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as Pakistan did not cross that line
+the executive could certify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the executive could certify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the executive could certify that
+Pakistan was a nonnuclear weapon state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan was a nonnuclear weapon state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan was a nonnuclear weapon state
+and was there therefore you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was there therefore you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was there therefore you know the the
+the aid and the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aid and the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aid and the relationship between the
+US and Pakistan could uh could continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and Pakistan could uh could continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and Pakistan could uh could continue
+when you say Pakistan is this now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say Pakistan is this now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say Pakistan is this now is
+this so East and West they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so East and West they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so East and West they're actually
+separate countries so Bangladesh at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate countries so Bangladesh at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate countries so Bangladesh at this
+point is an independent country after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is an independent country after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is an independent country after
+197 so this is West this is Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+197 so this is West this is Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+197 so this is West this is Pakistan
+Pakistan present day Pakistan and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan present day Pakistan and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan present day Pakistan and this
+is the this is with z z is the is Gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is with z z is the is Gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is with z z is the is Gen
+you know president General he executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know president General he executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know president General he executed
+budo in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budo in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budo in
+1979 I think also 77 or 79 uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 I think also 77 or 79 uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 I think also 77 or 79 uh and uh
+he's the he's the president of Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the he's the president of Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the he's the president of Pakistan
+during the 1980s uh and we get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the 1980s uh and we get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the 1980s uh and we get through
+the there's a slow march to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a slow march to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a slow march to
+nuclearization right so 83 there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclearization right so 83 there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclearization right so 83 there's some
+Chinese assistance to the Pakistani
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese assistance to the Pakistani
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese assistance to the Pakistani
+nuclear program in fact unprecedented I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear program in fact unprecedented I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear program in fact unprecedented I
+think the animals of proliferation China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the animals of proliferation China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the animals of proliferation China
+transferred is now I think you know out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred is now I think you know out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred is now I think you know out
+in I think the um in Declassified doc we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think the um in Declassified doc we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think the um in Declassified doc we
+believe the United States believes and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the United States believes and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the United States believes and I
+think Pakistan has admitted that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Pakistan has admitted that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Pakistan has admitted that they've
+received 50 kilograms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received 50 kilograms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received 50 kilograms of
+hu from Pakistan right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hu from Pakistan right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hu from Pakistan right that's
+effectively two bombs worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively two bombs worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively two bombs worth of
+hu assuming 25 kilograms of a bom per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hu assuming 25 kilograms of a bom per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hu assuming 25 kilograms of a bom per
+per bomb design you know two bombs worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per bomb design you know two bombs worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per bomb design you know two bombs worth
+of hu from China plus the design for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hu from China plus the design for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hu from China plus the design for a
+uranium uh uranium core Warhead known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium uh uranium core Warhead known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium uh uranium core Warhead known as
+the chick four design was a fourth test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chick four design was a fourth test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chick four design was a fourth test
+in the Chinese test Series so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Chinese test Series so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Chinese test Series so that's
+1983 1986 by 1986 the US is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1983 1986 by 1986 the US is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1983 1986 by 1986 the US is essentially
+convinced that Pakistan is a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that Pakistan is a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that Pakistan is a nuclear
+capable state but remember they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable state but remember they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable state but remember they had to
+certified as a non-nuclear weapon state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified as a non-nuclear weapon state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified as a non-nuclear weapon state
+right so there were two screwdriver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there were two screwdriver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there were two screwdriver
+turns away you could certify them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns away you could certify them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns away you could certify them as a
+non-nuclear weapon state and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-nuclear weapon state and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-nuclear weapon state and the
+executive continued to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive continued to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive continued to do
+that in March 1987 complicates all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in March 1987 complicates all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in March 1987 complicates all of
+this when he claims that Pakistan has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when he claims that Pakistan has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when he claims that Pakistan has
+the capability to make a bomb in Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability to make a bomb in Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability to make a bomb in Time
+Magazine so all the nonproliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine so all the nonproliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine so all the nonproliferation
+Hawks go nuts right here you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawks go nuts right here you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawks go nuts right here you have the
+president of Pakistan saying to Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of Pakistan saying to Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of Pakistan saying to Time
+magazine that Pakistan you can write he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine that Pakistan you can write he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine that Pakistan you can write he
+literally said you can write Pakistan as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally said you can write Pakistan as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally said you can write Pakistan as
+a capability to make a bomb and they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capability to make a bomb and they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capability to make a bomb and they did
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh it was then that you know Congressman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was then that you know Congressman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was then that you know Congressman
+Steven Solaris passed uh the solars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven Solaris passed uh the solars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven Solaris passed uh the solars
+Amendment where you know the president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amendment where you know the president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amendment where you know the president
+had to actually certify Pakistan not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to actually certify Pakistan not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to actually certify Pakistan not a
+nuclear weapon state but the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapon state but the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapon state but the language
+you put in there Act made it easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in there Act made it easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in there Act made it easier for
+the president to to be able to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president to to be able to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president to to be able to say that
+and not be lying uh because the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not be lying uh because the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not be lying uh because the language
+was basically a nuclear device right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically a nuclear device right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically a nuclear device right so
+if the device wasn't assembled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the device wasn't assembled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the device wasn't assembled the
+executive could could legitimately claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive could could legitimately claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive could could legitimately claim
+that Pakistan did not have a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pakistan did not have a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pakistan did not have a nuclear
+weapon even though it had it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon even though it had it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon even though it had it would have
+the pit over there the explosive package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pit over there the explosive package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pit over there the explosive package
+over here uh the assembly over here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh the assembly over here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh the assembly over here but
+it would all be on three sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would all be on three sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would all be on three sides of the
+room but you could you could certify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room but you could you could certify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room but you could you could certify
+that it wasn't assembled so it wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't assembled so it wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't assembled so it wasn't a
+nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+weapon and so you know by 1988 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon and so you know by 1988 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon and so you know by 1988 the
+non-proliferation Hawks had given up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-proliferation Hawks had given up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-proliferation Hawks had given up and
+solars you know equipped that it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solars you know equipped that it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solars you know equipped that it had a
+Saturday night special capability may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday night special capability may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday night special capability may
+not it may not be uh you know elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it may not be uh you know elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it may not be uh you know elegant
+but it'll do the job and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll do the job and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll do the job and one of the
+advantages to the Pakistani nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to the Pakistani nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to the Pakistani nuclear
+weapons program was given the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons program was given the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons program was given the fact that
+they had a tested design from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a tested design from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a tested design from the
+Chinese they conducted a series of cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese they conducted a series of cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese they conducted a series of cold
+tests in the 1980s but they didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests in the 1980s but they didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests in the 1980s but they didn't have
+to necessarily conduct a hot test to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to necessarily conduct a hot test to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to necessarily conduct a hot test to
+know that there there weapons of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there there weapons of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there there weapons of work
+unlike the Indians who were indigenously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the Indians who were indigenously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the Indians who were indigenously
+designing their their plutonium devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing their their plutonium devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing their their plutonium devices
+so by the late 1980s Pakistan is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the late 1980s Pakistan is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the late 1980s Pakistan is a
+nuclear weapons capable state in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons capable state in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons capable state in fact um
+the war in Afghanistan ends in 19 around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war in Afghanistan ends in 19 around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war in Afghanistan ends in 19 around
+1989 1990 President George H W bush is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 1990 President George H W bush is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 1990 President George H W bush is
+President and as soon as uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President and as soon as uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President and as soon as uh you know the
+US stops as soon as the Cold War collap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US stops as soon as the Cold War collap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US stops as soon as the Cold War collap
+sorry the Soviet Union collapses uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the Soviet Union collapses uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the Soviet Union collapses uh
+president HW Bush refuses to cert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president HW Bush refuses to cert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president HW Bush refuses to cert
+certify Pakistan as a non-nuclear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certify Pakistan as a non-nuclear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certify Pakistan as a non-nuclear in
+State anymore you talk about cold test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State anymore you talk about cold test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State anymore you talk about cold test
+yeah what constitutes a c cold test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what constitutes a c cold test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what constitutes a c cold test is
+without the fle material right so you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the fle material right so you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the fle material right so you if
+um so yeah you're you're especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah you're you're especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah you're you're especially in
+the in this case it's a it's a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this case it's a it's a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this case it's a it's a spherical
+compression right so they wanted to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression right so they wanted to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression right so they wanted to I
+think they were testing the explosive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were testing the explosive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were testing the explosive
+charges make sure they get a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges make sure they get a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges make sure they get a uniform
+compression wave um because they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression wave um because they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression wave um because they weren't
+using it's it's uranium device but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it's it's uranium device but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it's it's uranium device but they
+weren't designing gun type devices it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't designing gun type devices it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't designing gun type devices it
+was still an implosion it was a uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still an implosion it was a uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still an implosion it was a uranium
+implosion device and so you could do a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implosion device and so you could do a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implosion device and so you could do a c
+test with without the fle material right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test with without the fle material right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test with without the fle material right
+to make sure that you had a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you had a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you had a uniform
+compression so you can do you can do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression so you can do you can do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression so you can do you can do um
+you can do sufficient number of tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do sufficient number of tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do sufficient number of tests
+without the fistle material and if since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the fistle material and if since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the fistle material and if since
+the design itself was tested in a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design itself was tested in a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design itself was tested in a hot
+test uh I think the pakistans were quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test uh I think the pakistans were quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test uh I think the pakistans were quite
+confident that once they had enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that once they had enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that once they had enough
+fistle material in in the design it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fistle material in in the design it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fistle material in in the design it
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+work so in this period remember India is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so in this period remember India is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so in this period remember India is
+going is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going is in
+dormy um but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dormy um but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dormy um but there's a
+in response to Zia's claim in Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to Zia's claim in Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in response to Zia's claim in Time
+Magazine and um several other statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine and um several other statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine and um several other statements
+India brings its program out of dormy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India brings its program out of dormy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India brings its program out of dormy in
+response actually to Pakistan's program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response actually to Pakistan's program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response actually to Pakistan's program
+right so there's a there's a The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a there's a The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a there's a The
+Narrative the conventional wisdom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Narrative the conventional wisdom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Narrative the conventional wisdom is
+that India India's program nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that India India's program nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that India India's program nuclear
+program begat Pakistan's nuclear program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program begat Pakistan's nuclear program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program begat Pakistan's nuclear program
+but it's kind of the other way around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of the other way around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of the other way around so
+Pakistan's program is triggered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan's program is triggered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan's program is triggered by
+Indian conventional power India has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian conventional power India has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian conventional power India has this
+rudimentary nuclear hedging program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary nuclear hedging program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary nuclear hedging program in
+the 1970s it was only when Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s it was only when Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s it was only when Pakistan
+claimed publicly that it had a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed publicly that it had a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed publicly that it had a nuclear
+weapons capability that India brings its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons capability that India brings its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons capability that India brings its
+program out of dormy so it's only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program out of dormy so it's only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program out of dormy so it's only in
+1988 1989 it was actually winter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 1989 it was actually winter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 1989 it was actually winter of
+19989 that then prime minister Rajiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19989 that then prime minister Rajiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19989 that then prime minister Rajiv
+Gandhi orders work on weaponization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gandhi orders work on weaponization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gandhi orders work on weaponization
+miniaturization uh production line all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniaturization uh production line all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniaturization uh production line all
+the things you need to have a military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you need to have a military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you need to have a military
+program and India only is starting then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and India only is starting then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and India only is starting then
+at that point racing to develop delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point racing to develop delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point racing to develop delivery
+capabilities so they were they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities so they were they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities so they were they have
+indigenous missiles the ugy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous missiles the ugy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous missiles the ugy and the
+pribe missile um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pribe missile um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pribe missile um and
+uh so India was playing from behind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so India was playing from behind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so India was playing from behind in
+this period right so it would take India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period right so it would take India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period right so it would take India
+another four or five years before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another four or five years before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another four or five years before they
+would have a militarized program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a militarized program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a militarized program that
+they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could
+test once they reach that point there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test once they reach that point there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test once they reach that point there
+were several aborted tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were several aborted tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were several aborted tests
+1995 prime minister ra of the congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 prime minister ra of the congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 prime minister ra of the congress
+party he's on the brink of test and US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party he's on the brink of test and US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party he's on the brink of test and US
+ambassador Frank Weisner goes to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambassador Frank Weisner goes to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambassador Frank Weisner goes to um
+Ambassador uh sorry prime minister ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambassador uh sorry prime minister ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambassador uh sorry prime minister ran
+says we know you're about to test don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we know you're about to test don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we know you're about to test don't
+do it you're the way American sanctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you're the way American sanctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you're the way American sanctions
+will kill you and Ralph back backs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will kill you and Ralph back backs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will kill you and Ralph back backs
+off couple months later the BJP which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off couple months later the BJP which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off couple months later the BJP which is
+the opposition party the other the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposition party the other the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposition party the other the main
+opposition party of the time wins office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition party of the time wins office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition party of the time wins office
+for the first time they're in office for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time they're in office for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time they're in office for
+only 13 days so they have to pull back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 13 days so they have to pull back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 13 days so they have to pull back
+from a test that they were planning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a test that they were planning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a test that they were planning to
+conduct when they return to power in May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct when they return to power in May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct when they return to power in May
+1998 the BJP in its Manifesto says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 the BJP in its Manifesto says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 the BJP in its Manifesto says it's
+going to test nuclear weapons and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test nuclear weapons and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test nuclear weapons and yet
+the CIA claims was caught off guard when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CIA claims was caught off guard when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CIA claims was caught off guard when
+they came back to Power after they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came back to Power after they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came back to Power after they had
+ordered a test in 1996 right everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered a test in 1996 right everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered a test in 1996 right everyone
+claims that the the CIA was caught off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that the the CIA was caught off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that the the CIA was caught off
+guard by the May 1998 test but the BJP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard by the May 1998 test but the BJP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard by the May 1998 test but the BJP
+had said it publicly that if they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said it publicly that if they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had said it publicly that if they came
+into office they were going to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into office they were going to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into office they were going to test
+nuclear weapons again and they did take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons again and they did take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons again and they did take
+you know steps to camouflage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know steps to camouflage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know steps to camouflage the
+activity in the test sites but as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in the test sites but as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in the test sites but as soon
+as they come back to office you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they come back to office you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they come back to office you know two
+months after they win office for in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after they win office for in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after they win office for in a in
+a permanent majority um they test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permanent majority um they test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permanent majority um they test
+nuclear weapons with five fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons with five fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons with five fishing
+devices um they cited everything under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices um they cited everything under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices um they cited everything under
+the sumba primarily China is a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sumba primarily China is a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sumba primarily China is a reason
+for testing nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the question was how does India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the question was how does India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the question was how does India
+now that it overtly tested nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it overtly tested nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it overtly tested nuclear
+weapons operationalize its nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons operationalize its nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons operationalize its nuclear
+capabilities as I mentioned before India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities as I mentioned before India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities as I mentioned before India
+has an assured retaliation posture right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an assured retaliation posture right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an assured retaliation posture right
+so test nuclear weapons in 1998 then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so test nuclear weapons in 1998 then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so test nuclear weapons in 1998 then the
+question is how do we manage these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do we manage these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do we manage these
+things India very quickly decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things India very quickly decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things India very quickly decided to
+have a no first use policy and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a no first use policy and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a no first use policy and they were
+going to have a very assertive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a very assertive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a very assertive
+management of their nuclear forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of their nuclear forces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of their nuclear forces and
+rely on an assured retaliation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on an assured retaliation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on an assured retaliation
+capability so no tactical nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so no tactical nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so no tactical nuclear
+weapons just strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons just strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons just strategic
+weapons the capabilities under civilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons the capabilities under civilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons the capabilities under civilian
+custody and the aim of their Doctrine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody and the aim of their Doctrine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody and the aim of their Doctrine is
+to deter nuclear use against Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter nuclear use against Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter nuclear use against Indian
+population centers so it's a deterrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population centers so it's a deterrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population centers so it's a deterrence
+by punishment strategy and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by punishment strategy and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by punishment strategy and they have
+long range uh ballistic missiles they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range uh ballistic missiles they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range uh ballistic missiles they
+had some aircraft capability but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some aircraft capability but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some aircraft capability but they're
+primarily moving to missile capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily moving to missile capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily moving to missile capability
+now and they have a very recessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and they have a very recessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and they have a very recessed
+posture very few weapons on alert most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture very few weapons on alert most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture very few weapons on alert most
+of the Arsenal is actually disassembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Arsenal is actually disassembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Arsenal is actually disassembled
+during peace time some subset is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during peace time some subset is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during peace time some subset is at
+higher states of Readiness but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher states of Readiness but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher states of Readiness but it's
+primarily um it would take several you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily um it would take several you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily um it would take several you
+know several steps up the alert ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know several steps up the alert ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know several steps up the alert ladder
+before India is in a position to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before India is in a position to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before India is in a position to use
+nuclear weapons so they're not they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons so they're not they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons so they're not they're
+not uh you know on hair trigger alert as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh you know on hair trigger alert as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh you know on hair trigger alert as
+as American and Soviet weapons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as American and Soviet weapons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as American and Soviet weapons were
+Pakistan on the other hand so it tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan on the other hand so it tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan on the other hand so it tests
+shortly after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after
+India they have moved away from uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India they have moved away from uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India they have moved away from uranium
+arment to plutonium for the physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arment to plutonium for the physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arment to plutonium for the physicist
+here what's the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plutonium plutonium weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the yield of weight ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the yield of weight ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the yield of weight ratio is
+much better so if you want Battlefield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better so if you want Battlefield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better so if you want Battlefield
+nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+weapons uh or higher yield strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons uh or higher yield strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons uh or higher yield strategic
+weapons right and you have payload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons right and you have payload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons right and you have payload
+constraints you know you're trading off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you know you're trading off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you know you're trading off
+range for payload right so uh plutonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range for payload right so uh plutonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range for payload right so uh plutonium
+gets you much better yield of weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you much better yield of weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you much better yield of weight
+ratios right so it's uh about four to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios right so it's uh about four to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios right so it's uh about four to
+one advantage and uh once they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one advantage and uh once they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one advantage and uh once they had the
+uranium devices you know they're worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium devices you know they're worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium devices you know they're worried
+Pakistan was always worried that India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan was always worried that India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan was always worried that India
+would attack its nuclear facilities once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would attack its nuclear facilities once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would attack its nuclear facilities once
+it acquired basic nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it acquired basic nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it acquired basic nuclear weapons
+capability through the uranium pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability through the uranium pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability through the uranium pathway
+now it's doesn't fear that as much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's doesn't fear that as much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's doesn't fear that as much and
+so most of his plutonium production is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of his plutonium production is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of his plutonium production is
+out in the open and with Chinese help so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the open and with Chinese help so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the open and with Chinese help so
+there are series of Chinese reactors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are series of Chinese reactors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are series of Chinese reactors and
+reprocessing Facilities that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprocessing Facilities that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprocessing Facilities that are coming
+online uh and uh Pakistan is Shifting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online uh and uh Pakistan is Shifting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online uh and uh Pakistan is Shifting to
+plutonium production primarily for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium production primarily for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium production primarily for its
+Battlefield nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Battlefield nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Battlefield nuclear weapons
+capabilities its delivery capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities its delivery capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities its delivery capabilities
+were initially bought from China and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were initially bought from China and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were initially bought from China and
+North Korea so there was a missiles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Korea so there was a missiles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Korea so there was a missiles for
+Uranian enrichment capability trade that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uranian enrichment capability trade that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uranian enrichment capability trade that
+Pakistan had with China so with North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan had with China so with North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan had with China so with North
+Korea uh so it got the noong missiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea uh so it got the noong missiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea uh so it got the noong missiles
+from North Korea in exchange North Korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from North Korea in exchange North Korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from North Korea in exchange North Korea
+got some basis for its uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some basis for its uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some basis for its uranium
+enrichment capability that it now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment capability that it now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment capability that it now has
+and uh China also sold Pakistan some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh China also sold Pakistan some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh China also sold Pakistan some
+uh the M the MX sport missiles which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the M the MX sport missiles which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the M the MX sport missiles which are
+the Shaheen and uh gnavi missiles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shaheen and uh gnavi missiles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shaheen and uh gnavi missiles for
+for Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pakistan
+China Pakistan well so if you're China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China Pakistan well so if you're China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China Pakistan well so if you're China
+what's the advantage to having Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the advantage to having Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the advantage to having Pakistan
+be nuclear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nuclear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nuclear and
+uh who's in the middle right look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who's in the middle right look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who's in the middle right look at the
+look at look at the they can sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at look at the they can sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at look at the they can sandwich
+India right so the enemy of my enemy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India right so the enemy of my enemy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India right so the enemy of my enemy is
+my friend I mean it seems China had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend I mean it seems China had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend I mean it seems China had
+their own nuclear weapons so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own nuclear weapons so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own nuclear weapons so you know
+anything from Pakistan to trivial yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from Pakistan to trivial yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from Pakistan to trivial yet
+Pakistan's you know a little unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan's you know a little unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan's you know a little unstable
+you never quite know you know there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never quite know you know there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never quite know you know there some
+you know if the government collapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the government collapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the government collapses
+what might happen to those weapons no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might happen to those weapons no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might happen to those weapons no I
+mean this these are all reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this these are all reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this these are all reasonable
+questions and I think they're raised of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I think they're raised of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I think they're raised of
+the Chinese a lot right like the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese a lot right like the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese a lot right like the you
+provide a state a nuclear capability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a state a nuclear capability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a state a nuclear capability or
+assist them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assist them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assist them
+but you don't want to take cons you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want to take cons you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want to take cons you know
+responsibility if there's a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility if there's a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility if there's a you know a
+fracture in the state and nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture in the state and nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture in the state and nuclear
+weapons fall into extremist hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons fall into extremist hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons fall into extremist hands and
+the chines always you know you you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chines always you know you you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chines always you know you you go to
+some of these track 2os and chines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these track 2os and chines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these track 2os and chines
+always wash their hands of it but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wash their hands of it but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wash their hands of it but you
+know you can think from a strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can think from a strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can think from a strategic
+perspective why it makes sense for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective why it makes sense for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective why it makes sense for them
+to have India focused on Pakistan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have India focused on Pakistan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have India focused on Pakistan and
+this is one way to do it and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way to do it and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way to do it and I think
+that's the Chinese Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Chinese Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Chinese Mo
+motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation
+so Pakistan because it's trying to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Pakistan because it's trying to deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Pakistan because it's trying to deter
+Indian conventional power has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian conventional power has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian conventional power has an
+explicit an explicit first use Doctrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit an explicit first use Doctrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit an explicit first use Doctrine
+right and this has evolved in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this has evolved in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this has evolved in the past
+15 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 16
+years first of all the uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years first of all the uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years first of all the uh it's it's
+credible because all of Pakistan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible because all of Pakistan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible because all of Pakistan's
+nuclear weapons are under military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons are under military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons are under military
+custody unlike India where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody unlike India where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody unlike India where there's
+civilian custody and control of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian custody and control of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian custody and control of nuclear
+weapons Pakistan is a de facto petorian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons Pakistan is a de facto petorian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons Pakistan is a de facto petorian
+State the Army is a dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the Army is a dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the Army is a dominant
+decision-making body and so all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making body and so all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making body and so all the the
+nuclear weapons program from Cradle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons program from Cradle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons program from Cradle to
+grave is under Army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grave is under Army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grave is under Army
+management so they they control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so they they control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so they they control the
+nuclear weapons program there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons program there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons program there's been a
+shift to Battlefield nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to Battlefield nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to Battlefield nuclear weapons
+there's a uh capability known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh capability known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh capability known as the
+Naser missile if anyone has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naser missile if anyone has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naser missile if anyone has been
+following this it's a 60 kilm um short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this it's a 60 kilm um short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this it's a 60 kilm um short
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+uh nuclear weapon system uh that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nuclear weapon system uh that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nuclear weapon system uh that would
+be fielded at the you know rear edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fielded at the you know rear edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fielded at the you know rear edge of
+battle that would Target Indian forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle that would Target Indian forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle that would Target Indian forces
+if they ever if they cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they ever if they cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they ever if they cross the
+international border they have a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international border they have a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international border they have a series
+of cruise missiles which are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cruise missiles which are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cruise missiles which are also
+designed to be Battlefield nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be Battlefield nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be Battlefield nuclear
+weapons the rod and the bobber and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons the rod and the bobber and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons the rod and the bobber and they
+have a an explicitly deterrence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a an explicitly deterrence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a an explicitly deterrence by
+denial Mission they're trying to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denial Mission they're trying to deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denial Mission they're trying to deter
+Indian convention attacks across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian convention attacks across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian convention attacks across the
+international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+border so there are some the any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border so there are some the any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border so there are some the any
+questions about where and where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about where and where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about where and where we are
+in terms of how India and Pakistan think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how India and Pakistan think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how India and Pakistan think
+about nuclear weapons in their Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nuclear weapons in their Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nuclear weapons in their Force
+postures yeah around that time was India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postures yeah around that time was India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postures yeah around that time was India
+suggesting at all that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting at all that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting at all that they were
+interested in a traditional war with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a traditional war with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a traditional war with so
+this is an excellent question why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an excellent question why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an excellent question why would
+Pakistan I'll skip through some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan I'll skip through some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan I'll skip through some of this
+because the Crux of the problem now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Crux of the problem now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Crux of the problem now is
+India doesn't have any territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India doesn't have any territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India doesn't have any territorial
+designs on Pakistan right why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs on Pakistan right why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs on Pakistan right why would
+India want to dismember Pakistan further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India want to dismember Pakistan further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India want to dismember Pakistan further
+it prefers a stable Pakistan it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it prefers a stable Pakistan it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it prefers a stable Pakistan it has no
+territorial Ambitions in Pakistan there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial Ambitions in Pakistan there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial Ambitions in Pakistan there
+are there's look Kashmir is a disputed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's look Kashmir is a disputed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's look Kashmir is a disputed
+there you know dispute over Kashmir but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know dispute over Kashmir but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know dispute over Kashmir but
+frankly the line of control on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly the line of control on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly the line of control on both
+sides is effectively the deao Border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides is effectively the deao Border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides is effectively the deao Border
+there won't be much territorial revision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there won't be much territorial revision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there won't be much territorial revision
+over Kashmir uh and certainly if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Kashmir uh and certainly if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Kashmir uh and certainly if you're
+worried about a conventional attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about a conventional attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about a conventional attack
+across the international border how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the international border how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the international border how do
+you get there um I'll get to that in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get there um I'll get to that in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get there um I'll get to that in one
+second after very quickly talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second after very quickly talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second after very quickly talking about
+in the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nuclear
+sense what the difference is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense what the difference is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense what the difference is between
+South Asia and the Cold War right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Asia and the Cold War right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Asia and the Cold War right so
+both sides now have nuclear weapons some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides now have nuclear weapons some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides now have nuclear weapons some
+of the key differences between India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key differences between India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key differences between India
+Pakistan in the United States and Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan in the United States and Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan in the United States and Soviet
+Union are one rudimentary capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union are one rudimentary capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union are one rudimentary capabilities
+still organizational command and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still organizational command and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still organizational command and control
+is not as mature in either country as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as mature in either country as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as mature in either country as in
+the Cold War especially in the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War especially in the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War especially in the later
+years of the Cold War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of the Cold War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of the Cold War
+obviously but the other big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but the other big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but the other big difference
+they border each other right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they border each other right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they border each other right so the
+flight times between India and Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight times between India and Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight times between India and Pakistan
+on the order of couple minutes the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of couple minutes the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of couple minutes the US
+and Soviet Union was 30 minutes right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Soviet Union was 30 minutes right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Soviet Union was 30 minutes right so
+you a half hour to figure out what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a half hour to figure out what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a half hour to figure out what was
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+on in India and Pakistan you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in India and Pakistan you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in India and Pakistan you know you
+have two minutes if you have any early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two minutes if you have any early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two minutes if you have any early
+warning and the early warning systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning and the early warning systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning and the early warning systems
+are very rudimentary but you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very rudimentary but you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very rudimentary but you have any
+early warning or indication that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early warning or indication that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early warning or indication that the
+other side is launching a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side is launching a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side is launching a potential
+nuclear strike you have two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear strike you have two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear strike you have two minutes
+before that thing is going to hit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that thing is going to hit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that thing is going to hit right
+so your reaction times to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your reaction times to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your reaction times to be much
+quicker the other big difference is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker the other big difference is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker the other big difference is I'm
+going to skip through this uh here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip through this uh here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip through this uh here the
+other big difference is as you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big difference is as you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big difference is as you mentioned
+why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would
+India why would India be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India why would India be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India why would India be interested in
+conventional attacks against Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional attacks against Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional attacks against Pakistan
+well it wouldn't be AB initi it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it wouldn't be AB initi it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it wouldn't be AB initi it wouldn't
+be the first to initiate conflict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first to initiate conflict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first to initiate conflict the
+Indian problem right now is is facing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian problem right now is is facing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian problem right now is is facing a
+Pakistan that is more aggressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan that is more aggressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan that is more aggressively
+emboldened to launch militant attacks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emboldened to launch militant attacks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emboldened to launch militant attacks in
+India using organization proxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India using organization proxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India using organization proxy
+organizations sponsored by the state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations sponsored by the state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations sponsored by the state or
+believed to be sponsored by the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed to be sponsored by the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed to be sponsored by the state
+like Lush TBA Jai Muhammad uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Lush TBA Jai Muhammad uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Lush TBA Jai Muhammad uh and the
+strategy has CH changed since Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy has CH changed since Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy has CH changed since Pakistan
+tested nuclear weapons prior to 1998
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested nuclear weapons prior to 1998
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested nuclear weapons prior to 1998
+Pakistan you know there's a strategy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan you know there's a strategy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan you know there's a strategy uh
+coined by uh Z and general Aslam beg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined by uh Z and general Aslam beg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined by uh Z and general Aslam beg
+known as bleeding India by a Thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as bleeding India by a Thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as bleeding India by a Thousand
+Cuts so there's a strategy of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuts so there's a strategy of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuts so there's a strategy of you know
+cutting India the periphery right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting India the periphery right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting India the periphery right in the
+line of control and jemu Kashmir in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of control and jemu Kashmir in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of control and jemu Kashmir in the
+mountains right you couldn't have a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains right you couldn't have a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains right you couldn't have a real
+conventional battle but you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional battle but you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional battle but you could have
+you know terrorist infiltration there'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know terrorist infiltration there'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know terrorist infiltration there'
+be some attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some attacks
+and just uh you know small Cuts but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just uh you know small Cuts but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just uh you know small Cuts but the
+strategy has shifted since 1998 it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy has shifted since 1998 it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy has shifted since 1998 it seems
+the frequency of over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of over
+infiltration uh by uh regular forces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltration uh by uh regular forces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltration uh by uh regular forces in
+the Cargill war in 1999 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cargill war in 1999 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cargill war in 1999 and then
+multiple attacks on Indian metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple attacks on Indian metropolitan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple attacks on Indian metropolitan
+cities with these uh pakistan-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities with these uh pakistan-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities with these uh pakistan-based
+militant organizations leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militant organizations leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militant organizations leads to a
+condition where India wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition where India wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition where India wouldn't be
+starting a war but be retaliating right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a war but be retaliating right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a war but be retaliating right
+so India's mainstate threat prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so India's mainstate threat prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so India's mainstate threat prior to
+nuclearization was if you if you try the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclearization was if you if you try the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclearization was if you if you try the
+strategy of bleeding Us by a Thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy of bleeding Us by a Thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy of bleeding Us by a Thousand
+Cuts we're just going to punish you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuts we're just going to punish you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuts we're just going to punish you
+where it hurts we're going to destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it hurts we're going to destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it hurts we're going to destroy
+your army right if you're you're an army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your army right if you're you're an army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your army right if you're you're an army
+Le State an army controlled State we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le State an army controlled State we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le State an army controlled State we'll
+cross the international border and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the international border and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the international border and we
+will at trit your army right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will at trit your army right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will at trit your army right and that
+will punish Pakistan right so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will punish Pakistan right so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will punish Pakistan right so that was
+the deterrence by punishment strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterrence by punishment strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterrence by punishment strategy
+India had at the conventional level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India had at the conventional level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India had at the conventional level
+prior to nuclearization but post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to nuclearization but post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to nuclearization but post
+nuclearization now Pakistan is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclearization now Pakistan is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclearization now Pakistan is doing
+what it threatens it threatens to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it threatens it threatens to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it threatens it threatens to it's
+going to stand and fight for a while but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stand and fight for a while but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stand and fight for a while but
+in extreme it threatens tactical Nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extreme it threatens tactical Nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extreme it threatens tactical Nuclear
+use on Indian forces if India tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use on Indian forces if India tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use on Indian forces if India tries to
+retaliate across the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliate across the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliate across the international
+border and so that's the scenario that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border and so that's the scenario that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border and so that's the scenario that
+India finds itself now and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India finds itself now and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India finds itself now and that's the
+scenario in which India would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario in which India would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario in which India would think
+about conventional conflict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conventional conflict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conventional conflict with
+Pakistan it's not for territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan it's not for territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan it's not for territorial
+ambition or any territorial gains it'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambition or any territorial gains it'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambition or any territorial gains it'd
+be for retaliation after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for retaliation after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for retaliation after a
+provocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocation
+so you know there are a couple examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there are a couple examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there are a couple examples
+the first is the cargo War does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is the cargo War does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is the cargo War does anyone
+remember this 19 May 1999 so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this 19 May 1999 so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this 19 May 1999 so this was a
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+after a year after they tested nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a year after they tested nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a year after they tested nuclear
+weapons General perves mashar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons General perves mashar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons General perves mashar
+right who ended up being uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right who ended up being uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right who ended up being uh you know
+president during the first phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president during the first phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president during the first phase of the
+Afghan war in 200 you know this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghan war in 200 you know this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghan war in 200 you know this was
+right before September this two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before September this two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before September this two years
+before September 11 Naas Sharif man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before September 11 Naas Sharif man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before September 11 Naas Sharif man
+history does repeat itself Navas Sharif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history does repeat itself Navas Sharif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history does repeat itself Navas Sharif
+was then the Prime Minister he is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then the Prime Minister he is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then the Prime Minister he is again
+the Prime Minister today by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prime Minister today by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prime Minister today by the
+way uh had claims he had no knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh had claims he had no knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh had claims he had no knowledge of
+this operation but then General Peres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation but then General Peres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation but then General Peres
+masar who was the chief of Army staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masar who was the chief of Army staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masar who was the chief of Army staff
+orchestrated an operation where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrated an operation where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrated an operation where uh
+ununiform regular Pakistan forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ununiform regular Pakistan forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ununiform regular Pakistan forces
+known as the Northern Light infilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Northern Light infilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Northern Light infilt
+Northern Light infantry infiltrated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Light infantry infiltrated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Light infantry infiltrated into
+several sectors in into Indian hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several sectors in into Indian hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several sectors in into Indian hell
+Kashmir into Indian Territory and India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kashmir into Indian Territory and India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kashmir into Indian Territory and India
+responded uh with trying to dislodge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded uh with trying to dislodge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded uh with trying to dislodge the
+Pakistani forces previously this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistani forces previously this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistani forces previously this exact
+operation been attempted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation been attempted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation been attempted in
+1965 India launched air strikes across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 India launched air strikes across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1965 India launched air strikes across
+the line of control and opened a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of control and opened a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of control and opened a second
+front across the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front across the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front across the international
+border this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border this
+time the BJP responded very differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the BJP responded very differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the BJP responded very differently
+because of Pakistan's nuclearization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Pakistan's nuclearization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Pakistan's nuclearization the
+BJP was much more restrained and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJP was much more restrained and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJP was much more restrained and
+sustained heavier losses because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained heavier losses because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained heavier losses because the
+threat of uh escalating the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat of uh escalating the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat of uh escalating the conflict
+deterred the BJP from you know the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterred the BJP from you know the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterred the BJP from you know the same
+kind of response that it had in 1965
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of response that it had in 1965
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of response that it had in 1965
+that the India had so it it it refused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the India had so it it it refused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the India had so it it it refused
+to allow air operations across the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow air operations across the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow air operations across the line
+of control so Indian aircraft could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control so Indian aircraft could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control so Indian aircraft could not
+cross the line of control in Hot Pursuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the line of control in Hot Pursuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the line of control in Hot Pursuit
+of uh Pakistani infiltrators and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh Pakistani infiltrators and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh Pakistani infiltrators and most
+importantly they did not threaten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly they did not threaten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly they did not threaten to
+open up a second front the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up a second front the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up a second front the place where
+India's conventional Advantage really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India's conventional Advantage really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India's conventional Advantage really
+you know uh comes to Bear is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh comes to Bear is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh comes to Bear is on the
+international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international
+border I'll sh here right so most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border I'll sh here right so most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border I'll sh here right so most of the
+fighting was here right this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting was here right this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting was here right this is where
+the infiltration was but India has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infiltration was but India has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infiltration was but India has a
+huge advantage in this plan sector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge advantage in this plan sector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge advantage in this plan sector which
+is the international border right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the international border right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the international border right so
+anytime there's been a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime there's been a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime there's been a previous
+provocation India has always mobilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocation India has always mobilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocation India has always mobilized
+forces here and threatened to open up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces here and threatened to open up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces here and threatened to open up a
+second front where it can really bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second front where it can really bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second front where it can really bring
+its conventional power to bear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its conventional power to bear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its conventional power to bear on
+Pakistan this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan this
+time the BJP refused to threaten open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the BJP refused to threaten open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the BJP refused to threaten open it
+did not mobile any of its mainstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not mobile any of its mainstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not mobile any of its mainstate
+conventional forces on the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional forces on the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional forces on the international
+border and didn't threaten to open up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border and didn't threaten to open up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border and didn't threaten to open up a
+second front and so it took Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second front and so it took Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second front and so it took Indian
+forces a lot longer and they sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces a lot longer and they sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces a lot longer and they sustain
+much heavier losses in the Cargill War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much heavier losses in the Cargill War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much heavier losses in the Cargill War
+because they had to expel the Pakistani
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had to expel the Pakistani
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had to expel the Pakistani
+forces uh symmetrically so they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces uh symmetrically so they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces uh symmetrically so they didn't
+have the virtue of air power hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the virtue of air power hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the virtue of air power hitting
+behind Pakistani lines and there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind Pakistani lines and there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind Pakistani lines and there wasn't
+any uh ability to take pressure off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh ability to take pressure off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh ability to take pressure off of
+this front by opening up a second front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this front by opening up a second front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this front by opening up a second front
+uh in the international border so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the international border so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the international border so
+already you can see India's response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already you can see India's response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already you can see India's response is
+restrained because Pakistan was uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained because Pakistan was uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained because Pakistan was uh a
+nuclear power so shortly after September
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power so shortly after September
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power so shortly after September
+11th here two months later three months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th here two months later three months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th here two months later three months
+later there was uh an attack on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later there was uh an attack on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later there was uh an attack on the
+Indian Parliament right so you had about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Parliament right so you had about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Parliament right so you had about
+a doz half a dozen gunmen break through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a doz half a dozen gunmen break through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a doz half a dozen gunmen break through
+the barriers of the Indian Parliament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barriers of the Indian Parliament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barriers of the Indian Parliament
+House I mean imagine an an attack on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House I mean imagine an an attack on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House I mean imagine an an attack on
+Congress here right it'd be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress here right it'd be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress here right it'd be the
+equivalent so you had a a jaishi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so you had a a jaishi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so you had a a jaishi
+Muhammad and Lusher IBA joint attack on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muhammad and Lusher IBA joint attack on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muhammad and Lusher IBA joint attack on
+the Indian Parliament in Delhi right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indian Parliament in Delhi right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indian Parliament in Delhi right
+never heard of before right that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of before right that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of before right that they
+that the these militant groups which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the these militant groups which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the these militant groups which
+were nominally supported by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were nominally supported by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were nominally supported by the
+Pakistani state would attack the Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistani state would attack the Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistani state would attack the Indian
+Capital right so you have this attack in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital right so you have this attack in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital right so you have this attack in
+December and the BJP is furious right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December and the BJP is furious right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December and the BJP is furious right
+imagine what the United States would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what the United States would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what the United States would do
+if a militant organization attacked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a militant organization attacked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a militant organization attacked the
+US Congress right so you can imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Congress right so you can imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Congress right so you can imagine the
+outrage in India at the time so the BJP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrage in India at the time so the BJP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrage in India at the time so the BJP
+contemplates a limited War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplates a limited War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplates a limited War
+here across the line of control right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here across the line of control right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here across the line of control right so
+destroying terrorist camps across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying terrorist camps across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying terrorist camps across the
+line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of
+control under a lot of pressure from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control under a lot of pressure from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control under a lot of pressure from the
+US government because remember what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US government because remember what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US government because remember what's
+Happ we are mobilizing for war in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happ we are mobilizing for war in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happ we are mobilizing for war in
+Afghanistan at this point right we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan at this point right we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan at this point right we need
+Pakistan the United States needs General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan the United States needs General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan the United States needs General
+mashari uh to not be distracted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mashari uh to not be distracted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mashari uh to not be distracted by a
+conventional war with India can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional war with India can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional war with India can you
+imagine how that would have affected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how that would have affected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how that would have affected the
+US war in Afghanistan if India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US war in Afghanistan if India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US war in Afghanistan if India and
+Pakistan gone a conventional War at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan gone a conventional War at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan gone a conventional War at the
+time so there's a lot of pressure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so there's a lot of pressure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so there's a lot of pressure on
+both sides to not go to war right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides to not go to war right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides to not go to war right so uh
+deputy secretary state of the time dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deputy secretary state of the time dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deputy secretary state of the time dick
+Armitage gets on the phone he's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armitage gets on the phone he's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armitage gets on the phone he's on the
+phone he said like twice a day with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone he said like twice a day with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone he said like twice a day with the
+BJP urging them to you know show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJP urging them to you know show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJP urging them to you know show
+restraint and the and India backs off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restraint and the and India backs off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restraint and the and India backs off
+actually for a while but then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for a while but then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for a while but then there's a
+secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary
+attack in a town a small town called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack in a town a small town called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack in a town a small town called
+kuchak in jamu which is an army town and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kuchak in jamu which is an army town and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kuchak in jamu which is an army town and
+the jaes militants killed 36 Indian army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jaes militants killed 36 Indian army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jaes militants killed 36 Indian army
+families and so the BJP at this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and so the BJP at this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and so the BJP at this point is
+this is the second peak of the crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second peak of the crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second peak of the crisis
+and so the BJP says enough is enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the BJP says enough is enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the BJP says enough is enough so
+they mobilize India's three they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mobilize India's three they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mobilize India's three they call
+them three the three strike cores these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them three the three strike cores these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them three the three strike cores these
+are the main offensive components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the main offensive components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the main offensive components of the
+Indian army it's 800,000 forces in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian army it's 800,000 forces in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian army it's 800,000 forces in total
+and they're mobilized in their assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're mobilized in their assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're mobilized in their assembly
+boxes which are much larger than shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes which are much larger than shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes which are much larger than shown
+here 60 kilomet bread in these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 60 kilomet bread in these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 60 kilomet bread in these three
+positions poised for attacks across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions poised for attacks across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions poised for attacks across the
+international border so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international border so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international border so this is where
+the threat of War becomes real for South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threat of War becomes real for South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threat of War becomes real for South
+Asia right so the BJP you don't mobilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia right so the BJP you don't mobilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia right so the BJP you don't mobilize
+these forces just on a you know as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forces just on a you know as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forces just on a you know as a
+bluff and so there's a real concern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluff and so there's a real concern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluff and so there's a real concern that
+the the BJP would authorize attacks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the BJP would authorize attacks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the BJP would authorize attacks and
+at this point Pakistan engages in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point Pakistan engages in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point Pakistan engages in some
+serious nuclear signal they test three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious nuclear signal they test three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious nuclear signal they test three
+nuclear capable missiles without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear capable missiles without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear capable missiles without the
+WarHeads of course um president mashar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WarHeads of course um president mashar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WarHeads of course um president mashar
+makes very explicit nuclear threats to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes very explicit nuclear threats to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes very explicit nuclear threats to
+the Indians that if they cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indians that if they cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indians that if they cross the
+international border that Pakistan may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international border that Pakistan may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international border that Pakistan may
+have no option but to use nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no option but to use nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no option but to use nuclear
+weapons the US and the United Kingdom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons the US and the United Kingdom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons the US and the United Kingdom
+evacuate their non-essential Personnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuate their non-essential Personnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuate their non-essential Personnel
+from India I mean it was very serious at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from India I mean it was very serious at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from India I mean it was very serious at
+this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and
+uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh after these nuclear threats and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after these nuclear threats and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after these nuclear threats and again
+a lot of pressure from the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pressure from the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pressure from the United States
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+India uh prime minister vajpai orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India uh prime minister vajpai orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India uh prime minister vajpai orders
+several months later the strike Wares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several months later the strike Wares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several months later the strike Wares
+back to their their peacetime contonment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their their peacetime contonment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their their peacetime contonment
+which are in the interior of India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in the interior of India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in the interior of India and
+later on he said look I don't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on he said look I don't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on he said look I don't I don't
+think that a risk of nuclear war was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that a risk of nuclear war was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that a risk of nuclear war was
+high but I don't want to be responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but I don't want to be responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but I don't want to be responsible
+for starting one and so there was a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for starting one and so there was a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for starting one and so there was a real
+palpable threat that if India engaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palpable threat that if India engaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palpable threat that if India engaged in
+this kind of conventional operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of conventional operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of conventional operation
+against Pakistan and defeated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Pakistan and defeated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Pakistan and defeated the
+Pakistan Army that there's a real risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan Army that there's a real risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan Army that there's a real risk
+that nuclear weapons would be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the third instance was the Bombay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the third instance was the Bombay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the third instance was the Bombay
+attack in 2008 that we already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack in 2008 that we already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack in 2008 that we already talked
+about at the beginning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the beginning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the beginning so
+here right this was even more audacious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this was even more audacious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this was even more audacious
+in some ways than the parliament attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways than the parliament attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways than the parliament attack
+this wasn't a rag tag group of six guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't a rag tag group of six guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't a rag tag group of six guys
+in a car this was a dozen well-trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a car this was a dozen well-trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a car this was a dozen well-trained
+heavily armed militants coming by sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily armed militants coming by sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily armed militants coming by sea
+from Karachi quarterback now turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Karachi quarterback now turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Karachi quarterback now turns out
+by uh retired isi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh retired isi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh retired isi
+handlers right there the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handlers right there the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handlers right there the United States
+picked up signals intelligence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up signals intelligence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up signals intelligence and
+intercepts between handlers in Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepts between handlers in Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepts between handlers in Pakistan
+who were former isi officers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were former isi officers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were former isi officers
+quarterbacking the operation as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterbacking the operation as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterbacking the operation as they
+attacked Bombay and they killed 170
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked Bombay and they killed 170
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked Bombay and they killed 170
+civilians right so we all you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilians right so we all you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilians right so we all you know the
+the media tends to downplay the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media tends to downplay the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media tends to downplay the number
+of westerners that were were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of westerners that were were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of westerners that were were uh
+deliberately targeted by the militant by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately targeted by the militant by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately targeted by the militant by
+the L uh militants uh and you know India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L uh militants uh and you know India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L uh militants uh and you know India
+was justifiably outraged at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was justifiably outraged at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was justifiably outraged at this
+attack but the government was again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack but the government was again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack but the government was again
+paralyzed right so this time it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyzed right so this time it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyzed right so this time it's the
+Congress government not the BJP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress government not the BJP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress government not the BJP
+government that's making decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that's making decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that's making decisions and
+it doesn't even mobilize forces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even mobilize forces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even mobilize forces this
+time right the Prime Minister Manan sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right the Prime Minister Manan sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right the Prime Minister Manan sing
+said he did not want a repeat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he did not want a repeat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he did not want a repeat of
+2001 2002 we don't want to mobilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 2002 we don't want to mobilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 2002 we don't want to mobilize
+forces not do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces not do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces not do anything
+so what do we do and here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do and here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do and here we have the
+you know the paralysis that the Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the paralysis that the Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the paralysis that the Indian
+policy Community faces is any serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Community faces is any serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Community faces is any serious
+conventional retaliation risks nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional retaliation risks nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional retaliation risks nuclear
+escalation I think this is where India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalation I think this is where India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalation I think this is where India
+finds itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds itself
+now and this is from the a cabinet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and this is from the a cabinet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and this is from the a cabinet
+meeting so this is these are this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting so this is these are this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting so this is these are this is a
+report from the cabinet meeting where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report from the cabinet meeting where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report from the cabinet meeting where
+the Prime Minister and the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prime Minister and the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prime Minister and the defense
+minister foreign minister Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister foreign minister Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister foreign minister Finance
+Minister home minister are meeting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minister home minister are meeting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minister home minister are meeting and
+the conclusion was when all the when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion was when all the when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion was when all the when the
+dust settled all the princip agreed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust settled all the princip agreed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust settled all the princip agreed that
+the unpredictability on the Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unpredictability on the Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unpredictability on the Pakistan
+side and the fear that decision makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the fear that decision makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the fear that decision makers
+could offer a disproportionate response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could offer a disproportionate response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could offer a disproportionate response
+including the nuclear option sty me any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the nuclear option sty me any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the nuclear option sty me any
+possible chance of military action on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible chance of military action on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible chance of military action on
+India's behalf after 2611 is their uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India's behalf after 2611 is their uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India's behalf after 2611 is their uh is
+what they call The Bombay attacks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call The Bombay attacks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call The Bombay attacks it
+happened on the uh 26th of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened on the uh 26th of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened on the uh 26th of
+November
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November
+so there's there's real paralysis now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's real paralysis now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's real paralysis now
+about how do you deter so nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you deter so nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you deter so nuclear
+weapons can't deter militant attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons can't deter militant attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons can't deter militant attacks
+against the Indian state but you've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Indian state but you've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Indian state but you've lost
+your conventional option to punish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conventional option to punish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conventional option to punish
+Pakistan which was how you tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan which was how you tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan which was how you tried to
+deter it in the first place and Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter it in the first place and Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter it in the first place and Pakistan
+has has successfully deterred Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has successfully deterred Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has successfully deterred Indian
+conventional Power by lowering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Power by lowering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Power by lowering the
+nuclear threshold taking a play right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear threshold taking a play right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear threshold taking a play right
+out of the NATO Playbook threatening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the NATO Playbook threatening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the NATO Playbook threatening
+early nuclear use if Indian forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early nuclear use if Indian forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early nuclear use if Indian forces
+threaten across the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten across the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten across the international
+border so now after nuclearization 1998
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border so now after nuclearization 1998
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border so now after nuclearization 1998
+what we have is more frequent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is more frequent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is more frequent and
+intense crises triggered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense crises triggered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense crises triggered by
+Pakistan there's a belief that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan there's a belief that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan there's a belief that they're
+emboldened by The Shield of early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emboldened by The Shield of early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emboldened by The Shield of early
+nuclear use right knowing that India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear use right knowing that India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear use right knowing that India
+can't really retaliate with ground power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really retaliate with ground power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really retaliate with ground power
+right we can get into we have some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can get into we have some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can get into we have some time
+for question we can get into why India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for question we can get into why India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for question we can get into why India
+hasn't tried to develop an air strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't tried to develop an air strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't tried to develop an air strike
+option that gets into the politics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that gets into the politics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that gets into the politics of
+the Indian military the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indian military the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indian military the service
+rivalries that India has the Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivalries that India has the Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivalries that India has the Air Force
+the Air Force has has always refused to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Air Force has has always refused to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Air Force has has always refused to
+to think about options that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about options that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about options that don't
+involve the Army mobilizing because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the Army mobilizing because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the Army mobilizing because the
+belief is that Pakistan would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief is that Pakistan would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief is that Pakistan would would
+retaliate on the ground and so the Air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliate on the ground and so the Air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliate on the ground and so the Air
+Force doesn't believe that Standalone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force doesn't believe that Standalone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force doesn't believe that Standalone
+air options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air options are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air options are
+possible without a ground option being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible without a ground option being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible without a ground option being
+mobilized so what was Pakistan trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized so what was Pakistan trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized so what was Pakistan trying to
+achieve with these attacks so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve with these attacks so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve with these attacks so this is an
+interesting strategic question what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting strategic question what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting strategic question what does
+Pakistan hope so if you're Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan hope so if you're Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan hope so if you're Pakistan
+you're facing a conventional you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facing a conventional you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facing a conventional you're
+facing massive conventional inferiority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing massive conventional inferiority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing massive conventional inferiority
+which is only growing because the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is only growing because the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is only growing because the size
+and growth rates of the two countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and growth rates of the two countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and growth rates of the two countries
+are so disproportionate that India's Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so disproportionate that India's Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so disproportionate that India's Gap
+is just going to it's going to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to it's going to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to it's going to it's
+going to be a yawning Gap at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a yawning Gap at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a yawning Gap at this point
+right so going forward how do you slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so going forward how do you slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so going forward how do you slow
+India down so there's one Theory out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India down so there's one Theory out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India down so there's one Theory out
+there which is uh these periodic attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is uh these periodic attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is uh these periodic attacks
+on India's financial and political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on India's financial and political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on India's financial and political
+hubs kind of create the periodic crises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hubs kind of create the periodic crises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hubs kind of create the periodic crises
+get foreign investors kind of skittish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get foreign investors kind of skittish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get foreign investors kind of skittish
+right so you get periodic slowdowns be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you get periodic slowdowns be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you get periodic slowdowns be
+triggered by this so you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered by this so you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered by this so you can kind of
+slow down India's economic growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down India's economic growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down India's economic growth
+potential if you make it risky to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if you make it risky to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if you make it risky to invest
+in India so that's one Theory out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India so that's one Theory out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India so that's one Theory out there
+the other theory is Pakistan has always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other theory is Pakistan has always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other theory is Pakistan has always
+had crazies that it's trained to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had crazies that it's trained to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had crazies that it's trained to attack
+good crazies kill Indians bad crazies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good crazies kill Indians bad crazies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good crazies kill Indians bad crazies
+kill pakistanis and so they need a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill pakistanis and so they need a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill pakistanis and so they need a what
+you know there's a safety valve Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a safety valve Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a safety valve Theory
+and they've always had a safety valve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've always had a safety valve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've always had a safety valve
+before it was Kashmir now Kashmir is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was Kashmir now Kashmir is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was Kashmir now Kashmir is
+locked down because Indian army knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked down because Indian army knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked down because Indian army knows
+how to you know uh prevent infiltration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to you know uh prevent infiltration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to you know uh prevent infiltration
+in Kashmir for a while it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kashmir for a while it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kashmir for a while it was
+Afghanistan right you know there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan right you know there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan right you know there's the
+US military has to be asking why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US military has to be asking why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US military has to be asking why are
+these guys speaking Punjabi in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys speaking Punjabi in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys speaking Punjabi in
+Afghanistan because the these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan because the these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan because the these are the
+Punjabi trained militants the L that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Punjabi trained militants the L that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Punjabi trained militants the L that
+have gone now to Afghanistan to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone now to Afghanistan to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone now to Afghanistan to fight
+and they were killing Americans and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were killing Americans and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were killing Americans and you
+know now if you can turn them against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now if you can turn them against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now if you can turn them against
+the Indian State great right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indian State great right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indian State great right so there's
+a as long as they not killing pakistanis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as long as they not killing pakistanis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as long as they not killing pakistanis
+are good militants right and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good militants right and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good militants right and so there's
+one Theory out there that this is a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Theory out there that this is a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Theory out there that this is a the
+Pakistan State still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan State still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan State still
+views these militant groups as strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views these militant groups as strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views these militant groups as strategic
+assets of the states to perpetually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets of the states to perpetually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets of the states to perpetually
+attack and bleed India by a Thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and bleed India by a Thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and bleed India by a Thousand
+Cuts and you know if you can't get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuts and you know if you can't get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuts and you know if you can't get in
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+Kashmir if you can infiltrate by C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kashmir if you can infiltrate by C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kashmir if you can infiltrate by C to
+Bombay great if you can you know hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bombay great if you can you know hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bombay great if you can you know hit
+Delhi great before nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delhi great before nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delhi great before nuclear weapons
+hitting Bombay or Deli really risked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting Bombay or Deli really risked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting Bombay or Deli really risked
+serious conventional retaliation but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious conventional retaliation but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious conventional retaliation but now
+that you have nuclear weapons and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have nuclear weapons and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have nuclear weapons and an
+operational nuclear capability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational nuclear capability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational nuclear capability and
+tactical nuclear weapons to deter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical nuclear weapons to deter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical nuclear weapons to deter that
+conventional retaliation those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional retaliation those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional retaliation those kinds of
+audacious attacks are more possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audacious attacks are more possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audacious attacks are more possible and
+so these are the two kind of theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the two kind of theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the two kind of theories
+out there although and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there although and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there although and they're not
+mutually exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Afghanistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theist yeah there I mean think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theist yeah there I mean think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theist yeah there I mean think there
+people here who can say more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here who can say more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here who can say more about this
+who are who were who had firsthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are who were who had firsthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are who were who had firsthand
+experience with this but you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with this but you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with this but you know there
+are a lot of reports that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of reports that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of reports that you had
+Punjabi speaking right I mean most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Punjabi speaking right I mean most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Punjabi speaking right I mean most most
+of the uh most of the Afghan mujahadin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh most of the Afghan mujahadin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh most of the Afghan mujahadin
+are poshto speaking right they're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are poshto speaking right they're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are poshto speaking right they're you
+know there's a hakani networks a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a hakani networks a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a hakani networks a lot of
+a lot of these networks predate uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these networks predate uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these networks predate uh the
+predate 911 and they were uh supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate 911 and they were uh supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predate 911 and they were uh supported
+funded and there are strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded and there are strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded and there are strong
+relationships between the isi and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the isi and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the isi and some
+of the mujahedin groups in Afghanistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mujahedin groups in Afghanistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mujahedin groups in Afghanistan
+right that ended up being the remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that ended up being the remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that ended up being the remember
+the only two states that recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only two states that recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only two states that recognize the
+Taliban were Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taliban were Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taliban were Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
+right so the networks that Pakistan had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the networks that Pakistan had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the networks that Pakistan had
+in Afghanistan were very strong and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Afghanistan were very strong and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Afghanistan were very strong and they
+all they have these other groups also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they have these other groups also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they have these other groups also
+right so if they needed militants to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if they needed militants to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if they needed militants to go
+help fight what end up being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help fight what end up being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help fight what end up being the
+Americans as well as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans as well as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans as well as you know
+kai'sa it would be it would be these you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kai'sa it would be it would be these you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kai'sa it would be it would be these you
+know the L and the Jaa muhamed so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the L and the Jaa muhamed so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the L and the Jaa muhamed so there
+were reports of Punjabi speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were reports of Punjabi speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were reports of Punjabi speaking
+militants well-trained Punjabi speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militants well-trained Punjabi speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militants well-trained Punjabi speaking
+militants fighting in Afghanistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militants fighting in Afghanistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militants fighting in Afghanistan
+alongside poso speaking hakani network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside poso speaking hakani network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside poso speaking hakani network
+uh militant so you know there's that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh militant so you know there's that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh militant so you know there's that was
+a safety valve for a while and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safety valve for a while and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safety valve for a while and now you
+know I think this is why Pakistan may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think this is why Pakistan may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think this is why Pakistan may
+have an incentive you know for a fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive you know for a fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive you know for a fight
+to continue Afghanistan for a while so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue Afghanistan for a while so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue Afghanistan for a while so
+it has someplace to send its crazies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has someplace to send its crazies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has someplace to send its crazies
+right it's a safety valve for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a safety valve for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a safety valve for a while
+and they're worried about Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're worried about Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're worried about Indian
+influence in Afghanistan so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in Afghanistan so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in Afghanistan so that you
+know that there would be those militants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there would be those militants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there would be those militants
+we boxed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we boxed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we boxed into
+Pakistan on the one hand Pakistan faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan on the one hand Pakistan faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan on the one hand Pakistan faces
+you know there was this awful School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there was this awful School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there was this awful School
+attack recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack recently
+you know there's there's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's there's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's there's a real
+terrorist problem in Pakistan also right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist problem in Pakistan also right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist problem in Pakistan also right
+so bad militants kill Pakistanian good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad militants kill Pakistanian good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad militants kill Pakistanian good
+militants kill Indians and Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militants kill Indians and Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militants kill Indians and Americans
+instead I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean so I think the I think the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so I think the I think the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so I think the I think the evidence
+just a ladder I mean it is it is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a ladder I mean it is it is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a ladder I mean it is it is it is
+remarkable that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable that the
+let you know so after 2001 2002 the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know so after 2001 2002 the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know so after 2001 2002 the L
+was nominally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nominally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nominally
+banned but they just renamed themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banned but they just renamed themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banned but they just renamed themselves
+jamat dawa and H S who is the head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamat dawa and H S who is the head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamat dawa and H S who is the head of
+the L lives openly not out in the tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L lives openly not out in the tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L lives openly not out in the tribal
+areas he lives outside lore in a town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas he lives outside lore in a town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas he lives outside lore in a town
+called Mark everybody knows where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Mark everybody knows where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Mark everybody knows where they
+are they're openly fundraising he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they're openly fundraising he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they're openly fundraising he goes
+on TV calling for the death of Indians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on TV calling for the death of Indians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on TV calling for the death of Indians
+and openly right and the fact that he it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and openly right and the fact that he it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and openly right and the fact that he it
+may it's an open question whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may it's an open question whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may it's an open question whether it's
+active support or passive support but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active support or passive support but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active support or passive support but at
+least the evidence suggest the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the evidence suggest the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the evidence suggest the evidence
+suggest is at least passive support he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest is at least passive support he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest is at least passive support he's
+allowed to freely operate he's allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to freely operate he's allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to freely operate he's allowed
+to freely raise funds the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to freely raise funds the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to freely raise funds the organization
+exists it could be shut down very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it could be shut down very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists it could be shut down very easily
+it's in the heart of Pakistan it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the heart of Pakistan it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the heart of Pakistan it's like
+30 kilometers from the Indian border the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 kilometers from the Indian border the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 kilometers from the Indian border the
+Indians could hit it but they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians could hit it but they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians could hit it but they've
+refrained from doing so and but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrained from doing so and but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrained from doing so and but the
+network is allowed to recruit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is allowed to recruit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is allowed to recruit and
+operate openly we're not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate openly we're not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate openly we're not talking about
+like the Northwest Front you know kyber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Northwest Front you know kyber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Northwest Front you know kyber
+Bona and the the tribal areas this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bona and the the tribal areas this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bona and the the tribal areas this is
+this is the heartland of of Pakistan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the heartland of of Pakistan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the heartland of of Pakistan and
+so it is it is it offends cred like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is it is it offends cred like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is it is it offends cred like
+credibil like credibility to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibil like credibility to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibil like credibility to think that
+it's not there isn't some State policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there isn't some State policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there isn't some State policy
+to allow certain groups to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow certain groups to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow certain groups to
+operate to some extent while thinking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate to some extent while thinking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate to some extent while thinking it
+could Target the rest but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Target the rest but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Target the rest but there's also
+evidence that suggest these guys wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that suggest these guys wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that suggest these guys wear
+different hats on different days you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hats on different days you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hats on different days you
+know but the sectarian the sectarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but the sectarian the sectarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but the sectarian the sectarian
+groups I think are allowed to operate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups I think are allowed to operate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups I think are allowed to operate as
+long you know those are the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you know those are the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you know those are the ones that
+the other good militants seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other good militants seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other good militants seem to be
+those that kill Shia as long as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that kill Shia as long as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that kill Shia as long as they
+don't kill Sunni it's fine so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't kill Sunni it's fine so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't kill Sunni it's fine so some of
+those groups have been very very Fierce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those groups have been very very Fierce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those groups have been very very Fierce
+and are allowed to operate still uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are allowed to operate still uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are allowed to operate still uh and
+the hakani network and the L as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hakani network and the L as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hakani network and the L as long as
+they're not killing sunnis in Punjab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not killing sunnis in Punjab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not killing sunnis in Punjab
+seems like the Pakistani state is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like the Pakistani state is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like the Pakistani state is is
+willing to tolerate their existence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to tolerate their existence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to tolerate their existence and
+so that's an active State policy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an active State policy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an active State policy and
+this is different from the Cold War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is different from the Cold War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is different from the Cold War
+right we didn't have I don't think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we didn't have I don't think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we didn't have I don't think the
+United States so had to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States so had to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States so had to deal with that
+kind of proxy level militancy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of proxy level militancy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of proxy level militancy right
+where you have two strategic assets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have two strategic assets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have two strategic assets you
+have the militant organizations to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the militant organizations to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the militant organizations to try
+and weaken the other state plus nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weaken the other state plus nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weaken the other state plus nuclear
+weapons to deter the retaliation so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons to deter the retaliation so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons to deter the retaliation so that
+combination is I think what makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is I think what makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is I think what makes it
+particularly dangerous which is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly dangerous which is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly dangerous which is what I
+conclude with here right so you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude with here right so you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude with here right so you have you
+know India is extremely frustrated right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know India is extremely frustrated right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know India is extremely frustrated right
+and I think the worry in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the worry in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the worry in the United
+States is that if there's another mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is that if there's another mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is that if there's another mass
+casualty terrorist attack in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casualty terrorist attack in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casualty terrorist attack in
+India how will the BJP now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India how will the BJP now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India how will the BJP now you have
+prime minister a new prime minister who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime minister a new prime minister who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime minister a new prime minister who
+is by all accounts a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by all accounts a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by all accounts a little more
+aggressive than his predecessors right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive than his predecessors right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive than his predecessors right a
+little more hawkish and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more hawkish and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more hawkish and you know
+there's right now the stability in South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's right now the stability in South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's right now the stability in South
+Asia is predicated on Indian restraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia is predicated on Indian restraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia is predicated on Indian restraint
+following one of these mass casualty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following one of these mass casualty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following one of these mass casualty
+terrorist attacks so if there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist attacks so if there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist attacks so if there's another
+Bombay how will the BJP respond right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bombay how will the BJP respond right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bombay how will the BJP respond right
+there we can talk if anybody's heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we can talk if anybody's heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we can talk if anybody's heard of
+cold star we talk about that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold star we talk about that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold star we talk about that you guys
+can all email me if anyone ever wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all email me if anyone ever wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all email me if anyone ever wants to
+get into some of the the weeds but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into some of the the weeds but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into some of the the weeds but the
+the basic idea is is you know India has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is is you know India has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is is you know India has
+a conv has conventional superiority it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conv has conventional superiority it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conv has conventional superiority it
+has not used it yet right there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not used it yet right there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not used it yet right there's some
+belief that Pakistan's nuclear threat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that Pakistan's nuclear threat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that Pakistan's nuclear threat is
+a bluff and that India could execute C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bluff and that India could execute C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bluff and that India could execute C
+certain conventional objectives below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain conventional objectives below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain conventional objectives below
+the nuclear threshold maybe maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear threshold maybe maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear threshold maybe maybe not
+it's pretty risky particularly when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty risky particularly when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty risky particularly when we
+talk about tactical nuclear weapons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about tactical nuclear weapons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about tactical nuclear weapons that
+would at least at some point be devolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would at least at some point be devolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would at least at some point be devolved
+to you know you know the Brigadier level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know you know the Brigadier level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know you know the Brigadier level
+maybe and uh so you'll have it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and uh so you'll have it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and uh so you'll have it's not
+just one nuclear threshold but nine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one nuclear threshold but nine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one nuclear threshold but nine and
+and so you have to worry about one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have to worry about one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have to worry about one of
+them deciding that this is the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them deciding that this is the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them deciding that this is the end and
+they use nuclear weapons I think it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use nuclear weapons I think it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use nuclear weapons I think it it
+you know it's a the Pakistani strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a the Pakistani strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a the Pakistani strategy
+is actually quite rational it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually quite rational it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually quite rational it's it's
+deterring it's deterring with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterring it's deterring with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterring it's deterring with the
+rational threat that we might use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational threat that we might use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational threat that we might use
+tactical nuclear weapons but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical nuclear weapons but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical nuclear weapons but also
+through a Madman mechanism we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a Madman mechanism we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a Madman mechanism we're going
+to devolve nuclear weapons hey one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to devolve nuclear weapons hey one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to devolve nuclear weapons hey one of
+our brigadiers might use them if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our brigadiers might use them if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our brigadiers might use them if you
+come and that reinforces the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and that reinforces the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and that reinforces the rational
+deterrent threat as well and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrent threat as well and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrent threat as well and so you know
+so far you know both in Cargill sorry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far you know both in Cargill sorry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far you know both in Cargill sorry in
+three instances Cargill parac and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three instances Cargill parac and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three instances Cargill parac and uh
+Bombay India has been relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bombay India has been relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bombay India has been relatively
+restrained as conventional retaliation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained as conventional retaliation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained as conventional retaliation
+and its response and uh so far that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its response and uh so far that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its response and uh so far that has
+taken India off India and Pakistan off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken India off India and Pakistan off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken India off India and Pakistan off
+the escalatory highway but it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the escalatory highway but it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the escalatory highway but it's no
+guarantee that that'll continue going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that that'll continue going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that that'll continue going
+forward I think emotions in India are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I think emotions in India are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I think emotions in India are
+running very high Visa Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running very high Visa Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running very high Visa Pakistan
+particularly you know there's increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly you know there's increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly you know there's increased
+shelling across the line of control in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelling across the line of control in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelling across the line of control in
+the past several months uh and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past several months uh and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past several months uh and if
+there's a if there's a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a if there's a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a if there's a significant
+attack in a major that involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack in a major that involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack in a major that involves the
+death of many Indian civilians there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death of many Indian civilians there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death of many Indian civilians there
+will be a lot of pressure on on Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a lot of pressure on on Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a lot of pressure on on Prime
+Minister Modi to do something about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minister Modi to do something about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minister Modi to do something about it
+and then you know all bets are off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know all bets are off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know all bets are off
+because you'll have nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll have nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll have nuclear weapons
+potentially mixed with conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially mixed with conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially mixed with conventional
+conflict and that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and that would be the
+escalation ladder I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalation ladder I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalation ladder I think that's
+something that we're likely it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're likely it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're likely it's this
+element of uh terrorist attacks mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of uh terrorist attacks mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of uh terrorist attacks mass
+casualty terrorist attacks that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casualty terrorist attacks that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casualty terrorist attacks that didn't
+exist in the cold war that makes South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the cold war that makes South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the cold war that makes South
+Asia quite different I think from the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia quite different I think from the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia quite different I think from the US
+and Soviet balance um and so it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Soviet balance um and so it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Soviet balance um and so it's that
+combination of proxy forces and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of proxy forces and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of proxy forces and and the
+arms race that I think makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms race that I think makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms race that I think makes it
+particularly unstable so I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly unstable so I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly unstable so I'm just going
+to stop there we are almost at time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop there we are almost at time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop there we are almost at time but
+I'm happy to take questions for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to take questions for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to take questions for a while
+if anybody has any further thoughts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody has any further thoughts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody has any further thoughts or
+anything yeah does Pakistan have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything yeah does Pakistan have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything yeah does Pakistan have
+strategic weapons aimed at Indian cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic weapons aimed at Indian cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic weapons aimed at Indian cities
+or we also reach yeah yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we also reach yeah yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we also reach yeah yeah so this is
+this gets into concept known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets into concept known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets into concept known as
+escalation dominance right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalation dominance right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalation dominance right so uh
+Pakistan also has strategic weapons uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan also has strategic weapons uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan also has strategic weapons uh
+that put most of India's major cities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that put most of India's major cities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that put most of India's major cities in
+in reach right so the idea of being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reach right so the idea of being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reach right so the idea of being that
+that deters Indian retaliation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deters Indian retaliation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deters Indian retaliation for
+tactical nucle so Pakistan views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical nucle so Pakistan views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical nucle so Pakistan views
+tactical Nuclear use as a war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical Nuclear use as a war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical Nuclear use as a war
+terminating strategy because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating strategy because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating strategy because of the
+Strategic weapons right so if the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic weapons right so if the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic weapons right so if the idea
+is Indian conventional forces attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Indian conventional forces attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Indian conventional forces attack
+Pakistan stands and fight conventionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan stands and fight conventionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan stands and fight conventionally
+fine they start losing they use tactical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine they start losing they use tactical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine they start losing they use tactical
+nuclear weapons on Indian forces but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons on Indian forces but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons on Indian forces but now
+I have a secure second strike capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a secure second strike capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a secure second strike capability
+also on Pakistan so India has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on Pakistan so India has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on Pakistan so India has no
+incentive to use its strategic nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to use its strategic nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to use its strategic nuclear
+weapons against Pakistani cities right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons against Pakistani cities right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons against Pakistani cities right
+because F you nuclear use on your forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because F you nuclear use on your forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because F you nuclear use on your forces
+operating on Pakistani soil that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on Pakistani soil that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on Pakistani soil that's
+already happened am I willing to risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happened am I willing to risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happened am I willing to risk
+Delhi and Bombay for retaliating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delhi and Bombay for retaliating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delhi and Bombay for retaliating
+probably not now absent that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not now absent that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not now absent that those
+strategic capabilities you're right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic capabilities you're right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic capabilities you're right then
+India could easily retaliate and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India could easily retaliate and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India could easily retaliate and there
+would be no reciprocation from Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be no reciprocation from Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be no reciprocation from Pakistan
+but Pakistan is trying to establish what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Pakistan is trying to establish what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Pakistan is trying to establish what
+it calls escalation dominance so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it calls escalation dominance so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it calls escalation dominance so that it
+could use tactical nuclear weapons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use tactical nuclear weapons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use tactical nuclear weapons and
+that would be the end of it so India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the end of it so India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the end of it so India
+would have no incentive to retaliate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no incentive to retaliate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no incentive to retaliate
+with strategic nuclear weapons against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strategic nuclear weapons against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strategic nuclear weapons against
+Pakistan there is some belief that India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan there is some belief that India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan there is some belief that India
+is looking at lower order use options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking at lower order use options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking at lower order use options
+right so India has no tactical nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so India has no tactical nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so India has no tactical nuclear
+weapons itself but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons itself but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons itself but there are some
+capabilities that could be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that could be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that could be used for
+softer targets than just cities and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer targets than just cities and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer targets than just cities and it
+may be that India tries to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that India tries to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that India tries to you know
+develop Tit for Tat capabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop Tit for Tat capabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop Tit for Tat capabilities and
+then that's that's basically your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's that's basically your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's that's basically your
+escalation ladder as well in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think part of it is you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think part of it is you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think part of it is you can't do
+it too often right you do it too often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too often right you do it too often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too often right you do it too often
+and then quarter World opinion I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then quarter World opinion I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then quarter World opinion I think
+you know there's a there's a limit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a there's a limit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a there's a limit to
+how often you can do it but once every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often you can do it but once every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often you can do it but once every
+two three years is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three years is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three years is not
+nothing and you know there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and you know there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and you know there's always
+chatter there have been there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatter there have been there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatter there have been there have been
+several instances where the Indian home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several instances where the Indian home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several instances where the Indian home
+Ministry claims now I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry claims now I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry claims now I don't know how
+good the evidence is that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the evidence is that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the evidence is that they've
+disrupted several uh uh attacks by let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted several uh uh attacks by let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted several uh uh attacks by let
+on on Indians on India um but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on Indians on India um but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on Indians on India um but you know
+every several years I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every several years I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every several years I think you know
+that's that's that's not nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's not nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's not nothing and
+uh they also choose relatively strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they also choose relatively strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they also choose relatively strategic
+moments to do it so uh if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments to do it so uh if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments to do it so uh if you look at
+the timing of the attack on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing of the attack on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing of the attack on the
+parliament two months after 911 just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parliament two months after 911 just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parliament two months after 911 just as
+the Pakistani us relationship is growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pakistani us relationship is growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pakistani us relationship is growing
+again maybe there's a belief you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again maybe there's a belief you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again maybe there's a belief you can get
+away with it because us is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with it because us is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with it because us is going to
+protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect
+you uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the
+Bombay attack was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bombay attack was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bombay attack was just
+as then president mashar was there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as then president mashar was there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as then president mashar was there was
+discussion of concluding a back Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of concluding a back Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of concluding a back Channel
+final agreement over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final agreement over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final agreement over
+Kashmir and the the L and the India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kashmir and the the L and the India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kashmir and the the L and the India
+focused militants acted as veto players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused militants acted as veto players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused militants acted as veto players
+as spoilers right and so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as spoilers right and so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as spoilers right and so there was a
+comp something know as a composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp something know as a composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp something know as a composite
+dialogue ongoing between India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue ongoing between India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue ongoing between India and
+Pakistan in 2008 where literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan in 2008 where literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan in 2008 where literally
+everybody knew what the final solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knew what the final solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knew what the final solution
+and you know peace deal between India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know peace deal between India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know peace deal between India
+and Pakistan would look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pakistan would look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pakistan would look like and
+president mashar was very serious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president mashar was very serious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president mashar was very serious about
+it this was spoilers within Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this was spoilers within Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this was spoilers within Pakistan
+vetoing that that deal and disrupting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vetoing that that deal and disrupting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vetoing that that deal and disrupting
+the dialogue right so India had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue right so India had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue right so India had no
+option but to terminate the composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option but to terminate the composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option but to terminate the composite
+dialogue after Bombay right and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue after Bombay right and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue after Bombay right and it
+hasn't really restarted and so uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't really restarted and so uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't really restarted and so uh those
+strategic moments I think are are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic moments I think are are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic moments I think are are are
+chosen uh by by Pakistani militants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen uh by by Pakistani militants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen uh by by Pakistani militants to
+attack India yes sir so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack India yes sir so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack India yes sir so what is the
+story what I've heard bits and pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story what I've heard bits and pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story what I've heard bits and pieces
+about KH how did he Evol where you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about KH how did he Evol where you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about KH how did he Evol where you come
+from what was what was uh yeah so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what was what was uh yeah so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what was what was uh yeah so uh
+that's a you know that's a whole whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a you know that's a whole whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a you know that's a whole whole
+other like a you know AQ you know so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like a you know AQ you know so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like a you know AQ you know so he
+he stole the he stole the designs he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he stole the he stole the designs he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he stole the he stole the designs he
+provided the uranium en enrichment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided the uranium en enrichment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided the uranium en enrichment
+capability to Pakistan he uh he or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to Pakistan he uh he or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to Pakistan he uh he or uh
+orchestrated a network of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrated a network of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrated a network of global
+suppliers for the components for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers for the components for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers for the components for the
+centrifuges which he then leveraged for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuges which he then leveraged for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuges which he then leveraged for
+both state policy right so he used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both state policy right so he used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both state policy right so he used that
+Network to get North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network to get North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network to get North
+Korea its centrifuge capability um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea its centrifuge capability um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea its centrifuge capability um uh
+but whether with complicit State support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whether with complicit State support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whether with complicit State support
+court or acting on his own he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court or acting on his own he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court or acting on his own he also
+decided to make some money by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to make some money by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to make some money by
+Moonlighting maybe with Iran and Libya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moonlighting maybe with Iran and Libya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moonlighting maybe with Iran and Libya
+and there's belied to be a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's belied to be a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's belied to be a fourth
+customer don't know who that is but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer don't know who that is but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer don't know who that is but uh
+you know there's a big debate also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a big debate also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a big debate also in
+the Pakistan nuclear Community about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pakistan nuclear Community about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pakistan nuclear Community about how
+influential aukon really was I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential aukon really was I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential aukon really was I mean
+they're moving to the plutonium designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving to the plutonium designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving to the plutonium designs
+anyway P which is the uh uh Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway P which is the uh uh Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway P which is the uh uh Pakistan
+atomic energy commission they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic energy commission they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic energy commission they were
+responsible plutonium production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible plutonium production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible plutonium production
+pathway uh you know they were competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway uh you know they were competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway uh you know they were competing
+for designs and you know for for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for designs and you know for for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for designs and you know for for uh
+ownership of the Pakistani program so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of the Pakistani program so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of the Pakistani program so in
+Pakistan you know he's still he claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan you know he's still he claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan you know he's still he claims
+to be the father of the Pakistani bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the father of the Pakistani bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the father of the Pakistani bomb
+that's up for dispute but uh some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up for dispute but uh some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up for dispute but uh some of the
+some of the proliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the proliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the proliferation
+activities uh it is unclear whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities uh it is unclear whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities uh it is unclear whether
+they're state sponsored or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're state sponsored or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're state sponsored or you know
+whether there was some State complicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there was some State complicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there was some State complicity
+and he just acted on his own or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he just acted on his own or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he just acted on his own or whether
+he acted completely on his own he set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he acted completely on his own he set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he acted completely on his own he set up
+this thing I mean is it true I you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I mean is it true I you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I mean is it true I you have
+this business that basically sells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business that basically sells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business that basically sells
+nuclear technology will pay the money I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear technology will pay the money I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear technology will pay the money I
+mean like I said you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like I said you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean like I said you I
+mean he uh he there was a catalog you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he uh he there was a catalog you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he uh he there was a catalog you
+could you could get a brochure for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could get a brochure for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could get a brochure for for
+yeah and so it it is true right that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so it it is true right that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so it it is true right that you
+know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there
+was he definitely had Rel you know uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he definitely had Rel you know uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he definitely had Rel you know uh uh
+significant dealings with Iran which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant dealings with Iran which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant dealings with Iran which is
+kind of interesting because Iran and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting because Iran and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting because Iran and
+Pakistan aren't natural ones that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan aren't natural ones that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan aren't natural ones that you
+know made Shia Sunni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know made Shia Sunni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know made Shia Sunni
+uh one you know the they're not they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one you know the they're not they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one you know the they're not they're
+not natural and Iran has also uh been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not natural and Iran has also uh been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not natural and Iran has also uh been
+involved with the beluchistan Insurgency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with the beluchistan Insurgency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with the beluchistan Insurgency
+in Pakistan so that he would sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pakistan so that he would sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pakistan so that he would sell
+centrifuges to Iran seems a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuges to Iran seems a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuges to Iran seems a little
+puzzling maybe it was for it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling maybe it was for it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling maybe it was for it seems like
+personal gain would be a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal gain would be a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal gain would be a very strong
+explanation um there were some there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation um there were some there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation um there were some there's
+some uh evidence that he approached Iraq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh evidence that he approached Iraq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh evidence that he approached Iraq
+in the late 1980s also for uh if to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 1980s also for uh if to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 1980s also for uh if to see
+if they're interested in uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're interested in uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're interested in uranium
+enrichment Saddam husin thought it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment Saddam husin thought it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment Saddam husin thought it was a
+a trap so you know he he passed on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trap so you know he he passed on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trap so you know he he passed on it
+but yeah I mean there was there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I mean there was there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I mean there was there's no
+question that there was this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that there was this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that there was this is a big
+nonproliferation failure yeah I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation failure yeah I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation failure yeah I can't
+remember if I read about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+heing yeah there's no question he made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heing yeah there's no question he made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heing yeah there's no question he made a
+lot of money for but like you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money for but like you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money for but like you would have
+to lever some assets from the Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lever some assets from the Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lever some assets from the Pakistan
+military to do some of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military to do some of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military to do some of this stuff
+there's no way that they didn't some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way that they didn't some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way that they didn't some
+people didn't know about it unless they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't know about it unless they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't know about it unless they
+were in on the take right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in on the take right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in on the take right which is
+entirely possible I mean I find it hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely possible I mean I find it hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely possible I mean I find it hard
+certainly the North Korean deal I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the North Korean deal I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the North Korean deal I mean
+they flew Pakistani C7 right so they it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they flew Pakistani C7 right so they it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they flew Pakistani C7 right so they it
+was military transport that took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was military transport that took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was military transport that took the
+first centrifuge Cascade over to North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first centrifuge Cascade over to North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first centrifuge Cascade over to North
+Korea so that was definitely state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea so that was definitely state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea so that was definitely state to
+state some of the other stuff is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state some of the other stuff is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state some of the other stuff is just
+really murky as to the level of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really murky as to the level of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really murky as to the level of State
+complicity were there people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicity were there people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicity were there people in the
+Pakistan government who knew he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan government who knew he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan government who knew he was
+doing it I probably it' be hard for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it I probably it' be hard for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it I probably it' be hard for me
+to believe that they didn't but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that they didn't but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that they didn't but it
+probably may not have been State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably may not have been State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably may not have been State
+policy yes sir last question I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy yes sir last question I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy yes sir last question I think
+then we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we got
+to I think that the influence of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I think that the influence of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I think that the influence of us
+support is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so we impose sanctions after 1998
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we impose sanctions after 1998
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we impose sanctions after 1998
+but then after September 11th we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pakistan there are a couple good books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan there are a couple good books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan there are a couple good books
+on this out recently I'm not a Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this out recently I'm not a Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this out recently I'm not a Pakistan
+expert and this gets into very like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert and this gets into very like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert and this gets into very like you
+know the empirical evidence for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the empirical evidence for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the empirical evidence for this is
+is we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't
+know but Pakistan could be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but Pakistan could be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but Pakistan could be very
+vulnerable I mean I think a non-tribal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable I mean I think a non-tribal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable I mean I think a non-tribal
+proportion of their uh Revenue comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of their uh Revenue comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of their uh Revenue comes
+from from us and international aid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from us and international aid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from us and international aid but
+on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other
+hand given the militancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand given the militancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand given the militancy
+problem I think most countries prefer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I think most countries prefer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I think most countries prefer a
+stable Pakistan to an unstable Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable Pakistan to an unstable Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable Pakistan to an unstable Pakistan
+and heavy sanctions could really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heavy sanctions could really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heavy sanctions could really
+disrupt the fabric of that state and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt the fabric of that state and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt the fabric of that state and so
+it it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's it's a
+it's a very thin line you walk right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very thin line you walk right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very thin line you walk right and
+part of it is I think the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is I think the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is I think the opportunity
+that the United States had was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the United States had was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the United States had was in the
+1980s and there was a belief in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s and there was a belief in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s and there was a belief in the
+Reagan Administration that it was one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reagan Administration that it was one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reagan Administration that it was one or
+the other it was either we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other it was either we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other it was either we needed
+Pakistan for against the SES or it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan for against the SES or it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan for against the SES or it's a
+nuclear program but we couldn't deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear program but we couldn't deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear program but we couldn't deal
+with both at the same time so we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both at the same time so we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both at the same time so we you
+know the United States wasn't happy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the United States wasn't happy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the United States wasn't happy it
+wasn't like the US was happy about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't like the US was happy about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't like the US was happy about the
+Pakistani nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistani nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistani nuclear
+program but it certainly true that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but it certainly true that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but it certainly true that the
+executive was willing to look the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive was willing to look the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive was willing to look the other
+way and tolerate certain movement up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and tolerate certain movement up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and tolerate certain movement up to
+a point probably on the belief that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point probably on the belief that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point probably on the belief that was
+kind of inevit there's nothing much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of inevit there's nothing much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of inevit there's nothing much you
+could do about it I'm not sure if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do about it I'm not sure if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do about it I'm not sure if that
+was true I actually think that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was true I actually think that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was true I actually think that there
+were a lot of Leverage points we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of Leverage points we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of Leverage points we the
+United States could have had in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States could have had in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States could have had in the
+1980s and didn't take advantage of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s and didn't take advantage of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s and didn't take advantage of them
+but that's also you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's also you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's also you know an
+Administration fighting this war may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration fighting this war may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration fighting this war may not
+believe it has the bandwidth to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it has the bandwidth to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it has the bandwidth to deal
+with both and I think that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both and I think that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both and I think that's kind of
+where they they ended up but if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they they ended up but if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they they ended up but if there
+was ever a point it was probably in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ever a point it was probably in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ever a point it was probably in the
+1980s to stop Pakistan from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s to stop Pakistan from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s to stop Pakistan from from
+becoming a nuclear state in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a nuclear state in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a nuclear state in the first
+place but now that they are I don't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but now that they are I don't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but now that they are I don't it's
+really hard to see what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to see what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to see what you can
+do Aaron yeah look this sort of overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Aaron yeah look this sort of overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Aaron yeah look this sort of overall
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+yeah which is tough I mean it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which is tough I mean it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which is tough I mean it's a very
+unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situationist and you either keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situationist and you either keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situationist and you either keep going
+incrementally the way it's been going or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally the way it's been going or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally the way it's been going or
+you take a big step and the big step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a big step and the big step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a big step and the big step is
+either you're going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're going to do something
+warlike or peace like yeah and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warlike or peace like yeah and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warlike or peace like yeah and there is
+a peace like thing which never seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peace like thing which never seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peace like thing which never seems to
+surface which is look if you can't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which is look if you can't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which is look if you can't solve
+it by warlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by warlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by warlike
+steps then you have to solve it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps then you have to solve it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps then you have to solve it by
+eliminating the political tension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the political tension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the political tension and
+that doesn't seem to be possible in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't seem to be possible in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't seem to be possible in in
+in India India is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India India is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India India is the
+strong why don't they you know stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong why don't they you know stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong why don't they you know stand up
+what's your analysis why don't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your analysis why don't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your analysis why don't they
+stand up and say okay we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up and say okay we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up and say okay we're not going to
+solve this milit so we better I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this milit so we better I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this milit so we better I think
+there was a real go I think there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a real go I think there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a real go I think there was a
+real golden opportunity 2008 I think M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real golden opportunity 2008 I think M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real golden opportunity 2008 I think M
+Mo sing and then foreign secretary Shi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo sing and then foreign secretary Shi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo sing and then foreign secretary Shi
+Shanker Menon who's going to be at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shanker Menon who's going to be at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shanker Menon who's going to be at MIT
+actually uh in February at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh in February at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh in February at the center
+for national uh studies with us you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for national uh studies with us you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for national uh studies with us you know
+he can he can give more insight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can he can give more insight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can he can give more insight into
+this but I believe that they were India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I believe that they were India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I believe that they were India
+was ready to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ready to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ready to do that in
+2008 and mashari was ready to do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 and mashari was ready to do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 and mashari was ready to do this in
+2008 certain elements of the Pakistani
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 certain elements of the Pakistani
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 certain elements of the Pakistani
+Security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security
+Services and their proxy forces and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services and their proxy forces and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services and their proxy forces and the
+let were not and so it it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let were not and so it it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let were not and so it it was just
+politically untenable after the Bombay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically untenable after the Bombay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically untenable after the Bombay
+attack for the Indian political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack for the Indian political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack for the Indian political
+leadership and so the spoilers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership and so the spoilers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership and so the spoilers the
+spoilers spoiled they spoiled it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoilers spoiled they spoiled it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoilers spoiled they spoiled it but the
+point is that that was the time to stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that that was the time to stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that that was the time to stand
+up and probably again because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and probably again because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and probably again because you're
+you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in
+a no I think that's but I mean the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a no I think that's but I mean the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a no I think that's but I mean the the
+politics of it were just too I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics of it were just too I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics of it were just too I mean
+there's just no way that that government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just no way that that government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just no way that that government
+could have survived if it if it continu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have survived if it if it continu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have survived if it if it continu
+with a composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a composite
+dialogue and I me it was also it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and I me it was also it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and I me it was also it was
+also a case where the you know they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a case where the you know they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a case where the you know they were
+fac they were elections were the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fac they were elections were the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fac they were elections were the next
+year right there was no way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year right there was no way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year right there was no way that the
+composite dialogue could have continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite dialogue could have continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite dialogue could have continue
+after bombing no country could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after bombing no country could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after bombing no country could do that
+no political leadership could that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no political leadership could that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no political leadership could that's
+just unfortunate you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just unfortunate you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just unfortunate you know the
+unfortunate nature of politics and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate nature of politics and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate nature of politics and I
+think the let knew that right you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the let knew that right you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the let knew that right you do you
+perpetrate this attack and you will kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetrate this attack and you will kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetrate this attack and you will kill
+the composite dialogue and the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite dialogue and the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite dialogue and the back
+Channel talk and that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel talk and that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel talk and that's exactly what
+happened uh it may be you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh it may be you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh it may be you know it's
+interesting because sometimes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because sometimes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because sometimes you know
+you need a Nixon in a China moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a Nixon in a China moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a Nixon in a China moment and
+Modi who is hawkish in the BJP he has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modi who is hawkish in the BJP he has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modi who is hawkish in the BJP he has a
+credibility to get the right on his side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility to get the right on his side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility to get the right on his side
+right he he's protected on his right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he he's protected on his right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he he's protected on his right
+flank which often tends to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flank which often tends to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flank which often tends to be the
+spoiler in India so he has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiler in India so he has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiler in India so he has an
+opportunity I think and I wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity I think and I wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity I think and I wouldn't be
+surprised if there's some movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if there's some movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if there's some movement
+toward it in this Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward it in this Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward it in this Administration
+provided there are no other attacks so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided there are no other attacks so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided there are no other attacks so I
+think you're right all the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're right all the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're right all the piece
+everybody knows what the what the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows what the what the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows what the what the final
+deal looks like right there's some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal looks like right there's some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal looks like right there's some like
+you know uh there's one hiccup about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh there's one hiccup about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh there's one hiccup about
+whether it's sequential or simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's sequential or simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's sequential or simultaneous
+demilitarization of the SE like minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demilitarization of the SE like minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demilitarization of the SE like minor
+things that you could I mean those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you could I mean those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you could I mean those are
+solved but everything else sry line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved but everything else sry line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved but everything else sry line of
+control becomes the de facto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control becomes the de facto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control becomes the de facto
+international border everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international border everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international border everything else
+gets you know adjudicated and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you know adjudicated and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you know adjudicated and maybe you
+know Modi has five years so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Modi has five years so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Modi has five years so it's
+possible if anyone in India can do it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if anyone in India can do it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if anyone in India can do it I
+think it has to be somebody from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it has to be somebody from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it has to be somebody from the
+right uh the question is whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh the question is whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh the question is whether it's a
+willing partner willing Partners on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing partner willing Partners on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing partner willing Partners on
+Pakistan exactly so okay I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan exactly so okay I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan exactly so okay I think uh
+we're over time so we should I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're over time so we should I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're over time so we should I got to
+pick up my kid from daycare so uh thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up my kid from daycare so uh thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up my kid from daycare so uh thank
+you guys thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cwO5KdgBQh0.txt b/cwO5KdgBQh0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1af826653c66708ed0601027a9d02787fe4832b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cwO5KdgBQh0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's even a little bit more that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even a little bit more that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even a little bit more that we
+can learn about our energy diagram and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn about our energy diagram and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn about our energy diagram and I
+like to um just clean this diagram up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to um just clean this diagram up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to um just clean this diagram up
+for a little bit a second because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit a second because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit a second because I want
+to work in this area suppose our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in this area suppose our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in this area suppose our system
+because the work non-conservative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the work non-conservative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the work non-conservative is
+zero tells us that the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero tells us that the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero tells us that the mechanical
+energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+constant now we don't know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now we don't know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now we don't know how much
+mechanical energy our system is that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy our system is that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy our system is that's a
+constant of the system but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the system but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the system but let's just
+suppose that our mechanical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that our mechanical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that our mechanical energy
+is written like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written like
+that and we'll just clean up a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll just clean up a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll just clean up a little
+give ourselves a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give ourselves a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give ourselves a little
+space so here's the mechanical energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so here's the mechanical energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so here's the mechanical energy of
+the system and that's a constant and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and that's a constant and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and that's a constant and now
+we can talk about two more special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about two more special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about two more special
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+a point over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point over
+here and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and at this
+point let's just think about what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point let's just think about what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point let's just think about what our
+mechanical energy tells us for this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy tells us for this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy tells us for this is a
+special point but let's begin with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special point but let's begin with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special point but let's begin with one
+right here if our particle is at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here if our particle is at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here if our particle is at this
+location then this represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location then this represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location then this represents the
+potential energy and the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and the difference
+between the energy and the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the energy and the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the energy and the potential
+energy is the kinetic energy so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the kinetic energy so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the kinetic energy so so this
+here represents the kinetic energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represents the kinetic energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represents the kinetic energy and
+now we can ask ourselves what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can ask ourselves what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can ask ourselves what would
+happen to the energies as our particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the energies as our particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the energies as our particle
+is moving so if we start right here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving so if we start right here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving so if we start right here the
+kinetic energy is zero because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is zero because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is zero because all the
+potential energy all the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy all the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy all the energy is
+potential and as the particle starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and as the particle starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and as the particle starts to
+move it let's say it has a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it let's say it has a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it let's say it has a little bit of
+energy it starts to move in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it starts to move in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it starts to move in this
+direction then the kinetic energy starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then the kinetic energy starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then the kinetic energy starts
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+increase until we get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase until we get to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase until we get to this
+point where the kinetic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the kinetic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the kinetic energy is
+maximum at the stable equilibrium point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum at the stable equilibrium point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum at the stable equilibrium point
+um where the force is zero now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the force is zero now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the force is zero now the
+kinetic energy decreases because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy decreases because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy decreases because
+remember it's now going against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's now going against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's now going against the
+force this side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force this side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force this side the
+force was pointing in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force was pointing in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force was pointing in that direction
+here it was in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it was in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it was in the other direction
+and until we finally get to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and until we finally get to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and until we finally get to this point
+where again the energy of the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again the energy of the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again the energy of the system is
+equal to all potential energy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to all potential energy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to all potential energy and so
+there is no kinetic energy so I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no kinetic energy so I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no kinetic energy so I'll call
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+a and I'll refer to this point over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I'll refer to this point over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I'll refer to this point over here
+diagram is getting a little crowded as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is getting a little crowded as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is getting a little crowded as
+B and those points A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are what we call the turnaround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points and they represent the places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and they represent the places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and they represent the places
+where the kinetic energy at XA is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the kinetic energy at XA is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the kinetic energy at XA is equal
+to the kinetic energy at XB which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the kinetic energy at XB which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the kinetic energy at XB which is
+zero now the last thing that we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now the last thing that we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now the last thing that we'd like
+there's a lot of information as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of information as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of information as you can
+see contained in these energy diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see contained in these energy diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see contained in these energy diagrams
+and the last bit of information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last bit of information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last bit of information that
+we'd like to ask ourselves is what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to ask ourselves is what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to ask ourselves is what would
+happen if instead of having confining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if instead of having confining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if instead of having confining
+our system to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system to this
+area we increased our mechanical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area we increased our mechanical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area we increased our mechanical energy
+so we're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're up
+here and let's just follow qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's just follow qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's just follow qualitatively
+the motion of a particle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of a particle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of a particle that
+begins say over here with a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins say over here with a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins say over here with a little bit
+of kinetic energy and potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinetic energy and potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinetic energy and potential
+energy and if the particle starts off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and if the particle starts off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and if the particle starts off
+with a velocity in the positive X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a velocity in the positive X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a velocity in the positive X
+Direction then it's going to move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction then it's going to move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction then it's going to move in
+this direction and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and you can see the
+kinetic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is
+increasing here we have a maximum amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing here we have a maximum amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing here we have a maximum amount
+of kinetic energy but notice that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinetic energy but notice that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinetic energy but notice that over
+here the particle still has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the particle still has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the particle still has some
+positive kinetic energy and so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive kinetic energy and so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive kinetic energy and so it can
+get over this hill and when it gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over this hill and when it gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over this hill and when it gets to
+the other side the force was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side the force was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side the force was in the
+positive direction it increases its IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive direction it increases its IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive direction it increases its IC
+energy and it goes off to what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and it goes off to what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and it goes off to what we're
+referring to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to as
+Infinity so one analogy that people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so one analogy that people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so one analogy that people like
+to make is to understand the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is to understand the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is to understand the motion
+think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a
+marble that's rolling down a hill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble that's rolling down a hill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble that's rolling down a hill and
+this is just a metaphor for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a metaphor for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a metaphor for this
+potential energy function as the marble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy function as the marble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy function as the marble
+rolls down the hill it gains kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls down the hill it gains kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls down the hill it gains kinetic
+energy it loses potential energy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it loses potential energy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it loses potential energy it
+comes maximum at the bottom of the hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes maximum at the bottom of the hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes maximum at the bottom of the hill
+as goes up the hill it still has enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as goes up the hill it still has enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as goes up the hill it still has enough
+kinetic energy to get over the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy to get over the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy to get over the top of
+the hill and to start to come down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill and to start to come down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill and to start to come down the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+side and of course our particle can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and of course our particle can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and of course our particle can
+never get to the speed of light so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get to the speed of light so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get to the speed of light so it
+will our model has to break off at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will our model has to break off at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will our model has to break off at one
+point
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d7_bZxCErjo.txt b/d7_bZxCErjo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c86c04d4f02594cb5474eb0fd3882add984617df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d7_bZxCErjo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay hi so my name is Sarek and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hi so my name is Sarek and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hi so my name is Sarek and I'm
+gonna be talking today about how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be talking today about how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be talking today about how we can
+use the 21 centimeter hydrogen line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the 21 centimeter hydrogen line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the 21 centimeter hydrogen line to
+determine the Galactic rotation curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the Galactic rotation curve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the Galactic rotation curve in
+sum of a structure of the Milky Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of a structure of the Milky Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of a structure of the Milky Way
+galaxy so first off why do we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy so first off why do we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy so first off why do we care about
+galactic rotation curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactic rotation curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactic rotation curves
+so basically rotation speed can tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically rotation speed can tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically rotation speed can tell us
+about mass we know this from simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mass we know this from simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mass we know this from simple
+Newtonian mechanics if you have a planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian mechanics if you have a planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian mechanics if you have a planet
+going around a Sun then it's velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around a Sun then it's velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around a Sun then it's velocity is
+given by this equation where M here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this equation where M here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this equation where M here is
+the the mass of the Sun in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mass of the Sun in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mass of the Sun in our case
+since we're working with a galaxy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're working with a galaxy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're working with a galaxy we
+have spread out mass this M is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spread out mass this M is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spread out mass this M is actually
+going to correspond to basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to basically the
+mass contained within the orbit so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass contained within the orbit so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass contained within the orbit so you
+know using a formula like this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know using a formula like this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know using a formula like this you can
+given the mass distribution that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the mass distribution that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the mass distribution that we see
+in the Milky Way galaxy we can guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Milky Way galaxy we can guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Milky Way galaxy we can guess
+what kinds of velocities we should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of velocities we should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of velocities we should see
+various things rotating it and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things rotating it and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things rotating it and we can
+plot that and we get a curve that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that and we get a curve that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that and we get a curve that looks
+like this but we actually as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but we actually as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but we actually as we'll see
+later when we go ahead and observe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when we go ahead and observe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when we go ahead and observe what
+velocities stars are really moving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities stars are really moving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities stars are really moving it
+will actually see a huge discrepancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually see a huge discrepancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually see a huge discrepancy
+between what we would expect from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what we would expect from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what we would expect from the
+visible matter that we can see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible matter that we can see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible matter that we can see and
+basically the way that we might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way that we might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way that we might be able
+to explain this as possibly there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain this as possibly there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain this as possibly there's
+matter out there that we just can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter out there that we just can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter out there that we just can't see
+and physicists term this matter as dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physicists term this matter as dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physicists term this matter as dark
+matter so what we're gonna be working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so what we're gonna be working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so what we're gonna be working on
+in this experiment is trying to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this experiment is trying to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this experiment is trying to be able
+to actually plot this rotation curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually plot this rotation curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually plot this rotation curve and
+in being able to show these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in being able to show these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in being able to show these
+discrepancies this will kind of motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies this will kind of motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies this will kind of motivate
+new physics so how are we gonna find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new physics so how are we gonna find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new physics so how are we gonna find
+these this rotation curve alright so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this rotation curve alright so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this rotation curve alright so the
+way we're gonna be looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're gonna be looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're gonna be looking at the
+velocities of various stars is using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities of various stars is using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities of various stars is using the
+Doppler effect this is in our case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler effect this is in our case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler effect this is in our case this
+will be a non relativistic Doppler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a non relativistic Doppler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a non relativistic Doppler
+effect this is simply just as a as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is simply just as a as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is simply just as a as an
+object is moving towards you yet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is moving towards you yet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is moving towards you yet the
+frequencies that it emits are slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that it emits are slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that it emits are slightly
+higher than then if it were standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than then if it were standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than then if it were standing
+still so we can look out at the Stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so we can look out at the Stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so we can look out at the Stars
+but looking for optical light doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but looking for optical light doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but looking for optical light doesn't
+work too well because it suffers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work too well because it suffers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work too well because it suffers
+absorption from other stars into or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption from other stars into or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption from other stars into or
+just our gas and dust so instead we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just our gas and dust so instead we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just our gas and dust so instead we
+prefer something in a slightly lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer something in a slightly lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer something in a slightly lower
+frequency range around like the way do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency range around like the way do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency range around like the way do
+radio emission range luckily for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio emission range luckily for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio emission range luckily for us
+hydrogen actually exhibits an emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen actually exhibits an emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen actually exhibits an emission
+in this lower frequency range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lower frequency range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lower frequency range
+particularly or yeah particularly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly or yeah particularly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly or yeah particularly at
+this 21 centimeter line and this occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 21 centimeter line and this occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 21 centimeter line and this occurs
+as a spin flip transition so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a spin flip transition so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a spin flip transition so when the
+the proton and electron go from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton and electron go from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton and electron go from being
+aligned to anti-aligned that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned to anti-aligned that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned to anti-aligned that's a
+slightly lower energy state and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly lower energy state and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly lower energy state and so it
+releases a little bit of energy and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases a little bit of energy and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases a little bit of energy and we
+can look at that energy coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at that energy coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at that energy coming from the
+sky and by seeing how that frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky and by seeing how that frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky and by seeing how that frequency
+shifts we can deduce the velocity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts we can deduce the velocity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts we can deduce the velocity that
+the emitter must have been moving it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter must have been moving it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter must have been moving it so
+this is the apparatus we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the apparatus we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the apparatus we're going to be
+using for detecting our various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for detecting our various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for detecting our various
+emissions be the actual telescope itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions be the actual telescope itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions be the actual telescope itself
+is a parabolic dish which takes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a parabolic dish which takes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a parabolic dish which takes an
+incoming light reflects it onto this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming light reflects it onto this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming light reflects it onto this
+feed horn and then that signal is fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed horn and then that signal is fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed horn and then that signal is fed
+into this fairly complex circuit I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this fairly complex circuit I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this fairly complex circuit I'll
+just point out some important things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point out some important things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point out some important things the
+the signal comes in it gets amplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal comes in it gets amplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal comes in it gets amplified
+goes through this bandpass filter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through this bandpass filter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through this bandpass filter that's
+just to get rid of any frequencies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get rid of any frequencies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get rid of any frequencies we
+absolutely don't care about I'm and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely don't care about I'm and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely don't care about I'm and one
+important point is that it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point is that it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point is that it goes through
+this image rejection mixer and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image rejection mixer and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image rejection mixer and what that
+does is it multiplies the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it multiplies the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it multiplies the incoming
+signal by a signal that we manually put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal by a signal that we manually put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal by a signal that we manually put
+in of fourteen twenty point four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of fourteen twenty point four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of fourteen twenty point four
+megahertz that's the frequency of the 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz that's the frequency of the 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz that's the frequency of the 21
+centimeter line that we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter line that we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter line that we're looking for
+and as you can see from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see from this
+trigonometric formula multiplying two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric formula multiplying two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric formula multiplying two
+signals is actually equivalent to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals is actually equivalent to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals is actually equivalent to just
+producing one signal whose frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing one signal whose frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing one signal whose frequency is
+the sum and one whose the difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and one whose the difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and one whose the difference and
+by using the second bandpass filter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the second bandpass filter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the second bandpass filter we
+can eliminate the sum and just be left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eliminate the sum and just be left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eliminate the sum and just be left
+with this signal which is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this signal which is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this signal which is the difference
+and so the reason we do this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the reason we do this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the reason we do this is just to
+get a very precise measurement of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a very precise measurement of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a very precise measurement of how
+how off the signal we're seeing is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how off the signal we're seeing is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how off the signal we're seeing is from
+the 21 centimeter line we would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21 centimeter line we would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21 centimeter line we would expect
+from a still observer and using that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a still observer and using that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a still observer and using that we
+can figure out what velocity the emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what velocity the emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what velocity the emitter
+is moving it okay and so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving it okay and so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving it okay and so in order to
+turn this into sort of temperatures what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this into sort of temperatures what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this into sort of temperatures what
+we'll be dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be dealing with
+we're gonna first have to calibrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna first have to calibrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna first have to calibrate this
+with a noise diode what this will do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a noise diode what this will do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a noise diode what this will do is
+just send a signal to to the feed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send a signal to to the feed form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send a signal to to the feed form
+that looks like 115 Kelvin blackbody all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like 115 Kelvin blackbody all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like 115 Kelvin blackbody all
+throughout the sky and so it uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the sky and so it uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the sky and so it uses the
+the signal it sees from this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal it sees from this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal it sees from this to
+extrapolate other signals that we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate other signals that we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate other signals that we'll see
+so basically if on it sees a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically if on it sees a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically if on it sees a signal
+that's twice as strong as the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's twice as strong as the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's twice as strong as the signal
+it's on in its calibration at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on in its calibration at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on in its calibration at some
+specific frequency then it says oh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific frequency then it says oh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific frequency then it says oh there
+must be a 230 Kelvin blackbody at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a 230 Kelvin blackbody at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a 230 Kelvin blackbody at that
+specific frequency so at the end we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific frequency so at the end we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific frequency so at the end we'll
+be getting some sort of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting some sort of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting some sort of temperature
+profile as a function of frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile as a function of frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile as a function of frequency and
+we're going to be taking measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be taking measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be taking measurements
+all across the galaxy essentially our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all across the galaxy essentially our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all across the galaxy essentially our
+galaxy is mostly shaped in a in a planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy is mostly shaped in a in a planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy is mostly shaped in a in a planar
+disk so we'll be just looking within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk so we'll be just looking within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk so we'll be just looking within
+that disk the galaxy has some central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disk the galaxy has some central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disk the galaxy has some central
+bulge with some spiral arms coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulge with some spiral arms coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulge with some spiral arms coming out
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+and our Sun is located down here we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our Sun is located down here we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our Sun is located down here we will
+be sweeping from the Galactic longitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sweeping from the Galactic longitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sweeping from the Galactic longitude
+of 0 which is directed towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 which is directed towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 which is directed towards the
+center of the galaxy out to 180 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the galaxy out to 180 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the galaxy out to 180 which is
+directed away from it so we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed away from it so we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed away from it so we'll be
+looking at the first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the first and second
+quadrants as we'll talk about later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants as we'll talk about later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants as we'll talk about later
+these first quadrant measurements will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first quadrant measurements will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first quadrant measurements will
+be used to determine the rotation curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to determine the rotation curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to determine the rotation curve
+and the second quadrant magic quadrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second quadrant magic quadrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second quadrant magic quadrant
+measurements will be determined it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements will be determined it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements will be determined it will
+be used to determine the structures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to determine the structures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to determine the structures of
+the galaxy ok so as we mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the galaxy ok so as we mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the galaxy ok so as we mentioned before
+given a frequency we can turn that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a frequency we can turn that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a frequency we can turn that into
+a velocity using our Doppler shift via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a velocity using our Doppler shift via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a velocity using our Doppler shift via
+this formula this one twenty point four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula this one twenty point four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula this one twenty point four
+or fourteen twenty point four megahertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fourteen twenty point four megahertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fourteen twenty point four megahertz
+is just the emission the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the emission the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the emission the frequency of
+the 21 centimeter line this right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21 centimeter line this right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21 centimeter line this right here
+is just the speed of light and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the speed of light and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the speed of light and then we
+have this V LSR this is just our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this V LSR this is just our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this V LSR this is just our
+velocity with respect to the Sun just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with respect to the Sun just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with respect to the Sun just to
+factor out any revolution that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out any revolution that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out any revolution that we have
+around the Sun so what so this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Sun so what so this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Sun so what so this V
+observed is actually the velocity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed is actually the velocity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed is actually the velocity with
+respect to the Sun that with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the Sun that with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the Sun that with respect to
+us and so now we can use this velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and so now we can use this velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and so now we can use this velocity
+using you know various trig formulas law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using you know various trig formulas law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using you know various trig formulas law
+of sines we can relate the velocity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sines we can relate the velocity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sines we can relate the velocity we
+observe to the actual velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe to the actual velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe to the actual velocity
+of the of the star in question and note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the star in question and note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the star in question and note
+here we we have to use this critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we we have to use this critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we we have to use this critical
+assumption that the stars move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the stars move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the stars move in
+circular orbits which is fairly close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular orbits which is fairly close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular orbits which is fairly close to
+accurate but using this assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate but using this assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate but using this assumption
+allows us to say that the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to say that the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to say that the velocity of
+the part of the star is at a right angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the star is at a right angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the star is at a right angle
+with its radius and then if we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its radius and then if we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its radius and then if we know the
+radius at which the star lies then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius at which the star lies then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius at which the star lies then we
+can use this formula to relate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this formula to relate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this formula to relate the
+velocity we see with the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we see with the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we see with the velocity of the
+star and here we're going to be taking R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and here we're going to be taking R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and here we're going to be taking R
+naught which is the distance from us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught which is the distance from us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught which is the distance from us to
+the center of the Sun to be 8.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the Sun to be 8.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the Sun to be 8.5
+kiloparsecs and theta naught which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiloparsecs and theta naught which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiloparsecs and theta naught which is
+the R speed within the galaxy to be 220
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R speed within the galaxy to be 220
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R speed within the galaxy to be 220
+kilometers per second these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers per second these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers per second these numbers are
+not not too well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not too well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not too well-known
+but these will be the values we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these will be the values we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these will be the values we'll be
+using and the literature will compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and the literature will compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and the literature will compare
+against we'll be using these same values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against we'll be using these same values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against we'll be using these same values
+right and so this this formula is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this this formula is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this this formula is all
+well and good if we actually know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and good if we actually know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and good if we actually know what
+radius the the star is it but a priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius the the star is it but a priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius the the star is it but a priori
+we don't know that so the trick we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know that so the trick we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know that so the trick we're
+going to be using here is actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using here is actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using here is actually just
+to consider the maximum velocity that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the maximum velocity that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the maximum velocity that we
+see and the maximum velocity will occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and the maximum velocity will occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and the maximum velocity will occur
+at the mini minimum radius and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the mini minimum radius and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the mini minimum radius and that's
+simply given by this R naught sine Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply given by this R naught sine Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply given by this R naught sine Al
+and so if we just specifically consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we just specifically consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we just specifically consider
+that minimum radius then this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimum radius then this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimum radius then this formula
+allows us to relate that maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to relate that maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to relate that maximum
+velocity to the velocity of the star in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity to the velocity of the star in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity to the velocity of the star in
+question note however that this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question note however that this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question note however that this only
+works for longitudes less than 90 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for longitudes less than 90 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for longitudes less than 90 that's
+in the first quadrant I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first quadrant I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first quadrant I was talking
+about before and that's simply because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before and that's simply because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before and that's simply because
+if you're looking at stars which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at stars which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at stars which are
+further away from the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from the center of the
+galaxy then they're all just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy then they're all just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy then they're all just going to
+get further and further away there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get further and further away there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get further and further away there's no
+not going to be any minimum radius right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be any minimum radius right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be any minimum radius right
+so so we wanted to determine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we wanted to determine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we wanted to determine this
+maximum velocity that's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum velocity that's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum velocity that's equivalent to
+determining a minimum frequency so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining a minimum frequency so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining a minimum frequency so how
+are we actually going to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we actually going to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we actually going to get that
+minimum frequency ah so as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum frequency ah so as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum frequency ah so as we said
+before we have this temperature spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we have this temperature spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we have this temperature spectrum
+as a function of frequency we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of frequency we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of frequency we're going
+to start off by trimming off the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off by trimming off the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off by trimming off the edges
+there's just a very quick fall off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a very quick fall off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a very quick fall off
+just from the bandpass filter there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the bandpass filter there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the bandpass filter there so
+we have to get rid of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to get rid of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to get rid of those
+at each each given longitude we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each each given longitude we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each each given longitude we take
+about 40 trials and we average that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40 trials and we average that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40 trials and we average that into
+one one temperature spectrum so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one temperature spectrum so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one temperature spectrum so this is
+what our spectrum looks like we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our spectrum looks like we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our spectrum looks like we're going
+to fit the first few bins to a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit the first few bins to a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit the first few bins to a linear
+background uh and we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background uh and we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background uh and we can see that the
+background fit is quite good for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background fit is quite good for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background fit is quite good for these
+initial points you'll notice here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial points you'll notice here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial points you'll notice here we
+have this annoying little peak here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this annoying little peak here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this annoying little peak here this
+actually shows up in most of our plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shows up in most of our plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shows up in most of our plots
+this this is probably because of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is probably because of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is probably because of just
+some constant source that's creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant source that's creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant source that's creating
+noise so when we fit this background we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so when we fit this background we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so when we fit this background we
+just ignore those points in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore those points in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore those points in particular
+but for the rest of the points the fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the rest of the points the fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the rest of the points the fit
+is quite good then we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite good then we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite good then we're going to look
+at find the first point which exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at find the first point which exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at find the first point which exceeds
+this background by some fixed amount one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this background by some fixed amount one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this background by some fixed amount one
+Kelvin and we say that that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin and we say that that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin and we say that that is going to
+be our minimum emission frequency so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our minimum emission frequency so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our minimum emission frequency so in
+this case this is this 1420 point four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is this 1420 point four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is this 1420 point four
+four nine four megahertz and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four nine four megahertz and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four nine four megahertz and we can
+estimate the error on this method by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the error on this method by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the error on this method by
+basically fudging this 35 number so see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fudging this 35 number so see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fudging this 35 number so see
+what happens if we use the first 20 bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we use the first 20 bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we use the first 20 bins
+versus see what happens when we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus see what happens when we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus see what happens when we use the
+first 50 bins instead and so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 50 bins instead and so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 50 bins instead and so the the
+number we get out of it will shift a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we get out of it will shift a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we get out of it will shift a
+little bit up or a little bit down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit up or a little bit down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit up or a little bit down in
+this case it shipped shifted one bin up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it shipped shifted one bin up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it shipped shifted one bin up
+and two bins down and so that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two bins down and so that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two bins down and so that gives us
+an error on what this kind of method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error on what this kind of method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error on what this kind of method
+will give for a minimum emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give for a minimum emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give for a minimum emission
+frequency and by default if if this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and by default if if this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and by default if if this if
+shifting around this 35 number doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting around this 35 number doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting around this 35 number doesn't
+change anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything
+then we'll just say that the the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll just say that the the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll just say that the the error
+is just a bin with itself great so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a bin with itself great so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a bin with itself great so using
+that minimum emission frequency we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimum emission frequency we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimum emission frequency we can
+find a velocity as per the formulas I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a velocity as per the formulas I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a velocity as per the formulas I
+had on a few slides ago and we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on a few slides ago and we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on a few slides ago and we can also
+get the radius simply as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the radius simply as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the radius simply as a function of
+the Galactic longitude and we can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Galactic longitude and we can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Galactic longitude and we can plot
+it out and we'll get a curve that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and we'll get a curve that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and we'll get a curve that looks
+something like this so there's red curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so there's red curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so there's red curve
+that I'm plotting here is a curve I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm plotting here is a curve I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm plotting here is a curve I
+found in the literature from paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the literature from paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the literature from paper by
+Clemens he he fit a a piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clemens he he fit a a piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clemens he he fit a a piecewise
+polynomial to he's observed data and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial to he's observed data and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial to he's observed data and so
+we're comparing it to that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing it to that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing it to that we see
+actually that the later values the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that the later values the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that the later values the
+higher radii actually agreed quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher radii actually agreed quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher radii actually agreed quite well
+with the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the literature
+we see a little more disagreement with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a little more disagreement with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a little more disagreement with
+the lower values this can be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower values this can be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower values this can be for
+possibly a few reasons one could be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly a few reasons one could be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly a few reasons one could be you
+might have seen in that plot I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen in that plot I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen in that plot I had
+before they did the temperature starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they did the temperature starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they did the temperature starts
+to rise much slower and so it's harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rise much slower and so it's harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rise much slower and so it's harder
+to find an emission frequency for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find an emission frequency for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find an emission frequency for these
+higher values there's a much sharper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher values there's a much sharper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher values there's a much sharper
+jump secondly the actual frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump secondly the actual frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump secondly the actual frequencies
+that you need to move this these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to move this these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to move this these points
+up to this line I'd tend to be outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this line I'd tend to be outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this line I'd tend to be outside
+of our frequency window or where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our frequency window or where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our frequency window or where that
+annoying little noise was so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying little noise was so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying little noise was so that's just
+somewhat of a limitation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat of a limitation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat of a limitation of the
+apparatus and then the third is the fist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and then the third is the fist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and then the third is the fist
+circular orbit assumption for a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular orbit assumption for a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular orbit assumption for a smaller
+frequent therefore smaller angles this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent therefore smaller angles this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent therefore smaller angles this
+assumption becomes more critical and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption becomes more critical and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption becomes more critical and so
+even a small shift in angle can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a small shift in angle can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a small shift in angle can make a
+much bigger difference so we see we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger difference so we see we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger difference so we see we see
+if we look just at the later points we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look just at the later points we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look just at the later points we
+actually get a pretty decent chi-squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a pretty decent chi-squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a pretty decent chi-squared
+of 13.4 so yeah this this agrees fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 13.4 so yeah this this agrees fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 13.4 so yeah this this agrees fairly
+well with the literature so then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with the literature so then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with the literature so then there's
+one more thing that we we want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing that we we want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing that we we want to try to
+we'll try to look at using this 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to look at using this 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to look at using this 21
+centimeter line and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter line and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter line and that's going to be
+the Galactic structure of the Milky Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Galactic structure of the Milky Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Galactic structure of the Milky Way
+as we talked about before we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about before we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about before we know that
+the Milky Way has like spiral arms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Milky Way has like spiral arms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Milky Way has like spiral arms so
+we're going to try to see if we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to see if we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to see if we can look
+out and find those those structures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and find those those structures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and find those those structures so
+in order to do this we specifically need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this we specifically need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this we specifically need
+to assume some sort of galactic rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume some sort of galactic rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume some sort of galactic rotation
+curve so we're going to be working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so we're going to be working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so we're going to be working with
+the one that we found in Clemens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we found in Clemens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we found in Clemens and
+using the formulas before we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the formulas before we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the formulas before we can use
+this given curve to solve for a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this given curve to solve for a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this given curve to solve for a specific
+are given any observed velocity so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given any observed velocity so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given any observed velocity so now
+we can associate associate radii with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can associate associate radii with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can associate associate radii with
+all the velocities that we see and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the velocities that we see and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the velocities that we see and of
+course this is just the the radius from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is just the the radius from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is just the the radius from
+the center of the galaxy what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the galaxy what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the galaxy what we
+actually want is the distance from us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want is the distance from us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want is the distance from us in
+order to be able to plot this so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to plot this so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to plot this so we can
+we can make that quick change here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make that quick change here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make that quick change here and
+and now note that this only really works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now note that this only really works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now note that this only really works
+for Galactic longitudes greater than 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Galactic longitudes greater than 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Galactic longitudes greater than 90
+those are things in the second quadrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things in the second quadrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things in the second quadrant
+simply because if we look inwards to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because if we look inwards to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because if we look inwards to the
+first quadrant there are two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first quadrant there are two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first quadrant there are two possible
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+like along the same line of sight you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like along the same line of sight you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like along the same line of sight you
+can find two different points that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find two different points that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find two different points that have
+the same distance from the center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same distance from the center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same distance from the center and
+again we're going to fit these two like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to fit these two like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to fit these two like
+a linear background now with like 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear background now with like 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear background now with like 25
+initial bins and 10 final bins and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial bins and 10 final bins and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial bins and 10 final bins and we're
+going to say the temperature above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say the temperature above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say the temperature above the
+background multiplied by the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background multiplied by the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background multiplied by the the
+distance from us squared this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from us squared this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from us squared this is just
+because of an inverse-square power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an inverse-square power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an inverse-square power law
+we're going to say that that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say that that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say that that gives us a
+sort of relative measure of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of relative measure of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of relative measure of how much
+hydrogen must be there and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen must be there and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen must be there and as a result
+how much a mission that we're seeing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much a mission that we're seeing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much a mission that we're seeing so
+we can use these methods and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use these methods and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use these methods and sort of
+plot out a big plot of what the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot out a big plot of what the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot out a big plot of what the second
+quadrant of the Milky Way galaxy looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant of the Milky Way galaxy looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant of the Milky Way galaxy looks
+like so you can see here they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so you can see here they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so you can see here they're there
+to sort of spiral lines we can see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of spiral lines we can see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of spiral lines we can see one
+much closer to us and then one forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer to us and then one forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer to us and then one forming
+out around here there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out around here there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out around here there's actually
+correspond fairly well with this Perseus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond fairly well with this Perseus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond fairly well with this Perseus
+arm here and then the outer arm further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm here and then the outer arm further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm here and then the outer arm further
+out here you might notice that as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here you might notice that as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here you might notice that as we get
+up to higher longitudes the points start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to higher longitudes the points start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to higher longitudes the points start
+to become larger here the points denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become larger here the points denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become larger here the points denote
+the the strength that they yeah the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the strength that they yeah the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the strength that they yeah the the
+like relative amount of hydrogen that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like relative amount of hydrogen that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like relative amount of hydrogen that we
+would see in a region out there based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see in a region out there based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see in a region out there based on
+the temperature of background and so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of background and so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of background and so as
+you see you might see here that as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you might see here that as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you might see here that as we
+get out to higher longitudes we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out to higher longitudes we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out to higher longitudes we start to
+see it blow up a little bit we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it blow up a little bit we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it blow up a little bit we don't
+believe that this is a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this is a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this is a physical
+consequence but this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence but this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence but this is actually
+physical this is more just a limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical this is more just a limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical this is more just a limitation
+of the apparatus ah so in conclusion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the apparatus ah so in conclusion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the apparatus ah so in conclusion we
+were able to use this 21 centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to use this 21 centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to use this 21 centimeter
+technique to derive the rotation curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to derive the rotation curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to derive the rotation curve
+of the Milky Way and we saw a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Milky Way and we saw a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Milky Way and we saw a pretty
+good agreement with the literature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good agreement with the literature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good agreement with the literature for
+large radii in particular we saw there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large radii in particular we saw there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large radii in particular we saw there
+was a constant velocity function as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a constant velocity function as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a constant velocity function as we
+went out to higher radii and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out to higher radii and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out to higher radii and that
+disagrees with the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagrees with the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagrees with the theoretical
+prediction and so this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and so this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and so this really
+necessitates some sort of dark matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessitates some sort of dark matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessitates some sort of dark matter
+which can compensate for the discrepancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can compensate for the discrepancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can compensate for the discrepancy
+we were also able to see some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were also able to see some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were also able to see some of the
+Milky Way structure by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milky Way structure by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milky Way structure by looking at the
+exterior points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior points
+and in particular we saw two spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we saw two spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we saw two spiral
+lamps in that second quadrant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps in that second quadrant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps in that second quadrant and
+finally I would like to thank my partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I would like to thank my partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I would like to thank my partner
+Toby for all his help throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toby for all his help throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toby for all his help throughout the
+semester and on this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and on this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and on this particular
+experiment some last minute data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment some last minute data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment some last minute data
+collection I'd like to thank the 813
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection I'd like to thank the 813
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection I'd like to thank the 813
+staff for all their help throughout and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff for all their help throughout and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff for all their help throughout and
+instruction and then MIT for offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and then MIT for offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and then MIT for offering
+this course so I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course so I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course so I think this is
+essentially because of the you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially because of the you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially because of the you would
+expect the the temperature that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the the temperature that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the the temperature that you see
+from a blackbody to go like Planck's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a blackbody to go like Planck's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a blackbody to go like Planck's law
+or he's like formula right the blackbody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he's like formula right the blackbody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he's like formula right the blackbody
+spectrum formula but essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum formula but essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum formula but essentially what
+we're doing is we're assuming in on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we're assuming in on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we're assuming in on a
+very very small part of that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small part of that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small part of that like
+specifically around one frequency and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically around one frequency and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically around one frequency and so
+in that region it's linear so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region it's linear so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region it's linear so this is
+why we're expecting some sort of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're expecting some sort of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're expecting some sort of linear
+background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so for the rotation curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for the rotation curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for the rotation curve the
+uncertainty in that I mean yeah I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in that I mean yeah I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in that I mean yeah I guess
+there should be some like poise on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some like poise on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some like poise on
+uncertainty in the temperature counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the temperature counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the temperature counts
+for the rotation curve that's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rotation curve that's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rotation curve that's not as
+important because what we care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because what we care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because what we care about is
+the the frequency at which it occurs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the frequency at which it occurs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the frequency at which it occurs I
+guess for the for the Galactic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for the for the Galactic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for the for the Galactic structure
+you really could put some uncertainty on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really could put some uncertainty on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really could put some uncertainty on
+that and they would just be like square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they would just be like square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they would just be like square
+root of n what's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dK2pfZVen4E.txt b/dK2pfZVen4E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..613b7f3e80dcc4903ca830c60f4716872b5fbb81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dK2pfZVen4E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Thank you, Carrie. So, next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Thank you, Carrie. So, next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Thank you, Carrie. So, next
+up we have Mark.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we have Mark.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we have Mark.
+>> Hello. I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Hello. I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Hello. I've got
+>> Oh, yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, yeah.
+>> I'm wired.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm wired.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm wired.
+>> I need that, though.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I need that, though.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I need that, though.
+>> Uh, good afternoon and last session of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, good afternoon and last session of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, good afternoon and last session of
+the day, so I'll be quick because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day, so I'll be quick because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day, so I'll be quick because
+everybody wants to get out of here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants to get out of here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants to get out of here,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+>> Pardon me. I have a hook.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Pardon me. I have a hook.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Pardon me. I have a hook.
+>> Excellent. Please use it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to do a a brief overview. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do a a brief overview. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do a a brief overview. This
+has been looked at obviously a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been looked at obviously a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been looked at obviously a number of
+times over the last two days, but um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times over the last two days, but um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times over the last two days, but um you
+know this is a a milestone project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a a milestone project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a a milestone project in
+the USA any way you look at it. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the USA any way you look at it. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the USA any way you look at it. Um you
+know again it's Eversource Energy, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again it's Eversource Energy, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again it's Eversource Energy, you
+know the owner of it. single pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the owner of it. single pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the owner of it. single pipe
+system, ambient loop, mile distribution,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, ambient loop, mile distribution,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, ambient loop, mile distribution,
+37 or 38 buildings. I thought I heard an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 or 38 buildings. I thought I heard an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 or 38 buildings. I thought I heard an
+extra building somehow got attached. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra building somehow got attached. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra building somehow got attached. I'm
+not quite sure how that worked. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite sure how that worked. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite sure how that worked. That's
+fine. Um there's commercial buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Um there's commercial buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Um there's commercial buildings
+and there's residential buildings. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's residential buildings. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's residential buildings. So
+your upside there is you've got good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your upside there is you've got good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your upside there is you've got good
+diversity. Um they're all single family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity. Um they're all single family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity. Um they're all single family
+homes. A district loop would not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes. A district loop would not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes. A district loop would not have
+made sense. So site selection was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense. So site selection was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense. So site selection was very
+important. It made sense for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. It made sense for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. It made sense for the
+residents as well as the system itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents as well as the system itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents as well as the system itself
+and the owner. Excuse me. Uh 90 vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the owner. Excuse me. Uh 90 vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the owner. Excuse me. Uh 90 vertical
+bore well 90 vertical and angled bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore well 90 vertical and angled bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore well 90 vertical and angled bore
+holes. Um so I think everyone knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes. Um so I think everyone knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes. Um so I think everyone knows that
+there was two configurations. Two bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was two configurations. Two bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was two configurations. Two bore
+fields were vertical and then there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields were vertical and then there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields were vertical and then there was
+another bore field that's kind of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bore field that's kind of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bore field that's kind of two
+bore fields that are angled. So the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore fields that are angled. So the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore fields that are angled. So the uh
+verticals were 600 feet in depth and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verticals were 600 feet in depth and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verticals were 600 feet in depth and the
+angles were 720 ft approximately with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles were 720 ft approximately with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles were 720 ft approximately with
+quad loops. Quad loops what I mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad loops. Quad loops what I mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad loops. Quad loops what I mean is
+two U bends in each bore hole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two U bends in each bore hole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two U bends in each bore hole.
+What I thought was very interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I thought was very interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I thought was very interesting and
+looking at what was I going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what was I going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what was I going to be
+talking about is you have some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is you have some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is you have some very
+interesting dynamics at play here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting dynamics at play here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting dynamics at play here.
+um have it's a unique coming together if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have it's a unique coming together if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have it's a unique coming together if
+you think about it. Credit to Zanob Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it. Credit to Zanob Heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it. Credit to Zanob Heat
+being able to pursue this over all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to pursue this over all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to pursue this over all this
+time and convincing a natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and convincing a natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and convincing a natural gas
+utility that theoretically can't sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility that theoretically can't sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility that theoretically can't sell
+any gas. It's kind of a interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any gas. It's kind of a interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any gas. It's kind of a interesting
+concept when you think about it, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept when you think about it, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept when you think about it, right?
+Um, I thought it was just absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I thought it was just absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I thought it was just absolutely
+amazing because it it's a successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing because it it's a successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing because it it's a successful
+project and you had two really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and you had two really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and you had two really very
+disparit entities coming together. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparit entities coming together. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparit entities coming together. And
+what I did want to do is have a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did want to do is have a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did want to do is have a bit of
+an applause for uh Zay and her team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applause for uh Zay and her team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applause for uh Zay and her team
+because I don't think anyone's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think anyone's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think anyone's really
+recognized what they did. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized what they did. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized what they did. It was
+incredible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you get into some of the weeds, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get into some of the weeds, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get into some of the weeds, and
+I won't go too far because I know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't go too far because I know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't go too far because I know how
+many minutes do I have left because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many minutes do I have left because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many minutes do I have left because I
+was overtime last time. Ah, I'm good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was overtime last time. Ah, I'm good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was overtime last time. Ah, I'm good.
+All right. Uh, there's a lot that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh, there's a lot that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh, there's a lot that goes
+into it. I mean, it's not simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it. I mean, it's not simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it. I mean, it's not simply a
+matter of, you know, sketching out a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of, you know, sketching out a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of, you know, sketching out a few
+drawings, writing up a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings, writing up a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings, writing up a couple
+paragraphs, and we're off to the races.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs, and we're off to the races.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs, and we're off to the races.
+There was over,200 pages of detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was over,200 pages of detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was over,200 pages of detailed
+design. It's the nuts and bolts making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. It's the nuts and bolts making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. It's the nuts and bolts making
+it work. And you got to hammer out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work. And you got to hammer out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work. And you got to hammer out the
+details, otherwise you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details, otherwise you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details, otherwise you have an
+unsuccessful project. So, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful project. So, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful project. So, you know,
+approximately 37 detailed drawings. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 37 detailed drawings. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 37 detailed drawings. I
+looked at it again and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it again and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it again and it's actually
+more because they're subsets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because they're subsets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because they're subsets of
+drawings. That said, there was, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings. That said, there was, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings. That said, there was, you
+know, about 37 main ones. You go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, about 37 main ones. You go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, about 37 main ones. You go through
+the process once you get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process once you get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process once you get into
+construction of clarification questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of clarification questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of clarification questions
+and submissions and approvals. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and submissions and approvals. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and submissions and approvals. And it's
+not it's not a straight path to success.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not a straight path to success.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not a straight path to success.
+There's back and forth. There's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's back and forth. There's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's back and forth. There's going to
+be, you know, let's be really candid,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be, you know, let's be really candid,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be, you know, let's be really candid,
+there's going to be arguments because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be arguments because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be arguments because
+that's the nature of the beast. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the nature of the beast. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the nature of the beast. You
+should be doing that. No, I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing that. No, I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing that. No, I'm doing
+this. And sometimes there's not clarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And sometimes there's not clarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And sometimes there's not clarity
+in the written specification. As much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the written specification. As much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the written specification. As much as
+you want to do it, you can't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do it, you can't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do it, you can't take
+everything into consideration. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into consideration. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into consideration. That's
+kind of life.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Some of the changes, and I was exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of the changes, and I was exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of the changes, and I was exposed
+to it during the process. Um, and again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it during the process. Um, and again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it during the process. Um, and again,
+I'm not trying to beat up here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to beat up here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to beat up here on
+anything. I want everyone just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. I want everyone just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. I want everyone just to
+realize what some of the challenges were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what some of the challenges were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what some of the challenges were
+during the process. So, initially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the process. So, initially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the process. So, initially the
+bore fields, the three of them were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore fields, the three of them were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore fields, the three of them were all
+in a vertical configuration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vertical configuration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vertical configuration.
+There was a change made into the angled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a change made into the angled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a change made into the angled
+bore holes in one of the three bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore holes in one of the three bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore holes in one of the three bore
+fields. That in and of itself causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. That in and of itself causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. That in and of itself causes
+some some issues understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some issues understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some issues understanding
+will the angled borer field with now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the angled borer field with now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the angled borer field with now
+quad loops as opposed to single Ubends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad loops as opposed to single Ubends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad loops as opposed to single Ubends
+perform to the level required for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform to the level required for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform to the level required for the
+system to operate properly and support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to operate properly and support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to operate properly and support
+the building loads anticipated. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building loads anticipated. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building loads anticipated. So you
+can probably imagine there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably imagine there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably imagine there was a lot of
+back and forth. What's going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth. What's going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth. What's going on with
+these angled bore holes? We had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angled bore holes? We had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angled bore holes? We had to
+remodel this, remodel that. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remodel this, remodel that. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remodel this, remodel that. It's not
+simple as okay, we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as okay, we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as okay, we're just going to
+start angling them out. Doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start angling them out. Doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start angling them out. Doesn't work
+that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way.
+Again, the the single Uband versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, the the single Uband versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, the the single Uband versus the
+quad loop, you're looking what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad loop, you're looking what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad loop, you're looking what is the
+capacity? What is is there an increase?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity? What is is there an increase?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity? What is is there an increase?
+And if so, what's the impact on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if so, what's the impact on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if so, what's the impact on the
+total system? Those have all got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total system? Those have all got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total system? Those have all got to be
+calculated. And again, this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated. And again, this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated. And again, this is something
+that doesn't happen quickly. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen quickly. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen quickly. There's a
+lot of back and forth. There's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of back and forth. There's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of back and forth. There's a whole
+hierarchy of I have a question as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of I have a question as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of I have a question as an
+engineer. I'm not an engineer, but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer. I'm not an engineer, but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer. I'm not an engineer, but if
+we're an engineering firm over to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're an engineering firm over to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're an engineering firm over to the um
+the owner Eversource back down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owner Eversource back down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owner Eversource back down to a
+contractor, there's a whole system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor, there's a whole system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor, there's a whole system of
+checks and balances. That's also meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and balances. That's also meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks and balances. That's also meaning
+time consumption.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time consumption.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time consumption.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+what an interesting change that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an interesting change that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an interesting change that happened
+is the North America compliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the North America compliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the North America compliant
+collection vaults. Does everyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection vaults. Does everyone know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection vaults. Does everyone know
+what I mean by a collection vault or am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by a collection vault or am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by a collection vault or am
+I talking Greek here? That's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talking Greek here? That's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talking Greek here? That's where you
+have a bunch of bore holes that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of bore holes that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of bore holes that come
+into a collection point and that box if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a collection point and that box if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a collection point and that box if
+you like and it's usually made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like and it's usually made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like and it's usually made from
+highdensity polyethylene. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highdensity polyethylene. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highdensity polyethylene. There are
+concrete boxes as well. They are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete boxes as well. They are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete boxes as well. They are
+subterranean. They're buried and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subterranean. They're buried and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subterranean. They're buried and then
+from there you have a supply and return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there you have a supply and return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there you have a supply and return
+going in over to the pump house. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in over to the pump house. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in over to the pump house. In this
+case, there was a change made between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, there was a change made between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, there was a change made between
+the North American compliant vaults and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the North American compliant vaults and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the North American compliant vaults and
+what was put in on the angled bore hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was put in on the angled bore hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was put in on the angled bore hole
+vaults, a European spec. On the face of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaults, a European spec. On the face of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaults, a European spec. On the face of
+it, you go, what's the difference? There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you go, what's the difference? There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you go, what's the difference? There
+is. you end up with different pipe sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. you end up with different pipe sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. you end up with different pipe sizes
+between a European spec, which is a DIN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a European spec, which is a DIN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a European spec, which is a DIN
+spec, versus a North American spec,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec, versus a North American spec,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec, versus a North American spec,
+which is in this particular case, we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in this particular case, we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in this particular case, we use
+IPS, which is iron pipe size. Getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPS, which is iron pipe size. Getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPS, which is iron pipe size. Getting
+those two to marry up sounds easy. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two to marry up sounds easy. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two to marry up sounds easy. It's
+not. And it ends up being a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. And it ends up being a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. And it ends up being a potential
+area of concern into the future. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of concern into the future. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of concern into the future. The
+other last point on changes and impact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other last point on changes and impact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other last point on changes and impact,
+those angled bore holes. Now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those angled bore holes. Now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those angled bore holes. Now we're going
+under wetlands before they weren't. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under wetlands before they weren't. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under wetlands before they weren't. So
+there's a whole regulatory process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole regulatory process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole regulatory process that
+has to be adhered to applications,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be adhered to applications,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be adhered to applications,
+approvals, etc. So back to what Nikki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approvals, etc. So back to what Nikki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approvals, etc. So back to what Nikki
+Bruno was saying yesterday, this started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bruno was saying yesterday, this started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bruno was saying yesterday, this started
+Zam, correct me if I'm wrong, 2019 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zam, correct me if I'm wrong, 2019 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zam, correct me if I'm wrong, 2019 is
+when things really got moving.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things really got moving.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things really got moving.
+>> Uh the initial proposal was in the fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh the initial proposal was in the fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh the initial proposal was in the fall
+2019 for the Department of Public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 for the Department of Public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 for the Department of Public
+Utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Utility
+>> till today. So you can imagine one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> till today. So you can imagine one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> till today. So you can imagine one more
+step that's going to unfortunately delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that's going to unfortunately delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that's going to unfortunately delay
+things or potentially delay things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or potentially delay things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or potentially delay things and
+that's the whole communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole communication
+um component that's vital between all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um component that's vital between all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um component that's vital between all
+parties and is it smooth? Is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties and is it smooth? Is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties and is it smooth? Is it
+confrontational? These are all things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontational? These are all things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontational? These are all things
+you have to look at when you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look at when you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look at when you're doing a
+large project like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large project like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large project like this.
+Um you've seen the picture. That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you've seen the picture. That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you've seen the picture. That's what
+the angled bore holes look like. Um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angled bore holes look like. Um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angled bore holes look like. Um it's
+a proven technology. It makes a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proven technology. It makes a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proven technology. It makes a whole
+lot of sense. You're having a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense. You're having a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense. You're having a very small
+footprint up top at surface and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint up top at surface and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint up top at surface and then
+those bore holes spllay out and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bore holes spllay out and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bore holes spllay out and you have
+the separation between the bore holes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation between the bore holes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation between the bore holes so
+you're not having thermal interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not having thermal interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not having thermal interference
+between them. It allows at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them. It allows at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them. It allows at the surface
+to have less um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have less um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have less um
+impact if you like. You're not taking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact if you like. You're not taking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact if you like. You're not taking up
+as much room. In this particular case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much room. In this particular case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much room. In this particular case,
+the the the project didn't have to redo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the project didn't have to redo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the project didn't have to redo
+the whole um parking lot in a repave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole um parking lot in a repave.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole um parking lot in a repave.
+They had a smaller area.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They had a smaller area.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They had a smaller area.
+Some of the areas, and they're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of the areas, and they're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of the areas, and they're a little
+hard to see, but this is the one going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see, but this is the one going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see, but this is the one going
+to point it out. And you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point it out. And you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point it out. And you've probably
+seen this picture here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this picture here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this picture here,
+uh and as well as up there. Those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as well as up there. Those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as well as up there. Those are
+the European vaults that I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the European vaults that I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the European vaults that I was talking
+about. They are substantially different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. They are substantially different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. They are substantially different
+from a North American vault. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's an area of concern moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an area of concern moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an area of concern moving
+forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward.
+Um, I'm going to pick on you, Brock.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I'm going to pick on you, Brock.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I'm going to pick on you, Brock.
+Those pipes, your best guess is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those pipes, your best guess is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those pipes, your best guess is is a
+good idea or a bad idea on the left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea or a bad idea on the left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea or a bad idea on the left.
+As far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As far as
+>> sounds like a traping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> in comparison to a regular vault.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in comparison to a regular vault.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in comparison to a regular vault.
+>> I Yeah, it's unconventional for what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I Yeah, it's unconventional for what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I Yeah, it's unconventional for what I'm
+used to seeing and just the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to seeing and just the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to seeing and just the way it's
+laid out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out.
+>> Yep. Okay. And that's that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yep. Okay. And that's that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yep. Okay. And that's that's the basic
+consensus. People looked at this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus. People looked at this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus. People looked at this picture
+and went, "Wow, there's some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went, "Wow, there's some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went, "Wow, there's some some
+potential concerns down the road." The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential concerns down the road." The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential concerns down the road." The
+picture on the right is where those bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on the right is where those bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on the right is where those bore
+holes where you can see them coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes where you can see them coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes where you can see them coming up
+here. These ones here, they're all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. These ones here, they're all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. These ones here, they're all like
+that. They get tied together. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. They get tied together. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. They get tied together. The
+problem with there, not problem, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with there, not problem, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with there, not problem, the
+issue, the concern is if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue, the concern is if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue, the concern is if you look at the
+pipe on the right, you can see some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe on the right, you can see some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe on the right, you can see some of
+those are basically being compressed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are basically being compressed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are basically being compressed.
+That shouldn't be happening for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That shouldn't be happening for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That shouldn't be happening for a
+long-term reliability because ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term reliability because ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term reliability because ultimately
+this gets backfilled, gets paved, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets backfilled, gets paved, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets backfilled, gets paved, and
+then you can potentially, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can potentially, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can potentially, this is a
+parking lot, have big trucks on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot, have big trucks on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot, have big trucks on top
+pushing down, pushing down. So, it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing down, pushing down. So, it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing down, pushing down. So, it's an
+area of concern that again in retrospect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of concern that again in retrospect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of concern that again in retrospect
+may have been addressed differently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have been addressed differently.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have been addressed differently.
+That's the vault. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the vault. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the vault. Um,
+they're used in Europe all the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used in Europe all the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used in Europe all the time.
+There's nothing wrong with them. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's nothing wrong with them. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's nothing wrong with them. They're
+just not North America compliant. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not North America compliant. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not North America compliant. They
+have components inside, particularly PCV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have components inside, particularly PCV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have components inside, particularly PCV
+plastic. Uh if anyone was here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic. Uh if anyone was here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic. Uh if anyone was here this
+morning, the standard in North America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning, the standard in North America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning, the standard in North America
+says you're not using PVC in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you're not using PVC in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you're not using PVC in these
+systems, subterranean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, subterranean.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, subterranean.
+So that's the below the wetlands. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the below the wetlands. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the below the wetlands. Um,
+it's not a huge issue so long as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a huge issue so long as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a huge issue so long as you get
+the proper uh approvals. The wetlands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper uh approvals. The wetlands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper uh approvals. The wetlands
+are an area of concern for everybody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an area of concern for everybody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an area of concern for everybody and
+you have to make sure you're dotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make sure you're dotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make sure you're dotting
+eyes and crossing tees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and crossing tees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and crossing tees.
+Um, again, just a quick uh takeaways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, again, just a quick uh takeaways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, again, just a quick uh takeaways.
+Communication is key. I mean, that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication is key. I mean, that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication is key. I mean, that's in
+I know we've heard that repetitively.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know we've heard that repetitively.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know we've heard that repetitively.
+it came to the forefront and this one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to the forefront and this one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to the forefront and this one in
+particular when changes happened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when changes happened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when changes happened and
+they were somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were somewhat
+unconventional. We'll leave it at that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional. We'll leave it at that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional. We'll leave it at that.
+That change from the single U bend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That change from the single U bend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That change from the single U bend to
+the double U bend again add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double U bend again add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double U bend again add some
+complexity to the whole issue and from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity to the whole issue and from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity to the whole issue and from a
+modeling and uh performance point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and uh performance point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and uh performance point of
+view required a lot of redoing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view required a lot of redoing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view required a lot of redoing and then
+the materials used um are not North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials used um are not North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials used um are not North
+American compliant. Not that's the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American compliant. Not that's the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American compliant. Not that's the end
+of the world. It's just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world. It's just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world. It's just to be
+recognized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized.
+That's it. I'm Oh, good. I didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's it. I'm Oh, good. I didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's it. I'm Oh, good. I didn't go
+over time. I'm zero minutes. Perfect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time. I'm zero minutes. Perfect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time. I'm zero minutes. Perfect.
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dodj1I-IjWM.txt b/dodj1I-IjWM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0bcf76a211081d96cc1bd5bcc01188e79342cd9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dodj1I-IjWM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here it is suppose you have a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it is suppose you have a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it is suppose you have a serious
+expansion in lambda so this is the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in lambda so this is the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in lambda so this is the state
+when lambda is equal to 0 this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when lambda is equal to 0 this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when lambda is equal to 0 this should be
+the state but when lambda is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state but when lambda is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state but when lambda is different
+from 0 that will not be the state will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 that will not be the state will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 that will not be the state will
+have lambda correction so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lambda correction so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lambda correction so this is the
+first order correction to the state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order correction to the state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order correction to the state so
+that's why I put a 1 and it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I put a 1 and it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I put a 1 and it should be
+you should think of it first order o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think of it first order o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think of it first order o
+because it comes with a lambda this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes with a lambda this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes with a lambda this is
+the second order correction to the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order correction to the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order correction to the state
+because it comes with a lambda squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes with a lambda squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes with a lambda squared
+and the same thing here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing here so the
+superscript is telling you what order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript is telling you what order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript is telling you what order in
+lambda you are working to what accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda you are working to what accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda you are working to what accuracy
+so what is the most urgent thing to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the most urgent thing to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the most urgent thing to find
+the first of our Corrections if you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of our Corrections if you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of our Corrections if you find
+them and we still have time you go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we still have time you go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we still have time you go for
+the second order you know more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order you know more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order you know more and more
+okay let's continue let's solve some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's continue let's solve some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's continue let's solve some of
+this so our next task is to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so our next task is to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so our next task is to solve this
+problem and here we go let's solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and here we go let's solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and here we go let's solve that
+so what am I going to do I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what am I going to do I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what am I going to do I'm going to
+just write this equation slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write this equation slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write this equation slightly
+differently I'll write it as H of lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I'll write it as H of lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I'll write it as H of lambda
+which is okay I'll write it differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is okay I'll write it differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is okay I'll write it differently
+H 0 plus lambda Delta H that's H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H 0 plus lambda Delta H that's H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H 0 plus lambda Delta H that's H of
+lambda minus e n of lambda on the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus e n of lambda on the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus e n of lambda on the state
+n of lambda is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of lambda is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of lambda is equal to 0
+that's your Schrodinger equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your Schrodinger equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your Schrodinger equation the
+time independent Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent Schrodinger equation
+we're trying to solve and now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve and now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve and now I'm going
+to just write it out so that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just write it out so that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just write it out so that you can see
+what we get so it's going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get so it's going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get so it's going to take a
+little bit of writing let me collect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of writing let me collect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of writing let me collect the
+terms that have no lambda its H 0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that have no lambda its H 0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that have no lambda its H 0 this
+has a lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lambda
+even begins with E and zero that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even begins with E and zero that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even begins with E and zero that has no
+lambda so from this parenthesis this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so from this parenthesis this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so from this parenthesis this is
+the term without a lambda it came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term without a lambda it came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term without a lambda it came from
+here en 0 here now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here en 0 here now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here en 0 here now let's look at the
+terms with a lambda so I want to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with a lambda so I want to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with a lambda so I want to see how
+I'm writing I want to write it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing I want to write it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing I want to write it with a
+minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign
+oh so with a lamb that we have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from here we have a term e and 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we have a term e and 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we have a term e and 1 minus
+Delta H that is all the terms with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H that is all the terms with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H that is all the terms with a
+lambda so I should put the lambdas well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so I should put the lambdas well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so I should put the lambdas well
+here probably want to put it in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here probably want to put it in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here probably want to put it in front
+minus lambda times that e an1 from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda times that e an1 from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda times that e an1 from there
+and lambda Delta H with a double minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda Delta H with a double minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda Delta H with a double minus
+sign then I have then it goes simple now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then I have then it goes simple now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then I have then it goes simple now
+although I've taken into account this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I've taken into account this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I've taken into account this
+two terms all the rest come from here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms all the rest come from here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms all the rest come from here so
+you have a minus lambda squared em2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a minus lambda squared em2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a minus lambda squared em2 and
+at some point a minus lambda to the K e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point a minus lambda to the K e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point a minus lambda to the K e
+MK and then it goes on and let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MK and then it goes on and let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MK and then it goes on and let me write
+it like a big bracket here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like a big bracket here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like a big bracket here
+that's the parentheses and now the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the parentheses and now the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the parentheses and now the state
+you have M 0 lambda and 1 plus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have M 0 lambda and 1 plus lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have M 0 lambda and 1 plus lambda
+squared and 2 plus lambda to the K the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and 2 plus lambda to the K the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and 2 plus lambda to the K the
+case correction to the state and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case correction to the state and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case correction to the state and it goes
+on forever and it is here and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on forever and it is here and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on forever and it is here and all that
+is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks daunting but it's not it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks daunting but it's not it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks daunting but it's not it's what
+should we do well here is again lamda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we do well here is again lamda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we do well here is again lamda
+helpful for you lambda is a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for you lambda is a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for you lambda is a parameter
+this is the left hand side is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the left hand side is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the left hand side is a
+polynomial in lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in lambda
+it should vanish for all values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should vanish for all values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should vanish for all values of
+lambda because the Sharron equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda because the Sharron equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda because the Sharron equation
+should hold for all values of lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should hold for all values of lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should hold for all values of lambda
+when a polynomial vanishes for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a polynomial vanishes for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a polynomial vanishes for all
+values of lambda the argument of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of lambda the argument of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of lambda the argument of the
+polynomial all the coefficients must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial all the coefficients must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial all the coefficients must
+vanish of the polynomial therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish of the polynomial therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish of the polynomial therefore we
+must look at what is zeroth order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must look at what is zeroth order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must look at what is zeroth order in
+lambda here and see what we get well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda here and see what we get well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda here and see what we get well
+zeroth order in lambda we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth order in lambda we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth order in lambda we get this
+equation h 0 minus e and 0 on m 0 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation h 0 minus e and 0 on m 0 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation h 0 minus e and 0 on m 0 equals
+0 that's 0 Thorian lambda and that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's 0 Thorian lambda and that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's 0 Thorian lambda and that's an
+equation that is not new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is not new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is not new
+you knew it that's a statement that M 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew it that's a statement that M 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew it that's a statement that M 0
+was an eigenstate of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an eigenstate of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an eigenstate of the original
+Hamiltonian so it's good you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian so it's good you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian so it's good you know the
+zeroth order things had to work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth order things had to work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth order things had to work because
+we said two zeroth order you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said two zeroth order you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said two zeroth order you have the
+known Hamiltonian let's look at the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known Hamiltonian let's look at the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known Hamiltonian let's look at the term
+with order lambda have lambda can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with order lambda have lambda can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with order lambda have lambda can get
+from this term in the Hamiltonian acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this term in the Hamiltonian acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this term in the Hamiltonian acting
+on n one that's order lambda so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n one that's order lambda so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n one that's order lambda so let's
+write it here H 0 minus e and 0 on N 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it here H 0 minus e and 0 on N 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it here H 0 minus e and 0 on N 1
+and the other term comes from a lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other term comes from a lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other term comes from a lambda
+in the first factor and Knowland in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first factor and Knowland in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first factor and Knowland in the
+second so is this term this acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so is this term this acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so is this term this acting on
+that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state
+look there's a LAN and there's a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's a LAN and there's a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's a LAN and there's a minus
+sign so you can put it on the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so you can put it on the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so you can put it on the right-hand
+side and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and we get
+and one minus Delta H acting on n zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's be a little daring and try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be a little daring and try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be a little daring and try to get
+the lambda to the K so H zero minus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda to the K so H zero minus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda to the K so H zero minus e
+and zero and I want to see what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero and I want to see what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero and I want to see what are the
+terms that have lambda to the K power K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well H 0 minus en 0 acting on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well H 0 minus en 0 acting on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well H 0 minus en 0 acting on this one
+has landed to the K so you have n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has landed to the K so you have n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has landed to the K so you have n to the
+K here and K naught to the K and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here and K naught to the K and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here and K naught to the K and then of
+to get lambda to the K I could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get lambda to the K I could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get lambda to the K I could have a
+lambda here and the term that is before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda here and the term that is before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda here and the term that is before
+this lambda to the K minus 1 and K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda to the K minus 1 and K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda to the K minus 1 and K minus
+1 and it goes with the minus sign to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and it goes with the minus sign to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and it goes with the minus sign to the
+right hand side so you would have e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so you would have e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so you would have e and
+1 minus Delta H on em K minus 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Delta H on em K minus 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Delta H on em K minus 1 and then
+you have e n2 on e NK minus 2 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have e n2 on e NK minus 2 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have e n2 on e NK minus 2 and it
+will go all the way until you'll have e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go all the way until you'll have e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go all the way until you'll have e
+MK acting on n 0 the original state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me box this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those those are the equations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those are the equations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those are the equations that we
+get and do we have to solve them and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and do we have to solve them and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and do we have to solve them and we
+can solve them that's the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve them that's the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve them that's the nice thing
+about this well this one we argued it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well this one we argued it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well this one we argued it's
+simple enough we don't have to do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple enough we don't have to do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple enough we don't have to do much
+about it then we have to solve for n1 oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it then we have to solve for n1 oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it then we have to solve for n1 oh
+but the second equation actually has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the second equation actually has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the second equation actually has two
+unknowns we don't know the state and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we don't know the state and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we don't know the state and one
+the first correction and we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first correction and we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first correction and we don't know
+the energy correction so but that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy correction so but that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy correction so but that's kind
+of the useful thing with sharing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the useful thing with sharing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the useful thing with sharing your
+equation you don't know the energies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you don't know the energies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you don't know the energies and
+you don't know the eigenstates so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know the eigenstates so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know the eigenstates so you
+couldn't expect this it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't expect this it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't expect this it's kind of
+interesting if you have solved for n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you have solved for n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you have solved for n1
+and ian's one an end to an end to up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ian's one an end to an end to up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ian's one an end to an end to up to
+some point the next state involves NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point the next state involves NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point the next state involves NK
+the energy of the state m'kay and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the state m'kay and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the state m'kay and all
+the things that you already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you already know the
+lower energies and the lower states so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energies and the lower states so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energies and the lower states so
+you can solve this recursively one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve this recursively one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve this recursively one
+equation at a time depending how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at a time depending how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at a time depending how much
+work you want to do you go more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you want to do you go more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you want to do you go more and more
+equations will typically go the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will typically go the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will typically go the first
+and the second and sometimes make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second and sometimes make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second and sometimes make some
+remarks about these things there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks about these things there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks about these things there's one
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+simplifying assumption we can make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumption we can make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumption we can make that
+helps us a lot I can claim you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us a lot I can claim you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us a lot I can claim you can
+choose n1 and all the higher ones into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be orthogonal to n0 think a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be orthogonal to n0 think a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be orthogonal to n0 think a little
+about this what does that tell us it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this what does that tell us it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this what does that tell us it
+says oh this vector should have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh this vector should have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh this vector should have no
+component along n0 and this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component along n0 and this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component along n0 and this vector
+should have no component along and 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have no component along and 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have no component along and 0 the
+intuitive reason why this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive reason why this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive reason why this is the case
+that you can choose that and simplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can choose that and simplifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can choose that and simplifies
+your life is that if it had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life is that if it had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life is that if it had some
+component along and 0 you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component along and 0 you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component along and 0 you could just
+sort of move it here and now you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move it here and now you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move it here and now you would
+have n 0 plus a function of lambda times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n 0 plus a function of lambda times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n 0 plus a function of lambda times
+n 0 and you can divide this by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 0 and you can divide this by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 0 and you can divide this by this
+function and rescale the state back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and rescale the state back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and rescale the state back to
+have an N 0 here the normalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an N 0 here the normalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an N 0 here the normalization of
+this state originally you have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state originally you have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state originally you have them
+normalized but it would make our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized but it would make our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized but it would make our life
+extremely more complicated if we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely more complicated if we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely more complicated if we try to
+do this perturbation series and keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this perturbation series and keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this perturbation series and keep the
+normalization the states are not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization the states are not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization the states are not going
+to be normalized but you know that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be normalized but you know that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be normalized but you know that's not
+a problem if they're not normalized but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem if they're not normalized but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem if they're not normalized but
+our normalizable you can always work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our normalizable you can always work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our normalizable you can always work
+with them so we won't normalize them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them so we won't normalize them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them so we won't normalize them but
+the idea is that any piece that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that any piece that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that any piece that is
+proportional to n 0 you could reabsorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to n 0 you could reabsorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to n 0 you could reabsorb
+it now that's vague if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now that's vague if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now that's vague if you didn't
+understand that argument I commend you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that argument I commend you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that argument I commend you
+because it's a vague argument so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a vague argument so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a vague argument so let me
+do a more precise argument suppose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a more precise argument suppose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a more precise argument suppose for
+example you're solving this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're solving this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're solving this equation and
+you solve n 0 and suppose you've solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve n 0 and suppose you've solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve n 0 and suppose you've solved
+now for N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for N
+and you got your n1 you're done you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got your n1 you're done you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got your n1 you're done you
+solve the second equation you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the second equation you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the second equation you're
+perfectly happy but somebody says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly happy but somebody says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly happy but somebody says you
+know it has some component along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it has some component along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it has some component along and
+zero what can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what can you do
+okay you say look if n1 solves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you say look if n1 solves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you say look if n1 solves this
+equation and one plus any number C times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and one plus any number C times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and one plus any number C times
+and zero still is a solution I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero still is a solution I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero still is a solution I claim
+why because n1 the state and one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because n1 the state and one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because n1 the state and one that
+you're trying to find only appears on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find only appears on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find only appears on
+the left hand side and n0 is killed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and n0 is killed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and n0 is killed by
+this combination it's the first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination it's the first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination it's the first equation
+so you can if you have a solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can if you have a solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can if you have a solution and
+one you can replace it by this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can replace it by this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can replace it by this one and
+you can choose C to cancel whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose C to cancel whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose C to cancel whatever and
+zero you had in here so you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you had in here so you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you had in here so you can always
+produce a state that this orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a state that this orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a state that this orthogonal to
+it and it's easier to work with that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's easier to work with that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's easier to work with that and
+this goes on forever suppose you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes on forever suppose you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes on forever suppose you've
+solved now and one that has no piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved now and one that has no piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved now and one that has no piece
+along and zero and two and three for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and zero and two and three for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and zero and two and three for all
+those and you go up to here and MK has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and you go up to here and MK has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and you go up to here and MK has a
+piece along and zero you can still add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece along and zero you can still add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece along and zero you can still add a
+constant to NK x and Zeron make it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to NK x and Zeron make it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to NK x and Zeron make it work
+so you can always do that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can always do that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can always do that they're
+orthogonal to n0 so let me say one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to n0 so let me say one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to n0 so let me say one more
+thing that is very amazing you can let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is very amazing you can let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is very amazing you can let's
+look a little a first look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little a first look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little a first look at the
+equation lambda 1 of order lambda 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation lambda 1 of order lambda 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation lambda 1 of order lambda 1 or
+I'm sorry this these parentheses are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry this these parentheses are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry this these parentheses are not
+good this is lambda to the 1 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is lambda to the 1 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is lambda to the 1 this is
+lambda to the K the parentheses is bad 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lambda 1 so this is our equation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 so this is our equation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 so this is our equation will
+have h 0 minus e + 0 + 1 equal e + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have h 0 minus e + 0 + 1 equal e + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have h 0 minus e + 0 + 1 equal e + 1
+minus Delta H + 0 I'm gonna do one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta H + 0 I'm gonna do one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta H + 0 I'm gonna do one thing
+I'm gonna push a bra and 0 on the Left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna push a bra and 0 on the Left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna push a bra and 0 on the Left
+should I do it on that same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do it on that same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do it on that same equation
+let's save a little time that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's save a little time that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's save a little time that equation
+we already had it here so let's put an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already had it here so let's put an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already had it here so let's put an N
+0 here bra and 0 here okay so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 here bra and 0 here okay so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 here bra and 0 here okay so here is
+the challenge we've put a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge we've put a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge we've put a lot of
+notation in the blackboard and maybe by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in the blackboard and maybe by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in the blackboard and maybe by
+now all the symbols are floating in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all the symbols are floating in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all the symbols are floating in your
+head and not making much sense I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and not making much sense I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and not making much sense I want
+you to figure out what is the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to figure out what is the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to figure out what is the value of
+this left-hand side
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f0BxAtprWts.txt b/f0BxAtprWts.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..670e1d35fef76bf745c242f29fa607f49fb6871a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f0BxAtprWts.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh well here we're at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh well here we're at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh well here we're at the beginning
+uh and I think it's worth thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I think it's worth thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I think it's worth thinking
+about what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we know
+calculus differential equations is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus differential equations is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus differential equations is the
+big application of calculus so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big application of calculus so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big application of calculus so it's kind
+of interesting to see what part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting to see what part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting to see what part of
+calculus what information and what ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus what information and what ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus what information and what ideas
+from calculus actually get used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from calculus actually get used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from calculus actually get used in
+differential equations and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and I'm going to
+show you what what I see and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what what I see and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what what I see and it's not
+everything by any means it's some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by any means it's some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by any means it's some basic
+ideas but not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas but not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas but not all the
+details learned so I'm not saying forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details learned so I'm not saying forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details learned so I'm not saying forget
+all those but it's just focus on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those but it's just focus on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those but it's just focus on what
+matters okay so uh the calculus you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters okay so uh the calculus you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters okay so uh the calculus you need
+is my topic and the first thing is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my topic and the first thing is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my topic and the first thing is you
+really do need to know basic derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do need to know basic derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do need to know basic derivatives
+the derivative of x to the N the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of x to the N the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of x to the N the
+derivative of s and above all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of s and above all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of s and above all the
+derivative of e to the X which is e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of e to the X which is e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of e to the X which is e to
+the X the derivative of e to the x is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X the derivative of e to the x is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X the derivative of e to the x is e
+to the X that's a wonderful equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X that's a wonderful equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X that's a wonderful equation
+that is solved by e to the x dydt equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is solved by e to the x dydt equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is solved by e to the x dydt equals
+y we'll have to do more with that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y we'll have to do more with that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y we'll have to do more with that and
+then the inverse function related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the inverse function related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the inverse function related to the
+exponential is the logarithm with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is the logarithm with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is the logarithm with that
+special derivative 1 /x okay but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special derivative 1 /x okay but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special derivative 1 /x okay but you
+know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those
+secondly out of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly out of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly out of those
+few specific facts you can create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few specific facts you can create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few specific facts you can create the
+derivatives of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of an
+enormous array of functions using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous array of functions using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous array of functions using the
+key rules the derivative of f+ G is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key rules the derivative of f+ G is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key rules the derivative of f+ G is the
+derivative of f plus the derivative of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of f plus the derivative of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of f plus the derivative of G
+derivative is a linear operation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is a linear operation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is a linear operation that
+product rule FG Prime + G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule FG Prime + G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule FG Prime + G
+fpre the quotient rule who can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fpre the quotient rule who can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fpre the quotient rule who can remember
+that and above all the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and above all the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and above all the chain
+rule the derivative of this of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the derivative of this of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the derivative of this of that
+chain of functions that composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of functions that composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of functions that composite
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+is is the derivative of f with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the derivative of f with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the derivative of f with respect
+to G times the derivative of G with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G times the derivative of G with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G times the derivative of G with
+respect to X that's really a that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X that's really a that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X that's really a that it's
+chains of functions that really blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains of functions that really blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains of functions that really blow
+open the functions that we can deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the functions that we can deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the functions that we can deal with
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+then the fundamental theorem so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the fundamental theorem so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the fundamental theorem so the
+fundamental theorem involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem involves the
+derivative and the integral and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the integral and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the integral and it says
+that one is the inverse operation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other of the integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of the integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of the integral of a
+function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess here is
+y and the integral goes from zero to X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and the integral goes from zero to X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and the integral goes from zero to X I
+don't care what that dummy variable is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what that dummy variable is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what that dummy variable is I
+I'll change that dummy variable to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll change that dummy variable to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll change that dummy variable to T
+whatever I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I don't
+care T to show the dummy variable the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care T to show the dummy variable the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care T to show the dummy variable the x
+is the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limit of
+integration I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration I
+won't uh discuss that fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't uh discuss that fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't uh discuss that fundamental
+theorem but it certainly is fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but it certainly is fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but it certainly is fundamental
+and I'll use it maybe that's better I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll use it maybe that's better I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll use it maybe that's better I
+I'll use the fundamental theorem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use the fundamental theorem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use the fundamental theorem right
+away so but remember what it says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so but remember what it says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so but remember what it says it
+says that if you take a function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you take a function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you take a function you
+integrate it you take the derivative you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it you take the derivative you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it you take the derivative you
+get the function back again okay can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the function back again okay can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the function back again okay can I
+apply that to a a really I I see this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to a a really I I see this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to a a really I I see this as
+a key key uh example in differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key key uh example in differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key key uh example in differential
+equations and let me show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and let me show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and let me show you the
+function I have in mind the function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I have in mind the function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I have in mind the function I
+have in mind I'll call it Y is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind I'll call it Y is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind I'll call it Y is the
+integral from 0 to T or so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to T or so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to T or so it's a
+function of T then time it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T then time it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T then time it's the
+integral of this e to the T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of this e to the T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of this e to the T minus
+s some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's a
+remarkable formula for the solution to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable formula for the solution to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable formula for the solution to a
+basic differential equation so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic differential equation so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic differential equation so with this
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solves the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the equation
+dydt = y + Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt = y + Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt = y + Q of
+T so when I see that equation and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so when I see that equation and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so when I see that equation and we'll
+see it again and we'll derive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it again and we'll derive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it again and we'll derive this
+formula but now I want to just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but now I want to just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but now I want to just use
+the fundamental theorem of calculus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental theorem of calculus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental theorem of calculus to
+check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the
+formula when as we create it as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula when as we create it as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula when as we create it as we
+derive the formula well it it won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the formula well it it won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the formula well it it won't be
+wrong because our derivation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because our derivation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong because our derivation will
+be good but also you it would be nice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good but also you it would be nice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good but also you it would be nice I
+just think if you plug that in to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think if you plug that in to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think if you plug that in to that
+differential equation it's solved okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it's solved okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it's solved okay
+so I want to take the derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to take the derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to take the derivative of that
+that's my job and that's why I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my job and that's why I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my job and that's why I do it
+here because it uses all the rules okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it uses all the rules okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it uses all the rules okay
+to take that derivative I notice that e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that derivative I notice that e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that derivative I notice that e
+is appearing there in the usual place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is appearing there in the usual place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is appearing there in the usual place
+and it's also inside the integral but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also inside the integral but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also inside the integral but
+this is a simple function I can take e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple function I can take e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple function I can take e
+to the T I'm going to take e to the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the T I'm going to take e to the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the T I'm going to take e to the T
+out of the outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the outside the
+integral e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral e to the
+T so I have a function T times another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I have a function T times another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I have a function T times another
+function of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of t
+I'm going to use the product rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the product rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the product rule and
+and show that the derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that the derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that the derivative of that
+product is one term will be Y and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is one term will be Y and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is one term will be Y and the
+other term will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other term will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other term will be
+Q can I just apply the product rule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q can I just apply the product rule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q can I just apply the product rule to
+this this function that I've pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this function that I've pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this function that I've pulled out
+of the hat but you'll see it again okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hat but you'll see it again okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hat but you'll see it again okay
+so it's a product of this times this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a product of this times this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a product of this times this so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+derivative dydt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the product rule says take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product rule says take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product rule says take the
+derivative of that is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+plus the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the first
+thing times the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing times the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing times the derivative of the
+second I'm using the product rule it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I'm using the product rule it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I'm using the product rule it
+just you have to notice that e to the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you have to notice that e to the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you have to notice that e to the T
+came twice because it is there and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came twice because it is there and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came twice because it is there and it's
+its derivative is the same Okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivative is the same Okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivative is the same Okay now
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+the derivative of that fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that fundamental
+theorem of calculus we've integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus we've integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus we've integrated
+something I want to take its derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I want to take its derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I want to take its derivative
+so I get that something I get e Theus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get that something I get e Theus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get that something I get e Theus T
+Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q of
+T that's the fundamental theorem are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's the fundamental theorem are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's the fundamental theorem are you
+good with that so let's just look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good with that so let's just look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good with that so let's just look and
+see what we have first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we have first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we have first term
+was exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exactly
+yly what it is above because when I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yly what it is above because when I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yly what it is above because when I took
+the derivative of the first guy the F it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the first guy the F it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the first guy the F it
+didn't change it so I still have y what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change it so I still have y what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change it so I still have y what
+have I what do I have here e to the T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I what do I have here e to the T *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I what do I have here e to the T *
+e Theus T is 1 so e the T cancels e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Theus T is 1 so e the T cancels e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Theus T is 1 so e the T cancels e
+Theus T and I'm left with Q of T just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus T and I'm left with Q of T just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus T and I'm left with Q of T just
+what I want so the two terms from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want so the two terms from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want so the two terms from the
+product rule are the two terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule are the two terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule are the two terms in the
+differential equation I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation I I just
+think and you saw that the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and you saw that the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and you saw that the fundamental
+theorem was needed right there to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem was needed right there to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem was needed right there to find
+the derivative of what's in that box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of what's in that box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of what's in that box is
+what's in those parentheses I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in those parentheses I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in those parentheses I I just
+like that use of the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that use of the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that use of the fundamental theorem
+okay one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more
+topic of calculus we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of calculus we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of calculus we
+need and here here we go so it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and here here we go so it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and here here we go so it it
+involves the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the tangent
+line to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the
+graph is tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is tangent to the
+graph so it's a straight line and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so it's a straight line and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so it's a straight line and and
+what we need is y a t+ delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need is y a t+ delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need is y a t+ delta
+T that's taking any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's taking any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's taking any
+function maybe you'd rather I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function maybe you'd rather I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function maybe you'd rather I just
+called the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f a function at a point a little Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f a function at a point a little Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f a function at a point a little Beyond
+T is is approximately the function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is is approximately the function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is is approximately the function at
+t plus the correction because plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus the correction because plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus the correction because plus a
+Delta F right a Delta F and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F right a Delta F and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F right a Delta F and what's the
+Delta F approximately it's approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F approximately it's approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F approximately it's approximately
+delta T time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T time the
+derivative at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at
+T that's there's a lot of symbols on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's there's a lot of symbols on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's there's a lot of symbols on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+line but it expresses the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but it expresses the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but it expresses the most basic
+fact of differential Calculus if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of differential Calculus if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of differential Calculus if I put
+that F of t on this side with a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F of t on this side with a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F of t on this side with a minus
+sign then I have Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then I have Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then I have Delta
+F if I divide by that delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F if I divide by that delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F if I divide by that delta
+T then the same rule is saying that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then the same rule is saying that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then the same rule is saying that this
+is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately
+dfdt that's the fundamental idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfdt that's the fundamental idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfdt that's the fundamental idea of
+calculus that the derivative is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus that the derivative is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus that the derivative is quite
+close that the at the point T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that the at the point T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that the at the point T the
+derivative at the point T is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at the point T is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at the point T is close to
+Delta F / delta T it changes over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F / delta T it changes over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F / delta T it changes over a
+short time interval okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time interval okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time interval okay so that's the
+tangent line because it starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line because it starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line because it starts with
+that's the constant term it's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the constant term it's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the constant term it's a function
+of delta T and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delta T and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delta T and that's the
+slope just draw a picture so I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope just draw a picture so I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope just draw a picture so I'm drawing
+a picture here so let me let me draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture here so let me let me draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture here so let me let me draw a
+graph of oh there's the graph of e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of oh there's the graph of e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of oh there's the graph of e to
+the t o it starts up with slope one let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t o it starts up with slope one let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t o it starts up with slope one let
+let me give it a little slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give it a little slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give it a little slope
+here okay the tangent line and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the tangent line and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the tangent line and of course
+it comes down here so not below so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes down here so not below so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes down here so not below so the
+tangent line is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line that's the tangent line that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's the tangent line that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's the tangent line that's this
+approximation to F and you see as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to F and you see as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to F and you see as I
+here's tal 0 let's say and here is tal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's tal 0 let's say and here is tal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's tal 0 let's say and here is tal
+delta T and you see if I take a big step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and you see if I take a big step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and you see if I take a big step
+my line is far from the curve and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my line is far from the curve and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my line is far from the curve and we
+want to get closer so the way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get closer so the way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get closer so the way to get
+closer is we have to take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer is we have to take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer is we have to take into account
+the bending the curve is bending what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending the curve is bending what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending the curve is bending what
+derivative tells us about bending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative tells us about bending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative tells us about bending the
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is Delta t squared times the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative 1/2 it turns out a 1/2 show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative 1/2 it turns out a 1/2 show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative 1/2 it turns out a 1/2 show
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+there so this is the term that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is the term that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is the term that changes
+the tangent line to a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent line to a tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent line to a tangent
+Parabola it it notices the bending at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola it it notices the bending at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola it it notices the bending at
+that point the second derivative at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point the second derivative at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point the second derivative at that
+point so it curves up it doesn't follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it curves up it doesn't follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it curves up it doesn't follow
+it perfectly but it's well much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it perfectly but it's well much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it perfectly but it's well much better
+than the other so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other so this is the
+line here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here's the
+parabola and here's the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the real one okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real one okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real one okay I
+won't review the theory there that pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't review the theory there that pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't review the theory there that pulls
+out that one half but you could check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that one half but you could check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that one half but you could check it
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+finally what if we want to do even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what if we want to do even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what if we want to do even
+better well we need to take account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better well we need to take account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better well we need to take account the
+third derivative and then the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third derivative and then the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third derivative and then the fourth
+derivative and so on and if we get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and so on and if we get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and so on and if we get all
+those derivatives then all of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those derivatives then all of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those derivatives then all of them that
+means then we will be at the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means then we will be at the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means then we will be at the function
+cuz that's a nice function e to the T we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that's a nice function e to the T we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that's a nice function e to the T we
+can recreate that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recreate that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recreate that function
+from knowing its height its slope its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from knowing its height its slope its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from knowing its height its slope its
+bending and all the rest of the terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending and all the rest of the terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending and all the rest of the terms so
+there's a whole lot more infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole lot more infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole lot more infinitely many
+terms that 1 over two the good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that 1 over two the good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that 1 over two the good way to
+think of 1 over two 1/2 is 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of 1 over two 1/2 is 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of 1 over two 1/2 is 1 over 2
+factorial 2 * 1 because this is 1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial 2 * 1 because this is 1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial 2 * 1 because this is 1 / n
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+time e to the N pretty small times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e to the N pretty small times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e to the N pretty small times the
+nth derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and keep
+going that's called the tailor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that's called the tailor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that's called the tailor series
+named after Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after Taylor
+and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+frightening at first it's frightening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightening at first it's frightening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightening at first it's frightening
+because it's got infinitely many terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got infinitely many terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got infinitely many terms
+and the terms are getting a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the terms are getting a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the terms are getting a little more
+comp for most functions you really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp for most functions you really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp for most functions you really don't
+want to compute the N derivative for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute the N derivative for e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute the N derivative for e
+to the T I don't mind Computing the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the T I don't mind Computing the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the T I don't mind Computing the N
+derivative because it's still e to the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative because it's still e to the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative because it's still e to the T
+but uh usually that's this isn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh usually that's this isn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh usually that's this isn't so
+practical line very practical tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical line very practical tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical line very practical tangent
+Parabola quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola quite
+practical higher order terms less much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical higher order terms less much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical higher order terms less much
+less practical but the formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less practical but the formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less practical but the formula is
+Beautiful cuz you see the pattern that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beautiful cuz you see the pattern that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beautiful cuz you see the pattern that's
+really what mathematics is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what mathematics is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what mathematics is about
+patterns and here you're seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and here you're seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and here you're seeing the
+pattern in the higher higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in the higher higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in the higher higher
+terms they all fit that pattern and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms they all fit that pattern and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms they all fit that pattern and when
+you add up all the terms if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add up all the terms if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add up all the terms if you have a
+nice function then the approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice function then the approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice function then the approximation
+becomes perfect and you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes perfect and you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes perfect and you would have
+equality so to end this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality so to end this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality so to end this
+lecture approximate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture approximate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture approximate to
+equal provided we have a nice function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal provided we have a nice function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal provided we have a nice function
+and those are the best functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the best functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the best functions of
+mathematics and exponential is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and exponential is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and exponential is of course
+one of them okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them okay that's
+calculus well part of calculus thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g2NoQCEgsCM.txt b/g2NoQCEgsCM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7060cea2954d2a1e5800da9c57808adce037bf44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/g2NoQCEgsCM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2523 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+MAXWELL MANN: I'm
+going to tell you
+
+why I think that organization
+of your code is the bee's knees.
+
+It's the coolest thing ever.
+
+If you organize your
+code well, then you
+
+can end up having not
+a horrible player.
+
+I think lecture three robot
+release is kind of long.
+
+I released some
+code, and it's long.
+
+Look at all that stuff.
+
+It's especially large when
+you want have 16 point font so
+
+that everybody can see
+from back at the end.
+
+But it's just too
+much, so here I'm
+
+going to propose that you
+organize your code into, as you
+
+can see here on the left,
+many separate files.
+
+So this is-- I think
+it's [? Hitav's ?] code.
+
+He's one of the devs
+this year, and you
+
+can see here his robot player.
+
+He's got the package name,
+and he imports some things,
+
+and right after that, he defines
+these new types, like base
+
+player, headquarters
+player, soldier player,
+
+and encampment player.
+
+And each of these things
+is part of base player.
+
+You can see here base player
+is this public, abstract class
+
+that he defines here.
+
+And it has certain things
+he wants to use later.
+
+And then later when
+he has other players,
+
+like an encampment
+player, he can just
+
+say, OK, I am going to call
+this public class encampment
+
+player extends base player.
+
+And now, this guy has access
+to all of this guy's method.
+
+And it's also located in
+his own convenient place.
+
+So I'm going to post
+some example that
+
+shows how to get your code
+separated in a convenient way
+
+if you haven't done that before.
+
+So you've got your
+code separated,
+
+and you want to make life easy.
+
+You don't want to
+code in a way that's
+
+going to make it hard for you to
+make changes and make updates.
+
+Steven Arcangeli,
+who won Battlecode
+
+two or three years ago,
+has posted on his blog
+
+a description of coding
+best practices that
+
+enabled him to really
+do well in Battlecode.
+
+He did things like
+make sure that things
+
+are in separate files,
+that they have subpackages.
+
+And that he worked on
+this framework code
+
+most of the time.
+
+He wasn't trying to just
+mash out a strategy.
+
+He was building systems
+that he could reuse and use
+
+multiple times.
+
+He also made a rapid
+iteration system
+
+so he could test his code
+against other ways of running
+
+the same code.
+
+And today, Aaron is
+here with me to set up
+
+a system for trading
+code between us
+
+so we can work more efficiently.
+
+So according to Stephen,
+he was doing strategy only
+
+in the last week
+of the competition.
+
+The rest of the time, he
+was basically just writing
+
+navigation code, or
+something very basic,
+
+and then he would sort of
+figure out the strategy
+
+after watching the tournaments,
+like the sprint tournament
+
+and the seeding tournament.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: OK,
+just steal the strategy
+
+instead of writing it yourself.
+
+Awesome.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Yeah, I guess
+that's one way to do it.
+
+So I'm going to go ahead
+and switch on over to Aaron,
+
+and he's going to show
+how he would set things up
+
+to start sending me files
+in the most efficient way.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Hello, I'm Aaron,
+the less effective lecturer,
+
+and I'm going to tell you that
+the most efficient way to share
+
+files between me and Max is Git.
+
+Spoiler alert, it's Git.
+
+So I have my directory,
+it's called user test,
+
+but it's a Battlecode
+installation, the same as you
+
+guys have.
+
+I have some stuff in here
+that I want to share with Max,
+
+particularly something
+in the team's directory.
+
+This awesome player--
+awesomer player-- and I
+
+want Max to have it.
+
+So how do I get it to him?
+
+So first, I made a
+Bitbucket account.
+
+It's free, it's
+similar to GitHub,
+
+except the problem with GitHub
+is if you want a private repo,
+
+you'd have to pay for it.
+
+So you'd probably
+abusing a public repo,
+
+which means anybody who can
+guess your user name just
+
+has access to all
+your robots, which
+
+makes it even easier for them
+to your code and strategies.
+
+It's kind of silly.
+
+Bitbucket gives you a private
+repo with up to five users.
+
+We only give you four users,
+so a Bitbucket's perfect.
+
+So you make your
+Bitbucket account.
+
+And then I want to make a repo
+for Max and I to share code.
+
+So I'm going to call
+it Battlecode example.
+
+I want it to be private
+so that other teams can't
+
+steal our stuff.
+
+It's going to be
+Git, because that's I
+
+all that I know how to use.
+
+It's going to be Java.
+
+Now create it.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: So this
+repository, Aaron,
+
+is going to be on the
+internet, and so we'll really
+
+be able to access
+it from anywhere.
+
+It's sort of its own
+backup system, isn't it?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yep.
+
+It's backup, it's
+version intelligent,
+
+cross platform, et cetera.
+
+It's perfect.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Yeah.
+
+Yesterday or the day
+before, my computer
+
+gave me a bunch of
+Blue Screens of Death.
+
+I think one of my memory
+sectors is failing or something.
+
+But I wasn't that nervous,
+because we have everything
+
+stored online.
+
+True story.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Alright.
+
+So Bitbucket goes ahead and
+gives me the instructions.
+
+So I'm basically just going
+to follow these instructions.
+
+I've already made the directory
+and I'm already in it,
+
+so I don't need to do this.
+
+So right now the
+installation's not a Git repo.
+
+So I'm going to go
+ahead and make it one.
+
+Get in it, now it's empty.
+
+And then it tells me to
+add this thing as remote.
+
+I'll do that later.
+
+OK, so right now it's
+an empty Git repository.
+
+It's not very useful,
+because it's empty.
+
+If I use Git status, it tells
+me that it's basically empty.
+
+Yeah, it tells me that
+there's all these things that
+
+are untracked.
+
+It's not tracking anything.
+
+And there's nothing in it.
+
+AUDIENCE: What does it mean when
+they're tracked or untracked
+
+By Git?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: So it said
+when I initialized it here
+
+that it was empty.
+
+So even though there's a bunch
+of things in this folder,
+
+Git doesn't really know
+or care about them yet,
+
+because I haven't told
+them where they are,
+
+or what it should
+pay attention to
+
+and what it shouldn't
+pay attention to,
+
+so it's just empty.
+
+That's why it's labeled
+"everything untracked",
+
+because they're not yet tracked.
+
+So let me make some of
+these things tracked.
+
+And by some, I mean only
+the awesomer player,
+
+because that's the only thing
+I want to give Max right now.
+
+So I'm going to do Git add,
+because I want to add it
+
+to the list of things
+that's tracked.
+
+And go team/awesomer
+player/robot.
+
+OK, cool.
+
+Now it's added.
+
+So now if I look at the
+status, I have one new file.
+
+I didn't make it, so
+it's not new with respect
+
+to the hard drive, but
+it's new with respect
+
+to Git, because Git didn't
+know about it before.
+
+And then these are
+still on track.
+
+So now to share it with Max,
+I have to commit this change.
+
+Right now, it's just
+been added, but it's
+
+sort of floating
+around in space.
+
+So "commit" really solidifies
+it into a block of changes
+
+that I can give to max.
+
+So "initial commit",
+just because that's
+
+the best practices name
+for the first commit.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: You see here
+he's put a message with it,
+
+so that when we look
+at the commit logs,
+
+we'll be able to see
+his descriptions of what
+
+went on for all the changes, all
+the way back to the beginning.
+
+And we'll have all
+these things posted
+
+in the handy-dandy guide--
+gosh, I said it again--
+
+so you don't have to
+worry about memorizing it.
+
+Right now you just want to
+get the overview of how we're
+
+doing it, and how many
+millions of times more awesome
+
+it is to do it this way,
+than to email to one another.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: I should
+mention hyphen a means "all",
+
+like for everything, and
+m means give a message
+
+here with strings
+rather than having
+
+to type it into an editor.
+
+On Windows, if you
+leave out the m switch,
+
+you get notepad, which is
+not that big of a deal,
+
+because it's just notepad.
+
+Just type it in and hit
+Save, and it's okay,
+
+and you remember to use
+the m switch next time.
+
+But on Linux, if you forget
+the m switch, most likely
+
+it'll give you Vim, which is so
+complicated and arcane that it
+
+took me many times before I
+even knew how to close it.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: It's like
+escape:wq or something.
+
+It's absolutely crazy.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: I think I've
+gathered that colon q quits it,
+
+and colon w saves.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: I think
+you have to push
+
+s to start typing again.
+
+It doesn't even let
+you put commands in.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: You
+want to say out
+
+of Vim if you're not initiated.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: OK.
+
+Got it.
+
+Well I just the m switch
+so I can stay out of Vim,
+
+because it's only
+for the initiated.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: I
+see one question.
+
+AUDIENCE: So do you
+guys recommend only
+
+sharing specific
+files at a time,
+
+instead of the entire project?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yes,
+and I will discuss
+
+that eventually, but for now the
+only things you want to share
+
+are things that you wrote
+yourself and are changing
+
+yourself.
+
+But I will discuss more
+of that in the future.
+
+So right now I just want to
+share that one specific file.
+
+So now it's committed.
+
+I need to get onto
+here, so I do this thing
+
+that it tells me to do.
+
+Basically I'm going
+to add as a remote,
+
+like a thing that's not here.
+
+It's a remote, it's somewhere
+else, so the server.
+
+I'm going to add one called
+"origin", because origin
+
+is the canonical name
+for this sort of thing,
+
+and then I follow the URL.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: You can't
+copy and paste into that?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: No.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Oh, you can't?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: No.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Oh, mine's better.
+
+Right now, he's using MinGW
+shell to type these commands.
+
+If you just put it in
+Windows command prompt,
+
+I don't think it would work.
+
+I'm going to use to Git
+Bash, which you can get--
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: No,
+you're using Git Shell,
+
+which opens Windows PowerShell.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: And you
+can get that online just
+
+by Google searching it.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Cool,
+well there you go.
+
+That's how you remove remotes.
+
+Two birds, one stone.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: That's
+pretty useful.
+
+We did that on purpose.
+
+That guy's a plant.
+
+I'll pay you after lecture.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: So to check what
+I have, I do the hyphen v. You
+
+might be familiar with
+a verbose, hyphen v.
+
+So I have this, it
+looks spelled correctly.
+
+Cool.
+
+Now I push to it, like take
+my changes and push them,
+
+to "origin", which is the
+name I've given to this URL.
+
+"Master" is the master branch.
+
+It's going to ask
+me for my password,
+
+because I haven't
+configured SSH correctly,
+
+but Bitbucket has
+instructions for setting this
+
+up so that your computers
+recognize each other.
+
+You don't need to type in
+the password every time.
+
+I just haven't done it yet.
+
+OK, now it looks
+like I successfully
+
+wrote things to the server.
+
+So Max should be
+able to get them.
+
+Oh, no, he shouldn't be able
+to, because my repo is private,
+
+and nobody's allowed
+to access it but me.
+
+Let me change that.
+
+Settings, access management.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: So I'm M4X Mann.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: And I want
+to give him read and write,
+
+but I don't trust
+him to administer it.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: It's a good idea.
+
+I have a certain
+tendency of screwing up
+
+certain administration
+jobs, this one not included.
+
+So I'm going to go ahead
+and switch on over to Me.
+
+Now I'm me.
+
+I wasn't before, but I am now.
+
+Let's make some space here.
+
+On the left, this
+is where I have
+
+Battlecode installed,
+on the desktop.
+
+And I guess what I want to do
+is I want to make this existing
+
+Battlecode directory the
+main directory for the root
+
+for my Github version of
+the thing that he has.
+
+Yeah, that's the technical term.
+
+So I'm going to go into it.
+
+So now I'm in this directory.
+
+And what I'm going to do is
+I'm going to initialize GIt
+
+so that now it knows that
+I'm interested in using
+
+Git in this folder.
+
+And now that I'm in it,
+I will do Git remote add.
+
+And I'll go onto
+this website, I'm
+
+just going to hit refresh here.
+
+Is this it,
+"Battlecode-example"?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yeah.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: OK, so you
+named it the same thing
+
+as you named the previous one?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yep.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: OK.
+
+So I'm in here.
+
+And I can just right
+click and hit Paste
+
+because I have PowerShell.
+
+So now I've now I've added it.
+
+And so I'll then follow
+that up with a "git pull" .
+
+And that's going to give me--
+oh, it says it's not my--
+
+I need a name?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yeah.
+
+You didn't name it.
+
+Yeah, you just did Git remote
+add, and you just put the URL.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: OK,
+I'll name it origin.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: No,
+the other way around.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: OK.
+
+So I'll name it--
+what do I name it?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Origin,
+and then the URL.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Add origin,
+and then and then the URL.
+
+We'll have this all
+written down so you
+
+have the instructions in
+front of you when you do it.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Now you
+should be able to pull.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: OK so
+now I can Git pull.
+
+And this should get me the
+stuff he wanted to give me.
+
+Now it may end up
+being a problem--
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: No, you've
+got to specifically
+
+from origin master.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Ah, git
+pull, origin master.
+
+Yeah.
+
+For those of you who
+know Git already,
+
+I think it may be giving you
+trouble because I may already
+
+have awesomer player.
+
+so we're going to pretend
+that I don't have it.
+
+Yeah, so let's go let's
+go back to Eclipse.
+
+Oh, it's black.
+
+What is that?
+
+I think Eclipse.
+is very unhappy.
+
+Have you ever had this?
+
+OK, where's the package--
+
+AARON EPSTEIN:
+There are Windows,
+
+so we should probably just
+restart both computers.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Restart
+both computers?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yeah, and every
+Windows computer in the room.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Oh, right.
+
+Now let's see, which
+is the button that
+
+gets me the package?
+
+Package inspector window?
+
+Open perspective?
+
+Show view, OK.
+
+I've got.
+
+Hey look, it's not dead.
+
+So let's refresh it
+and now it's updating.
+
+You see it hasn't got
+awesomer player there,
+
+so that when I do this.
+
+Yeah, that wrapped around.
+
+But now I've done this,
+if I push that F5,
+
+is that going to-- No?
+
+Did it not work?
+
+It says here,
+already up to date.
+
+I think we broke it.
+
+What are we gonna do, Aaron?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: I don't know.
+
+I don't know what happened.
+
+So you don't have awesomer?
+
+Do you have awesomer?
+
+MAXWELL MANN: I
+may have awesomer
+
+without knowing I have awesomer.
+
+I'm that awesome.
+
+Nope, there's nothing in there.
+
+Should we kill everything
+and start over?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yep.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Right.
+
+Doing it the right way.
+
+You saw it here first.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: OK, so
+Bitbucket tells me--
+
+MAXWELL MANN: OK,
+I've got an idea.
+
+Make a new package
+and send that one.
+
+Something else.
+
+Something different.
+
+OK, let's go back
+to Aaron's computer.
+
+So you made a a super thing?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: A
+super awesome player.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: A
+super awesome player.
+
+Oh my goodness.
+
+So now you're pushing
+that onto the master,
+
+and then once that's done, I'm
+going to go back to me, right?
+
+OK.
+
+SO I'm going back to
+my Battlecode folder.
+
+OK.
+
+And now it's already
+got Git in it.
+
+I'm already good to go.
+
+I've set up the remote by
+doing Git, remote, add,
+
+origin and then
+the HTTPS URL that
+
+was available on the
+Bitbucket website.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Well, why
+don't you Git status.
+
+Just to check.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: I like that idea.
+
+OK, so I deleted a thing.
+
+Maybe if I just push the fact
+that I deleted that thing.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yeah,
+maybe that was a bad idea.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Well
+in any case, we're
+
+going to see what happens.
+
+Maybe if I add, so that
+it's tracking the thing that
+
+isn't there, then
+that'll improve matters.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Let me
+just make the reaper.
+
+Oh no, but then you'd have
+to type in the URL again.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Yeah, I could just
+paste, but let's do Git pull.
+
+And let's see if
+it works, shall we?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Nothing to lose.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Only our dignity.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: I'm going to
+pull from the origin master
+
+specifically.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Well, what happens
+if I just do it as it is?
+
+It's no good?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: You've
+got to configure it
+
+before you do that.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: It said,
+unpacking objects.
+
+I think it did things.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Well it
+unpacked a bunch of objects,
+
+but it didn't know where
+to put them, I think.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: It didn't
+know where to put them.
+
+Well, I put them somewhere now.
+
+It says, one file changed.
+
+It's fussy?
+
+I'm fussy.
+
+We work together.
+
+OK.
+
+Now the thing is there.
+
+And if we wait 10 minutes,
+Eclipse will start.
+
+But while I'm doing
+that, you could
+
+talk about the next thing.
+
+Yay, there it is.
+
+Super awesome.
+
+Yeah, that's pretty cool.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: You
+should watch it.
+
+It's super good.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: I
+should to watch it?
+
+Is it the same as the other one?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: No, it's mine.
+
+It's my special one.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Oh,
+it's your special one?
+
+Oh my goodness, you guys
+are in for real treat.
+
+Aaron is a coding
+beast, I gotta tell you.
+
+This is the representation of
+his might and his capability,
+
+right here.
+
+Super awesome is the
+red fellow and there he
+
+is, going, capturing
+things, defusing mines.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Oh,
+it didn't work.
+
+Oh well.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Sorry, Aaron.
+
+Next time.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: It's
+just a small map.
+
+So you could rush, strategy,
+rush OP, et cetera.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: I'll
+tell you what,
+
+we'll change the game specs.
+
+We'll change the game engine.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: I've
+already done it.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Oh, OK.
+
+That makes sense.
+
+I just didn't get
+the latest version.
+
+The "Aaron wins all
+matches" version.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yep.
+
+OK, anyway-- What?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why don't you change
+your team name to Aaron?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: From what?
+
+What do you mean?
+
+Sorry, I don't understand.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: It's OK.
+
+It's got to do with corruption.
+
+I'll teach you sometime.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: OK.
+
+Yeah, I don't know
+anything about, of course.
+
+So I did Git status, which
+is always a good thing to do.
+
+Between every command
+that you execute,
+
+that you ask Git to do,
+before you should do a status,
+
+and after you
+should do a status.
+
+Which means that since I wanted
+to execute status to show you,
+
+I should have done Git
+status three times.
+
+One before the Git
+status, one to execute
+
+the Git status, and one after.
+
+Just so that you get
+a really good feeling
+
+for what the status is.
+
+And you should actually
+read it a bunch of times.
+
+So Git status, that's
+the command I type.
+
+On branch master,
+master's a branch.
+
+Got it.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: We'll do
+branches in the lab.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yeah.
+
+Untracked files.
+
+OK, that's a lot
+of untracked files.
+
+Nothing added to commit,
+but untracked files present.
+
+OK, nothing added to commit,
+means I haven't done anything.
+
+But there's untracked files.
+
+That's bad.
+
+When I tell you status is
+really important, I mean it.
+
+But if all this red stuff comes
+up every time you type status,
+
+you're going to start not
+paying attention to it.
+
+So an important thing
+to do is to tell
+
+Git to ignore these things
+that I never want to add.
+
+So I just want
+them to be ignored.
+
+So what I do is I open up my
+favorite text editor eMags,
+
+and I go to
+directory, and I make
+
+a file called dot Git ignore.
+
+And I no longer exist.
+
+OK.
+
+Oh man, eMags is too
+clever sometimes.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Because he made
+this file before the lecture
+
+in preparation, and
+then deleted it.
+
+But eMags was like,
+are you sure you
+
+didn't want to not have
+the things you deleted
+
+and then looked for later
+in a different place?
+
+And then he said, yes.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Now it's empty.
+
+OK, cool.
+
+So I have this empty
+file, and to make it
+
+ignore this dot installation
+information, which I'm never
+
+going to add to the
+repo, I just type
+
+in dot installation information.
+
+And then to make it
+ignore everything
+
+in the doc folder,
+because I'm never
+
+going to have to share that
+with Max, because he has
+
+from the installer,
+do doc slash star,
+
+and then version
+dot text, et cetera.
+
+Or I get this handy-dandy one
+that I've already written,
+
+and just copy all of it.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So now that I've made the
+dot Git ignore and saved it,
+
+now the only untracked
+things are the other teams.
+
+So I could
+specifically add those.
+
+Teams slash example,
+teams slash macro player,
+
+team slash suicide player.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Yet another
+one of his classics.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yeah, right.
+
+Save that, Git status.
+
+The thing with the squiggly
+is just another eMags Folder.
+
+I'll just ignore everything
+that ends in squiggles.
+
+Cool, so now the only
+thing that's untracked
+
+is a dot Git ignore.
+
+So I'll just add
+the dot Git ignore.
+
+Because I do want to share
+that with Max so he doesn't
+
+to go through all that
+trouble I just went through.
+
+Now if I do status I get
+this really nice-- oh, no.
+
+Now to commit the fact that
+I've added the Git ignore.
+
+I do the AM switch again.
+
+A for everything in the index.
+
+And m for not bringing up
+VIM and pulling my hair out.
+
+Make a nice commit message so
+Max knows what this file's for.
+
+OK, now if I do status I get
+this really clean status.
+
+It even says that my working
+directory's clean, nothing
+
+to commit.
+
+Perfect.
+
+So I'll push that to Max and
+he can get it, if he wants.
+
+Type my password again, 123ABCD.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: So I noticed that
+we untracked a bunch of things
+
+because we didn't
+want to include them.
+
+But I was saying before this
+that it might be convenient
+
+for us to just share
+the whole of everything.
+
+Why wouldn't we do that?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: OK, there's a
+lot of reasons not to do it.
+
+A couple things you don't
+want in your Git repo.
+
+Anything that's
+platform specific,
+
+probably you don't
+want in your Git repo.
+
+So right now I'm using Windows
+and Max is using Windows,
+
+but Steven doesn't use Windows.
+
+So anything that's
+on our team-- if I
+
+have a path that
+is something like C
+
+backslash users, that's going to
+look like nonsense once Stephen
+
+checks it out.
+
+So anything platform specific
+doesn't go in the repo.
+
+Another thing you
+don't want in the repo
+
+is stuff that we distribute.
+
+By we, I mean we as
+Battlecode people,
+
+not we as in this
+false Battlecode
+
+team that has the repo.
+
+So we as Battlecode people
+release an installer
+
+that gives you things like
+example [? flux ?] player,
+
+and documents, and
+stuff like that.
+
+You don't want those in
+the repo because, let's say
+
+I add example [? flux ?]
+player to the repo.
+
+I check it in-- now, this
+is I as in this guy--
+
+I check in example
+[? flux ?] player.
+
+Max is working on really
+complex navigation code.
+
+I have version 1.3, and
+Max has version 1.0.
+
+An example [? flux ?] player,
+the one I just checked in,
+
+makes a 1.3 specific
+function call
+
+that breaks if
+you use it in 1.0.
+
+So I check it in, I upload it.
+
+Max downloads my code expecting
+to get some more navigation
+
+stuff that he really needs.
+
+But he also gets this new
+version of example [? flux ?]
+
+player that makes a 1.3
+specific function call,
+
+and now his code
+won't compile at all.
+
+And now he has to
+interrupt the workflow
+
+that he was really
+deep into navigation,
+
+and isolate where is
+this red X coming from,
+
+and find out that it's because
+it was in a different version.
+
+Then he has to go download
+it from Battlecode.org,
+
+and then install it again,
+and then update, and then
+
+find that the update doesn't
+work on his computer.
+
+Then he has to fix that.
+
+All of this, and then in the
+process, forgetting everything
+
+he knew about navigation.
+
+So when he gets back
+to, he's already forgot.
+
+It's just a pain.
+
+So anything that we update,
+just get it from the installer.
+
+Don't put in the repo.
+
+There's no need.
+
+Anything binary, don't
+put that in the repo,
+
+because it's inefficient.
+
+Git has really good algorithms
+for compressing and storing
+
+only meaningful
+things about text,
+
+so if there's a huge
+one megabyte text file
+
+and I change one line,
+Git stores one line.
+
+None of those algorithms that
+it has applied to binaries.
+
+So if I upload a binary, and I
+change one line in a binary--
+
+a binary meaning a zip
+archive or a picture.
+
+If I change one
+pixel in the image,
+
+Git just has to
+store both copies
+
+of the image, which
+is inefficient.
+
+So if you store our
+whole installer,
+
+it's like 30 megabytes.
+
+Every time we update, you'll
+add another 30 megabytes.
+
+So instead of this 500 kilobyte
+repo that Max and I have right
+
+now, if you kept going like
+30 megabytes per installer,
+
+you'd end up with 500 megabytes.
+
+Bad.
+
+Not good.
+
+And then, anything
+that's personal,
+
+like project settings
+you don't need them.
+
+So what do you put in the repo?
+
+Text documents that
+you've created,
+
+like source code, or new maps
+that you want, or a script.
+
+Or all the incredible
+documentation
+
+that you're going to have
+for your players, all
+
+of that, that can
+go in the repo.
+
+Cool.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: In
+some past years,
+
+we've offered another
+one of these side
+
+prizes for best documented code.
+
+Are we going to be doing
+that this year, Stephen?
+
+Think a best documented
+code side prize this year?
+
+AUDIENCE: Probably
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Probably.
+
+Something to keep in mind.
+
+Keep those forward
+slashes on your left ring
+
+finger, which is to say, ready.
+
+Do you hit it with
+your pinky finger?
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Mine is
+on the left bracket,
+
+because I use Dvorak.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Right.
+
+But it's still the same finger.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: No,
+it's the pinky.
+
+How do you go all the way over
+there with the ring finger?
+
+MAXWELL MANN: I
+think I was mistaken.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: I think--
+yes, it is the same finger.
+
+Yeah, pinky.
+
+Pinky active coding.
+
+Cool.
+
+So then we just showed you an
+example where I made a repo
+
+and put some files in
+it and push to server.
+
+Max made his own repo,
+pulled some stuff.
+
+He got it.
+
+He could do the
+same thing, where
+
+he can add files and push
+it, and I can get them.
+
+And that's great.
+
+But now we have to show you what
+happens if Max and I both try
+
+and change one thing,
+the same thing.
+
+Then we get a conflict.
+
+It's really scary,
+and the reason why--
+
+or, it's a reason that
+some people give up on Git.
+
+But we're going to navigate it.
+
+It's going to be OK.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: OK, let's do this.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: OK, so let's
+go to my super awesome player.
+
+I have this number
+capturing channel here.
+
+I think it's not big enough.
+
+So I think you should
+make it bigger.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Well, I think
+it's not well commented enough.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: OK,
+I'll make it bigger,
+
+but you try and explain it.
+
+Which is silly because you
+don't know what it's for.
+
+But I'll make it bigger, because
+I think that's important.
+
+It's a radio channel, so
+in case you didn't get it,
+
+making it bigger's not
+going to change anything.
+
+But anyway, I'll pretend.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Okay,
+I've saved my changes.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: OK so I
+did a status, because I'm
+
+about to execute commit.
+
+So first I did a status.
+
+Yeah, you're getting
+the hang of this?
+
+Now I'm going to do a
+commit, because modified,
+
+that's what I wanted.
+
+I wanted this player modified.
+
+Do a nice commit.
+
+OK.
+
+I would use an
+exclamation mark here,
+
+but no exclamation marks
+in Git commit messages
+
+because bash handles
+them correctly.
+
+So they can't have
+exclamation marks in them.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Alright, I've
+pushed my excellent change.
+
+I hope you learned
+something from it.
+
+If I may say so, it's
+a wonderful comment.
+
+I think that you really
+couldn't expect much better.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Alright, I'm also
+pushing my change, but wait.
+
+It didn't work.
+
+Why?
+
+Updates were rejected
+because the tip of the branch
+
+is behind remote
+counterpart pull.
+
+OK, I think what that means
+is that because Max pushed
+
+and I tried to push
+to the same place,
+
+Git doesn't like
+that because then it
+
+wouldn't know which is
+mostly recent version.
+
+So it tells to
+resolve it by pull.
+
+A lot of commands, when
+they give an error,
+
+will tell you what
+command to fix it with.
+
+So because I'm
+about to do a pull,
+
+first I'm going to do a status.
+
+OK, that's cool.
+
+And I'm going to pull.
+
+123ABCDE.
+
+Oh no.
+
+Conflict.
+
+Look at that, all caps.
+
+Automatic merge
+failed, fix conflicts
+
+and commit the result.
+
+So team super awesome robot
+player dot java had a conflict.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: So Aaron,
+I guess it's up to you
+
+now to fix that conflict.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yeah, it is.
+
+So I go to robot
+player dot Java.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Oh man, why don't
+you do window preferences,
+
+and change your size
+to something non-zero.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Aw
+man, but I'm so
+
+excited about
+fixing the conflict.
+
+I just want to fix
+the conflict though.
+
+Is this going to
+fix the conflict?
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Appearance.
+
+Some conflicts have been going
+on for thousands of years,
+
+I think it can wait.
+
+Yeah, then you go to Java.
+
+And it's only like
+another 16 Windows.
+
+Text editor font.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: This is terrible.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: I know.
+
+I have to do it every lecture.
+
+16 is a good number.
+
+Let's make it bigger, because
+you have better resolution.
+
+His computer's a beast.
+
+It's a pretty darn
+nice computer.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: OK cool.
+
+Alright, I've got tons of red.
+
+It didn't work.
+
+OK, so the conflict markers
+are as obvious as they can be.
+
+Really big, loud, not part
+of any programming language.
+
+Obviously errors that
+you want to clean up.
+
+Nice x's.
+
+So what this is, head is the
+head of my current stuff,
+
+so that's going to be my copy.
+
+And then this really
+long number here
+
+is the hash name
+of Max's commit.
+
+So this is Max's thing.
+
+Max made a comment, and
+I changed the number.
+
+And so even though I know
+that all of my changes
+
+are going to be superior
+to anything that Max wrote,
+
+Git doesn't know that.
+
+So since it's conflicted,
+it asked me to fix it.
+
+In this case, I'll take what
+Max wrote and add it to mine.
+
+And then delete it.
+
+Not the other way
+around, by the way.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Everybody's
+got to have standards.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Yeah.
+
+Oh, I didn't delete that.
+
+Cool, so now it compiles.
+
+Probably still doesn't
+beat the stupid [? rush ?]
+
+player OP stuff.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] It
+compiles, and now I
+
+have to tell Git
+about the success.
+
+So I do a commit, but before
+I do the commit-- yeah?
+
+Getting it yet?
+
+Oh, it deleted awesomer player.
+
+That's what Max did
+on his computer.
+
+And we both modified
+robot player dot java.
+
+Pointing with my
+mouse, remember.
+
+That's cool, but I fixed it.
+
+So, "merge a success.
+
+Cake imminent."
+
+Is that the right spelling?
+
+MAXWELL MANN: It's close.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: OK.
+
+And then I push that.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: I'm
+going to get it.
+
+Git pull origin master.
+
+I'm ready to push this button.
+
+And-- yeah.
+
+Cool,
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: So that's
+a conflict resolution,
+
+which happens more
+than is pleasant,
+
+but is not too hard to deal
+with once you know you're doing.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: If we had edited
+different lines of the same
+
+file, there'd be no conflict
+because Github is so smart
+
+about which lines were
+changed and which weren't.
+
+It would just go ahead
+and it would merge those
+
+automatically.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Alright, so
+before Max takes my changes
+
+and starts messing
+around with them,
+
+I'm going to just mention,
+but not thoroughly explain,
+
+a bunch of super
+useful Git commands.
+
+If this wasn't enough, then if
+you go look up these commands
+
+and what they're
+for, then you'll
+
+be convinced that
+Git is essential.
+
+Git checkout.
+
+Git log.
+
+Let me do this.
+
+If I show you the log, which
+is something I forgot to do,
+
+if you do a status before
+and after each command,
+
+after you're done with the
+second status, do a log.
+
+And log tells you
+what's happened.
+
+Pointing with the mouse.
+
+OK, right?
+
+This is the whole
+history of what happened.
+
+So Git checkout lets you take
+any of these points in time
+
+and set your
+repository, like you're
+
+working copy, the copy on
+disk, to what was here.
+
+So if I want to go to what
+happened before the bigger
+
+numbers commit, I could check
+this out, and do Git checkout.
+
+Git branch.
+
+Branches lets you have
+parallel workflows.
+
+It's really smooth.
+
+I have this document
+that I found
+
+online that describes
+a really good, really
+
+useful way of using branches.
+
+I'll discuss in the lab.
+
+Git reset hard.
+
+So, commit is like
+a way of saying,
+
+these changes are great.
+
+They're solid.
+
+I like them, keep them.
+
+Anything you
+haven't yet commited
+
+can be obliterated
+by reset hard.
+
+So you accidentally RMRF
+one of your players.
+
+Or you make some change that
+actually causes a divide
+
+by zero, and you
+have no idea how,
+
+and you've spent half
+an hour looking for.
+
+You've just given up and
+you just want it gone.
+
+Git reset hard just obliterates
+anything that's not committed.
+
+Stash does the same thing,
+but puts it somewhere.
+
+And then you can take it
+back off with stash pop.
+
+Git k summons a GUI visualizer
+of the entire history.
+
+I'll just go ahead
+and summon it.
+
+There's our history, there's
+some diffs, what was changed.
+
+This was the merge,
+how it looks.
+
+Great for visualizing
+stuff if you're not,
+
+or even if you are good
+at reading the terminal.
+
+Other commands.
+
+Diff shows you the difference
+between two commits.
+
+Like if I added comment
+to message channel, what?
+
+I don't remember that.
+
+What comment was it?
+
+I could do Git diff between
+31d and the thing before it.
+
+Oh, 31d was ambiguous?
+
+One six.
+
+490 was ambiguous.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: Make it E36.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: Cool.
+
+Oh, that's where I
+deleted awesome player.
+
+It looks like you added
+awesome player, which
+
+means I probably specified
+in the wrong order.
+
+Yeah, so that's a comment.
+
+Cool.
+
+That's diff.
+
+Revert makes the
+inverse of a commit,
+
+if you want to get rid of one.
+
+Bisect lets you do a binary
+search through your history
+
+to find a bug.
+
+If you find out that
+something-- you find out
+
+some cache you wrote three
+weeks ago doesn't work anymore.
+
+It worked when you wrote,
+but it doesn't work anymore,
+
+but you haven't
+worked on it at all.
+
+So it's clearly something
+caused by something else.
+
+It doesn't work this commit, it
+doesn't work the commit before,
+
+so something you wrote somewhere
+in the last three weeks
+
+broke your cache system and
+you have no idea where it was.
+
+Git bisect lets you
+binary search through
+
+your commit history to pinpoint
+the location of the bug.
+
+Look it up, it's too complicated
+to be explained in 30 seconds.
+
+But it saved me a
+lot of time once,
+
+where I was looking a
+bug for like four hours.
+
+I gave up.
+
+Bisect let me find
+it in 30 minutes,
+
+and-- you know, programmer time.
+
+I hadn't used bisect, I
+really would have just
+
+had to rewrite
+sections of the engine.
+
+There was no way I
+was going to find it.
+
+It was something really dumb.
+
+Blame does what it sounds like.
+
+So if I do get
+blame on-- it tells
+
+me who was responsible
+for every line.
+
+And the evidence is clear.
+
+The only person
+I can claim blame
+
+for super awesome
+players loss is myself.
+
+There's nothing here except me.
+
+It's all me.
+
+If Mad had changed some line,
+like this one or whatever,
+
+if it wasn't checking this
+encampment thing right,
+
+and it would have said Max man.
+
+And I could have
+tracked it down.
+
+But no, it looks like
+this file is all me.
+
+It's the only person I
+can blame for my defeat.
+
+But anyway, blame.
+
+Blame people.
+
+It's great.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: That's
+a pretty good summary.
+
+It seems like you've talked
+about quite a lot of functions.
+
+AARON EPSTEIN: No
+praising, only blaming.
+
+I actually think there is a less
+negative version of blame that
+
+does the same thing,
+but use blame.
+
+OK.
+
+MAXWELL MANN: So you've
+covered what you need to cover.
+
+We've shown you
+examples and things.
+
+We've given you summaries.
+
+I'm sure your mouths
+are watering already.
+
+I want to give a
+little bit of a demo,
+
+because the sprint tournament
+is coming up so soon.
+
+The sprint tournament
+submission deadline is Monday.
+
+So this is how you would submit.
+
+So if you haven't
+submitted already,
+
+you right click on the
+robot you want to submit.
+
+And you go to export.
+
+And I think the instructions
+for this online.
+
+Yeah, we're going to
+switch to my computer.
+
+My goodness, that
+makes a lot of sense.
+
+So here we are, I'm going to
+right click on the robot player
+
+that I want to submit.
+
+This is the package.
+
+I export, archive file.
+
+And I have to name it my team.
+
+So I need to actually change
+the package name to team,
+
+and then my team
+number in three digits.
+
+Otherwise it doesn't work.
+
+And then I'll just export
+it to an archive file.
+
+This would export
+to the desktop.
+
+And then later I can
+go on to battle code,
+
+and I can say, alright,
+upload my player.
+
+And I'll be able to choose
+the JAR file from the desktop
+
+where I've got it.
+
+And I can give it my own name
+and then I can submit it,
+
+and it'll tell me whether
+it was compiled and worked
+
+successfully.
+
+So that's a complete
+introduction,
+
+an entirely complete
+explanation of Git.
+
+Everything you ever needed to
+know, except for the things
+
+we're going to go over in lab.
+
+Aaron's shaking his head.
+
+There's a lot to learn, and it
+only makes your life easier.
+
+It only helps.
+
+Except when it doesn't.
+
+So with that, the next lecture
+is going to be on swarm,
+
+and I'll also cover some
+topics in debugging.
+
+So you're going to watch
+robots dancing around
+
+in very mellifluous--
+is that the right word?
+
+In any case, they're going
+to dance in fancy ways.
+
+Fancy pants dance.
+
+And that'll take care of it.
+
+So thank you for
+coming to this lecture.
+
+I hope you enjoy the Thai food,
+and I'll see you tomorrow.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g6VEnimixRk.txt b/g6VEnimixRk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b09b049c7e3ef2205e79ea533113762c73eaf9a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/g6VEnimixRk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just wanted to begin today by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to begin today by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to begin today by just
+pointing out a couple of Articles from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out a couple of Articles from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out a couple of Articles from
+today's uh thanks from today's Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh thanks from today's Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh thanks from today's Boston
+Globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there was an tic there's an article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was an tic there's an article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was an tic there's an article
+it's on the financial pages about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the financial pages about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the financial pages about
+Investors reconsidering gene therapy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investors reconsidering gene therapy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investors reconsidering gene therapy and
+startups funded as as technology evolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups funded as as technology evolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups funded as as technology evolves
+a lot of you have heard the words uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you have heard the words uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you have heard the words uh
+gene therapy uh some of you at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene therapy uh some of you at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene therapy uh some of you at the end
+of that bacterial genetics like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that bacterial genetics like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that bacterial genetics like you're
+you weren't quite sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weren't quite sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weren't quite sure what
+complementation was but complementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation was but complementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation was but complementation
+is basically gene therapy is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically gene therapy is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically gene therapy is basically
+complementation put to work the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation put to work the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation put to work the idea is
+if You' got a broken Gene and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if You' got a broken Gene and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if You' got a broken Gene and you can
+put in a good copy then you'll take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a good copy then you'll take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a good copy then you'll take the
+cell back to being normal which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell back to being normal which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell back to being normal which is
+exactly what we were doing in those Fage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we were doing in those Fage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we were doing in those Fage
+crosses where we had one two phage one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses where we had one two phage one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses where we had one two phage one
+with the mutant copy of the Gene and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mutant copy of the Gene and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mutant copy of the Gene and one
+with the wild type uh copy of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wild type uh copy of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wild type uh copy of the of the
+Gene and they're saying here that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and they're saying here that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and they're saying here that uh
+there's there's a renewed interest now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a renewed interest now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a renewed interest now
+the basic strategy in these things is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic strategy in these things is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic strategy in these things is to
+take um uh usually a retrovirus the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take um uh usually a retrovirus the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take um uh usually a retrovirus the same
+kind of idea that we heard about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of idea that we heard about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of idea that we heard about with
+the uh HIV 1 virus that will uh make a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh HIV 1 virus that will uh make a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh HIV 1 virus that will uh make a a
+DNA copy and then the copy gets inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA copy and then the copy gets inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA copy and then the copy gets inserted
+somewhere in the chromosome so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the chromosome so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the chromosome so the the
+good thing is it puts in a new copy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing is it puts in a new copy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing is it puts in a new copy in
+the chromosome the bad thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome the bad thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome the bad thing is that
+you've got a piece of DNA being stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a piece of DNA being stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a piece of DNA being stuck
+somewhere in the chromosome and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the chromosome and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the chromosome and there
+places where it can go in where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where it can go in where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where it can go in where it
+doesn't matter and there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter and there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter and there are other
+places where it really does matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where it really does matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where it really does matter and
+so it's been a very tricky business uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's been a very tricky business uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's been a very tricky business uh
+with with gene therapy and part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with gene therapy and part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with gene therapy and part of the
+thrust here is they're thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust here is they're thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust here is they're thinking that
+maybe they need to pick targets where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they need to pick targets where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they need to pick targets where
+the person's going to die anyway so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person's going to die anyway so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person's going to die anyway so that
+there's if there's a risk of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if there's a risk of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if there's a risk of them
+getting cancer or something it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting cancer or something it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting cancer or something it's
+outweighed by the possible thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweighed by the possible thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweighed by the possible thing that
+sort of the thrust you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the thrust you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the thrust you can see the
+article it's in today's paper um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article it's in today's paper um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article it's in today's paper um it's
+very timely for what we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very timely for what we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very timely for what we're talking about
+now and then on Friday I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then on Friday I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then on Friday I'm going to
+start talking about recombinant DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about recombinant DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about recombinant DNA
+strategies and stuff there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and stuff there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and stuff there's another
+article in today's paper uh this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in today's paper uh this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in today's paper uh this is one
+of these things I've told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things I've told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things I've told you about
+where an article is published in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an article is published in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an article is published in the in
+this case online in the journal Nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case online in the journal Nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case online in the journal Nature
+they have a an embargo on a press thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a an embargo on a press thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a an embargo on a press thing
+until Thursday or so and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Thursday or so and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Thursday or so and then the
+articles on about the the papers the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles on about the the papers the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles on about the the papers the hot
+papers that have just come out show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that have just come out show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that have just come out show up
+in the newspaper usually either on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the newspaper usually either on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the newspaper usually either on
+Friday or Monday and this is yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday or Monday and this is yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday or Monday and this is yet another
+system that they describe as making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that they describe as making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that they describe as making a
+molecular repair kit that corrects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular repair kit that corrects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular repair kit that corrects
+mutations in a cell's uh DNA and so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in a cell's uh DNA and so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in a cell's uh DNA and so far
+this has only been done in cells but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has only been done in cells but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has only been done in cells but
+it's working well enough and the article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working well enough and the article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working well enough and the article
+is saying this approach could become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying this approach could become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying this approach could become a
+serious competitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious competitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious competitor
+to Conventional gene therapy and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Conventional gene therapy and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Conventional gene therapy and here
+you have uh sort of a Layman's account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh sort of a Layman's account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh sort of a Layman's account
+of this kind of complementation by gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of complementation by gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of complementation by gene
+therapy talking about gene therapy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy talking about gene therapy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy talking about gene therapy that
+field which attempts to force feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which attempts to force feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which attempts to force feed
+healthy genes into cells cobbled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy genes into cells cobbled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy genes into cells cobbled by
+defective ones has been plagued by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective ones has been plagued by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective ones has been plagued by
+failure and recently was found to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and recently was found to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and recently was found to cause
+leukemia in some patients that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia in some patients that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia in some patients that's
+probably because of the insertion events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because of the insertion events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because of the insertion events
+associated with these viruses this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these viruses this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these viruses this new
+system rewrites the small stretch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system rewrites the small stretch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system rewrites the small stretch of
+misspelled genetic code that's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspelled genetic code that's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspelled genetic code that's typically
+the reason a gene has gone bad so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason a gene has gone bad so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason a gene has gone bad so it's a
+different kind of strategy this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of strategy this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of strategy this is the
+report first report I've heard of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report first report I've heard of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report first report I've heard of that
+and here um I'm just you know some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here um I'm just you know some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here um I'm just you know some of
+the stuff we're talking about as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff we're talking about as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff we're talking about as I say
+it's sort of inescapable because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of inescapable because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of inescapable because you're
+going to see it in the paper there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see it in the paper there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see it in the paper there
+they're telling you the sort of thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're telling you the sort of thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're telling you the sort of thing I
+was just saying the viruses inject their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just saying the viruses inject their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just saying the viruses inject their
+payloads at random within the cell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payloads at random within the cell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payloads at random within the cell's
+Tangled mass of DNA sometimes disrupting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tangled mass of DNA sometimes disrupting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tangled mass of DNA sometimes disrupting
+normal genes even when genes land in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal genes even when genes land in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal genes even when genes land in
+good locations the molecular Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good locations the molecular Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good locations the molecular Machinery
+that regulates their activi is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulates their activi is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulates their activi is also
+often thrown off leaving the healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often thrown off leaving the healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often thrown off leaving the healthy
+genes operating at a level too low to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes operating at a level too low to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes operating at a level too low to be
+helpful or functioning in the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful or functioning in the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful or functioning in the wrong
+parts of the body this begin to sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the body this begin to sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the body this begin to sound
+familiar you stick a piece of random DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar you stick a piece of random DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar you stick a piece of random DNA
+in somewhere you can disrupt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in somewhere you can disrupt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in somewhere you can disrupt the
+regulation of a gene as well as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of a gene as well as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of a gene as well as just
+Landing in the open uh in the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landing in the open uh in the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landing in the open uh in the open
+reading frame so there's a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frame so there's a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frame so there's a problem with
+gene therapy now they'd like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene therapy now they'd like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene therapy now they'd like to think
+make you think that this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you think that this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you think that this is going to be
+the promised everything but as always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promised everything but as always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promised everything but as always
+it's more complicated and so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more complicated and so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more complicated and so I just
+picked the last paragraph of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the last paragraph of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the last paragraph of this
+article other scientist said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article other scientist said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article other scientist said the
+approach looked promising but predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach looked promising but predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach looked promising but predicted
+it would end up struggling with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would end up struggling with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would end up struggling with this
+problems of its own James M Wilson a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of its own James M Wilson a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of its own James M Wilson a
+gene therapy researcher University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene therapy researcher University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene therapy researcher University of
+Pennsylvania now there's somebody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania now there's somebody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania now there's somebody who's
+in a position to criticize but also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to criticize but also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to criticize but also has
+a vested interest in himself self in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vested interest in himself self in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vested interest in himself self in the
+alternative therapy uh noted that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative therapy uh noted that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative therapy uh noted that the
+first step of the new process causes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step of the new process causes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step of the new process causes for
+zinc fingers that's a kind of protein uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc fingers that's a kind of protein uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc fingers that's a kind of protein uh
+involved in this to make a fresh break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this to make a fresh break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this to make a fresh break
+in DNA to accommodate the insertion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DNA to accommodate the insertion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DNA to accommodate the insertion of
+the corrective sequence it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corrective sequence it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corrective sequence it's the same
+kind of break you get with radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of break you get with radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of break you get with radiation
+that can lead to cancer and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to cancer and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to cancer and we're going
+to talk today about you'll see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk today about you'll see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk today about you'll see where
+single stranded brakes can um or double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single stranded brakes can um or double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single stranded brakes can um or double
+stranded brakes and whatnot can be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded brakes and whatnot can be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded brakes and whatnot can be a a
+real problem in terms of the Integrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem in terms of the Integrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem in terms of the Integrity
+of the DNA and genome stability which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DNA and genome stability which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DNA and genome stability which is
+mean maining genom stability is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maining genom stability is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maining genom stability is so
+important in avoiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in avoiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in avoiding
+cancer um you guys are a tough crowd uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer um you guys are a tough crowd uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer um you guys are a tough crowd uh
+the comments ranged from this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comments ranged from this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comments ranged from this was the
+best lecture that I'd given to uh ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best lecture that I'd given to uh ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best lecture that I'd given to uh ones
+that were absolutely the other end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were absolutely the other end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were absolutely the other end of
+the spectrum you're very hard uh hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum you're very hard uh hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum you're very hard uh hard
+group um I I truly am going to take I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group um I I truly am going to take I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group um I I truly am going to take I I
+don't have time really to sit back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time really to sit back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time really to sit back and
+re redo all my lectures but I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re redo all my lectures but I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re redo all my lectures but I have a
+huge amount of input and I'm going to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of input and I'm going to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of input and I'm going to to
+go back back over this uh all this input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back back over this uh all this input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back back over this uh all this input
+I'm getting and and take it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting and and take it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting and and take it very
+seriously in terms of how I go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously in terms of how I go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously in terms of how I go about
+things next year I can see a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things next year I can see a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things next year I can see a number of
+changes I'm going to make whoever uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes I'm going to make whoever uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes I'm going to make whoever uh
+sent me the uh the email that talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent me the uh the email that talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent me the uh the email that talked
+about the Dock Street Bohemian pilsner B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Dock Street Bohemian pilsner B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Dock Street Bohemian pilsner B
+brewed in uica New York this classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brewed in uica New York this classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brewed in uica New York this classic
+golden pilzner pungent light perfumey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden pilzner pungent light perfumey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden pilzner pungent light perfumey
+taste and so on you know it was a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste and so on you know it was a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste and so on you know it was a moment
+of lightness but if I got too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lightness but if I got too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lightness but if I got too many
+things like that it's not going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that it's not going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that it's not going to help
+me any in uh in trying to figure out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me any in uh in trying to figure out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me any in uh in trying to figure out uh
+how to do for the person who asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do for the person who asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do for the person who asked about
+how to avoid accidental pollination when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to avoid accidental pollination when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to avoid accidental pollination when
+they're going to do that they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do that they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do that they actually
+take the stamans off the flowers so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the stamans off the flowers so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the stamans off the flowers so you
+don't get accidental uh self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get accidental uh self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get accidental uh self
+fertilization to actually go out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization to actually go out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization to actually go out and
+make ones that are just male or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make ones that are just male or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make ones that are just male or just
+female flowers you can you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female flowers you can you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female flowers you can you can do that
+rather easily okay so um what we' gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather easily okay so um what we' gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather easily okay so um what we' gotten
+to last time what I told you last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to last time what I told you last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to last time what I told you last time
+um was and I promise you that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was and I promise you that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was and I promise you that there's
+another the lecture coming for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the lecture coming for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the lecture coming for those of
+you who thought this was a little slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who thought this was a little slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who thought this was a little slow
+you may find the next one's a little too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may find the next one's a little too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may find the next one's a little too
+fast but anyway that'll be how it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but anyway that'll be how it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but anyway that'll be how it goes
+um mendal had carried out this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mendal had carried out this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mendal had carried out this this
+fundamental series of experiments and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental series of experiments and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental series of experiments and I
+did linger over it because I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did linger over it because I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did linger over it because I think it's
+so simple you can actually see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple you can actually see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple you can actually see the
+scientific process in action and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific process in action and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific process in action and it also
+isn't Complicated by any techniques that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't Complicated by any techniques that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't Complicated by any techniques that
+we can't see and it was a tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't see and it was a tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't see and it was a tremendously
+important uh Insight that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh Insight that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh Insight that that uh
+genetic information in units but as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic information in units but as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic information in units but as I
+told you it wasn't accepted because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you it wasn't accepted because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you it wasn't accepted because for
+most of the world uh at the time it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the world uh at the time it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the world uh at the time it was
+a statistical argument yeah there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statistical argument yeah there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statistical argument yeah there
+weren't any entities that there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't any entities that there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't any entities that there were two
+of inside a cell and all that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inside a cell and all that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inside a cell and all that sort of
+thing so uh it didn't take over take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so uh it didn't take over take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so uh it didn't take over take
+over scientific thinking it wasn't until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over scientific thinking it wasn't until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over scientific thinking it wasn't until
+about 1900s when several other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1900s when several other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1900s when several other
+geneticists did finally find systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticists did finally find systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticists did finally find systems
+that duplicated mle's results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that duplicated mle's results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that duplicated mle's results and
+therefore showed um that it was a gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore showed um that it was a gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore showed um that it was a gen
+this these were General inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these were General inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these were General inferences
+something that mendal himself as I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that mendal himself as I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that mendal himself as I told
+you by choosing weeds and bees as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by choosing weeds and bees as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by choosing weeds and bees as
+followup systems hadn't been able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup systems hadn't been able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup systems hadn't been able to do
+um they uh these other geneticists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they uh these other geneticists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they uh these other geneticists
+showed them in other systems but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed them in other systems but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed them in other systems but the
+other thing that that made the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that that made the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that that made the uh
+difference uh at the time was by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh at the time was by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh at the time was by this
+point cytologists who were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point cytologists who were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point cytologists who were looking at
+cells under microscopes had found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells under microscopes had found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells under microscopes had found
+entities whose Behavior seemed to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities whose Behavior seemed to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities whose Behavior seemed to match
+those of these particles of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of these particles of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of these particles of information
+that mendal had postulated to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mendal had postulated to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mendal had postulated to explain
+these patterns of inheritance that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns of inheritance that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns of inheritance that he
+was seeing these particles because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was seeing these particles because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was seeing these particles because they
+they were called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chromosomes which literally means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes which literally means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes which literally means
+colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things the reason they were colored was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the reason they were colored was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the reason they were colored was
+not because they were inherently colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because they were inherently colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because they were inherently colored
+but because cytologist were staining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because cytologist were staining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because cytologist were staining the
+cells with a variety of things and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells with a variety of things and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells with a variety of things and that
+was what uh allowed them to to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what uh allowed them to to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what uh allowed them to to visualize
+uh to visualize these and so by staring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to visualize these and so by staring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to visualize these and so by staring
+under microscopes right around this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under microscopes right around this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under microscopes right around this time
+uh around the turn of the century 1900s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh around the turn of the century 1900s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh around the turn of the century 1900s
+or so cytologists had come up with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so cytologists had come up with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so cytologists had come up with three
+key uh observations one was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chromosomes came in matched pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say in this cell there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say in this cell there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say in this cell there were two
+long and too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and too
+short so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chromosome and it corresponds we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and it corresponds we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and it corresponds we now
+know to a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stranded DNA molecule that's been that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded DNA molecule that's been that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded DNA molecule that's been that's
+been all uh all condensed stop and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been all uh all condensed stop and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been all uh all condensed stop and there
+are two two copies of each of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two two copies of each of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two two copies of each of each
+chromosome in this thing so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome in this thing so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome in this thing so two
+long too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long too
+short one came from Mom one came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short one came from Mom one came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short one came from Mom one came from
+Dad and I'm for bookkeeping purposes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dad and I'm for bookkeeping purposes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dad and I'm for bookkeeping purposes I'm
+going to color them so that from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to color them so that from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to color them so that from one
+parent is is unshaded and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent is is unshaded and the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent is is unshaded and the other one
+uh is shaded most of you know we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is shaded most of you know we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is shaded most of you know we have in
+human cells we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cells we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cells we
+have 23 pairs of chromosome s this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 23 pairs of chromosome s this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 23 pairs of chromosome s this is a
+now fancier method of of uh visualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fancier method of of uh visualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fancier method of of uh visualizing
+chromosomes called painting chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes called painting chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes called painting chromosomes
+where you take homologa take little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take homologa take little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take homologa take little
+stretches of DNA that are unique to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches of DNA that are unique to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches of DNA that are unique to
+particular sequences attached dyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequences attached dyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequences attached dyes and
+then use them to stain the cells and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use them to stain the cells and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use them to stain the cells and so
+they will color only particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will color only particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will color only particular uh
+chromosomes and we have 22 pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and we have 22 pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and we have 22 pairs of
+identical chromosomes and then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical chromosomes and then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical chromosomes and then the the
+sex chromosomes uh here X and Y this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex chromosomes uh here X and Y this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex chromosomes uh here X and Y this
+would be a a male or two wise if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a a male or two wise if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a a male or two wise if we were
+female we'll return to those in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female we'll return to those in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female we'll return to those in the next
+lecture Kim naith who's spent his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture Kim naith who's spent his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture Kim naith who's spent his life
+working on how these chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on how these chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on how these chromosomes
+segregate gave a talk a year ago he's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate gave a talk a year ago he's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate gave a talk a year ago he's in
+London at a hospital in London and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London at a hospital in London and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London at a hospital in London and he
+brought in the next slide there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in the next slide there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in the next slide there was an
+artist who spent uh several months uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist who spent uh several months uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist who spent uh several months uh
+visiting with them trying to find ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting with them trying to find ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting with them trying to find ways
+to represent in art some of what she saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent in art some of what she saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent in art some of what she saw
+going on and I thought you might enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and I thought you might enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and I thought you might enjoy
+seeing this this slide this is the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this this slide this is the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this this slide this is the human
+complement of chromosomes represented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of chromosomes represented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of chromosomes represented in
+stripey socks that various staff members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripey socks that various staff members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripey socks that various staff members
+from the uh from the uh Hospital brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh from the uh Hospital brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh from the uh Hospital brought
+in for her to do this little touch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for her to do this little touch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for her to do this little touch of
+scientist humor which some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist humor which some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist humor which some of you may
+think is pretty nerdy but anyway there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is pretty nerdy but anyway there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is pretty nerdy but anyway there
+it was for what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was for what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was for what it's
+worth uh he showed that in our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth uh he showed that in our in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth uh he showed that in our in our
+departmental colloquium okay the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departmental colloquium okay the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departmental colloquium okay the second
+thing then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that that these the cytologist noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that these the cytologist noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that these the cytologist noted
+by staring at this was during ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by staring at this was during ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by staring at this was during ordinary
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+division uh which gives two identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division uh which gives two identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division uh which gives two identical
+daughters the numbers of numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters the numbers of numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters the numbers of numbers of
+chromosomes per cell is preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this ordinary cell division is given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ordinary cell division is given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ordinary cell division is given the
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mitosis so if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this soell the first thing that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this soell the first thing that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this soell the first thing that happens
+then is that the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+duplicated we've talked a lot about DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated we've talked a lot about DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated we've talked a lot about DNA
+synthesis at the molecular level this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis at the molecular level this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis at the molecular level this is
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me uh so they there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh so they there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh so they there
+they now two DNA molecules but each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they now two DNA molecules but each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they now two DNA molecules but each each
+Co each one of these new DNA molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co each one of these new DNA molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co each one of these new DNA molecules
+is given a special name this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chroma atid so there was one DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroma atid so there was one DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroma atid so there was one DNA
+molecule here it's now duplicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule here it's now duplicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule here it's now duplicated but
+you'll notice these are still joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together the point at which they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the point at which they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the point at which they're
+joined together is known as the as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined together is known as the as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined together is known as the as the
+centrosome and then after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrosome and then after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrosome and then after this
+uh after the DNA's been copied these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after the DNA's been copied these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after the DNA's been copied these
+things are lined up at the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are lined up at the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are lined up at the center of the
+cell and then they're pulled apart to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and then they're pulled apart to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and then they're pulled apart to
+give two daughter cells that are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give two daughter cells that are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give two daughter cells that are just
+like what you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+part so this is 2 N if n is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so this is 2 N if n is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so this is 2 N if n is the number
+of of kinds of chromosomes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of kinds of chromosomes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of kinds of chromosomes and then
+there's two each this is 2 n this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two each this is 2 n this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two each this is 2 n this point
+the DNA content of the cell is 4N this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA content of the cell is 4N this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA content of the cell is 4N this
+is 2N this is 2N we're back to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2N this is 2N we're back to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2N this is 2N we're back to what we
+started this part was invisible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh to the cytologist at least in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to the cytologist at least in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to the cytologist at least in the
+sense they the chromosomes at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they the chromosomes at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they the chromosomes at this point
+are extended and so you can't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extended and so you can't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extended and so you can't they
+weren't able to visualize them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to visualize them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't able to visualize them by
+looking through the microscope but as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking through the microscope but as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking through the microscope but as it
+came time for cell division then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came time for cell division then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came time for cell division then the
+chromosomes condensed up very tight very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes condensed up very tight very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes condensed up very tight very
+very tightly this is probably to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tightly this is probably to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tightly this is probably to avoid
+Tangles when you need to pull them apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tangles when you need to pull them apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tangles when you need to pull them apart
+into the two daughter cells and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the two daughter cells and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the two daughter cells and then the
+part they could see then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part they could see then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part they could see then this
+was known as mitosis this process by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was known as mitosis this process by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was known as mitosis this process by
+which the uh chromosomes are pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the uh chromosomes are pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the uh chromosomes are pulled
+apart so mitosis is a mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so mitosis is a mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so mitosis is a mechanism for
+nuclear division that results in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear division that results in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear division that results in two
+daughters with uh identical gen genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters with uh identical gen genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters with uh identical gen genetic
+information okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you contrast this to meiosis which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you contrast this to meiosis which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you contrast this to meiosis which I'll
+show you in just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's the this has been studied for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the this has been studied for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the this has been studied for
+years in a kind of observational way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in a kind of observational way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in a kind of observational way I
+showed you at some point this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you at some point this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you at some point this is an
+animal cell where the chromosomes line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal cell where the chromosomes line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal cell where the chromosomes line
+up and then they pull apart I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then they pull apart I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then they pull apart I think I
+showed you and then this you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you and then this you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you and then this you can see the
+cells divide once they've they've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells divide once they've they've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells divide once they've they've done
+that I'm going to show you this next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to show you this next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to show you this next uh
+thing which everything happens more slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which everything happens more slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which everything happens more slow
+motion this is a picture of a of a blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion this is a picture of a of a blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion this is a picture of a of a blood
+lily so it's a plant and again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lily so it's a plant and again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lily so it's a plant and again you know
+the choice of model system is often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of model system is often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of model system is often uh
+if has a feature that's good for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if has a feature that's good for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if has a feature that's good for a
+particular thing so this is uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing so this is uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing so this is uh this
+happens uh very easy to visualize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens uh very easy to visualize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens uh very easy to visualize in
+these Lily cells now here the cells have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Lily cells now here the cells have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Lily cells now here the cells have
+duplicated their their uh chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated their their uh chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated their their uh chromosomes
+and the two chrom the daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two chrom the daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two chrom the daughter
+chromosomes are held together they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are held together they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are held together they're
+glued together so you can't tell in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued together so you can't tell in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued together so you can't tell in this
+thing that that they've been glued now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that they've been glued now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that they've been glued now
+in order to separate the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to separate the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to separate the first thing
+they have to do is to line up at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to do is to line up at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to do is to line up at the at
+the equator of the cell and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equator of the cell and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equator of the cell and then it
+pulls apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls apart
+and you can see that each daughter cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that each daughter cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that each daughter cell
+gets one of the the duplicated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets one of the the duplicated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets one of the the duplicated uh
+duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated
+chromosomes okay so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes okay so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes okay so that's that's
+mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+uh two copies of what you what you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two copies of what you what you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two copies of what you what you uh
+what you started with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you started with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you started with the other
+observation that the cytologist made was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that the cytologist made was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that the cytologist made was
+that cell divisions that produce sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell divisions that produce sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell divisions that produce sex
+cells uh worked by different uh system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells uh worked by different uh system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells uh worked by different uh system
+so third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things and I'm going to give you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I'm going to give you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I'm going to give you the the
+scientific word now for sex cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific word now for sex cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific word now for sex cells so
+it's called they usually called gametes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called they usually called gametes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called they usually called gametes
+uh general term so that would be sperm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh general term so that would be sperm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh general term so that would be sperm
+and egg or pollen would be a kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and egg or pollen would be a kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and egg or pollen would be a kind of uh
+a kind of gamt in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chromosomes just haveed in this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes just haveed in this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes just haveed in this special
+uh type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of cell division is known as meiosis uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell division is known as meiosis uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell division is known as meiosis uh
+it's very important because if we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important because if we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important because if we didn't
+have meiosis we wouldn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meiosis we wouldn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meiosis we wouldn't have any
+progeny we need to be able to cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny we need to be able to cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny we need to be able to cut the
+number of chromosomes we have per cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chromosomes we have per cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chromosomes we have per cell
+in half so as mendal inferred then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half so as mendal inferred then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half so as mendal inferred then when
+each parent made a contribution you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each parent made a contribution you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each parent made a contribution you'd be
+back up to the right number the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to the right number the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to the right number the right
+number of cells now so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cells now so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cells now so this
+process begins again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+duplication of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication of the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+DNA so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA so this would be
+2N now we go go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2N now we go go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2N now we go go
+to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as
+before with one interesting difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so we're at we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're at we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we're at we're at
+4N uh in this uh in this cell but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4N uh in this uh in this cell but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4N uh in this uh in this cell but you
+noticed I've drawn these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed I've drawn these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed I've drawn these uh
+duplicated uh chromosomes with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated uh chromosomes with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated uh chromosomes with the with
+chromatids o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatids o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatids o
+overlapping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping that
+uh excuse me this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excuse me this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excuse me this point
+of didn't do this too well this point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of didn't do this too well this point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of didn't do this too well this point of
+connection where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection where the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um chromosomes overlap is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kayma it's a point of actual physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kayma it's a point of actual physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kayma it's a point of actual physical
+interaction between the between the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the between the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the between the the
+chromosomes and what it what it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and what it what it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and what it what it allows
+the cell to do is to take have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to do is to take have the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to do is to take have the two
+homologous chromosomes the in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes the in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes the in this case
+the two long ones find each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two long ones find each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two long ones find each other and
+actually physically interact that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually physically interact that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually physically interact that's a
+critical um uh event for the uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical um uh event for the uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical um uh event for the uh next
+step that's that I'm that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that's that I'm that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that's that I'm that I'm going to
+show you it's also a point at which as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you it's also a point at which as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you it's also a point at which as
+you'll see in the next lecture there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in the next lecture there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in the next lecture there's
+additional genetic iversity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional genetic iversity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional genetic iversity uh
+introduced into the into the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced into the into the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced into the into the system so
+uh at this point what's happened is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at this point what's happened is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at this point what's happened is the
+DNA has doubled at this point it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA has doubled at this point it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA has doubled at this point it looks
+sort of like mitosis except for the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like mitosis except for the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like mitosis except for the fact
+that the duplicated chromatids have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the duplicated chromatids have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the duplicated chromatids have
+overlapped there's at least one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapped there's at least one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapped there's at least one of these
+for every pair of duplicated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every pair of duplicated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every pair of duplicated uh
+chromosomes so what happens in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes so what happens in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes so what happens in the next
+phase which is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as meiosis 1 is that the pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as meiosis 1 is that the pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as meiosis 1 is that the pairs of
+duplicated chromosomes are separated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated chromosomes are separated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated chromosomes are separated so
+we get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get two
+cells we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get say the unshaded of this one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get say the unshaded of this one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get say the unshaded of this one and the
+Shaded of the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaded of the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaded of the little
+guys and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and the other one
+then get the Shaded of the long one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get the Shaded of the long one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get the Shaded of the long one the
+UN shaded of this one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN shaded of this one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN shaded of this one this is
+2N and this is 2N but if you'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2N and this is 2N but if you'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2N and this is 2N but if you'll take a
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+uh what's happening over here we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's happening over here we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's happening over here we'll see
+we don't have the same thing going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the same thing going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the same thing going on in
+that case we were producing identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we were producing identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we were producing identical
+copies of the uh of each um of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the uh of each um of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the uh of each um of the
+starting cell in this case we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting cell in this case we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting cell in this case we've got
+something different now because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different now because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different now because we've
+separated both copies of let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated both copies of let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated both copies of let's say the
+chromosome from Dad from both copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome from Dad from both copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome from Dad from both copies of
+the chromosome that originated with Mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome that originated with Mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome that originated with Mom
+and the other way over here these then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other way over here these then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other way over here these then
+undergo a second round that's as meiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 which resembles now mitosis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which resembles now mitosis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which resembles now mitosis in the
+sense that the the duplicated chromatids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the the duplicated chromatids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the the duplicated chromatids
+are now pulled apart into daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now pulled apart into daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now pulled apart into daughter cells
+so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will
+generate one long unshaded one one short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate one long unshaded one one short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate one long unshaded one one short
+and there'll be two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be two of
+those and this cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and this cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and this cell
+will generate a shaded long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unshaded like that so now there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unshaded like that so now there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unshaded like that so now there are four
+of these and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these and you'll
+notice that there's now an N so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there's now an N so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there's now an N so we've
+have the number of of chromosomes during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the number of of chromosomes during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the number of of chromosomes during
+meiosis via process of by two rounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis via process of by two rounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis via process of by two rounds of
+of division the other thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of division the other thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of division the other thing you can
+think of is you can begin to see at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is you can begin to see at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is you can begin to see at
+least why sex the evolution of sex was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least why sex the evolution of sex was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least why sex the evolution of sex was
+such a powerful force in driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a powerful force in driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a powerful force in driving
+evolution by introducing so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution by introducing so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution by introducing so much
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+because each of us has uh you know copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of us has uh you know copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of us has uh you know copy
+of every each of our 22 chromosomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every each of our 22 chromosomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every each of our 22 chromosomes that
+are where we have homologous pairs one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where we have homologous pairs one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where we have homologous pairs one
+from Mom one from Dad but every time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mom one from Dad but every time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mom one from Dad but every time we
+make a sex cell be it uh a sperm or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sex cell be it uh a sperm or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sex cell be it uh a sperm or an
+egg uh what happens is for chromosome 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg uh what happens is for chromosome 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg uh what happens is for chromosome 1
+you can either get the copy from Mom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either get the copy from Mom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either get the copy from Mom or
+the copy from Dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copy from Dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copy from Dad
+and then the next one copy from Mom copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next one copy from Mom copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next one copy from Mom copy
+from Dad so on you can see the variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Dad so on you can see the variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Dad so on you can see the variation
+that's possible just from that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible just from that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible just from that part of
+the of the process alone and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the process alone and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the process alone and there's
+going to be more variation uh that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more variation uh that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more variation uh that comes
+about from events that happen where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from events that happen where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from events that happen where this
+kayma is as I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so meiosis then as I said is a mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so meiosis then as I said is a mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so meiosis then as I said is a mechanism
+for nuclear division that produces four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nuclear division that produces four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nuclear division that produces four
+daughter cells with half the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells with half the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells with half the genetic
+info of the of the original so how did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info of the of the original so how did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info of the of the original so how did I
+write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+daughters are not identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh I'm just trying to trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh I'm just trying to trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh I'm just trying to trying to
+this part of the process is C they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the process is C they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the process is C they they
+cytologists broke this down uh when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytologists broke this down uh when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytologists broke this down uh when they
+were observing so it was a part they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were observing so it was a part they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were observing so it was a part they
+couldn't see when they started to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see when they started to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see when they started to be
+able to see it they first saw this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see it they first saw this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see it they first saw this one
+division that did this and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division that did this and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division that did this and then the
+second division they called the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second division they called the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second division they called the first
+round of Vision meiosis 1 and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of Vision meiosis 1 and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of Vision meiosis 1 and the second
+meiosis 2 so it was just an you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis 2 so it was just an you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis 2 so it was just an you know an
+a name given to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name given to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name given to the
+yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the
+which rever oh sorry excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which rever oh sorry excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which rever oh sorry excuse me
+okay I see the problem okay it goes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I see the problem okay it goes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I see the problem okay it goes this
+way this period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this period of
+time is called meiosis one that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is called meiosis one that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is called meiosis one that part of
+the process is called called meosis one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process is called called meosis one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process is called called meosis one
+meosis 2 Sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meosis 2 Sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meosis 2 Sorry
+Miss the daughter cell have two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss the daughter cell have two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss the daughter cell have two of the
+dark chromosome or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark chromosome or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark chromosome or two
+the not fills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not fills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not fills
+together um oh yeah I mean what I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um oh yeah I mean what I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um oh yeah I mean what I wrote
+down was arbitrary you could have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down was arbitrary you could have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down was arbitrary you could have had
+two from Mom and two from Dad and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from Mom and two from Dad and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from Mom and two from Dad and in
+fact I guess with if we have 22 pairs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I guess with if we have 22 pairs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I guess with if we have 22 pairs we
+could have a eventually have a sperm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a eventually have a sperm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a eventually have a sperm or
+egg that had all of the copies from Mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg that had all of the copies from Mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg that had all of the copies from Mom
+and all the copies from Dad um you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the copies from Dad um you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the copies from Dad um you could
+calculate the St statistical chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the St statistical chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the St statistical chance of
+that happening but you discover as we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happening but you discover as we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happening but you discover as we'll
+find next time that even if you did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find next time that even if you did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find next time that even if you did that
+that the chromosomes would no longer be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chromosomes would no longer be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chromosomes would no longer be
+identical to what you got from um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to what you got from um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to what you got from um or
+from dad because there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dad because there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dad because there's a little bit of
+genetic recombination going on during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic recombination going on during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic recombination going on during
+that during that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that during that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that during that process
+okay I'll also show you in a minute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll also show you in a minute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll also show you in a minute that
+you can get uh errors in this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get uh errors in this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get uh errors in this process
+and that these are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what happens then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+fertilization from this what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization from this what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization from this what the
+cytologist could see then happen was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytologist could see then happen was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytologist could see then happen was the
+number of chromosomes had been haved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chromosomes had been haved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chromosomes had been haved
+so you had n plus n giving you 2 N where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you had n plus n giving you 2 N where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you had n plus n giving you 2 N where
+this might be for example be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be for example be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be for example be the
+egg and this might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg and this might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg and this might be the
+sperm since G gametes have half half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperm since G gametes have half half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperm since G gametes have half half the
+number of half the genetic content when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of half the genetic content when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of half the genetic content when
+they fuse then you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fuse then you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fuse then you go back to the
+original number and this gave rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original number and this gave rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original number and this gave rise to
+what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+known the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known the
+chromosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inheritance even though cytologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance even though cytologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance even though cytologists
+didn't know what these colored things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what these colored things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what these colored things
+were they seem to have the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they seem to have the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they seem to have the properties
+that you would expect the carriers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would expect the carriers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would expect the carriers of
+the genetic information to have they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic information to have they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic information to have they
+duplicated before a cell was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated before a cell was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated before a cell was going to
+divide and then they seem to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and then they seem to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and then they seem to be very
+precisely segregated so that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely segregated so that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely segregated so that each
+daughter cell got one copy and it made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cell got one copy and it made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cell got one copy and it made
+sense then in terms of uh the formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense then in terms of uh the formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense then in terms of uh the formation
+of sex cells you'd have and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sex cells you'd have and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sex cells you'd have and then it
+would all come back up so the cytologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all come back up so the cytologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all come back up so the cytologist
+proposed this chromosomal inherit theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed this chromosomal inherit theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed this chromosomal inherit theory
+of inheritance that chromosomes were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inheritance that chromosomes were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inheritance that chromosomes were the
+carriers were the carried the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers were the carried the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers were the carried the genetic
+information and you can see now then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and you can see now then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and you can see now then
+when mle's work was rediscovered which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when mle's work was rediscovered which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when mle's work was rediscovered which
+is more or less what happened around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less what happened around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less what happened around
+1900 how beautifully it mapped on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 how beautifully it mapped on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 how beautifully it mapped on top of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+because his idea that the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his idea that the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his idea that the genetic
+information came in particles you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information came in particles you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information came in particles you think
+well those particles are sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those particles are sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those particles are sitting on
+those chromosomes they get duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chromosomes they get duplicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chromosomes they get duplicated
+they get separated they get divided in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get separated they get divided in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get separated they get divided in
+half their number gets divided in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half their number gets divided in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half their number gets divided in half
+when you make uh when you make sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make uh when you make sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make uh when you make sex
+cells okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I want to uh at least point0 let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to uh at least point0 let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to uh at least point0 let me
+go on to this next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to this next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to this next thing
+here oh here was one other picture I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh here was one other picture I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh here was one other picture I'd
+shown you this was a cancer cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you this was a cancer cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you this was a cancer cell
+dividing again we see the same process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing again we see the same process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing again we see the same process
+at work and that just remind you when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work and that just remind you when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work and that just remind you when I
+was talking about that kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about that kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about that kind of uh
+process trying to remind you that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process trying to remind you that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process trying to remind you that one
+cell gives rise to two cells and one DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell gives rise to two cells and one DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell gives rise to two cells and one DNA
+molecule gives rise to two DNA molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule gives rise to two DNA molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule gives rise to two DNA molecules
+that these are phenomena related even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are phenomena related even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are phenomena related even
+though one tends to talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though one tends to talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though one tends to talk about in
+different parts of the courses and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the courses and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the courses and if
+you've got more than one DNA molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got more than one DNA molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got more than one DNA molecule
+per cell then each one's a chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cell then each one's a chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cell then each one's a chromosome
+and then you have to take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to take care of
+segregating those as well but um a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregating those as well but um a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregating those as well but um a point
+that i' made is that if you know up till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i' made is that if you know up till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i' made is that if you know up till
+that this part to the right it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this part to the right it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this part to the right it could be
+a yeast or an ecoli but if it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeast or an ecoli but if it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeast or an ecoli but if it's going to
+be someone uh something more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be someone uh something more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be someone uh something more complicated
+that's got different kinds of cells uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got different kinds of cells uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got different kinds of cells uh
+like us then there we had these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us then there we had these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us then there we had these uh
+ultimately an adult human with 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately an adult human with 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately an adult human with 10 to the
+14th cells so this process has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th cells so this process has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th cells so this process has to happen
+over and over and over again and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again and it has
+to be really uh really very accurate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really uh really very accurate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really uh really very accurate and
+there was remarkable uh advances have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was remarkable uh advances have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was remarkable uh advances have
+been made in understanding this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made in understanding this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made in understanding this process
+over the the last uh few years and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the the last uh few years and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the the last uh few years and they
+were done uh a lot of this was due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done uh a lot of this was due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done uh a lot of this was due to
+the work of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of um
+of Lee Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lee Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lee Lee
+Hartwell who um showed that who offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartwell who um showed that who offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartwell who um showed that who offered
+carried out experiments I guess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out experiments I guess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out experiments I guess that
+offered some key insights into the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered some key insights into the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered some key insights into the uh
+basis of the whole cell cycle of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the whole cell cycle of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the whole cell cycle of which
+this is just part so they said here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just part so they said here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just part so they said here we
+can't really see all of all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really see all of all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really see all of all of this
+stuff in the microscope what Cy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the microscope what Cy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the microscope what Cy
+cytologists were able to observe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytologists were able to observe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytologists were able to observe was
+after the chromosome had duplicated then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the chromosome had duplicated then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the chromosome had duplicated then
+they condensed up they became visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they condensed up they became visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they condensed up they became visible
+and they could see that part of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could see that part of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could see that part of the uh
+system so uh a great body of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so uh a great body of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so uh a great body of knowledge
+has been learned over the past few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been learned over the past few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been learned over the past few years
+Lee Hartwell who was a postto at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee Hartwell who was a postto at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee Hartwell who was a postto at MIT
+with Boris maganic a number of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Boris maganic a number of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Boris maganic a number of years ago
+was one of the uh key people who led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the uh key people who led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the uh key people who led to
+this uh round of insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh round of insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh round of insights
+and what we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we now
+know the cell cycle can be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cell cycle can be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cell cycle can be basically
+divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into
+um four parts so a newly born cell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um four parts so a newly born cell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um four parts so a newly born cell if
+you will under goes what's known a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will under goes what's known a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will under goes what's known a phase
+of the cell cycle that's known as the G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell cycle that's known as the G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell cycle that's known as the G1
+phase and you could think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and you could think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and you could think of this as
+amongst other things sort of preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst other things sort of preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst other things sort of preparation
+for duplicating the cell's uh DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for duplicating the cell's uh DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for duplicating the cell's uh DNA and
+then there's a phase known as s the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a phase known as s the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a phase known as s the S
+phase which is when DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+synthesis takes place that now makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis takes place that now makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis takes place that now makes the
+gives the cell uh an information content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the cell uh an information content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the cell uh an information content
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+4N there's then another phase known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4N there's then another phase known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4N there's then another phase known as
+G2 which you could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as sort of preparation for pulling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of preparation for pulling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of preparation for pulling the
+chromosomes apart and for the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes apart and for the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes apart and for the cell
+dividing and that's known as mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way that uh so this is quite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that uh so this is quite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that uh so this is quite uh
+remarkable it's quite fundamental it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable it's quite fundamental it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable it's quite fundamental it's a
+very elegant and very complex system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very elegant and very complex system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very elegant and very complex system of
+of controls and what Lee learned is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of controls and what Lee learned is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of controls and what Lee learned is that
+there's a an elaborate system of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a an elaborate system of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a an elaborate system of what we
+now know as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+checkpoints in the cell cycle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoints in the cell cycle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoints in the cell cycle and the
+idea is pretty much the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is pretty much the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is pretty much the same sort of
+thing that you might do if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might do if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might do if you're an
+engineer and you're setting up a quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and you're setting up a quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and you're setting up a quality
+control process that involved a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control process that involved a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control process that involved a series
+of stages and what a checkpoint does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stages and what a checkpoint does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stages and what a checkpoint does is
+it basically demands successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically demands successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically demands successful
+completion of a prior phase before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of a prior phase before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of a prior phase before the
+system is permitted to move to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is permitted to move to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is permitted to move to the the
+next stage and you can sort of see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage and you can sort of see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage and you can sort of see the
+problem here that if you were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here that if you were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here that if you were trying to
+say you were copying your chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you were copying your chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you were copying your chromosome
+your your DNA and you only got partway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your DNA and you only got partway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your DNA and you only got partway
+through and then you proceeded to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and then you proceeded to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and then you proceeded to the
+part where you pulled the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where you pulled the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where you pulled the the
+chromosomes apart there would be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes apart there would be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes apart there would be all
+kinds of chaos inside of the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of chaos inside of the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of chaos inside of the cells
+because you would be breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you would be breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you would be breaking
+chromosomes you wouldn't be getting ENT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes you wouldn't be getting ENT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes you wouldn't be getting ENT
+identical information and he there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical information and he there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical information and he there are
+three major uh checkpoints there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major uh checkpoints there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major uh checkpoints there's a a
+checkpoint at the g1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary there's an
+intra actually more than one but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra actually more than one but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra actually more than one but there's
+an inra S phase checkpoint and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inra S phase checkpoint and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inra S phase checkpoint and then um
+there's another one at the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g2m boundary as well and the way that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g2m boundary as well and the way that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g2m boundary as well and the way that um
+Lee found this out I wanted to just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee found this out I wanted to just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee found this out I wanted to just take
+you back because uh remember when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back because uh remember when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back because uh remember when we
+were I was talking well first when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I was talking well first when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I was talking well first when we
+talked about how would you genetic how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how would you genetic how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how would you genetic how
+would you get a mutant affecting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you get a mutant affecting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you get a mutant affecting an
+essential cell uh a gene that's whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential cell uh a gene that's whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential cell uh a gene that's whose
+function is essential for the cell we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is essential for the cell we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is essential for the cell we
+said you'd have to be conditional in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you'd have to be conditional in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you'd have to be conditional in
+some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of
+some kind of way because the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of way because the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of way because the organism
+would be dead and we couldn't use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be dead and we couldn't use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be dead and we couldn't use um
+genetics to to study it so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics to to study it so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics to to study it so when I
+introduced you to those Fage and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to those Fage and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to those Fage and we
+wanted to study critical functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to study critical functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to study critical functions
+needed for Fage growth we needed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for Fage growth we needed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for Fage growth we needed a
+conditional mutant remember what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional mutant remember what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional mutant remember what we did
+look for temperature sensitive mutants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for temperature sensitive mutants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for temperature sensitive mutants
+so that's what Lee Hartwell started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what Lee Hartwell started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what Lee Hartwell started to
+do with yeast in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with yeast in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with yeast in
+1970 approximately he just looked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 approximately he just looked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 approximately he just looked for
+mutation that were temp temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that were temp temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that were temp temperature
+sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive
+lethals in yeast now yeast can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethals in yeast now yeast can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethals in yeast now yeast can be
+deployed uh but they also can be haid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed uh but they also can be haid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed uh but they also can be haid
+which is just one copy of genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just one copy of genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just one copy of genetic
+information so just like a bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so just like a bacterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so just like a bacterium
+haid yeast if you get a mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haid yeast if you get a mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haid yeast if you get a mutation
+affecting the a gene then you see its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the a gene then you see its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the a gene then you see its
+phenotype right away because there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype right away because there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype right away because there isn't
+the complication of a second chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complication of a second chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complication of a second chromosome
+and uh lee got the Nobel Prize for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh lee got the Nobel Prize for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh lee got the Nobel Prize for this
+work just I forget three years ago or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just I forget three years ago or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just I forget three years ago or a
+short time ago anyway and so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time ago anyway and so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time ago anyway and so this was
+the process he was studying i' showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process he was studying i' showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process he was studying i' showed
+you this this movie and in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this this movie and in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this this movie and in this case the
+this is budding yeast and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is budding yeast and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is budding yeast and you can see
+why it's called budding yeast is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's called budding yeast is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's called budding yeast is that
+rather than the cell growing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the cell growing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the cell growing and then
+segregating down the middle the daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregating down the middle the daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregating down the middle the daughter
+cells grow as little buds coming off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells grow as little buds coming off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells grow as little buds coming off the
+side and know the DNA is still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and know the DNA is still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and know the DNA is still going to
+be duplicated as we've got and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be duplicated as we've got and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be duplicated as we've got and then
+segregated into the daughter so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated into the daughter so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated into the daughter so that
+part of the process is is there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the process is is there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the process is is there but
+that's there's yeast growing sped up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there's yeast growing sped up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there's yeast growing sped up a
+bit so you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so you can see it
+so what Lee found was when he looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Lee found was when he looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Lee found was when he looked at
+his TS mutants he found that they tended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his TS mutants he found that they tended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his TS mutants he found that they tended
+to arrest a characteristic stages and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrest a characteristic stages and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrest a characteristic stages and he
+was able then to figure out that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able then to figure out that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able then to figure out that there
+must be some sort of checkpoint system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be some sort of checkpoint system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be some sort of checkpoint system
+that if something went wrong during one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if something went wrong during one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if something went wrong during one
+of the phases then the cells would all P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phases then the cells would all P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phases then the cells would all P
+would all pile up at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all pile up at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all pile up at a particular
+characteristic stage in the cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic stage in the cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic stage in the cell cycle
+and this was controlled by these uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was controlled by these uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was controlled by these uh by
+these checkpoints the these checkpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these checkpoints the these checkpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these checkpoints the these checkpoints
+are of enormous uh importance because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of enormous uh importance because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of enormous uh importance because uh
+if something goes wrong with them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something goes wrong with them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something goes wrong with them as
+happens often in cancer cells then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens often in cancer cells then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens often in cancer cells then you
+get a huge increase in the instability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a huge increase in the instability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a huge increase in the instability
+of the genome very similar to the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genome very similar to the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genome very similar to the way
+that um losing for example mismatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um losing for example mismatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um losing for example mismatch
+repair causes instability of the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair causes instability of the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair causes instability of the genome
+and therefore things that can cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore things that can cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore things that can cause a
+cell to forget to divide when it's stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to forget to divide when it's stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to forget to divide when it's stop
+dividing when it hits its neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing when it hits its neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing when it hits its neighbors
+which part of the cell belongs to and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which part of the cell belongs to and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which part of the cell belongs to and so
+on um Can those kinds of uh changes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um Can those kinds of uh changes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um Can those kinds of uh changes will
+come with much greater frequency another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with much greater frequency another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with much greater frequency another
+thing that was completely remarkable was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was completely remarkable was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was completely remarkable was
+because it was yeast it was relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was yeast it was relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was yeast it was relatively
+easy to to find the genes that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to to find the genes that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to to find the genes that um that
+were broken going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were broken going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were broken going back to
+complementation with leaving aside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation with leaving aside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementation with leaving aside the
+technicalities if we have a mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities if we have a mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities if we have a mutant
+that's a TS lethal and it's dead if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a TS lethal and it's dead if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a TS lethal and it's dead if we
+put a good copy in we'll know it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a good copy in we'll know it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a good copy in we'll know it because
+the cell won't be won't die at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell won't be won't die at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell won't be won't die at high
+temperature anymore so you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature anymore so you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature anymore so you can sort of
+Hope see from first principle it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope see from first principle it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope see from first principle it was
+relatively straightforward to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively straightforward to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively straightforward to find the
+genes in yeast that are necessary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in yeast that are necessary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in yeast that are necessary for
+cell psycho control and the remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell psycho control and the remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell psycho control and the remarkable
+thing is they've been conserved all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is they've been conserved all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is they've been conserved all the
+way up to humans that the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to humans that the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to humans that the the the
+proteins that are involved in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are involved in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are involved in the cell
+psycho control are virtually identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psycho control are virtually identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psycho control are virtually identical
+in humans so the system again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans so the system again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans so the system again is
+probably locked into in into place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably locked into in into place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably locked into in into place
+because it worked so well and once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it worked so well and once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it worked so well and once it
+was working then Evolution didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working then Evolution didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working then Evolution didn't have a
+lot of space I wouldn't say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of space I wouldn't say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of space I wouldn't say it's
+completely identical and and human cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely identical and and human cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely identical and and human cells
+for example have a few more wrinkles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example have a few more wrinkles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example have a few more wrinkles
+that they throw in but fundamentally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they throw in but fundamentally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they throw in but fundamentally you
+can see evolutionary evolutionarily that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see evolutionary evolutionarily that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see evolutionary evolutionarily that
+the system evolved uh involved once one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system evolved uh involved once one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system evolved uh involved once one
+thing I just want to comment on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just want to comment on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just want to comment on um
+just and here's just an example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and here's just an example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and here's just an example of the
+sort of thing that can happen if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that can happen if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that can happen if you get
+uh a problem with with pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a problem with with pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a problem with with pulling
+chromosomes apart when they're not ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes apart when they're not ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes apart when they're not ready
+or something happens that makes a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something happens that makes a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something happens that makes a break
+uh a chromosome you'll get a a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a chromosome you'll get a a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a chromosome you'll get a a double
+strand break and cells don't like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand break and cells don't like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand break and cells don't like that
+and they try and fix it up I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they try and fix it up I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they try and fix it up I think in
+this case you can see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you can see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you can see that this
+chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+9 has picked up a piece of a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 has picked up a piece of a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 has picked up a piece of a couple of
+other chromosomes here this piece here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chromosomes here this piece here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chromosomes here this piece here
+came from chromosome 8 over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from chromosome 8 over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from chromosome 8 over here and
+this piece here came from chromosome 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece here came from chromosome 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece here came from chromosome 22
+and so this cell now has things kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this cell now has things kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this cell now has things kind of
+messed up this particular chromosome's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up this particular chromosome's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up this particular chromosome's
+got um parts of two other chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got um parts of two other chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got um parts of two other chromosomes
+and so you can you start to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you start to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you start to think about
+the consequences of that you'll see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of that you'll see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of that you'll see when
+you segregate start segregating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you segregate start segregating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you segregate start segregating
+chromosomes their issues and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes their issues and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes their issues and also the
+Junctions themselves can sometimes do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions themselves can sometimes do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions themselves can sometimes do
+things like creating Fusion proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like creating Fusion proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like creating Fusion proteins
+that have aarant properties for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have aarant properties for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have aarant properties for example
+a signaling molecule that's now locked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signaling molecule that's now locked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signaling molecule that's now locked
+permanently into the on position or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently into the on position or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently into the on position or
+something like that those sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that those sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that those sorts of
+things can happen by these as well so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's in very abbreviated form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's in very abbreviated form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's in very abbreviated form the
+principle that happens what happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that happens what happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that happens what happens so
+that the chromosomes become visible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chromosomes become visible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chromosomes become visible in
+the microscope there's about a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope there's about a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope there's about a couple of
+meters of of DNA in every human cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters of of DNA in every human cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters of of DNA in every human cell so
+you can see almost for first principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see almost for first principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see almost for first principles
+it almost has to be packaged in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost has to be packaged in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost has to be packaged in some way
+to fit in that little tiny area and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit in that little tiny area and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit in that little tiny area and they
+are down at the basic level the DNA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are down at the basic level the DNA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are down at the basic level the DNA is
+looped around a little cluster of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looped around a little cluster of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looped around a little cluster of
+proteins called histones and then as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins called histones and then as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins called histones and then as the
+uh cells approach the the mitotic stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cells approach the the mitotic stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cells approach the the mitotic stage
+they package these at higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they package these at higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they package these at higher and higher
+and higher levels of packaging so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher levels of packaging so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher levels of packaging so that
+the chromosomes get more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes get more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes get more and more
+Compact and therefore less like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compact and therefore less like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compact and therefore less like
+spaghetti and less like less likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti and less like less likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti and less like less likely to
+get tangled when they're when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tangled when they're when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tangled when they're when they're
+pulled apart now this is a this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled apart now this is a this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled apart now this is a this part
+teaching this part of the course it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this part of the course it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this part of the course it's in
+the book it's a little like glycolisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book it's a little like glycolisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book it's a little like glycolisis
+though and there's so much detail it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and there's so much detail it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and there's so much detail it's
+hard to notice at all and what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to notice at all and what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to notice at all and what I've
+tried to do here is just sort of take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do here is just sort of take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do here is just sort of take a
+step back po Focus you on the really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back po Focus you on the really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back po Focus you on the really big
+parts of the the process but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the the process but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the the process but you can see
+this is a sort of typical textbook thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of typical textbook thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of typical textbook thing
+showing you the various substages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the various substages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the various substages of
+this process that uh cytologists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that uh cytologists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that uh cytologists have
+they've given names to each each part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've given names to each each part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've given names to each each part of
+this for example you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for example you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for example you can see the
+chromosomes lining up at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes lining up at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes lining up at the at the
+equatorial phase just before they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial phase just before they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial phase just before they're
+going to be um pulled apart one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be um pulled apart one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be um pulled apart one little
+detail uh which I've glossed over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh which I've glossed over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh which I've glossed over at
+this point is you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is you can see that the
+chromosomes are of course surrounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are of course surrounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are of course surrounded by
+the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear
+membrane and at least in many cells what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and at least in many cells what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and at least in many cells what
+happens is in or U just before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is in or U just before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is in or U just before the
+chromosomes are going to be fed pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are going to be fed pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are going to be fed pulled
+apart this nuclear membrane in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart this nuclear membrane in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart this nuclear membrane in a in a
+matter of 20 or 30 seconds goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of 20 or 30 seconds goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of 20 or 30 seconds goes from
+being a membrane into sort of breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a membrane into sort of breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a membrane into sort of breaking
+into a whole little series of membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a whole little series of membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a whole little series of membrane
+sacks and then after the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacks and then after the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacks and then after the chromosomes
+have pulled apart now you reassemble the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pulled apart now you reassemble the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pulled apart now you reassemble the
+nuclear membrane around each set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear membrane around each set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear membrane around each set of
+chromosomes and I think there's still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and I think there's still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and I think there's still an
+awful lot to be learned about how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot to be learned about how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot to be learned about how that
+particular trick is is done and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular trick is is done and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular trick is is done and that's a
+textbook diagram those are these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook diagram those are these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook diagram those are these are the
+kinds of things that the cytologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that the cytologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that the cytologists
+were looking at as they were describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at as they were describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at as they were describing
+it and one thing you can certainly see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and one thing you can certainly see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and one thing you can certainly see I
+think is that there are a lot of if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is that there are a lot of if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is that there are a lot of if you
+want to think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of them as
+cables this whole process is uh done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables this whole process is uh done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables this whole process is uh done by
+molecular machinery and in fact one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular machinery and in fact one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular machinery and in fact one of
+the key things for ensuring that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key things for ensuring that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key things for ensuring that the
+chromosomes are all lined up is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are all lined up is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are all lined up is they
+each attached to each pole of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each attached to each pole of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each attached to each pole of the cell
+so an individual uh chromosome feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an individual uh chromosome feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an individual uh chromosome feels
+tension on both sides and there's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension on both sides and there's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension on both sides and there's pretty
+good evidence at this point that um says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good evidence at this point that um says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good evidence at this point that um says
+that the what has to happen before cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the what has to happen before cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the what has to happen before cell
+before the mitosis is allowed to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the mitosis is allowed to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the mitosis is allowed to to uh
+proceed is that each pair of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed is that each pair of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed is that each pair of each
+duplicated chromosome must feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated chromosome must feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated chromosome must feel the
+tension on on both sides and if it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension on on both sides and if it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension on on both sides and if it if
+one of them is only attached on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is only attached on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is only attached on one side
+it's it's not allowed to go to to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not allowed to go to to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not allowed to go to to go
+ahead here a couple more pictures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead here a couple more pictures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead here a couple more pictures the
+the DNA's the chromosomes are in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA's the chromosomes are in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA's the chromosomes are in blue
+and all this cabling is in green you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this cabling is in green you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this cabling is in green you can
+see molecular machines basically at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see molecular machines basically at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see molecular machines basically at at
+work now I wanted to show you this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work now I wanted to show you this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work now I wanted to show you this this
+picture because this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture because this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture because this is this is
+important there's there's two parts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important there's there's two parts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important there's there's two parts to
+this the first one is just wonder if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the first one is just wonder if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the first one is just wonder if
+could Julia could you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the so this is a normal mitosis these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this is a normal mitosis these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this is a normal mitosis these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+cells lung cells from a n which are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells lung cells from a n which are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells lung cells from a n which are very
+flat so it's easy to to visualize them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so it's easy to to visualize them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so it's easy to to visualize them I
+believe this is byari kind of Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this is byari kind of Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this is byari kind of Optics
+called the marki Optics what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the marki Optics what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the marki Optics what they're
+doing right the chrom the duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right the chrom the duplicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right the chrom the duplicated
+chromosomes are getting lined up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are getting lined up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are getting lined up at the
+equatorial position in the uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial position in the uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial position in the uh in the
+cell and you get a a spindle attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and you get a a spindle attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and you get a a spindle attached to
+one side and then a spindle attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side and then a spindle attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side and then a spindle attached to
+the other and once that's happened then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and once that's happened then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and once that's happened then
+you can see the chromosomes watch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the chromosomes watch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the chromosomes watch this
+one over here for example just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here for example just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here for example just got
+attached and it's being pulled into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached and it's being pulled into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached and it's being pulled into the
+into the middle and once the cell feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the middle and once the cell feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the middle and once the cell feels
+that all the tension there's tension on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the tension there's tension on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the tension there's tension on
+all of them then it enables the the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them then it enables the the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them then it enables the the next
+stage in the process and you'll see each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in the process and you'll see each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in the process and you'll see each
+of the the daughter chromatids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the daughter chromatids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the daughter chromatids
+segregate before and I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate before and I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate before and I just want to
+impress upon you uh you know it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impress upon you uh you know it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impress upon you uh you know it was
+complicated enough just replicating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough just replicating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough just replicating the
+DNA at the Fidelity we talked about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA at the Fidelity we talked about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA at the Fidelity we talked about an
+awful lot of other stuff has to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of other stuff has to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of other stuff has to go on
+and you it would be a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you it would be a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you it would be a reasonable
+question is there ever a mistake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is there ever a mistake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is there ever a mistake and
+there is this one actually shows another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this one actually shows another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this one actually shows another
+cell where there's going to be a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell where there's going to be a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell where there's going to be a mistake
+and you can't see it yet but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't see it yet but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't see it yet but you can see
+the chromosomes are all condensed up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes are all condensed up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes are all condensed up and
+they're beginning to uh get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're beginning to uh get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're beginning to uh get these
+spindles attached and as they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindles attached and as they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindles attached and as they get
+attached to the side then they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the side then they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the side then they get
+localized in the central part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in the central part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in the central part of
+the right down the equatorial plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right down the equatorial plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right down the equatorial plane of
+the of the cell but I think we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the cell but I think we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the cell but I think we'll start
+to see the problem emerging in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the problem emerging in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the problem emerging in a moment
+and I think it's going to be this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's going to be this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's going to be this guy
+here I think a little arrow will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think a little arrow will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think a little arrow will
+probably appear before too long but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably appear before too long but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably appear before too long but
+you'll what's happened is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll what's happened is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll what's happened is this one
+didn't get properly connected on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get properly connected on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get properly connected on both
+sides but the cell's going to go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides but the cell's going to go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides but the cell's going to go ahead
+anyway watch that the one up here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway watch that the one up here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway watch that the one up here is
+going to get pulled in there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get pulled in there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get pulled in there it's
+getting pulled in and then once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pulled in and then once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pulled in and then once it's
+once it's in there then this cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's in there then this cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's in there then this cell is
+going to go ahead and divide any way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go ahead and divide any way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go ahead and divide any way so
+you can see what the problem is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what the problem is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what the problem is this
+one's got two over here and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's got two over here and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's got two over here and this one
+over here is missing it this process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is missing it this process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is missing it this process is
+known as nondisjunction this is the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as nondisjunction this is the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as nondisjunction this is the sort
+of thing that happens in cancer cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that happens in cancer cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that happens in cancer cells
+that have broken uh where the checkpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have broken uh where the checkpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have broken uh where the checkpoint
+Gene has been uh broken and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene has been uh broken and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene has been uh broken and then if you
+have that then the cells go on this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then the cells go on this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then the cells go on this same
+problem happens in meiosis and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem happens in meiosis and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem happens in meiosis and it's
+up here it's the same principle that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here it's the same principle that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here it's the same principle that if
+if you end up with uh don't if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you end up with uh don't if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you end up with uh don't if you don't
+segregate the cells uh the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate the cells uh the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate the cells uh the chromosomes
+correctly then you can end up with a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly then you can end up with a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly then you can end up with a a
+sex cell that has two copies of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex cell that has two copies of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex cell that has two copies of one of
+them and the other one has none and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the other one has none and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the other one has none and if
+you have two copies 2 N plus one n then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two copies 2 N plus one n then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two copies 2 N plus one n then
+you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triom and if you have 0 plus n you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triom and if you have 0 plus n you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triom and if you have 0 plus n you end
+up with what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with what's known as
+a monosomy so these would be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monosomy so these would be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monosomy so these would be from
+defects in in meiosis I'll just close by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects in in meiosis I'll just close by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects in in meiosis I'll just close by
+saying the one that you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the one that you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the one that you probably have
+heard of is Down's uh syndrome which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triom 21 that comes about from this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triom 21 that comes about from this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triom 21 that comes about from this sort
+of process it's a very debilitating uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process it's a very debilitating uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process it's a very debilitating uh
+genetic deficency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic deficency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic deficency
+most of you are probably familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you are probably familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you are probably familiar with
+it uh this process happen things go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh this process happen things go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh this process happen things go
+wrong in meiosis about uh one in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in meiosis about uh one in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in meiosis about uh one in every
+fifth the detectable human pregnancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth the detectable human pregnancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth the detectable human pregnancies
+doesn't go to completion for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go to completion for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go to completion for the most
+part because of an underlying problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because of an underlying problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because of an underlying problem
+like this the the body is set up to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the the body is set up to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the the body is set up to need
+pair the pairs of each chromosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair the pairs of each chromosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair the pairs of each chromosome and
+you have one too many or one too few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one too many or one too few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one too many or one too few
+it's usually lethal so if one in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually lethal so if one in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually lethal so if one in every
+five uh human pregnancies has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh human pregnancies has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh human pregnancies has that
+happen you end up with a miscarriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you end up with a miscarriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you end up with a miscarriage
+which I my wife and I have been through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I my wife and I have been through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I my wife and I have been through
+it it's a devastating experience I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a devastating experience I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a devastating experience I think
+you can just look around and figure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just look around and figure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just look around and figure the
+odds a significant number of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds a significant number of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds a significant number of the people
+are in this room are going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this room are going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this room are going to have to
+cope with this and I'm just bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cope with this and I'm just bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cope with this and I'm just bringing
+this up for your attention right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up for your attention right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up for your attention right now is
+it's something that in our society we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that in our society we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that in our society we
+tend not to talk about very much andless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend not to talk about very much andless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend not to talk about very much andless
+maybe you're a Hollywood movie star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're a Hollywood movie star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're a Hollywood movie star and
+it makes it into the tabloids or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it into the tabloids or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it into the tabloids or
+something but it's a very common Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it's a very common Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it's a very common Human
+Experience very difficult to cope with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experience very difficult to cope with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experience very difficult to cope with
+but there is for most of those uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is for most of those uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is for most of those uh most
+of those uh pregnancies that terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh pregnancies that terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh pregnancies that terminate
+very early usually the underlying cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early usually the underlying cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early usually the underlying cause
+is a problem in that traces back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem in that traces back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem in that traces back to the
+kind of stuff we're seeing here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff we're seeing here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff we're seeing here where
+something went wrong during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong during the
+segregation process of making the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation process of making the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation process of making the the
+sex the sex chromosomes and as I say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex the sex chromosomes and as I say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex the sex chromosomes and as I say if
+it happens in just our ordinary cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens in just our ordinary cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens in just our ordinary cells
+that's one of the places one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the places one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the places one of the
+things that leads to progression to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that leads to progression to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that leads to progression to
+cancer okay so we'll see you on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer okay so we'll see you on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer okay so we'll see you on uh
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gIuL_WdfH74.txt b/gIuL_WdfH74.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e5dd6c6caa804a602c20a1e9289f565608e2464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gIuL_WdfH74.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right hi everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right hi everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right hi everyone
+welcome back um today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back um today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back um today we're going to
+talk about the profiling tools available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the profiling tools available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the profiling tools available
+on Cell to help you evaluate how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Cell to help you evaluate how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Cell to help you evaluate how your
+programs are running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are running
+and uh next hour I'll talk about simd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh next hour I'll talk about simd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh next hour I'll talk about simd
+which is how you can take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how you can take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how you can take advantage of
+uh the hardware support for data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the hardware support for data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the hardware support for data
+parallelization uh first up I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelization uh first up I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelization uh first up I'd like to
+follow up with some questions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up with some questions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up with some questions that we
+had at last time about GDB and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had at last time about GDB and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had at last time about GDB and then I'll
+discuss some of the various methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss some of the various methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss some of the various methods for
+profiling on Cell I'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling on Cell I'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling on Cell I'll talk about the
+cell simulator and using the decrements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell simulator and using the decrements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell simulator and using the decrements
+and then we're going to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about uh
+static profiling and instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static profiling and instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static profiling and instruction
+reordering which I started to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reordering which I started to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reordering which I started to get into
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so first up uh we ran into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so first up uh we ran into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so first up uh we ran into some
+problems last time with GDB various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems last time with GDB various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems last time with GDB various
+error messages uh first thing sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error messages uh first thing sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error messages uh first thing sometimes
+GDB is going to examine the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDB is going to examine the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDB is going to examine the wrong
+variable as we saw when the names are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as we saw when the names are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as we saw when the names are
+ambiguous uh one thing you can do to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous uh one thing you can do to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous uh one thing you can do to get
+around this uh we had problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this uh we had problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this uh we had problems with
+ambiguity between uh variables which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity between uh variables which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity between uh variables which had
+the same name where one of them was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same name where one of them was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same name where one of them was in
+the spu thread and one of them was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spu thread and one of them was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spu thread and one of them was in
+the PPU thread and so to work around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PPU thread and so to work around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PPU thread and so to work around
+this one thing you can do is use Spug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one thing you can do is use Spug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one thing you can do is use Spug
+GDB which will just lock onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDB which will just lock onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDB which will just lock onto a
+particular spu thread then you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular spu thread then you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular spu thread then you can just
+uh look for then you can just look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look for then you can just look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look for then you can just look for
+variable names in that thread uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable names in that thread uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable names in that thread uh you can
+also of course rename your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of course rename your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of course rename your
+variables uh second problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh second problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh second problem is that
+sometimes GDB will delete your break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes GDB will delete your break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes GDB will delete your break
+points before you want it to delete them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points before you want it to delete them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points before you want it to delete them
+uh reason being it will remove breake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reason being it will remove breake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reason being it will remove breake
+points when whenever the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points when whenever the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points when whenever the program
+associated with a breakpoint has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a breakpoint has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a breakpoint has been
+unloaded but sometimes you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unloaded but sometimes you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unloaded but sometimes you have more
+than one thread running on uh more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one thread running on uh more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one thread running on uh more than
+one thread running the same program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thread running the same program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thread running the same program and
+so the uh second one you won't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh second one you won't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh second one you won't be able
+to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break
+into uh so again you can use Spug GDB to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh so again you can use Spug GDB to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh so again you can use Spug GDB to
+lock onto a particular thread if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock onto a particular thread if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock onto a particular thread if you
+want to if you want to do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to if you want to do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to if you want to do that uh
+another thing you can do is kind of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you can do is kind of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you can do is kind of for
+example put a delay loop at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example put a delay loop at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example put a delay loop at the end of
+your spu thread in order to keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spu thread in order to keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spu thread in order to keep that
+thread running for as long as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread running for as long as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread running for as long as possible
+it seems that as long as GDB doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems that as long as GDB doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems that as long as GDB doesn't
+unload that thread then it won't delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unload that thread then it won't delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unload that thread then it won't delete
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+breakpoint and finally some of uh I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakpoint and finally some of uh I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakpoint and finally some of uh I saw
+this kind of cryptic error thread event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of cryptic error thread event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of cryptic error thread event
+breakpoint GDB should not stop yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakpoint GDB should not stop yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakpoint GDB should not stop yeah
+indeed it shouldn't um one thing uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it shouldn't um one thing uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it shouldn't um one thing uh to
+get around this it seems that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around this it seems that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around this it seems that this
+problem doesn't happen on Spug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem doesn't happen on Spug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem doesn't happen on Spug
+GDB so I'll just recap how to use Spug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDB so I'll just recap how to use Spug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDB so I'll just recap how to use Spug
+GDB to be to debug your programs uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDB to be to debug your programs uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDB to be to debug your programs uh last
+time we were using mostly PPU GDB which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we were using mostly PPU GDB which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we were using mostly PPU GDB which
+will help you debug kind of both your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you debug kind of both your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you debug kind of both your
+PPU program and your spu program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPU program and your spu program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPU program and your spu program
+together and you're able to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you're able to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you're able to switch
+between all the threads that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all the threads that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all the threads that are
+available on the other hand when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on the other hand when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on the other hand when you're
+using Spug GDB it's just going to lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Spug GDB it's just going to lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Spug GDB it's just going to lock
+on to a particular spu thread so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to a particular spu thread so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to a particular spu thread so what
+you do is you invoke your uh original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you invoke your uh original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you invoke your uh original
+PPU program with spu debug start equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPU program with spu debug start equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPU program with spu debug start equals
+1 and then you can uh background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then you can uh background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then you can uh background
+it now what happens is every time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now what happens is every time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now what happens is every time that
+your every time that your spu sorry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your every time that your spu sorry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your every time that your spu sorry or
+every time that your program spawns a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time that your program spawns a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time that your program spawns a
+new spu thread it will print the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new spu thread it will print the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new spu thread it will print the process
+ID and then actually that thread the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and then actually that thread the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and then actually that thread the
+spawn thread will stop and wait for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn thread will stop and wait for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn thread will stop and wait for a
+debugger to attach to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugger to attach to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugger to attach to it
+so at this point you can run Spug gb- p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point you can run Spug gb- p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point you can run Spug gb- p
+and then the process number that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the process number that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the process number that they
+give you and when you attach to it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you and when you attach to it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you and when you attach to it you
+can continue that thread to resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue that thread to resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue that thread to resume
+debugging all right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so the cell simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so the cell simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so the cell simulator
+excuse me the cell simulator is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me the cell simulator is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me the cell simulator is one of
+the tools that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools that we have
+available uh to help you debug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh to help you debug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh to help you debug
+uh this is how you invoke it if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is how you invoke it if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is how you invoke it if you have
+it installed opt IBM system Sim cell bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it installed opt IBM system Sim cell bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it installed opt IBM system Sim cell bin
+system Sim and you want to use dasg to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Sim and you want to use dasg to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Sim and you want to use dasg to
+use the graphical interface and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the graphical interface and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the graphical interface and a little
+window will pop up and you'll click go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window will pop up and you'll click go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window will pop up and you'll click go
+uh the window looks like this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the window looks like this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the window looks like this it
+actually from here you can have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from here you can have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from here you can have a lot of
+fine grain control over how your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine grain control over how your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine grain control over how your program
+is running in fact you can advance your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running in fact you can advance your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running in fact you can advance your
+uh you can advance the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can advance the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can advance the state of the
+simulation cycle by cycle to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation cycle by cycle to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation cycle by cycle to look at
+what's going on inside the simulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on inside the simulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on inside the simulated
+cell system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh when you boot up this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh when you boot up this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh when you boot up this uh
+simulator you can actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator you can actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator you can actually get a
+complete Linux environment in there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete Linux environment in there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete Linux environment in there uh
+with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an
+xterm and what you can do in this Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xterm and what you can do in this Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xterm and what you can do in this Linux
+environment is you can copy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is you can copy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is you can copy over
+programs and then you can you can copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and then you can you can copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and then you can you can copy
+over programs which were compiled for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over programs which were compiled for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over programs which were compiled for
+the cell and then you can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them uh in order to transfer a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh in order to transfer a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh in order to transfer a program
+to your simulated system so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your simulated system so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your simulated system so that you can
+run it you can use this uh you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it you can use this uh you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it you can use this uh you can use
+this function or you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function or you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function or you can use this
+program call through which is available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program call through which is available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program call through which is available
+on the S mated system and what it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the S mated system and what it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the S mated system and what it will
+do is it will uh grab onto a file which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is it will uh grab onto a file which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is it will uh grab onto a file which
+is on the host system and copy it in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the host system and copy it in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the host system and copy it in and
+it will just uh it will just put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will just uh it will just put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will just uh it will just put it on
+standard out so you can uh redirect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard out so you can uh redirect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard out so you can uh redirect it
+to whatever file you want and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever file you want and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever file you want and then when
+you make it executable then you can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it executable then you can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it executable then you can run
+it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions uh while you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh while you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh while you're in the
+simulator you can you can uh view a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator you can you can uh view a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator you can you can uh view a lot
+of different things you can get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different things you can get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different things you can get a lot of
+of information about the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information about the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information about the state of the
+machine uh in particular you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh in particular you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh in particular you can you
+know look at the registers at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look at the registers at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look at the registers at any
+particular time again with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time again with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time again with you know
+clock step by clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock step by clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock step by clock
+step uh this might not be as interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh this might not be as interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh this might not be as interesting
+now that you have the debugger and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you have the debugger and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you have the debugger and you
+can run the debugger on real Hardware uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run the debugger on real Hardware uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run the debugger on real Hardware uh
+but one thing which the which the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing which the which the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing which the which the cell
+simulator does get you is uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator does get you is uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator does get you is uh these
+Dynamic profiling tools and what it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic profiling tools and what it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic profiling tools and what it will
+do is uh it will look at the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is uh it will look at the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is uh it will look at the state of
+the simulation and we'll figure out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation and we'll figure out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation and we'll figure out you
+know where things are stalling kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where things are stalling kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where things are stalling kind of
+where the time is being spent by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the time is being spent by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the time is being spent by the
+processor and you can can get separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and you can can get separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and you can can get separate
+stats like these uh let's see it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats like these uh let's see it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats like these uh let's see it tells
+you for example total cycle count stalls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for example total cycle count stalls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for example total cycle count stalls
+for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various
+reasons you can get all these statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you can get all these statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you can get all these statistics
+SE separately for the PPU and each spu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE separately for the PPU and each spu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE separately for the PPU and each spu
+so this this can be very helpful if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this can be very helpful if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this can be very helpful if
+you're trying to do for example you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do for example you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do for example you know
+you're trying to figure out exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out exactly
+what's going on on each spu do load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on on each spu do load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on on each spu do load
+balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing
+whatever all right and so that's and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever all right and so that's and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever all right and so that's and so
+these statistics will hold these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistics will hold these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistics will hold these
+statistics will cover you know whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics will cover you know whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics will cover you know whatever
+length of the program you run but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the program you run but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the program you run but you
+can also get more fine grain statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also get more fine grain statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also get more fine grain statistics
+using these uh profiling functions so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these uh profiling functions so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these uh profiling functions so if
+you include profile. H in your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you include profile. H in your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you include profile. H in your program
+then you get access to these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get access to these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get access to these functions
+uh profile clear start and stop and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh profile clear start and stop and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh profile clear start and stop and what
+these will do is uh they're actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will do is uh they're actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will do is uh they're actually uh
+when they get compiled into your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get compiled into your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they get compiled into your program
+there are no Ops when you run them on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no Ops when you run them on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no Ops when you run them on a
+real cell processor but the simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real cell processor but the simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real cell processor but the simulator
+will be able to latch onto them and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to latch onto them and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to latch onto them and uh
+you can use those to start and stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use those to start and stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use those to start and stop
+regions of Interest for for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of Interest for for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of Interest for for uh
+profiling all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling all
+right now uh the simulator comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh the simulator comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh the simulator comes with
+the SDK and it's a little bit cumbersome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SDK and it's a little bit cumbersome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SDK and it's a little bit cumbersome
+to install so we haven't uh we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install so we haven't uh we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install so we haven't uh we haven't
+made it available yet on the actual PS3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it available yet on the actual PS3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it available yet on the actual PS3
+Hardware uh you can run it on x86 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware uh you can run it on x86 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware uh you can run it on x86 and so
+if your group would like to get set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your group would like to get set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your group would like to get set up
+with that on on one of your computers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that on on one of your computers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that on on one of your computers or
+we'll try and make it available on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try and make it available on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try and make it available on our
+Hardware if there's enough interest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware if there's enough interest so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware if there's enough interest so
+please let us know all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um the next thing we'll cover is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next thing we'll cover is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next thing we'll cover is uh
+using decrement to profile your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using decrement to profile your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using decrement to profile your
+program uh this is one way of one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh this is one way of one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh this is one way of one way
+you can use Dynamic profiling which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use Dynamic profiling which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use Dynamic profiling which
+actually doesn't require the simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't require the simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't require the simulator
+so uh when you when you get information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh when you when you get information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh when you when you get information
+from the decr you can run these programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the decr you can run these programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the decr you can run these programs
+on on your actual cell Hardware uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on your actual cell Hardware uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on your actual cell Hardware uh
+basically the decrement is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the decrement is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the decrement is just a
+counter that counts down at a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter that counts down at a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter that counts down at a constant
+rate so you can use it as a clock to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so you can use it as a clock to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so you can use it as a clock to
+figure out how long uh different events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how long uh different events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how long uh different events
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+lasting and the the rate at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting and the the rate at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasting and the the rate at which the
+decr counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decr counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decr counts
+down uh is not that fast so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh is not that fast so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh is not that fast so you're not
+going to be able to use it to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to use it to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to use it to time
+things on the order of you know a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the order of you know a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the order of you know a few
+clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock
+Cycles uh it's best for it's best for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles uh it's best for it's best for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles uh it's best for it's best for
+timing things which are maybe you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing things which are maybe you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing things which are maybe you know
+on the order of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of thousands of
+instructions in length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in length
+and how you use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh there are these spu right Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh there are these spu right Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh there are these spu right Channel
+and spu read Channel functions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spu read Channel functions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spu read Channel functions which
+give you access to some of the internals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you access to some of the internals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you access to some of the internals
+of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processor and and uh so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and and uh so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and and uh so here's an
+example setup you can use basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example setup you can use basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example setup you can use basically
+first you call right Channel and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you call right Channel and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you call right Channel and you
+pass in the uh this you know MFC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in the uh this you know MFC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in the uh this you know MFC
+decrement event thing and what that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement event thing and what that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement event thing and what that will
+do is kind of initialize this decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is kind of initialize this decrement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is kind of initialize this decrement
+counter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+and and then you read the value before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you read the value before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you read the value before
+and after the function you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the function you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the function you want to
+profile and when you subtract uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and when you subtract uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and when you subtract uh that
+just gives you that just gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you that just gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you that just gives you the
+length or the time that was elapsed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or the time that was elapsed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or the time that was elapsed in
+some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary
+units and of course it's counting down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and of course it's counting down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and of course it's counting down
+so you want to subtract the start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to subtract the start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to subtract the start from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+end and after you're' done using it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and after you're' done using it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and after you're' done using it you
+can uh you can uh do another right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh you can uh do another right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh you can uh do another right
+channel to kind of stop the counter from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel to kind of stop the counter from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel to kind of stop the counter from
+continuing all right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay uh let's let's continue talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's let's continue talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's let's continue talking
+about re instruction reordering which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about re instruction reordering which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about re instruction reordering which I
+started last time so I'm going to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started last time so I'm going to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started last time so I'm going to kind
+of start from the beginning this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start from the beginning this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start from the beginning this time
+and maybe it'll be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe it'll be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe it'll be more
+coherent so on the cell architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent so on the cell architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent so on the cell architecture
+when you're looking at you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at you know what
+instructions are being run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions are being run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions are being run
+the instructions are mostly going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions are mostly going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions are mostly going to be
+of the form you know evaluate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form you know evaluate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form you know evaluate some
+function of some of the registers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some of the registers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some of the registers and
+write the result to some other register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the result to some other register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the result to some other register
+and the assembly file or what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the assembly file or what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the assembly file or what you get
+when you run with GCC DS is just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you run with GCC DS is just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you run with GCC DS is just going
+to be you know a human readable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know a human readable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know a human readable
+representation of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of these
+instructions and I'll show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and I'll show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and I'll show you how to
+read that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that actually
+later uh and you can think of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh and you can think of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh and you can think of these
+instructions just as you know executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions just as you know executing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions just as you know executing
+in series just in the order in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series just in the order in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series just in the order in which
+they appear in the assembly so if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear in the assembly so if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear in the assembly so if if you
+think of you know one instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know one instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know one instruction
+starting and then finishing the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting and then finishing the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting and then finishing the next
+instruction comes in finishes uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction comes in finishes uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction comes in finishes uh that
+should be you know consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be you know consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be you know consistent with the
+actual behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual behavior of the
+hardware now for real Hardware waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware now for real Hardware waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware now for real Hardware waiting
+for one instruction to finish before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one instruction to finish before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one instruction to finish before the
+next one starts is going to be too slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one starts is going to be too slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one starts is going to be too slow
+so there are these various optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are these various optimizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are these various optimizations
+we pull or that they do on the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull or that they do on the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull or that they do on the hardware
+in order to uh run instructions sooner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to uh run instructions sooner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to uh run instructions sooner
+than when the previous instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than when the previous instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than when the previous instruction
+finishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes
+so the big one of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big one of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big one of these is
+pipelining where you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining where you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining where you have multiple
+stages inside your processor and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages inside your processor and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages inside your processor and you can
+run each instruction you can push each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run each instruction you can push each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run each instruction you can push each
+instruction in before the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in before the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in before the previous one
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+completed and uh and pipelining you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed and uh and pipelining you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed and uh and pipelining you're
+going to be subject to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be subject to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be subject to these
+dependencies between instructions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies between instructions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies between instructions for
+example if one instruction uh reads from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if one instruction uh reads from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if one instruction uh reads from
+a value that the previous previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value that the previous previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value that the previous previous
+instruction wrote then clearly you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction wrote then clearly you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction wrote then clearly you can't
+start the second instruction until after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the second instruction until after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the second instruction until after
+the first instruction has completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first instruction has completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first instruction has completed
+uh the cell processor also has actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cell processor also has actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cell processor also has actually
+has multiple pipelines in which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has multiple pipelines in which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has multiple pipelines in which you can
+insert instructions and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert instructions and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert instructions and another
+optimization that they do is uh Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization that they do is uh Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization that they do is uh Branch
+prediction in order to uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction in order to uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction in order to uh in order to
+reduce stalls from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+pardon uh yes so static Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon uh yes so static Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon uh yes so static Branch
+prediction means or rather the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction means or rather the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction means or rather the way it's
+done on the cell is that uh uh uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on the cell is that uh uh uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on the cell is that uh uh uh what's
+predicted for the branch is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted for the branch is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted for the branch is not going to
+be affected by the uh by the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be affected by the uh by the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be affected by the uh by the history of
+which branches have been taken which and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which branches have been taken which and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which branches have been taken which and
+some other processor actually do uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other processor actually do uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other processor actually do uh use
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now now the thing about pipelining is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now the thing about pipelining is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now the thing about pipelining is
+that because we still have to honor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we still have to honor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we still have to honor
+these dependencies between instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dependencies between instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dependencies between instructions
+the order in which we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which we evaluate
+instructions that's going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that's going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that's going to make a
+difference on how long the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on how long the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on how long the program
+runs so let's take the simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs so let's take the simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs so let's take the simple example
+where we have three instructions a b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have three instructions a b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have three instructions a b and
+c and we have this pipeline processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and we have this pipeline processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and we have this pipeline processor
+where we can insert instructions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can insert instructions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can insert instructions at
+these clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clock
+ticks so suppose that c depends on B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks so suppose that c depends on B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks so suppose that c depends on B and
+there are no other depend dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no other depend dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no other depend dependencies
+in the system then this uh then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system then this uh then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system then this uh then this
+sequence of instructions is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of instructions is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of instructions is going to
+take uh five Cycles because we can push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh five Cycles because we can push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh five Cycles because we can push
+B in after the first cycle but we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in after the first cycle but we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in after the first cycle but we can't
+push C in until Cycles after that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push C in until Cycles after that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push C in until Cycles after that is
+that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions all right now because C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right now because C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right now because C
+depends on B it kind of makes sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on B it kind of makes sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on B it kind of makes sense to
+push B as far up as we can in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push B as far up as we can in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push B as far up as we can in order to
+kind of ease this dependency so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ease this dependency so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ease this dependency so if we
+execute B before a instead of after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute B before a instead of after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute B before a instead of after a
+and remember we can reorder b and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember we can reorder b and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember we can reorder b and a
+however we want because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we want because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we want because there's no
+dependencies between them then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies between them then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies between them then we can
+start B at the first tick then we put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start B at the first tick then we put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start B at the first tick then we put in
+a right after that and then C and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right after that and then C and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right after that and then C and now
+the sequence only takes four clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence only takes four clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence only takes four clock
+Cycles all right so observe that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles all right so observe that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles all right so observe that when we
+put in C in this third clock cycle uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in C in this third clock cycle uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in C in this third clock cycle uh we
+actually couldn't have put in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually couldn't have put in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually couldn't have put in the third
+instruction any sooner because uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction any sooner because uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction any sooner because uh no
+matter what the dependencies were and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the dependencies were and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the dependencies were and so
+in general we're going to want that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we're going to want that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we're going to want that uh
+to be the case where we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the case where we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the case where we want
+instructions to be waiting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions to be waiting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions to be waiting on the
+pipeline rather than on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline rather than on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline rather than on
+dependencies so that means in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies so that means in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies so that means in the first
+picture there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture there's this
+uh there's this stall of one clock cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's this stall of one clock cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's this stall of one clock cycle
+and we're going to want to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to want to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to want to eliminate
+these kinds of stalls all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we're going to do is we're
+going to use these static profiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use these static profiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use these static profiling
+tools to figure out where stalls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to figure out where stalls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to figure out where stalls
+happen now the first thing we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now the first thing we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now the first thing we're going
+to do uh the first thing that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh the first thing that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh the first thing that we have to
+do is generate the assembly and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is generate the assembly and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is generate the assembly and the
+instruction schedule that goes with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction schedule that goes with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction schedule that goes with it
+and so you can use GCC DBS and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can use GCC DBS and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can use GCC DBS and the same
+flag works with XL to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag works with XL to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag works with XL to generate the
+assembly and then we have this utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly and then we have this utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly and then we have this utility
+that we have this utility called spu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this utility called spu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this utility called spu
+timing which runs on the cell and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing which runs on the cell and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing which runs on the cell and which
+will tell you the instruction schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you the instruction schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you the instruction schedule
+basically it'll take in your assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it'll take in your assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it'll take in your assembly
+file and tell you exactly when each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and tell you exactly when each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and tell you exactly when each
+instruction in that assembly gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in that assembly gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in that assembly gets
+scheduled uh if you call it with Dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled uh if you call it with Dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled uh if you call it with Dash
+running count then it will tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running count then it will tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running count then it will tell you the
+running count of uh clock Cycles at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running count of uh clock Cycles at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running count of uh clock Cycles at each
+stage which means if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage which means if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage which means if you look at the
+last number that will tell you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last number that will tell you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last number that will tell you kind of
+how long your program took to run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long your program took to run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long your program took to run in
+clock cycles and we'll write the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock cycles and we'll write the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock cycles and we'll write the output
+to uh a file of the same name as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh a file of the same name as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh a file of the same name as the
+input but with timing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but with timing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but with timing at the
+end uh now if you're using R make file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh now if you're using R make file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh now if you're using R make file
+you can actually do all this the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do all this the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do all this the uh
+generate the assembly and the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the assembly and the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the assembly and the timing
+info all in one step by doing spu timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info all in one step by doing spu timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info all in one step by doing spu timing
+equals one and then make the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and then make the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and then make the name of the
+s file all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now if you'll recall on cell we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if you'll recall on cell we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if you'll recall on cell we're
+going to have only in order execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have only in order execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have only in order execution
+the the ex the instructions are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ex the instructions are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ex the instructions are just
+going to execute in the order that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to execute in the order that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to execute in the order that
+they're specified in the assembly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're specified in the assembly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're specified in the assembly in the
+assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+and uh and the because the cell has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the because the cell has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the because the cell has uh
+dual pipelines that means there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual pipelines that means there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual pipelines that means there's two
+pipelines in which instructions can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines in which instructions can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines in which instructions can go
+and the the pipelines are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the pipelines are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the pipelines are going to be
+selected just based on the instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected just based on the instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected just based on the instruction
+type and of course two instructions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and of course two instructions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and of course two instructions are
+only going to go in simultaneously when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to go in simultaneously when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to go in simultaneously when
+the dependencies allow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh
+right so if you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're looking at the
+assembly uh you're going to see lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly uh you're going to see lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly uh you're going to see lots of
+lines of this form uh op destination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of this form uh op destination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of this form uh op destination and
+then the source uh registers so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the source uh registers so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the source uh registers so when
+you're trying to figure out dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out dependencies
+uh it's going to be helpful to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to be helpful to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's going to be helpful to be able
+to look at each line of the assembly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at each line of the assembly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at each line of the assembly and
+figure out uh what registers that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh what registers that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh what registers that line
+is reading from and what registers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reading from and what registers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reading from and what registers that
+line is writing to and there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is writing to and there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is writing to and there's also
+information in the assembly file I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the assembly file I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the assembly file I I
+went into that last time which tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into that last time which tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into that last time which tells you
+kind of for each chunk of assembly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of for each chunk of assembly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of for each chunk of assembly what
+the corresponding Source what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding Source what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding Source what the
+corresponding source file line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is all right and the the actual output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right and the the actual output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right and the the actual output
+of the static profiler like I said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the static profiler like I said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the static profiler like I said it
+will spit out a schedule of uh when each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spit out a schedule of uh when each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spit out a schedule of uh when each
+instruction runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction runs
+and and in this schedule you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this schedule you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this schedule you're going to
+see uh one digit for each cycle that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh one digit for each cycle that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh one digit for each cycle that the
+instruction is running so however many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction is running so however many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction is running so however many
+digits there are that's how many cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits there are that's how many cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits there are that's how many cycles
+are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being
+used and in front of in front of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and in front of in front of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and in front of in front of some of
+the instructions you're you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions you're you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions you're you're going to
+see these dashes which represent stalls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these dashes which represent stalls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these dashes which represent stalls
+so these three dashes in front of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these three dashes in front of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these three dashes in front of uh
+this instruction FM means that uh means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instruction FM means that uh means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instruction FM means that uh means
+that based on the pipeline you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that based on the pipeline you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that based on the pipeline you could
+have scheduled this instruction up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have scheduled this instruction up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have scheduled this instruction up here
+right after uh the previous previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after uh the previous previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after uh the previous previous
+instruction finished however because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction finished however because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction finished however because
+you're waiting on particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're waiting on particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're waiting on particular
+dependencies you're only going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies you're only going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies you're only going to be
+able to schedule it uh these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to schedule it uh these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to schedule it uh these three
+Cycles later so that that's a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles later so that that's a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles later so that that's a three
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stall um and uh this static profiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall um and uh this static profiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall um and uh this static profiler
+output is also going to show kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is also going to show kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is also going to show kind of
+other information the original assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information the original assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information the original assembly
+appears on the right hand side and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears on the right hand side and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears on the right hand side and which
+pipeline the instructions are going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline the instructions are going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline the instructions are going into
+is going to show up on the left any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to show up on the left any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to show up on the left any
+questions about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+format dual issue just means that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format dual issue just means that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format dual issue just means that these
+instructions are going to be executed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions are going to be executed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions are going to be executed at
+the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe can people figure out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe can people figure out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe can people figure out for
+example what is the latency for the FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what is the latency for the FM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what is the latency for the FM
+instruction how many cycles does FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+pardon uh over here all right so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon uh over here all right so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon uh over here all right so these
+are the arguments to the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the arguments to the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the arguments to the assembly
+instructions so remember the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so remember the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so remember the first one
+is going to be the destination register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the destination register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the destination register
+and the the other ones are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the other ones are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the other ones are going to be
+all the source registers that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the source registers that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the source registers that that
+instruction is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so again we we want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so again we we want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so again we we want to be able to
+reorder these instructions to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder these instructions to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder these instructions to minimize
+stalls and what you're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls and what you're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls and what you're going to do is
+you're going to try and look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to try and look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to try and look for
+instructions that are going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that are going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that are going to take a
+long time potentially for example loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time potentially for example loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time potentially for example loads
+and floating Point instructions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and floating Point instructions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and floating Point instructions are
+going to take a long time and and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a long time and and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a long time and and if
+these instructions have dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instructions have dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instructions have dependencies
+then those dependencies are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those dependencies are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those dependencies are going to
+stall so not only do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall so not only do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall so not only do you want to
+minimize stalls you want to uh you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize stalls you want to uh you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize stalls you want to uh you also
+want to dual issue instructions whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dual issue instructions whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dual issue instructions whenever
+possible although that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible although that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible although that's a little bit
+more difficult to just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to just kind of
+eyeball but anyway if you get up to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball but anyway if you get up to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball but anyway if you get up to an
+ideal the the ideal uh running point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal the the ideal uh running point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal the the ideal uh running point
+where you're able to dual issue every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're able to dual issue every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're able to dual issue every
+instruction then that means you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction then that means you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction then that means you're going
+to be running two instructions per cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be running two instructions per cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be running two instructions per cycle
+or it's going to take one half cycle per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's going to take one half cycle per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's going to take one half cycle per
+instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+anyway going through these assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway going through these assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway going through these assembly
+files and you know figuring out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files and you know figuring out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files and you know figuring out where
+the dependencies are which instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependencies are which instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependencies are which instructions
+you can move around it's kind of tedious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move around it's kind of tedious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move around it's kind of tedious
+and you're not going to be able to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not going to be able to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not going to be able to apply
+these techniques to your entire program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques to your entire program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques to your entire program
+so if you only have you know limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you only have you know limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you only have you know limited
+time what you're going to have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what you're going to have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what you're going to have to do is
+try these on you know the most critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try these on you know the most critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try these on you know the most critical
+code first and that's usually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code first and that's usually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code first and that's usually going to
+be uh loop bodies because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh loop bodies because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh loop bodies because those are
+going to get executed many many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get executed many many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get executed many many times
+and any savings that you see there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any savings that you see there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any savings that you see there will
+be multiplied many many times over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiplied many many times over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiplied many many times over
+so I'm going to go through an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to go through an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to go through an example of
+one possible optimization you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possible optimization you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possible optimization you could
+do so uh so we'll actually go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so uh so we'll actually go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so uh so we'll actually go through
+these these same files in uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these same files in uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these same files in uh in the
+exercise about know two minutes from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise about know two minutes from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise about know two minutes from now
+uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is
+from Lab one and this is one of the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lab one and this is one of the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Lab one and this is one of the this
+is one of the code Snippets or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the code Snippets or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the code Snippets or the
+assembly Snippets from the uh spu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly Snippets from the uh spu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly Snippets from the uh spu
+program so notice that over here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so notice that over here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so notice that over here we have
+these uh load instructions followed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh load instructions followed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh load instructions followed by a
+I guess this is a shift instruction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess this is a shift instruction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess this is a shift instruction and
+and there's uh two kind of pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's uh two kind of pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's uh two kind of pairs of
+these and in each one the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and in each one the shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and in each one the shift
+instruction is going to depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction is going to depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction is going to depend on the
+result of the previous load does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the previous load does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the previous load does
+everyone see that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arguments so so now the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments so so now the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments so so now the problem is that
+because the shift is happening right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the shift is happening right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the shift is happening right
+after the load it's going to stall for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the load it's going to stall for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the load it's going to stall for a
+long time because uh the load takes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time because uh the load takes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time because uh the load takes uh
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+Cycles all right so what can we do over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles all right so what can we do over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles all right so what can we do over
+here in order to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stalling yep Lo concurrently yeah we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalling yep Lo concurrently yeah we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalling yep Lo concurrently yeah we can
+do the loads concurrently and in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the loads concurrently and in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the loads concurrently and in general
+we just want to move these loads up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to move these loads up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to move these loads up as
+high as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as we
+can so if I move if I move these the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so if I move if I move these the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so if I move if I move these the two
+loads up to the top of this oops the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads up to the top of this oops the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads up to the top of this oops the top
+of this uh snippet then we have uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh snippet then we have uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh snippet then we have uh two
+loads followed by all the instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads followed by all the instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads followed by all the instructions
+that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came
+after now the first shift is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after now the first shift is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after now the first shift is going to
+stall by only two cycles and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall by only two cycles and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall by only two cycles and the second
+shift is not going to stall at all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so
+pardon uh so the question is what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon uh so the question is what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon uh so the question is what would
+this change look like in code uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change look like in code uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change look like in code uh the
+thing is that kind of the order of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that kind of the order of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that kind of the order of these
+generated instructions is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated instructions is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated instructions is going to be
+dependent on the compiler and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the compiler and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the compiler and it's
+really up to the compiler how it wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really up to the compiler how it wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really up to the compiler how it wants
+to order these instructions so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order these instructions so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to order these instructions so this
+change is not going to be reflected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is not going to be reflected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is not going to be reflected in
+like your C code uh and that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your C code uh and that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your C code uh and that's why you
+have to do these optimizations after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do these optimizations after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do these optimizations after the
+assembly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly is
+generated does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+um if you have a smart compiler then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have a smart compiler then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have a smart compiler then it
+might do some some kind of instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do some some kind of instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do some some kind of instruction
+scheduling in order to minimize stalls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling in order to minimize stalls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling in order to minimize stalls
+using kind of this methodology yep iive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using kind of this methodology yep iive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using kind of this methodology yep iive
+xlc I compiled the same little program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlc I compiled the same little program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlc I compiled the same little program
+under um GCC or with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under um GCC or with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under um GCC or with the with
+optimization level three and under xlc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization level three and under xlc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization level three and under xlc
+xlc ran one one ran in half the time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlc ran one one ran in half the time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlc ran one one ran in half the time so
+it was doing a much better job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was doing a much better job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was doing a much better job of
+instructions CED GCC GCC um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions CED GCC GCC um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions CED GCC GCC um so that's
+something if if you if you've got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if if you if you've got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if if you if you've got your
+choice and the XC compil is working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and the XC compil is working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and the XC compil is working for
+you yeah use in general uh this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah use in general uh this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah use in general uh this kind
+kind of sort of lowlevel assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sort of lowlevel assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sort of lowlevel assembly
+hacking for instruction re ordering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking for instruction re ordering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking for instruction re ordering is
+not something you'll do just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something you'll do just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something you'll do just because
+compilers are getting incredibly good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers are getting incredibly good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers are getting incredibly good at
+are doing instruction scheduling uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing instruction scheduling uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing instruction scheduling uh but
+here the exercise is for you to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the exercise is for you to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the exercise is for you to sort of
+get familiar with the tools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get familiar with the tools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get familiar with the tools and
+understand a little bit more in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little bit more in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little bit more in detail
+as to what's going on at the instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what's going on at the instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what's going on at the instruction
+level uh in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh in the cell
+pipelines uh another thing to note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines uh another thing to note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines uh another thing to note here
+is uh well two things you can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh well two things you can consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh well two things you can consider
+here how high up can you push the loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how high up can you push the loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how high up can you push the loads
+and why does the first and related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why does the first and related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why does the first and related to
+that is why to completely hide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why to completely hide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why to completely hide the
+latency for the first load and hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency for the first load and hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency for the first load and hence the
+first shift still takes two cycles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shift still takes two cycles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shift still takes two cycles to
+stall um so that's dependent on how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall um so that's dependent on how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall um so that's dependent on how much
+slot do you have in your schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot do you have in your schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot do you have in your schedule
+dependent on dependencies and where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on dependencies and where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on dependencies and where the
+loop starts so in some cases you simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop starts so in some cases you simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop starts so in some cases you simply
+can't hide the entire latency um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hide the entire latency um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hide the entire latency um so you
+know it's part of considerations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's part of considerations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's part of considerations you
+have you have to consider but eristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have to consider but eristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have to consider but eristics
+in the compilers are getting really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the compilers are getting really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the compilers are getting really good
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and uh in case you're wonder I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh in case you're wonder I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh in case you're wonder I think
+this code was compiled using xlc on no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code was compiled using xlc on no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code was compiled using xlc on no
+optimizations which is why there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations which is why there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations which is why there's you
+know this really easy opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this really easy opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this really easy opportunity for
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+here and it turns out if we run the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it turns out if we run the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it turns out if we run the the
+uh timing utility again we saved uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh timing utility again we saved uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh timing utility again we saved uh
+eight Cycles so notice that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight Cycles so notice that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight Cycles so notice that on the
+previous picture we're going up to seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous picture we're going up to seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous picture we're going up to seven
+in that column and now we're only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that column and now we're only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that column and now we're only going
+up to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the previous
+nine all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine all
+right so what we're going to do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we're going to do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we're going to do for the
+exercise right now is uh you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise right now is uh you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise right now is uh you're going to
+you can try something like this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try something like this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try something like this what
+we're going to try and do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and do is just
+improve performance by rescheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve performance by rescheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve performance by rescheduling
+instructions and so if you if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and so if you if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and so if you if you uh
+download the tarball you'll get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the tarball you'll get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the tarball you'll get the
+exact same file I was working on before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same file I was working on before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same file I was working on before
+and what we're going to have you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to have you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to have you do is
+just generate the assembly practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generate the assembly practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generate the assembly practice
+generating the assembly modifying it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the assembly modifying it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the assembly modifying it and
+then continuing with the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then continuing with the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then continuing with the rest of the
+build process to get a a new object file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build process to get a a new object file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build process to get a a new object file
+that's based on your modified assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's based on your modified assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's based on your modified assembly
+all right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions now you you just need to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions now you you just need to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions now you you just need to you
+just need to find you know for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to find you know for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to find you know for example
+one opportunity for optimization and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one opportunity for optimization and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one opportunity for optimization and you
+can do the exact same thing that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the exact same thing that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the exact same thing that I did
+if you want and uh so the key is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want and uh so the key is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want and uh so the key is just
+after you've done your reordering you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've done your reordering you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've done your reordering you
+want to rerun the timing utility to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rerun the timing utility to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rerun the timing utility to see
+how many cycles you saved also you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cycles you saved also you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cycles you saved also you want
+to of course continue the build process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to of course continue the build process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to of course continue the build process
+to get the final uh executable file and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the final uh executable file and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the final uh executable file and
+you want to run that to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to run that to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to run that to make sure that
+your code is still correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code is still correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code is still correct
+we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so this this uh static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so this this uh static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so this this uh static
+profiling process does have its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling process does have its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling process does have its
+limitations the first is that uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations the first is that uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations the first is that uh and
+this is a pretty major limitation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty major limitation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty major limitation the
+the static profiler assumes that none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the static profiler assumes that none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the static profiler assumes that none of
+the brand are taken so basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brand are taken so basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brand are taken so basically just
+Zips through Zips through the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zips through Zips through the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zips through Zips through the entire
+assembly file in a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly file in a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly file in a straight
+line so that means you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so that means you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so that means you're going to have
+a skewed view of how long uh how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skewed view of how long uh how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skewed view of how long uh how long
+code inside conditionals or Loop bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code inside conditionals or Loop bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code inside conditionals or Loop bodies
+is going to take because conditionals if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take because conditionals if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take because conditionals if
+there's Savings in there they may not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Savings in there they may not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Savings in there they may not uh
+they may not run at all and loop bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may not run at all and loop bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may not run at all and loop bodies
+any savings in there may get uh may get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any savings in there may get uh may get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any savings in there may get uh may get
+multiplied many many times so if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied many many times so if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied many many times so if for
+example you see that you've saved eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you see that you've saved eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you see that you've saved eight
+Cycles in a static schedule you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles in a static schedule you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles in a static schedule you're going
+to need to know kind of some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to know kind of some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to know kind of some more
+context that is you know whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that is you know whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that is you know whether it's
+inside a loop body and how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a loop body and how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a loop body and how many times
+you expect that to run so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect that to run so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect that to run so you're going
+to need a little more information to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need a little more information to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need a little more information to get
+a good idea of how these instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea of how these instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea of how these instruction
+reorderings are actually affecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorderings are actually affecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorderings are actually affecting the
+runtime of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of your
+program and also because this is static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and also because this is static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and also because this is static
+profiling which means you're not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling which means you're not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling which means you're not using
+an actual program run to to get data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual program run to to get data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual program run to to get data
+you're not going to get kind of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get kind of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get kind of behavior
+you're not going to capture any behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to capture any behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to capture any behavior
+that depends on the inputs to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the inputs to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the inputs to your
+program so for example uh you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so for example uh you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so for example uh you don't get
+any uh you don't get counts of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh you don't get counts of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh you don't get counts of how many
+times each Loop runs or you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each Loop runs or you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each Loop runs or you know when
+each branch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each branch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each branch is
+taken uh one other thing to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken uh one other thing to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken uh one other thing to worry about
+uh which isn't going to be manifested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which isn't going to be manifested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which isn't going to be manifested in
+the in these uh static ped static static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in these uh static ped static static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in these uh static ped static static
+profiling predictions is a branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling predictions is a branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling predictions is a branch
+prediction now remember the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction now remember the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction now remember the static
+profiler is just going to ignore all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiler is just going to ignore all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiler is just going to ignore all
+branches and the thing is that Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and the thing is that Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and the thing is that Branch
+prediction uh because uh Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction uh because uh Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction uh because uh Branch
+prediction is used to reduce the stall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is used to reduce the stall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is used to reduce the stall
+after a branch is taken by kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a branch is taken by kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a branch is taken by kind of
+prefetching instructions and possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetching instructions and possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetching instructions and possibly
+doing other things so what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing other things so what we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing other things so what we'll do is
+guess the direction that the branch will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the direction that the branch will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the direction that the branch will
+take and then it will start prefetching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and then it will start prefetching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and then it will start prefetching
+instructions from the expected place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions from the expected place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions from the expected place
+where it's it's going to resume after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's it's going to resume after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's it's going to resume after
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+branch and the thing is if your branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and the thing is if your branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and the thing is if your branch
+prediction is wrong then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is wrong then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is wrong then you're going to
+incur a pretty large penalty and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur a pretty large penalty and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur a pretty large penalty and the
+penalty is on the order of 20 Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty is on the order of 20 Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty is on the order of 20 Cycles
+while it's while it flushes the pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's while it flushes the pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's while it flushes the pipeline
+and starts fetching instructions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starts fetching instructions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starts fetching instructions from
+the new place uh on on the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new place uh on on the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new place uh on on the other hand if
+Branch prediction is is correct then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch prediction is is correct then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch prediction is is correct then
+there's uh no penalty at all actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh no penalty at all actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh no penalty at all actually so
+the next instruction will just resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next instruction will just resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next instruction will just resume
+you know right after uh right after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know right after uh right after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know right after uh right after the
+branch anyway anyway you can give hints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch anyway anyway you can give hints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch anyway anyway you can give hints
+to the compiler to tell it what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the compiler to tell it what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the compiler to tell it what you
+think the outcomes of branches will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the outcomes of branches will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the outcomes of branches will be
+and this can this can help in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can this can help in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can this can help in some
+circumstances uh basically there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances uh basically there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances uh basically there are
+these there are these uh macros that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there are these uh macros that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there are these uh macros that you
+can Define and uh what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define and uh what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define and uh what you're going to
+use is this uh built-in expect compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is this uh built-in expect compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is this uh built-in expect compiler
+intrinsic and what that means is uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic and what that means is uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic and what that means is uh if
+you put that inside an if it will mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put that inside an if it will mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put that inside an if it will mean
+you know run the if as if the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know run the if as if the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know run the if as if the condition
+were exp but then I'm going to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were exp but then I'm going to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were exp but then I'm going to expect
+that the value of this uh condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of this uh condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of this uh condition is
+going to be for example true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be for example true or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be for example true or false
+all right does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right does that make
+sense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh
+anyway uh just one note about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh just one note about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh just one note about the
+exercise that you did I believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that you did I believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that you did I believe the
+original uh the original runtime was 469
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uh the original runtime was 469
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uh the original runtime was 469
+clock Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock Cycles
+actually if you run xlc with 05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you run xlc with 05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you run xlc with 05
+optimizations it will reduce that to 188
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations it will reduce that to 188
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations it will reduce that to 188
+so almost uh 280 cycles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost uh 280 cycles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost uh 280 cycles of
+savings all right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings all right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings all right so uh
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pardon uh no so the original code was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon uh no so the original code was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon uh no so the original code was uh
+the original assembly was compiled on o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original assembly was compiled on o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original assembly was compiled on o
+Zer or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer or no
+optimizations but then uh you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations but then uh you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations but then uh you know if
+you're if you're doing an optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're doing an optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're doing an optimization
+by hand that saves eight Cycles off of O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand that saves eight Cycles off of O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand that saves eight Cycles off of O
+zero these are actually pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero these are actually pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero these are actually pretty easy to
+find and the 05 optimization level will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and the 05 optimization level will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and the 05 optimization level will
+actually shave off you know 280
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shave off you know 280
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shave off you know 280
+Cycles so uh we'll break for about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles so uh we'll break for about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles so uh we'll break for about 10
+minutes and then after the break we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then after the break we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then after the break we'll
+do uh uh simd on Cell all right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hNDFwVVKVk0.txt b/hNDFwVVKVk0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea22343074610294b16abc0bc3a131a992e552f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hNDFwVVKVk0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi I'm Gilbert Strang and um professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Gilbert Strang and um professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Gilbert Strang and um professor
+of mathematics at MIT and I'm get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics at MIT and I'm get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics at MIT and I'm get a
+chance to say a few words uh about 1806
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to say a few words uh about 1806
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to say a few words uh about 1806
+linear algebra it's one of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra it's one of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra it's one of the basic
+math courses um it's maybe say can I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math courses um it's maybe say can I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math courses um it's maybe say can I say
+a little about linear algebra itself um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little about linear algebra itself um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little about linear algebra itself um
+that the classes in linear algebra uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the classes in linear algebra uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the classes in linear algebra uh
+earlier years tended to be pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier years tended to be pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier years tended to be pretty much
+for Pure math majors and a lot of proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure math majors and a lot of proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure math majors and a lot of proofs
+and the usefulness of the subject kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the usefulness of the subject kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the usefulness of the subject kind
+of wasn't so clear whereas it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wasn't so clear whereas it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wasn't so clear whereas it's an
+incredibly useful subject people data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly useful subject people data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly useful subject people data is
+coming in all the time we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in all the time we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in all the time we're in the
+century of data and uh data tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century of data and uh data tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century of data and uh data tends to
+come in in a matrix in a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in in a matrix in a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in in a matrix in a rectangular
+array of of numbers and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of of numbers and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of of numbers and how to
+understand that data is a giant giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that data is a giant giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that data is a giant giant
+problem and uh and people use matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh and people use matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh and people use matrices
+in solving differential equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solving differential equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solving differential equations in
+economics everywhere so the subject had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics everywhere so the subject had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics everywhere so the subject had
+to change to bring out this important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change to bring out this important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change to bring out this important
+aspect that it's terrifically useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect that it's terrifically useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect that it's terrifically useful
+often networks are a great model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often networks are a great model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often networks are a great model where
+you have like like the internet uh every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like like the internet uh every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like like the internet uh every
+website would be like a node in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website would be like a node in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website would be like a node in the
+network and if two if one website is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and if two if one website is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and if two if one website is
+linked to another one there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to another one there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to another one there would be
+maybe an edge in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe an edge in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe an edge in that
+Network so that's a network with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so that's a network with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so that's a network with a
+billion nodes and uh a matrix describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion nodes and uh a matrix describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion nodes and uh a matrix describes
+all those links and like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those links and like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those links and like when
+Google uh produces a page rank you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google uh produces a page rank you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google uh produces a page rank you know
+you enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter
+well you could enter linear algebra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you could enter linear algebra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you could enter linear algebra and
+see what happens I don't know I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens I don't know I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens I don't know I hope
+something good uh well anyway what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something good uh well anyway what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something good uh well anyway what
+thousands and millions of stuff would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and millions of stuff would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and millions of stuff would
+come up in a in ranked in order and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in a in ranked in order and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in a in ranked in order and that
+order comes from operating Google's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order comes from operating Google's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order comes from operating Google's very
+fast at it very good at it operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast at it very good at it operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast at it very good at it operating on
+that giant Matrix of uh that describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that giant Matrix of uh that describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that giant Matrix of uh that describes
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+internet okay so a word about the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet okay so a word about the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet okay so a word about the course
+itself the MIT course first of all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the MIT course first of all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the MIT course first of all uh
+most many students coming from all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most many students coming from all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most many students coming from all the
+Departments uh it includes management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Departments uh it includes management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Departments uh it includes management
+you know business data comes in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know business data comes in Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know business data comes in Matrix
+form just the way engineering data comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form just the way engineering data comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form just the way engineering data comes
+and uh uh so the you know there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh so the you know there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh so the you know there is
+hardly a prerequisite for the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly a prerequisite for the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly a prerequisite for the course
+there's no big reason why calculus has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no big reason why calculus has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no big reason why calculus has
+to come first um the most probably most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come first um the most probably most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come first um the most probably most
+MIT students will know before the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students will know before the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students will know before the course
+starts they will have multiplied a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts they will have multiplied a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts they will have multiplied a
+matrix by a vector or multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a vector or multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a vector or multiply two
+matrices so they're they've at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so they're they've at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so they're they've at least
+seen matrices before but anybody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen matrices before but anybody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen matrices before but anybody could
+catch up on that quickly uh and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up on that quickly uh and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up on that quickly uh and then the
+course just takes off uh actually we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course just takes off uh actually we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course just takes off uh actually we go
+back to ask how what's how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to ask how what's how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to ask how what's how do you
+understand multiplying a matrix by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand multiplying a matrix by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand multiplying a matrix by a
+vector a key yeah you guys will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a key yeah you guys will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a key yeah you guys will probably
+know how to do it but let me say another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it but let me say another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it but let me say another
+way uh a matrix times a vector produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh a matrix times a vector produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh a matrix times a vector produces
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+combination of the columns in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the columns in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the columns in that
+Matrix those column vectors in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix those column vectors in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix those column vectors in The
+Matrix uh so that's like uh the key step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh so that's like uh the key step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh so that's like uh the key step
+in linear algebra what you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra what you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra what you can do with
+vectors is take linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is take linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is take linear
+combinations well so at MIT the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations well so at MIT the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations well so at MIT the course
+is organized with three lectures a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is organized with three lectures a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is organized with three lectures a
+week uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh and
+I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the
+chalkboard I hope you feel in watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalkboard I hope you feel in watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalkboard I hope you feel in watching
+them that uh that's okay the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that uh that's okay the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that uh that's okay the nice thing
+about chalkboard is you get to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chalkboard is you get to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chalkboard is you get to see the
+what's written doesn't disappear so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written doesn't disappear so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's written doesn't disappear so you
+your eye can continually check back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eye can continually check back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eye can continually check back and
+see is it uh uh is how does it connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is it uh uh is how does it connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is it uh uh is how does it connect
+with what's happening at the moment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's happening at the moment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's happening at the moment uh
+and then there's one hour a week of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's one hour a week of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's one hour a week of
+recitation where because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation where because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation where because that's a
+smaller class it just means there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller class it just means there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller class it just means there's a
+teaching assistant there who can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching assistant there who can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching assistant there who can help
+with problems suggest new problems it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with problems suggest new problems it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with problems suggest new problems it
+can be a problem-based hour where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a problem-based hour where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a problem-based hour where my
+lectures have to are more explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures have to are more explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures have to are more explanation
+hours so about the textbook uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so about the textbook uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so about the textbook uh the
+homeworks come from the book mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks come from the book mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks come from the book mostly
+sometimes we had mat lab problems sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we had mat lab problems sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we had mat lab problems sort
+of specially constructed ones but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specially constructed ones but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specially constructed ones but the
+central ideas of the subject are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central ideas of the subject are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central ideas of the subject are
+described in each section of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in each section of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in each section of the book
+and then naturally exercises to practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then naturally exercises to practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then naturally exercises to practice
+with those ideas and then the neat thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those ideas and then the neat thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those ideas and then the neat thing
+about 1806 scholar is you get short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1806 scholar is you get short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1806 scholar is you get short
+lectures short videos from six different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures short videos from six different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures short videos from six different
+Tas did about six problem solving videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas did about six problem solving videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas did about six problem solving videos
+each and they are neat the Tas are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and they are neat the Tas are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and they are neat the Tas are good
+uh and uh that's something that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh that's something that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh that's something that can
+happen in the recitation with a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the recitation with a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the recitation with a smaller
+group um the there's chance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group um the there's chance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group um the there's chance for
+discussion whereas in the lecture well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion whereas in the lecture well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion whereas in the lecture well I
+still ask questions in the lecture as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ask questions in the lecture as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ask questions in the lecture as
+you'll probably see uh but uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably see uh but uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably see uh but uh it's a
+little harder for students to shout out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder for students to shout out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder for students to shout out
+and answer so they can shout all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer so they can shout all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer so they can shout all they
+want in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the
+recitations with each lecture we produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations with each lecture we produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations with each lecture we produce
+a written summary of what it's about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a written summary of what it's about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a written summary of what it's about so
+after you watch the lecture you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you watch the lecture you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you watch the lecture you could
+look at that summary and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that summary and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that summary and it
+reinforces remembering the key points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforces remembering the key points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforces remembering the key points of
+the lecture and then we also added in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture and then we also added in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture and then we also added in
+some problems you know four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems you know four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems you know four or five
+problems from the book that you could uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems from the book that you could uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems from the book that you could uh
+just look at and see okay do I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at and see okay do I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at and see okay do I know what
+the question is here do I know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is here do I know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is here do I know how to do
+it uh I think as a result you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh I think as a result you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh I think as a result you're
+learning linear algebra a thought or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning linear algebra a thought or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning linear algebra a thought or two
+about linear algebra worldwide because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear algebra worldwide because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear algebra worldwide because
+it really is worldwide I the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is worldwide I the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is worldwide I the the
+feedback comes from all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback comes from all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback comes from all over the world
+it's really nice to get and I also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really nice to get and I also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really nice to get and I also I
+enjoy going so if somebody invites me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy going so if somebody invites me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy going so if somebody invites me to
+Egypt or Australia or China I tend to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt or Australia or China I tend to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt or Australia or China I tend to go
+if I can and uh because that's a lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can and uh because that's a lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can and uh because that's a lovely
+part about mathematics it's uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about mathematics it's uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about mathematics it's uh really
+Universal it's it's a language almost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal it's it's a language almost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal it's it's a language almost of
+its own that that uh uh everybody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own that that uh uh everybody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own that that uh uh everybody can
+learn to speak and uh I hope these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to speak and uh I hope these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to speak and uh I hope these
+lectures help
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iQR_6f5Jdns.txt b/iQR_6f5Jdns.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..483f29fde2fc70aec8e613d85378569094c803de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iQR_6f5Jdns.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+Now let's figure out how exceptions impact
+pipelined execution.
+
+When an exception occurs because of an illegal
+instruction or an external interrupt, we need
+
+to store the current PC+4 value in the XP
+register and load the program counter with
+
+the address of the appropriate exception handler.
+
+Exceptions cause control flow hazards since
+they are effectively implicit branches.
+
+In an unpipelined implementation, exceptions
+affect the execution of the current instruction.
+
+We want to achieve exactly the same effect
+in our pipelined implementation.
+
+So first we have to identify which one of
+the instructions in our pipeline is affected,
+
+then ensure that instructions that came earlier
+in the code complete correctly and that we
+
+annul the affected instruction and any following
+instructions that are in the pipeline.
+
+Since there are multiple instructions in the
+pipeline, we have a bit of sorting out to
+
+do.
+
+When, during pipelined execution, do we determine
+that an instruction will cause an exception?
+
+An obvious example is detecting an illegal
+opcode when we decode the instruction in the
+
+RF stage.
+
+But we can also generate exceptions in other
+pipeline stages.
+
+For example, the ALU stage can generate an
+exception if the second operand of a DIV instruction
+
+is 0.
+
+Or the MEM stage may detect that the instruction
+is attempting to access memory with an illegal
+
+address.
+
+Similarly the IF stage can generate a memory
+exception when fetching the next instruction.
+
+In each case, instructions that follow the
+one that caused the exception may already
+
+be in the pipeline and will need to be annulled.
+
+The good news is that since register values
+are only updated in the WB stage, annulling
+
+an instruction only requires replacing it
+with a NOP.
+
+We won't have to restore any changed values
+in the register file or main memory.
+
+Here's our plan.
+
+If an instruction causes an exception in stage
+i, replace that instruction with this BNE
+
+instruction, whose only side effect is writing
+the PC+4 value into the XP register.
+
+Then flush the pipeline by annulling instructions
+in earlier pipeline stages.
+
+And, finally, load the program counter with
+the address of the exception handler.
+
+In this example, assume that LD will generate
+a memory exception in the MEM stage, which
+
+occurs in cycle 4.
+
+The arrows show how the instructions in the
+pipeline are rewritten for cycle 5, at which
+
+point the IF stage is working on fetching
+the first instruction in the exception handler.
+
+Here are the changes required to the execution
+pipeline.
+
+We modify the muxes in the instruction path
+so that they can replace an actual instruction
+
+with either NOP if the instruction is to be
+annulled, or BNE if the instruction caused
+
+the exception.
+
+Since the pipeline is executing multiple instructions
+at the same time, we have to worry about what
+
+happens if multiple exceptions are detected
+during execution.
+
+In this example assume that LD will cause
+a memory exception in the MEM stage and note
+
+that it is followed by an instruction with
+an illegal opcode.
+
+Looking at the pipeline diagram, the invalid
+opcode is detected in the RF stage during
+
+cycle 3, causing the illegal instruction exception
+process to begin in cycle 4.
+
+But during that cycle, the MEM stage detects
+the illegal memory access from the LD instruction
+
+and so causes the memory exception process
+to begin in cycle 5.
+
+Note that the exception caused by the earlier
+instruction (LD) overrides the exception caused
+
+by the later illegal opcode even though the
+illegal opcode exception was detected first.
+
+.348 That's the correct behavior since once
+the execution of LD is abandoned, the pipeline
+
+should behave as if none of the instructions
+that come after the LD were executed.
+
+If multiple exceptions are detected in the
+*same* cycle, the exception from the instruction
+
+furthest down the pipeline should be given
+precedence.
+
+External interrupts also behave as implicit
+branches, but it turns out they are a bit
+
+easier to handle in our pipeline.
+
+We'll treat external interrupts as if they
+were an exception that affected the IF stage.
+
+Let's assume the external interrupt occurs
+in cycle 2.
+
+This means that the SUB instruction will be
+replaced by our magic BNE to capture the PC+4
+
+value and we'll force the next PC to be the
+address of the interrupt handler.
+
+After the interrupt handler completes, we'll
+want to resume execution of the interrupted
+
+program at the SUB instruction, so we'll code
+the handler to correct the value saved in
+
+the XP register so that it points to the SUB
+instruction.
+
+This is all shown in the pipeline diagram.
+
+Note that the ADD, LD, and other instructions
+that came before SUB in the program are unaffected
+
+by the interrupt.
+
+We can use the existing instruction-path muxes
+to deal with interrupts, since we're treating
+
+them as IF-stage exceptions.
+
+We simply have to adjust the logic for IRSrc_IF
+to also make it 1 when an interrupt is requested.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iWZNTM139xQ.txt b/iWZNTM139xQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1d33b478e1b6bfd0c6c3e0fd259193dc35bb381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iWZNTM139xQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7799 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so for the last couple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so for the last couple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so for the last couple times
+we've been looking at fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been looking at fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been looking at fora
+series as a way of looking at signals as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series as a way of looking at signals as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series as a way of looking at signals as
+a way of being composed out of sinusoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of being composed out of sinusoids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of being composed out of sinusoids
+the way we had previously looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we had previously looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we had previously looked at
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+responses as a way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses as a way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses as a way of thinking about
+systems characterized by sinusoids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems characterized by sinusoids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems characterized by sinusoids and
+for the past two sessions we've looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the past two sessions we've looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the past two sessions we've looked
+at fora series not because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fora series not because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fora series not because they were
+terribly useful but because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly useful but because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly useful but because they were
+terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly
+simple today I want to do the much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple today I want to do the much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple today I want to do the much more
+difficult task but much more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult task but much more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult task but much more interesting
+task of thinking about the general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of thinking about the general case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of thinking about the general case
+for thinking about a a um sinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking about a a um sinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking about a a um sinal
+decomposition of an arbitrary signal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of an arbitrary signal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of an arbitrary signal one
+that is not necessarily periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not necessarily periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not necessarily periodic
+so I should say up front what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should say up front what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should say up front what I'm going
+to talk about is motivational it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is motivational it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is motivational it's not a
+proof proving for EA series convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof proving for EA series convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof proving for EA series convergence
+is actually very complicated it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very complicated it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very complicated it's
+something that mathematicians worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that mathematicians worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that mathematicians worked on
+for about 100 years so I am not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 100 years so I am not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 100 years so I am not going to
+try to prove things in any rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prove things in any rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prove things in any rigorous
+fashion but I am going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion but I am going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion but I am going to try to
+motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate
+things so that you should at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that you should at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that you should at least
+expect that such a thing should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that such a thing should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that such a thing should
+exist so the idea the motivation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so the idea the motivation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so the idea the motivation is
+going to be how can I think about an AP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be how can I think about an AP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be how can I think about an AP
+periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+signal within a periodic framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal within a periodic framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal within a periodic framework
+because I already have worked out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I already have worked out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I already have worked out all
+the the U the details the details for 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the U the details the details for 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the U the details the details for 4A
+series are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series are relatively
+simple well at least compared to 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple well at least compared to 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple well at least compared to 4A
+Transformer which is harder 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer which is harder 4A series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer which is harder 4A series
+themselves are not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are not that
+easy but if I believe the 4A series idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but if I believe the 4A series idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but if I believe the 4A series idea
+how is there a way to leverage that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is there a way to leverage that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is there a way to leverage that to
+think about a periodic signals and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a periodic signals and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a periodic signals and the
+idea is going to be let's take an AP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is going to be let's take an AP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is going to be let's take an AP
+periodic signal I've tried to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic signal I've tried to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic signal I've tried to choose
+something terribly simple it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something terribly simple it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something terribly simple it's the
+simplest thing that I could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing that I could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing that I could think of
+that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't
+zero so it's one for a while and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's one for a while and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's one for a while and zero
+most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the
+time but I could make that signal which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but I could make that signal which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but I could make that signal which
+is clearly not periodic by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly not periodic by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly not periodic by thinking
+about periodically extending it copy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about periodically extending it copy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about periodically extending it copy it
+add it to itself many times each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to itself many times each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to itself many times each time
+shifted by a capital T this signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by a capital T this signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by a capital T this signal is
+obviously periodic this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously periodic this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously periodic this this
+transformation is obviously going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is obviously going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is obviously going to
+take any signal regardless and turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any signal regardless and turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any signal regardless and turn it
+into something that is periodic in cap T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that is periodic in cap T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that is periodic in cap T
+So if I did that then I could kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I did that then I could kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I did that then I could kind of
+trivially say well the AP periodic thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially say well the AP periodic thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially say well the AP periodic thing
+is just the limit when capital T goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the limit when capital T goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the limit when capital T goes to
+Infinity of the periodic thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of the periodic thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of the periodic thing okay
+that's pretty trivial okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty trivial okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty trivial okay that's
+obviously true the trick is what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously true the trick is what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously true the trick is what if I
+took a 4A Series in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a 4A Series in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a 4A Series in the
+middle what if I periodically extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle what if I periodically extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle what if I periodically extended
+this thing to get something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to get something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to get something that is
+periodic take a fora series of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic take a fora series of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic take a fora series of this
+thing and then take the limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then take the limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then take the limit of the
+Series so that's the thing I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so that's the thing I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so that's the thing I'm going to
+do over the next three slides so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do over the next three slides so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do over the next three slides so think
+about a general a periodic signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a general a periodic signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a general a periodic signal
+periodically extended so it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically extended so it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically extended so it's now
+periodic in cap T take a 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series just to motivate the kind of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series just to motivate the kind of math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series just to motivate the kind of math
+that happens I've written out the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens I've written out the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens I've written out the math
+for this particularly simple signal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particularly simple signal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particularly simple signal that
+is one for a while and zero most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one for a while and zero most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one for a while and zero most of the
+time the 4A series coefficients a sub K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the 4A series coefficients a sub K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the 4A series coefficients a sub K
+is obviously 1/ T the period integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously 1/ T the period integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously 1/ T the period integral
+over the period I took the symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the period I took the symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the period I took the symmetric
+period because it's the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period because it's the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period because it's the easiest
+one signal of Interest basis function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one signal of Interest basis function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one signal of Interest basis function
+integrated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over
+time and that's pretty trivially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that's pretty trivially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that's pretty trivially uh
+those integrals are easy that was chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those integrals are easy that was chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those integrals are easy that was chosen
+that way and so I get an answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and so I get an answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and so I get an answer that
+looks like that the thing I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that the thing I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that the thing I want you to
+see about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see about the
+answer is that I can think about it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that I can think about it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that I can think about it as a
+function of Omega or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega or
+K and that's what I've plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and that's what I've plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and that's what I've plotted
+here in particular If I multiply a subk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in particular If I multiply a subk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in particular If I multiply a subk
+by capital T so as to kill this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by capital T so as to kill this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by capital T so as to kill this one
+overt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt
+thing and if I plot T * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and if I plot T * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and if I plot T * a
+subk I get a a relationship to sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk I get a a relationship to sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk I get a a relationship to sin Omega
+s over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over
+Omega Omega being two um Omega being k 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega being two um Omega being k 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega being two um Omega being k 2
+pi/ T but that's for the 4A series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ T but that's for the 4A series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ T but that's for the 4A series that
+only exists for K an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only exists for K an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only exists for K an
+integer so that's what's represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer so that's what's represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer so that's what's represented by
+the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue
+bars but what I want you to see is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars but what I want you to see is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars but what I want you to see is just
+from the math the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the math the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the math the
+envelope doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope doesn't depend on
+T okay that's the trick so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay that's the trick so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay that's the trick so the idea is
+I'm plotting the 48 coefficients a subk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting the 48 coefficients a subk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting the 48 coefficients a subk
+as a function of K so k equal 0 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of K so k equal 0 1 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of K so k equal 0 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Etc but I noticed the envelope can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc but I noticed the envelope can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc but I noticed the envelope can be
+written strictly as a function of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written strictly as a function of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written strictly as a function of Omega
+where there's a simple relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a simple relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a simple relationship
+between Omega and K but Omega is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Omega and K but Omega is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Omega and K but Omega is defined
+across the entire axis and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the entire axis and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the entire axis and it's
+represented by this light black curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this light black curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this light black curve
+that's more apparent if I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more apparent if I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more apparent if I think about
+increasing capital T what if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing capital T what if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing capital T what if I were to
+keep the base waveform the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the base waveform the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the base waveform the same but
+change capital T say I double capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change capital T say I double capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change capital T say I double capital
+T the thing that happens is the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the thing that happens is the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the thing that happens is the envelope
+stays the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same
+but the spacing of the ks becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the spacing of the ks becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the spacing of the ks becomes more
+nuer uh becomes condensed there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuer uh becomes condensed there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuer uh becomes condensed there's more
+KS in a given number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS in a given number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS in a given number of
+Herz in frequency than there was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herz in frequency than there was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herz in frequency than there was before
+and if I double it again it doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I double it again it doubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I double it again it doubles
+again the envelope didn't change the K's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did the interesting thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the interesting thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the interesting thing about that
+construction is that it has separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction is that it has separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction is that it has separated
+out the part that depends on capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the part that depends on capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the part that depends on capital T
+from the part that doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the part that doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the part that doesn't depend on
+capital T capital T was this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T capital T was this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T capital T was this this
+arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+thing that I use to take an AP periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I use to take an AP periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I use to take an AP periodic
+signal and turn it into a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and turn it into a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and turn it into a periodic
+signal and it has a it has an effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and it has a it has an effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and it has a it has an effect on
+the answer that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer that can be
+separated from the other part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from the other part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from the other part of the
+answer some part of the answer depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer some part of the answer depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer some part of the answer depends
+on the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the base
+waveform some other part of the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform some other part of the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform some other part of the answer
+depends on capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on capital
+T well that's nice because now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T well that's nice because now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T well that's nice because now if I
+think about taking the limit as capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about taking the limit as capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about taking the limit as capital
+T goes to Infinity I have a prayer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T goes to Infinity I have a prayer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T goes to Infinity I have a prayer of
+interpreting things because part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting things because part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting things because part of my
+answer is changing with t and part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is changing with t and part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is changing with t and part of it
+isn't so all I need to do now is focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so all I need to do now is focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so all I need to do now is focus
+on the part that is changing with t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the part that is changing with t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the part that is changing with t and
+separate it from the part that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate it from the part that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate it from the part that's not
+changing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing with
+te so now I can think about taking uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te so now I can think about taking uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te so now I can think about taking uh so
+I just plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just plug in
+um this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this expression
+here for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for this
+integral and what I get then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what I get then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what I get then is
+something that looks a lot like a 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks a lot like a 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks a lot like a 4A
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+or even a a lla transform I get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even a a lla transform I get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even a a lla transform I get an
+integral ignore the limit part for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral ignore the limit part for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral ignore the limit part for a
+moment I get an integral of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I get an integral of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I get an integral of something
+times some sort of a waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some sort of a waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some sort of a waiting
+function and I get something over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I get something over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I get something over here
+where the integral was over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the integral was over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the integral was over
+time but the function over here doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but the function over here doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but the function over here doesn't
+have time in it only has Omega in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time in it only has Omega in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time in it only has Omega in it
+that's the sense in which it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sense in which it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sense in which it sort of
+looks like the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the analysis
+formula for either 4A series or llao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for either 4A series or llao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for either 4A series or llao
+transforms it looks like the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it looks like the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it looks like the analysis
+formula because I'm calculating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula because I'm calculating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula because I'm calculating a
+t the components of the series or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t the components of the series or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t the components of the series or this
+new thing e of Omega that doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing e of Omega that doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing e of Omega that doesn't depend
+neither of those depended on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t Okay so the idea is that when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so the idea is that when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so the idea is that when I do
+this kind of a limiting operation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a limiting operation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a limiting operation on the
+Periodic extension I get something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Periodic extension I get something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Periodic extension I get something that
+ends up looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up looking
+like a a transform relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if I think about going the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I think about going the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I think about going the other way
+doing a synthesis operation I can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a synthesis operation I can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a synthesis operation I can think
+about how I would construct X of T out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I would construct X of T out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I would construct X of T out
+of the forier coefficients but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forier coefficients but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forier coefficients but now
+there's a simple relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple relationship between
+the forier series coefficients a subk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier series coefficients a subk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier series coefficients a subk
+and this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing
+ew which I've represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ew which I've represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ew which I've represented
+here and I don't like the T so I'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I don't like the T so I'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I don't like the T so I'll do a
+substitution from here T can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution from here T can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution from here T can be written
+as U Omega over 2 pi 1 over T can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as U Omega over 2 pi 1 over T can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as U Omega over 2 pi 1 over T can be
+written as Omega over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi and now I've got everything I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and now I've got everything I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and now I've got everything I need to
+think about how that sum approaches an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how that sum approaches an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how that sum approaches an
+integral in a reman sum kind of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in a reman sum kind of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in a reman sum kind of sense
+think about as I add more and more uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about as I add more and more uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about as I add more and more uh as
+I make capital T get bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make capital T get bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make capital T get bigger and
+bigger Omega KN gets smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller as I make the uh capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller as I make the uh capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller as I make the uh capital T
+bigger and bigger the spacing gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger the spacing gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger the spacing gets
+smaller and smaller increasingly I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller increasingly I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller increasingly I can
+think about this function e sub e of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this function e sub e of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this function e sub e of
+omega as being smooth and increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega as being smooth and increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega as being smooth and increasingly
+constant over the small interval Between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over the small interval Between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over the small interval Between
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Bars so I can think about the sum as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bars so I can think about the sum as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bars so I can think about the sum as a
+reman sum and and pass to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reman sum and and pass to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reman sum and and pass to the integral
+as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+limit so when I do that Omega KN is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so when I do that Omega KN is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so when I do that Omega KN is the
+spacing between the two ajent it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the two ajent it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the two ajent it's the
+region over which I want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region over which I want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region over which I want to think about
+that integrand being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integrand being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integrand being
+constant and so that in the limit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so that in the limit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so that in the limit this
+Omega KN passes to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega KN passes to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega KN passes to D
+Omega and I'm left with something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and I'm left with something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and I'm left with something that
+looks like a synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a synthesis
+equation so if I just write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so if I just write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so if I just write those
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+here and think about this ew thing being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and think about this ew thing being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and think about this ew thing being
+some kind of a transform which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a transform which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a transform which I'll
+mysteriously write as X of J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+result for the AP periodic case has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for the AP periodic case has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for the AP periodic case has a
+structure that looks very much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that looks very much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that looks very much like the
+4A series or for that matter for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series or for that matter for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series or for that matter for the
+like the lass transform what it says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the lass transform what it says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the lass transform what it says is
+that I can synthesize an arbitrary X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can synthesize an arbitrary X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can synthesize an arbitrary X of
+T by adding together a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T by adding together a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T by adding together a whole bunch of
+components that only depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that only depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that only depend on
+Omega weighted by some waiting function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega weighted by some waiting function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega weighted by some waiting function
+so this looks like a synthesis equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like a synthesis equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like a synthesis equation
+very much like the synthesis equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like the synthesis equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like the synthesis equation
+for for a series or forla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a series or forla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a series or forla
+transforms and I get an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and I get an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and I get an analysis
+equation that similarly looks has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that similarly looks has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that similarly looks has the
+same form again I take the x of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form again I take the x of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form again I take the x of T and
+figure out the component that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the component that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the component that should be
+at Omega by in by multiplying by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Omega by in by multiplying by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Omega by in by multiplying by a
+complex exponential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential and
+integrating okay I have to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating okay I have to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating okay I have to emphasize
+this is not a proof all I wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a proof all I wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a proof all I wanted to do
+was kind of motivate the way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of motivate the way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of motivate the way you can
+think about an a periodic signal as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an a periodic signal as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an a periodic signal as
+being periodic in some time interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being periodic in some time interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being periodic in some time interval and
+pass to the Limit and if you do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass to the Limit and if you do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass to the Limit and if you do that you
+can sort of see where the equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of see where the equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of see where the equations are
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+okay so the idea then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoops so the idea then is that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops so the idea then is that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops so the idea then is that we will
+use these relationships to Define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these relationships to Define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these relationships to Define an
+analysis and synthesis of a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and synthesis of a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and synthesis of a periodic
+signals and we'll refer to that as a 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and we'll refer to that as a 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and we'll refer to that as a 4A
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+the for transform will let us have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for transform will let us have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for transform will let us have uh
+insights that are completely analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights that are completely analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights that are completely analogous
+to the 4A series except they now apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4A series except they now apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4A series except they now apply
+for a periodic signal so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a periodic signal so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a periodic signal so in particular
+we'll be able to think about a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to think about a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to think about a signal
+being composed of a bunch of sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being composed of a bunch of sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being composed of a bunch of sinusoidal
+components and we'll be able to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and we'll be able to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and we'll be able to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+systems as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filters okay so as I've already alluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters okay so as I've already alluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters okay so as I've already alluded
+to the fact that the 4A transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that the 4A transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that the 4A transform
+relations look very similar in form to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations look very similar in form to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations look very similar in form to
+the llas transform relations and so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the llas transform relations and so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the llas transform relations and so I've
+Illustrated uh the analysis equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated uh the analysis equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated uh the analysis equations
+here just to emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just to emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just to emphasize the
+similarity the the llas transform you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity the the llas transform you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity the the llas transform you'll
+remember had the we integrated some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember had the we integrated some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember had the we integrated some
+signal that was a function of time times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that was a function of time times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that was a function of time times
+a complex exponential integrated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex exponential integrated over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex exponential integrated over
+time to get um a lla transform that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get um a lla transform that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get um a lla transform that was
+a function of of u s not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of of u s not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of of u s not
+time it was a way of having uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it was a way of having uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it was a way of having uh an
+alternative representation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative representation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative representation for the
+signal X so there was no new information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal X so there was no new information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal X so there was no new information
+the same information was contained in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same information was contained in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same information was contained in X
+of s as was contained in X of T except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s as was contained in X of T except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s as was contained in X of T except
+now where it was organized by time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where it was organized by time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where it was organized by time now
+it's organized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's organized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's organized by
+S we get the same sort of thing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S we get the same sort of thing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S we get the same sort of thing with the
+48 transform and in fact this gives away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 transform and in fact this gives away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 transform and in fact this gives away
+the mysterious reason for calling it X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mysterious reason for calling it X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mysterious reason for calling it X
+of J Omega in the previous slide you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J Omega in the previous slide you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J Omega in the previous slide you can
+see that a different way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a different way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a different way to think about
+the 4A transform is that it's simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform is that it's simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform is that it's simply a
+trivial way to think about it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial way to think about it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial way to think about it is it's
+the value the 4A transform is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value the 4A transform is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value the 4A transform is the value
+of the lass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lass
+transform evaluated at s equals J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform evaluated at s equals J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform evaluated at s equals J Omega
+all you do is you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you do is you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you do is you take this
+expression for the llao transform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the llao transform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the llao transform and
+every place there was an S make S equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every place there was an S make S equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every place there was an S make S equal
+J Omega and you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega and you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega and you get this
+equation so that's the reason we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that's the reason we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that's the reason we like
+the notation the 4A transform is X of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation the 4A transform is X of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation the 4A transform is X of J
+Omega there are confusions that arise by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega there are confusions that arise by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega there are confusions that arise by
+that and I'll talk about those in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll talk about those in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll talk about those in a
+moment but for the time being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but for the time being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but for the time being the
+important thing is that the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that the 4A
+transform can be viewed as a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform can be viewed as a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform can be viewed as a special
+case looking at the J Omega axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case looking at the J Omega axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case looking at the J Omega axis of the
+Lelo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lelo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lelo
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+okay so that view points out two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that view points out two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that view points out two things
+there's a lot of similarities and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of similarities and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of similarities and there
+are some differences first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some differences first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some differences first the
+similarities because you can regard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities because you can regard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities because you can regard the
+4A transform as kind of a special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform as kind of a special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform as kind of a special case
+that's not really true and we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really true and we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really true and we'll say
+something about that by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that by the end of the
+hour as well but because it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour as well but because it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour as well but because it's kind of a
+special case of the Theo transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of the Theo transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of the Theo transform the
+48 transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 transform
+inherits a lot of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherits a lot of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherits a lot of the important
+properties of the transform in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the transform in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the transform in
+particular the two things that we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the two things that we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the two things that we looked
+at most uh most has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most uh most has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most uh most has been
+linearity because of the llao trans form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity because of the llao trans form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity because of the llao trans form
+is linear we can do all manner of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear we can do all manner of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear we can do all manner of things
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+it the same as we use the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the same as we use the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the same as we use the properties of
+linear systems to simplify our view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems to simplify our view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems to simplify our view of
+how to think about a system we could for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about a system we could for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about a system we could for
+example because systems are linear we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because systems are linear we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because systems are linear we
+can look at the response of a system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the response of a system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the response of a system to
+a sum of inputs as the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of inputs as the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of inputs as the sum of the
+responses to the individuals that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to the individuals that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to the individuals that's a
+very important property that we used of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important property that we used of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important property that we used of
+systems as a result of linearity we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as a result of linearity we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as a result of linearity we did
+the same thing with lass transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with lass transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with lass transforms
+the LL transform of a sum is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LL transform of a sum is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LL transform of a sum is the sum of
+the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L
+transforms and in conjunction with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and in conjunction with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and in conjunction with the
+differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation
+rule by which we knew that the lla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule by which we knew that the lla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule by which we knew that the lla
+transform of a derivative is s times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of a derivative is s times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of a derivative is s times the
+L transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L transform of the
+function the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the combination of
+linearity and the differentiation rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity and the differentiation rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity and the differentiation rule
+allowed us to apply the transforms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to apply the transforms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to apply the transforms to
+turn differential equations into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn differential equations into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn differential equations into
+algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic
+equations precisely the same thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations precisely the same thing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations precisely the same thing will
+work with 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with 48
+transforms for reasons that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms for reasons that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms for reasons that should be
+clear if the lass transform has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if the lass transform has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if the lass transform has the
+property of linearity so does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of linearity so does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of linearity so does the
+fora and if the Lao transform is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora and if the Lao transform is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora and if the Lao transform is simply
+related to the fora transform then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the fora transform then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the fora transform then
+there's a simple relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple relationship between
+the fora transform of a derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform of a derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform of a derivative and
+the fora transform of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform of the underlying
+system uh the underlying function so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh the underlying function so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh the underlying function so in
+the pl transform you multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pl transform you multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pl transform you multiply by
+S not very surprisingly in the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S not very surprisingly in the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S not very surprisingly in the 4A
+transform you multiply by J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you multiply by J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you multiply by J Omega
+so there's enormous similarity and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's enormous similarity and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's enormous similarity and in
+fact most of what you know about Theo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact most of what you know about Theo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact most of what you know about Theo
+you can immediately carry over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can immediately carry over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can immediately carry over in
+4A there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A there are some
+differences uh and if there weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh and if there weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh and if there weren't
+differences we probably wouldn't bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences we probably wouldn't bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences we probably wouldn't bother
+with talking about both of them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with talking about both of them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with talking about both of them right
+there are some things that will be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some things that will be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some things that will be easy
+to think about with 4A transforms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about with 4A transforms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about with 4A transforms and
+that's the reason we do it there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason we do it there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason we do it there are
+some things that are easy to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that are easy to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that are easy to think about
+with the transforms otherwise we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the transforms otherwise we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the transforms otherwise we would
+have just skipped straight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just skipped straight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just skipped straight to
+forier so there are some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier so there are some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier so there are some things
+that forier and lass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forier and lass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forier and lass
+share there are some things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share there are some things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share there are some things that are
+different one of the biggest differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one of the biggest differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one of the biggest differences
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+domain when we think about ause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain when we think about ause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain when we think about ause
+transform we think about X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform we think about X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform we think about X of
+s the domain of the Lao transform is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the domain of the Lao transform is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the domain of the Lao transform is the
+domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of
+s the domain of s s is a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the domain of s s is a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the domain of s s is a complex number
+for that reason when we T when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that reason when we T when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that reason when we T when we
+thought about the transforms we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the transforms we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the transforms we always
+talk about what's Theo what does CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what's Theo what does CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what's Theo what does CL
+transform look like in the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform look like in the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform look like in the S
+plane and we thought about the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we thought about the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we thought about the real part
+of the S and the imaginary part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S and the imaginary part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S and the imaginary part of
+s when we think about 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s when we think about 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s when we think about 4A
+transforms we're thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms we're thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms we're thinking about a
+transform with real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform with real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform with real
+domain rather than thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain rather than thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain rather than thinking
+about X of s as a complex number we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about X of s as a complex number we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about X of s as a complex number we're
+going to think of X of J Omega Omega a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of X of J Omega Omega a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of X of J Omega Omega a
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number that's a little confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's a little confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's a little confusing
+right just sort of to confuse you we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just sort of to confuse you we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just sort of to confuse you we we
+write the one that is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the one that is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the one that is a complex
+number as S no indication whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as S no indication whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as S no indication whatever that
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+complex and the one that is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and the one that is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and the one that is a real
+number we put a J in front of it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we put a J in front of it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we put a J in front of it to
+remind you that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that it's
+real I apologize I don't know why we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real I apologize I don't know why we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real I apologize I don't know why we do
+this um so just remember that s which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so just remember that s which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so just remember that s which
+looks kind of real isn't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks kind of real isn't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks kind of real isn't it's
+complex and and J Omega which looks kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and and J Omega which looks kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and and J Omega which looks kind
+of complex well it's the Omega part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complex well it's the Omega part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complex well it's the Omega part that
+matters it's real okay so the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters it's real okay so the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters it's real okay so the important
+thing is the pl transform the domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the pl transform the domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the pl transform the domain of
+theel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theel
+transform is complex number s real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is complex number s real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is complex number s real and
+imaginary Parts characterized by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary Parts characterized by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary Parts characterized by a
+plane the domain of the 4A transform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the domain of the 4A transform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the domain of the 4A transform is
+real that's enormously important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real that's enormously important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real that's enormously important and
+we'll come back to that over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that over and over
+again but just to drive home the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but just to drive home the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but just to drive home the point
+one of the things we thought about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we thought about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we thought about with
+a Lao transform was this idea of igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Lao transform was this idea of igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Lao transform was this idea of igen
+functions and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and igen
+values it was an idea of linearity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it was an idea of linearity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it was an idea of linearity it
+was the idea that we can think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea that we can think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea that we can think about a
+system by how you put in a function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by how you put in a function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by how you put in a function like
+e to the St and calculate the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the St and calculate the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the St and calculate the output
+well if the output if this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the output if this system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the output if this system is
+linear time en variant and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time en variant and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time en variant and can be
+characterized by a lause transform h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by a lause transform h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by a lause transform h of
+s what's the output of that system when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s what's the output of that system when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s what's the output of that system when
+the input is z to the St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody shout it will make me feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody shout it will make me feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody shout it will make me feel
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+better if you all shout at once I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you all shout at once I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you all shout at once I won't
+be able to understand a word you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to understand a word you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to understand a word you said
+and I'll assume you said the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing okay I didn't understand a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay I didn't understand a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay I didn't understand a thing
+you said so I assume you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said so I assume you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said so I assume you all
+said h of s e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said h of s e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said h of s e to the
+St right e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St right e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St right e
+St is an igen fun function of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St is an igen fun function of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St is an igen fun function of a linear
+time invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time invariance
+system igen function means the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system igen function means the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system igen function means the function
+in is the same form as the function out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is the same form as the function out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is the same form as the function out
+except it could be multiplied by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it could be multiplied by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it could be multiplied by a
+constant the constant is the igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the constant is the igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the constant is the igen value
+the igen value is H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen value is H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen value is H of
+s if we wanted to know for example if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if we wanted to know for example if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if we wanted to know for example if we
+wanted to characterize uh a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to characterize uh a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to characterize uh a very simple
+system we might have a system of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we might have a system of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we might have a system of the
+form 1 over 1 plus s we might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 1 over 1 plus s we might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 1 over 1 plus s we might have a
+signal of the form 1 over 1 plus s let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of the form 1 over 1 plus s let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of the form 1 over 1 plus s let's
+say we have a system now let say that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a system now let say that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a system now let say that X
+represents some kind of a system then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents some kind of a system then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents some kind of a system then we
+would have said that that's a pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have said that that's a pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have said that that's a pole
+where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the
+pole minus one we would have said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole minus one we would have said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole minus one we would have said we
+have a system with a single pole at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system with a single pole at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system with a single pole at
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one I would never have drawn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I would never have drawn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I would never have drawn this
+complicated picture at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated picture at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated picture at the bottom
+because it would be frightening I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be frightening I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be frightening I would
+always Draw Something friendly like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always Draw Something friendly like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always Draw Something friendly like the
+picture over here right the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture over here right the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture over here right the entire
+system can be understood by a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be understood by a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be understood by a single
+X okay well if you were Computing igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay well if you were Computing igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay well if you were Computing igen
+functions and igen values you would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and igen values you would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and igen values you would like
+to know what's the magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's the magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's the magnitude and
+phase of the so the uh X of s is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the so the uh X of s is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the so the uh X of s is a
+complex valued function of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued function of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued function of complex
+domain s is complex number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain s is complex number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain s is complex number and the
+answer is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is a complex
+number so we'd like to know the real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so we'd like to know the real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so we'd like to know the real and
+imaginary parts of H of s or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts of H of s or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts of H of s or the
+magnitude and phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and phase
+equivalently if we want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently if we want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently if we want to know the
+magnitude and phase for example of H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and phase for example of H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and phase for example of H of
+of s in principle we need to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s in principle we need to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s in principle we need to know what
+magnitude and phase could it be for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and phase could it be for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and phase could it be for all
+the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different
+s's so what's plotted here is a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's so what's plotted here is a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's so what's plotted here is a picture
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+magnitude of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this
+function as a function of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of all the
+different s's that it can uh that can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different s's that it can uh that can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different s's that it can uh that can um
+be an igen function right so for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an igen function right so for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an igen function right so for all of
+the so any s is an igen function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so any s is an igen function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so any s is an igen function of the
+system and that plot plots the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that plot plots the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that plot plots the magnitude
+of the associated I value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the point is that I have to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that I have to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that I have to tell you a
+complex plane number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane number of
+values right there's a value for uh s =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right there's a value for uh s =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right there's a value for uh s =
+1 s -1 S = 2 s = min-2 s = j s = 2 j s =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s -1 S = 2 s = min-2 s = j s = 2 j s =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s -1 S = 2 s = min-2 s = j s = 2 j s =
+17 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 +
+5j all the different values all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5j all the different values all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5j all the different values all the
+different points in the S plane have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in the S plane have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in the S plane have a
+different Associated igen value and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Associated igen value and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Associated igen value and to
+completely characterize the system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely characterize the system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely characterize the system I
+have to tell you all of those by cont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell you all of those by cont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell you all of those by cont
+if I think about the 4A transform 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I think about the 4A transform 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I think about the 4A transform 4A
+transform Maps a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform Maps a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform Maps a function of
+time to a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to a function of
+Omega the complete characterization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the complete characterization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the complete characterization of
+the 48 transform is showed here all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 48 transform is showed here all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 48 transform is showed here all I
+need to worry about is what are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about is what are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about is what are all the
+possible values of Omega I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of Omega I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of Omega I'm thinking
+now instead of thinking s I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of thinking s I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of thinking s I'm thinking
+how would I compose X of T by summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I compose X of T by summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I compose X of T by summing
+together a bunch of sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a bunch of sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a bunch of sine
+waves the reason I want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the reason I want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the reason I want to think about
+that is because I want to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because I want to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because I want to think about it
+I want to think about systems in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to think about systems in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to think about systems in terms
+of frequency responses so I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency responses so I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency responses so I want to know
+which frequencies are Amplified which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which frequencies are Amplified which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which frequencies are Amplified which
+ones are attenuated which ones are phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are attenuated which ones are phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are attenuated which ones are phase
+delayed which ones are phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed which ones are phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed which ones are phase
+Advanced and in order to do that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced and in order to do that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced and in order to do that kind of
+a construction all I need to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a construction all I need to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a construction all I need to know is
+What's the magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the magnitude and
+angle of the system function for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the system function for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the system function for all
+possible values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of
+Omega so that's an enormous difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so that's an enormous difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so that's an enormous difference
+instead of having in the previous case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having in the previous case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having in the previous case I
+had a function of time turning into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a function of time turning into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a function of time turning into a
+function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two
+space function of one space turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space function of one space turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space function of one space turned into
+a function of two space here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of two space here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of two space here I have a
+function of one space turning into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one space turning into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one space turning into a
+function of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one
+space so that is conceptually a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that is conceptually a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that is conceptually a whole
+lot simpler even more importantly it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot simpler even more importantly it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot simpler even more importantly it is
+going to give rise to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give rise to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give rise to something that
+we'll spend most of the time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend most of the time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend most of the time for the
+rest of the term on the notion of signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the term on the notion of signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the term on the notion of signal
+processing where we can Al alternatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing where we can Al alternatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing where we can Al alternatively
+represent a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a signal
+X not by its time samples but instead by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X not by its time samples but instead by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X not by its time samples but instead by
+its frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its frequency
+samples it would be very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples it would be very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples it would be very difficult to
+use that technique although it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that technique although it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that technique although it would
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfectly there would be an explosion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly there would be an explosion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly there would be an explosion of
+information if we tried to use a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if we tried to use a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if we tried to use a signal
+processing a technique with this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing a technique with this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing a technique with this where
+we represent this one-dimensional signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent this one-dimensional signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent this one-dimensional signal
+by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+two-dimensional um transform because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional um transform because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional um transform because we
+would be exploding the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exploding the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exploding the amount of
+information we would be increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we would be increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we would be increasing
+substantially the amount of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially the amount of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially the amount of information
+required to specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to specify the
+signal when we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal when we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal when we do the
+forier there is no such explosion it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier there is no such explosion it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier there is no such explosion it was
+a one-dimensional function of time it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-dimensional function of time it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-dimensional function of time it is
+a one-dimensional function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega okay uh okay I've been talking too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay uh okay I've been talking too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay uh okay I've been talking too
+much I would like you to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I would like you to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I would like you to make sure that
+you understand the mechanic of what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the mechanic of what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the mechanic of what I've
+just said so here's a signal X1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said so here's a signal X1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said so here's a signal X1 of
+T which of these if any represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which of these if any represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which of these if any represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you're all very quiet look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you're all very quiet look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you're all very quiet look at
+your neighbor don't be quiet and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbor don't be quiet and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbor don't be quiet and then
+start and then you can go back to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's quiet so I assume that's means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's quiet so I assume that's means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's quiet so I assume that's means
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+so which function represents the for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which function represents the for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which function represents the for a
+transform of X1 of T everybody raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of X1 of T everybody raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of X1 of T everybody raise
+your hand indicate by a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand indicate by a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand indicate by a number of
+fingers and it's overwhelmingly correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and it's overwhelmingly correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and it's overwhelmingly correct
+which is wonderful that's the point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is wonderful that's the point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is wonderful that's the point the
+point is for a transforms are easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is for a transforms are easy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is for a transforms are easy and
+you've all got it so the uh it's trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all got it so the uh it's trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all got it so the uh it's trivial
+to run this kind of an integral it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this kind of an integral it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this kind of an integral it's not
+very different from doing the transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from doing the transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from doing the transform
+here I've indicated the transform right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've indicated the transform right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've indicated the transform right
+we do e minus t x of T is one or zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do e minus t x of T is one or zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do e minus t x of T is one or zero we
+change the limits to indicate the one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the limits to indicate the one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the limits to indicate the one or
+zeron very trivial here we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeron very trivial here we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeron very trivial here we get a
+slightly different looking answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different looking answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different looking answer
+because instead of e to the St we have e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of e to the St we have e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of e to the St we have e
+to the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega
+T but otherwise it's pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but otherwise it's pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but otherwise it's pretty much the
+same the big difference though is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the big difference though is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the big difference though is again
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+domain so if you think about the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so if you think about the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so if you think about the answer
+so the answer four like all of you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer four like all of you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer four like all of you said
+if you think about the answer from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the answer from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the answer from the
+point of view of IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of IG
+functions and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and igen
+values you have to think about a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you have to think about a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you have to think about a two
+space the two space for even that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the two space for even that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the two space for even that simple
+function sort of the the Least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sort of the the Least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sort of the the Least
+Complicated system the Least Complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complicated system the Least Complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complicated system the Least Complicated
+function I could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I could think
+of is Illustrated here and what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is Illustrated here and what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is Illustrated here and what what
+you're supposed to see there is if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to see there is if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to see there is if I if
+I were to integrate x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were to integrate x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were to integrate x of
+t eus stdt T to get X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t eus stdt T to get X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t eus stdt T to get X of
+s if I think about s is Sigma plus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if I think about s is Sigma plus J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if I think about s is Sigma plus J
+Omega has a real part in the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega has a real part in the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega has a real part in the imaginary
+part the real part as I make the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the real part as I make the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the real part as I make the real
+part Big E to the St becomes something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part Big E to the St becomes something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part Big E to the St becomes something
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+explodes and you can see that manifest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes and you can see that manifest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes and you can see that manifest
+here over in this region so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over in this region so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over in this region so this is the
+the real axis this way this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real axis this way this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real axis this way this is the
+imaginary axis that way you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis that way you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis that way you can see that
+as you go to uh bigger numbers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go to uh bigger numbers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go to uh bigger numbers in the
+real in the positive real Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real in the positive real Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real in the positive real Direction
+the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude
+explodes if you go in the the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes if you go in the the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes if you go in the the negative
+Direction because there was a sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction because there was a sum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction because there was a sum here
+the magnitude explodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude explodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude explodes
+again you get this horrible function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you get this horrible function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you get this horrible function
+that spends a lot of his time near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spends a lot of his time near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spends a lot of his time near
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+right so that's a complicated picture by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a complicated picture by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a complicated picture by
+comparison to the picture that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to the picture that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to the picture that you get
+if you look at 48 transform so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at 48 transform so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at 48 transform so if you
+look at the 48 transform you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the 48 transform you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the 48 transform you get
+something that's relatively simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's relatively simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's relatively simpler
+we're only looking along the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only looking along the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only looking along the imaginary
+axis now for furthermore there's an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis now for furthermore there's an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis now for furthermore there's an easy
+way to interpret this this is explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to interpret this this is explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to interpret this this is explicitly
+telling us if you put a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us if you put a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us if you put a certain
+frequency into this system say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency into this system say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency into this system say this
+represented a system function if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented a system function if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented a system function if this
+represented a system function it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented a system function it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented a system function it's
+telling you that there are there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that there are there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that there are there's a
+simple way of thinking about how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of thinking about how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of thinking about how it
+amplifies or attenuates frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifies or attenuates frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifies or attenuates frequencies
+right it likes frequencies near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it likes frequencies near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it likes frequencies near the
+middle there's a lot of frequencies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there's a lot of frequencies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there's a lot of frequencies that
+so if this represented a system function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this represented a system function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this represented a system function
+it would pass on it they would pass with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would pass on it they would pass with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would pass on it they would pass with
+a gain of two frequencies near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gain of two frequencies near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gain of two frequencies near
+zero and the magnitude would be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the magnitude would be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the magnitude would be small
+for these others and there's a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these others and there's a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these others and there's a phase
+relationship too so there's insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship too so there's insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship too so there's insights
+that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+get from this fora representation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this fora representation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this fora representation that
+are less easy to get from the llas I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less easy to get from the llas I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less easy to get from the llas I
+mean the LL was a complete a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the LL was a complete a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the LL was a complete a complete
+specification of a signal or a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of a signal or a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of a signal or a system
+either so all the information is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so all the information is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so all the information is there
+it's just that it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that it's more
+apparent some of the information is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent some of the information is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent some of the information is more
+apparent in the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representation okay second question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation okay second question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation okay second question uh
+what if I stretched the time axis X1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I stretched the time axis X1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I stretched the time axis X1 was
+one between minus one and one X2 is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one between minus one and one X2 is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one between minus one and one X2 is one
+between min-2 and two so all I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between min-2 and two so all I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between min-2 and two so all I'm doing
+is stretching the axis what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stretching the axis what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stretching the axis what happens to
+the 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 48
+transform look at your neighbor choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so which TR which answer tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so which TR which answer tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so which TR which answer tells me
+what happens when I stretch time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when I stretch time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when I stretch time so
+everybody raise your hand tell me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody raise your hand tell me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody raise your hand tell me some
+number between zero and five one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between zero and five one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between zero and five one and
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+actually okay uh 20% correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay uh 20% correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay uh 20% correct
+um so uh what's GNA happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh what's GNA happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh what's GNA happen
+well it's pretty easy to Simply do out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's pretty easy to Simply do out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's pretty easy to Simply do out
+the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+again right so that's the sort of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right so that's the sort of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right so that's the sort of most
+primitive way you could think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive way you could think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive way you could think about it
+if you simply run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you simply run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you simply run the
+integral I've written it in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I've written it in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I've written it in a kind of
+funny way right so a lot of you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny way right so a lot of you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny way right so a lot of you said
+one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer this kind of looks like one why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this kind of looks like one why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this kind of looks like one why
+is that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that not
+one that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three why do I like to write it it as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three why do I like to write it it as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three why do I like to write it it as um
+instead of writing 2 sin 2 Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing 2 sin 2 Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing 2 sin 2 Omega over
+Omega I like to write 4 sin 2 Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I like to write 4 sin 2 Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I like to write 4 sin 2 Omega over
+2 Omega why do I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega why do I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega why do I like
+that because I'm completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me that's kind of right so can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that's kind of right so can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that's kind of right so can you
+unscramble the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slightly what what is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly what what is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly what what is more
+yes it's the same form in what sense I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's the same form in what sense I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's the same form in what sense I
+mean what's what's the same about it yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes correct correct if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes correct correct if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes correct correct if you think about
+what happens for Omega near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens for Omega near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens for Omega near
+zero I've got the S of 2 Omega which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what's the sign of 2 Omega when Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the sign of 2 Omega when Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the sign of 2 Omega when Omega
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero zero so I have zero over zero bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero so I have zero over zero bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero so I have zero over zero bad
+so what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lital so if I do lal's rule then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lital so if I do lal's rule then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lital so if I do lal's rule then I can
+make this thing look like one and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing look like one and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this thing look like one and if I
+write it in the form sin 2 Omega over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in the form sin 2 Omega over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in the form sin 2 Omega over 2
+Omega that has a value near zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega that has a value near zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega that has a value near zero that
+approaches one so the amplitude is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches one so the amplitude is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches one so the amplitude is four
+so that's a way of separating out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a way of separating out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a way of separating out the
+part that's uh Unity the amplitude from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's uh Unity the amplitude from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's uh Unity the amplitude from
+the part that is the constant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that is the constant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that is the constant that
+multiplies the amplitude so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies the amplitude so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies the amplitude so the
+amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is
+four and the frequency which had been pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and the frequency which had been pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and the frequency which had been pi
+moves to Pi / 2 so the point is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to Pi / 2 so the point is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to Pi / 2 so the point is that um
+so the answer is number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is number
+three the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the peak
+increases and the frequency spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and the frequency spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and the frequency spacing
+decreases but more generally the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases but more generally the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases but more generally the point
+is that if I stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time I compress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I compress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I compress
+frequency but I compress frequency in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but I compress frequency in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but I compress frequency in a
+very special way I compress frequency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special way I compress frequency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special way I compress frequency in
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+area preserving way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area preserving way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area preserving way
+that's why the peak popped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the peak popped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the peak popped
+up so what I'd like to do is think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so what I'd like to do is think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so what I'd like to do is think about
+a general scaling rule if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general scaling rule if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general scaling rule if I wanted to
+think about scaling X1 into X2 such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about scaling X1 into X2 such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about scaling X1 into X2 such that
+X2 is a scaled version of time compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 is a scaled version of time compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 is a scaled version of time compared
+to X1 so if I wanted X2 of T to be X1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X1 so if I wanted X2 of T to be X1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X1 so if I wanted X2 of T to be X1 of
+a and if I wanted to stretch X1 to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if I wanted to stretch X1 to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if I wanted to stretch X1 to turn
+it into X2 should I make A1 should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into X2 should I make A1 should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into X2 should I make A1 should I
+make a bigger or less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm trying to generalize the result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to generalize the result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to generalize the result that
+I just did right so I stretched X1 into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just did right so I stretched X1 into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just did right so I stretched X1 into
+X2 and what I saw was the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and what I saw was the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and what I saw was the frequency
+shrunk and amplitude went up so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk and amplitude went up so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk and amplitude went up so now I'm
+thinking about what would happen if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what would happen if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what would happen if I
+did that in general if I took X1 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that in general if I took X1 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that in general if I took X1 and I
+stretched it by setting X2 equal to X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched it by setting X2 equal to X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched it by setting X2 equal to X1
+of a would I want a to be bigger or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a would I want a to be bigger or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a would I want a to be bigger or less
+than one if I want to stretch X1 to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one if I want to stretch X1 to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one if I want to stretch X1 to turn
+it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into
+X2 less than one because the the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 less than one because the the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 less than one because the the logic
+is that if I wanted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I wanted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I wanted for
+example X2 of two to be X1 of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example X2 of two to be X1 of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example X2 of two to be X1 of one
+stretch X2 uh stretch X1 sorry so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch X2 uh stretch X1 sorry so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch X2 uh stretch X1 sorry so that
+its value X2 at the position two is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value X2 at the position two is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value X2 at the position two is the
+same as the original function X1 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the original function X1 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the original function X1 at
+one if I stretched it then I clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I stretched it then I clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I stretched it then I clearly
+have to have a equal to a half in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a equal to a half in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a equal to a half in that
+case and in general have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and in general have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and in general have to have
+stretching would correspond to a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching would correspond to a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching would correspond to a less
+than one and now I can think about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and now I can think about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and now I can think about where
+that fits in the transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relationship think about finding the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship think about finding the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship think about finding the 4A
+transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+X2 and substituting X1 of a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X2 and then making this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and then making this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and then making this relationship
+look more like a fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more like a fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more like a fora
+transform so I don't want the a to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so I don't want the a to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so I don't want the a to be
+here I want function of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want function of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want function of t
+so I can rewrite a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to now this looks like a a 48 transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now this looks like a a 48 transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now this looks like a a 48 transform
+except that I've changed all my T's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that I've changed all my T's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that I've changed all my T's to
+towels and the point is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels and the point is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels and the point is that that
+transformation to equals a shows up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation to equals a shows up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation to equals a shows up in
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+places there's an explicit time here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places there's an explicit time here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places there's an explicit time here and
+there's a Time dependence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT so the DT one is the one that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so the DT one is the one that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so the DT one is the one that gives
+me the shrinking and swelling in the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the shrinking and swelling in the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the shrinking and swelling in the of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+axis and the uh 1 over a from here uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the uh 1 over a from here uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the uh 1 over a from here uh is
+the one that gives me the changing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that gives me the changing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that gives me the changing uh
+amplitude that's how you get the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that's how you get the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that's how you get the area
+preserving property however much it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving property however much it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving property however much it uh
+got uh compress however much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh compress however much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh compress however much it
+stretched in time so that it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched in time so that it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched in time so that it became
+compressed in frequency whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed in frequency whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed in frequency whatever the
+factor is that compressed in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is that compressed in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is that compressed in frequency
+it also makes by the same factor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also makes by the same factor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also makes by the same factor it
+makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it
+taller we'd like to build intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller we'd like to build intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taller we'd like to build intuition for
+how the 4A transform works that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the 4A transform works that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the 4A transform works that's the
+reason for doing these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties so now uh there's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so now uh there's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so now uh there's another way
+of thinking about that same thing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about that same thing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about that same thing by
+thinking about what we think what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what we think what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what we think what we
+call the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorems here what we think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems here what we think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems here what we think about is
+what would happen if we evaluated the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if we evaluated the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if we evaluated the 4A
+transform at Omega equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform at Omega equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform at Omega equals
+zero well Omega equal Z has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well Omega equal Z has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well Omega equal Z has a
+particularly is associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly is associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly is associated with a
+particularly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly simple
+uh complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complex
+exponential if the frequency is zero e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential if the frequency is zero e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential if the frequency is zero e
+to the j0t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the j0t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the j0t is
+one so what you see is that the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what you see is that the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what you see is that the value of
+the 4A transform at Omega equals z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform at Omega equals z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform at Omega equals z is
+the area under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve so the idea then is that uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so the idea then is that uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so the idea then is that uh if I
+took an X of T which was X1 which was 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took an X of T which was X1 which was 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took an X of T which was X1 which was 1
+between minus1 and 1 there's an area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus1 and 1 there's an area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus1 and 1 there's an area of
+two and that's a way of directly saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that's a way of directly saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that's a way of directly saying
+well the 4 transform at zero better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the 4 transform at zero better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the 4 transform at zero better be
+two and the intuitive thing that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the intuitive thing that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the intuitive thing that you're
+supposed to take away from that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to take away from that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to take away from that is that
+when you look at the fora transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the fora transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the fora transform the
+value at zero is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at zero is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at zero is the
+DC how much constant is there in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC how much constant is there in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC how much constant is there in that
+signal so there's a very explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so there's a very explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so there's a very explicit
+representation for the frequency content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for the frequency content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for the frequency content
+I mean that's what the fora transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's what the fora transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's what the fora transforms
+all about and in particular the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about and in particular the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about and in particular the zero
+frequency is DC is the average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is DC is the average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is DC is the average value
+that kind of a relationship works both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a relationship works both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a relationship works both
+ways if you were to use the uh synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if you were to use the uh synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if you were to use the uh synthesis
+formula and think about how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and think about how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and think about how do you
+synthesize X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero well it's the same sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well it's the same sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well it's the same sort of thing
+except now the t is zero instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now the t is zero instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now the t is zero instead of the
+Omega being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega being
+zero and what we get is 1 over 2 pi *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what we get is 1 over 2 pi *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what we get is 1 over 2 pi *
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+area under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the
+transform so what that says is what ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so what that says is what ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so what that says is what ever
+is going on over in this Wiggly thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on over in this Wiggly thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on over in this Wiggly thing
+the net area the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net area the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net area the average
+value divided by 2 pi has to equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value divided by 2 pi has to equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value divided by 2 pi has to equal the
+value at X1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at X1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at X1 of
+0 X1 of0 is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 X1 of0 is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 X1 of0 is clearly
+one so that means the area under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that means the area under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that means the area under this
+thing must be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing must be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing must be 2
+pi that wasn't particularly clear I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi that wasn't particularly clear I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi that wasn't particularly clear I mean
+I don't know automatically the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know automatically the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know automatically the area
+under that curve but that's such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that curve but that's such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that curve but that's such a
+frequently recurring thing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently recurring thing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently recurring thing that it's
+useful to notice that the area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to notice that the area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to notice that the area under
+this funny curve happens to be precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funny curve happens to be precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funny curve happens to be precisely
+the area of this inscribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of this inscribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of this inscribed
+triangle so the height of the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so the height of the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so the height of the triangle
+is two half the base is pi so the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two half the base is pi so the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two half the base is pi so the area
+is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2
+pi I'm sure some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi I'm sure some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi I'm sure some
+Greek knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek knew
+this but I don't so if somebody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I don't so if somebody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I don't so if somebody can
+think of a way to derive that answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a way to derive that answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a way to derive that answer
+without using 48 transforms I can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without using 48 transforms I can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without using 48 transforms I can do it
+with 48 transforms and I can look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 48 transforms and I can look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 48 transforms and I can look it up
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+books where the authors also use fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books where the authors also use fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books where the authors also use fora
+transforms but I'm sure some ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms but I'm sure some ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms but I'm sure some ancient
+Greek can do this so the question is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek can do this so the question is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek can do this so the question is if
+anybody can figure out how the ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can figure out how the ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can figure out how the ancient
+Greeks would have come to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks would have come to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks would have come to that
+conclusion I would be very interested to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion I would be very interested to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion I would be very interested to
+know everybody get so areas of inscribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everybody get so areas of inscribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everybody get so areas of inscribed
+whatevers right that's what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatevers right that's what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatevers right that's what they did
+right so I would like to know how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I would like to know how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I would like to know how to get
+the fact that the area under this Wiggly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the area under this Wiggly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the area under this Wiggly
+function 2 sin Omega over Omega is 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 2 sin Omega over Omega is 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 2 sin Omega over Omega is 2 pi
+without knowing 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing 48
+transforms so that's an open challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms so that's an open challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms so that's an open challenge
+so try to figure out how to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try to figure out how to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try to figure out how to prove that
+without using 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transforms so if we use the moment idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms so if we use the moment idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms so if we use the moment idea
+and we think about this scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think about this scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think about this scaling
+thing we come up with a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we come up with a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we come up with a very interesting
+uh result that if you were to stretch X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh result that if you were to stretch X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh result that if you were to stretch X1
+which had been one just between minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been one just between minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been one just between minus
+one and one to turn it into X2 which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one to turn it into X2 which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one to turn it into X2 which was
+one between min-2 and two and just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one between min-2 and two and just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one between min-2 and two and just keep
+stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching
+what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would
+happen well it gets skinnier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well it gets skinnier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well it gets skinnier and
+skinnier and skinnier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinnier and skinnier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinnier and skinnier and
+skinnier but in a very special way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinnier but in a very special way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinnier but in a very special way the
+area is the same even though it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is the same even though it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is the same even though it got
+skinnier and skinnier and skinnier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinnier and skinnier and skinnier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinnier and skinnier and skinnier and
+skinnier the area is the same if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinnier the area is the same if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinnier the area is the same if you
+keep doing that it turns into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing that it turns into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing that it turns into an
+Impulse well that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse well that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse well that's pretty
+interesting that's an alternative way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that's an alternative way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that's an alternative way of
+deriving an Impulse an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving an Impulse an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving an Impulse an
+Impulse we think about an Impulse as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse we think about an Impulse as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse we think about an Impulse as a
+generalized function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized function
+any function that has the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function that has the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function that has the property that
+in some kind of a limit the area shrinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some kind of a limit the area shrinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some kind of a limit the area shrinks
+toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward
+zero but the area doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but the area doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but the area doesn't
+change that turns into a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that turns into a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that turns into a Delta function
+that's a different way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different way of thinking about
+the definition of a Delta function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a Delta function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a Delta function and
+so we just found something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just found something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just found something very
+interesting the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the 4A
+transform of the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the constant
+one seems to be a Delta function at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one seems to be a Delta function at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one seems to be a Delta function at zero
+of area 2 pi well that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area 2 pi well that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area 2 pi well that's pretty
+interesting what's the transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one too shocking huh what's the llas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too shocking huh what's the llas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too shocking huh what's the llas
+transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one Del function Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Del function Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Del function Delta
+function what's the lass transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what's the lass transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what's the lass transform of
+one what's the so L transform right so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the so L transform right so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the so L transform right so X
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+s integral 1 e to Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s integral 1 e to Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s integral 1 e to Theus
+stdt what's the pluse transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one one / s how about one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no what over s yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what over s yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what over s yes
+one/ S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/ S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/ S
+no b one/ s no why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not it's one yes so the lass transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's one yes so the lass transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's one yes so the lass transform
+of U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U of
+T is 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s right you remember there was a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right you remember there was a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right you remember there was a region
+of convergence associated with llas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence associated with llas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence associated with llas
+transforms the region of convergence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms the region of convergence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms the region of convergence we
+had we thought about like if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we thought about like if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we thought about like if you had a
+function a Time function like uh U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T then it would converge as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then it would converge as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then it would converge as long as you
+multiply by some factor that genu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by some factor that genu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by some factor that genu
+genuinely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuinely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuinely
+attenuated so that bounded what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated so that bounded what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated so that bounded what kinds of
+s's worked we needed the real part of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's worked we needed the real part of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's worked we needed the real part of s
+bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+zero because if the real part of s was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because if the real part of s was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because if the real part of s was
+the other way the integral would diverge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way the integral would diverge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way the integral would diverge
+bad right so we could we could find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right so we could we could find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right so we could we could find the
+lass transform of U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T uh real part of s bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T uh real part of s bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T uh real part of s bigger than
+zero or we could find the lass transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or we could find the lass transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or we could find the lass transform
+of a backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step the region of convergence would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the region of convergence would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the region of convergence would
+flip and we got a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and we got a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and we got a sign
+change but the the plus transform of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but the the plus transform of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but the the plus transform of one
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exist there is no region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist there is no region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist there is no region of convergence
+for the function one that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function one that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function one that's a big
+difference between 4A and the plus as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between 4A and the plus as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between 4A and the plus as
+well even though 4A is in some sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well even though 4A is in some sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well even though 4A is in some sense a
+subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+llao there are some signals that have 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llao there are some signals that have 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llao there are some signals that have 4A
+transforms and not L transforms and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and not L transforms and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms and not L transforms and so
+in that sense llao is a subset of forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense llao is a subset of forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense llao is a subset of forier
+so in fact you better think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact you better think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact you better think of them as
+kind of um then diagrams that overlap so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um then diagrams that overlap so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um then diagrams that overlap so
+there are some signals that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some signals that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some signals that have
+both but there are some signals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both but there are some signals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both but there are some signals that
+have one and not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one and not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one and not the
+other okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so
+um the final and maybe most important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the final and maybe most important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the final and maybe most important uh
+property of llao transforms is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of llao transforms is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of llao transforms is that they
+have a simple inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple inverse
+relationship you may remember that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you may remember that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you may remember that I
+talked about there being an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about there being an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about there being an inverse
+relationship for lla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can think about X of T being 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about X of T being 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about X of T being 1
+over J2 Pi the integral over some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over J2 Pi the integral over some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over J2 Pi the integral over some sort
+of a contour of X of of s e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a contour of X of of s e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a contour of X of of s e to the
+STDs and I told you don't ever try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STDs and I told you don't ever try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STDs and I told you don't ever try to do
+that without going over to math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without going over to math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without going over to math and
+talking to those folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to those folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to those folks
+first that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that's
+complicated the interesting thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the interesting thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the interesting thing about
+this relationship is that it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship is that it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship is that it's really
+simple so there's a very simple Rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so there's a very simple Rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so there's a very simple Rel
+relationship between a 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between a 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between a 48
+transform and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and its
+inverse okay so uh I think I'll defer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay so uh I think I'll defer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay so uh I think I'll defer
+talking about that until next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that until next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that until next
+time the reason being that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the reason being that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the reason being that I want to
+turn I want to end a little early today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn I want to end a little early today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn I want to end a little early today
+so I'll finish talking about the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll finish talking about the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll finish talking about the rest of
+the slides on the next lecture
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jjbWNcIjmzc.txt b/jjbWNcIjmzc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b880175d883b488d0fbdd4220a08b00ad0bbb5a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jjbWNcIjmzc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so we have X is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we have X is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we have X is going to be
+whatever number the user types in y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever number the user types in y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever number the user types in y is
+going to be whatever number the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be whatever number the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be whatever number the user
+types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in first thing I'm going to check is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first thing I'm going to check is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first thing I'm going to check is if
+x is equal to Y so if we type in X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is equal to Y so if we type in X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is equal to Y so if we type in X is
+zero and Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and Y is
+five 0 is not equal to five so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 0 is not equal to five so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 0 is not equal to five so we're not
+even going to consider what's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to consider what's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to consider what's in this
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+block then we're going to check the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block then we're going to check the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block then we're going to check the next
+one if if zero is less than five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if if zero is less than five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if if zero is less than five and
+that's true so this is the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true so this is the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true so this is the very first
+conditional that evaluates to true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional that evaluates to true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional that evaluates to true so
+we're just going to print X as smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to print X as smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to print X as smaller
+and I think that's what that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's what that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's what that's what's
+being dragged down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dragged down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being dragged down
+here awesome
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kAN_eTW_ig0.txt b/kAN_eTW_ig0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b6d08cbd6952e2ad892e5dc600b7c7d0f55366b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kAN_eTW_ig0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8336 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there was a little confusion with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a little confusion with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a little confusion with the
+di Deoxys in in one sense and I you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di Deoxys in in one sense and I you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di Deoxys in in one sense and I you'll
+have to some some of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to some some of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to some some of these things are
+going like the PCR you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like the PCR you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like the PCR you're going to have
+to sort of sit down and actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of sit down and actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of sit down and actually think
+about it but the principle of the dioxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but the principle of the dioxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but the principle of the dioxy
+if we were making a a chain of beads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were making a a chain of beads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were making a a chain of beads
+that had a hook on one end and a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a hook on one end and a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a hook on one end and a and a
+little hole at the other and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hole at the other and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hole at the other and we were
+joining these things together we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining these things together we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining these things together we could
+make obviously a chain that went on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make obviously a chain that went on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make obviously a chain that went on and
+then we could hook another one in and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could hook another one in and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could hook another one in and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+and if we had a bunch of beads like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we had a bunch of beads like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we had a bunch of beads like this
+but every now and then we we threw in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every now and then we we threw in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every now and then we we threw in a
+very small number that didn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number that didn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number that didn't have the
+hook on the end anytime this if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook on the end anytime this if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook on the end anytime this if this
+particular chain were elongating and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chain were elongating and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chain were elongating and we
+put on one of the one of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on one of the one of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on one of the one of one of these
+things the chain would stop because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the chain would stop because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the chain would stop because you
+haven't got anywhere to join onto it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got anywhere to join onto it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got anywhere to join onto it you
+add a dioxy into a polymerase reaction a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a dioxy into a polymerase reaction a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a dioxy into a polymerase reaction a
+chain that gets the dioxy doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that gets the dioxy doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that gets the dioxy doesn't have
+anything to join on the end and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to join on the end and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to join on the end and that
+will stop if we only added this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stop if we only added this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stop if we only added this the
+entire reaction would stop and everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire reaction would stop and everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire reaction would stop and everyone
+would come at the first time a dioxy got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come at the first time a dioxy got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come at the first time a dioxy got
+Incorporated the trick is to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated the trick is to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated the trick is to put a
+little bit in so a few of the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in so a few of the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in so a few of the molecules
+stop everything keeps going the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop everything keeps going the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop everything keeps going the next
+time a dioxy gets Incorporated the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a dioxy gets Incorporated the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a dioxy gets Incorporated the chain
+will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stop
+there and out of this you will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and out of this you will generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and out of this you will generate
+a family of of of polymers that are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of of of polymers that are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of of of polymers that are are
+of different lengths they will each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different lengths they will each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different lengths they will each one
+will terminate with a with a de dioxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will terminate with a with a de dioxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will terminate with a with a de dioxy
+nucleotide and if the dioxy nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide and if the dioxy nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide and if the dioxy nucleotide
+we used in that particular reaction was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used in that particular reaction was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used in that particular reaction was
+let's say dioxy ATP that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say dioxy ATP that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say dioxy ATP that means that
+there will be an a was the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be an a was the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be an a was the last
+nucleotide added to every one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide added to every one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide added to every one of those
+and we can separate these on the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can separate these on the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can separate these on the basis
+of size and if I ran them out on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size and if I ran them out on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size and if I ran them out on a on a
+gel I'd see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel I'd see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel I'd see
+some something like that and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some something like that and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some something like that and that would
+tell me that when that plase was coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that when that plase was coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that when that plase was coming
+along that was the first time it saw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that was the first time it saw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that was the first time it saw an
+a a few stopped there it polymerized a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a few stopped there it polymerized a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a few stopped there it polymerized a
+few more then it hit another put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more then it hit another put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more then it hit another put in
+another a put in some other things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another a put in some other things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another a put in some other things and
+so on and that by itself wouldn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and that by itself wouldn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and that by itself wouldn't tell
+us the sequence but if I did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the sequence but if I did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the sequence but if I did that
+reaction four times in a row then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction four times in a row then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction four times in a row then I
+could tell in the old days they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell in the old days they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell in the old days they didn't
+used to do dieses we just did p32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do dieses we just did p32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do dieses we just did p32
+uh on as a label and then you'd run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on as a label and then you'd run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on as a label and then you'd run the
+four reactions side by side and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four reactions side by side and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four reactions side by side and this
+would be with dioxy ATP you'd see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with dioxy ATP you'd see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with dioxy ATP you'd see a
+pattern like that and maybe with dioxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern like that and maybe with dioxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern like that and maybe with dioxy
+dttp you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see something like this and when you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something like this and when you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something like this and when you got
+the rest of them then you kind of end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of them then you kind of end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of them then you kind of end up
+working out the sequ what the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out the sequ what the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out the sequ what the sequence
+was by looking across the four lanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by looking across the four lanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by looking across the four lanes
+this business of using the dieses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of using the dieses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of using the dieses is
+just a one more step up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a one more step up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a one more step up in the
+engineering side that enables the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering side that enables the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering side that enables the thing
+to be done automatically and it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done automatically and it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done automatically and it's pretty
+well explained in your in your textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well explained in your in your textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well explained in your in your textbooks
+okay um PCR someone was confused as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um PCR someone was confused as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um PCR someone was confused as to
+why we didn't just let the cell do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we didn't just let the cell do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we didn't just let the cell do it
+well cell does a great job but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cell does a great job but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cell does a great job but if you're
+an if you're a molecular biologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an if you're a molecular biologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an if you're a molecular biologist
+trying to understand the basic basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the basic basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the basic basis of
+life or you're a bioengineer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or you're a bioengineer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or you're a bioengineer and you
+biological engineer and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineer and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineer and you want to
+produce something you need to get hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce something you need to get hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce something you need to get hold
+of a particular piece of DNA or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular piece of DNA or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular piece of DNA or if
+you're a forensic investigator and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a forensic investigator and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a forensic investigator and you
+got a tiny tiny sample of human DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a tiny tiny sample of human DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a tiny tiny sample of human DNA and
+you want to know who whose's it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know who whose's it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know who whose's it is you
+have to make more of it and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make more of it and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make more of it and that's what
+PCR is is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCR is is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCR is is all
+about U so I'm going to switch just over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about U so I'm going to switch just over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about U so I'm going to switch just over
+to the net for a minute I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the net for a minute I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the net for a minute I think this
+first site I just want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first site I just want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first site I just want to show you
+something what how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what how the
+sequence uh what what a um how somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh what what a um how somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh what what a um how somebody
+functions in a lab now with all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in a lab now with all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in a lab now with all these
+genomes out there and then I'm I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes out there and then I'm I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes out there and then I'm I'm going
+to show you a little animation for PCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a little animation for PCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a little animation for PCR
+that'll help so if you just go to Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll help so if you just go to Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll help so if you just go to Google
+and type ncbi that's the national Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type ncbi that's the national Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type ncbi that's the national Center
+for biotechnology information and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biotechnology information and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biotechnology information and the
+Dolan Learning Center is a is a center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolan Learning Center is a is a center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolan Learning Center is a is a center
+that Cold Spring Harbor laboratory has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Cold Spring Harbor laboratory has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Cold Spring Harbor laboratory has
+set up to teach people about DNA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to teach people about DNA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to teach people about DNA so
+um and just see here so oops that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just see here so oops that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just see here so oops that's not
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+work so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to okay let's here's whoops is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay let's here's whoops is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay let's here's whoops is this
+going to size on us let's see well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to size on us let's see well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to size on us let's see well okay
+let's find exp to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens okay so here here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so here here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so here here is this
+National Center for dat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Center for dat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Center for dat for
+biotechnology information it's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology information it's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology information it's there's
+all sorts of things you can search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things you can search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things you can search for
+and I'm not expecting you to know us I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not expecting you to know us I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not expecting you to know us I
+just want to sort of give you a demo for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to sort of give you a demo for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to sort of give you a demo for
+if I was sitting in my office this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was sitting in my office this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was sitting in my office this sort
+of thing I could do easily I I'm rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing I could do easily I I'm rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing I could do easily I I'm rather
+than sequence looking for DNA sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sequence looking for DNA sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sequence looking for DNA sequence
+I'm going to look for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look for the
+translated uh the sequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated uh the sequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated uh the sequence of the
+Protein that's encoded by the gene where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protein that's encoded by the gene where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protein that's encoded by the gene where
+the computer's gone through and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer's gone through and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer's gone through and use the
+genetic code to tell me the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code to tell me the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code to tell me the sequence of
+a protein I told you about sequencing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein I told you about sequencing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein I told you about sequencing um
+the a mismatch repair Gene back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a mismatch repair Gene back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a mismatch repair Gene back in the
+80s uh it was called muts and I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s uh it was called muts and I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s uh it was called muts and I'll put
+in Walker GC it'll probably hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Walker GC it'll probably hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Walker GC it'll probably hopefully
+get us to the thing and there the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us to the thing and there the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us to the thing and there the very
+first hit is DNA repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first hit is DNA repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first hit is DNA repair
+uh protein mutes from salmon elium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh protein mutes from salmon elium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh protein mutes from salmon elium
+that's the one I sequenced so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one I sequenced so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one I sequenced so I'll just
+go to that it it has various ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that it it has various ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that it it has various ways of
+displaying the sequence I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaying the sequence I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaying the sequence I'm going to
+switch to fast a which is a very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to fast a which is a very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to fast a which is a very easy
+way to see it and now what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to see it and now what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to see it and now what you see is
+the sequence of the protein using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of the protein using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of the protein using a
+onlet code where one letter stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onlet code where one letter stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onlet code where one letter stands for
+each amino acid K is lysine a is alanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each amino acid K is lysine a is alanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each amino acid K is lysine a is alanine
+and so on I'm just going to copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on I'm just going to copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on I'm just going to copy
+that that piece of sequence okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that piece of sequence okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that piece of sequence okay so
+that's the bacterial Gene for mismatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bacterial Gene for mismatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bacterial Gene for mismatch
+repair the time I put that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair the time I put that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair the time I put that in the
+database it wasn't anything else like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database it wasn't anything else like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database it wasn't anything else like it
+except for the gene that was from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the gene that was from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the gene that was from
+streptococus pneumoni that I'd found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streptococus pneumoni that I'd found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streptococus pneumoni that I'd found out
+someone else was sequencing by phoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else was sequencing by phoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else was sequencing by phoning
+around in the field I'm going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the field I'm going to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the field I'm going to go back
+to the main site and I'm going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the main site and I'm going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the main site and I'm going to use a
+program called Blast which lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program called Blast which lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program called Blast which lets you
+search the entire database um I'll use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search the entire database um I'll use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search the entire database um I'll use a
+protein protein blast I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein protein blast I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein protein blast I'm going to take
+a protein sequence we're going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein sequence we're going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein sequence we're going to ask
+what else is out there in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is out there in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is out there in terms of
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+sequences I'll paste in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences I'll paste in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences I'll paste in this
+bacterial uh sequence and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial uh sequence and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial uh sequence and then I'm going
+to if I can manage this thing let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if I can manage this thing let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if I can manage this thing let's
+see see if I can get myself down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay over here it'll probably do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay over here it'll probably do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay over here it'll probably do
+um so I'm going to limit it to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm going to limit it to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm going to limit it to let's
+just search the human genome that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just search the human genome that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just search the human genome that's all
+we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+and what what did I have to do to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what did I have to do to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what did I have to do to get
+this thing to fit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to fit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to fit right
+or which button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the okay let me just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what move to the right do you want can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what move to the right do you want can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what move to the right do you want can
+can come up here for just a sec maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up here for just a sec maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up here for just a sec maybe
+you can help me get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can help me get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can help me get this
+uh computer limited here apparently oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computer limited here apparently oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computer limited here apparently oh
+that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+okay okay great so why do we not uh try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay great so why do we not uh try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay great so why do we not uh try
+this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry about this see if we can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about this see if we can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about this see if we can get this
+thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I have
+what you cop got the head yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you cop got the head yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you cop got the head yeah that
+works that that's okay though that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that that's okay though that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that that's okay though that that
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine try again see if I can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine try again see if I can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine try again see if I can get this
+thing to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now it so it's got it now it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now it so it's got it now it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now it so it's got it now it'll
+it'll tell me it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell me it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell me it's it's
+searching all the sequence that's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching all the sequence that's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching all the sequence that's out
+there and there's just an unbelievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there's just an unbelievable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there's just an unbelievable
+amount of sequence that's how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of sequence that's how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of sequence that's how long it
+took it's showing me here a diagrammatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it's showing me here a diagrammatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it's showing me here a diagrammatic
+representation of the things then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the things then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the things then I can
+see that the very first hit was mutas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the very first hit was mutas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the very first hit was mutas
+homologue three from humans and if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologue three from humans and if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologue three from humans and if I go
+down here we can actually see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here we can actually see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here we can actually see an
+alignment of the bacterial gene on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of the bacterial gene on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of the bacterial gene on the
+top line and the line just below it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top line and the line just below it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top line and the line just below it is
+the sequence of that particular human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of that particular human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of that particular human
+homologue and you can see in between all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologue and you can see in between all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologue and you can see in between all
+the things are in common and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things are in common and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things are in common and
+particularly down at the C Terminus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly down at the C Terminus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly down at the C Terminus of
+the protein you can see there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein you can see there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein you can see there's very
+strong conservation it may you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong conservation it may you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong conservation it may you may not
+think that's that impressive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that impressive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that impressive but
+remember for every one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for every one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember for every one of those
+positions there's 20 possibilities so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions there's 20 possibilities so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions there's 20 possibilities so if
+you get that many in a row and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that many in a row and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that many in a row and that's
+the same gene basically and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same gene basically and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same gene basically and when you
+take the structure it's structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the structure it's structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the structure it's structure is
+going to be very very similar and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very very similar and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very very similar and they
+it does mismatch rep pair in both but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does mismatch rep pair in both but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does mismatch rep pair in both but
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+um there's a uh just to try and give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a uh just to try and give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a uh just to try and give you
+an idea of of how you do sequence now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of of how you do sequence now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of of how you do sequence now
+because with all these genomes done you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with all these genomes done you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with all these genomes done you
+do the vast majority of it by computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the vast majority of it by computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the vast majority of it by computer
+rather than some other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's just uh I want to take you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just uh I want to take you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just uh I want to take you and
+show you this uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this uh say
+Dolan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolan
+DNA learning if you go there the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA learning if you go there the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA learning if you go there the second
+thing is a set of animations go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a set of animations go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a set of animations go to the
+animations there's one on pimas chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction and I'm going to just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and I'm going to just show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and I'm going to just show you
+this because this is this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because this is this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because this is this is this is a
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little see if we can oh see if I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little see if we can oh see if I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little see if we can oh see if I can get
+this thing to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to to
+Center okay we have to see whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center okay we have to see whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center okay we have to see whether this
+is going to work okay so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to work okay so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to work okay so here's the
+principle of um you can go do this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of um you can go do this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of um you can go do this at
+your leisure but the idea is to heat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leisure but the idea is to heat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leisure but the idea is to heat the
+DNA up the strands come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA up the strands come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA up the strands come
+apart then we're going to take these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart then we're going to take these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart then we're going to take these two
+little primers not promoters which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little primers not promoters which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little primers not promoters which I
+think someone was confused about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think someone was confused about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think someone was confused about a
+little piece of DNA that's complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of DNA that's complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of DNA that's complimentary
+one of this and we'll and knel them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this and we'll and knel them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this and we'll and knel them then
+we add a DNA polymerase you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add a DNA polymerase you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add a DNA polymerase you know what
+happens then we ex we extend those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then we ex we extend those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then we ex we extend those
+primers that was the first cycle do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers that was the first cycle do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers that was the first cycle do the
+same thing again go to the second cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing again go to the second cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing again go to the second cycle
+this was what I was drawing on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was what I was drawing on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was what I was drawing on the board
+the other day now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day now we're going to
+denature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature the
+DNA strands come apart let's anal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA strands come apart let's anal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA strands come apart let's anal the
+primers let's add let the pimas extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers let's add let the pimas extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers let's add let the pimas extend
+them let's go to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle denat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DNA inal the primers extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA inal the primers extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA inal the primers extend the
+primers and now for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers and now for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers and now for the first
+time we've got what we were shooting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we've got what we were shooting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we've got what we were shooting for
+we have a double stranded copy of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a double stranded copy of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a double stranded copy of just
+the uh DNA that was defined between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh DNA that was defined between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh DNA that was defined between
+those by those uh by those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those by those uh by those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those by those uh by those uh
+primers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers
+um okay I think this gets actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I think this gets actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I think this gets actually I'm
+going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when oops okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you go then to this amplif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go then to this amplif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go then to this amplif
+amplification graph what what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification graph what what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification graph what what they're
+doing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is
+they're showing you what happens as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're showing you what happens as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're showing you what happens as you
+do successive Cycles so at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do successive Cycles so at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do successive Cycles so at the first
+um oh it's down here just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh it's down here just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh it's down here just a
+minute if we do the first cycle we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute if we do the first cycle we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute if we do the first cycle we end
+up uh with two DNA copies that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh with two DNA copies that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh with two DNA copies that's just
+plotting what I showed you next one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting what I showed you next one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting what I showed you next one we
+have four we haven't yet got to this ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four we haven't yet got to this ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four we haven't yet got to this ter
+Target sequence by the next cycle we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target sequence by the next cycle we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target sequence by the next cycle we now
+have two copies of the target sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two copies of the target sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two copies of the target sequence
+plus these other things but if you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus these other things but if you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus these other things but if you keep
+going let's say by the time we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going let's say by the time we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going let's say by the time we're at
+uh seven Cycles the number of targets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seven Cycles the number of targets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seven Cycles the number of targets is
+up to 114 the number of DNA copies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 114 the number of DNA copies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 114 the number of DNA copies is
+128 but if we keep if we um keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 but if we keep if we um keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 but if we keep if we um keep going
+like this we'll find out that the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we'll find out that the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we'll find out that the target
+copies become uh the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies become uh the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies become uh the vast majority of
+the um of the sequences that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um of the sequences that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um of the sequences that are in
+there so by the time you're up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so by the time you're up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so by the time you're up at the
+you know 30 30 Cycles or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 30 30 Cycles or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 30 30 Cycles or something like
+that it's become there's only a handful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's become there's only a handful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's become there's only a handful
+of the of the original things are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the original things are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the original things are almost
+all and I think that that I hope will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and I think that that I hope will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and I think that that I hope will
+will help some of you who might have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help some of you who might have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help some of you who might have had
+uh problems with understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems with understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems with understanding the
+um the PCR okay so what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the PCR okay so what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the PCR okay so what I'm going to do
+is I'm going to tell you just a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to tell you just a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to tell you just a few more
+things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+um what you can do with recombinant DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you can do with recombinant DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you can do with recombinant DNA
+this recombinant DNA technology because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recombinant DNA technology because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recombinant DNA technology because
+it's just so powerful and I can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so powerful and I can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so powerful and I can only
+sort of give you a few ideas and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give you a few ideas and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give you a few ideas and show
+you a few variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few variations
+but most of these things are in are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of these things are in are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of these things are in are just
+taking principles that you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking principles that you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking principles that you've already
+learned as part of the basic biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned as part of the basic biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned as part of the basic biology
+I've been trying to tell you and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been trying to tell you and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been trying to tell you and then
+using them like an engineer to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them like an engineer to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them like an engineer to achieve
+some applied purpose now for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some applied purpose now for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some applied purpose now for example
+suppose I wanted to produce a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I wanted to produce a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I wanted to produce a human
+protein and try and produce it in a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and try and produce it in a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and try and produce it in a uh
+in a bacterium that would be great I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bacterium that would be great I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bacterium that would be great I
+could take the one gene I could grow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take the one gene I could grow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take the one gene I could grow a
+fermentor load of eoli and if I got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentor load of eoli and if I got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentor load of eoli and if I got it
+right then I would need I'd be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I would need I'd be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I would need I'd be able to
+make a lot of this protein instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of this protein instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of this protein instead of
+trying to isolate it from some human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to isolate it from some human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to isolate it from some human
+Source or something like that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source or something like that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source or something like that there's a
+couple of problems we talked about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of problems we talked about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of problems we talked about them
+one is the problem of promoters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the problem of promoters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the problem of promoters
+one of the another problem is that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the another problem is that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the another problem is that human
+DNA would have introns in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA would have introns in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA would have introns in it and
+bacteria doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria doesn't
+recognize um the uh human promoters it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize um the uh human promoters it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize um the uh human promoters it
+wouldn't start to make an RNA in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't start to make an RNA in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't start to make an RNA in the
+right place and it doesn't know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place and it doesn't know what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place and it doesn't know what to
+do about getting rid of the splicing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about getting rid of the splicing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about getting rid of the splicing out
+the intron so let's address the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intron so let's address the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intron so let's address the the
+intron first there's a way of handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intron first there's a way of handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intron first there's a way of handling
+that that's quite easy and that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's quite easy and that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's quite easy and that's what's
+called to make a cdna library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called to make a cdna library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called to make a cdna library
+so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have
+DNA and then we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and then we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and then we get the
+RNA if we get the RNA copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+including these Inon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including these Inon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including these Inon
+sequences and then what happens is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and then what happens is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and then what happens is this
+RNA splicing we talked about and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA splicing we talked about and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA splicing we talked about and what we
+get out of that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of that would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of that would be an
+mRNA uh in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+introns have been removed so eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introns have been removed so eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introns have been removed so eukaryotic
+cells my know how to express the gene so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells my know how to express the gene so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells my know how to express the gene so
+they make the RNA they know how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make the RNA they know how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make the RNA they know how to get
+rid of the introns so if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the introns so if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the introns so if I were to
+isolate a preparation of uh messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate a preparation of uh messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate a preparation of uh messenger
+RNA that's been spliced from me or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA that's been spliced from me or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA that's been spliced from me or from
+or anything what we would have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything what we would have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything what we would have is a
+population of RNA molecules that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of RNA molecules that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of RNA molecules that don't
+have introns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have introns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have introns
+anymore anybody remember any way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore anybody remember any way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore anybody remember any way we
+could get from RNA back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get from RNA back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get from RNA back to
+DNA reverse transcripts so if we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA reverse transcripts so if we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA reverse transcripts so if we made
+a we used reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transcripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+uh protein that David Baltimore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh protein that David Baltimore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh protein that David Baltimore
+discovered in ret in uh viruses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in ret in uh viruses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in ret in uh viruses and
+which uh the retroviruses use now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the retroviruses use now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the retroviruses use now we
+would have a singl stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a singl stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a singl stranded
+DNA uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh
+copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of
+the MRNA and then we could use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MRNA and then we could use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MRNA and then we could use an
+ordinary DNA polymerase to get ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary DNA polymerase to get ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary DNA polymerase to get ourselves
+to double stranded DNA we'd be doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double stranded DNA we'd be doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to double stranded DNA we'd be doing in
+essence exactly what one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence exactly what one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence exactly what one of these
+retroviruses does this would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroviruses does this would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroviruses does this would give us
+what's known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cdna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+library where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes don't have indres anymore so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes don't have indres anymore so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes don't have indres anymore so if I
+wanted to get at one of my proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get at one of my proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get at one of my proteins that
+uh one of my genes and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of my genes and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of my genes and think about
+expressing it in a coli what I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing it in a coli what I would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing it in a coli what I would do
+is go looking in a cdna library using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go looking in a cdna library using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go looking in a cdna library using
+the sort of approaches we've done trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of approaches we've done trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of approaches we've done trying
+to find my Gene of interest because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find my Gene of interest because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find my Gene of interest because if I
+used the cdna library now it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the cdna library now it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the cdna library now it would be
+just like a bacterial Gene you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a bacterial Gene you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a bacterial Gene you could see
+the atg start you could get out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atg start you could get out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atg start you could get out your
+handy little genetic code and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy little genetic code and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy little genetic code and you can
+walk along and read out the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk along and read out the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk along and read out the sequence of
+the protein so that's that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein so that's that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein so that's that's part of
+what you need to do if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do if you wanted to
+make a say a human protein inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a say a human protein inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a say a human protein inside of a
+bacterium the other one uh which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium the other one uh which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium the other one uh which we
+talked about was since the promoters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was since the promoters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was since the promoters are
+not a universal language what E coli RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a universal language what E coli RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a universal language what E coli RNA
+pulas sees is different than what human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulas sees is different than what human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulas sees is different than what human
+RNA polyas sees as a start site I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA polyas sees as a start site I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA polyas sees as a start site I would
+have to add in uh a promoter that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add in uh a promoter that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add in uh a promoter that would
+drive the expression of this open open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the expression of this open open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the expression of this open open
+reading frame if I wanted it to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frame if I wanted it to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frame if I wanted it to work in
+E coli and that's that's fairly easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E coli and that's that's fairly easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E coli and that's that's fairly easily
+done too the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general thing that's for this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general thing that's for this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general thing that's for this is called
+expression cloning and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression cloning and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression cloning and it would
+be more or less the same sort of uh idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more or less the same sort of uh idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more or less the same sort of uh idea
+we'd have a vector that had a cloning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have a vector that had a cloning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have a vector that had a cloning
+site says An Origin of replication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site says An Origin of replication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site says An Origin of replication and
+maybe there's a selectable marker such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's a selectable marker such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's a selectable marker such
+as a drug resistance that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a drug resistance that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a drug resistance that's the basic
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of vector that I talked about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector that I talked about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector that I talked about um
+before however if I clone in a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before however if I clone in a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before however if I clone in a piece of
+DNA into that it has to have a promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA into that it has to have a promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA into that it has to have a promoter
+that can be read in in the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be read in in the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be read in in the organism
+we're working with um because we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working with um because we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working with um because we haven't
+it's just got whatever nature gave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just got whatever nature gave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just got whatever nature gave it
+whatever promoter it would be in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever promoter it would be in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever promoter it would be in front
+of that but if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but if I were to
+now into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now into this
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put an eoli promoter right there now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an eoli promoter right there now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an eoli promoter right there now if
+I just Downstream of that put any open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just Downstream of that put any open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just Downstream of that put any open
+reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading
+frame then the human protein let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame then the human protein let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame then the human protein let's say
+which had which we gotten rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had which we gotten rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had which we gotten rid of the
+introns or the human gene minus its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introns or the human gene minus its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introns or the human gene minus its
+introns which you got from the cdna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introns which you got from the cdna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introns which you got from the cdna
+library now when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library now when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library now when the
+bacterial uh plase came along it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial uh plase came along it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial uh plase came along it would
+be copying making a messenger RNA for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be copying making a messenger RNA for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be copying making a messenger RNA for a
+human protein and we could get it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human protein and we could get it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human protein and we could get it out of
+that and the beauty of that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the beauty of that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the beauty of that is um
+suppose we used the the took the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we used the the took the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we used the the took the front
+part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+Lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lac
+operator we would have a regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we would have a regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we would have a regulator
+promoter it would be just everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter it would be just everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter it would be just everything we
+studied about lack if we were to starve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied about lack if we were to starve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied about lack if we were to starve
+it for you know we'd have to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you know we'd have to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you know we'd have to get rid of
+glucose and then if we added lactose or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and then if we added lactose or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and then if we added lactose or
+some kind of synthetic inducer we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of synthetic inducer we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of synthetic inducer we could
+turn the Promoter on and off so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the Promoter on and off so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the Promoter on and off so you
+could grow an entire fermentor load of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could grow an entire fermentor load of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could grow an entire fermentor load of
+bacteria uh with out expressing the Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria uh with out expressing the Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria uh with out expressing the Gene
+and then once you had the bacteria all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you had the bacteria all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you had the bacteria all
+grown up you could throw in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown up you could throw in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown up you could throw in something
+that would do would normally induce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would do would normally induce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would do would normally induce the
+expression of the lack regulatory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the lack regulatory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the lack regulatory system
+and now instead of making betag galac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now instead of making betag galac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now instead of making betag galac
+todas instead it would make the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+todas instead it would make the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+todas instead it would make the protein
+that you're interested in with you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're interested in with you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're interested in with you with
+me it's it's very pretty and in fact so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's it's very pretty and in fact so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's it's very pretty and in fact so
+much of what you can see in this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of what you can see in this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of what you can see in this um
+these really basic studies since lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these really basic studies since lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these really basic studies since lack
+was one of the system was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the system was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the system was one of the
+first to really be worked out in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to really be worked out in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to really be worked out in detail
+we use its parts and many of there many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use its parts and many of there many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use its parts and many of there many
+vectors around now that have exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors around now that have exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors around now that have exactly
+that they have the lack promoter and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the lack promoter and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the lack promoter and you
+can turn things on and off um in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn things on and off um in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn things on and off um in in a
+regulated way so not only provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated way so not only provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated way so not only provide a
+promoter that works in the organism but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter that works in the organism but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter that works in the organism but
+it also gives you a measure of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also gives you a measure of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also gives you a measure of control
+there's another very cute trick and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another very cute trick and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another very cute trick and what
+we've done sort of here was we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um say the gene for lack the promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say the gene for lack the promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say the gene for lack the promoter
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+lack and um in the regulatory region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I'll use R to stand for regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll use R to stand for regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll use R to stand for regulatory
+region and then this would be the lack Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then this would be the lack Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then this would be the lack Z
+sequence and what we've really done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and what we've really done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and what we've really done is
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+taken any a gene from somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken any a gene from somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken any a gene from somewhere else
+let's call it Gene X that had a promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it Gene X that had a promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it Gene X that had a promoter
+from uh Gene X and in essence what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh Gene X and in essence what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh Gene X and in essence what I
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+described is cutting each of them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described is cutting each of them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described is cutting each of them here
+and now we take the regulatory promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we take the regulatory promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we take the regulatory promoter
+region from lack and we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region from lack and we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region from lack and we put
+down below it we put Gene X and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down below it we put Gene X and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down below it we put Gene X and now
+we've got this Gene we're interest whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this Gene we're interest whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this Gene we're interest whose
+product we're interested in producing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we're interested in producing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we're interested in producing in
+a fermentor under the control of the Lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fermentor under the control of the Lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fermentor under the control of the Lac
+operon well there's another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operon well there's another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operon well there's another kind of
+thing we could do we could do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we could do we could do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we could do we could do it the
+other way around we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around we could
+take lack Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take lack Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take lack Z
+and which makes beta galactosidase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which makes beta galactosidase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which makes beta galactosidase and
+we could put it under the promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could put it under the promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could put it under the promoter
+regulatory region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory region
+of g x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g x
+what'll happen then if that construct is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'll happen then if that construct is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'll happen then if that construct is
+sitting in a Cell anytime that the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a Cell anytime that the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a Cell anytime that the cell
+decides to make Gene X instead it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to make Gene X instead it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to make Gene X instead it will
+make beta galactosidase which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make beta galactosidase which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make beta galactosidase which is really
+easy to assay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to assay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to assay for
+and um the kind so this sort of strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the kind so this sort of strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the kind so this sort of strategy
+you use something like lack Z as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use something like lack Z as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use something like lack Z as a
+reporter in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+galactosidase synthesis which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactosidase synthesis which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactosidase synthesis which you can
+essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for reports when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the promoter of Gene X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is functioning this reporter Gene is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is functioning this reporter Gene is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is functioning this reporter Gene is now
+has the regulatory characteristics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the regulatory characteristics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the regulatory characteristics that
+are imposed upon it by that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imposed upon it by that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are imposed upon it by that particular
+promoter so there's this this um picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter so there's this this um picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter so there's this this um picture
+that I've showed you a couple of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've showed you a couple of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've showed you a couple of this
+little movie I showed you early on we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little movie I showed you early on we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little movie I showed you early on we've
+seen it a couple of times in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it a couple of times in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it a couple of times in this case
+the reporter is green fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reporter is green fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reporter is green fluorescent
+protein what Barbara Meyer who made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein what Barbara Meyer who made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein what Barbara Meyer who made this
+lab who made this particular construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab who made this particular construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab who made this particular construct
+did was they they took green the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they they took green the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they they took green the gene
+for green fluorescent protein which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for green fluorescent protein which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for green fluorescent protein which
+started out in a jellyfish as you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out in a jellyfish as you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out in a jellyfish as you may
+remember and the protein folds up and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and the protein folds up and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and the protein folds up and it
+ends up being fluorescent uh so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being fluorescent uh so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being fluorescent uh so we can
+tell when it's expressed very easily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell when it's expressed very easily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell when it's expressed very easily and
+in this case um you'll notice not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case um you'll notice not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case um you'll notice not all
+the genes in the um not the whole worm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes in the um not the whole worm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes in the um not the whole worm
+isn't uh glowing and so it's under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't uh glowing and so it's under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't uh glowing and so it's under the
+control of a promoter regulatory region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of a promoter regulatory region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of a promoter regulatory region
+that is EXP expressed only in specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is EXP expressed only in specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is EXP expressed only in specific
+body parts and so um you can see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body parts and so um you can see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body parts and so um you can see where
+that promoter is working by just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that promoter is working by just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that promoter is working by just looking
+at the worm in the case of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the worm in the case of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the worm in the case of something
+like the the mouse that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the mouse that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the mouse that we talked about
+it's pretty uniform expression at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty uniform expression at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty uniform expression at least
+in the skin so that was probably in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the skin so that was probably in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the skin so that was probably in that
+case the green fluorescent protein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the green fluorescent protein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the green fluorescent protein was
+probably put in a promoter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably put in a promoter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably put in a promoter that's
+expressed in probably most of the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in probably most of the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in probably most of the cells
+in the body at least certainly all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the body at least certainly all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the body at least certainly all the
+ones in the most cell I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in the most cell I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in the most cell I don't know the
+details of that did over here it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of that did over here it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of that did over here it was
+probably something that was expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something that was expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something that was expressed in
+most of the body cells but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the body cells but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the body cells but you also
+could have put something that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have put something that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have put something that was just
+just expressed in some very little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expressed in some very little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expressed in some very little bit
+so depending on how you do the construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depending on how you do the construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depending on how you do the construct
+you can do a lot of there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a lot of there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a lot of there are a lot of
+different things that people can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that people can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that people can do in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um okay uh in this sort of thing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh in this sort of thing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh in this sort of thing the the
+last okay another one more category that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last okay another one more category that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last okay another one more category that
+comes out of this sort of thing is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of this sort of thing is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of this sort of thing is if we
+have a a gene of some type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PPE and I don't know what it does but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPE and I don't know what it does but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPE and I don't know what it does but
+I'd like to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out you know you guys at least is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know you guys at least is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know you guys at least is
+budding Genesis now know what we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budding Genesis now know what we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budding Genesis now know what we'd like
+to do we probably like to just disable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we probably like to just disable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we probably like to just disable
+that Gene very specifically and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gene very specifically and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gene very specifically and then
+look at the live organism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the live organism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the live organism and
+see what happens and the principle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens and the principle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens and the principle is
+the same whether you're doing it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same whether you're doing it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same whether you're doing it in an
+ecoli or a mouse it gets a little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecoli or a mouse it gets a little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecoli or a mouse it gets a little a
+little more complicated for technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated for technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated for technical
+reasons doing it in a mouse but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons doing it in a mouse but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons doing it in a mouse but the idea
+is is exactly the same and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is exactly the same and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is exactly the same and here's the
+strategy so we'll just take a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy so we'll just take a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy so we'll just take a piece of
+DNA from the from the organism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from the from the organism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from the from the organism and
+sitting in here is this open reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in here is this open reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in here is this open reading
+frame we've seen we don't know what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame we've seen we don't know what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame we've seen we don't know what its
+function is we think if I could knock it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is we think if I could knock it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is we think if I could knock it
+out get rid of its function I'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out get rid of its function I'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out get rid of its function I'll look at
+the organism maybe I can make a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism maybe I can make a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism maybe I can make a guess
+then so if we were to cut the the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so if we were to cut the the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so if we were to cut the the gene
+somewhere with a restriction site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere with a restriction site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere with a restriction site and
+then we were to take for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we were to take for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we were to take for example a
+gene encoding a drug resistance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene encoding a drug resistance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene encoding a drug resistance or
+something like that and insert it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and insert it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and insert it at
+that point what we would end up with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point what we would end up with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point what we would end up with is
+this piece of the organism's DNA the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of the organism's DNA the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of the organism's DNA the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+part of Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X then a drug resistance then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then a drug resistance then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then a drug resistance then the last
+part of Gen X and some some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Gen X and some some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Gen X and some some more
+um some more sequence from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some more sequence from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some more sequence from the from the
+organism now this would be we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this in a test tube we could do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a test tube we could do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a test tube we could do it by
+these kind of recombinant DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of recombinant DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of recombinant DNA
+manipulations that we have now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that we have now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that we have now what
+would happen if I were to put now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if I were to put now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if I were to put now let's
+keep it with bacteria where it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it with bacteria where it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it with bacteria where it's easy to
+see if I were to take that piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I were to take that piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I were to take that piece of DNA
+and put it inside a living cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it inside a living cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it inside a living cell
+what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen
+well let's let's make this say here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's make this say here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's make this say here's
+the end of it that's all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of it that's all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of it that's all we
+got well inside the living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got well inside the living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got well inside the living
+cell we of course have the entire genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell we of course have the entire genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell we of course have the entire genome
+and then we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'd
+come to this part where we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have Gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Gen
+X then we'd have this going that' be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then we'd have this going that' be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then we'd have this going that' be the
+whole thing well this particular piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing well this particular piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing well this particular piece
+doesn't have an origin of replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an origin of replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an origin of replication
+it's not joined to a vector it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not joined to a vector it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not joined to a vector it's just
+sitting there so if the cell divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there so if the cell divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there so if the cell divides
+it's not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to get
+replicated so if I select for a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated so if I select for a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated so if I select for a drug
+resistance uh that's on that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh that's on that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh that's on that piece of
+DNA unless something happens I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA unless something happens I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA unless something happens I'm not
+going to get a drug resistant bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a drug resistant bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a drug resistant bacteria
+but you do know a way that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do know a way that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do know a way that this thing
+could join to An Origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could join to An Origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could join to An Origin of
+replication it could join to the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication it could join to the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication it could join to the origin
+of replication that's on the bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replication that's on the bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replication that's on the bacterial
+chromosome and the way it could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and the way it could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and the way it could do it
+would be by undergoing genetic Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be by undergoing genetic Rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be by undergoing genetic Rec
+combination over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination over
+here because this DNA is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because this DNA is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because this DNA is exactly the
+same as on on that side and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as on on that side and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as on on that side and over here
+it's the same thing this DNA is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing this DNA is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing this DNA is the same
+as that side so if that genetic exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that side so if that genetic exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that side so if that genetic exchange
+happened what would happen even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what would happen even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what would happen even if it
+happened rarely was this piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened rarely was this piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened rarely was this piece of DNA
+would replace the piece of DNA that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would replace the piece of DNA that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would replace the piece of DNA that's in
+there I'd be able to tell it was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'd be able to tell it was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'd be able to tell it was there
+because I just select for drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just select for drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just select for drug
+resistance and even if it only happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and even if it only happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and even if it only happened
+in one in uh 500,000 cells it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one in uh 500,000 cells it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one in uh 500,000 cells it wouldn't
+matter because up would grow the colony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because up would grow the colony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because up would grow the colony
+that now has the drug in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now has the drug in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now has the drug in the middle of
+Gene X Gene X is is gone and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene X Gene X is is gone and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene X Gene X is is gone and I could
+look at the organism if it's alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the organism if it's alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the organism if it's alive
+anyway and see if it has a phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and see if it has a phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and see if it has a phenotype
+if it's an essential Gene that strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an essential Gene that strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an essential Gene that strategy
+obviously won't work and when people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously won't work and when people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously won't work and when people do
+the more complicated thing of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more complicated thing of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more complicated thing of doing this
+this kind of uh experiment to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh experiment to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of uh experiment to make a
+transgenic Mouse takes about a year to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transgenic Mouse takes about a year to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transgenic Mouse takes about a year to
+make to go from the starting our um DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to go from the starting our um DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to go from the starting our um DNA
+manipulations all the way to the live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations all the way to the live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations all the way to the live
+mouse with the disrupted Gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse with the disrupted Gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse with the disrupted Gene and
+sometimes what they find after spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes what they find after spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes what they find after spending
+half of your PhD is that that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of your PhD is that that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of your PhD is that that was an
+essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential
+Gene and there's no live mouse or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and there's no live mouse or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and there's no live mouse or it
+made it to days into being an embryo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it to days into being an embryo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it to days into being an embryo and
+then it then it tanked at that point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it then it tanked at that point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it then it tanked at that point um
+but this again is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this again is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this again is you can
+see I talked about going back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I talked about going back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I talked about going back and forth
+between Gene and protein and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Gene and protein and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Gene and protein and trying to
+figure out function this is I I can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out function this is I I can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out function this is I I can all
+I can sort of do is give you the flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sort of do is give you the flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sort of do is give you the flavor
+of what's going on but one sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on but one sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on but one sort of
+overarching thing I hope you'll remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching thing I hope you'll remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching thing I hope you'll remember
+as you're going through this is DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're going through this is DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're going through this is DNA
+sequencing PCR all these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing PCR all these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing PCR all these kinds of
+manipulations we're talking about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations we're talking about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations we're talking about are
+just exploiting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exploiting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exploiting these
+basic uh cellular components that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh cellular components that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh cellular components that we
+learned about studying how does DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about studying how does DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about studying how does DNA
+replicate how is information coded how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate how is information coded how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate how is information coded how
+do genes get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do genes get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do genes get
+expressed um how does how does genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed um how does how does genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed um how does how does genetic
+information get sorted between cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information get sorted between cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information get sorted between cells
+it's simply applying those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply applying those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply applying those
+relatively uh well understood tools or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively uh well understood tools or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively uh well understood tools or
+or sort of biological principles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of biological principles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of biological principles and
+parts that we learned about and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that we learned about and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that we learned about and now
+using them as Tools in engineering way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them as Tools in engineering way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them as Tools in engineering way
+and it just completely transformed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just completely transformed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just completely transformed the
+way biology has been done in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way biology has been done in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way biology has been done in the last
+couple of decades and it's just as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of decades and it's just as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of decades and it's just as I say
+it's going things are changing so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going things are changing so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going things are changing so so
+fast it's it's uh it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast it's it's uh it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast it's it's uh it's almost
+breathtaking so the last little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathtaking so the last little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathtaking so the last little bit of
+sort of technique oriented stuff I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of technique oriented stuff I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of technique oriented stuff I want
+to talk just at least make sure I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk just at least make sure I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk just at least make sure I've
+mentioned are what are it called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microarrays or you often hear hear these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays or you often hear hear these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays or you often hear hear these
+referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to as as DNA chips um the principle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as as DNA chips um the principle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as as DNA chips um the principle here
+is this is a way that lets you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a way that lets you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a way that lets you ask
+whether whether a gene not only whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether a gene not only whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether a gene not only whether
+a one gene is being expressed or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one gene is being expressed or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one gene is being expressed or not
+under a particular condition whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a particular condition whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a particular condition whether
+it's RNA is being made and most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's RNA is being made and most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's RNA is being made and most cases
+that means making protein or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means making protein or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means making protein or whether
+it's off or whether it's at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's off or whether it's at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's off or whether it's at some
+intermediate level a microarray lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate level a microarray lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate level a microarray lets you
+do that experiment with many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that experiment with many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that experiment with many many many
+genes at once and here's the principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes at once and here's the principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes at once and here's the principle
+you take a some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a some some
+surface and there'll be a bunch of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and there'll be a bunch of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and there'll be a bunch of if
+you will little sights on this surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will little sights on this surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will little sights on this surface
+on this chip or whatever and what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this chip or whatever and what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this chip or whatever and what will
+go to be be be attached here would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to be be be attached here would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to be be be attached here would be a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DNA from from Gene one I mean let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from from Gene one I mean let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from from Gene one I mean let's say
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides that would be far more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides that would be far more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides that would be far more than
+enough to make it absolutely specific uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to make it absolutely specific uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to make it absolutely specific uh
+that thing could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing could
+only hybridized to a messenger and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only hybridized to a messenger and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only hybridized to a messenger and a
+from Gene one and not from anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Gene one and not from anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Gene one and not from anything else
+and this one then would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have from Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have from Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have from Gene
+2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one from Gene 3 and so on then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from Gene 3 and so on then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from Gene 3 and so on then if we
+were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a messenger RNA preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+a say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say an
+organism if it's a little one or maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism if it's a little one or maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism if it's a little one or maybe a
+tissue or something like that it can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue or something like that it can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue or something like that it can you
+can anywhere you could isolate uh RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anywhere you could isolate uh RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anywhere you could isolate uh RNA
+from and then we'll label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and then we'll label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and then we'll label
+it in some kind of way and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some kind of way and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some kind of way and we could
+label uh radioactivity we could label it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label uh radioactivity we could label it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label uh radioactivity we could label it
+with dyes it's usually done with dyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dyes it's usually done with dyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dyes it's usually done with dyes
+and there are a variety of variations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a variety of variations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a variety of variations on
+this it those are sort of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it those are sort of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it those are sort of technical
+details how you do it but here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details how you do it but here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details how you do it but here's the
+principle let's just for the moment just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle let's just for the moment just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle let's just for the moment just
+consider that it's got a label on it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that it's got a label on it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that it's got a label on it so
+if we take the messenger RNA a and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take the messenger RNA a and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take the messenger RNA a and we
+take this little chip that has samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this little chip that has samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this little chip that has samples
+of in in the extreme it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in in the extreme it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in in the extreme it could be a
+sample of every single Gene that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of every single Gene that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of every single Gene that's in
+the Genome of that organism and we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Genome of that organism and we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Genome of that organism and we take
+this labeled DNA labeled RNA we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this labeled DNA labeled RNA we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this labeled DNA labeled RNA we actually
+what we usually do is to use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we usually do is to use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we usually do is to use this to
+make a labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cdna preparation which would be a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna preparation which would be a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna preparation which would be a copy
+of each one of these things just that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each one of these things just that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each one of these things just that's
+a technically easy way to get label into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technically easy way to get label into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technically easy way to get label into
+it but what would' have is the if a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but what would' have is the if a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but what would' have is the if a gene
+was on its messenger RNA would be on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on its messenger RNA would be on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on its messenger RNA would be on and
+we'd have a bunch of stuff corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have a bunch of stuff corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have a bunch of stuff corresponding
+to Gene one that had label on it and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Gene one that had label on it and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Gene one that had label on it and if
+we give it a chance the that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give it a chance the that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give it a chance the that will
+then hybridize here and there'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hybridize here and there'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hybridize here and there'll be some
+way of detecting this label if Gene 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of detecting this label if Gene 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of detecting this label if Gene 2
+was off in that sample there won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was off in that sample there won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was off in that sample there won't be
+any hybridization there won't be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hybridization there won't be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hybridization there won't be any
+signal and sort of see in principle what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and sort of see in principle what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and sort of see in principle what
+you're doing is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're
+interrogating each gene in the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogating each gene in the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogating each gene in the extreme
+each gene in the organism under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gene in the organism under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gene in the organism under some
+condition is it on is it off and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is it on is it off and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is it on is it off and if you
+did various samples you could see or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did various samples you could see or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did various samples you could see or
+maybe it's in an intermediate level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's in an intermediate level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's in an intermediate level and
+so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+chips look like that 50 100,000 jees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips look like that 50 100,000 jees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips look like that 50 100,000 jees
+perhaps on something like that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps on something like that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps on something like that these
+things are really small here's a here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are really small here's a here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are really small here's a here's
+sort of a display of a simple one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a display of a simple one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a display of a simple one and
+this is one where they're taking RNA uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one where they're taking RNA uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one where they're taking RNA uh
+the samples are from two conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples are from two conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples are from two conditions and
+one's labeled with a Dy that's green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's labeled with a Dy that's green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's labeled with a Dy that's green and
+one's labeled with a Dye that's red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's labeled with a Dye that's red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's labeled with a Dye that's red and
+if you get equal amounts it looks yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get equal amounts it looks yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get equal amounts it looks yellow
+it's sort of so they mix the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of so they mix the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of so they mix the two things
+together and if the if the gene is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and if the if the gene is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and if the if the gene is the
+same under two conditions it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same under two conditions it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same under two conditions it would be
+yellow under one condition if uh if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow under one condition if uh if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow under one condition if uh if a
+gene was on in condition one it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene was on in condition one it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene was on in condition one it would be
+green and if it was on and off in two be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and if it was on and off in two be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and if it was on and off in two be
+back and forth so um without trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth so um without trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth so um without trying to
+get lost in the in the technical details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lost in the in the technical details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lost in the in the technical details
+right now which doesn't matter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now which doesn't matter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now which doesn't matter the
+principle of this thing is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of this thing is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of this thing is that you can
+take you can sort of by making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you can sort of by making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you can sort of by making a
+preparation of RNA then you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation of RNA then you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation of RNA then you can use
+these DNA chips and say is each gene on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these DNA chips and say is each gene on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these DNA chips and say is each gene on
+and off or if I switch conditions who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and off or if I switch conditions who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and off or if I switch conditions who
+comes on and off so it's a little like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on and off so it's a little like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on and off so it's a little like I
+think of it this way it's like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it this way it's like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it this way it's like having
+you know I said if I got all right who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I said if I got all right who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I said if I got all right who's
+on today and a number of hands would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on today and a number of hands would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on today and a number of hands would go
+up or something and the rest you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or something and the rest you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or something and the rest you would
+be off but come back on Monday and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be off but come back on Monday and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be off but come back on Monday and I say
+who does something or other a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does something or other a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does something or other a different
+set of you would put up hands and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of you would put up hands and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of you would put up hands and I
+could just what I'm kind of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just what I'm kind of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just what I'm kind of looking at
+are the changes between that and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the changes between that and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the changes between that and where
+this is the sort of thing where this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sort of thing where this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sort of thing where this has
+been so powerful for example is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so powerful for example is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so powerful for example is there
+are kinds of cancers for which there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kinds of cancers for which there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kinds of cancers for which there was
+a treatment but it was only 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a treatment but it was only 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a treatment but it was only 20%
+successful and when they started when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and when they started when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and when they started when
+people started to study these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started to study these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started to study these
+cancers uh and then look to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers uh and then look to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers uh and then look to see what
+genes were on what they realized was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes were on what they realized was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes were on what they realized was
+even though Physicians had named given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though Physicians had named given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though Physicians had named given
+these cancers a particular name if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cancers a particular name if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cancers a particular name if you
+looked in the which genes were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked in the which genes were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked in the which genes were being
+expressed they fell into two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed they fell into two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed they fell into two classes
+Class A and Class B and what they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class A and Class B and what they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class A and Class B and what they then
+realized was that the treatment they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized was that the treatment they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized was that the treatment they
+were using was 100% effective of tumors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using was 100% effective of tumors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using was 100% effective of tumors
+of Class A and wasn't doing anything for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Class A and wasn't doing anything for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Class A and wasn't doing anything for
+the tumors of Class B The Physician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumors of Class B The Physician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumors of Class B The Physician
+couldn't tell the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't tell the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't tell the difference between
+these two types of tumors but a micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two types of tumors but a micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two types of tumors but a micro
+Ray could say it and once you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray could say it and once you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray could say it and once you've had
+that kind of insight if somebody has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of insight if somebody has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of insight if somebody has a
+tumor of the type A you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor of the type A you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor of the type A you can use the
+treatment It's very effective and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment It's very effective and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment It's very effective and of
+course what people were trying to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what people were trying to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what people were trying to do now
+would be to develop an equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to develop an equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to develop an equivalently
+effective treatment for something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective treatment for something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective treatment for something for
+the the tumor of of type B so again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tumor of of type B so again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tumor of of type B so again we
+have so little time in this uh class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so little time in this uh class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so little time in this uh class we
+could I could go on basically for ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could go on basically for ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could go on basically for ages
+there's there's a the output of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a the output of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a the output of a of a
+real sort of DNA chip you can see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real sort of DNA chip you can see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real sort of DNA chip you can see things
+are very dense and uh the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very dense and uh the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very dense and uh the great
+cleverness in in doing these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness in in doing these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness in in doing these things
+people now even use the technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now even use the technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now even use the technology that
+goes with LaserJet printers uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with LaserJet printers uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with LaserJet printers uh to
+actually synthesize little pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually synthesize little pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually synthesize little pieces of
+either DNA or protein starting on the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either DNA or protein starting on the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either DNA or protein starting on the a
+little spot on the on each um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spot on the on each um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spot on the on each um on the
+membrane or or on the chip or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane or or on the chip or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane or or on the chip or whatever
+and you put on one nucleotide then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put on one nucleotide then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put on one nucleotide then you
+put on the next then the next the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the next then the next the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the next then the next the next
+and you can sequence it using sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can sequence it using sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can sequence it using sort of
+Technology that's already around for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology that's already around for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology that's already around for in
+inkjet printer printers and that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkjet printer printers and that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkjet printer printers and that kind of
+thing so here you've see a fusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so here you've see a fusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so here you've see a fusion of
+different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of
+engineering okay so the last um thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering okay so the last um thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering okay so the last um thing
+I'm going to tell you about is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about is a little
+bit about the immune system um we've run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the immune system um we've run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the immune system um we've run
+into this this was a movie that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this this was a movie that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this this was a movie that some of
+you that liked it got the biggest awe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that liked it got the biggest awe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that liked it got the biggest awe I
+think of the last part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the last part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the last part of the course
+anyway and what we're seeing here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and what we're seeing here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and what we're seeing here is a
+white blood cell pushing aside some red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white blood cell pushing aside some red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white blood cell pushing aside some red
+blood cells which are stationary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells which are stationary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells which are stationary and
+chasing a bacterium it's obvious that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing a bacterium it's obvious that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing a bacterium it's obvious that it
+can can uh can trace it uh they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can uh can trace it uh they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can uh can trace it uh they're able
+to recognize some things and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize some things and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize some things and at some
+point then it it took it up and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then it it took it up and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then it it took it up and the
+principle of of what happened there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of of what happened there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of of what happened there was
+this white blood cell had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a had a capacity to recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a had a capacity to recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a had a capacity to recognize the
+bacteria then bind to it and then its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria then bind to it and then its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria then bind to it and then its
+membrane this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+membrane and this is a white blood cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and this is a white blood cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and this is a white blood cell
+there's many types of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but and it pinches the membrane off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and it pinches the membrane off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and it pinches the membrane off so
+you have the bacterium this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the bacterium this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the bacterium this is the
+bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's inside a little membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inside a little membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inside a little membrane
+compartment that the bacteria is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment that the bacteria is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment that the bacteria is in a
+little soap bubble and the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little soap bubble and the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little soap bubble and the principle of
+what happens is the bacterium has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is the bacterium has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is the bacterium has
+another soap bubble that's full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another soap bubble that's full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another soap bubble that's full of
+poison and it's just if you took two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison and it's just if you took two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison and it's just if you took two
+soap bubbles and you push them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap bubbles and you push them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap bubbles and you push them together
+you know what happens then they'll fuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what happens then they'll fuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what happens then they'll fuse
+and you'll get a bigger soap bubble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get a bigger soap bubble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get a bigger soap bubble and
+that's in essence at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in essence at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in essence at a
+cons what how these white blood cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons what how these white blood cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons what how these white blood cells
+would normally nor Ally kill bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally nor Ally kill bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally nor Ally kill bacteria
+they would bring together these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would bring together these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would bring together these two
+compartments now you'd have bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments now you'd have bacterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments now you'd have bacterium
+and a poison within a white blood cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a poison within a white blood cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a poison within a white blood cell
+and the bacterium would get would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bacterium would get would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bacterium would get would get
+killed and we we we talked about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed and we we we talked about this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed and we we we talked about this uh
+how bacteria fought back that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bacteria fought back that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bacteria fought back that was a
+strepto caucus that has a capsule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strepto caucus that has a capsule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strepto caucus that has a capsule and
+the capsule by having polysaccharide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capsule by having polysaccharide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capsule by having polysaccharide in
+the outside prevents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside prevents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside prevents the
+um uh white blood cell from being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh white blood cell from being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh white blood cell from being able
+to grab hold of some feature of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab hold of some feature of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab hold of some feature of the uh
+of the bacterium and then start this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bacterium and then start this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bacterium and then start this
+process of killing it and when I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of killing it and when I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of killing it and when I told
+you the story of how DNA was founded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the story of how DNA was founded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the story of how DNA was founded
+found it was people studying pneumonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it was people studying pneumonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it was people studying pneumonia
+if you remember with strepto cacus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember with strepto cacus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember with strepto cacus and
+that if you had the Fage had a excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you had the Fage had a excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you had the Fage had a excuse me
+if the strepto cacus had a capsule um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the strepto cacus had a capsule um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the strepto cacus had a capsule um
+then it would it the people would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would it the people would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would it the people would get
+very sick and after five or six days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sick and after five or six days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sick and after five or six days
+there'd be a crisis where they either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a crisis where they either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a crisis where they either
+lived or they died and what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived or they died and what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived or they died and what would happen
+in that time is that the thing I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that time is that the thing I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that time is that the thing I wanted
+the last thing I want to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I want to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I want to tell you about
+the Adaptive IM What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Adaptive IM What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Adaptive IM What's called the
+Adaptive immune system would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adaptive immune system would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adaptive immune system would have
+generated special recognition molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated special recognition molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated special recognition molecules
+called antibodies that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called antibodies that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called antibodies that would have
+learned to recognize the capsule of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to recognize the capsule of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to recognize the capsule of that
+bacterium and once those were there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium and once those were there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium and once those were there now
+the this white blood cell would be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this white blood cell would be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this white blood cell would be able
+to capture the bacterium because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture the bacterium because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture the bacterium because it
+could the antibodies could uh give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the antibodies could uh give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the antibodies could uh give it a
+hand in recognizing there was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in recognizing there was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in recognizing there was something
+there that needed to be needed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that needed to be needed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that needed to be needed to be
+killed so I want to just what I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed so I want to just what I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed so I want to just what I'll do
+the the way this adaptive immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way this adaptive immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way this adaptive immune system
+works it's almost like science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's almost like science fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's almost like science fiction
+and I'll tell you the molecular basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you the molecular basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you the molecular basis of
+it um the key Insight came from suumo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the key Insight came from suumo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the key Insight came from suumo
+suumo tagawa who got another member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suumo tagawa who got another member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suumo tagawa who got another member of
+the MIT faculty in biology and also runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT faculty in biology and also runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT faculty in biology and also runs
+pire Center um who got a Nobel Prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pire Center um who got a Nobel Prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pire Center um who got a Nobel Prize for
+understanding the basis of the diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the basis of the diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the basis of the diversity
+within the immun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the immun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the immun
+system but what I just want to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but what I just want to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but what I just want to do for
+the moment is just sort of point out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment is just sort of point out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment is just sort of point out the
+key features of this adap it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key features of this adap it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key features of this adap it's called
+the Adaptive immune system and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Adaptive immune system and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Adaptive immune system and this is
+one of the reasons that we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons that we're able to
+live and even though we get sick from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and even though we get sick from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and even though we get sick from
+time to time and we've all had one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time and we've all had one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time and we've all had one thing
+or another uh get us probably for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another uh get us probably for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another uh get us probably for a
+little while uh during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semester the reason we aren't sick all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester the reason we aren't sick all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester the reason we aren't sick all
+the time uh and the reason we recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time uh and the reason we recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time uh and the reason we recover
+when we get sick is we have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get sick is we have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get sick is we have what's
+called an Adaptive IM immune system what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an Adaptive IM immune system what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an Adaptive IM immune system what
+happens in people who get infected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in people who get infected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in people who get infected by
+the HIV uh virus is that the cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HIV uh virus is that the cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HIV uh virus is that the cells that
+it lives in and destroys are key players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lives in and destroys are key players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lives in and destroys are key players
+in your adaptive immune system and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your adaptive immune system and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your adaptive immune system and so
+people don't die from the uh h1v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't die from the uh h1v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't die from the uh h1v
+infection itself they die because lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection itself they die because lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection itself they die because lots
+of things that we just bacteria or funun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we just bacteria or funun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we just bacteria or funun
+or whatever things we have on us and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever things we have on us and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever things we have on us and we
+live with all the time suddenly become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with all the time suddenly become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with all the time suddenly become
+Killers because we can't you lack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Killers because we can't you lack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Killers because we can't you lack the
+immune system that fights them off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system that fights them off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system that fights them off so
+this so-called adaptive immune system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called adaptive immune system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called adaptive immune system is
+is absolutely um amazing so several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely um amazing so several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely um amazing so several
+features it's got an incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diversity there's a a general word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity there's a a general word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity there's a a general word
+that's used to describe all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used to describe all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used to describe all sorts of
+chemical entities and it's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+antigen so anyway this can recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen so anyway this can recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen so anyway this can recognize
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+many different what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+antigens and at the moment I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigens and at the moment I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigens and at the moment I think you
+can just think of it as some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just think of it as some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just think of it as some kind of
+chemical entity it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical entity it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical entity it could be a
+carbohydrate it could be a little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate it could be a little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate it could be a little piece
+of an organic molecule it could be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an organic molecule it could be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an organic molecule it could be a few
+amino acids on a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids on a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids on a protein
+but it's something that's potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's something that's potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's something that's potentially
+capable of being recognized by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of being recognized by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of being recognized by your
+immune system so there are many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system so there are many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system so there are many many
+many things and the amazing thing is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things and the amazing thing is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things and the amazing thing is I
+can go into a lab and synthesize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into a lab and synthesize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into a lab and synthesize a
+molecule that's never been seen on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that's never been seen on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that's never been seen on this
+Earth before and challenge some somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth before and challenge some somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth before and challenge some somebody
+with it and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and you'll
+produce an immune uh response will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an immune uh response will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an immune uh response will be
+mounted against that even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted against that even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted against that even though it's
+never been on Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been on Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been on Earth
+before it's also the specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is completely amazing if I were to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely amazing if I were to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely amazing if I were to take
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+protein uh and then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein uh and then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein uh and then let's
+say put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say put on
+a fennel ring with a a methyl there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fennel ring with a a methyl there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fennel ring with a a methyl there
+injected into someone the immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected into someone the immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected into someone the immune system
+would figure out how to recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would figure out how to recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would figure out how to recognize this
+thing with the the fenel ring and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the the fenel ring and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the the fenel ring and the
+methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl
+but the the response it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the response it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the response it
+generated it would it would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated it would it would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated it would it would see
+this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but
+not let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say that if I wanted to get an immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if I wanted to get an immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if I wanted to get an immune
+system something with the methyl here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system something with the methyl here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system something with the methyl here
+I'd have to put that into the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to put that into the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to put that into the organism
+and let the immune system figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let the immune system figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let the immune system figure out a
+response so the specificity is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so the specificity is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so the specificity is at the
+same kind of level that you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of level that you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of level that you're using
+used to here if restriction enzymes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to here if restriction enzymes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to here if restriction enzymes can
+read different sequences in DNA or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read different sequences in DNA or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read different sequences in DNA or uh
+protein can tell one one Optical isomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein can tell one one Optical isomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein can tell one one Optical isomer
+of a small molecule from another it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small molecule from another it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small molecule from another it's
+this fitting of complimentary shapes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fitting of complimentary shapes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fitting of complimentary shapes so
+what the immune system is all about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the immune system is all about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the immune system is all about is
+figuring out how to get a complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how to get a complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how to get a complimentary
+shape somehow that's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape somehow that's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape somehow that's able to
+recognize essentially any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize essentially any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize essentially any kind of
+chemical shape and and structure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical shape and and structure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical shape and and structure you can
+think of it's just mindblowing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it's just mindblowing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it's just mindblowing and you
+can already see right from the um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already see right from the um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already see right from the um sort
+of beginning where the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beginning where the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beginning where the sort of
+fundamental problem people could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem people could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem people could see
+from the beginning it sounds like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning it sounds like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning it sounds like we
+would need a genome that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need a genome that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need a genome that's you know
+infinitely big full of things that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely big full of things that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely big full of things that we're
+ready to recognize anything and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to recognize anything and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to recognize anything and so one
+of the real surprises and now we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the real surprises and now we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the real surprises and now we know is
+there's 20,000 genes or so in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 20,000 genes or so in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 20,000 genes or so in the human
+genome there can't possibly be a zillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome there can't possibly be a zillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome there can't possibly be a zillion
+genes each one is specific for one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes each one is specific for one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes each one is specific for one of
+these structures so how is that done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures so how is that done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures so how is that done
+there had to be some underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there had to be some underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there had to be some underlying
+principle that we had to learn and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we had to learn and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we had to learn and that
+was the big CH one of the big challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the big CH one of the big challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the big CH one of the big challenges
+in immune for a long immune system for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in immune for a long immune system for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in immune for a long immune system for a
+long time another one was that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time another one was that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time another one was that if you
+have an organism that has this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an organism that has this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an organism that has this uh
+capacity and you can recognize anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and you can recognize anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and you can recognize anything
+why don't you do yourself in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you do yourself in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you do yourself in because
+you're you yourself are full of entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you yourself are full of entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you yourself are full of entities
+that could in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could in principle
+generate an immune system so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an immune system so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an immune system so one of the
+other things that had has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that had has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that had has to
+be uh the immune system had to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh the immune system had to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh the immune system had to deal with
+was avoiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+self-recognition if you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-recognition if you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-recognition if you're able to
+recognize anything how do I don't avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize anything how do I don't avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize anything how do I don't avoid
+killing my own my own cells so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing my own my own cells so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing my own my own cells so that is
+another really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really
+fundamental uh problem in this immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental uh problem in this immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental uh problem in this immune
+system this is exciting are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we could all stop and watch but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could all stop and watch but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could all stop and watch but I think
+I'll just try and keep soldiering along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just try and keep soldiering along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just try and keep soldiering along
+for the last minute or so so one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last minute or so so one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last minute or so so one other
+feature was that was interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature was that was interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature was that was interesting about
+this immune system is it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this immune system is it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this immune system is it has a
+memory and that is I'll tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and that is I'll tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and that is I'll tell you what
+more about antibodies at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about antibodies at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about antibodies at the beginning
+of next lecture but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next lecture but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next lecture but these
+are a kind of molecule that's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a kind of molecule that's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a kind of molecule that's able to
+recognize these different entities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize these different entities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize these different entities and
+you've all heard the term in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all heard the term in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all heard the term in your
+ordinary life but if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary life but if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary life but if we look at the
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level of antibodies that are made in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of antibodies that are made in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of antibodies that are made in the
+body if the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exposure to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+antigen they'll get some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen they'll get some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigen they'll get some kind of
+response that that comes up upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that that comes up upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that that comes up upon the
+first exposure but then if some and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exposure but then if some and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exposure but then if some and this
+is time here if we let there be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time here if we let there be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time here if we let there be some
+delay could be even into years and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay could be even into years and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay could be even into years and then
+we give a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exposure the antigen the response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure the antigen the response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure the antigen the response is
+much higher and this could be a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher and this could be a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher and this could be a log
+scale so it could be dramatically higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so it could be dramatically higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so it could be dramatically higher
+so what was the basis of that how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was the basis of that how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was the basis of that how did
+that work you see right there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work you see right there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work you see right there the
+principle of vaccination in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of vaccination in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of vaccination in the sense
+that if you ever got chicken pox as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you ever got chicken pox as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you ever got chicken pox as a
+kid you've been your body has learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid you've been your body has learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid you've been your body has learned
+how to make antibodies you ever see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make antibodies you ever see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make antibodies you ever see it
+again it amounts a really big immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it amounts a really big immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it amounts a really big immune
+response if you want to have a disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if you want to have a disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if you want to have a disease
+like there's something like tetanus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's something like tetanus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's something like tetanus that
+you haven't seen you go to the doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen you go to the doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen you go to the doctor
+and they squirt in a bit of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they squirt in a bit of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they squirt in a bit of this stuff
+that doesn't make you sick but it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't make you sick but it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't make you sick but it gives
+you the initial immune response then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the initial immune response then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the initial immune response then if
+you actually ever step on a rusty nail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually ever step on a rusty nail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually ever step on a rusty nail
+you'll get a very powerful response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a very powerful response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a very powerful response
+against uh tetanus and that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh tetanus and that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh tetanus and that's sort of
+underlying uh the principle of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying uh the principle of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying uh the principle of of
+vaccination is this concept of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccination is this concept of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccination is this concept of memory
+and we'll pick that up on uh Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll pick that up on uh Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll pick that up on uh Wednesday
+so have a great uh Patriots Day weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ksAdC6Z99dE.txt b/ksAdC6Z99dE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11c3d83bcfadb762e4fe7993d06945759c58fad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ksAdC6Z99dE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1043 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to
+recitation today in this video what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation today in this video what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation today in this video what I'd
+like us to do is work on some solid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us to do is work on some solid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us to do is work on some solid of
+Revolution problems well one solid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution problems well one solid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution problems well one solid of
+Revolution problem so what I want us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution problem so what I want us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution problem so what I want us to
+do in in this one is uh find the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in in this one is uh find the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in in this one is uh find the volume
+of the solid generated by rotating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solid generated by rotating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solid generated by rotating the
+region bounded by these three curves x =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region bounded by these three curves x =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region bounded by these three curves x =
+0 y = 5 and Y = x^2 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 y = 5 and Y = x^2 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 y = 5 and Y = x^2 + 1
+about the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the y
+axis and I'm forcing you or I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and I'm forcing you or I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and I'm forcing you or I'm
+requesting that you use the dis method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requesting that you use the dis method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requesting that you use the dis method
+so I want us to work on the dis method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want us to work on the dis method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want us to work on the dis method
+in this case so why don't you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so why don't you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so why don't you take a
+crack at the problem and then I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back okay welcome back so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay welcome back so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay welcome back so what we're
+going to do is we're going to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to work on
+finding the volume of a solid generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the volume of a solid generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the volume of a solid generated
+by rotating this region that's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rotating this region that's bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rotating this region that's bounded
+by these three curves mentioned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these three curves mentioned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these three curves mentioned about
+the Y AIS and as I said before we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y AIS and as I said before we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y AIS and as I said before we're
+going to use the dis method so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the dis method so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the dis method so when
+you're solving these problems the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving these problems the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving these problems the first
+thing you want to do is give yourself at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you want to do is give yourself at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you want to do is give yourself at
+least a rough sketch of what this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a rough sketch of what this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a rough sketch of what this region
+looks like of what the region bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like of what the region bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like of what the region bounded by
+these three curves actually looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three curves actually looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three curves actually looks like
+so the first thing I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing I'm going to do
+before I do anything else is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do anything else is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do anything else is at least
+get a rough sketch of what that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a rough sketch of what that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a rough sketch of what that region
+looks like and I'll do that over here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and I'll do that over here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and I'll do that over here on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+right so let's see we know we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see we know we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see we know we've got the
+region let me actually even use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region let me actually even use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region let me actually even use some
+different colored chalk we'll say x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored chalk we'll say x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored chalk we'll say x
+equals z is actually the y axis that's x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z is actually the y axis that's x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z is actually the y axis that's x
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z and then yals 5 I actually will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and then yals 5 I actually will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and then yals 5 I actually will put
+that in last but yal X2 + 1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in last but yal X2 + 1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in last but yal X2 + 1 is the
+parabola yal x^2 shifted up by one so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola yal x^2 shifted up by one so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola yal x^2 shifted up by one so if
+this is yals 1 then it's then it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is yals 1 then it's then it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is yals 1 then it's then it's just
+roughly something like this that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly something like this that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly something like this that might
+not look like the best Parabola I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not look like the best Parabola I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not look like the best Parabola I've
+ever seen but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen but well
+something roughly like that maybe as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something roughly like that maybe as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something roughly like that maybe as I
+said rough sketch maybe more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said rough sketch maybe more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said rough sketch maybe more like
+that and then we want to also put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we want to also put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we want to also put in the
+y equals 5 which I'll say is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals 5 which I'll say is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals 5 which I'll say is roughly
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so I could notice I've got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I could notice I've got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I could notice I've got these
+three curves this curve this curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three curves this curve this curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three curves this curve this curve and
+this curve so I'm interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve so I'm interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve so I'm interested in this
+region right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right notice that if I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right notice that if I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right notice that if I also
+included this region when I rotated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included this region when I rotated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included this region when I rotated that
+around I'd actually get the same solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I'd actually get the same solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I'd actually get the same solid
+whether I included this region or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I included this region or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I included this region or not
+but in terms of doing the integration I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of doing the integration I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of doing the integration I
+want to make sure I don't count anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure I don't count anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure I don't count anything
+doubly so I'm just looking at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly so I'm just looking at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly so I'm just looking at what
+happens when I take this piece and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I take this piece and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I take this piece and I
+rotate it around the Y AIS so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it around the Y AIS so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate it around the Y AIS so what do we
+want to do we said we want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do we said we want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do we said we want to use the
+dis method which means ultimately I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis method which means ultimately I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis method which means ultimately I'm
+looking for take finding out what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for take finding out what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for take finding out what what
+the radius is right I'm doing pi r s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is right I'm doing pi r s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is right I'm doing pi r s
+when I when I integrate so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I integrate so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I integrate so I'm
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+finding this length that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this length that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this length that's going to be
+our radius and then we rotate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our radius and then we rotate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our radius and then we rotate you
+probably can't see that so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can't see that so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can't see that so let me just
+say that's going to represent our radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's going to represent our radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's going to represent our radius
+and then when we rotate that around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we rotate that around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we rotate that around the
+y- axis we get our dis right we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- axis we get our dis right we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- axis we get our dis right we've seen
+some pictures of this before so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures of this before so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures of this before so I'm
+interested in this length here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this length here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this length here and
+because I want to use the dis method I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to use the dis method I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to use the dis method I'm
+forcing us to figure out what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing us to figure out what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing us to figure out what is this
+value in terms of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in terms of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in terms of Y
+so we know we have well we know that yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know we have well we know that yal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know we have well we know that yal
+x^2 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + 1
+there so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so in terms of
+Y this is y - 1 = x^2 so the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y this is y - 1 = x^2 so the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y this is y - 1 = x^2 so the square root
+of y - one is equal to X so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y - one is equal to X so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y - one is equal to X so this is the
+expression I'm interested in as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I'm interested in as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I'm interested in as our
+radius as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius as my
+radius right and now what I need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius right and now what I need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius right and now what I need to do
+is figure out I know if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figure out I know if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figure out I know if this is the
+radius I need to figure out since I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius I need to figure out since I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius I need to figure out since I'm
+doing this in terms of Y what this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in terms of Y what this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in terms of Y what this lower
+bound is for y and what the upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is for y and what the upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is for y and what the upper bound
+is for y and then I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for y and then I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for y and then I'm going to be
+integrating Pi * the radius squar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating Pi * the radius squar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating Pi * the radius squar over
+uh y over the changes in y now let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y over the changes in y now let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y over the changes in y now let's see
+this one's easy y equals 5 up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's easy y equals 5 up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's easy y equals 5 up here and
+what is this value here well the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this value here well the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this value here well the the
+function that I had here was yal x^2 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that I had here was yal x^2 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that I had here was yal x^2 + 1
+so when X is zero Y is 1 so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when X is zero Y is 1 so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when X is zero Y is 1 so this is the
+value where y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value where y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value where y equals
+1 so I know what I'm interested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I know what I'm interested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I know what I'm interested in in
+doing again let me write it down is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing again let me write it down is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing again let me write it down is I'm
+integrating from one to 5 of Pi R 2 Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating from one to 5 of Pi R 2 Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating from one to 5 of Pi R 2 Dy
+and now I need to write r as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I need to write r as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I need to write r as a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Y so R is square root of Yus one when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so R is square root of Yus one when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so R is square root of Yus one when I
+square that I just get Yus one so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that I just get Yus one so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that I just get Yus one so what
+I'm really interested in integrating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really interested in integrating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really interested in integrating is
+the from one the integral from 1 to 5 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from one the integral from 1 to 5 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from one the integral from 1 to 5 of
+let me put the pi outside because who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put the pi outside because who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put the pi outside because who
+cares Pi * time that integral y -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares Pi * time that integral y -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares Pi * time that integral y -1
+Dy and if I actually evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and if I actually evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and if I actually evaluate this
+figure out uh if I if I actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh if I if I actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out uh if I if I actually take
+the integral use my uh rules for pols I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral use my uh rules for pols I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral use my uh rules for pols I
+can get an a numerical value I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get an a numerical value I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get an a numerical value I'm going
+to stop evaluating here because from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop evaluating here because from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop evaluating here because from
+here on I know you guys can do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on I know you guys can do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on I know you guys can do it but
+the point of this problem what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this problem what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this problem what I want to
+mention the point of this problem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the point of this problem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the point of this problem is the
+main thing we had to do was figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing we had to do was figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing we had to do was figure out
+what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+radius in terms of y that was the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius in terms of y that was the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius in terms of y that was the main
+thing we had to figure out in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we had to figure out in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we had to figure out in order to
+do this problem I said you had to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this problem I said you had to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this problem I said you had to use
+diss so we had to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diss so we had to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diss so we had to figure out what the
+radius was in terms of Y and then we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius was in terms of Y and then we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius was in terms of Y and then we had
+to figure out what the bounds were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the bounds were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the bounds were in
+terms of why and once we do that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of why and once we do that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of why and once we do that it's a
+simple matter of evaluating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple matter of evaluating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple matter of evaluating this
+integral or finding the actual value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or finding the actual value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or finding the actual value for
+what this integral is so I think that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this integral is so I think that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this integral is so I think that is
+where I'll stop
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l1kLCrxL9Hk.txt b/l1kLCrxL9Hk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6807b83fe0316c532a893cbcc7ea672e70e56f35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l1kLCrxL9Hk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today's topic is regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today's topic is regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today's topic is regression
+analysis and uh this subject is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and uh this subject is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and uh this subject is one that
+uh where we're going to cover it today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we're going to cover it today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we're going to cover it today
+covering the mathematical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the mathematical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the mathematical and
+statistical foundations of regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical foundations of regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical foundations of regression
+and focused particularly on linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focused particularly on linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focused particularly on linear
+regression uh this uh methodology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression uh this uh methodology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression uh this uh methodology is
+perhaps the most powerful method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most powerful method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most powerful method in
+statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+modeling uh and the foundations of it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling uh and the foundations of it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling uh and the foundations of it I
+think are very very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are very very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are very very important to
+understand and master and they'll help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and master and they'll help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and master and they'll help
+you uh in any kind of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in any kind of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in any kind of statistical
+modeling exercise you might uh entertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling exercise you might uh entertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling exercise you might uh entertain
+uh during or after this course um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during or after this course um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during or after this course um and
+its popularity in finance is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its popularity in finance is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its popularity in finance is is very
+very high but it's also a very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high but it's also a very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high but it's also a very popular
+methodology in all other disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology in all other disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology in all other disciplines
+that uh do applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh do applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh do applied
+statistics so let's begin with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so let's begin with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so let's begin with uh
+setting up the uh multiple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the uh multiple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the uh multiple linear
+regression problem so we begin with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression problem so we begin with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression problem so we begin with a
+data set that consists of dat data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that consists of dat data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that consists of dat data
+observations on different cases a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations on different cases a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations on different cases a number
+of cases so we have uh n cases indexed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases so we have uh n cases indexed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases so we have uh n cases indexed
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+I and there's a single variable a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and there's a single variable a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and there's a single variable a
+dependent variable or response variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable or response variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable or response variable
+which is the variable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the variable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the variable of
+focus um we'll denote that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus um we'll denote that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus um we'll denote that Y
+subi and together with that for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi and together with that for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi and together with that for each of
+the cases there are explanatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases there are explanatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases there are explanatory
+variables that we might observe so so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we might observe so so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we might observe so so um
+the uh yis the dependent variables could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh yis the dependent variables could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh yis the dependent variables could
+be Returns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Returns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Returns on
+stocks the uh explanatory variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks the uh explanatory variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks the uh explanatory variables
+could be underlying characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be underlying characteristics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be underlying characteristics of
+those stocks over a given period um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stocks over a given period um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stocks over a given period um the
+uh dependent variable could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dependent variable could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dependent variable could be the
+change in value of an index the S&P 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in value of an index the S&P 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in value of an index the S&P 500
+Index or the yield rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Index or the yield rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Index or the yield rate and the
+explanatory variables can be various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory variables can be various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory variables can be various
+macroeconomic factors or other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic factors or other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic factors or other factors
+that might be used to explain how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be used to explain how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be used to explain how the
+response variable changes and takes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variable changes and takes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variable changes and takes on
+its value let's go through various goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value let's go through various goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value let's go through various goals
+of regression analysis okay first it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regression analysis okay first it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regression analysis okay first it can
+be to extract or exploit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to extract or exploit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to extract or exploit the
+relationship between the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the dependent
+variable and the independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the independent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the independent variable
+and examples of this are prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and examples of this are prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and examples of this are prediction
+indeed in h Finance that's where I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in h Finance that's where I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in h Finance that's where I've
+used regression analysis most you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used regression analysis most you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used regression analysis most you want
+to predict what's going to happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict what's going to happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict what's going to happen and
+take actions to take advantage of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take actions to take advantage of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take actions to take advantage of that
+uh one can also use regression analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one can also use regression analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one can also use regression analysis
+to talk about causal inference um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about causal inference um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about causal inference um what
+factors are really driving a dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are really driving a dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are really driving a dependent
+variable and so one can actually test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and so one can actually test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and so one can actually test
+hypotheses about what uh are true causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses about what uh are true causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses about what uh are true causal
+uh factors underlying the relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh factors underlying the relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh factors underlying the relationships
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+variables um another application is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um another application is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um another application is for
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+approximation um and as mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um and as mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um and as mathematicians
+you're all very familiar with how smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all very familiar with how smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all very familiar with how smooth
+functions can be uh that are smooth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions can be uh that are smooth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions can be uh that are smooth in
+the sense of being differentiable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of being differentiable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of being differentiable and
+bounded those can be approximated well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded those can be approximated well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded those can be approximated well
+by a tailor series uh if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a tailor series uh if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a tailor series uh if you have a
+function of a single variable or even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a single variable or even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a single variable or even a
+multivariable multiun variable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable multiun variable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable multiun variable function
+um so uh one can use regression analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh one can use regression analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh one can use regression analysis
+to actually uh approximate functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually uh approximate functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually uh approximate functions
+nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely
+and one can also use uh regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one can also use uh regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one can also use uh regression
+analysis to uncover uh functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to uncover uh functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to uncover uh functional
+relationships and validate functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and validate functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and validate functional
+relationships amongst the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships amongst the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships amongst the
+variables so so let's set up the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so so let's set up the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so so let's set up the general
+linear model from a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model from a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model from a mathematical
+standpoint to begin with in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint to begin with in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint to begin with in this uh
+lecture okay we're going to start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay we're going to start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay we're going to start off
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+uh discussing ordinary leas squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussing ordinary leas squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussing ordinary leas squares
+which is a purely mathematical Criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a purely mathematical Criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a purely mathematical Criterion
+for how you specify regression models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how you specify regression models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how you specify regression models
+and then we're going to turn to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to turn to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to turn to uh the
+gaus Markov theorem which incorporates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus Markov theorem which incorporates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus Markov theorem which incorporates
+some statistical modeling principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistical modeling principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistical modeling principles
+there they're essentially weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're essentially weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're essentially weak
+principles and then we will turn to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and then we will turn to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and then we will turn to uh
+formal models with normal linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal models with normal linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal models with normal linear
+regression models and then consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models and then consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models and then consider
+extensions of those to uh broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions of those to uh broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions of those to uh broader
+classes so let's now we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so let's now we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so let's now we're in the
+mathematical cont context and a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical cont context and a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical cont context and a linear
+model uh is basically attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh is basically attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh is basically attempting to
+model the conditional distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the conditional distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the conditional distribution of
+the response variable Yi given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response variable Yi given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response variable Yi given the
+independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+XI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI and
+the conditional distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional distribution of the
+response variable is modeled simply as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variable is modeled simply as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variable is modeled simply as a
+linear function of the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function of the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function of the independent
+variables so the XIs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the XIs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the XIs
+uh xi1 through xip P are the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xi1 through xip P are the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xi1 through xip P are the P
+explanatory variables that relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory variables that relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanatory variables that relate to the
+response variables possibly and the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variables possibly and the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variables possibly and the beta
+1 beta 2 Beta I are the uh or beta P are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 beta 2 Beta I are the uh or beta P are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 beta 2 Beta I are the uh or beta P are
+the uh regression parameters which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh regression parameters which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh regression parameters which would
+be used in defining that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in defining that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in defining that linear
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+relationship has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship has
+residuals Epsilon I um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals Epsilon I um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals Epsilon I um you know
+basically where there's uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically where there's uncertainty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically where there's uncertainty in
+the data uh whether it's either due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data uh whether it's either due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data uh whether it's either due to
+measurement erir or modeling err or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement erir or modeling err or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement erir or modeling err or
+underlying stochastic processes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying stochastic processes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying stochastic processes that are
+driving the air this Epsilon I is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the air this Epsilon I is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the air this Epsilon I is a
+residual error variable that will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual error variable that will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual error variable that will uh
+indicate how this linear relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how this linear relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how this linear relationship
+varies across the different end cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay now how broad are the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay now how broad are the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay now how broad are the models
+well the models really are very uh broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the models really are very uh broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the models really are very uh broad
+I uh this first of all polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh this first of all polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh this first of all polinomial
+approximation that's indicated here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's indicated here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that's indicated here you
+know corresponds essentially to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know corresponds essentially to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know corresponds essentially to you know
+a a truncated tailor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a truncated tailor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a truncated tailor series
+approximation to uh a functional form uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to uh a functional form uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to uh a functional form uh
+with series with with variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with series with with variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with series with with variables that
+exhibit cyclical Behavior Uh forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit cyclical Behavior Uh forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit cyclical Behavior Uh forier
+series can be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series can be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series can be uh
+applied in a linear regression context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in a linear regression context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in a linear regression context
+so you can basically now how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can basically now how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can basically now how many people
+in here uh are familiar with 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here uh are familiar with 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here uh are familiar with 4A
+series okay almost everybody so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay almost everybody so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay almost everybody so you know
+4A series uh basically provide a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series uh basically provide a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series uh basically provide a set of
+basis functions that allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions that allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions that allow you to
+closely approximate most functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely approximate most functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely approximate most functions and
+certainly with bounded functions uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly with bounded functions uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly with bounded functions uh that
+possibly have cyclical structure to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have cyclical structure to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have cyclical structure to them
+uh it provides a a complete description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it provides a a complete description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it provides a a complete description
+so uh we could apply 4 a series here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we could apply 4 a series here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we could apply 4 a series here
+um finally uh time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finally uh time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finally uh time series
+regressions uh where the cases I one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions uh where the cases I one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions uh where the cases I one
+through n are really indexes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n are really indexes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n are really indexes of
+different time points can be applied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time points can be applied and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time points can be applied and
+so uh the independent variables can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the independent variables can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the independent variables can be
+variables that are observable at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are observable at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are observable at a given
+time point or known at a given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point or known at a given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point or known at a given time
+point so those can include lags of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so those can include lags of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so those can include lags of the
+response variables so uh we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variables so uh we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variables so uh we'll see
+actually when we talk about Time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when we talk about Time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when we talk about Time series
+uh that there's autor regressive time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there's autor regressive time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there's autor regressive time
+series models that can be specified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series models that can be specified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series models that can be specified and
+those are uh very broadly applied in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are uh very broadly applied in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are uh very broadly applied in uh
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+okay all right so let's go through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's go through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's go through what
+the steps are for fitting a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps are for fitting a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps are for fitting a regression
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+um first one want wants to propose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first one want wants to propose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first one want wants to propose a
+model uh in terms of what is the we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh in terms of what is the we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh in terms of what is the we have
+to identif or be interested in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identif or be interested in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identif or be interested in a
+particular response variable and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular response variable and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular response variable and uh
+critical here is specifying the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical here is specifying the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical here is specifying the scale of
+that response variable um you know Chung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response variable um you know Chung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response variable um you know Chung
+buom was uh discussing problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buom was uh discussing problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buom was uh discussing problems of
+modeling stock prices if say why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling stock prices if say why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling stock prices if say why is the
+stock price well it may be that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price well it may be that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price well it may be that it's
+more appropriate to consider modeling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate to consider modeling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate to consider modeling it
+on a logarithmic scale than on a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a logarithmic scale than on a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a logarithmic scale than on a linear
+scale um who can tell me why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale um who can tell me why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale um who can tell me why that's
+would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea very good yeah so uh price changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea very good yeah so uh price changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea very good yeah so uh price changes
+basically on the percentage scale which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically on the percentage scale which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically on the percentage scale which
+log changes would be uh may be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log changes would be uh may be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log changes would be uh may be much
+better predicted by ring factors than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better predicted by ring factors than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better predicted by ring factors than uh
+the absolute price level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute price level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute price level
+um okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and uh
+so we have to have uh a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to have uh a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to have uh a collection of
+independent variables U which to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables U which to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables U which to include
+in the model and it's important to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model and it's important to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model and it's important to think
+about how General this setup is I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how General this setup is I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how General this setup is I mean
+the independent variables can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variables can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variables can be
+functions lagged values of the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions lagged values of the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions lagged values of the response
+variable they can be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable they can be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable they can be different
+functional forms of other independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forms of other independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional forms of other independent
+variables so the fact that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the fact that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the fact that we're talking
+about a linear regression model here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a linear regression model here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a linear regression model here is
+is uh it's not so limiting in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh it's not so limiting in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh it's not so limiting in terms of
+the linearity we can really capture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity we can really capture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity we can really capture a
+lot of nonlinear behavior in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of nonlinear behavior in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of nonlinear behavior in this
+framework so then third we need uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework so then third we need uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework so then third we need uh to
+address the assumptions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the assumptions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the assumptions about the
+distribution of the residuals Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the residuals Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the residuals Epsilon
+over the cases so uh that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the cases so uh that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the cases so uh that has to be
+specified once we've set up the model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified once we've set up the model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified once we've set up the model in
+terms of you know identifying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know identifying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know identifying you know
+the response and explanatory variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response and explanatory variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response and explanatory variables
+and the assumptions underlying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the assumptions underlying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the assumptions underlying the
+distribution of the residuals uh we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the residuals uh we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the residuals uh we need
+to specify a Criterion for judging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify a Criterion for judging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify a Criterion for judging
+different estimators so given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different estimators so given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different estimators so given a
+particular setup what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular setup what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular setup what we want to do is
+be able to define or a a methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to define or a a methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to define or a a methodology
+for uh specifying the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh specifying the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh specifying the regression
+parameters so that we can then use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so that we can then use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so that we can then use this
+regression model for prediction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model for prediction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model for prediction or
+whatever our purpose is so um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever our purpose is so um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever our purpose is so um uh the
+second thing we want to do is Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we want to do is Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we want to do is Define a
+Criterion for how we might judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion for how we might judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion for how we might judge
+different estimators of the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different estimators of the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different estimators of the regression
+parameters um we're going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um we're going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um we're going to go through
+several of those and you'll see those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of those and you'll see those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of those and you'll see those uh
+and least squares is is the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and least squares is is the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and least squares is is the first one
+but they're actually more gen general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're actually more gen general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're actually more gen general
+ones in fact the last section of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in fact the last section of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in fact the last section of this
+lecture on generalized M estimators will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on generalized M estimators will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on generalized M estimators will
+cover those as well okay third we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover those as well okay third we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover those as well okay third we need
+to characterize the best estimator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize the best estimator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize the best estimator and
+apply it to the given data so once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to the given data so once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to the given data so once we
+choose a Criterion for how good an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a Criterion for how good an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a Criterion for how good an
+estimate of regression parameters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of regression parameters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of regression parameters is
+then we uh have to have a technology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we uh have to have a technology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we uh have to have a technology for
+solving for that and then uh fourth we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for that and then uh fourth we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for that and then uh fourth we
+need to check our assumptions now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check our assumptions now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check our assumptions now uh
+it's it's very often the case that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very often the case that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very often the case that when
+at this fourth step where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this fourth step where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this fourth step where you're
+checking the assumptions that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the assumptions that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the assumptions that you've
+made uh you'll discover features of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh you'll discover features of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh you'll discover features of your
+data uh or the process that's modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh or the process that's modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh or the process that's modeling
+that uh make you want to expand upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh make you want to expand upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh make you want to expand upon
+your assumptions or change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assumptions or change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assumptions or change your
+assumptions and so uh checking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and so uh checking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and so uh checking the
+assumptions is uh a critical part of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions is uh a critical part of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions is uh a critical part of any
+modeling process and then if necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling process and then if necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling process and then if necessary
+modify the model and assumptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the model and assumptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the model and assumptions and
+repeat this process um and what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this process um and what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this process um and what I can
+tell you is that this uh uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is that this uh uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you is that this uh uh sort of
+protocol for how you how you fit models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for how you how you fit models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for how you how you fit models
+is uh you know just what's I've applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know just what's I've applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know just what's I've applied
+you know many many times and if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many many times and if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many many times and if you are
+lucky in a particular problem area the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky in a particular problem area the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky in a particular problem area the
+very simple models will work well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple models will work well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple models will work well and
+with small changes and assumptions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with small changes and assumptions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with small changes and assumptions but
+when you get challenging problems then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get challenging problems then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get challenging problems then
+uh this item five of modify the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this item five of modify the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this item five of modify the model
+Andor assumptions is as critical and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andor assumptions is as critical and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andor assumptions is as critical and uh
+in statistical modeling uh My Philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in statistical modeling uh My Philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in statistical modeling uh My Philosophy
+is you really want to as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you really want to as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you really want to as much as
+possible tailor the model to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible tailor the model to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible tailor the model to the
+processor model you don't want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor model you don't want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor model you don't want to sort
+of you know fit a square peg in a round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know fit a square peg in a round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know fit a square peg in a round
+hole and just apply say simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and just apply say simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and just apply say simple linear
+regressions to everything uh you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions to everything uh you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions to everything uh you want to
+apply it when the assumptions are valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it when the assumptions are valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it when the assumptions are valid
+if the assumptions aren't valid maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the assumptions aren't valid maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the assumptions aren't valid maybe
+you can change the specification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change the specification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change the specification of the
+problem so a linear model is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so a linear model is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so a linear model is still
+applicable in a changed uh framework uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable in a changed uh framework uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable in a changed uh framework uh
+but if not then you'll want to extend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if not then you'll want to extend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if not then you'll want to extend to
+other kinds of models but what we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of models but what we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of models but what we'll be
+doing or what you will be doing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing or what you will be doing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing or what you will be doing if you
+do that is basically applying all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is basically applying all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is basically applying all the
+same principles that are developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles that are developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles that are developed in
+the linear uh uh modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+framework okay now uh let's see I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework okay now uh let's see I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework okay now uh let's see I want
+to make some comments here uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some comments here uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some comments here uh let's see
+about specifying assumptions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about specifying assumptions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about specifying assumptions for the
+residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual
+distribution um what kind of assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um what kind of assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um what kind of assumptions
+might you make okay would anyone like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you make okay would anyone like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you make okay would anyone like to
+suggest some assumptions you might make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest some assumptions you might make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest some assumptions you might make
+in a Mone regression model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Mone regression model for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Mone regression model for the
+residuals yes what What's Your Name by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals yes what What's Your Name by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals yes what What's Your Name by
+the way my name is Will Will okay will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way my name is Will Will okay will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way my name is Will Will okay will
+will what Osler oser great okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will what Osler oser great okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will what Osler oser great okay thank
+you will um it might be or we might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will um it might be or we might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will um it might be or we might want
+to say that the residual might be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that the residual might be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that the residual might be uh
+normally distributed and it might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed and it might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed and it might not
+depend too much on uh what value of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend too much on uh what value of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend too much on uh what value of of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh input variable we choose okay anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else okay well uh that certainly is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay well uh that certainly is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay well uh that certainly is you
+know an excellent place to start and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an excellent place to start and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an excellent place to start and in
+terms of starting with a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of starting with a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of starting with a distribution
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+familiar familiar is always good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar familiar is always good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar familiar is always good
+although it's not certain things should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's not certain things should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's not certain things should
+be necessary but uh we know from some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be necessary but uh we know from some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be necessary but uh we know from some of
+Chung bu's uh lecture uh uh areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chung bu's uh lecture uh uh areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chung bu's uh lecture uh uh areas that
+gausin and normal distributions arise uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gausin and normal distributions arise uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gausin and normal distributions arise uh
+in many settings where we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many settings where we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many settings where we're taking
+basically sums of independent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sums of independent random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sums of independent random
+variables and so it may be that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so it may be that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so it may be that these
+residuals are like that um anyway a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals are like that um anyway a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals are like that um anyway a uh a
+a slightly simpler or uh weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly simpler or uh weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly simpler or uh weaker
+condition is to uh use the gaus what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is to uh use the gaus what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is to uh use the gaus what's
+what what are called in statistics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are called in statistics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are called in statistics the
+gaus Markov assumptions and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus Markov assumptions and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus Markov assumptions and these are
+assumptions where we're only concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions where we're only concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions where we're only concerned
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+means or averages statistically and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means or averages statistically and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means or averages statistically and the
+variances of the residuals and we so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances of the residuals and we so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances of the residuals and we so we
+assume that they're zero mean so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that they're zero mean so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that they're zero mean so on
+average they're not adding they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average they're not adding they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average they're not adding they're not
+adding a bu up or down to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a bu up or down to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a bu up or down to the uh
+dependent variable and uh those have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable and uh those have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable and uh those have a
+constant variance so the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant variance so the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant variance so the level of
+uncertainty in our model doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in our model doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in our model doesn't depend
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+case and so indeed you know if errors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and so indeed you know if errors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and so indeed you know if errors on
+the percentage scale were more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage scale were more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage scale were more
+appropriate then one could look at say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate then one could look at say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate then one could look at say a
+time series of prices that you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series of prices that you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series of prices that you're trying
+to model it may be that uh on the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model it may be that uh on the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model it may be that uh on the log
+scale that constant variance looks much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that constant variance looks much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that constant variance looks much
+more appropriate than on the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate than on the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate than on the original
+scale which would happen and then uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale which would happen and then uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale which would happen and then uh a
+third uh attribute of the gaus marov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third uh attribute of the gaus marov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third uh attribute of the gaus marov
+assumptions is that the residuals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions is that the residuals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions is that the residuals are
+uncorrelated so um Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated so um Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated so um Now
+uncorrelated does not mean independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated does not mean independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated does not mean independent
+or statistically independent so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or statistically independent so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or statistically independent so this is
+a somewhat weak condition or weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somewhat weak condition or weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somewhat weak condition or weaker
+condition than Independence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition than Independence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition than Independence of the
+residuals but um in the gaus markup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals but um in the gaus markup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals but um in the gaus markup
+setting we're just setting up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting we're just setting up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting we're just setting up uh
+basically A reduced set of assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically A reduced set of assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically A reduced set of assumptions
+that we might apply to fit the model um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might apply to fit the model um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might apply to fit the model um
+if we extend upon that uh we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we extend upon that uh we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we extend upon that uh we can then
+consider normal linear regression models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider normal linear regression models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider normal linear regression models
+which uh you know will had just indic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh you know will had just indic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh you know will had just indic
+suggested and in this case um those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested and in this case um those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested and in this case um those
+could be assumed to be independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be assumed to be independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be assumed to be independent and
+identically distributed IID is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed IID is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed IID is that
+notation for that with uh gaussian or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for that with uh gaussian or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for that with uh gaussian or
+normal with mean zero and variant Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with mean zero and variant Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with mean zero and variant Sigma
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we can extend upon that to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can extend upon that to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can extend upon that to consider
+generalized G marov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized G marov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized G marov
+assumptions where we maintain still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions where we maintain still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions where we maintain still the
+zero mean for the residuals but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean for the residuals but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean for the residuals but uh the
+general uh we might have a covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh we might have a covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh we might have a covariance
+matrix which um does not correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which um does not correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which um does not correspond to
+independent and identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+random variables now let's see in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables now let's see in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables now let's see in the uh
+discussion of probability Theory we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of probability Theory we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of probability Theory we
+really haven't talked yet about Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really haven't talked yet about Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really haven't talked yet about Matrix
+value random variables right but um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value random variables right but um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value random variables right but um how
+many people in the class have covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people in the class have covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people in the class have covered
+Matrix valued or vector valued random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix valued or vector valued random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix valued or vector valued random
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+before okay just a handful well um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay just a handful well um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay just a handful well um a
+vector valued random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector valued random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector valued random
+variable um we think of the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um we think of the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um we think of the values of
+these n cases for the dependent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n cases for the dependent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n cases for the dependent variable
+to be an N valued an N Vector of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an N valued an N Vector of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an N valued an N Vector of uh
+random Vari variables and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vari variables and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vari variables and so we can
+generalize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize the
+variance of individual random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of individual random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of individual random variables
+to the variance covariance Matrix of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the variance covariance Matrix of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the variance covariance Matrix of the
+collection and so you have a covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and so you have a covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and so you have a covariance
+matrix characterizing the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix characterizing the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix characterizing the variance of
+the N Vector which gives us the uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N Vector which gives us the uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N Vector which gives us the uh and
+sort of the JJ element gives us the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the JJ element gives us the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the JJ element gives us the uh
+value of the uh cant all right let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let me put the screen the screen up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me put the screen the screen up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me put the screen the screen up
+and just write that on the board so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just write that on the board so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just write that on the board so that
+you're familiar with that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have y1 Y2 down to YN are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y1 Y2 down to YN are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y1 Y2 down to YN are
+and values of our response variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can uh basically talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can uh basically talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can uh basically talk about the
+expectation of that being equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that being equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that being equal to uh
+mu1 mu2 down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the covariance matri matx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of y1 Y2 down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+YN is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN is equal
+to a matrix with the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a matrix with the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a matrix with the variance of
+y1 in the upper 1 one element then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 in the upper 1 one element then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 in the upper 1 one element then the
+variance of Y2 in the 2 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element and the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and the variance of
+YN in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN in the
+nth column and nth row and in the IJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth column and nth row and in the IJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth column and nth row and in the IJ
+throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw
+i j we have the co-variance between Yi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j we have the co-variance between Yi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j we have the co-variance between Yi
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+YJ so um we're going to use matrices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YJ so um we're going to use matrices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YJ so um we're going to use matrices to
+represent covariances and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent covariances and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent covariances and that's
+something which I want everyone to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I want everyone to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I want everyone to get
+very familiar with uh because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with uh because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with uh because we're
+going to assume that we are comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that we are comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that we are comfortable
+with those and apply Matrix algebra with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those and apply Matrix algebra with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those and apply Matrix algebra with
+these kinds of constructs so um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of constructs so um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of constructs so um so the
+generalized G marov uh theorem assumes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized G marov uh theorem assumes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized G marov uh theorem assumes a
+general covariance Matrix where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general covariance Matrix where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general covariance Matrix where you can
+have nonzero covariances between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nonzero covariances between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nonzero covariances between the
+independent variables or the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables or the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables or the dependent
+variables in the residuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the residuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the residuals and
+um those can be correlated now now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those can be correlated now now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those can be correlated now now uh
+who can uh come up with an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can uh come up with an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can uh come up with an example of
+why the residuals might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the residuals might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the residuals might be
+correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated
+in a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model okay that that's that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay that that's that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay that that's that's a really
+good example because it's nonlinear if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example because it's nonlinear if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example because it's nonlinear if
+you imagine sort of a simple nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine sort of a simple nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine sort of a simple nonlinear
+curve and you try to fit a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and you try to fit a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and you try to fit a straight line
+to it then the res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it then the res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it then the res
+uals uh from that linear fit are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uals uh from that linear fit are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uals uh from that linear fit are going
+to be consistently above or below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be consistently above or below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be consistently above or below the
+line depending on where you are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line depending on where you are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line depending on where you are in the
+nonlinearity how it might be fitting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity how it might be fitting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity how it might be fitting so
+that's one example where that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one example where that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one example where that could
+arise any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise any other
+possibilities well uh next week uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities well uh next week uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities well uh next week uh we'll
+be talking about some time series models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about some time series models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about some time series models
+and there can be time dependence amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there can be time dependence amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there can be time dependence amongst
+variables where there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables where there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables where there are some
+underlying factors maybe that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors maybe that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors maybe that are
+driving the process and those underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the process and those underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the process and those underlying
+factors can persist in making the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors can persist in making the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors can persist in making the linear
+relationship over or under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship over or under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship over or under
+uh gauge the dependent variable so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gauge the dependent variable so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gauge the dependent variable so so
+that that can happen as well all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can happen as well all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can happen as well all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes the G marker is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes the G marker is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes the G marker is simply the
+diagonal case and explicitly if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal case and explicitly if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal case and explicitly if we
+replace y's here by the residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace y's here by the residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace y's here by the residuals
+Epsilon 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon 1 through
+in then that diagonal matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then that diagonal matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then that diagonal matrix with
+constant coari constant diagonal is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coari constant diagonal is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coari constant diagonal is the
+gaus mark simple Gus Mark of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus mark simple Gus Mark of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus mark simple Gus Mark of
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+now I'm sure it comes as no surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm sure it comes as no surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm sure it comes as no surprise
+that gine distributions don't always fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gine distributions don't always fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gine distributions don't always fit
+everything and so uh one needs to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and so uh one needs to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and so uh one needs to get
+clever with extending the uh models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever with extending the uh models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever with extending the uh models to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other cases and um there are uh I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases and um there are uh I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases and um there are uh I know
+Lao distributions par distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lao distributions par distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lao distributions par distributions
+contaminated normal distributions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated normal distributions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated normal distributions which
+can be used to uh fit regression models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to uh fit regression models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to uh fit regression models
+and um you know these General cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know these General cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know these General cases
+really are uh you know really extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are uh you know really extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are uh you know really extend the
+applicability of regression models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicability of regression models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicability of regression models to
+many interesting uh settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interesting uh settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interesting uh settings
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's turn to specifying the estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to specifying the estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn to specifying the estimator
+Criterion in two so how do we judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion in two so how do we judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion in two so how do we judge
+what's a good estimate of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good estimate of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good estimate of the uh
+regression parameters well we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters well we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters well we're going
+to cover least squares maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover least squares maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover least squares maximum
+likelihood uh robust methods which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood uh robust methods which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood uh robust methods which are
+contamination uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination uh
+resistant and uh other methods exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant and uh other methods exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant and uh other methods exist
+that we will will mention but uh not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will will mention but uh not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will will mention but uh not get
+into really in the lectures are B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into really in the lectures are B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into really in the lectures are B
+methods and accommodating incomplete or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and accommodating incomplete or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and accommodating incomplete or
+missing data uh but essentially as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data uh but essentially as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data uh but essentially as you
+uh as your approach to modeling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as your approach to modeling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as your approach to modeling a
+problem gets more and more realistic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem gets more and more realistic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem gets more and more realistic you
+start adding more and more complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start adding more and more complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start adding more and more complexity
+sort of as it's needed and uh certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as it's needed and uh certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as it's needed and uh certainly
+uh issues of um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issues of um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issues of um well
+robust methods um is where you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust methods um is where you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust methods um is where you assume
+most of the data arise under normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the data arise under normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the data arise under normal
+conditions but once in a while there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but once in a while there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but once in a while there may
+be some some problem with the data um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some some problem with the data um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some some problem with the data um
+and uh you don't want your methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you don't want your methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you don't want your methodology
+just to break down if it happen if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to break down if it happen if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to break down if it happen if there
+happens to be some some uh outliers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be some some uh outliers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be some some uh outliers in
+the data or contamination uh bay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data or contamination uh bay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data or contamination uh bay
+methodologies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies um
+are uh is the technology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh is the technology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh is the technology for
+incorporating subjective beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating subjective beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating subjective beliefs
+into uh statistical models and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh statistical models and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh statistical models and I think
+it's fair to say that probably all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fair to say that probably all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fair to say that probably all
+statistical models modeling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical models modeling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical models modeling is
+essentially subjective and so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially subjective and so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially subjective and so if you're
+going to be uh good at statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh good at statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh good at statistical
+modeling you want to be sure that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling you want to be sure that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling you want to be sure that you're
+effectively incorporating subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively incorporating subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively incorporating subjective
+information in that and so Bay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in that and so Bay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in that and so Bay
+methodologies are are very very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies are are very very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies are are very very useful
+and indeed pretty much required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed pretty much required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed pretty much required to
+engage in appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in appropriate
+modeling uh then finally accommodating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling uh then finally accommodating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling uh then finally accommodating
+incomplete or missing data uh the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete or missing data uh the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete or missing data uh the world
+is always sort of cruel in terms of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always sort of cruel in terms of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always sort of cruel in terms of you
+you often are you know missing what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often are you know missing what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often are you know missing what you
+think is critical information to do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is critical information to do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is critical information to do your
+analysis and so how do you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and so how do you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and so how do you deal with
+situations where you have uh uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you have uh uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you have uh uh some
+holes in your data and uh statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes in your data and uh statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes in your data and uh statistical
+models provide good uh methods and tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models provide good uh methods and tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models provide good uh methods and tools
+for dealing with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with that
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+um okay then uh let's see in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay then uh let's see in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay then uh let's see in case
+analyses for che for checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses for che for checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses for che for checking
+assumptions um let me go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions um let me go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions um let me go through this
+uh basically when you fit a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically when you fit a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically when you fit a regression
+model you check assumptions by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you check assumptions by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you check assumptions by looking
+at the residuals which are the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the residuals which are the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the residuals which are the basically
+estimates of the uh the epsilons uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the uh the epsilons uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the uh the epsilons uh the
+deviations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations of
+the dependent variable from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent variable from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent variable from their
+predictions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and
+um what one wants to do is is analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what one wants to do is is analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what one wants to do is is analyze
+these to determine whether our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to determine whether our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to determine whether our
+assumption are appropriate okay with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption are appropriate okay with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption are appropriate okay with the
+gaus Markov assumptions you know would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus Markov assumptions you know would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus Markov assumptions you know would
+be are do these appear to have constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be are do these appear to have constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be are do these appear to have constant
+variance and it may be that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and it may be that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and it may be that their
+variance depends on time if it's if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance depends on time if it's if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance depends on time if it's if the
+I is indexing time uh the V the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is indexing time uh the V the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is indexing time uh the V the
+residuals could might depend on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals could might depend on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals could might depend on other
+variables as well and one wants to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as well and one wants to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as well and one wants to uh
+determine that that isn't the case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that that isn't the case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that that isn't the case um
+there are also influence Diagnostics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also influence Diagnostics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also influence Diagnostics
+identifying cases which are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying cases which are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying cases which are highly
+influential um it turns out that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential um it turns out that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential um it turns out that when
+you are building a regression model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are building a regression model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are building a regression model with
+data um you treat all the cases as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um you treat all the cases as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um you treat all the cases as if
+they're equally important well it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally important well it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally important well it may be
+that certain cases are really critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain cases are really critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain cases are really critical
+to estimating certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimating certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimating certain
+factors and it may be that much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and it may be that much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and it may be that much of the
+inference about how important a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference about how important a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference about how important a certain
+factor is is determined by a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is is determined by a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is is determined by a very small
+number of points and so even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points and so even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of points and so even though you
+have a massive data set that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a massive data set that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a massive data set that you're
+using to fit a model it could be that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to fit a model it could be that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to fit a model it could be that uh
+some of the structur is driven by a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the structur is driven by a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the structur is driven by a very
+small number of cases so influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of cases so influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of cases so influence
+Diagnostics give you a way of analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics give you a way of analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics give you a way of analyzing
+that um in the problem set for this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um in the problem set for this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um in the problem set for this uh
+lecture um you'll be deriving some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um you'll be deriving some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um you'll be deriving some
+influence diagnostics for linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence diagnostics for linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence diagnostics for linear
+regression models and seeing how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models and seeing how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models and seeing how they're
+mathematically defined and I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically defined and I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically defined and I'll be
+Distributing a case study which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing a case study which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing a case study which
+illustrates fitting linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates fitting linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates fitting linear regression
+models for asset prices and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for asset prices and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for asset prices and you can see
+how those uh you know play out uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those uh you know play out uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those uh you know play out uh with
+some practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples okay finally there's uh outlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay finally there's uh outlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay finally there's uh outlier
+detection um uh with outliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection um uh with outliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection um uh with outliers
+um it's interesting you know the uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's interesting you know the uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's interesting you know the uh sort
+of exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exception
+in data are often the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data are often the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data are often the most interesting
+um when you it's it's important in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you it's it's important in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you it's it's important in uh in
+modeling to understand whether certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling to understand whether certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling to understand whether certain
+cases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are
+unusual and uh you know sometimes their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual and uh you know sometimes their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual and uh you know sometimes their
+degree of uh idiosyncrasy can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of uh idiosyncrasy can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of uh idiosyncrasy can be
+explained away so that one in ense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained away so that one in ense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained away so that one in ense
+discards those outliers but other times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discards those outliers but other times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discards those outliers but other times
+those idiosyncrasies lead to extensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those idiosyncrasies lead to extensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those idiosyncrasies lead to extensions
+of the model and and uh so outlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the model and and uh so outlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the model and and uh so outlier
+detection can be can be very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection can be can be very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection can be can be very important
+uh for validating a model okay so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for validating a model okay so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for validating a model okay so with
+that introduction to regression uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that introduction to regression uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that introduction to regression uh
+linear regression let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression let's talk about
+ordinary leas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary leas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary leas
+squares um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah okay okay the least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay okay the least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay okay the least squares
+Criterion is for a given regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion is for a given regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion is for a given regression
+parameter beta which is considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter beta which is considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter beta which is considered to be
+a column Vector so I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column Vector so I'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column Vector so I'm taking the
+transpose of a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a row
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+um the Le squares Criterion is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Le squares Criterion is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Le squares Criterion is to
+basically take the sum of squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take the sum of squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take the sum of squar
+deviations of the actual value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations of the actual value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations of the actual value of the
+response variable from its linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variable from its linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variable from its linear
+prediction so Yi minus y Hadi we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction so Yi minus y Hadi we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction so Yi minus y Hadi we're just
+plugging in for y Hadi the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in for y Hadi the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in for y Hadi the linear
+function of the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the independent
+variables and uh squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and uh squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and uh squaring
+that and the ordinary least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the ordinary least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the ordinary least squares
+estimate beta hat minimizes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate beta hat minimizes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate beta hat minimizes this
+function so uh in order to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so uh in order to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so uh in order to solve for
+this uh we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh we're going to use
+matrices and uh so we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and uh so we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and uh so we're going to take
+the Y Vector the vector of n values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y Vector the vector of n values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y Vector the vector of n values of
+the dependent variable or response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent variable or response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent variable or response
+variable and X The Matrix of values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and X The Matrix of values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and X The Matrix of values of
+the independent variables and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variables and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variables and it's
+important in this setup to keep straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in this setup to keep straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in this setup to keep straight
+that cases go by rows and columns go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cases go by rows and columns go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cases go by rows and columns go by
+vales of the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+okay wa this thing is ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wa this thing is ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wa this thing is ultra
+sensitive excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me I turn off the touchpad there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I turn off the touchpad there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I turn off the touchpad there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so we can now Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we can now Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we can now Define
+our fitted value y hat to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fitted value y hat to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fitted value y hat to be equal to
+the Matrix x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix x *
+beta and with matrix multiplication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and with matrix multiplication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and with matrix multiplication that
+results in the elements yat 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the elements yat 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the elements yat 1 through
+yat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yat
+n and q of beta can basically be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and q of beta can basically be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and q of beta can basically be written
+as y - x beta transpose Yus X beta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y - x beta transpose Yus X beta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y - x beta transpose Yus X beta so
+this term here is an N Vector minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here is an N Vector minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here is an N Vector minus the
+product of the the X Matrix Time beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the the X Matrix Time beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the the X Matrix Time beta
+which is another n vector and we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another n vector and we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another n vector and we're just
+taking the cross product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and the ordinary leas squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the ordinary leas squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the ordinary leas squares
+estimate for beta uh solves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for beta uh solves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for beta uh solves the
+derivative of this Criterion equaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this Criterion equaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this Criterion equaling
+zero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now
+um that's in fact true but who can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's in fact true but who can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's in fact true but who can tell
+me why that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I say again okay so uh your name SE seph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say again okay so uh your name SE seph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say again okay so uh your name SE seph
+Seth very good Seth thanks Seth so so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seth very good Seth thanks Seth so so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seth very good Seth thanks Seth so so if
+if we want to find a minimum of Q then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to find a minimum of Q then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to find a minimum of Q then
+that minimum will have if it's a smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimum will have if it's a smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimum will have if it's a smooth
+function will have a minimum at slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will have a minimum at slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will have a minimum at slope
+equals zero now how do we know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero now how do we know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero now how do we know whether
+it's a minimum or not could be a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so uh in fact this is a q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so uh in fact this is a q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so uh in fact this is a q of
+beta is a convex function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is a convex function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is a convex function of
+beta and so its second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and so its second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and so its second
+derivative is positive and um if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is positive and um if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is positive and um if you uh
+basically think about the se you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically think about the se you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically think about the se you know
+basically this is the first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is the first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is the first derivative
+of Q with respect to Beta equal Z if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q with respect to Beta equal Z if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q with respect to Beta equal Z if you
+were to solve for the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to solve for the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to solve for the second derivative
+of Q with respect to Beta well beta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q with respect to Beta well beta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q with respect to Beta well beta is a
+p Vector so the second derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p Vector so the second derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p Vector so the second derivative is
+actually a second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a second derivative
+Matrix and that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that Matrix
+uh well you can solve for it will be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well you can solve for it will be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well you can solve for it will be X
+transpose X which is a positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X which is a positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X which is a positive definite
+or semi-definite Matrix so it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or semi-definite Matrix so it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or semi-definite Matrix so it basically
+has a positive derivative there so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a positive derivative there so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a positive derivative there so um so
+anyway so this ordinary leas squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this ordinary leas squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this ordinary leas squares
+estimates will solve this uh DQ of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates will solve this uh DQ of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates will solve this uh DQ of beta
+by D beta equals z what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by D beta equals z what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by D beta equals z what is
+DQ beta by D beta J well you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ beta by D beta J well you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ beta by D beta J well you just take
+the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+and so we're taking the sum of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're taking the sum of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're taking the sum of all these
+elements uh and if you take the d well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh and if you take the d well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh and if you take the d well
+okay the derivative is a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the derivative is a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the derivative is a linear operator
+so the D dtive of the sum is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the D dtive of the sum is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the D dtive of the sum is the sum of
+the derivatives so we take the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives so we take the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives so we take the summation
+out and we take the derivative of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we take the derivative of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we take the derivative of each
+term so we get 2 minus x i j then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so we get 2 minus x i j then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so we get 2 minus x i j then the
+thing in square brackets y IUS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and what is that well in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what is that well in Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what is that well in Matrix
+notation if we let this sort of bold x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation if we let this sort of bold x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation if we let this sort of bold x
+sub s j denote the jth column of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub s j denote the jth column of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub s j denote the jth column of the
+independent variables then this is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables then this is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables then this is minus
+two basically the J column of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basically the J column of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basically the J column of X
+transpose times y - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times y - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times y - x
+beta so this J uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so this J uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so this J uh
+equation uh for nearly squares has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh for nearly squares has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh for nearly squares has that
+representation in terms in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms in Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms in Matrix
+notation now if we put that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation now if we put that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation now if we put that all
+together uh we basically can Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh we basically can Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh we basically can Define this
+derivative of Q with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Q with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Q with respect to the
+different regression parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regression parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regression parameters
+as basically the minus twice the jth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basically the minus twice the jth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basically the minus twice the jth
+column stacked uh times y - x beta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column stacked uh times y - x beta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column stacked uh times y - x beta which
+is simply - 2 X transpose y - x beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply - 2 X transpose y - x beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply - 2 X transpose y - x beta and
+this uh has to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh has to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh has to equal
+zero and um if we just simplify you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and um if we just simplify you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and um if we just simplify you know
+taking out the two we get this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking out the two we get this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking out the two we get this set of
+equations must be satisfied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations must be satisfied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations must be satisfied by the
+ordinar Le squares estimate beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinar Le squares estimate beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinar Le squares estimate beta and
+that's called the normal equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the normal equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the normal equations
+in books on regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in books on regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in books on regression
+modeling so let's consider how we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so let's consider how we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so let's consider how we solve
+that well we can reexpress that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we can reexpress that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we can reexpress that by
+multiplying through the X transpose on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying through the X transpose on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying through the X transpose on
+each of the terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then beta hat basically solves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then beta hat basically solves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then beta hat basically solves this
+equation and if x transpose X inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and if x transpose X inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and if x transpose X inverse
+exists we get beta hat is equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists we get beta hat is equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists we get beta hat is equal to X
+transpose X inverse X transpose y um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X inverse X transpose y um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X inverse X transpose y um so
+with uh Matrix algebra we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Matrix algebra we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Matrix algebra we can actually
+solve this and Matrix algebra is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this and Matrix algebra is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this and Matrix algebra is going
+to be you know very important to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know very important to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know very important to this
+lecture and other lectures so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and other lectures so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and other lectures so if this
+stuff is if you're a bit Rusty on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is if you're a bit Rusty on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is if you're a bit Rusty on this
+do uh brush up um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh brush up um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh brush up um the
+uh uh this particular solu solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this particular solu solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this particular solu solution for
+beta hat assumes that X transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hat assumes that X transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hat assumes that X transpose X
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+exists um who can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um who can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um who can tell
+me what needs or what assumptions do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what needs or what assumptions do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what needs or what assumptions do we
+need to make for X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make for X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make for X transpose
+X to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse I'll call you in a second if no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse I'll call you in a second if no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse I'll call you in a second if no
+one else does but somebody has just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else does but somebody has just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one else does but somebody has just said
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone else no all right okay well so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else no all right okay well so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else no all right okay well so X
+transpose X inverse needs to have full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X inverse needs to have full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X inverse needs to have full
+rank which means that each of the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank which means that each of the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank which means that each of the sub
+matrices needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have okay so will said basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so will said basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so will said basically the
+Matrix X needs to have full Rank and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix X needs to have full Rank and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix X needs to have full Rank and so
+if x has full rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x has full rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x has full rank
+then um well let's see if x has full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um well let's see if x has full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um well let's see if x has full
+rank then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank then
+the singular value decomposition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value decomposition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value decomposition which
+was in the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the very first
+class can be can can exist and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class can be can can exist and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class can be can can exist and you have
+uh basically P singular values that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically P singular values that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically P singular values that are
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+nonzero and X transpose X can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero and X transpose X can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero and X transpose X can be
+expressed as sort of a uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as sort of a uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as sort of a uh from the
+singular value decomposition as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition as one of
+the orthogonal matrices times the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthogonal matrices times the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthogonal matrices times the square
+of the D of the singular values times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the D of the singular values times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the D of the singular values times
+that same Matrix transpose if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same Matrix transpose if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same Matrix transpose if you recall
+that definition so so that actually is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition so so that actually is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition so so that actually is a
+you know basically provides a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically provides a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically provides a solution
+for X transpose X inverse indeed uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X transpose X inverse indeed uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X transpose X inverse indeed uh from
+the singular value decomposition of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value decomposition of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value decomposition of X
+but what's required is that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's required is that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's required is that you have a
+full rank in X and what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full rank in X and what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full rank in X and what that means is
+that you can't have independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't have independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't have independent
+variables that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are
+um explained by other independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explained by other independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explained by other independent
+variables so different Columns of X have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so different Columns of X have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so different Columns of X have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um
+linear or they can't linearly depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear or they can't linearly depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear or they can't linearly depend on
+any other Columns of X otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other Columns of X otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other Columns of X otherwise you
+would have reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have reduced
+rank um so now if if beta hat doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank um so now if if beta hat doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank um so now if if beta hat doesn't
+uh have full rank then our least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have full rank then our least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have full rank then our least squares
+estimate of beta might be non-unique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of beta might be non-unique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of beta might be non-unique and
+in fact um it's it is the case that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact um it's it is the case that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact um it's it is the case that if
+you are really interested in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are really interested in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are really interested in just
+predicting values of a dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting values of a dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting values of a dependent
+variable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable then
+and having uh sort of non-unique least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having uh sort of non-unique least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having uh sort of non-unique least
+squares estimates isn't as much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimates isn't as much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimates isn't as much of a
+problem because you still can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you still can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you still can get
+estimates out of that but um but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates out of that but um but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates out of that but um but for now
+we want to assume that there's full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to assume that there's full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to assume that there's full
+column rank in the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables all right uh now if we uh plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all right uh now if we uh plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all right uh now if we uh plug
+in the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value of the
+solution um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the least squares estimate we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the least squares estimate we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the least squares estimate we get
+fitted values for the response variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted values for the response variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted values for the response variable
+which are simply The Matrix x times beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are simply The Matrix x times beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are simply The Matrix x times beta
+hat and this uh expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this uh expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this uh expression for the
+fitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+is basically x * X transpose X inverse X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically x * X transpose X inverse X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically x * X transpose X inverse X
+transpose y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y
+which we can represent as Hy basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can represent as Hy basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can represent as Hy basically
+uh this H Matrix and in statist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this H Matrix and in statist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this H Matrix and in statist in
+linear models and statistics it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear models and statistics it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear models and statistics it's called
+The Hat matrix it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Hat matrix it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Hat matrix it's basically a
+projection Matrix that takes the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix that takes the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix that takes the linear
+vector or the the vector of of uh values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or the the vector of of uh values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or the the vector of of uh values
+of the response variable into the fitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the response variable into the fitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the response variable into the fitted
+values so uh so this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so uh so this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so uh so this uh
+hat Matrix is is is quite important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Matrix is is is quite important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Matrix is is is quite important
+um let's see the problem set's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see the problem set's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see the problem set's going to
+cover some features or go into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover some features or go into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover some features or go into some
+properties of of the Hat Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of of the Hat Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of of the Hat Matrix
+um and does anyone have any uh want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and does anyone have any uh want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and does anyone have any uh want to
+make any comments about uh and this hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any comments about uh and this hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any comments about uh and this hat
+Matrix is actually a very special type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is actually a very special type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is actually a very special type
+of Matrix does anyone want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Matrix does anyone want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Matrix does anyone want to point out
+what that special type is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a projection Matrix okay yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a projection Matrix okay yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a projection Matrix okay yeah and
+in a linear uh algebra projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a linear uh algebra projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a linear uh algebra projection
+matrices have some very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have some very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have some very special
+properties um and uh it's actually uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties um and uh it's actually uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties um and uh it's actually uh an
+orthogonal projection Matrix and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal projection Matrix and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal projection Matrix and so um
+if you're interested in that feature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in that feature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in that feature uh
+you know you you should look into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you should look into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you should look into that
+but uh it it's really very sort of Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it it's really very sort of Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it it's really very sort of Rich
+uh set of properties associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of properties associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of properties associated with
+this hat matrix it's an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hat matrix it's an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hat matrix it's an orthogonal
+projection uh and it's let's see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection uh and it's let's see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection uh and it's let's see what's
+it projecting it's projecting from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it projecting it's projecting from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it projecting it's projecting from n
+space into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what go ahead what what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what go ahead what what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what go ahead what what's your name
+Ethan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethan
+okay right so it's it's it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so it's it's it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so it's it's it's basically
+yeah it's projecting into the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's projecting into the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's projecting into the column
+space of X so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of X so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of X so um
+that that's what linear aggression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what linear aggression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what linear aggression is
+doing so uh in in focusing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so uh in in focusing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so uh in in focusing in
+understanding linear aggression you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding linear aggression you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding linear aggression you can
+think of how do we get estimates of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of how do we get estimates of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of how do we get estimates of this
+P Vector that's all very good and useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Vector that's all very good and useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Vector that's all very good and useful
+and we'll do a lot of that but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do a lot of that but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do a lot of that but you can
+also think of it as what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think of it as what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think of it as what's happening in
+the N dimensional space so you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N dimensional space so you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N dimensional space so you basically
+are representing this n-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are representing this n-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are representing this n-dimensional
+Vector y by its projection onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector y by its projection onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector y by its projection onto the
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+space and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and uh
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right now the residuals um are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the residuals um are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the residuals um are basically
+the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the
+response value and the fitted value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response value and the fitted value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response value and the fitted value and
+this can be expressed as Yus y hat or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be expressed as Yus y hat or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be expressed as Yus y hat or I
+in minus H time Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in minus H time Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in minus H time Y
+and it turns out that uh I in minus H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that uh I in minus H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that uh I in minus H is
+also a projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a projection
+Matrix and it's projecting the data onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it's projecting the data onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and it's projecting the data onto
+the space orthogonal to the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space orthogonal to the column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space orthogonal to the column space
+of X and uh to show that that's true if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and uh to show that that's true if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and uh to show that that's true if
+we consider the normal equations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider the normal equations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider the normal equations which
+are X transpose y - x beta hat equaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are X transpose y - x beta hat equaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are X transpose y - x beta hat equaling
+zero that basically is X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that basically is X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that basically is X transpose
+Epsilon hat equals zero and so from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon hat equals zero and so from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon hat equals zero and so from the
+normal equations we can see that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal equations we can see that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal equations we can see that what
+they mean mean is they mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean mean is they mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean mean is they mean that the
+residual Vector Epsilon hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual Vector Epsilon hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual Vector Epsilon hat is
+orthogonal to each of the columns of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each of the columns of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each of the columns of X
+you take any column in X multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any column in X multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any column in X multiply that
+by the residual vector and you get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the residual vector and you get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the residual vector and you get zero
+coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out
+so uh that that's a feature of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that that's a feature of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that that's a feature of the uh
+residuals as they relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals as they relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals as they relate to the
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+variables okay all right so um so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay all right so um so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay all right so um so at
+this point we've gone true really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we've gone true really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we've gone true really not
+talking about any statistical properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about any statistical properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about any statistical properties
+to specify the B all we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify the B all we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify the B all we've done is
+talked we've introduced the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked we've introduced the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked we've introduced the least
+squares Criterion and said what value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares Criterion and said what value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares Criterion and said what value of
+the beta Vector minimizes that least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta Vector minimizes that least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta Vector minimizes that least
+squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+Criterion let's turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion let's turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion let's turn
+to uh the Gus Markov theorem and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the Gus Markov theorem and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the Gus Markov theorem and start
+introducing some uh statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing some uh statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing some uh statistical
+properties probability properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties probability properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties probability properties so
+with our data Y and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our data Y and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our data Y and X
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epson okay that let me go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epson okay that let me go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epson okay that let me go back to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um it's it's that X The Columns of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's that X The Columns of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's that X The Columns of X and
+the column Vector of the residual is are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column Vector of the residual is are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column Vector of the residual is are
+orthogonal to each other so uh we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other so uh we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other so uh we're not
+doing a projection onto a null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a projection onto a null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a projection onto a null space
+it's we're just this is just a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we're just this is just a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we're just this is just a statement
+that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those
+um values or or those column vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um values or or those column vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um values or or those column vectors are
+orthogonal to each other and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other and just to
+recap the uh Epsilon is a projection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap the uh Epsilon is a projection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap the uh Epsilon is a projection of
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+onto the space orthogonal to the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the space orthogonal to the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the space orthogonal to the column
+space and Y had is the projection onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and Y had is the projection onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and Y had is the projection onto
+the column space of Y and uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space of Y and uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space of Y and uh these are
+projections are are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections are are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections are are orthogonal
+projections and so uh they they happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and so uh they they happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and so uh they they happen
+to uh result in sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh result in sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh result in sort of the the
+projected value Epsilon hat must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected value Epsilon hat must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected value Epsilon hat must be
+orthogonal to the column space of x if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the column space of x if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the column space of x if
+it's if you project it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you project it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you project it out
+that okay all right so the gaus Markoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay all right so the gaus Markoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay all right so the gaus Markoff
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+we have data Y and X again uh and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have data Y and X again uh and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have data Y and X again uh and now
+we're going to think of the observe data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think of the observe data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think of the observe data
+little y1 through YN is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little y1 through YN is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little y1 through YN is actually an
+observation of the random Vector capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of the random Vector capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of the random Vector capital
+Y composed of random variables y1 2 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y composed of random variables y1 2 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y composed of random variables y1 2 up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+YN and the expectation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN and the expectation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN and the expectation of this
+Vector conditional on the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector conditional on the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector conditional on the values of the
+independent variables and the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables and the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables and the regression
+parameters given by X beta so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters given by X beta so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters given by X beta so the
+dependent variable Vector has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable Vector has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable Vector has
+expectation given by the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation given by the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation given by the product of the
+independent variables Matrix times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables Matrix times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables Matrix times the
+regression parameters and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters and the
+co-variance Matrix of Y given X and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance Matrix of Y given X and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance Matrix of Y given X and beta
+is Sigma squ times the identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sigma squ times the identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sigma squ times the identity Matrix
+the N dimensional identity Matrix so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N dimensional identity Matrix so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N dimensional identity Matrix so the
+identity Matrix you know has ones along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix you know has ones along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix you know has ones along
+the diagonal and dimensional and zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal and dimensional and zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal and dimensional and zero is
+off the diagonal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal so
+the variances of the Y are the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variances of the Y are the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variances of the Y are the diagonal
+entries those are all the same Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries those are all the same Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries those are all the same Sigma
+squared and the co-variances between any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and the co-variances between any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and the co-variances between any
+two are equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition right now okay now the Gus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right now okay now the Gus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right now okay now the Gus
+markup theorem uh this uh is is a I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup theorem uh this uh is is a I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup theorem uh this uh is is a I know
+sort of a terrific result in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a terrific result in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a terrific result in linear
+models Theory and it's uh terrific in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models Theory and it's uh terrific in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models Theory and it's uh terrific in
+terms of sort of the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of sort of the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of sort of the mathematical
+content of it um I think it's a I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of it um I think it's a I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of it um I think it's a I mean
+for a math class it's really a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a math class it's really a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a math class it's really a nice
+theorem to introduce you to and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to introduce you to and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to introduce you to and sort of
+highlight the power of uh of uh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the power of uh of uh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the power of uh of uh I guess
+results that can arise from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that can arise from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that can arise from from
+applying the theory um and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the theory um and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the theory um and so um
+uh to set this theorem up we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to set this theorem up we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to set this theorem up we want to
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+about um trying to estimate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um trying to estimate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um trying to estimate some
+function of the regression parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the regression parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the regression parameters
+and so okay our problem is uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay our problem is uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay our problem is uh with
+ordinar Le squares was how do we specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinar Le squares was how do we specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinar Le squares was how do we specify
+the regression parameters beta 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regression parameters beta 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regression parameters beta 1 through
+beta P let's consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta P let's consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta P let's consider a
+general you know quanti Target of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you know quanti Target of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you know quanti Target of
+Interest which is a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest which is a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest which is a linear combination
+of the betas so so we want to predict a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the betas so so we want to predict a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the betas so so we want to predict a
+a parameter Theta which is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter Theta which is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter Theta which is some
+linear combination of the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the regression
+parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and
+because that linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that linear combination of the
+regression parameters corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters corresponds to
+sort of the uh expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the uh expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the uh expectation of the
+response variable corresponding to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variable corresponding to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response variable corresponding to a
+given row of the independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given row of the independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given row of the independent variables
+Matrix this is just a generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this is just a generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this is just a generalization of
+trying to estimate the means of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate the means of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate the means of the
+regression model at different points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model at different points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model at different points in
+the space or to be estimating other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space or to be estimating other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space or to be estimating other
+quantities that that might uh arise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that that might uh arise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that that might uh arise so
+so this is really a very general kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really a very general kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really a very general kind of
+thing to want to estimate it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to want to estimate it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to want to estimate it certainly
+is appropriate for predictions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is appropriate for predictions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is appropriate for predictions um
+and if we consider the least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we consider the least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we consider the least squares
+estimate by just plugging in beta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate by just plugging in beta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate by just plugging in beta hat
+one through beta hat p solved by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one through beta hat p solved by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one through beta hat p solved by the
+least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares
+well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+it turns out that uh those are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that uh those are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that uh those are an
+unbiased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased
+estimator of the parameter Theta so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator of the parameter Theta so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator of the parameter Theta so if
+we're trying to estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to estimate this
+combination of these unknown parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these unknown parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these unknown parameters
+you plug in the least squares estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug in the least squares estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug in the least squares estimates
+you're going to get an estimator that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get an estimator that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get an estimator that's
+unbiased um who can tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased um who can tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased um who can tell me what
+unbiased is that's probably a New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased is that's probably a New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased is that's probably a New
+Concept for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept for some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept for some people
+here anyone okay well a basic property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anyone okay well a basic property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anyone okay well a basic property
+of uh estimators and statistics where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh estimators and statistics where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh estimators and statistics where
+the expectation of this uh statistic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of this uh statistic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of this uh statistic is
+the true parameter so it doesn't on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true parameter so it doesn't on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true parameter so it doesn't on
+average probabilistically it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average probabilistically it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average probabilistically it doesn't
+over underestimate the value so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over underestimate the value so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over underestimate the value so that's
+what unbiased means now it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what unbiased means now it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what unbiased means now it's also a
+linear estimator of theta in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear estimator of theta in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear estimator of theta in terms of
+this Theta hat being a particular linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theta hat being a particular linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theta hat being a particular linear
+combination of the dependent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the dependent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the dependent variables
+so with our original response variable Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with our original response variable Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with our original response variable Y
+what with case of y1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what with case of y1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what with case of y1 through
+YN this Theta hat is simply a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN this Theta hat is simply a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN this Theta hat is simply a linear
+combination of all the Y's and now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all the Y's and now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all the Y's and now why
+is that true well we know that beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that true well we know that beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that true well we know that beta
+hat from the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat from the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat from the normal
+equations is solved by X transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is solved by X transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is solved by X transpose X
+inverse X transpose y so it's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse X transpose y so it's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse X transpose y so it's a linear
+transform of the Y Vector so if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the Y Vector so if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the Y Vector so if we take
+take a linear combination of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a linear combination of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a linear combination of those
+components it's also another linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components it's also another linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components it's also another linear
+combination of the Y Vector so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the Y Vector so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the Y Vector so so this
+is a linear function of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear function of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear function of the underlying
+of the response VAR one now the gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the response VAR one now the gaus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the response VAR one now the gaus
+Markov theorem says that uh if the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov theorem says that uh if the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov theorem says that uh if the G
+Markov assumptions apply then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov assumptions apply then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov assumptions apply then the
+estimator Theta has the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator Theta has the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator Theta has the smallest
+variance amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance amongst
+all linear unbiased estimators of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all linear unbiased estimators of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all linear unbiased estimators of theta
+so it actually is like the optimal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it actually is like the optimal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it actually is like the optimal one
+so long as this is their criteria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long as this is their criteria and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long as this is their criteria and
+and this is really a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really a very powerful
+result um and uh to prove it it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um and uh to prove it it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um and uh to prove it it's it's
+very easy um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy um let's
+see actually these notes are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually these notes are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually these notes are going to be
+distributed so I'm going to S go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so I'm going to S go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so I'm going to S go through
+this very very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very very quickly
+um and come back to it later if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and come back to it later if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and come back to it later if we have
+more time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time but
+uh you basically the argument for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you basically the argument for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you basically the argument for the
+proof here is you consider another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof here is you consider another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof here is you consider another
+linear estimate which is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear estimate which is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear estimate which is also an
+unbiased estimate so let's consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimate so let's consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimate so let's consider a
+competitor to the least squares value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor to the least squares value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor to the least squares value
+and then look at the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look at the difference between
+that estimator and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that estimator and Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that estimator and Theta
+hat and so uh that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and so uh that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and so uh that can be
+characterized as basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized as basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized as basically
+this Vector F transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector F transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector F transpose
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+and this difference in the estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this difference in the estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this difference in the estimates
+must have expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have expectation
+zero so basically if we look at if Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so basically if we look at if Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so basically if we look at if Theta
+tilas in biest then this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilas in biest then this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilas in biest then this expression here
+is going to be equal to zero which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to zero which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to zero which means
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+F the sort of difference in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the sort of difference in these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the sort of difference in these two
+estimators um def or the difference F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators um def or the difference F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators um def or the difference F
+defines the difference in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the difference in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the difference in the two
+estimators has to be orthogonal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators has to be orthogonal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators has to be orthogonal to the
+column space of X and um with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space of X and um with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space of X and um with this uh
+result one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uses this
+orthogonality of F and D to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality of F and D to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality of F and D to evaluate the
+variance of theta Tilda and and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of theta Tilda and and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of theta Tilda and and in this
+proof the mathematical argument here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof the mathematical argument here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof the mathematical argument here is
+is really something thing I I should put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really something thing I I should put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really something thing I I should put
+some asteris a few lines here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some asteris a few lines here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some asteris a few lines here this
+expression here is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here is actually very
+important um we're basically looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um we're basically looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um we're basically looking
+at the decomposition of the variance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the decomposition of the variance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the decomposition of the variance to
+be the variance of B transpose Y which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the variance of B transpose Y which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the variance of B transpose Y which
+is the variance of the sum of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variance of the sum of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variance of the sum of these two
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+variables so the page before basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the page before basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the page before basically
+defined D and F such that this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined D and F such that this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined D and F such that this is true
+now when you consider the variance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you consider the variance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you consider the variance of a
+sum it's not the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum it's not the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum it's not the sum of the
+variances is the sum of the variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances is the sum of the variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances is the sum of the variances
+plus twice the sum of the co-variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus twice the sum of the co-variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus twice the sum of the co-variances
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you are
+calculating uh variances of sums of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating uh variances of sums of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating uh variances of sums of
+random variables you have to really keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables you have to really keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables you have to really keep
+track of the covariance terms and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the covariance terms and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the covariance terms and in
+this case this argument shows that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this argument shows that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this argument shows that the
+covariant terms are in fact zero and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant terms are in fact zero and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant terms are in fact zero and you
+get the result popping out um but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the result popping out um but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the result popping out um but uh
+that's really a uh I don't know it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a uh I don't know it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really a uh I don't know it's I
+in in ecometrics class I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in ecometrics class I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in ecometrics class I'll talk about
+blue estimates of uh regression or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue estimates of uh regression or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue estimates of uh regression or the
+blue property of of Le squares estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue property of of Le squares estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue property of of Le squares estimates
+that's what where that comes from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what where that comes from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what where that comes from all
+right so let's now consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's now consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's now consider
+generalizing uh from gaus marov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing uh from gaus marov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing uh from gaus marov
+to allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow for
+unequal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal
+variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances
+and possibly correlated uh nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possibly correlated uh nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possibly correlated uh nonzero
+covariances between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances between the
+components and um in this case uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and um in this case uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and um in this case uh the
+regression model has the same linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model has the same linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model has the same linear
+setup the only difference is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup the only difference is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup the only difference is the
+expectation of the residual Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the residual Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the residual Vector is
+still zero but the covariance Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still zero but the covariance Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still zero but the covariance Matrix of
+the residual Vector is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual Vector is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual Vector is Sigma
+squ a single parameter times say capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ a single parameter times say capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ a single parameter times say capital
+Sigma and uh we'll assume here that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and uh we'll assume here that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and uh we'll assume here that this
+capital Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Sigma
+Matrix is a known n byn positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a known n byn positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a known n byn positive
+definite Matrix specifying relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite Matrix specifying relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite Matrix specifying relative
+variances and correlations between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well in order to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well in order to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well in order to solve
+for regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for regression
+estimates um under these uh generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates um under these uh generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates um under these uh generalized
+gusarov assumptions we can transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusarov assumptions we can transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusarov assumptions we can transform the
+data YX to Y star equals Sigma Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data YX to Y star equals Sigma Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data YX to Y star equals Sigma Theus
+half Y and X to X to xar which is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Y and X to X to xar which is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Y and X to X to xar which is Sigma
+to minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus a half
+X and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this
+model then becomes a Model A linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model then becomes a Model A linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model then becomes a Model A linear
+regression model in terms of Y star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model in terms of Y star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model in terms of Y star and
+xstar we're basically multiplying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar we're basically multiplying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar we're basically multiplying this
+regression model by Sigma to the minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model by Sigma to the minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model by Sigma to the minus a
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+across and Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and Epsilon
+star actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star actually
+has covariance Matrix equal to Sigma squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has covariance Matrix equal to Sigma squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has covariance Matrix equal to Sigma squ
+time the identity so if we just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the identity so if we just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the identity so if we just take a
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+transformation of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the original
+data we get a representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we get a representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we get a representation of the
+regression model that satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model that satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model that satisfies the
+original gal marov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original gal marov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original gal marov
+assumptions and what we had to do was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and what we had to do was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and what we had to do was
+basically do a linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do a linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do a linear transformation
+that makes the response variables all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the response variables all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the response variables all
+have constant variance and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have constant variance and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have constant variance and be
+uncorrelated so uh so with that um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated so uh so with that um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated so uh so with that um we
+then have the least squares estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have the least squares estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have the least squares estimate of
+beta is the least squares the ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the least squares the ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the least squares the ordinary
+least squares in terms of Y star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares in terms of Y star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares in terms of Y star and
+xstar and so plugging that in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar and so plugging that in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar and so plugging that in we
+basically have xar transpose xar inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have xar transpose xar inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have xar transpose xar inverse
+xar transpose Yar and if you multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar transpose Yar and if you multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar transpose Yar and if you multiply it
+through that's how the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that's how the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that's how the formula
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+so and so this formula characterizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so this formula characterizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so this formula characterizing
+the least squares estimate under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least squares estimate under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least squares estimate under this
+generalized set of assumptions um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized set of assumptions um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized set of assumptions um sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+highlights what we're trying or what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights what we're trying or what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights what we're trying or what you
+need to do to make the to to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to make the to to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to make the to to be able to
+apply that theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that theorem
+so with response values that have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with response values that have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with response values that have very
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+variances you basically want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances you basically want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances you basically want to sort of
+discount those by the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount those by the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount those by the sigma
+inverse and uh you know that's uh part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and uh you know that's uh part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and uh you know that's uh part
+of the way in which these generally leas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way in which these generally leas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way in which these generally leas
+squares work all right so now let's turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares work all right so now let's turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares work all right so now let's turn
+to uh distribution theory for normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh distribution theory for normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh distribution theory for normal
+regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+um let's assume assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's assume assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's assume assume that the
+residuals are normals with mean zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals are normals with mean zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals are normals with mean zero and
+variant Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ um okay the Y conditioning on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ um okay the Y conditioning on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ um okay the Y conditioning on the
+values of the independent variables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the independent variables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the independent variables the
+Y's the response varibles are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's the response varibles are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's the response varibles are going to
+be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be independent
+over uh the index I they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh the index I they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh the index I they're not going to
+be identically distributed because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identically distributed because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identically distributed because they
+have different means mui for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different means mui for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different means mui for the uh
+dependent variable Yi but they will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable Yi but they will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable Yi but they will have
+a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+variance and what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and what we can do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+basically condition on X beta and sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically condition on X beta and sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically condition on X beta and sigma
+squar and then represent this model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and then represent this model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and then represent this model in
+terms of the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the distribution of the
+epsilons so we're conditioning on X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons so we're conditioning on X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons so we're conditioning on X and
+beta this x beta is a constant known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta this x beta is a constant known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta this x beta is a constant known
+we've conditioned on it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've conditioned on it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've conditioned on it and the
+remaining uncertainty is in the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining uncertainty is in the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining uncertainty is in the residual
+Vector which is assumed to be uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which is assumed to be uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which is assumed to be uh all
+univ or independent and identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univ or independent and identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univ or independent and identically
+distributed normal random variables now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed normal random variables now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed normal random variables now
+this is the first time you'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time you'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time you'll see this
+notation capital N Sub little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation capital N Sub little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation capital N Sub little
+n for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n for a
+random Vector it's it's a multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vector it's it's a multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Vector it's it's a multivariate
+normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random
+variable where you consider an N Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable where you consider an N Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable where you consider an N Vector
+where each component is normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each component is normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each component is normally
+distributed with mean given by some mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed with mean given by some mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed with mean given by some mean
+corresponding mean vector and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding mean vector and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding mean vector and a
+covariance matrix given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix given
+by coari matrix um in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coari matrix um in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coari matrix um in terms of
+independent and identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+values the the the probability structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the the the probability structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the the the probability structure
+here is totally well- defined you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is totally well- defined you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is totally well- defined you know
+anyone of you anyone here who's taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone of you anyone here who's taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone of you anyone here who's taken
+the beginning probability class knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning probability class knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning probability class knows
+what the density function fun is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the density function fun is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the density function fun is for
+this multivar normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multivar normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multivar normal distribution
+because it's the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the product of the
+independent uh density functions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh density functions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh density functions for the
+independent components because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent components because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent components because they're
+all independent random variables so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all independent random variables so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all independent random variables so so
+this multivariant normal random Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multivariant normal random Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multivariant normal random Vector
+has a density function which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a density function which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a density function which you can
+write down given this your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down given this your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down given this your first
+probability class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability class
+um okay here I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay here I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay here I'm just
+highlighting the uh or defining the MU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting the uh or defining the MU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting the uh or defining the MU
+Vector for the means of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector for the means of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector for the means of the
+N cases of the data and the covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N cases of the data and the covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N cases of the data and the covariance
+Matrix Sigma is this diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix and so basically Sigma i j is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and so basically Sigma i j is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and so basically Sigma i j is uh
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+uh basically Sigma squ times The Chronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically Sigma squ times The Chronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically Sigma squ times The Chronic
+or Delta uh for the I element now uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Delta uh for the I element now uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Delta uh for the I element now uh it
+to what we want to do is under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we want to do is under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we want to do is under the
+assumptions of normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of normally
+distributed uh residuals to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh residuals to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh residuals to solve for
+the distribution of the leas squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the leas squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the leas squares
+estimators we want to know basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators we want to know basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators we want to know basically
+what kind of distribution does it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of distribution does it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of distribution does it have
+because what we want to be able to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we want to be able to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we want to be able to do is
+to determine whether estimates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine whether estimates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine whether estimates are
+particularly large or not I maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly large or not I maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly large or not I maybe
+there's no structure at all and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no structure at all and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no structure at all and we
+regression parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters are
+zero uh so that there's no depend on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh so that there's no depend on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh so that there's no depend on a
+given factor and we need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given factor and we need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given factor and we need to be able to
+judge how significant that is so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge how significant that is so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge how significant that is so we need
+to know what the uh distribution is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the uh distribution is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the uh distribution is of
+our uh least squares estimat so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh least squares estimat so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh least squares estimat so what
+we're going to do is apply moment tring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is apply moment tring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is apply moment tring
+functions to derive The Joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to derive The Joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to derive The Joint
+distribution of Y and the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y and the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y and the joint
+distribution of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and
+so tum uh introduced the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tum uh introduced the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tum uh introduced the moment
+generating function for individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function for individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function for individual
+random variables uh for single variate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables uh for single variate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables uh for single variate
+random variables for narate random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables for narate random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables for narate random
+variables uh we can Define the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh we can Define the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh we can Define the moment
+generating function of the Y Vector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function of the Y Vector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function of the Y Vector to
+be the expectation of e to the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the expectation of e to the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the expectation of e to the T
+transpose y so T is an argument of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y so T is an argument of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y so T is an argument of the
+moment generating function it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment generating function it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment generating function it's another
+n vector and it's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n vector and it's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n vector and it's equal to the
+expectation of e to the T1 y1 plus T2 Y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of e to the T1 y1 plus T2 Y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of e to the T1 y1 plus T2 Y2
+up to TN YN so this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to TN YN so this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to TN YN so this is a very simple
+definition um because of Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition um because of Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition um because of Independence
+the expectation of the products of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of the products of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of the products of or
+this exponential sum is the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential sum is the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential sum is the product of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+exponentials and so this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and so this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and so this moment
+generating function is simply the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function is simply the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function is simply the uh
+product of the moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the moment generating
+functions for y1 up through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for y1 up through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for y1 up through
+YN and I think I don't know if it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN and I think I don't know if it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YN and I think I don't know if it was in
+the first problem set or in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first problem set or in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first problem set or in the first
+lecture but e the ti mui plus a half ti^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but e the ti mui plus a half ti^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but e the ti mui plus a half ti^
+2 Sigma s was the moment jaring function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Sigma s was the moment jaring function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Sigma s was the moment jaring function
+for a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single
+univariate normal random variabl mean UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate normal random variabl mean UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate normal random variabl mean UI
+invariance Sigma squ and so if we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance Sigma squ and so if we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance Sigma squ and so if we have n
+of these we take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these we take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these we take their
+product and the moment Jing function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and the moment Jing function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and the moment Jing function for
+y is simply e to the tpose MU plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is simply e to the tpose MU plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is simply e to the tpose MU plus a
+half T transpose Sigma T and so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half T transpose Sigma T and so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half T transpose Sigma T and so for this
+multivar normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivar normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivar normal
+distribution this is its moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is its moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is its moment
+generating function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this happens to be the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this happens to be the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this happens to be the uh the the
+distribution of Y is a multivariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y is a multivariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y is a multivariant
+normal with mean mu and covariant Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with mean mu and covariant Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with mean mu and covariant Matrix
+Sigma so uh a fact that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so uh a fact that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so uh a fact that we're going to
+use is that if we're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is that if we're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is that if we're working with
+multivariant normal random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant normal random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant normal random variables
+this is the structure of their moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the structure of their moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the structure of their moment
+Jing functions and so if we solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jing functions and so if we solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jing functions and so if we solve for
+the moment Jing function of some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment Jing function of some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment Jing function of some other
+item of interest and recognize that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item of interest and recognize that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item of interest and recognize that it's
+has the same form we can then conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same form we can then conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same form we can then conclude
+that it's also a multiv normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable so let's do that let's solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so let's do that let's solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so let's do that let's solve
+for the uh moment generating function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh moment generating function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh moment generating function of
+the least squares estimate beta hat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least squares estimate beta hat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least squares estimate beta hat so
+now rather than dealing with an N Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rather than dealing with an N Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rather than dealing with an N Vector
+we're dealing with a p Vector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with a p Vector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with a p Vector of the
+betas beta hats and this is is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas beta hats and this is is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas beta hats and this is is simply
+the definition of the moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the moment generating
+function if we plug in for uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if we plug in for uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if we plug in for uh basically
+what the functional form is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the functional form is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the functional form is for the
+ordinary leas squares estimates and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary leas squares estimates and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary leas squares estimates and how
+they depend on the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they depend on the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they depend on the underlying
+y then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y then we
+basically okay we have a equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay we have a equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay we have a equal to
+essentially the linear projection of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the linear projection of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the linear projection of Y
+that gives us the least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the least squares
+estimate and then we we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate and then we we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate and then we we can say that
+this moment generating function for beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment generating function for beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment generating function for beta
+hat is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is equal
+to e the expectation of e to the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e the expectation of e to the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e the expectation of e to the T
+transpose Y where Little T is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y where Little T is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y where Little T is a
+transpose to so what we know with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose to so what we know with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose to so what we know with this
+is this is the moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the moment generating
+function of X or sorry of Y evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X or sorry of Y evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X or sorry of Y evaluated at
+the vector Little T and so we just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector Little T and so we just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector Little T and so we just need
+to plug in the little T that expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in the little T that expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug in the little T that expression
+a transpose to so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose to so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose to so let's do
+that and you do that and it turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you do that and it turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you do that and it turns out to
+be e to T transpose mu plus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we go through a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go through a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go through a number of
+calculations and at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and at the end of the day
+we get that the moment gening function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that the moment gening function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that the moment gening function
+is just e to the to transpose beta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just e to the to transpose beta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just e to the to transpose beta plus
+a half to transpose this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half to transpose this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half to transpose this Matrix
+to and that is the monogenic function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and that is the monogenic function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and that is the monogenic function of
+a multivari normal so so these few lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multivari normal so so these few lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multivari normal so so these few lines
+that you can go through after class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can go through after class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can go through after class uh
+basically solve for the moment Jing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solve for the moment Jing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solve for the moment Jing
+function of beta hat and because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of beta hat and because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of beta hat and because we can
+recognize this as the MGF of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this as the MGF of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this as the MGF of a
+multivariate normal we know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate normal we know that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate normal we know that that's
+it's it is beta hat is a multivariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is beta hat is a multivariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is beta hat is a multivariant
+normal with mean the true beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with mean the true beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with mean the true beta and
+covariance Matrix given by the object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance Matrix given by the object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance Matrix given by the object in
+square brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square brackets
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this is essentially the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is essentially the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is essentially the conclusion
+of that previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that previous
+analysis um the marginal distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um the marginal distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um the marginal distribution of
+each of the beta hats is given by Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the beta hats is given by Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the beta hats is given by Beta
+hat uh by a Univar normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat uh by a Univar normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat uh by a Univar normal distribution
+with mean beta J and variance equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean beta J and variance equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean beta J and variance equal to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+diagonal now um at this point saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal now um at this point saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal now um at this point saying
+that um is like a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is like a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is like a an
+assertion um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion um but
+one can actually prove that very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can actually prove that very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can actually prove that very easily
+given sort of this sequence of argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given sort of this sequence of argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given sort of this sequence of argument
+and can anyone tell me why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true well let me tell you it's if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well let me tell you it's if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well let me tell you it's if you
+consider plugging in the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider plugging in the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider plugging in the moment
+generating function the value too where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function the value too where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating function the value too where
+only the J entry is non zero then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the J entry is non zero then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the J entry is non zero then you
+have the moment generating function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the moment generating function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the moment generating function of
+the J component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J component of
+beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and
+that's Gan moment generating function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Gan moment generating function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Gan moment generating function so
+the marginal distribution of the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal distribution of the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal distribution of the J
+component is normal so you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is normal so you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is normal so you get that
+almost for free from this multivari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost for free from this multivari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost for free from this multivari
+analysis um and so there's no hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um and so there's no hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um and so there's no hand
+waving going on in in having that result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving going on in in having that result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving going on in in having that result
+it's actually follows directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually follows directly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually follows directly from the
+moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment generating
+functions okay let's uh now turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay let's uh now turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay let's uh now turn to
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+topic uh related but it's the QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic uh related but it's the QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic uh related but it's the QR
+decomposition of X um so we have with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of X um so we have with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of X um so we have with
+our independent variables um X we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our independent variables um X we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our independent variables um X we want
+to express this as a product of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express this as a product of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express this as a product of an
+orthonormal Matrix Q which is n by P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal Matrix Q which is n by P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal Matrix Q which is n by P and
+an upper triangular Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper triangular Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper triangular Matrix
+R um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R um so
+uh it turn turns out that any Matrix n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turn turns out that any Matrix n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turn turns out that any Matrix n
+byp Matrix can be expressed in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byp Matrix can be expressed in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byp Matrix can be expressed in this form
+and we'll quickly show you how that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll quickly show you how that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll quickly show you how that uh
+can be accomplished we can accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accomplished we can accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accomplished we can accomplish
+that by uh conducting a Graham Schmid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by uh conducting a Graham Schmid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by uh conducting a Graham Schmid
+orthonormalization of the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormalization of the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormalization of the independent
+variables Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables Matrix
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+uh let's see so if we Define r the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see so if we Define r the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see so if we Define r the upper
+triangular Matrix in the QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular Matrix in the QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular Matrix in the QR
+decomposition to have basically Zer off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition to have basically Zer off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition to have basically Zer off
+the diagonal below and then possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal below and then possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal below and then possibly
+nonzero values along the diagonal and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero values along the diagonal and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero values along the diagonal and to
+the right we're just going to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right we're just going to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right we're just going to solve for
+Q and R through this gram Schmid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q and R through this gram Schmid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q and R through this gram Schmid uh
+process so the First Column of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so the First Column of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so the First Column of X is
+equal to the First Column of Q times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the First Column of Q times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the First Column of Q times the
+first ele El the top left corner of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ele El the top left corner of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ele El the top left corner of the
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+R and if we take sort of the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and if we take sort of the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and if we take sort of the cross
+product of that Vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself then we get this expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself then we get this expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself then we get this expression for
+R1 1^ squar it's we can basically solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 1^ squar it's we can basically solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 1^ squar it's we can basically solve
+for R11 as the square root of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R11 as the square root of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R11 as the square root of this
+dotproduct and q1 is simply the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct and q1 is simply the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct and q1 is simply the First
+Column of x divided by that square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column of x divided by that square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column of x divided by that square root
+so this first element of the Q Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this first element of the Q Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this first element of the Q Matrix
+and the first element R you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first element R you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first element R you know this
+can be solved for right away then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be solved for right away then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be solved for right away then let's
+solve for the uh some other this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the uh some other this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the uh some other this the
+second uh column of Cube and uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh column of Cube and uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh column of Cube and uh the uh
+second column of the r Matrix well X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column of the r Matrix well X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column of the r Matrix well X2
+the second column of the X Matrix is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column of the X Matrix is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column of the X Matrix is the
+uh First Column of Q times R R12 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh First Column of Q times R R12 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh First Column of Q times R R12 and the
+SEC plus the second column of Q *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R22 and if we multiply this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R22 and if we multiply this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R22 and if we multiply this expression
+by q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by q1
+transpose then we basically get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose then we basically get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose then we basically get this
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R12 so we actually have just solved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R12 so we actually have just solved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R12 so we actually have just solved for
+R12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q2 is um is solved for uh you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 is um is solved for uh you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 is um is solved for uh you know by
+the arguments given here so basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arguments given here so basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arguments given here so basically we
+sort of successively are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of successively are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of successively are
+orthogonalizing columns of x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalizing columns of x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalizing columns of x to the
+previous Columns of X through this gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Columns of X through this gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Columns of X through this gr
+process and it basically can be repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it basically can be repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it basically can be repeated
+through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the
+columns um now with this QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns um now with this QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns um now with this QR
+decomposition what we get is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition what we get is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition what we get is a really
+nice form for the least squares estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice form for the least squares estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice form for the least squares estimate
+basically it simplifies to the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it simplifies to the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it simplifies to the inverse
+of R * Q transpose Y and um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R * Q transpose Y and um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R * Q transpose Y and um this
+uh basically means that you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically means that you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically means that you can solve
+for least squares estimates by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for least squares estimates by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for least squares estimates by
+calculating the QR decomposition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the QR decomposition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the QR decomposition which
+is a very simple linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple linear algebra
+operation and then just do a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and then just do a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and then just do a couple of
+Matrix products to get the uh well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix products to get the uh well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix products to get the uh well you
+do have to do Matrix inverse with r uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to do Matrix inverse with r uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to do Matrix inverse with r uh
+to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that
+out and the ciance Matrix of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the ciance Matrix of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the ciance Matrix of beta
+hat is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is equal
+to Sigma 2 x transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sigma 2 x transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sigma 2 x transpose X
+inverse and uh in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and uh in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and uh in terms of the
+covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+Matrix what is uh implicit here but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what is uh implicit here but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what is uh implicit here but you
+should make explicit in your St stud is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make explicit in your St stud is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make explicit in your St stud is
+if you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider
+um taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taking
+a matrix R inverse Q transpose times y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix R inverse Q transpose times y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix R inverse Q transpose times y
+the only thing that's random there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's random there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's random there is
+that y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y
+Vector okay the covariance of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay the covariance of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay the covariance of a matrix
+times a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a random
+Vector is that Matrix times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is that Matrix times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is that Matrix times the
+covariance of the vector times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance of the vector times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance of the vector times the
+transpose of the Matrix so if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of the Matrix so if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of the Matrix so if you take a
+matrix transformation of a random Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transformation of a random Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transformation of a random Vector
+then the co-variance of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the co-variance of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the co-variance of that
+transformation has that form so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation has that form so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation has that form so that's
+where this covariance uh Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this covariance uh Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this covariance uh Matrix is
+coming into play um and from the MGF the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into play um and from the MGF the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into play um and from the MGF the
+moment Jing function for the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment Jing function for the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment Jing function for the least
+squares estimate this uh basically comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimate this uh basically comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimate this uh basically comes
+out of the moment generating function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the moment generating function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the moment generating function
+definition as well and uh if we take X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition as well and uh if we take X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition as well and uh if we take X
+transpose X plugging in the r QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X plugging in the r QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X plugging in the r QR
+decomposition only the RS uh play out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition only the RS uh play out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition only the RS uh play out
+giving you that now this also gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you that now this also gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you that now this also gives us a
+very nice form for the Hat Matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice form for the Hat Matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice form for the Hat Matrix which
+is uh turns out to just be Q * Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh turns out to just be Q * Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh turns out to just be Q * Q
+transpose so um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so um that's
+uh a very simple form um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very simple form um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very simple form um and uh
+so now with the distribution Theory this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now with the distribution Theory this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now with the distribution Theory this
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+section is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is going
+to um actually prove what's really a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um actually prove what's really a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um actually prove what's really a a
+fundamental result about normal linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental result about normal linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental result about normal linear
+regression models and I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models and I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models and I'm going to go
+through this somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this somewhat
+quickly uh just so that we cover what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh just so that we cover what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh just so that we cover what
+the main ideas are of the theorems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main ideas are of the theorems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main ideas are of the theorems but
+um the details I think are are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the details I think are are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the details I think are are very
+straightforward and these course notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and these course notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and these course notes
+that will be posted online so go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be posted online so go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be posted online so go through
+the various steps of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various steps of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various steps of the
+analysis but um the uh okay so there's B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis but um the uh okay so there's B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis but um the uh okay so there's B
+an important theorem here which is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important theorem here which is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important theorem here which is for
+any Matrix a m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Matrix a m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Matrix a m
+byn you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn you consider
+transforming the random Vector y by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming the random Vector y by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming the random Vector y by this
+Matrix a it is also a random normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a it is also a random normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a it is also a random normal
+vector and its distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and its distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and its distribution
+is going to have a mean and covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a mean and covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a mean and covariance
+Matrix given by muz and sigma Z which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix given by muz and sigma Z which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix given by muz and sigma Z which
+have this simple uh expression in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this simple uh expression in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this simple uh expression in terms
+of the Matrix a and the underlying means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix a and the underlying means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix a and the underlying means
+and covariances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y okay earlier we actually applied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay earlier we actually applied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay earlier we actually applied this
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+with a corresponding to The Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a corresponding to The Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a corresponding to The Matrix that
+generates the least squares estimates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates the least squares estimates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates the least squares estimates so
+with a equal to exp POS X inverse we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a equal to exp POS X inverse we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a equal to exp POS X inverse we
+actually previously went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually previously went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually previously went through the
+solution for what's the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for what's the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for what's the distribution of
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+hat and with any other Matrix a we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and with any other Matrix a we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and with any other Matrix a we can
+go through the same analysis and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the same analysis and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the same analysis and get the
+distribution so um so if we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here well we can actually prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well we can actually prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well we can actually prove this
+important theorem which says that uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important theorem which says that uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important theorem which says that uh um
+with least squares estimates of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with least squares estimates of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with least squares estimates of linear
+reg normal linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reg normal linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reg normal linear regression
+models our least squares estimate beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models our least squares estimate beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models our least squares estimate beta
+hat and our residual Vector Epsilon hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and our residual Vector Epsilon hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and our residual Vector Epsilon hat
+are independent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent random
+variables so when we construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so when we construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so when we construct
+these statistics they are statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistics they are statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistics they are statistically
+independent of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each
+other and the distribution of beta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the distribution of beta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the distribution of beta hat
+is multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multivariate
+normal the sum of the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal the sum of the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal the sum of the squared
+residuals is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals is in
+fact a multiple of a Ki squar random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a multiple of a Ki squar random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a multiple of a Ki squar random
+variable now um who in here can tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now um who in here can tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now um who in here can tell me
+what a Ki squared uh random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a Ki squared uh random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a Ki squared uh random variable
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone yes that's right so a Ki squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone yes that's right so a Ki squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone yes that's right so a Ki squ
+random variable with one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with one degree of
+freedom is the sum of is a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom is the sum of is a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom is the sum of is a squared
+normal 01 random variable a Kai squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal 01 random variable a Kai squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal 01 random variable a Kai squared
+with two degrees of freedom is a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two degrees of freedom is a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two degrees of freedom is a sum of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+independent normals 01 squar and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent normals 01 squar and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent normals 01 squar and so the
+sum of N squared residuals is in fact an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of N squared residuals is in fact an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of N squared residuals is in fact an
+N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus
+P k^ squ random variable scaled by Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P k^ squ random variable scaled by Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P k^ squ random variable scaled by Sigma
+squ and for each uh component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and for each uh component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and for each uh component
+J um if we take the uh difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J um if we take the uh difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J um if we take the uh difference
+between the least squares estimate beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the least squares estimate beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the least squares estimate beta
+hat J and beta J and divide through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat J and beta J and divide through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat J and beta J and divide through by
+this estimate of the uh standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate of the uh standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate of the uh standard
+deviation of that then um that will in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of that then um that will in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of that then um that will in
+fact have a t Distribution on in minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact have a t Distribution on in minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact have a t Distribution on in minus P
+degrees of freedom and um let's see a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and um let's see a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and um let's see a t
+distribution in probability Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in probability Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in probability Theory
+is the ratio of a normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ratio of a normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ratio of a normal random
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an
+independent Ki squ random or or the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Ki squ random or or the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Ki squ random or or the root
+of an independent Ki squared random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an independent Ki squared random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an independent Ki squared random
+variable so um def basically these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so um def basically these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so um def basically these
+properties uh characterize our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh characterize our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh characterize our uh
+regression parameter estimates and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameter estimates and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameter estimates and T
+statistics for those estimates um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for those estimates um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for those estimates um now
+now okay in the uh course notes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay in the uh course notes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay in the uh course notes there's
+a a moderately long proof but all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a moderately long proof but all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a moderately long proof but all the
+details are given and I'll be happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details are given and I'll be happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details are given and I'll be happy to
+go through any any of those details with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through any any of those details with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through any any of those details with
+people during office hours um let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people during office hours um let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people during office hours um let
+me just push on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to Let's see we have maybe two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Let's see we have maybe two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Let's see we have maybe two minutes
+left in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in the
+class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um
+let me just uh talk about maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just uh talk about maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just uh talk about maximum
+likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood
+estimation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and
+in uh fitting models and statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh fitting models and statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh fitting models and statistics
+maximum likely estimation comes up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likely estimation comes up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likely estimation comes up again
+and again and with uh normal linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and with uh normal linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and with uh normal linear
+regression models turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models turns out that
+ordinary least squares estimates in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary least squares estimates in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary least squares estimates in fact
+are maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maximum likelihood
+estimates um and what we want to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates um and what we want to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates um and what we want to do with
+uh in maximum likelihood is to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in maximum likelihood is to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in maximum likelihood is to maximize
+or we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we want to
+define the likelihood function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the likelihood function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the likelihood function which is
+the density function for the data given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density function for the data given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density function for the data given
+the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+and this density function is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this density function is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this density function is simply the
+density function for a multivariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function for a multivariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function for a multivariant
+normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random
+variable and the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the maximum
+likelihood estimates of are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimates of are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimates of are the
+estimates of the underlying parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the underlying parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the underlying parameters
+that basically maximize the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically maximize the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically maximize the density
+function so it's the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so it's the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so it's the values of the
+underlying parameters that make the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying parameters that make the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying parameters that make the data
+that was observed the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was observed the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was observed the most
+likely um and if you plug in the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely um and if you plug in the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely um and if you plug in the values
+of the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density
+function um basically we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um basically we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um basically we have these
+independent random variables Yi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables Yi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables Yi
+whose product is the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose product is the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose product is the joint
+density the uh likelihood function turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the uh likelihood function turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the uh likelihood function turns
+out to be basically a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be basically a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be basically a function of the
+least squares Criterion so so if you fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares Criterion so so if you fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares Criterion so so if you fit
+models by least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models by least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models by least
+squares you're consistent with doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you're consistent with doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you're consistent with doing
+something decent at least applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something decent at least applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something decent at least applying the
+maximum likelihood principle if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood principle if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood principle if you had
+a normal linear regression model and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal linear regression model and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal linear regression model and um
+it's it's useful to know when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's useful to know when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's useful to know when your
+statistical estimation uh algorithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical estimation uh algorithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical estimation uh algorithms are
+consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with
+certain uh principles like maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh principles like maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh principles like maximum
+likelihood estimation or others um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation or others um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation or others um so
+let me uh I guess finish there and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh I guess finish there and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh I guess finish there and uh
+next time I will uh just talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I will uh just talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I will uh just talk a little
+bit about generalized M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about generalized M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about generalized M
+estimators um those provide sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators um those provide sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators um those provide sort of a
+class estimators that can be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class estimators that can be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class estimators that can be used for
+fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting
+robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh finding robust estimates and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finding robust estimates and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finding robust estimates and also
+quantile uh estimates of regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile uh estimates of regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile uh estimates of regression
+parameters which uh are very interesting
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l7mu7-YNSg0.txt b/l7mu7-YNSg0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..711304d846446f9bee4105c1a93e8489ab29eb37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l7mu7-YNSg0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19028 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to
+lecture number 12. i'm very sorry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture number 12. i'm very sorry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture number 12. i'm very sorry that
+this has to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be uh
+uh remote i hope all of you are doing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remote i hope all of you are doing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remote i hope all of you are doing um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um i know this is lots of um trouble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i know this is lots of um trouble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i know this is lots of um trouble and
+stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress
+uh for many of you uh you know having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for many of you uh you know having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for many of you uh you know having to
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+uh not knowing necessarily where to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not knowing necessarily where to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not knowing necessarily where to to
+move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to
+financial issues and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial issues and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial issues and so on and so forth
+lots of worries about health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of worries about health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of worries about health
+of your own health and others i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your own health and others i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your own health and others i hope
+you're doing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+try to take good care of yourselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take good care of yourselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take good care of yourselves and
+others try to look out for others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others try to look out for others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others try to look out for others
+be there for each other try also make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there for each other try also make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there for each other try also make
+use of mental health resources as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of mental health resources as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of mental health resources as you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+i'll send an email about that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll send an email about that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll send an email about that as well
+this is lecture number 12 we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lecture number 12 we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lecture number 12 we talk about
+social preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences
+so we talked about um sort of a broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about um sort of a broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about um sort of a broadly
+given introduction about social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given introduction about social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given introduction about social
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+let me just move towards where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just move towards where we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just move towards where we were
+towards the end i showed you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end i showed you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end i showed you essentially
+different ways in which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways in which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways in which you can
+experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+elicit people's social preferences uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit people's social preferences uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit people's social preferences uh
+using dictator games ultimatum games uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using dictator games ultimatum games uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using dictator games ultimatum games uh
+trust games we looked at kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust games we looked at kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust games we looked at kind of like
+how generous do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how generous do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how generous do people
+behave in those kinds of games does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in those kinds of games does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in those kinds of games does it
+look like people care about others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like people care about others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like people care about others
+they're nice towards others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nice towards others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nice towards others
+we then do something we sort of found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then do something we sort of found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then do something we sort of found
+quite a bit of generosity in dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of generosity in dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of generosity in dictator
+games and other games people seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and other games people seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and other games people seemed
+quite nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nice
+in some pieces of evidence it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some pieces of evidence it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some pieces of evidence it wasn't
+quite clear whether it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite clear whether it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite clear whether it was like
+is it that people are generally nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that people are generally nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that people are generally nice to
+each other or is it like they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other or is it like they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other or is it like they don't want
+to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look
+like a mean person either towards others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mean person either towards others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mean person either towards others
+or perhaps towards themselves they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps towards themselves they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps towards themselves they want
+to like think of themselves as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like think of themselves as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like think of themselves as being a
+nice person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice person
+and they don't want to be mean and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't want to be mean and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't want to be mean and sort
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+uh that might be a motivation of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that might be a motivation of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that might be a motivation of giving
+towards others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards others
+in the games that i have shown you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the games that i have shown you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the games that i have shown you so
+far it wasn't quite clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it wasn't quite clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it wasn't quite clear
+um uh how to distinguish that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh how to distinguish that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh how to distinguish that so what
+we're going to do in this lecture we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in this lecture we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in this lecture we're
+going to look at some pieces of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some pieces of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some pieces of evidence
+where there's versions of dictator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's versions of dictator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's versions of dictator and
+other games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other games
+that lets us sort of look at more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets us sort of look at more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets us sort of look at more like
+the underlying motivation of why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying motivation of why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying motivation of why people
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+and perhaps detect in some cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps detect in some cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps detect in some cases that
+when people are giving in some situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are giving in some situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people are giving in some situation
+which look like people are quite nice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which look like people are quite nice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which look like people are quite nice in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+that might not be because they generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be because they generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be because they generally
+care about the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the other person
+it might be rather either because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be rather either because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be rather either because of
+social image concerns this is about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social image concerns this is about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social image concerns this is about what
+other people think about them if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people think about them if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people think about them if they
+give versus not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give versus not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give versus not
+or because of self-image concerns these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because of self-image concerns these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because of self-image concerns these
+are like what do they think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like what do they think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like what do they think of
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+as in like you give to somebody else not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in like you give to somebody else not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in like you give to somebody else not
+necessarily because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily because
+um you care about the other person or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you care about the other person or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you care about the other person or it
+might not even be that you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not even be that you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not even be that you care about
+what the other person thinks of you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other person thinks of you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other person thinks of you it's
+just about you yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about you yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about you yourself
+want to feel good about yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to feel good about yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to feel good about yourself and
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+you might be generous because you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be generous because you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be generous because you want
+to sort of keep or maintain the image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of keep or maintain the image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of keep or maintain the image of
+being a nice person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a nice person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a nice person
+to yourself as well some of the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself as well some of the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself as well some of the evidence
+that i'm going to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm going to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm going to show you is
+you wouldn't say depressing but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't say depressing but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't say depressing but it's a
+little bit sort of negative in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit sort of negative in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit sort of negative in a
+sentence essentially what i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence essentially what i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence essentially what i'm going to
+show you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is that
+people appear or in fact are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people appear or in fact are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people appear or in fact are uh
+uh if you sort of believe that evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you sort of believe that evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you sort of believe that evidence
+less nice than it might appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less nice than it might appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less nice than it might appear
+so it says at last time at first sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says at last time at first sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says at last time at first sight
+that looks like you know that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like you know that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like you know that's kind of
+like a little depressing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little depressing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little depressing a little
+negative in the sense that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in the sense that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in the sense that like
+you know we might um uh we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we might um uh we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we might um uh we might be
+disappointed that we thought you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed that we thought you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed that we thought you know
+everybody was really nice and friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was really nice and friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was really nice and friendly
+and cared so much about others maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cared so much about others maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cared so much about others maybe
+that's not quite true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not quite true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not quite true
+on the other hand however if we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand however if we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand however if we sort of
+understand the conditions under which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the conditions under which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the conditions under which
+people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+nice and friendly to each other and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and friendly to each other and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and friendly to each other and in
+some ways you might sort of say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways you might sort of say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways you might sort of say well
+it's not obvious that we really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious that we really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious that we really care
+that much about whether people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much about whether people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much about whether people are
+generally nice which is not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally nice which is not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally nice which is not what we
+really care about perhaps is like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about perhaps is like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about perhaps is like how
+people in fact behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in fact behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in fact behave
+are they friendly and pro-social and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they friendly and pro-social and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they friendly and pro-social and
+support each other and perhaps if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support each other and perhaps if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support each other and perhaps if we
+understand the conditions under which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the conditions under which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the conditions under which
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+are nice and friendly to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice and friendly to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice and friendly to each other
+perhaps that allows us then to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps that allows us then to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps that allows us then to think
+about policies and what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about policies and what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about policies and what kinds of
+how do we set up in firms or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we set up in firms or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we set up in firms or in
+organizations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations or
+in society as a whole how do we set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society as a whole how do we set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society as a whole how do we set up
+policies that might make people more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that might make people more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that might make people more
+pro-social overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social overall
+so this lecture we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this lecture we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this lecture we're going to talk
+about more like trying to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more like trying to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more like trying to detect
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+motivations for people's pro-sociality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for people's pro-sociality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for people's pro-sociality
+and then in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the next lecture
+um we're going to talk about now uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to talk about now uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to talk about now uh what
+is some field evidence like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some field evidence like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some field evidence like so
+all of what i'm going to show you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of what i'm going to show you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of what i'm going to show you for
+now is essentially like mostly lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is essentially like mostly lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is essentially like mostly lab
+evidence but we're going to show it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence but we're going to show it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence but we're going to show it some
+field evidence in like real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field evidence in like real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field evidence in like real-world
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+and companies and so on uh or field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies and so on uh or field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies and so on uh or field
+experiments how are people behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments how are people behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments how are people behaving
+and then in particular we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in particular we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in particular we're going to
+think about some policies that might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some policies that might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some policies that might get
+people to be more pro-social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be more pro-social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be more pro-social
+versus not okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not okay um
+so we already talked about this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already talked about this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already talked about this um
+as a whole so so the first thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole so so the first thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole so so the first thing we're
+going to think about is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about is essentially
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+recognition this is essentially social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition this is essentially social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition this is essentially social
+image how do others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image how do others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image how do others
+think about you when you give versus not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you when you give versus not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you when you give versus not
+so then i'm going to show you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i'm going to show you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then i'm going to show you now
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+papers or evidence from several papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers or evidence from several papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers or evidence from several papers
+that essentially does different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially does different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially does different
+modifications mostly of the dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications mostly of the dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications mostly of the dictator
+game that allows us to disentangle these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that allows us to disentangle these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that allows us to disentangle these
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+motivations so the first one is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations so the first one is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations so the first one is a very
+nice paper by lazier adal that conducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper by lazier adal that conducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper by lazier adal that conducts
+an experiment to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment to study
+mode is forgiving as sort of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is forgiving as sort of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is forgiving as sort of many
+dictator games do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator games do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator games do
+and they have essentially a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have essentially a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have essentially a very simple
+very simple design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple design
+and two treatments one of them is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two treatments one of them is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two treatments one of them is a
+standard dictator game this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard dictator game this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard dictator game this is what you
+have seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before
+the only difference is this one is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is this one is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is this one is in
+euros it's sort of i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euros it's sort of i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euros it's sort of i think
+you know done in europe uh uh think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know done in europe uh uh think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know done in europe uh uh think of
+euros as just being the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euros as just being the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euros as just being the same as
+as a as dollars so people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as dollars so people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as dollars so people can
+decide to split 10 euros between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to split 10 euros between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to split 10 euros between
+themselves and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and another
+subject in another treatment subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in another treatment subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in another treatment subjects
+decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+whether to even participate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to even participate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to even participate in the
+dictator game so essentially what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game so essentially what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game so essentially what's
+being allowed here is an exit option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being allowed here is an exit option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being allowed here is an exit option
+you could essentially say like either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could essentially say like either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could essentially say like either
+you're going to participate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to participate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to participate in the
+dictator game with another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game with another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game with another person
+or you could just decide you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could just decide you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could just decide you don't even
+play this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game
+and you get just got some fixed payout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get just got some fixed payout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get just got some fixed payout
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+then if the dictator chooses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if the dictator chooses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if the dictator chooses to
+participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate
+the recipient is informed of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipient is informed of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipient is informed of the game
+and the choice of the dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the choice of the dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the choice of the dictator
+so the recipient will be informed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the recipient will be informed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the recipient will be informed and
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+about there was a dictator game that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there was a dictator game that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there was a dictator game that was
+played uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played uh
+here's the amount that the dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the amount that the dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the amount that the dictator
+chose here's the amount that you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose here's the amount that you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose here's the amount that you got
+um and then sort of this or sorry then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then sort of this or sorry then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then sort of this or sorry then
+the standard dictator game commences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard dictator game commences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard dictator game commences and
+then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+the the recipient just gets the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the recipient just gets the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the recipient just gets the money
+and the recipient is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recipient is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recipient is essentially
+informed of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed of the action
+so if you choose for example nine euros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you choose for example nine euros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you choose for example nine euros
+for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself
+and one euros for the other person the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one euros for the other person the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one euros for the other person the
+other person will know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person will know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person will know that
+the one euro that they got came from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one euro that they got came from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one euro that they got came from a
+dictator um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator um uh
+a game and there was somebody who chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game and there was somebody who chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game and there was somebody who chose
+nine dollars for themselves and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine dollars for themselves and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine dollars for themselves and uh
+another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+and gave like one dollars for them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gave like one dollars for them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gave like one dollars for them so
+then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+one option of this or one version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one option of this or one version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one option of this or one version of
+this game was essentially just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game was essentially just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game was essentially just like a
+costless exit option that is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costless exit option that is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costless exit option that is essentially
+the option where you say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option where you say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option where you say you
+receive 10 euros without the option of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive 10 euros without the option of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive 10 euros without the option of
+distributing the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing the money
+notice that that's exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that that's exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that that's exactly the same as
+choosing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to
+opt into the game and choosing 10-0 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt into the game and choosing 10-0 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt into the game and choosing 10-0 in
+terms of payouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of payouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of payouts
+right if i just say i want 10 euros for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i just say i want 10 euros for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i just say i want 10 euros for
+myself i give nothing to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself i give nothing to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself i give nothing to the other
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+that's exactly the same as saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the same as saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the same as saying you
+opt out of the dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out of the dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out of the dictator game
+the difference of course is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of course is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of course is that if you
+opt out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out
+the participant will never know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the participant will never know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the participant will never know that you
+opted out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opted out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opted out
+they will never even so the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will never even so the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will never even so the other person
+will never find out that somebody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never find out that somebody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never find out that somebody was
+kind of mean to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you might sort of choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might sort of choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might sort of choose the
+opt-out option perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt-out option perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt-out option perhaps
+because you think you know the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you think you know the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you think you know the other
+person will feel bad and if the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will feel bad and if the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will feel bad and if the other
+person feels bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person feels bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person feels bad
+uh be trying to avoid that and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be trying to avoid that and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be trying to avoid that and you might
+opt out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out
+this is kind of the exit option so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the exit option so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the exit option so the
+first option here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first option here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first option here
+uh the the subject line of the slides is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the subject line of the slides is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the subject line of the slides is
+costly exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly exit
+in this version of the game the x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this version of the game the x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this version of the game the x is
+actually not costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not costly
+it's costless to do so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's costless to do so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's costless to do so you can just
+essentially take the ten dollars and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially take the ten dollars and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially take the ten dollars and run
+and you don't have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have to actually
+play the dictator game um now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the dictator game um now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the dictator game um now when you
+think about sort of distributional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of distributional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of distributional
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+um what do distributional preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do distributional preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do distributional preference
+here predict well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here predict well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here predict well
+dictators who want to give some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictators who want to give some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictators who want to give some money
+strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly
+prefer to play the dictator game right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to play the dictator game right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to play the dictator game right
+if you think you know you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think you know you prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think you know you prefer
+9-1 over 10-0 well then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9-1 over 10-0 well then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9-1 over 10-0 well then you're going to
+play the game and say i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game and say i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game and say i'm going to
+choose 9-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose 9-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose 9-1
+because otherwise you just there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you just there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you just there's no
+way to actually give this person money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to actually give this person money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to actually give this person money
+notice sort of distributional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice sort of distributional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice sort of distributional
+preferences just to remind you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences just to remind you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences just to remind you are
+preferences where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where
+only the outcomes matter it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the outcomes matter it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the outcomes matter it doesn't
+matter how the outcomes come about only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how the outcomes come about only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how the outcomes come about only
+the actual outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual outcome
+matter now uh there's some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter now uh there's some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter now uh there's some people who
+want to just keep everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just keep everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just keep everything to
+themselves well those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves well those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves well those people
+who should just be indifferent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who should just be indifferent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who should just be indifferent right
+they would just be like it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would just be like it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would just be like it doesn't
+really matter whether i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter whether i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter whether i just
+opt out maybe that's easier to opt out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out maybe that's easier to opt out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out maybe that's easier to opt out
+but it doesn't really matter i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't really matter i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't really matter i would
+give 10-0 anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give 10-0 anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give 10-0 anyway
+either opt out or i just stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either opt out or i just stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either opt out or i just stay in the
+game and choose 10-0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and choose 10-0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and choose 10-0
+anyway but in either case the option to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but in either case the option to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but in either case the option to
+exit the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit the game
+should have no effect on how much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have no effect on how much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have no effect on how much to
+give dictators share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give dictators share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give dictators share
+right it shouldn't matter if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it shouldn't matter if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it shouldn't matter if you want to
+give some positive amount the opt-out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some positive amount the opt-out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some positive amount the opt-out
+option it doesn't really matter because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option it doesn't really matter because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option it doesn't really matter because
+you're not going to opt out you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to opt out you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to opt out you're going
+to just opt in you stay in the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just opt in you stay in the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just opt in you stay in the game and
+then just give the money to that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just give the money to that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just give the money to that person
+and if you want to give zero anyway it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to give zero anyway it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to give zero anyway it
+doesn't matter whether you opt out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whether you opt out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whether you opt out or
+not you just give zero anyway and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you just give zero anyway and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you just give zero anyway and if you
+opt out it's essentially effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out it's essentially effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt out it's essentially effectively
+giving zero to the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving zero to the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving zero to the other person
+so either way you know the option to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either way you know the option to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either way you know the option to
+exit should should have no effect on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit should should have no effect on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit should should have no effect on how
+much dictators share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dictators share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dictators share
+in particular it should not reduce how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it should not reduce how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it should not reduce how
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+dictators share does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the limited audience uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the limited audience uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the limited audience uh uh
+seems to understand hope this is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to understand hope this is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to understand hope this is clear
+to everybody else as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everybody else as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everybody else as well
+by the way i should have said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way i should have said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way i should have said you know
+the lectures now will be recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures now will be recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures now will be recorded
+currently with like a very limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently with like a very limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently with like a very limited
+audience but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but in general
+with no audience what i'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no audience what i'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no audience what i'm going to do is
+try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+keep sort of what i very much miss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep sort of what i very much miss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep sort of what i very much miss and
+sort of this format is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this format is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this format is sort of the
+interactive form of the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive form of the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive form of the lectures
+so what we're going to do is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is try to
+figure out in particular after spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out in particular after spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out in particular after spring
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+trying to record the lectures and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to record the lectures and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to record the lectures and then
+finding some other ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding some other ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding some other ways of
+allowing students to interact perhaps by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing students to interact perhaps by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing students to interact perhaps by
+having a version of like well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a version of like well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a version of like well you can
+watch the lectures online and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the lectures online and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the lectures online and then we
+have sort of like essentially either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of like essentially either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of like essentially either
+online office hours or discussions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online office hours or discussions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online office hours or discussions of
+the slides or the particular issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides or the particular issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides or the particular issues that
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+we have just some questions where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just some questions where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just some questions where we
+like over zoom or other formats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like over zoom or other formats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like over zoom or other formats
+we can then sort of discuss some issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then sort of discuss some issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then sort of discuss some issues
+that perhaps aren't clear or you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perhaps aren't clear or you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perhaps aren't clear or you can ask
+these questions and then i sort of try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions and then i sort of try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions and then i sort of try
+to respond to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to that
+anyway getting back to this game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway getting back to this game so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway getting back to this game so
+essentially we have now the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we have now the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we have now the comparison
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+standard dictator games and the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard dictator games and the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard dictator games and the option
+of in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in this case
+um a free exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a free exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a free exit
+so in this case the exit option lowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the exit option lowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the exit option lowers
+giving and the standard dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving and the standard dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving and the standard dictator game
+dictators shared about like one or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictators shared about like one or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictators shared about like one or one
+year or 87 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or 87 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or 87 cents
+um on on average that's again sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on average that's again sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on average that's again sort of in
+line with like the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with like the 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with like the 20
+25 that people tend to give in dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 that people tend to give in dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 that people tend to give in dictator
+games in the very simplest form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in the very simplest form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in the very simplest form
+but when you allow people to exit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you allow people to exit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you allow people to exit the
+share given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share given
+uh uh goes down to 58 cents okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh goes down to 58 cents okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh goes down to 58 cents okay
+and so uh that's essentially to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh that's essentially to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh that's essentially to say
+there are many people who when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many people who when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many people who when they're
+getting into the dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into the dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into the dictator game
+uh they feel compelled to give at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they feel compelled to give at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they feel compelled to give at least
+some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money
+um because you know either they feel bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know either they feel bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know either they feel bad
+themselves somehow or they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves somehow or they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves somehow or they feel
+that the other person will feel bad so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other person will feel bad so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other person will feel bad so
+you kind of want to choose ten zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of want to choose ten zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of want to choose ten zero
+but you know you feel bad that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you feel bad that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you feel bad that the other
+or about the other person feeling bad if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about the other person feeling bad if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about the other person feeling bad if
+you choose ten zero so you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose ten zero so you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose ten zero so you might be
+inclined to choose like a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to choose like a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to choose like a two
+seven three or or the like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven three or or the like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven three or or the like now
+if you allow the costless exit option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow the costless exit option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow the costless exit option
+the person who in the standard dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who in the standard dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who in the standard dictator
+game would choose like seven three six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game would choose like seven three six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game would choose like seven three six
+four or a two or the like that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or a two or the like that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or a two or the like that person
+um in fact wants to choose the 10-0 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact wants to choose the 10-0 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact wants to choose the 10-0 but
+feels bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels bad
+feels bad in the standard dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels bad in the standard dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels bad in the standard dictator game
+so choose a seven three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choose a seven three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choose a seven three
+once you allow the castle to costless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you allow the castle to costless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you allow the castle to costless
+exit the person just chooses to ten zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit the person just chooses to ten zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit the person just chooses to ten zero
+um uh and essentially then by opting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and essentially then by opting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and essentially then by opting out
+which essentially effectively is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially effectively is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially effectively is
+choosing um ten zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing um ten zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing um ten zero
+now a different version of this so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a different version of this so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a different version of this so what
+i showed you so far was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you so far was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you so far was
+costless exit it was essentially it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costless exit it was essentially it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costless exit it was essentially it was
+free to exit you could just choose a tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to exit you could just choose a tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to exit you could just choose a tan
+zero and just run there was no cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and just run there was no cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and just run there was no cost of
+like doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doing so
+like there was no the pi stayed the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there was no the pi stayed the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there was no the pi stayed the same
+there was no subtraction of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no subtraction of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no subtraction of that
+now different versions of that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now different versions of that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now different versions of that were
+games where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games where like
+the exit is actually costly that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exit is actually costly that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exit is actually costly that is to
+say instead of like choosing a dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say instead of like choosing a dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say instead of like choosing a dictator
+game where you can share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where you can share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where you can share
+10 euros between the dictator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 euros between the dictator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 euros between the dictator and the
+recipient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient
+now you can choose the exit option you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can choose the exit option you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can choose the exit option you
+have to pay essentially one euro for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay essentially one euro for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay essentially one euro for the
+exit option so you get like nine euros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit option so you get like nine euros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit option so you get like nine euros
+if you exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you exit
+and the other person still gets zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other person still gets zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other person still gets zero
+okay so that's now to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people then choose the costly exit which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people then choose the costly exit which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people then choose the costly exit which
+is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+they say i'd rather do the nine euros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say i'd rather do the nine euros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say i'd rather do the nine euros
+and not play the dictator game with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not play the dictator game with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not play the dictator game with this
+other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+rather than like playing the dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than like playing the dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than like playing the dictator
+game where you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where you get
+10 euros potentially you could choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 euros potentially you could choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 euros potentially you could choose
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+10 euros and 0 for the other person but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 euros and 0 for the other person but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 euros and 0 for the other person but
+they seem to be quite a few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to be quite a few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to be quite a few people
+who choose essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who choose essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who choose essentially um
+the costly exit the nine euros without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costly exit the nine euros without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costly exit the nine euros without
+playing the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game
+and uh so they're here and say on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so they're here and say on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so they're here and say on
+average subjects they're willing to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average subjects they're willing to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average subjects they're willing to take
+82 percent of the pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82 percent of the pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82 percent of the pie
+rather than split the full pie in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than split the full pie in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than split the full pie in the
+dictator game that is to say people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game that is to say people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game that is to say people
+essentially are willing to forego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are willing to forego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are willing to forego
+quite a bit of money to face the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of money to face the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of money to face the
+situation where you have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you have to deal with
+this other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other person
+notice that you could choose exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you could choose exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you could choose exactly the
+same you could choose 10-0 or 9-0 or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you could choose 10-0 or 9-0 or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you could choose 10-0 or 9-0 or the
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+people don't want to do that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't want to do that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't want to do that instead
+they just do choose the costly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just do choose the costly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just do choose the costly uh
+exit option so the other person never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit option so the other person never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit option so the other person never
+finds out so in some ways you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds out so in some ways you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds out so in some ways you don't have
+to deal with yourself or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with yourself or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with yourself or the other
+person feeling bad about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person feeling bad about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person feeling bad about
+you're not being nice right and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not being nice right and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not being nice right and so that
+reveals in some sense saying like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals in some sense saying like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals in some sense saying like if you
+see people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people
+being nice in dictator games it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being nice in dictator games it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being nice in dictator games it seems to
+be at least to some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least to some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least to some degree
+that's not coming from people generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not coming from people generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not coming from people generally
+wanting to be nice to the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to be nice to the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to be nice to the other person
+and generally wanting to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generally wanting to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generally wanting to improve
+people's payout for the sake of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's payout for the sake of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's payout for the sake of like
+making them richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them richer
+but it's rather they want to avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's rather they want to avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's rather they want to avoid the
+other person feels bad about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person feels bad about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person feels bad about them
+or getting mad or the like now why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or getting mad or the like now why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or getting mad or the like now why do
+let me just repeat that why do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just repeat that why do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just repeat that why do people
+subject want to exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject want to exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject want to exit
+well simply put they want to to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well simply put they want to to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well simply put they want to to take the
+money for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for themselves
+but they don't want to indicate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't want to indicate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't want to indicate to the
+potential recipient that she's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential recipient that she's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential recipient that she's been
+treated unfairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated unfairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated unfairly
+so accident allows them to satisfy their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so accident allows them to satisfy their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so accident allows them to satisfy their
+greed and not to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greed and not to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greed and not to worry about
+the participant's reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's um the first um piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's um the first um piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's um the first um piece of
+evidence that's lazier at all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that's lazier at all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that's lazier at all on
+um uh uh uncosts the exit in a dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh uncosts the exit in a dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh uncosts the exit in a dictator
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+now we discussed already last time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we discussed already last time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we discussed already last time a
+little bit another version of that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit another version of that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit another version of that which
+is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially
+is a different version which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different version which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different version which is like
+providing excuses or covers to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing excuses or covers to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing excuses or covers to be
+selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish
+um this is a very nice paper about andre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a very nice paper about andre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a very nice paper about andre
+only in bernheim where essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in bernheim where essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in bernheim where essentially the
+short summary of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short summary of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short summary of this
+is what they do is they allow for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they do is they allow for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they do is they allow for a
+computer option they allow for like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer option they allow for like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer option they allow for like an
+option where like essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option where like essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option where like essentially the
+computer decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer decides
+um in some cases uh which gives people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some cases uh which gives people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some cases uh which gives people
+cover um to be not nice right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover um to be not nice right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover um to be not nice right so if
+there's a chance that you will decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chance that you will decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chance that you will decide
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+and a chance that the computer decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a chance that the computer decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a chance that the computer decides
+and the recipient doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recipient doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recipient doesn't know
+whether i chose or the computer decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i chose or the computer decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i chose or the computer decided
+say it's 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's 50
+or the like i might choose like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the like i might choose like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the like i might choose like a very
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+um a choice because you know i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a choice because you know i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a choice because you know i can
+always say well you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say well you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say well you know i
+i i didn't do this it was in computer i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i didn't do this it was in computer i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i didn't do this it was in computer i
+wanted to be really nice to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be really nice to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be really nice to you
+the computer happened to be just mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer happened to be just mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer happened to be just mean
+sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that
+um i really tried to be nice to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i really tried to be nice to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i really tried to be nice to you and
+so people essentially use the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people essentially use the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people essentially use the computer
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+cover let me show you what this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover let me show you what this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover let me show you what this exact
+evidence looks like so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence looks like so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence looks like so this is a
+different version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different version
+of a non-anonymous dictator game so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a non-anonymous dictator game so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a non-anonymous dictator game so this
+game is sort of set up that in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is sort of set up that in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is sort of set up that in a way
+like you actually know who the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you actually know who the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you actually know who the other
+person is you have to sort of face the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is you have to sort of face the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is you have to sort of face the
+other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+at least in some way and so the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in some way and so the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in some way and so the way this
+is set up is that the dictator's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set up is that the dictator's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set up is that the dictator's
+choice was forced with some probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice was forced with some probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice was forced with some probability
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um this is a dictator game with 20 euro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a dictator game with 20 euro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a dictator game with 20 euro
+sorry 20 dollars um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 20 dollars um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 20 dollars um now
+in the simplest version the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simplest version the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simplest version the computer
+chooses 20 00 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses 20 00 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses 20 00 or
+0 20 with equal probability okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 20 with equal probability okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 20 with equal probability okay so if
+the computer chooses the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer chooses the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer chooses the computer
+chooses either 20 0 or 020 with 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses either 20 0 or 020 with 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses either 20 0 or 020 with 50
+chance each if it's the computer's turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance each if it's the computer's turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance each if it's the computer's turn
+the dictator observes the allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator observes the allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator observes the allocation
+chosen by the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by the computer
+the recipient does not okay if i'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipient does not okay if i'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipient does not okay if i'm the
+dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator
+i can see that the computer does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can see that the computer does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can see that the computer does and
+then i'm sort of asked to make my choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm sort of asked to make my choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm sort of asked to make my choice
+the recipient does not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipient does not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipient does not know
+what the computer actually chose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the computer actually chose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the computer actually chose the
+dictator then makes a dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator then makes a dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator then makes a dictator game
+allocation with a pie of twenty dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation with a pie of twenty dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation with a pie of twenty dollars
+such as as before just happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as as before just happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as as before just happens to be
+twenty dollars rather than ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty dollars rather than ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty dollars rather than ten
+and the computer's forced allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer's forced allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer's forced allocation
+implemented with probability p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented with probability p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented with probability p
+is known both to the dictator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known both to the dictator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known both to the dictator and the
+recipient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient
+so the recipient knows that the chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the recipient knows that the chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the recipient knows that the chance
+of like what the chance that p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like what the chance that p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like what the chance that p
+is that i'm choosing versus the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i'm choosing versus the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i'm choosing versus the computer
+choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing
+right so the dictator chooses with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the dictator chooses with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the dictator chooses with
+probably the computer chooses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the computer chooses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the computer chooses the
+probability p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p
+the dictator chooses with probability 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator chooses with probability 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator chooses with probability 1
+minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p
+that is known to both the recipient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is known to both the recipient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is known to both the recipient and
+to the dictator okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dictator okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dictator okay and now
+the game essentially is set up such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game essentially is set up such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game essentially is set up such that
+uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or
+the the game will vary the probability p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the game will vary the probability p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the game will vary the probability p
+so if the probability p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the probability p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the probability p
+is like a zero if the computer never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a zero if the computer never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a zero if the computer never
+chooses and only the dictator chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses and only the dictator chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses and only the dictator chooses
+then we're back to the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're back to the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're back to the typical
+dictator game then i cannot hide behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game then i cannot hide behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game then i cannot hide behind
+the computer right it's obvious that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer right it's obvious that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer right it's obvious that i'm
+choosing if i'm giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing if i'm giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing if i'm giving you
+if i'm choosing 20 0 you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm choosing 20 0 you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm choosing 20 0 you know that
+so like i have no way of blaming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like i have no way of blaming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like i have no way of blaming the
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+if in contrast the probability is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in contrast the probability is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in contrast the probability is like
+go larger than zero suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go larger than zero suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go larger than zero suppose the
+probability is 50 60 70 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is 50 60 70 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is 50 60 70 percent
+it's very likely that the computer chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very likely that the computer chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very likely that the computer chose
+so now i can also choose 20 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i can also choose 20 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i can also choose 20 0
+and just say well sorry like it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say well sorry like it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say well sorry like it happens
+to be that the computer like implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that the computer like implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that the computer like implemented
+this choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this choice
+i'm sorry that you got zero so i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry that you got zero so i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry that you got zero so i can
+essentially hide behind the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially hide behind the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially hide behind the computer
+and the larger the probability p is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the larger the probability p is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the larger the probability p is the
+more credible is sort of this hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more credible is sort of this hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more credible is sort of this hiding
+behind the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the computer
+because you know if the chance is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if the chance is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if the chance is only
+five percent or ten percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent or ten percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent or ten percent
+i might you might not believe me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might you might not believe me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might you might not believe me that
+the computer actually chose you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer actually chose you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer actually chose you're like
+yeah yeah frank you know yeah you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah frank you know yeah you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah frank you know yeah you you're
+telling me the computer really was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me the computer really was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me the computer really was you
+but if the chance is like 90 or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the chance is like 90 or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the chance is like 90 or the like
+then it's actually very likely that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's actually very likely that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's actually very likely that the
+computer very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer very
+plausible that the computer chose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible that the computer chose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible that the computer chose the
+main outcome um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main outcome um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main outcome um
+and then i might sort of also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i might sort of also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i might sort of also just
+choose the main outcome because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the main outcome because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the main outcome because you're
+never going to find out you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to find out you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to find out you know if you
+suspect that this is me as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that this is me as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that this is me as opposed to
+the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer
+um and then at the end you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then at the end you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then at the end you know the
+recipient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient
+only learns the allocation um not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only learns the allocation um not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only learns the allocation um not the
+dictator's choice right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator's choice right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator's choice right the the
+recipient only learns what they get they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient only learns what they get they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient only learns what they get they
+do not learn like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not learn like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not learn like
+what i chose or whether it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i chose or whether it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i chose or whether it was the
+computer or me who who chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer or me who who chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer or me who who chose
+they only know the probability p with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only know the probability p with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only know the probability p with
+which like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like
+uh the computer i made that uh choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the computer i made that uh choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the computer i made that uh choice
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh does the dictator know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yes yes so the dictator knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes yes so the dictator knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes yes so the dictator knows
+the dictator exactly the dictator knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator exactly the dictator knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator exactly the dictator knows
+p um the dictator even knows i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p um the dictator even knows i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p um the dictator even knows i think the
+the the actual choice that's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actual choice that's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actual choice that's uh the
+computer made yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer made yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer made yeah
+that's uh but that's that's key uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh but that's that's key uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh but that's that's key uh here
+so the dictator knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dictator knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dictator knows
+both the dictator and the recipient no p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the dictator and the recipient no p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the dictator and the recipient no p
+that's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important
+because only if i know what p is i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only if i know what p is i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only if i know what p is i can
+actually react to it and hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually react to it and hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually react to it and hide
+so the prediction here will be that if p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the prediction here will be that if p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the prediction here will be that if p
+is very high if the computer chooses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high if the computer chooses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high if the computer chooses a
+high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability
+people will be more likely to be mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be more likely to be mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be more likely to be mean uh
+in the 200 case because you know i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 200 case because you know i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 200 case because you know i can
+just essentially emulate the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just essentially emulate the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just essentially emulate the computer
+and hide behind it but for that i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hide behind it but for that i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hide behind it but for that i need
+to know exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know exactly what
+what p is so now what do distributional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what p is so now what do distributional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what p is so now what do distributional
+preferences here predict again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences here predict again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences here predict again
+distributional preferences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences are
+preferences such that you only care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences such that you only care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences such that you only care
+about the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the outcome
+you don't care about what uh how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care about what uh how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care about what uh how this
+came about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about
+so the dictator here should only think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dictator here should only think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dictator here should only think
+about the case in which her choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case in which her choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case in which her choice
+counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts
+that is to say the computer is entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say the computer is entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say the computer is entirely
+irrelevant because i can't influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant because i can't influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant because i can't influence
+what the computer does anyway it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the computer does anyway it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the computer does anyway it doesn't
+matter whether the computer chooses with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether the computer chooses with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether the computer chooses with
+five percent or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent or 10
+or 20 chance or 50 or even 70 chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 chance or 50 or even 70 chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 chance or 50 or even 70 chance
+the only thing i should care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing i should care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing i should care about is
+like well for the chance of one minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well for the chance of one minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well for the chance of one minus p
+when i choose myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i choose myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i choose myself
+what am i going to do and what are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i going to do and what are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i going to do and what are my
+distributional preferences how much do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences how much do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences how much do i
+want to give you versus the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you versus the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you versus the other person
+and that's essentially the only case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially the only case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially the only case in
+which she can in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she can in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she can in fact
+affect the distribution and so p should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the distribution and so p should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the distribution and so p should
+have essentially no effect in people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially no effect in people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially no effect in people's
+choices okay so that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices okay so that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices okay so that's a very
+straightforward prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward prediction
+essentially you only care about the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you only care about the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you only care about the case
+when you can make a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can make a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can make a difference
+and in that case you just choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case you just choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case you just choose
+whatever you want to choose between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to choose between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to choose between
+20 uh 0 and 0 20 whatever like you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh 0 and 0 20 whatever like you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh 0 and 0 20 whatever like you want
+to sort of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of to
+give the other person the other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the other person the other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the other person the other cases
+are just irrelevant because they are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just irrelevant because they are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just irrelevant because they are out
+of the person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the person's
+control now why might p matter anyway i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control now why might p matter anyway i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control now why might p matter anyway i
+already said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said that
+essentially p might matter because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially p might matter because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially p might matter because you
+can hide behind the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hide behind the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hide behind the computer
+if p is particularly high yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if p is particularly high yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if p is particularly high yes
+so the recipient knows that the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the recipient knows that the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the recipient knows that the computer
+can only choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only choose
+20 or zero um yeah there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or zero um yeah there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or zero um yeah there's different
+versions of that exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that exactly
+so and exactly since in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and exactly since in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and exactly since in some cases
+the computer could choose 20 00 or 0020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer could choose 20 00 or 0020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer could choose 20 00 or 0020
+with equal probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equal probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equal probability
+so the recipient knows that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the recipient knows that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the recipient knows that that's not
+if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not
+if it's like 80 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly that's exactly right i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's exactly right i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's exactly right i'm going
+to show you exactly that evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you exactly that evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you exactly that evidence
+in fact what the game will do is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what the game will do is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what the game will do is um
+sorry the question was like does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the question was like does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the question was like does the
+recipient know whether it's 20 00 versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient know whether it's 20 00 versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient know whether it's 20 00 versus
+18 2 or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 2 or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 2 or something else
+and that's exactly right the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly right the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly right the only
+plausible way in which i can hide behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible way in which i can hide behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible way in which i can hide behind
+the computer in this case is if i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer in this case is if i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer in this case is if i want
+to be selfish it's twenty zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be selfish it's twenty zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be selfish it's twenty zero
+right if i choose nineteen one you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i choose nineteen one you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i choose nineteen one you know
+it was me it can't up in the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was me it can't up in the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was me it can't up in the computer
+because the computer can only do twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the computer can only do twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the computer can only do twenty
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+zero twenty right and that's key here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero twenty right and that's key here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero twenty right and that's key here
+and there's gonna be some variation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's gonna be some variation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's gonna be some variation and
+that variation will really what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variation will really what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variation will really what the
+computer does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer does
+and essentially that will exactly reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially that will exactly reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially that will exactly reveal
+people's hiding behind the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's hiding behind the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's hiding behind the computer
+because in some variation it will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some variation it will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some variation it will be the
+computer that's 19 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's 19 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's 19 1
+and suddenly people choose a lot of 19.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly people choose a lot of 19.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly people choose a lot of 19.1
+right and the only reason why you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the only reason why you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the only reason why you might
+do that is exactly because you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is exactly because you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is exactly because you might
+want to hide behind the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hide behind the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hide behind the computer
+so let me show you that exactly that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show you that exactly that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show you that exactly that in
+fact so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so um
+uh here's now what we find this is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's now what we find this is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's now what we find this is a bit
+of a complicated graph so let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complicated graph so let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complicated graph so let me try to
+walk you through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through that
+in detail so um the graph shows you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail so um the graph shows you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail so um the graph shows you the
+following it shows you on the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it shows you on the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it shows you on the y-axis
+axis the fraction that people gave on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the fraction that people gave on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the fraction that people gave on
+average for the different scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average for the different scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average for the different scenarios
+so like how much what percentage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like how much what percentage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like how much what percentage of the
+20 uh dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh dollars
+did the person give to the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the person give to the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the person give to the other person
+decide the dictator to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide the dictator to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide the dictator to do
+this is not the computer so this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the computer so this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the computer so this is only
+the dictator's choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator's choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator's choices
+um on the x-axis we see the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the x-axis we see the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the x-axis we see the probability
+of the force choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the force choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the force choice
+um of x zero uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of x zero uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of x zero uh
+being zero that's to say like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being zero that's to say like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being zero that's to say like um
+this is essentially to say what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially to say what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially to say what is the
+fourth choice what is the chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth choice what is the chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth choice what is the chance that
+the other person gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person gets
+zero okay what is the so the pro the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay what is the so the pro the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay what is the so the pro the
+computer chooses with some probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer chooses with some probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer chooses with some probability
+twenty zero so 20 for the dictator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty zero so 20 for the dictator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty zero so 20 for the dictator and
+zero for the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for the other person
+and that's happening for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's happening for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's happening for different
+probability so the probability is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so the probability is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so the probability is either
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+twenty-five percent fifty percent or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-five percent fifty percent or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-five percent fifty percent or uh
+seventy-five percent that's the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy-five percent that's the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy-five percent that's the p
+that i mentioned earlier let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i mentioned earlier let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i mentioned earlier let's look at
+like zero percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zero percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zero percent
+p equals zero percent to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p equals zero percent to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p equals zero percent to start with
+that's essentially the scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the scenario
+in which the computer is irrelevant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the computer is irrelevant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the computer is irrelevant the
+computer never makes any choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer never makes any choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer never makes any choices
+what you see essentially is um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see essentially is um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see essentially is um the
+typical sort of behavior in dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical sort of behavior in dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical sort of behavior in dictator
+games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games
+uh sorry i should have also mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry i should have also mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry i should have also mentioned
+then like here's like how much then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like here's like how much then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like here's like how much then the
+the different lines are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different lines are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different lines are like
+how much is given to the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is given to the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is given to the other person
+right so the blue line that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the blue line that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the blue line that you see
+there is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like
+10 so that's the 10 10 allocation how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so that's the 10 10 allocation how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so that's the 10 10 allocation how
+much is a dictator given to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is a dictator given to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is a dictator given to the other
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+um the red line is a zero uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the red line is a zero uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the red line is a zero uh this is
+essentially the twenty zero allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the twenty zero allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the twenty zero allocation
+and the other two lines down there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other two lines down there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other two lines down there are
+like um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh
+one two to nine and there's also larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two to nine and there's also larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two to nine and there's also larger
+than ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ten
+okay what we're going to focus on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we're going to focus on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we're going to focus on is
+essentially how often does the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially how often does the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially how often does the person
+give zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give zero
+and how often does the person give like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how often does the person give like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how often does the person give like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you look at the zero percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you look at the zero percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you look at the zero percent
+line essentially that's the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line essentially that's the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line essentially that's the typical
+dictator choice again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator choice again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator choice again
+p is zero the computer is entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is zero the computer is entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is zero the computer is entirely
+irrelevant the computer can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant the computer can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant the computer can't do
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+now i cannot hide behind the computer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i cannot hide behind the computer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i cannot hide behind the computer we
+get sort of the typical dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sort of the typical dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sort of the typical dictator
+game outcomes which is like you know 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game outcomes which is like you know 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game outcomes which is like you know 55
+percent of people actually more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of people actually more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of people actually more than
+usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+give a half they choose a 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a half they choose a 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a half they choose a 10 10
+allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation
+um about 30 of people choose zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about 30 of people choose zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about 30 of people choose zero that's
+very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common
+and then there's some people below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some people below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some people below that
+give like either you know two to nine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give like either you know two to nine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give like either you know two to nine or
+uh one or even larger than ten so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one or even larger than ten so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one or even larger than ten so that's
+typically what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what we see
+in a in a dictator game now moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a dictator game now moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a dictator game now moving to
+the right is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right is now
+probably a positive piece this is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a positive piece this is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a positive piece this is p
+equals point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals point
+uh 25 50 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 25 50 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 25 50 75
+okay and now what we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now what we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now what we're seeing
+essentially is that as you move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is that as you move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is that as you move to the
+right in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in particular
+going from zero to 25 and from 25 to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from zero to 25 and from 25 to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from zero to 25 and from 25 to 50
+the probability of or the the fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of or the the fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of or the the fraction
+of people who choose zero for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who choose zero for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who choose zero for the other
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+goes up by quite a bit right so now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by quite a bit right so now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by quite a bit right so now for
+example look at the 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example look at the 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example look at the 50
+chance peak was 50 percent now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance peak was 50 percent now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance peak was 50 percent now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that the other person gets zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that the other person gets zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that the other person gets zero
+anyway because the computer chose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway because the computer chose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway because the computer chose so
+and now if i'm the dictator essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if i'm the dictator essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if i'm the dictator essentially
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+i i can also choose 20 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i can also choose 20 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i can also choose 20 0
+and you know once you as a recipient see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know once you as a recipient see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know once you as a recipient see
+the outcome you cannot tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome you cannot tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome you cannot tell
+the 50 of us a 50 chance that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50 of us a 50 chance that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50 of us a 50 chance that that was
+me it was a 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it was a 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it was a 50
+chance it was like the computer uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance it was like the computer uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance it was like the computer uh uh uh
+choosing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing that
+and so in that case um uh you see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in that case um uh you see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in that case um uh you see now
+that 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 70
+of people actually choose twenty zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people actually choose twenty zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people actually choose twenty zero so
+that fraction goes up from thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fraction goes up from thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fraction goes up from thirty
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+uh for p equals zero to like about fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for p equals zero to like about fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for p equals zero to like about fifty
+percent for p equals twenty five percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent for p equals twenty five percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent for p equals twenty five percent
+and to seventy percent for p equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to seventy percent for p equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to seventy percent for p equals
+fifty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent
+so essentially the larger p is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially the larger p is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially the larger p is at least
+for the range of zero to fifty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the range of zero to fifty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the range of zero to fifty percent
+the larger is the fraction of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger is the fraction of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger is the fraction of people who
+actually choose the twenty zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually choose the twenty zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually choose the twenty zero
+allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation
+presumably because it's now more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because it's now more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably because it's now more
+plausible if i'm hiding behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible if i'm hiding behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible if i'm hiding behind the
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+okay now you see for p equals 75 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you see for p equals 75 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you see for p equals 75 percent
+now there seems to be sort of like uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there seems to be sort of like uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there seems to be sort of like uh no
+increase anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase anymore
+uh this is a little unclear how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a little unclear how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a little unclear how to
+interpret that it could be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that it could be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that it could be so
+to some degree this could be because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some degree this could be because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some degree this could be because um
+you know now 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now 50
+is already large enough it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already large enough it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already large enough it's already
+very plausible that the computer chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very plausible that the computer chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very plausible that the computer chose
+anyway so going from 50 to 75 there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so going from 50 to 75 there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so going from 50 to 75 there's no
+additional benefits of hiding behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional benefits of hiding behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional benefits of hiding behind the
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+it could also be that people in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be that people in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be that people in some way
+sort of like feel bad for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like feel bad for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like feel bad for the other
+person because there's a high chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person because there's a high chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person because there's a high chance
+that they get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get zero
+anyway from the computers you might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway from the computers you might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway from the computers you might as
+well give something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well give something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well give something
+to that other person um perhaps i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that other person um perhaps i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that other person um perhaps i'm not
+quite sure but that's in some sense not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure but that's in some sense not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure but that's in some sense not
+the point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here
+the point here is that the fraction who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is that the fraction who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is that the fraction who
+are mean goes up by a lot when you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mean goes up by a lot when you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mean goes up by a lot when you can
+hide behind the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide behind the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide behind the computer
+the fraction who looks or is quite nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction who looks or is quite nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction who looks or is quite nice
+who chooses the 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who chooses the 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who chooses the 10 10
+allocation goes down by quite a bit does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation goes down by quite a bit does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation goes down by quite a bit does
+that make sense and a few in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense and a few in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense and a few in the
+following slides i've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following slides i've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following slides i've sort of
+added a fairly detailed description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a fairly detailed description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a fairly detailed description of
+this but um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but um uh
+just pause you for a second to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pause you for a second to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pause you for a second to see
+whether that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that makes sense
+okay so i think i have already said all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think i have already said all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think i have already said all
+of this this is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is to say
+the higher p star p is the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher p star p is the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher p star p is the higher the
+easier is for the dictator to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier is for the dictator to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier is for the dictator to hide
+behind the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the computer
+um i said all of that already so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i said all of that already so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i said all of that already so when
+you sort of take together this evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of take together this evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of take together this evidence
+um uh uh it sort of seems to be evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh it sort of seems to be evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh it sort of seems to be evidence
+that people are not as nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are not as nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are not as nice
+um uh uh as results from sick title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh as results from sick title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh as results from sick title
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+uh simple dictator games might suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simple dictator games might suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simple dictator games might suggest
+because in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense
+uh in the simple dictator games they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the simple dictator games they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the simple dictator games they
+would like to do something else but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do something else but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do something else but they
+just can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't really
+do so um here's and this is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so um here's and this is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so um here's and this is kind of like
+your question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question here
+um this is like a very nice variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is like a very nice variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is like a very nice variation
+that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have
+this is a different variation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different variation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different variation where the
+computer now chooses nineteen one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer now chooses nineteen one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer now chooses nineteen one with
+probability p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability p
+okay so the computer essentially chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the computer essentially chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the computer essentially chooses
+nineteen for the dictator and one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen for the dictator and one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen for the dictator and one for
+the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+with probability again p equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability again p equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability again p equals zero
+twenty-five percent fifty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-five percent fifty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-five percent fifty percent
+uh uh seventy-five percent and exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh seventy-five percent and exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh seventy-five percent and exactly
+as you sort of predicted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you sort of predicted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you sort of predicted and
+thought about is like you see the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about is like you see the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about is like you see the same
+thing happening for the people choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happening for the people choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happening for the people choosing
+10 that fraction goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that fraction goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that fraction goes down
+but instead people are not now choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead people are not now choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead people are not now choosing
+more of 20 0 and said what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of 20 0 and said what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of 20 0 and said what they're
+choosing in fact this fraction of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing in fact this fraction of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing in fact this fraction of people
+who choose 20 zero the red line goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who choose 20 zero the red line goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who choose 20 zero the red line goes
+down a bit instead what goes up is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a bit instead what goes up is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a bit instead what goes up is the
+19 1 allocation so lots of people now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 1 allocation so lots of people now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 1 allocation so lots of people now
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+19 for themselves and one for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 for themselves and one for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 for themselves and one for the other
+person well why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person well why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person well why is that
+it's because now you can hide between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because now you can hide between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because now you can hide between
+the 91 choice of the computer right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 91 choice of the computer right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 91 choice of the computer right and
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+that's the selfish choice the 20-0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the selfish choice the 20-0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the selfish choice the 20-0
+choice in fact goes down a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice in fact goes down a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice in fact goes down a little bit
+because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again
+perhaps because it becomes quite obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because it becomes quite obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because it becomes quite obvious
+that um so these are people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so these are people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so these are people who are
+quite selfish anyway um but now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite selfish anyway um but now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite selfish anyway um but now they
+choose the 191 option to switch to 191
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the 191 option to switch to 191
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the 191 option to switch to 191
+because now you're kind of like mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you're kind of like mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you're kind of like mean
+anyway but now you can essentially hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but now you can essentially hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but now you can essentially hide
+behind the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the computer
+okay any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now what's going on here so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what's going on here so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what's going on here so um
+uh uh so one potential explanation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so one potential explanation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so one potential explanation is
+face saving concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face saving concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face saving concerns
+essentially a social image so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a social image so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a social image so this is
+the motivation to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motivation to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motivation to avoid
+unfavorable judgment by others this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable judgment by others this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable judgment by others this is
+essentially if you care about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you care about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you care about what
+others think about you you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others think about you you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others think about you you might
+do engage in certain behaviors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do engage in certain behaviors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do engage in certain behaviors so
+the experiment provides a way to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment provides a way to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment provides a way to provide
+people to avoid such judgments right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to avoid such judgments right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to avoid such judgments right so
+this is a remember this is non-anonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a remember this is non-anonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a remember this is non-anonymous
+game you have to sort of face this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you have to sort of face this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you have to sort of face this other
+person and sort of deal with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and sort of deal with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and sort of deal with them
+afterwards at least in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards at least in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards at least in some way
+so now essentially the experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now essentially the experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now essentially the experiment the
+computer provides essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer provides essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer provides essentially
+people an opportunity to save face um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people an opportunity to save face um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people an opportunity to save face um
+and essentially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially to
+to to keep up their social image right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to keep up their social image right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to keep up their social image right
+because essentially what you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially what you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially what you're trying
+to avoid here is like if you choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid here is like if you choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid here is like if you choose a
+20-0 option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-0 option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-0 option
+the other person will kind of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person will kind of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person will kind of think
+you're not very nice and that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not very nice and that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not very nice and that's you know
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+either you're trying to avoid to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're trying to avoid to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're trying to avoid to have to
+see that they're unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that they're unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that they're unhappy
+you might just feel bad about them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just feel bad about them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just feel bad about them if
+they're unhappy or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unhappy or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unhappy or you know
+perhaps more plausible it just feels bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps more plausible it just feels bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps more plausible it just feels bad
+for you if other people think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you if other people think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you if other people think you're
+kind of mean so you're kind of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mean so you're kind of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mean so you're kind of like you
+want to be mean but you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be mean but you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be mean but you don't want
+others to think you're mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to think you're mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to think you're mean and
+therefore you hide behind the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you hide behind the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you hide behind the computer
+um this is i think i said all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is i think i said all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is i think i said all of this
+already so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so
+both of these types of evidence i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these types of evidence i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these types of evidence i think
+the the the the the exit in the dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the exit in the dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the exit in the dictator
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+but also the um uh the the evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the um uh the the evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the um uh the the evidence that
+i showed you just now hiding behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you just now hiding behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you just now hiding behind the
+computer seems to sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer seems to sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer seems to sort of say
+when there's an option um uh to avoid um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's an option um uh to avoid um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's an option um uh to avoid um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh sort of the people feeling bad or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of the people feeling bad or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of the people feeling bad or
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+are feeling uh that you mean to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are feeling uh that you mean to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are feeling uh that you mean to them
+people tend to take that option and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to take that option and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to take that option and then
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+that reduces their giving behavior um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces their giving behavior um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces their giving behavior um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+in some sense when you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense when you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense when you think about like
+many other uh and there's some empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other uh and there's some empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other uh and there's some empirical
+evidence on this by gautam rao and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence on this by gautam rao and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence on this by gautam rao and
+stephanie lavinia uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stephanie lavinia uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stephanie lavinia uh
+ricky marmandy and and and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ricky marmandy and and and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ricky marmandy and and and others
+people in uh situation when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in uh situation when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in uh situation when it comes to
+voting or in other sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting or in other sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting or in other sort of
+gift giving and uh uh choices overall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift giving and uh uh choices overall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift giving and uh uh choices overall is
+people tend to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+are willing to pay essentially to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to pay essentially to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to pay essentially to avoid
+situations where they're asked to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where they're asked to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where they're asked to give
+right this is like somebody comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is like somebody comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is like somebody comes to
+your door and says would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your door and says would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your door and says would you like to
+donate for this cause or would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate for this cause or would you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate for this cause or would you like
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh vote for this candidate and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vote for this candidate and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vote for this candidate and so on and
+so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth
+uh you know people might once they asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know people might once they asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know people might once they asked
+they might say yeah sure i'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might say yeah sure i'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might say yeah sure i'll do it
+uh because they feel bad it feels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they feel bad it feels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they feel bad it feels like
+it's not a very social limit he shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a very social limit he shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a very social limit he shows
+you pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pictures of
+of of of poor children um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of poor children um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of poor children um in
+in in some terrible situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in some terrible situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in some terrible situations
+if you sort of now say no i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of now say no i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of now say no i don't want
+to give any money you look like a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give any money you look like a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give any money you look like a really
+mean person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean person
+so what people then tend to do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what people then tend to do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what people then tend to do is they
+tend to essentially just avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to essentially just avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to essentially just avoid the
+situation altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation altogether
+by either pretending that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by either pretending that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by either pretending that they're not
+home or indicated never opening the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home or indicated never opening the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home or indicated never opening the door
+or you know if you see somebody on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know if you see somebody on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know if you see somebody on the
+street who wants to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street who wants to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street who wants to like
+uh uh collect donations you might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh collect donations you might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh collect donations you might just
+essentially avoid that person altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially avoid that person altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially avoid that person altogether
+go out of your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out of your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out of your way
+if she's if you see a beggar on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she's if you see a beggar on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she's if you see a beggar on the
+street you essentially might sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street you essentially might sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street you essentially might sort of go
+around that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that person
+because you know you try to not avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you try to not avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you try to not avoid
+you try to avoid essentially judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to avoid essentially judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to avoid essentially judgment
+either feeling bad for them about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either feeling bad for them about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either feeling bad for them about you
+being mean to them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mean to them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mean to them or
+feeling bad about them just judging you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling bad about them just judging you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling bad about them just judging you
+in certain ways for not being a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain ways for not being a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain ways for not being a nice
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+okay how do we think about this in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we think about this in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we think about this in terms
+of utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility function
+we're not going to talk about this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to talk about this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to talk about this very
+much we're going to get at this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we're going to get at this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we're going to get at this a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+back about this when you talk about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back about this when you talk about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back about this when you talk about like
+beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+and belief based utility but just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and belief based utility but just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and belief based utility but just to
+give you a sense of how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of how to think about
+this in terms of like modeling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of like modeling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of like modeling it
+so what you need essentially is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you need essentially is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you need essentially is like
+another term and utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term and utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term and utility function
+in addition to your distributional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to your distributional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to your distributional
+preferences about like you put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences about like you put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences about like you put some
+weight on how much you get and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on how much you get and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on how much you get and how much
+the other person gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person gets
+you need some other term i called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some other term i called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some other term i called it
+like v which is like player once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like v which is like player once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like v which is like player once
+believed about row like how much what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed about row like how much what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed about row like how much what
+does the other person think that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the other person think that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the other person think that your
+row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is
+right so if you really don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you really don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you really don't want to
+give anything to that other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give anything to that other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give anything to that other person
+you kind of want to avoid that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of want to avoid that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of want to avoid that the other
+person thinks that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person thinks that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person thinks that um
+you put very little weight on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put very little weight on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put very little weight on on the
+other person so row again to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person so row again to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person so row again to remind you
+is the weight that's put on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the weight that's put on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the weight that's put on the other
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+this is the perspective of player two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the perspective of player two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the perspective of player two so
+row is like the weight that you put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is like the weight that you put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is like the weight that you put on
+the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+and now essentially um player two might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now essentially um player two might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now essentially um player two might
+put some weight on player one in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some weight on player one in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some weight on player one in terms
+of like the output that they get they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the output that they get they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the output that they get they
+want to give them some money and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give them some money and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give them some money and if they
+have more money they feel happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more money they feel happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more money they feel happier
+um but they also put some weight on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they also put some weight on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they also put some weight on what
+player one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one
+thinks that my row is so right so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that my row is so right so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that my row is so right so if i
+have the choice do i want to give 10 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the choice do i want to give 10 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the choice do i want to give 10 uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if i have 10 dollars and i can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have 10 dollars and i can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have 10 dollars and i can choose
+that in a dictator game to give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a dictator game to give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a dictator game to give it to
+the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+uh i might want to do 10-0 but i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i might want to do 10-0 but i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i might want to do 10-0 but i might
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+and that's essentially just coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially just coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially just coming from
+my row but i also kind of don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my row but i also kind of don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my row but i also kind of don't want the
+other person to think that my row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person to think that my row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person to think that my row is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+right so i might derive you positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i might derive you positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i might derive you positive
+utility from the other player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from the other player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from the other player
+thinking that my row is like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that my row is like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that my row is like whatever
+0.3 or 0.5 or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 or 0.5 or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 or 0.5 or whatever
+um i like that the other person thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i like that the other person thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i like that the other person thinks
+that i'm of a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm of a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm of a positive
+weight on them and therefore i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on them and therefore i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on them and therefore i might
+give them more more generally i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them more more generally i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them more more generally i guess
+you can just sort of have a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just sort of have a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just sort of have a utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+that depends on the other person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the other person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the other person's
+outputs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs or
+the the uh or each person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh or each person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh or each person's
+outcome like how much they get and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome like how much they get and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome like how much they get and on
+the other's beliefs about what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other's beliefs about what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other's beliefs about what my
+utility function looks like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function looks like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function looks like so
+essentially people care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people care about
+whether others think that they are nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether others think that they are nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether others think that they are nice
+or have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have a
+concerns for others in the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns for others in the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns for others in the utility
+function okay we'll again we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay we'll again we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay we'll again we're not
+going to talk about this in in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this in in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this in in more
+detail at least for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail at least for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail at least for now
+we're going to get back to this when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get back to this when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get back to this when we
+think about beliefs and belief-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about beliefs and belief-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about beliefs and belief-based
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+which essentially is the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is the idea that
+beliefs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs are
+potentially instrument not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially instrument not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially instrument not just
+instrumental but so beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental but so beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental but so beliefs
+about like others usually help you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like others usually help you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like others usually help you make
+good decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good decisions
+but it might be that you also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might be that you also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might be that you also just
+derive utility from beliefs you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive utility from beliefs you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive utility from beliefs you might
+drive utilities from thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive utilities from thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive utilities from thinking that
+you're smart good looking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're smart good looking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're smart good looking uh
+and so on okay any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay any questions on
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one question you might have and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question you might have and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question you might have and i
+already alluded to that is like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already alluded to that is like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already alluded to that is like are
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+giving because they enjoy giving or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving because they enjoy giving or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving because they enjoy giving or
+because it's uncomfortable refusing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uncomfortable refusing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uncomfortable refusing to
+give right is it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give right is it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give right is it like
+i really want to give and i feel really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really want to give and i feel really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really want to give and i feel really
+good about it i get some warm glow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good about it i get some warm glow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good about it i get some warm glow in
+some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways
+or is it in some ways like i'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it in some ways like i'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it in some ways like i'm giving
+not because i actually enjoy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because i actually enjoy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because i actually enjoy it
+and i i i'm happy about it but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i i'm happy about it but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i i'm happy about it but rather
+because otherwise i just feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise i just feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise i just feel
+um i feel bad and um uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the evidence we talked about suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the evidence we talked about suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the evidence we talked about suggests
+that the latter motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the latter motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the latter motivation
+is more important for many so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more important for many so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more important for many so many
+people kind of like just feel bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of like just feel bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of like just feel bad
+by not giving um uh this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not giving um uh this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not giving um uh this is essentially
+particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly
+the evidence that people are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence that people are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence that people are willing to
+pay to avoid dictator games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay to avoid dictator games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay to avoid dictator games
+um uh uh that i showed you there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh that i showed you there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh that i showed you there's a
+very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paper about um what's called moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper about um what's called moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper about um what's called moral
+wiggle room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle room
+which is the idea that like uh and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the idea that like uh and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the idea that like uh and gets
+at the idea that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the idea that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the idea that like
+in a way if people opt out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way if people opt out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way if people opt out of the
+dictator game they have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game they have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game they have to sort of
+justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify
+to themselves that they're mean right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to themselves that they're mean right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to themselves that they're mean right so
+if you have like self-image if you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have like self-image if you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have like self-image if you also
+care about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about like
+how do you think about yourself are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about yourself are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about yourself are you
+a good person or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good person or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good person or not
+uh how do you justify to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you justify to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you justify to yourself
+essentially that you chose the 20-0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that you chose the 20-0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that you chose the 20-0
+option and tadana at all paper is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option and tadana at all paper is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option and tadana at all paper is a very
+nice paper that sort of illustrates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper that sort of illustrates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper that sort of illustrates that
+very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely
+so um this is again a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this is again a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this is again a very simple
+game subject are asked to choose between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game subject are asked to choose between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game subject are asked to choose between
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a self other so how much do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self other so how much do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self other so how much do you get
+yourself and how much does the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and how much does the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and how much does the other
+person get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person get
+uh there's two options here option a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's two options here option a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's two options here option a is
+you get six dollars for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get six dollars for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get six dollars for yourself
+and x dollars for the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x dollars for the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x dollars for the other person
+option b is you get five dollars for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b is you get five dollars for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b is you get five dollars for
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+and y dollars for the other person and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y dollars for the other person and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y dollars for the other person and x
+and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y
+is varied across um subject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is varied across um subject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is varied across um subject and
+randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized
+so you one option here is like x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you one option here is like x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you one option here is like x
+equals 1 and y equals 5. now what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and y equals 5. now what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and y equals 5. now what does
+that mean for options a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean for options a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean for options a and b
+that means like option a is like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means like option a is like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means like option a is like if you
+had to choose would be six for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to choose would be six for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to choose would be six for yourself
+and one for the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one for the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one for the other person
+option b is like five for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b is like five for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b is like five for uh
+each player okay so now choosing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each player okay so now choosing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each player okay so now choosing between
+option b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b
+and option a if you choose option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and option a if you choose option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and option a if you choose option a
+essentially you get one dollar more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you get one dollar more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you get one dollar more
+than you would get if you chose option b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would get if you chose option b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would get if you chose option b
+but the other person gets like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other person gets like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other person gets like four
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+less than they would get if you chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than they would get if you chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than they would get if you chose
+option b so choosing option a is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b so choosing option a is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b so choosing option a is not a
+particularly nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly nice
+option essentially you you you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option essentially you you you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option essentially you you you decide
+that like one additional dollar for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like one additional dollar for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like one additional dollar for you
+is worth more than uh four dollars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth more than uh four dollars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth more than uh four dollars that
+the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+um gets less okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gets less okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gets less okay and
+so again that's not a very nice move so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again that's not a very nice move so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again that's not a very nice move so
+you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+most people in fact tend to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people in fact tend to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people in fact tend to choose
+option b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b
+okay when faced with that direct choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when faced with that direct choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when faced with that direct choice
+that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+26 percent of people choose option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 percent of people choose option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 percent of people choose option a
+they choose sort of like the selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose sort of like the selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose sort of like the selfish
+option if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option if you want
+and 72 if 74 percent choose option b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 72 if 74 percent choose option b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 72 if 74 percent choose option b
+which is sort of like in some way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of like in some way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of like in some way the
+nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing
+to do this is a very standard version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is a very standard version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is a very standard version of
+it there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's no other
+things going on there's no exit option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on there's no exit option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on there's no exit option
+and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and
+so um you know the person again i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know the person again i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know the person again i said
+all this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this um
+uh uh so now when people choose option b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so now when people choose option b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so now when people choose option b
+there's essentially two explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's essentially two explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's essentially two explanations
+here one is like the person is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one is like the person is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one is like the person is kind of
+quite nice the other person explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nice the other person explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nice the other person explanation
+is like in some ways they're not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like in some ways they're not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like in some ways they're not that
+nice but they're just trying to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but they're just trying to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but they're just trying to avoid
+feeling bad about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling bad about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling bad about
+um they kind of want to choose option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they kind of want to choose option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they kind of want to choose option a
+but you know if you choose option a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if you choose option a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if you choose option a you
+feel kind of really bad about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel kind of really bad about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel kind of really bad about it and
+that's why you don't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you don't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you don't do it
+now the game also has a twist here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the game also has a twist here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the game also has a twist here which
+is like for some other subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like for some other subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like for some other subjects
+like these are like some subjects just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these are like some subjects just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these are like some subjects just
+had this on this choice only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this on this choice only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this on this choice only
+they choose as i said 74 percent chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose as i said 74 percent chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose as i said 74 percent chose
+option b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b
+some other subjects um x and y were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other subjects um x and y were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other subjects um x and y were
+initially unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially unknown
+with either x equals 1 and y equals 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either x equals 1 and y equals 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either x equals 1 and y equals 5
+or x equals 5 and y equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or x equals 5 and y equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or x equals 5 and y equals 1
+and those are implemented with 50 chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are implemented with 50 chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are implemented with 50 chance
+okay so initially you don't know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so initially you don't know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so initially you don't know it
+could be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be either
+let me just write this down it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write this down it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write this down it could be
+one of two scenarios both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two scenarios both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two scenarios both
+are have the chance 50 so one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have the chance 50 so one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have the chance 50 so one of them is
+like if you choose option a that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you choose option a that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you choose option a that's the
+choice that we just had before like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that we just had before like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that we just had before like the
+first one is option a versus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is option a versus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is option a versus b
+that's what we just had which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we just had which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we just had which
+essentially is six one versus five five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is six one versus five five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is six one versus five five
+so there choosing a is a pretty selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there choosing a is a pretty selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there choosing a is a pretty selfish
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+that's the option i just showed you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the option i just showed you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the option i just showed you the
+second scenario is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second scenario is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second scenario is
+it's a six five versus five one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a six five versus five one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a six five versus five one
+now it's unambiguously clear that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's unambiguously clear that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's unambiguously clear that you
+should choose option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose option a
+right because the other person you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the other person you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the other person you're
+better off the other person is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off the other person is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off the other person is better
+off everybody is happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off everybody is happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off everybody is happy
+so surely you should choose option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so surely you should choose option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so surely you should choose option a
+essentially option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially option a
+dominates option b in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates option b in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates option b in the second
+scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+here's the twist subjects could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the twist subjects could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the twist subjects could
+costlessly find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costlessly find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costlessly find out
+which one is the case um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is the case um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is the case um and the
+the recipient in this case will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipient in this case will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipient in this case will not
+learn what the other person did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what the other person did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what the other person did the
+recipient just essentially receives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient just essentially receives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient just essentially receives the
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+okay the the shipment does not know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the shipment does not know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the shipment does not know what
+the person does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person does
+so now um essentially i would tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um essentially i would tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um essentially i would tell you
+um there's two scenarios going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's two scenarios going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's two scenarios going on
+either one or two i'm going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one or two i'm going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one or two i'm going to ask you
+to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose
+a versus b and you have two options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a versus b and you have two options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a versus b and you have two options
+before that choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that choice
+the option is either you can just choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option is either you can just choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option is either you can just choose
+without not knowing which scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without not knowing which scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without not knowing which scenario
+you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in
+or you can choose costlessly to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can choose costlessly to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can choose costlessly to find out
+whether you're in choice one versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're in choice one versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're in choice one versus
+choice b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice b
+sorry and choice one versus choice two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and choice one versus choice two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and choice one versus choice two
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so is it set up clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm happy to repeat yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you're in the game there's a 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're in the game there's a 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're in the game there's a 50
+chance that you're in scenario one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you're in scenario one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you're in scenario one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance in scenario two that is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance in scenario two that is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance in scenario two that is fixed
+okay you have two choices uh to make in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have two choices uh to make in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have two choices uh to make in
+your and your whole decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your and your whole decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your and your whole decision
+the first one is do you want to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is do you want to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is do you want to find out
+whether you're in scenario one or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're in scenario one or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're in scenario one or in
+scenario two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario two
+so either you don't find out it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either you don't find out it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either you don't find out it's just a
+fifty percent chance of scenario one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent chance of scenario one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent chance of scenario one and
+fifty percent chance of scenario two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent chance of scenario two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent chance of scenario two or
+you find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out
+causelessly i'm gonna tell you you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causelessly i'm gonna tell you you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causelessly i'm gonna tell you you're in
+scenario one or scenario two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario one or scenario two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario one or scenario two
+it's already decided which scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already decided which scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already decided which scenario
+you're in you just don't know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in you just don't know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in you just don't know it
+okay so your first choice is you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your first choice is you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your first choice is you want to
+know which scenario you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which scenario you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which scenario you're in
+the second choice then is like between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second choice then is like between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second choice then is like between a
+and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+and you either choose without knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you either choose without knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you either choose without knowing
+what's an area you're in usually either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an area you're in usually either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an area you're in usually either
+in one or two you choose for a and b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one or two you choose for a and b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one or two you choose for a and b and
+then it's just going to be implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just going to be implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just going to be implemented
+afterwards like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards like
+the a or b for each of the scenarios or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a or b for each of the scenarios or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a or b for each of the scenarios or
+like the one that's actually implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one that's actually implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one that's actually implemented
+uh or you know already you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you know already you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you know already you're in
+scenario one or scenario two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario one or scenario two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario one or scenario two
+because you've costly found out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've costly found out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've costly found out and then
+you make that choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make that choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make that choice
+about a and b does it make sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a and b does it make sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a and b does it make sense okay
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+so now first we can think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now first we can think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now first we can think about like
+distributional preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences
+what happens if you just have purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you just have purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you just have purely
+distributional preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributional preferences
+could this additional twist in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this additional twist in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this additional twist in any way
+lower people's giving behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower people's giving behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower people's giving behavior
+and so when you are distributional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you are distributional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you are distributional
+preferences notice that um what i added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences notice that um what i added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences notice that um what i added
+to you so what i'll be comparing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so what i'll be comparing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so what i'll be comparing here is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+only having the first scenario to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only having the first scenario to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only having the first scenario to choose
+we're comparing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing that
+to the twist so i'm comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the twist so i'm comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the twist so i'm comparing
+essentially this scenario this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this scenario this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this scenario this is like
+the people who chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who chose
+without having um this is the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having um this is the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having um this is the people who
+chose without having like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose without having like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose without having like this
+additional twist going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional twist going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional twist going on
+we're gonna compare those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna compare those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna compare those kinds of
+people to people who are randomized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to people who are randomized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to people who are randomized to
+have this additional twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this additional twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this additional twist
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they first have to like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they first have to like the the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice or the option to costlessly find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice or the option to costlessly find
+out where they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where they're in
+and the question i'm going to ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question i'm going to ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question i'm going to ask is
+like now can it be or how does adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now can it be or how does adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now can it be or how does adding
+this additional option affect people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this additional option affect people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this additional option affect people's
+giving behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving behavior
+in particular is it possible that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is it possible that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is it possible that people
+give less because of adding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give less because of adding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give less because of adding this
+this additional choice so now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this additional choice so now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this additional choice so now there's
+sort of two options um overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two options um overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two options um overall
+either it's the case that your optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's the case that your optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's the case that your optimal
+choice depends on x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice depends on x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice depends on x and y
+right so either you're going to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so either you're going to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so either you're going to tell me
+like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well
+whether i choose a or b it depends on x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i choose a or b it depends on x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i choose a or b it depends on x
+and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y
+and if that's the case well of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that's the case well of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that's the case well of course
+then you want to find out what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to find out what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to find out what a
+x and y is remember what is x and y x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y is remember what is x and y x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y is remember what is x and y x
+and y is the thing that i have at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is the thing that i have at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is the thing that i have at the
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+x and y is either x equal 1 and y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y is either x equal 1 and y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y is either x equal 1 and y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it is x equals 5 and y equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it is x equals 5 and y equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it is x equals 5 and y equals 1.
+so it either is the case that it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it either is the case that it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it either is the case that it matters
+to you what x and y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you what x and y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you what x and y are
+either you really want to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you really want to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you really want to find out what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y is well in that case surely if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y is well in that case surely if i
+asked you do you want to costly find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you do you want to costly find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you do you want to costly find out
+you do want to find out because you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want to find out because you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want to find out because you want
+to make the right choice right you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the right choice right you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the right choice right you want
+to know am i in scenario one or am i in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know am i in scenario one or am i in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know am i in scenario one or am i in
+scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario
+two so then you know if i offer you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so then you know if i offer you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so then you know if i offer you the
+costless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costless
+option to find out which choice you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to find out which choice you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to find out which choice you're a
+missionary you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missionary you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missionary you're in
+but you're gonna want to find out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're gonna want to find out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're gonna want to find out and
+then and you find out that you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and you find out that you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and you find out that you're in the
+x equals one and y equals five situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals one and y equals five situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals one and y equals five situation
+you should make the same choice that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should make the same choice that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should make the same choice that you
+chose previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose previously
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if if it if you chose previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if if it if you chose previously
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a or option b once you find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a or option b once you find out
+what scenario you're in surely you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scenario you're in surely you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scenario you're in surely you're
+going to choose the same thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose the same thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose the same thing because
+you only care about distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only care about distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only care about distribution
+preferences you're going to just choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences you're going to just choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences you're going to just choose
+the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+okay now if your choice on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if your choice on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if your choice on the other
+hand does not depend on x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand does not depend on x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand does not depend on x and y
+you should be indifferent between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be indifferent between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be indifferent between
+finding out or not and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out or not and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out or not and you know
+either and you know it shouldn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and you know it shouldn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and you know it shouldn't really
+matter whether i give you that option in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether i give you that option in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether i give you that option in
+some sense you should choose the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you should choose the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you should choose the same
+thing as you chose before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as you chose before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as you chose before
+in either case when x equals 1 and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either case when x equals 1 and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either case when x equals 1 and y
+equals 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 5
+leaving x and y initially unknown so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving x and y initially unknown so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving x and y initially unknown so
+adding this additional option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this additional option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this additional option
+should not decrease the amount of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not decrease the amount of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not decrease the amount of giving
+if anything you should sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything you should sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything you should sort of
+anyway it should not should not affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it should not should not affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it should not should not affect
+it in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in any case
+but in particular it should not decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular it should not decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular it should not decrease
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me show i'll have you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show i'll have you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show i'll have you look at
+this for a second just be clear on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a second just be clear on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a second just be clear on that
+so essentially what i'm saying is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what i'm saying is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what i'm saying is like
+adding this additional thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this additional thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this additional thing
+the scenario two either the scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario two either the scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario two either the scenarios
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+and if the scenarios matter whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the scenarios matter whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the scenarios matter whether
+you're in scenario one versus scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in scenario one versus scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in scenario one versus scenario
+two if you make different choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if you make different choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if you make different choices
+well then surely you should find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then surely you should find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then surely you should find out
+which scenario you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scenario you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scenario you're in
+and you're gonna say okay i really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna say okay i really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna say okay i really to
+know once you know whether you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once you know whether you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once you know whether you're in
+scenario one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario one
+suppose you're actually in scenario one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're actually in scenario one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're actually in scenario one
+you're gonna should make the same choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna should make the same choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna should make the same choice
+as you did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you did before
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you say well i actually don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say well i actually don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say well i actually don't care
+which scenario and i'm going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scenario and i'm going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scenario and i'm going to make the
+same choice anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same choice anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same choice anyway
+then adding this additional scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then adding this additional scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then adding this additional scenario
+shouldn't really matter anyway because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't really matter anyway because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't really matter anyway because
+you choose the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose the same thing
+anyway but regardless adding essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but regardless adding essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but regardless adding essentially
+this scenario too should not decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scenario too should not decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scenario too should not decrease
+how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you
+give now what they find instead is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give now what they find instead is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give now what they find instead is like
+44 chose not to find out x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 chose not to find out x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 chose not to find out x and y
+and of these subjects 95 so it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of these subjects 95 so it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of these subjects 95 so it shows
+option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a
+okay so these are people who essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are people who essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are people who essentially
+they say i'd rather not know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say i'd rather not know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say i'd rather not know what's
+going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+and and and then they chose option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then they chose option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then they chose option a
+which is either the fairly selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is either the fairly selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is either the fairly selfish
+option or it's the option that's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option or it's the option that's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option or it's the option that's better
+for both people let me go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both people let me go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both people let me go back to this
+to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this
+so when when given these two choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when when given these two choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when when given these two choices
+they essentially say i'd rather not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially say i'd rather not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially say i'd rather not know
+even if it's costless to do i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's costless to do i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's costless to do i don't want
+to know whether i'm scenario one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether i'm scenario one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know whether i'm scenario one or two
+i'm gonna choose option a why do they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna choose option a why do they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna choose option a why do they do
+that or what what do they what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or what what do they what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or what what do they what's going
+on in their minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so if you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if you so
+if you find out whether it's scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find out whether it's scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find out whether it's scenario
+one or scenario two two things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or scenario two two things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or scenario two two things can
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+one will be like you'll be in scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be like you'll be in scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be like you'll be in scenario
+number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+you're gonna choose option a because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna choose option a because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna choose option a because you
+know that's better for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's better for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's better for everybody
+or you're gonna be in scenario one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're gonna be in scenario one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're gonna be in scenario one well
+then choosing a is kind of really like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then choosing a is kind of really like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then choosing a is kind of really like a
+selfish or mean move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish or mean move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish or mean move
+and then once you do that then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you do that then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you do that then you have
+to sort of deal with like well am i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of deal with like well am i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of deal with like well am i like
+a mean person or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean person or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean person or not
+instead what people do or seem to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what people do or seem to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what people do or seem to do is
+like they just say i actually don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they just say i actually don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they just say i actually don't want
+to find out i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out i
+i it could be either way you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i it could be either way you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i it could be either way you know who
+knows what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what's going on
+could be scenario one could be scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be scenario one could be scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be scenario one could be scenario
+two who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two who knows
+and but you know there's a good chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you know there's a good chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you know there's a good chance
+50 chance that it's a scenario two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 chance that it's a scenario two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 chance that it's a scenario two
+in which case you know choosing option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case you know choosing option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case you know choosing option a
+is actually good for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually good for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually good for everybody
+so let me just not find out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just not find out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just not find out and then
+choose option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose option a
+and i'm going to essentially make myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to essentially make myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to essentially make myself
+think that like oh you know probably it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that like oh you know probably it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that like oh you know probably it
+was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like
+scenario number two right so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario number two right so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario number two right so essentially
+what people are doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are doing here
+is they sort of delude themselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they sort of delude themselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they sort of delude themselves in
+some way into thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way into thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way into thinking
+um that they're doing the right thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they're doing the right thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they're doing the right thing or
+they're doing like not a mean thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing like not a mean thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing like not a mean thing
+by avoiding information that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by avoiding information that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by avoiding information that would
+essentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be
+uh free right so if you really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh free right so if you really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh free right so if you really wanted to
+find out whether you're mean or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out whether you're mean or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out whether you're mean or not
+you could just get the information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just get the information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just get the information and
+sometimes it's like free they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's like free they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's like free they're
+entirely available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely available
+instead what people do is they just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what people do is they just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what people do is they just say
+oh i'd rather not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'd rather not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'd rather not know
+and then they choose a thing that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they choose a thing that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they choose a thing that's at
+least potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least potentially
+a mean and so then not only is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean and so then not only is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean and so then not only is it the
+case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that
+44 of people choose not to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 of people choose not to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 of people choose not to find out
+but also the fraction of selfish people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the fraction of selfish people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the fraction of selfish people
+goes up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by
+a lot okay there's lots of so what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot okay there's lots of so what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot okay there's lots of so what i'm
+so i showed you this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i showed you this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i showed you this is a little bit
+tricky but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky but essentially
+what i showed you here is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i showed you here is that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i showed you here is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to be in scenario one versus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to be in scenario one versus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to be in scenario one versus in
+scenario two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario two
+okay and the 63 percent that i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the 63 percent that i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the 63 percent that i'm going
+to show you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you here
+like this is the fraction who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the fraction who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the fraction who
+essentially chose to selfish choice this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially chose to selfish choice this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially chose to selfish choice this
+is only looking at the 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only looking at the 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only looking at the 50
+uh chance of like for which um uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chance of like for which um uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chance of like for which um uh x
+equals one and y equals five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and y equals five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and y equals five
+so essentially this is taking like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially this is taking like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially this is taking like the
+half of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the uh
+uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the
+the cases in which actually uh x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases in which actually uh x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases in which actually uh x equals
+one and y equals five was implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and y equals five was implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and y equals five was implemented
+these are cases where either the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cases where either the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cases where either the person
+found out or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out or not
+uh but when you take those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but when you take those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but when you take those things
+together so these are like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so these are like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so these are like essentially
+two scenarios or two sort of the the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two scenarios or two sort of the the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two scenarios or two sort of the the sum
+of two things that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two things that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two things that happen
+uh one is the person didn't find out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is the person didn't find out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one is the person didn't find out and
+chose option a or b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose option a or b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose option a or b
+or the person actually found out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the person actually found out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the person actually found out but
+taking together essentially 63 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking together essentially 63 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking together essentially 63 percent
+of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+in those cases chose the selfish option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those cases chose the selfish option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those cases chose the selfish option
+option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a
+compared to like the 26 and the baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like the 26 and the baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to like the 26 and the baseline
+case that i showed you earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that i showed you earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that i showed you earlier
+so putting these things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting these things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting these things together
+essentially means that there's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means that there's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means that there's quite a
+few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people
+who uh conveniently don't want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh conveniently don't want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh conveniently don't want to find
+out whether they mean or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether they mean or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether they mean or not
+they choose then the mean option um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose then the mean option um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose then the mean option um and
+much more so than when they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more so than when they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more so than when they don't have
+this whole uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole uh
+uh uh what's your called like moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what's your called like moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what's your called like moral
+wiggle room which essentially sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle room which essentially sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle room which essentially sort of
+the option to delude themselves in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to delude themselves in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to delude themselves in like
+they're actually not that mean because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually not that mean because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually not that mean because
+you know probably it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probably it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probably it was like
+it was better for everybody to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was better for everybody to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was better for everybody to choose
+option a does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you might ask like two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you might ask like two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you might ask like two things
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+it could be that this is concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that this is concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that this is concerned about
+others beliefs this could be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others beliefs this could be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others beliefs this could be about
+social limit or it could be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social limit or it could be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social limit or it could be about
+self-image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-image
+now the experiment is precisely set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the experiment is precisely set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the experiment is precisely set up
+in a way that in fact it's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that in fact it's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that in fact it's not about
+social image the other person in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social image the other person in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social image the other person in fact
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+doesn't um uh find out whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't um uh find out whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't um uh find out whether you
+learned her payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned her payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned her payoff
+um and so the other person actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the other person actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the other person actually so
+so not learning doesn't really help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not learning doesn't really help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not learning doesn't really help
+improve her the other person only sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve her the other person only sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve her the other person only sees
+the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result
+so whether i actually learn about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether i actually learn about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether i actually learn about like
+which scenario we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scenario we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scenario we're in
+doesn't really actually help improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really actually help improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really actually help improving
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+person's opinion the only person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's opinion the only person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's opinion the only person who
+actually knows whether you found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually knows whether you found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually knows whether you found out
+what scenario in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scenario in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scenario in
+is actually you yourself when you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually you yourself when you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually you yourself when you make
+that choice which really suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choice which really suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choice which really suggests that
+this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about
+saving face about self-image people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving face about self-image people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving face about self-image people
+essentially want to delude themselves or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially want to delude themselves or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially want to delude themselves or
+make themselves think that they're nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make themselves think that they're nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make themselves think that they're nicer
+than they actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they actually are
+by avoiding information that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by avoiding information that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by avoiding information that could
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+help them make the right choice or be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them make the right choice or be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them make the right choice or be
+nicer if they really wanted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer if they really wanted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer if they really wanted to be
+right so and if you really want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and if you really want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and if you really want it to be
+nice what you would do is you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice what you would do is you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice what you would do is you would
+really find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really find out
+which scenario you're in you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scenario you're in you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scenario you're in you would
+choose option a and scenario two when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose option a and scenario two when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose option a and scenario two when
+it's better for everybody and you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better for everybody and you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better for everybody and you choose
+option b if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option b if it's
+better for the other person or really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for the other person or really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for the other person or really
+costly for the other person to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly for the other person to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly for the other person to choose
+option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a
+so let me sort of summarize here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me sort of summarize here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me sort of summarize here so the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+likely explanation is that how dictators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely explanation is that how dictators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely explanation is that how dictators
+it's really based on how dictators feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really based on how dictators feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really based on how dictators feel
+about themselves so the uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about themselves so the uncertainty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about themselves so the uncertainty in
+whether the selfish action helps or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the selfish action helps or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the selfish action helps or
+hurts the other person gives an excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts the other person gives an excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts the other person gives an excuse
+to be selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be selfish
+right so now i can say oh you know 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now i can say oh you know 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now i can say oh you know 50
+chance that this is the right choice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that this is the right choice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that this is the right choice for
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+so that's an excuse so you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an excuse so you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an excuse so you can sort of
+keep telling yourself that you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep telling yourself that you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep telling yourself that you didn't
+um mean any harm like i really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mean any harm like i really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mean any harm like i really don't
+know what you mean i thought you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you mean i thought you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you mean i thought you know
+with a good chance the other person will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a good chance the other person will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a good chance the other person will
+be better off as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better off as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better off as well
+um and so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so many
+so what this is sort of the this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this is sort of the this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this is sort of the this term is
+sort of called moral wiggle room which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of called moral wiggle room which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of called moral wiggle room which
+essentially is sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is sort of like
+helping you would be in like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you would be in like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you would be in like an
+ambiguous situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous situation
+because once you haven't found out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you haven't found out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you haven't found out it's
+actually unclear whether the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually unclear whether the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually unclear whether the other
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+is better off or worse off by choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better off or worse off by choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better off or worse off by choosing
+option a and b the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a and b the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a and b the experiment
+is set up in a way that like if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set up in a way that like if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set up in a way that like if you do
+not find out which scenario you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not find out which scenario you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not find out which scenario you're in
+it's not clear what's better for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear what's better for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear what's better for the
+other person what to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person what to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person what to choose
+um but of course that's amazing in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but of course that's amazing in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but of course that's amazing in some
+sense because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because like
+you could always like find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could always like find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could always like find out
+costlessly and sometimes you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costlessly and sometimes you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costlessly and sometimes you can just
+delude yourself and say ah it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delude yourself and say ah it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delude yourself and say ah it's not
+clear like what should we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear like what should we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear like what should we do
+i i don't know could be good for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't know could be good for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't know could be good for the
+person bad for the person or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person bad for the person or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person bad for the person or whatever
+but i'm choosing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm choosing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm choosing a
+but of course that's like silly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course that's like silly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course that's like silly because
+in some sense that's not an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense that's not an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense that's not an explanation
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the folds of water because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folds of water because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folds of water because you could
+always find out if you really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find out if you really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find out if you really wanted to
+know whether you wanted to be nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you wanted to be nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you wanted to be nice to
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+person it's very easy to find out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it's very easy to find out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it's very easy to find out what's
+going on so that's essentially to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so that's essentially to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so that's essentially to say
+people want to save face in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to save face in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to save face in front of
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+as opposed to in front of others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to in front of others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to in front of others
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now a different version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now a different version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now a different version of that
+is giving and communication which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving and communication which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving and communication which is
+again sort of in some ways like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sort of in some ways like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sort of in some ways like
+about social image concerns about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about social image concerns about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about social image concerns about like
+uh having to deal with others reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having to deal with others reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having to deal with others reactions
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+this could be about self-image or social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be about self-image or social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be about self-image or social
+image but either way it's about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image but either way it's about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image but either way it's about sort of
+like some form of communication how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some form of communication how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some form of communication how
+others or you yourself feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others or you yourself feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others or you yourself feel
+so um ellingson and um johannesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um ellingson and um johannesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um ellingson and um johannesson
+modified the dictator again by allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified the dictator again by allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified the dictator again by allowing
+for a very limited form of communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very limited form of communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very limited form of communication
+um one group of subject played the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one group of subject played the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one group of subject played the usual
+dictator game which is just like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game which is just like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator game which is just like as
+usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+um in the other group the recipients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the other group the recipients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the other group the recipients
+only were allowed to send anonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only were allowed to send anonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only were allowed to send anonymous
+messages to the dictator after receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages to the dictator after receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages to the dictator after receiving
+their share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their share
+is that the version you played or was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the version you played or was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the version you played or was it
+different for you could you already talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for you could you already talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for you could you already talk
+to them earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them earlier
+when there was communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was communication
+it might have been the exact version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have been the exact version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have been the exact version
+that you played or it might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you played or it might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you played or it might have been
+like in your version you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in your version you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in your version you could actually
+talk to the other person earlier i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the other person earlier i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the other person earlier i'm
+actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not
+the only message before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only message before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only message before
+you decided i see so that's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decided i see so that's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decided i see so that's a different
+a slightly different version from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different version from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different version from what
+you played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you played
+uh this one is a version where um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this one is a version where um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this one is a version where um the
+recipient could only respond so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient could only respond so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient could only respond so the
+dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator
+gets the ten dollars or whatever people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the ten dollars or whatever people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the ten dollars or whatever people
+has played the dictator makes a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has played the dictator makes a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has played the dictator makes a choice
+and then the recipient can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the recipient can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the recipient can like
+essentially send a message back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially send a message back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially send a message back
+uh can in some way sort of reciprocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can in some way sort of reciprocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can in some way sort of reciprocate
+if you want could be like a nice message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want could be like a nice message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want could be like a nice message
+if you give like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give like
+um quite a bit of money or it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite a bit of money or it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite a bit of money or it could be a
+mean message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean message
+um if you didn't give a lot of money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you didn't give a lot of money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you didn't give a lot of money and
+anticipating that might affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating that might affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating that might affect the
+dictator's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator's
+choices and so this is kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and so this is kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and so this is kind of um
+what what what they found in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what they found in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what they found in the in the
+paper so essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so essentially um
+the anticipation of feedback increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anticipation of feedback increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anticipation of feedback increased
+sharing from 25 percent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing from 25 percent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing from 25 percent to
+34 in this specific game that's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 in this specific game that's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 in this specific game that's quite a
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+so um most um recipients in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um most um recipients in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um most um recipients in fact
+do choose to to send a message um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do choose to to send a message um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do choose to to send a message um the
+messages vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages vary
+quite a bit so it's about like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit so it's about like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit so it's about like you know
+very mean messages saying like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very mean messages saying like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very mean messages saying like you know
+uh so you chose uh to take all the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you chose uh to take all the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you chose uh to take all the money
+yourself you greedy bastard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you greedy bastard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you greedy bastard
+i was just wondering if there was anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just wondering if there was anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just wondering if there was anyone
+who would do that and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would do that and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would do that and the answer is
+apparently yes apparently people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently yes apparently people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently yes apparently people like
+you exist have a nice evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exist have a nice evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exist have a nice evening
+so that's not a very nice message i also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not a very nice message i also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not a very nice message i also
+censored a few messages that were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censored a few messages that were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censored a few messages that were in
+there earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there earlier
+another one is thank you greedy bastard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is thank you greedy bastard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is thank you greedy bastard
+you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will
+like it as investment banker hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it as investment banker hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it as investment banker hope you
+will buy something nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will buy something nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will buy something nice
+um and then there's sort of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there's sort of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there's sort of positive
+message presumably when people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message presumably when people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message presumably when people actually
+given quite a bit of money which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given quite a bit of money which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given quite a bit of money which is like
+you know there's hope for a better world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's hope for a better world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's hope for a better world
+with the help of your generosity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the help of your generosity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the help of your generosity and
+your big heart i can tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your big heart i can tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your big heart i can tonight
+break the black pudding occurs no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the black pudding occurs no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the black pudding occurs no more
+pea soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pea soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pea soup
+you have a standing invitation to dinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a standing invitation to dinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a standing invitation to dinner
+at my place the door is always open with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my place the door is always open with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my place the door is always open with
+love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+so you know that varies by quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that varies by quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that varies by quite a bit
+and sort of anticipating those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of anticipating those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of anticipating those kinds of
+messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+you can see how dictators then might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how dictators then might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how dictators then might
+sort of um in particular if they play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um in particular if they play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um in particular if they play
+this repeatedly and have some experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repeatedly and have some experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repeatedly and have some experience
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+um might opt into like um giving more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might opt into like um giving more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might opt into like um giving more
+um so this indicates that sort of beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this indicates that sort of beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this indicates that sort of beyond
+caring about the recipient's reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about the recipient's reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about the recipient's reaction
+dictators um uh uh care how shielded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictators um uh uh care how shielded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictators um uh uh care how shielded
+they are from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are from it
+so it's not just about like you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just about like you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just about like you might
+feel bad so what i showed you previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel bad so what i showed you previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel bad so what i showed you previously
+in the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cost of
+exit thing it was more about like i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit thing it was more about like i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit thing it was more about like i'm
+worried about you feeling bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about you feeling bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about you feeling bad
+and i don't want you to feel bad even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't want you to feel bad even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't want you to feel bad even if
+i don't have to face you in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have to face you in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have to face you in any
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+this one is about like i might worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is about like i might worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is about like i might worry
+about you feeling bad but i also might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you feeling bad but i also might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you feeling bad but i also might
+worry about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about like
+um so i might worry about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i might worry about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i might worry about like
+receiving that message from you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving that message from you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving that message from you so
+there's some people who might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some people who might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some people who might actually
+be fine about the other person feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine about the other person feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine about the other person feeling
+bad as long as i don't have to like face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad as long as i don't have to like face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad as long as i don't have to like face
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh but now if i actually have to face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but now if i actually have to face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but now if i actually have to face
+the message from the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message from the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message from the other person
+i might you know be behaved nicer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might you know be behaved nicer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might you know be behaved nicer in
+some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways
+um uh because i didn't have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh because i didn't have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh because i didn't have to actually
+deal with the fact or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the fact or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the fact or like
+face the fact that uh uh perhaps i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the fact that uh uh perhaps i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the fact that uh uh perhaps i'm not
+a nice person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice person
+in our um version i looked this up it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our um version i looked this up it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our um version i looked this up it
+seems like there's essentially no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like there's essentially no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like there's essentially no
+not much evidence of like communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much evidence of like communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much evidence of like communication
+affecting behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting behavior
+this could be perhaps because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be perhaps because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be perhaps because the
+version with communication was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version with communication was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version with communication was different
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+uh what was played here so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what was played here so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what was played here so it doesn't
+seem like once the person gave i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like once the person gave i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like once the person gave i think
+the game was just over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game was just over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game was just over
+as opposed to like once the person gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to like once the person gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to like once the person gave
+um uh you could sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you could sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you could sort of
+send a message back and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message back and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message back and sort of
+reciprocate in some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocate in some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocate in some uh
+some way so this is uh here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way so this is uh here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way so this is uh here you can see
+that in the dictator game without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the dictator game without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the dictator game without
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+this is um notice that the axes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um notice that the axes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um notice that the axes are
+changing a little bit this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a little bit this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a little bit this is like the
+monetary stakes no communication this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary stakes no communication this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary stakes no communication this is
+with communication notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communication notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communication notice that the
+access changes i can't really fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access changes i can't really fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access changes i can't really fix this
+from the software but if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the software but if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the software but if you look at the
+average offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average offer
+uh with no communication is 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with no communication is 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with no communication is 38
+percent with communication that's 37 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent with communication that's 37 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent with communication that's 37 so
+if anything is a little bit lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything is a little bit lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything is a little bit lower
+the comparison is a little bit unclean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison is a little bit unclean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison is a little bit unclean
+because it's like over time you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like over time you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like over time you know
+maybe later in the game you played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe later in the game you played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe later in the game you played
+different than earlier in the game it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than earlier in the game it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than earlier in the game it's
+not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite
+cleanly randomized but it doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly randomized but it doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly randomized but it doesn't seem
+like in your case like the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in your case like the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in your case like the communication
+mattered very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered very much
+again perhaps that's because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again perhaps that's because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again perhaps that's because the the
+nature of the game is somewhat different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the game is somewhat different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the game is somewhat different
+for the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry this is actually not the dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is actually not the dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is actually not the dictator
+again this is the um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the um this is the
+ultimatum game uh for the uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game uh for the uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game uh for the uh this is a
+typo at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo at the top
+for the ultimatum game it seems like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ultimatum game it seems like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the ultimatum game it seems like um
+uh the communication matters a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the communication matters a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the communication matters a little
+bit when you look at this when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit when you look at this when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit when you look at this when you look
+at the very left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very left
+people giving zero uh for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people giving zero uh for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people giving zero uh for whatever
+reason i don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason i don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason i don't know how
+you communicated and what you said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you communicated and what you said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you communicated and what you said but
+it seems like your communication made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like your communication made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like your communication made
+people more likely to group zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people more likely to group zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people more likely to group zero and
+then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these
+zero options being rejected so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero options being rejected so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero options being rejected so this is
+what you see on the very left is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see on the very left is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see on the very left is in the
+ultimatum game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game
+the red red is essentially these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red red is essentially these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red red is essentially these are
+offers that are rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that are rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that are rejected
+without communication nobody was giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without communication nobody was giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without communication nobody was giving
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+with communication somehow people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communication somehow people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communication somehow people are
+giving zero and then these offers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving zero and then these offers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving zero and then these offers were
+rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected
+so perhaps some of you gave like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perhaps some of you gave like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perhaps some of you gave like very
+negative messages or threats or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative messages or threats or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative messages or threats or whatever
+and that really sort of pissed off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really sort of pissed off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really sort of pissed off the
+dictator the other person and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator the other person and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator the other person and then
+essentially that sort of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that sort of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that sort of really
+backfired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backfired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backfired
+so i don't know who is teaching you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't know who is teaching you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't know who is teaching you how
+to communicate um but maybe you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate um but maybe you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate um but maybe you want to
+think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this
+uh in future games somehow communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in future games somehow communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in future games somehow communication
+if anything that made things worse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything that made things worse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything that made things worse uh
+compared to the no communication case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the no communication case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the no communication case
+but even there if you look at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even there if you look at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even there if you look at sort of
+like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the
+um the average offer is like forty seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the average offer is like forty seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the average offer is like forty seven
+percent on the uh this year on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent on the uh this year on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent on the uh this year on the top
+and uh uh again forty six six percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh again forty six six percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh again forty six six percent
+um with communication so it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with communication so it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with communication so it doesn't make
+a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge difference
+either way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way okay
+any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then i'll we going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then i'll we going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then i'll we going to talk a
+little bit about intentions based uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about intentions based uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about intentions based uh
+social preferences let me tell you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences let me tell you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences let me tell you sort
+of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a
+um a brief um a tale about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a brief um a tale about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a brief um a tale about this
+that sort of illustrates this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of illustrates this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of illustrates this point
+quite nicely so a boy finds two ripe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nicely so a boy finds two ripe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nicely so a boy finds two ripe
+apples as he walks home from school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples as he walks home from school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples as he walks home from school
+he keeps the larger one gives a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he keeps the larger one gives a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he keeps the larger one gives a smaller
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+to his friend the friend says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his friend the friend says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his friend the friend says
+it was nice to keep the larger one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the boy says well what would you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boy says well what would you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boy says well what would you have
+done and the friend says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and the friend says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and the friend says
+i'd i'd have given you the larger one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd i'd have given you the larger one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd i'd have given you the larger one
+and kept the smaller one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kept the smaller one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kept the smaller one
+well and the boy says well we each got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the boy says well we each got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the boy says well we each got
+what we what you wanted so what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what you wanted so what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what you wanted so what are you
+complaining about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining about
+right and so what does that illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what does that illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what does that illustrate
+it illustrates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it illustrates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it illustrates that
+it's not uh always about like outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh always about like outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh always about like outcomes
+or like the distribution even of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the distribution even of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the distribution even of
+outcomes or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes or the like
+what seems to matter is like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems to matter is like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems to matter is like um
+sort of some form of like justice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some form of like justice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some form of like justice or
+fairness in how the allocation came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness in how the allocation came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness in how the allocation came
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+right and and most of economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and most of economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and most of economics
+essentially uh we assume that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh we assume that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh we assume that our
+satisfaction of outcomes like how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction of outcomes like how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction of outcomes like how much
+we like sort of certain outcomes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like sort of certain outcomes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like sort of certain outcomes and so
+on when you look at people's utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when you look at people's utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when you look at people's utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+often essentially it's outcome based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often essentially it's outcome based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often essentially it's outcome based
+what matters is essentially how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters is essentially how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters is essentially how much you
+consume and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume and so on
+so the satisfaction with outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the satisfaction with outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the satisfaction with outcomes
+doesn't depend on how the outcome came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on how the outcome came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on how the outcome came
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+and here when uh when you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here when uh when you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here when uh when you look at these
+apples how the apples are distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples how the apples are distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples how the apples are distributed
+the larger the the friend actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger the the friend actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger the the friend actually
+doesn't seem to care that much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to care that much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to care that much about
+whether he gets the larger or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he gets the larger or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he gets the larger or the
+smaller apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller apple
+what the friends cares about is like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the friends cares about is like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the friends cares about is like is
+your other friend a nice person or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other friend a nice person or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other friend a nice person or is
+the allocation of the outcome fair in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allocation of the outcome fair in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allocation of the outcome fair in a
+sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like
+didn't he just keep the larger apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't he just keep the larger apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't he just keep the larger apple
+because he could and then sort of was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he could and then sort of was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he could and then sort of was
+like mean to to his friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mean to to his friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mean to to his friend
+so really what seems to matter quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really what seems to matter quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really what seems to matter quite a
+bit is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is um
+there's quite a bit of work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quite a bit of work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quite a bit of work in
+organizational behavior and economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational behavior and economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational behavior and economics
+and social psychology is the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social psychology is the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social psychology is the idea of
+procedural justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural justice
+fairness in the process used to allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness in the process used to allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness in the process used to allocate
+resources seems to matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources seems to matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources seems to matter
+um quite a bit so maybe like another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite a bit so maybe like another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite a bit so maybe like another way
+to put this it's kind of okay actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this it's kind of okay actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this it's kind of okay actually
+for most people if some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people if some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people if some people are
+richer than others that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer than others that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer than others that's fine
+but it's much less okay so if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much less okay so if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much less okay so if if the
+obtained money is coming in some corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained money is coming in some corrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained money is coming in some corrupt
+uh a process or you know if it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a process or you know if it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a process or you know if it's just
+kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like
+unfair because some person was born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair because some person was born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair because some person was born
+really rich and you know uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rich and you know uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rich and you know uh the other
+person was born really poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person was born really poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person was born really poor
+and there's not of no mobility or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not of no mobility or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not of no mobility or
+opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+um uh in society that's sort of relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in society that's sort of relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in society that's sort of relating
+to the idea that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea that like
+in a way the american dream is that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way the american dream is that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way the american dream is that like
+everybody can become rich and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can become rich and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can become rich and that's
+essentially the key here and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the key here and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the key here and then if
+some people are richer than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are richer than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are richer than others
+people often think that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often think that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often think that's okay
+what's not okay however is like if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not okay however is like if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not okay however is like if some
+people have vastly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have vastly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have vastly different
+opportunities or chances than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities or chances than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities or chances than others
+or if there's lots of corruption where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if there's lots of corruption where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if there's lots of corruption where
+essentially some people get certain jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially some people get certain jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially some people get certain jobs
+not because you know they're qualified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because you know they're qualified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because you know they're qualified
+but rather because their parents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather because their parents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather because their parents or
+their family or their friends or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their family or their friends or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their family or their friends or
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+are very powerful or they have corrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very powerful or they have corrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very powerful or they have corrupted
+others in other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+there's a question of fairness and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question of fairness and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question of fairness and then
+there's a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question of
+reciprocity uh which is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity uh which is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity uh which is essentially the
+idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that
+people so fairness people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so fairness people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so fairness people have
+preferences for fairness they like fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for fairness they like fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for fairness they like fair
+outcomes more than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes more than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes more than others
+unfair outcomes another form of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair outcomes another form of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair outcomes another form of that is
+reciprocity is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity is like
+people like to treat others as others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to treat others as others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to treat others as others
+have treated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have treated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have treated or
+treating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more generally the way we treat others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally the way we treat others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally the way we treat others
+essentially depends on the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially depends on the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially depends on the way they
+treat us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat us
+right so like if somebody's mean to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like if somebody's mean to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like if somebody's mean to you
+you're going to mean to them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to mean to them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to mean to them if
+somebody's nice to you you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's nice to you you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's nice to you you're going to
+be nice to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice to them
+and that's a really important motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a really important motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a really important motivation
+a lot of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of behavior
+now um this gets us back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um this gets us back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um this gets us back to the
+ultimatum game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game
+i'm going to talk about this only very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk about this only very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk about this only very
+briefly which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly which is um
+the question of like why do responders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of like why do responders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of like why do responders
+uh reject low efforts in the ultimatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reject low efforts in the ultimatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reject low efforts in the ultimatum
+game we talked about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we talked about this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we talked about this a little bit
+you can think about distributional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about distributional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about distributional
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+we talked about the chinese and raven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the chinese and raven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the chinese and raven
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+about the preferences about being behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the preferences about being behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the preferences about being behind
+versus not there's an explanation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not there's an explanation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus not there's an explanation that's
+based on distributional preference where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on distributional preference where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on distributional preference where
+you just don't want to be really behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't want to be really behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't want to be really behind
+and therefore you reject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you reject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you reject the
+unfair offers but another one is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair offers but another one is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair offers but another one is like
+you think you're really treated unfairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you're really treated unfairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you're really treated unfairly
+and you're willing to punish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're willing to punish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're willing to punish the
+proposer for such unfairness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposer for such unfairness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposer for such unfairness and
+in like a simple ultimatum game you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like a simple ultimatum game you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like a simple ultimatum game you
+can't really tell whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really tell whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really tell whether it's
+hypothesis one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis one or two
+but um and we talked about about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um and we talked about about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um and we talked about about this
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+you can compare responders choices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare responders choices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare responders choices in
+the ultimatum game the choice is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimatum game the choice is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimatum game the choice is when
+the offer isn't generated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offer isn't generated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offer isn't generated by the
+by the uh by the other person the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the uh by the other person the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the uh by the other person the
+recipient or like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient or like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient or like the
+sorry the the other person for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the the other person for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the the other person for example
+you can look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at like
+um uh choices that was that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh choices that was that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh choices that was that were
+generated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the
+computer by like a third person and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer by like a third person and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer by like a third person and so
+on so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so if it's
+um generated by the third person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generated by the third person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generated by the third person you
+might say like i shouldn't punish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say like i shouldn't punish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say like i shouldn't punish the
+other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+uh in the game because you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the game because you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the game because you know it's not
+that person who chose it it's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person who chose it it's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person who chose it it's some other
+person so it's not their fault so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so it's not their fault so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so it's not their fault so why
+should i punish them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i punish them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i punish them
+similarly if the computer chose again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if the computer chose again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if the computer chose again if
+i have less than the other person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have less than the other person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have less than the other person that
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might not be happy about it but it's
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of that it's a very nice
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of that it's a very nice
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by emily braza and co-authored
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co-author which is about uh the morale
+effects of pay and equality
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the short summary of this paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you earn more than i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you earn more than i do
+it might actually be okay if i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might actually be okay if i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+then in some sense i might be perfectly
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+
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+then in some sense i might be perfectly
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+
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+fine with you earning like 10
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+
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+
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+
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+because i know you're a better worker so
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+
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+
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+fine and okay
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in some other situation where
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+
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+
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+it's kind of not that obvious whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+and so on yet you're paid more i might
+ 
+
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you feel bad about being paid
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than i
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+i do for doing exactly the same thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do for doing exactly the same thing so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+experiment by emily braza and co-authors
+
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+
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+situations where workers are paid
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+
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+really seems to be that fairness matters
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+
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+well perceived fairness matters quite a
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+when workers can justify being paid less
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+
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+when workers can justify being paid less
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in some way or more than others that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way or more than others that's
+ 
+
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+ align:start position:0%
+okay when it's unjustified they really
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+
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+get annoyed
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+
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+uh and produce a lot less in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and produce a lot less in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and produce a lot less in that
+particular setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me now start with like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me now start with like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me now start with like some
+field evidence we're going to talk a lot
+
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+field evidence we're going to talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+more about field evidence next time let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about field evidence next time let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about field evidence next time let
+me briefly talk about this paper here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me briefly talk about this paper here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me briefly talk about this paper here
+and then next time i'm going to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then next time i'm going to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then next time i'm going to talk to
+tell you a lot more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a lot more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a lot more about that
+so this is a very nice paper by bandier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very nice paper by bandier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very nice paper by bandier
+idaho which looks at the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idaho which looks at the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idaho which looks at the impact of
+relative pay versus piece rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative pay versus piece rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative pay versus piece rates
+uh uh on productivity piece rates is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh on productivity piece rates is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh on productivity piece rates is
+just like whatever you produce you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like whatever you produce you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like whatever you produce you're
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pay
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pay
+be paid by unit of your output you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be paid by unit of your output you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get some fixed
+payment per each unit of output that you
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+payment per each unit of output that you
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+relative pay is essentially your workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative pay is essentially your workers
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+
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+relative pay is essentially your workers
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+so if i'm working like 50 more than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i'm working like 50 more than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i'm working like 50 more than you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i get a lot paid a lot more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i get a lot paid a lot more um
+uh uh uh than you do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh than you do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh than you do now
+why does this matter for people worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter for people worker
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter for people worker
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+ align:start position:0%
+behavior well
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+
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+there's a negative externality now on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+externality essentially like an effect
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+externality essentially like an effect
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+
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+externality essentially like an effect
+on you
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+on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you're not really compensated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not really compensated for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not really compensated for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only am i getting paid more but also
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only am i getting paid more but also
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+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be paid less
+ 
+
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+you're going to be paid less
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+right because you know essentially
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you know essentially
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+ align:start position:0%
+relatively you're going to look worse
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively you're going to look worse
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+relative pay essentially has this issue
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+matters for social preferences because
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+matters for social preferences because
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+matters for social preferences because
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+essentially any increase in my pay comes
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+ align:start position:0%
+at a like reduction of
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+at a like reduction of
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+and then the relative pay sort of on top
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+ align:start position:0%
+and then the relative pay sort of on top
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+
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+and then the relative pay sort of on top
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh more like more productive relative to
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+
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+
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+um than others okay so what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than others okay so what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than others okay so what um
+um and so how do you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so how do you think about this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so how do you think about this
+you can think about like a model of pure
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+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about like a model of pure
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about like a model of pure
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism we talked about this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruism we talked about this already
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
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+
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+the other person has a payoff of x0 um
+for other the self assigns weight alpha
+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the typical sort of
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+ align:start position:0%
+model that's been used by becker and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's been used by becker and
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+ align:start position:0%
+others
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really think that's really the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really think that's really the
+right model for many situations but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right model for many situations but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right model for many situations but it's
+a really useful benchmark
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+ align:start position:0%
+a really useful benchmark
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+weight on this other person
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+ align:start position:0%
+weight on this other person
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+
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+what i'm going to do is i'm going to
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the relative pace scheme i might sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the relative pace scheme i might sort
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the relative pace scheme i might sort
+of not work particularly hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not work particularly hard
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+because i know if i'm working really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i know if i'm working really
+hard i'm gonna i'm gonna damage i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard i'm gonna i'm gonna damage i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard i'm gonna i'm gonna damage i'm
+gonna make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make you
+um worse off does this make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worse off does this make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worse off does this make sense
+okay so i'm gonna um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm gonna um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm gonna um so
+show you essentially the briefly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you essentially the briefly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you essentially the briefly the
+experiment the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the impact
+the impact of social preference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of social preference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of social preference in the
+workplace so what they do is they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace so what they do is they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace so what they do is they have
+like really nice data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really nice data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really nice data
+on um from the uk from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um from the uk from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um from the uk from
+sorry the microphone from the okay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the microphone from the okay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the microphone from the okay on
+fruit pickers under different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit pickers under different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit pickers under different
+compensation schemes they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation schemes they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation schemes they have a
+quasi-field experiment they have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-field experiment they have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-field experiment they have eight
+weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks
+in a 2002 picking season where fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 2002 picking season where fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 2002 picking season where fruit
+pickers are compensated on a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickers are compensated on a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickers are compensated on a relative
+performance scheme that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance scheme that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance scheme that is to say
+the per fruit piece rate is decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the per fruit piece rate is decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the per fruit piece rate is decreasing
+in the average productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the average productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the average productivity
+so your incentive is to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your incentive is to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your incentive is to keep the
+productivity low if you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity low if you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity low if you care about
+others essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others essentially
+the more you produce the more you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you produce the more you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you produce the more you get
+yourself but the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but the other person
+uh everybody else gets less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everybody else gets less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everybody else gets less so
+essentially now you have an incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially now you have an incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially now you have an incentive
+to not work too hard because you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not work too hard because you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not work too hard because you work
+too hard other people around you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard other people around you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard other people around you are
+going to be paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be paid
+less in the next two eight weeks however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less in the next two eight weeks however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less in the next two eight weeks however
+the compensation switched to like a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compensation switched to like a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compensation switched to like a flat
+piece rate per fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece rate per fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece rate per fruit
+and so now the externality is shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the externality is shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the externality is shut down
+however it doesn't really matter for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it doesn't really matter for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it doesn't really matter for you
+it doesn't matter how much i produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter how much i produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter how much i produce
+you essentially just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially just um
+get however much you produce or like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get however much you produce or like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get however much you produce or like the
+payment for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment for that
+um the switch was announced on the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the switch was announced on the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the switch was announced on the day
+when that change took place so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that change took place so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that change took place so it's kind
+of like as a surprise to workers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like as a surprise to workers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like as a surprise to workers so
+workers were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers were working
+for eight weeks and then uh for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for eight weeks and then uh for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for eight weeks and then uh for another
+eight weeks there was a switch and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight weeks there was a switch and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight weeks there was a switch and they
+didn't know that this change was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that this change was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that this change was going
+to happen this is a surprise change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen this is a surprise change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen this is a surprise change
+so we shouldn't see any anticipatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we shouldn't see any anticipatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we shouldn't see any anticipatory
+effects of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of that
+now the relative effects now of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the relative effects now of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the relative effects now of this
+policy depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy depends
+now on this alpha term if i don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on this alpha term if i don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on this alpha term if i don't care
+about others at all it shouldn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others at all it shouldn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others at all it shouldn't matter
+i should just work really hard as hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should just work really hard as hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should just work really hard as hard
+as i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i can
+because i want to increase my relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want to increase my relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want to increase my relative
+pay however if my alpha is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay however if my alpha is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay however if my alpha is high
+i might sort of work not so hard because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might sort of work not so hard because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might sort of work not so hard because
+i'm worried about essentially my friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm worried about essentially my friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm worried about essentially my friends
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+co-workers being paid less and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-workers being paid less and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-workers being paid less and here's
+what they find essentially find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they find essentially find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they find essentially find a
+dramatic increase in productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic increase in productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic increase in productivity
+so on the left-hand side you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the left-hand side you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the left-hand side you see
+essentially the first eight weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the first eight weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the first eight weeks
+which essentially is like you know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is like you know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is like you know their
+productivity this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity this is like
+kilograms per hour of fruit that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms per hour of fruit that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms per hour of fruit that are
+being collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being collected
+that goes up dramatically in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes up dramatically in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes up dramatically in the second
+half you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half you see
+on the left side you essentially see no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side you essentially see no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side you essentially see no
+pre-trend it doesn't look like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-trend it doesn't look like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-trend it doesn't look like people
+are getting just more productive over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting just more productive over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting just more productive over
+time maybe because they become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe because they become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe because they become more
+experienced or they don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced or they don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced or they don't know how to
+understand better how to work fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand better how to work fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand better how to work fast
+it seems really flat on the left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems really flat on the left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems really flat on the left-hand
+side on the right-hand side it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side on the right-hand side it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side on the right-hand side it goes up
+by quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by quite a bit
+pretty much very quickly after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much very quickly after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much very quickly after this
+policy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy is
+announced it doesn't seem there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced it doesn't seem there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced it doesn't seem there's any
+other significant changes it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other significant changes it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other significant changes it really
+seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like
+worker productivity per hour goes up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker productivity per hour goes up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker productivity per hour goes up for
+example the number of workers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the number of workers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the number of workers in the
+same field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same field
+stay the same and so on it doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same and so on it doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same and so on it doesn't seem
+to be lots of other effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lots of other effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lots of other effects
+really the main thing that seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the main thing that seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the main thing that seems to
+happen is that worker's productivity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that worker's productivity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that worker's productivity um
+goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up
+is this changes is this response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this changes is this response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this changes is this response to
+changes in the piece rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the piece rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the piece rate
+now in fact the piece rate went down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in fact the piece rate went down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in fact the piece rate went down
+like how much you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much you were
+rewarded for the marginal kilogram that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded for the marginal kilogram that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded for the marginal kilogram that
+you collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collected
+actually went down uh in fact there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went down uh in fact there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went down uh in fact there were
+like incentives to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like incentives to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like incentives to work
+less if you only cared about your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less if you only cared about your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less if you only cared about your own
+output that's also this is robust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's also this is robust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's also this is robust to
+controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling
+so now what's going on here well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what's going on here well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what's going on here well it
+seems to be um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be um uh
+uh so it seems to be that workers care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it seems to be that workers care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it seems to be that workers care
+about others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others
+uh but not only do they care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not only do they care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not only do they care about
+others um it also seems to be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others um it also seems to be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others um it also seems to be that the
+effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects are
+larger the more friends somebody had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the more friends somebody had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the more friends somebody had on
+the field so some workers have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field so some workers have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field so some workers have lots of
+friends on the field in the same field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends on the field in the same field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends on the field in the same field
+that are sort of their comparison group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of their comparison group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of their comparison group
+and others did not now why does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others did not now why does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others did not now why does it
+matter how many friends you have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how many friends you have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how many friends you have in your
+field if you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field if you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field if you care
+presumably you care more about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you care more about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you care more about your
+friends than other people so now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends than other people so now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends than other people so now um
+you might sort of have social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of have social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of have social
+preferences you work less to help others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences you work less to help others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences you work less to help others
+because if you work not very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you work not very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you work not very much
+they're going to be paid more and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be paid more and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be paid more and you
+might care about them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might care about them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might care about them so
+you work even less when the friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work even less when the friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work even less when the friends
+benefit because you care more about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit because you care more about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit because you care more about your
+friends than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends than others
+so then you should see stronger effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you should see stronger effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you should see stronger effects
+if you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have more
+friends on the field of the piece rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends on the field of the piece rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends on the field of the piece rates
+versus the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the other
+effects the second part is it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects the second part is it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects the second part is it's also
+like a repeated game and that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a repeated game and that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a repeated game and that's kind of
+a trickier to deal with which is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trickier to deal with which is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trickier to deal with which is your
+friends might sort of punish you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends might sort of punish you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends might sort of punish you in
+various ways if i work really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways if i work really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways if i work really hard
+they can see i'm working really hard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see i'm working really hard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see i'm working really hard you
+know uh they might sort of punish you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh they might sort of punish you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh they might sort of punish you
+socially at night or they might sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially at night or they might sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially at night or they might sort of
+be mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mean
+they might just not want to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might just not want to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might just not want to be your
+friends anymore and so on it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends anymore and so on it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends anymore and so on it's really
+the mean thing to do to your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean thing to do to your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean thing to do to your friends
+so if you do that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know you might actually not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might actually not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might actually not want to
+work hard just not because you care that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hard just not because you care that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hard just not because you care that
+much about the others but you're worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the others but you're worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the others but you're worried
+about essentially retribution you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about essentially retribution you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about essentially retribution you're
+worried about them sort of punishing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about them sort of punishing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about them sort of punishing you
+if you are uh working too hard too fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are uh working too hard too fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are uh working too hard too fast
+now what kind of variation could we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what kind of variation could we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what kind of variation could we look
+at to just disentangle those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at to just disentangle those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at to just disentangle those
+type two types of effects so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two types of effects so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two types of effects so they have
+different types of fruit i can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of fruit i can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of fruit i can tell you
+already but like what kind of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but like what kind of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but like what kind of variation
+would we need to disentangle those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we need to disentangle those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we need to disentangle those two
+explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or let me ask differently what's crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let me ask differently what's crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let me ask differently what's crucial
+in part number two for that explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'll give you another hint there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll give you another hint there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll give you another hint there's
+like raspberries and strawberries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like raspberries and strawberries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like raspberries and strawberries
+for strawberries you can see very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strawberries you can see very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strawberries you can see very well
+what the other person does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other person does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other person does for
+raspberries um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raspberries um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raspberries um
+you cannot and why does that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because like then your friends won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like then your friends won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like then your friends won't
+know and like you just do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and like you just do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and like you just do them
+exactly like if you are um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like if you are um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like if you are um uh
+if your friends don't know well if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your friends don't know well if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your friends don't know well if it's
+explanation number one you really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation number one you really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation number one you really care
+about your friends it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your friends it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your friends it doesn't matter
+what your friends know or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your friends know or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your friends know or not
+uh how much you produce you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how much you produce you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how much you produce you care about
+them a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a lot
+you're not going to work particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to work particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to work particularly
+hard because working really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because working really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because working really hard
+is bad for your friends if instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad for your friends if instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad for your friends if instead
+you're worried about retribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about retribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about retribution
+well then it matters a lot whether your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it matters a lot whether your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it matters a lot whether your
+friend can see what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend can see what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend can see what you do
+if you do the strawberries which answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the strawberries which answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the strawberries which answer
+is on the field you can see really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the field you can see really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the field you can see really
+easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily
+what you do if that's the case um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do if that's the case um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do if that's the case um you're
+going to depress your effort in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depress your effort in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depress your effort in the
+relative pay scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative pay scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative pay scheme
+however if you are and that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you are and that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you are and that doesn't
+really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um
+and then there's going to be a large uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's going to be a large uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's going to be a large uh
+a large effect when you have once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large effect when you have once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large effect when you have once you
+have your individual pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your individual pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your individual pay
+right however if you are if you can hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right however if you are if you can hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right however if you are if you can hide
+what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing
+uh then in some sense you might work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then in some sense you might work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then in some sense you might work
+secretly really hard in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretly really hard in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretly really hard in some of the
+bushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bushes
+um your friends will never be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your friends will never be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your friends will never be able to
+tell whether you would be working hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether you would be working hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether you would be working hard
+and then you should see less of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you should see less of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you should see less of an
+effect when the switch happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when the switch happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when the switch happens
+and this is exactly that productivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is exactly that productivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is exactly that productivity is
+observed for the strawberries it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed for the strawberries it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed for the strawberries it's
+unobserved to raspberries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved to raspberries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved to raspberries
+and so what we see is essentially has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we see is essentially has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we see is essentially has no
+impact of the piece rate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the piece rate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the piece rate for
+our food type number two which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our food type number two which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our food type number two which
+essentially is to say if you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is to say if you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is to say if you can sort of
+hide from your friends you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide from your friends you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide from your friends you will
+you will in fact work really hard which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will in fact work really hard which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will in fact work really hard which
+is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially
+suggestive that like you don't care that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive that like you don't care that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive that like you don't care that
+much about your friend instead what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about your friend instead what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about your friend instead what you
+care about is social sanctions or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is social sanctions or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is social sanctions or some
+form of like punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of like punishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of like punishment
+which only happens for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only happens for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only happens for uh the
+strawberries because that's when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strawberries because that's when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strawberries because that's when people
+can actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see
+what you produce okay um i can maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you produce okay um i can maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you produce okay um i can maybe
+briefly recap this next time let me sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly recap this next time let me sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly recap this next time let me sort
+of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just
+stop here next lecture uh i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here next lecture uh i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here next lecture uh i'm gonna
+show you a lot more um uh field evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a lot more um uh field evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a lot more um uh field evidence
+uh from various settings essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from various settings essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from various settings essentially uh
+the paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper by
+uh brazil that have morale effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brazil that have morale effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brazil that have morale effects and
+so on essentially looking at in field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on essentially looking at in field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on essentially looking at in field
+situations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations uh
+i'm going to show you that social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you that social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you that social
+preferences seem to matter quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences seem to matter quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences seem to matter quite a bit
+and then in particular we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in particular we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in particular we're going to
+look at the malleability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the malleability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the malleability of
+pro-sociality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-sociality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-sociality
+which is the question of like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the question of like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the question of like well
+should we take social preferences as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we take social preferences as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we take social preferences as
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+or are there some interventions or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are there some interventions or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are there some interventions or some
+policies that perhaps could make people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that perhaps could make people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that perhaps could make people
+become nicer or more pro-social in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become nicer or more pro-social in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become nicer or more pro-social in some
+situations is there something that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations is there something that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations is there something that the
+government or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government or like
+companies or so could do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies or so could do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies or so could do to
+get workers or people to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get workers or people to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get workers or people to be more
+pro-social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-social
+that's all for now thanks so much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lBfqvBJaFmc.txt b/lBfqvBJaFmc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1530bd6b5236919c6bd6db270c6920fa57d67b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lBfqvBJaFmc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I think we can get started so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think we can get started so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think we can get started so
+the next part I'm going to show some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part I'm going to show some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part I'm going to show some
+slides so talking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so talking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so talking about some
+applications as usual these slides will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications as usual these slides will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications as usual these slides will
+will be posted later today to the GitHub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted later today to the GitHub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted later today to the GitHub
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+and also uh the you know the handwritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also uh the you know the handwritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also uh the you know the handwritten
+notes also from the first part will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes also from the first part will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes also from the first part will also
+be posted in fact they're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be posted in fact they're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be posted in fact they're probably
+already posted um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already posted um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already posted um
+so today now I want to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today now I want to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today now I want to talk about uh
+some like why remind you of why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like why remind you of why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like why remind you of why we're
+Computing derivatives in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing derivatives in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing derivatives in the first place
+and so we talked about some things at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we talked about some things at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we talked about some things at a
+high level in lecture one I want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level in lecture one I want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level in lecture one I want to just
+drill down a little bit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill down a little bit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill down a little bit and then
+and I also talk about more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also talk about more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also talk about more about
+computation of derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of derivatives
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+so one basic use of derivatives is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one basic use of derivatives is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one basic use of derivatives is to
+solve a non-linear equations and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a non-linear equations and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a non-linear equations and you you
+know all learn this probably in first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all learn this probably in first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all learn this probably in first
+semester Calculus if you have a a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester Calculus if you have a a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester Calculus if you have a a scalar
+function f of x that takes a scalar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of x that takes a scalar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of x that takes a scalar in
+and gives a scalar out and that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives a scalar out and that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives a scalar out and that's uh
+some you know non-linear if it's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know non-linear if it's linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know non-linear if it's linear
+obviously you can solve it if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can solve it if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can solve it if it's a
+quadratic you have a quadratic formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic you have a quadratic formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic you have a quadratic formula
+but if it's some arbitrary function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's some arbitrary function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's some arbitrary function like
+sine of cosine of x or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of cosine of x or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of cosine of x or something like
+that like some some complicated thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like some some complicated thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like some some complicated thing
+you might not be able to write a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not be able to write a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not be able to write a closed
+form solution but there's a nice way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form solution but there's a nice way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form solution but there's a nice way to
+get the solution approximately to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the solution approximately to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the solution approximately to any
+accuracy you want as many digits as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy you want as many digits as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy you want as many digits as you
+want you know very quickly is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know very quickly is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know very quickly is if you
+know at least roughly where the route is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least roughly where the route is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least roughly where the route is
+and that's Newton's method and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's Newton's method and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's Newton's method and what it
+really is is it's really a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is is it's really a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is is it's really a linear
+algebra technique it's really taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra technique it's really taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra technique it's really taking the
+function approximating it by a line by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function approximating it by a line by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function approximating it by a line by a
+linear function and then once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function and then once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function and then once it's
+linear it's easy to find the root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's easy to find the root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's easy to find the root and
+that gives you an approximate root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an approximate root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an approximate root and
+you use that as a guess right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that as a guess right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that as a guess right so this is
+that that's the three steps here so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the three steps here so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the three steps here so if
+you're solving f of x equals zero so f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving f of x equals zero so f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving f of x equals zero so f
+of x is this blue curve on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is this blue curve on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is this blue curve on the right
+then you linearize with your derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you linearize with your derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you linearize with your derivatives
+so f of x plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f of x plus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f of x plus DX
+uh it is approximate for Delta X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is approximate for Delta X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is approximate for Delta X and
+it's not infinitesimal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not infinitesimal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not infinitesimal it's
+approximately f of x plus F Prime of x d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately f of x plus F Prime of x d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately f of x plus F Prime of x d
+Delta X that's what the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X that's what the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X that's what the derivative is
+and then if we treat the equation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we treat the equation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we treat the equation on the
+right the the linear problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the linear problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the linear problem as
+approximation for a real problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for a real problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for a real problem that
+one's easy to solve so we can set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's easy to solve so we can set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's easy to solve so we can set that
+linear thing equal to zero solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear thing equal to zero solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear thing equal to zero solve for
+Delta X and it's just uh you know minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and it's just uh you know minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and it's just uh you know minus
+F over F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F over F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F over F Prime
+and so that gives us a new X so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that gives us a new X so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that gives us a new X so so
+that's our our guess for the solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our our guess for the solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our our guess for the solution is
+X Plus Delta X which is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus Delta X which is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus Delta X which is the same thing
+as x minus F divided by F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x minus F divided by F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x minus F divided by F Prime
+of course it's not an exact root because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's not an exact root because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's not an exact root because
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+you know this this linear is only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this linear is only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this linear is only a
+linear approximation but you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation but you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation but you know it
+gets us closer to the root so that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us closer to the root so that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us closer to the root so that on
+the right is a nice animation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right is a nice animation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right is a nice animation from
+Wikipedia that shows this process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia that shows this process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia that shows this process you
+know starting from a few X's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know starting from a few X's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know starting from a few X's where you
+start with an x what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an x what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an x what you're doing is
+approximating the function by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating the function by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating the function by its
+tangent that's the red line and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent that's the red line and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent that's the red line and that
+gives you the next X and so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the next X and so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the next X and so you you
+start with this x and the X1 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this x and the X1 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this x and the X1 on the
+right gives you the sx2 and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right gives you the sx2 and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right gives you the sx2 and then you
+linearize it you get another X X3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize it you get another X X3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize it you get another X X3 and
+then another x x 4 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another x x 4 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another x x 4 and then
+very very quickly once you start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly once you start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly once you start getting
+close this converges extremely fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this converges extremely fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this converges extremely fast
+if you're far away it can be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're far away it can be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're far away it can be a little
+unpredictable but once you're close it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable but once you're close it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable but once you're close it
+turns out it's actually amazing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it's actually amazing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it's actually amazing it
+doubles the number of decimal places in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles the number of decimal places in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles the number of decimal places in
+every step so if you have it to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step so if you have it to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step so if you have it to one
+digit on the next step you'll have a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit on the next step you'll have a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit on the next step you'll have a two
+digits then the next step four then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits then the next step four then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits then the next step four then
+eight and then 16 and then you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and then 16 and then you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and then 16 and then you know you
+you run out of digits on your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run out of digits on your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run out of digits on your computer
+very quickly so it's really really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly so it's really really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly so it's really really a
+great algorithm you know goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great algorithm you know goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great algorithm you know goes back
+thousands of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you can say that as soon as we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can say that as soon as we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can say that as soon as we write
+it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way
+then we should be able to see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we should be able to see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we should be able to see that that
+the same thing works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing works for
+multi-dimensional functions so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional functions so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional functions so if you
+have a function that takes a vector in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function that takes a vector in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function that takes a vector in a
+vector out so suppose if x is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector out so suppose if x is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector out so suppose if x is a vector
+in RN I don't know why that comes out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in RN I don't know why that comes out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in RN I don't know why that comes out in
+that weird font here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weird font here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weird font here
+so you have n equations and N variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have n equations and N variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have n equations and N variables
+right so it's important you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's important you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's important you have to have
+the same number of equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of equations and
+variables but now they're non-linear if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but now they're non-linear if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but now they're non-linear if
+it's some arbitrary nonlinear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some arbitrary nonlinear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some arbitrary nonlinear function
+and you're trying to find a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to find a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to find a root
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+then you do exactly the same thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do exactly the same thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do exactly the same thing you
+approximate F of a bilinear function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate F of a bilinear function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate F of a bilinear function f
+of x plus DX is approximately f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus DX is approximately f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus DX is approximately f of x
+plus F Prime of X Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F Prime of X Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F Prime of X Delta X
+and that's that's what we've been seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's what we've been seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's what we've been seeing
+over and over again this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again this is the
+definition of f primed is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of f primed is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of f primed is that
+linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization
+oops and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and this
+this always happens when I display it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this always happens when I display it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this always happens when I display it on
+on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the computer
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me let me see if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me see if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me see if I can
+for some reason this this this display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason this this this display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason this this this display
+gets screwed up a little bit hold on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets screwed up a little bit hold on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets screwed up a little bit hold on how
+do I get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get out of this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um yeah so it works it works so it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so it works it works so it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so it works it works so it looks
+fine here in non-presentation mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine here in non-presentation mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine here in non-presentation mode
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+right so what do we do we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do we do we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do we do we we we
+approximate F by a linear thing and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate F by a linear thing and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate F by a linear thing and now
+we know how to do that for any Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do that for any Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do that for any Vector
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+for example X is a column Vector then F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example X is a column Vector then F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example X is a column Vector then F
+Prime is a Jacobian matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is a Jacobian matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is a Jacobian matrix
+you set this linear approximation equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set this linear approximation equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set this linear approximation equal
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+and you solve it for Delta X and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you solve it for Delta X and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you solve it for Delta X and that's
+just a linear equation so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a linear equation so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a linear equation so that's just a
+1806 thing a linear linear algebra thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 thing a linear linear algebra thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 thing a linear linear algebra thing
+so now Delta X is you move after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now Delta X is you move after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now Delta X is you move after the
+other side and multiply both sides by F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and multiply both sides by F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and multiply both sides by F
+Prime inverse Delta X is minus F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime inverse Delta X is minus F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime inverse Delta X is minus F Prime
+the inverse times f of x so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse times f of x so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse times f of x so it's just
+the inverse of the Jacobian matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the Jacobian matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the Jacobian matrix
+times f with the with the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f with the with the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f with the with the minus sign
+and so that's our new X our new X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's our new X our new X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's our new X our new X is
+this x uh X the original X plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x uh X the original X plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x uh X the original X plus this
+Delta X which should give us a root if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X which should give us a root if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X which should give us a root if
+it were linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were linear
+so it's just F the new X is x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just F the new X is x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just F the new X is x minus
+inverse Jacobian times f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Jacobian times f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Jacobian times f
+right so you solve one linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you solve one linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you solve one linear equation
+with the Jacobian and you get your new X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Jacobian and you get your new X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Jacobian and you get your new X
+and of course this is an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is an approximate
+root so but you're just repeating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so but you're just repeating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so but you're just repeating the
+process it's much harder to to to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's much harder to to to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's much harder to to to to to
+Picture This in higher dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picture This in higher dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picture This in higher dimensions
+um compared to the 1D case but that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compared to the 1D case but that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compared to the 1D case but that that
+it it it it works amazingly fast it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it it works amazingly fast it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it it works amazingly fast it says
+the same thing you solve a linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing you solve a linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing you solve a linear system
+at each step it doubles the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each step it doubles the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each step it doubles the number of
+digits in each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits in each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits in each step
+uh and with the caveat that you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and with the caveat that you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and with the caveat that you need a
+starting guess close enough to the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting guess close enough to the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting guess close enough to the root
+if you start very far away from the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start very far away from the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start very far away from the root
+it can be kind of unpredictable what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be kind of unpredictable what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be kind of unpredictable what
+this what this does this in fact it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this does this in fact it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this does this in fact it can
+even make these amazing fractal patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make these amazing fractal patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make these amazing fractal patterns
+so if you Google Newton fractal there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you Google Newton fractal there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you Google Newton fractal there's
+a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice
+a nice Wikipedia page on this that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice Wikipedia page on this that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice Wikipedia page on this that has
+lots of beautiful images of what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of beautiful images of what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of beautiful images of what what
+Newton's method does if you start far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's method does if you start far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's method does if you start far
+away from the root in higher Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the root in higher Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the root in higher Dimensions
+it has this weird fractal pattern but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this weird fractal pattern but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this weird fractal pattern but
+usually so so you have to have some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so so you have to have some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so so you have to have some some
+rough idea where the solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough idea where the solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough idea where the solution is
+but that then you can polish it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that then you can polish it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that then you can polish it off
+super fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's that's an instrument so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's an instrument so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's an instrument so this
+is a great application for jacobians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great application for jacobians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great application for jacobians
+and for and for derivatives in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for and for derivatives in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for and for derivatives in general
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+of equations that take vectors in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations that take vectors in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations that take vectors in and
+give vectors out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give vectors out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give vectors out
+and the other even more famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other even more famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other even more famous
+application I would say is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application I would say is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application I would say is is
+optimization right so optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization right so optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization right so optimization
+you have a scalar function so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a scalar function so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a scalar function so you have a
+vector in and a scalar out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in and a scalar out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in and a scalar out
+right and you're trying to minimize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're trying to minimize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're trying to minimize it
+for example or or maximize it maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or or maximize it maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or or maximize it maximizing
+minimizing instead just hoping the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing instead just hoping the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing instead just hoping the sign
+all right so for example machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for example machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for example machine
+learning you have a f x you have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you have a f x you have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you have a f x you have a big
+neural network X is a million parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network X is a million parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network X is a million parameters
+in your neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your neural network
+and the thing you're trying to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing you're trying to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing you're trying to minimize
+is the the loss function that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the loss function that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the loss function that basically
+you evaluate your neural network compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate your neural network compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate your neural network compare
+its its output to what you want its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its its output to what you want its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its its output to what you want its
+output to be and you take like some Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output to be and you take like some Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output to be and you take like some Norm
+of the difference right and that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference right and that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference right and that's your
+F right it's the error in the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F right it's the error in the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F right it's the error in the neural
+network for its function of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network for its function of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network for its function of parameters
+and you want to go downhill and make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to go downhill and make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to go downhill and make the
+Lo that error as small as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo that error as small as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo that error as small as possible
+and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+key point is if you can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point is if you can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point is if you can take the
+gradient of this and now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of this and now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of this and now we have a
+general definition for any Vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general definition for any Vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general definition for any Vector space
+any scalar function you know you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any scalar function you know you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any scalar function you know you know we
+have if we have a DOT product then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we have a DOT product then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we have a DOT product then we
+can define a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define a gradient
+and that that gradient then points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that gradient then points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that gradient then points in
+the uphill direction or minus gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uphill direction or minus gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uphill direction or minus gradient
+points in the downhill Direction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the downhill Direction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the downhill Direction which
+is called the steepest descent Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the steepest descent Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the steepest descent Direction
+and the the the the the the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the the the the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the the the the the most
+basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea
+and there's many many complications on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's many many complications on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's many many complications on
+top of this but the most big basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this but the most big basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this but the most big basic idea
+is you just go downhill right imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you just go downhill right imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you just go downhill right imagine
+you're in the mountains in a fog you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the mountains in a fog you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the mountains in a fog you
+can't see anything but if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see anything but if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see anything but if you want to
+find the bottom of a valley you just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the bottom of a valley you just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the bottom of a valley you just go
+downhill right you might not find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill right you might not find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill right you might not find the
+deepest value there might be you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest value there might be you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest value there might be you we
+might you're going to find the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you're going to find the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you're going to find the closest
+Valley right there might be a deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley right there might be a deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley right there might be a deeper
+value someplace else but you'll find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value someplace else but you'll find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value someplace else but you'll find a
+local minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minimum
+right and even if you have a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and even if you have a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and even if you have a million
+parameters as you have very commonly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as you have very commonly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as you have very commonly in
+neural networks this allows you to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks this allows you to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks this allows you to kind
+of evolve them all simultaneously in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolve them all simultaneously in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolve them all simultaneously in the
+down downhill direction right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down downhill direction right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down downhill direction right so you
+want to update all in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to update all in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to update all in your in your
+million-dimensional space you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million-dimensional space you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million-dimensional space you want to go
+in in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this direction
+you don't want to optimize each variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to optimize each variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to optimize each variable
+one at a time because that'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time because that'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time because that'll take
+forever if there are a million variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever if there are a million variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever if there are a million variables
+and as we're going to talk about over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we're going to talk about over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we're going to talk about over
+and over again that it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again that it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again that it turns out that
+when you have a scalar function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a scalar function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a scalar function of
+vector inputs it you can compute all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector inputs it you can compute all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector inputs it you can compute all
+million derivatives or all n derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million derivatives or all n derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million derivatives or all n derivatives
+on the gradient with about the same cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gradient with about the same cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gradient with about the same cost
+as evaluating the function once so value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as evaluating the function once so value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as evaluating the function once so value
+in the function say is a big neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the function say is a big neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the function say is a big neural
+network you have to evaluate that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you have to evaluate that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you have to evaluate that once
+to get your loss function it turns it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your loss function it turns it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your loss function it turns it
+can get the derivative of that loss with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the derivative of that loss with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the derivative of that loss with
+respect to all million inputs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to all million inputs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to all million inputs with
+essentially the equivalent of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the equivalent of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the equivalent of one
+additional function valuation so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional function valuation so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional function valuation so for
+neural networks this is called back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks this is called back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks this is called back
+propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation
+uh more in automatic differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more in automatic differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more in automatic differentiation
+this is called reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called reverse mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called reverse mode
+differentiation this is also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation this is also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation this is also called
+adjoint Methods and as alluded to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint Methods and as alluded to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint Methods and as alluded to the
+other day it's equivalent to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day it's equivalent to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day it's equivalent to just
+evaluating the chain Rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the chain Rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the chain Rule and
+multiplying left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying left to right
+so that you always multiply vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you always multiply vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you always multiply vectors
+times matrices and never matrices times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times matrices and never matrices times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times matrices and never matrices times
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices
+and this is going to what what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to what what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to what what makes
+large customization practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large customization practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large customization practical
+uh so where you're optimizing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so where you're optimizing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so where you're optimizing for a
+million parameters in a neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million parameters in a neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million parameters in a neural network
+or you're optimizing the shape of an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're optimizing the shape of an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're optimizing the shape of an air
+airplane wing characterized by zillions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane wing characterized by zillions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane wing characterized by zillions
+of parameters and so forth portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters and so forth portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters and so forth portfolio
+optimization and in finance and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and in finance and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and in finance and so forth
+so there's there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's a lot of
+complications in this that I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications in this that I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications in this that I'm not going
+to go through at all but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through at all but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through at all but I just want to
+mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention
+some of the complications that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the complications that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the complications that if you
+want to do this for real that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this for real that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this for real that you know
+you would cover in to some extent in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would cover in to some extent in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would cover in to some extent in a
+nonlinear optimization class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optimization class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optimization class
+so the gradient points uphill minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gradient points uphill minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gradient points uphill minus
+gradient points downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient points downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient points downhill
+so great that tells you what direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great that tells you what direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great that tells you what direction
+to go but how far do you go in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go but how far do you go in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go but how far do you go in that
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+and usually you want to take kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually you want to take kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually you want to take kind of as
+big a step as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big a step as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big a step as you can
+um you know to go downhill as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know to go downhill as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know to go downhill as far as
+possible but if you take too big of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but if you take too big of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but if you take too big of a
+step you know the the gradient is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you know the the gradient is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you know the the gradient is like a
+linear approximation right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation right so that's
+only going to be valid for relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be valid for relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be valid for relatively
+small steps if you take too big of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small steps if you take too big of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small steps if you take too big of a
+steps the gradient is not you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the gradient is not you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the gradient is not you know not
+give me an accurate uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an accurate uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an accurate uh a
+indication of the the downhill Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of the the downhill Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of the the downhill Direction
+so one there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one there's a lot of different
+strategies one is you do a line search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies one is you do a line search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies one is you do a line search
+you kind of do a 1D minimization in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of do a 1D minimization in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of do a 1D minimization in this
+direction and you take a step or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and you take a step or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and you take a step or another
+simple thing is you take a big step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing is you take a big step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing is you take a big step and
+if the function gets better great if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the function gets better great if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the function gets better great if the
+function does not get is better then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does not get is better then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does not get is better then you
+kind of backtrack along that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of backtrack along that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of backtrack along that direction
+to divide your step by two or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide your step by two or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide your step by two or some
+geometric factor and you keep doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric factor and you keep doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric factor and you keep doing that
+until until you find you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until until you find you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until until you find you're going
+downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill
+another thing is you you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is you you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is you you have something
+called the trust region you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the trust region you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the trust region you have
+something some notion of of how big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something some notion of of how big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something some notion of of how big a
+step you're allowed to take and you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you're allowed to take and you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you're allowed to take and you take
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+basically optimize it within this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically optimize it within this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically optimize it within this region
+using the linear approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the linear approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the linear approximation
+and then the tricky parts are like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the tricky parts are like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the tricky parts are like how
+do you decide how big the trust region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you decide how big the trust region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you decide how big the trust region
+is as you go along you want it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you go along you want it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you go along you want it might
+want to grow it or Shrink it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grow it or Shrink it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grow it or Shrink it and it
+turns out this is really tricky to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is really tricky to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is really tricky to get
+right it's it's it's really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's it's really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's it's really easy to
+write down an algorithm that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an algorithm that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an algorithm that looks
+reasonable but actually kind of goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable but actually kind of goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable but actually kind of goes in
+circles forever never and never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles forever never and never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles forever never and never
+converges so you know you have to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so you know you have to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so you know you have to and
+the history of nonlinear optimization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of nonlinear optimization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of nonlinear optimization is
+full of such algorithms that that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of such algorithms that that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of such algorithms that that look
+reasonable but it turns out don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable but it turns out don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable but it turns out don't
+converge uh in general they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uh in general they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uh in general they might
+converge sometimes but then sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge sometimes but then sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge sometimes but then sometimes
+they might just loop around forever or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might just loop around forever or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might just loop around forever or
+they might worse they might seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might worse they might seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might worse they might seem to
+converge but they're actually stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge but they're actually stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge but they're actually stopping
+at a point that's not a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a point that's not a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a point that's not a minimum
+um so but there's lots of algorithms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but there's lots of algorithms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but there's lots of algorithms for
+this usually most people doing London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this usually most people doing London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this usually most people doing London
+optimization do not write their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization do not write their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization do not write their own
+algorithms they take one off the shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms they take one off the shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms they take one off the shelf
+there's a lot of trade-off and you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of trade-off and you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of trade-off and you try
+different ones you each one you provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones you each one you provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones you each one you provide
+a function you provide the gradient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function you provide the gradient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function you provide the gradient and
+it and you let it somehow decide what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you let it somehow decide what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you let it somehow decide what to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you try different ones and see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try different ones and see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try different ones and see which
+one works for both of your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one works for both of your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one works for both of your problem
+another complication is that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another complication is that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another complication is that a lot of
+real problems you're not just minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problems you're not just minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problems you're not just minimizing
+function you also have constraints so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you also have constraints so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you also have constraints so
+you'll be often a set of constraints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be often a set of constraints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be often a set of constraints and
+a general form is you're minimizing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general form is you're minimizing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general form is you're minimizing a
+function f of x subject to some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of x subject to some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of x subject to some set of
+constraints if some functions GK that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints if some functions GK that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints if some functions GK that
+you want to stay negative or feasible is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stay negative or feasible is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stay negative or feasible is
+the terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology
+um so that it's more complicated but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that it's more complicated but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that it's more complicated but you
+still need the gradient of f to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need the gradient of f to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need the gradient of f to find the
+downhill Direction and turns out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill Direction and turns out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill Direction and turns out you
+still need the gradient of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need the gradient of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need the gradient of your
+constraint functions to approximate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint functions to approximate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint functions to approximate the
+bilinear things that are easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear things that are easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear things that are easy to
+understand and easy to take steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and easy to take steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and easy to take steps
+another complication is that if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another complication is that if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another complication is that if you just
+go straight downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go straight downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go straight downhill
+uh if you have a function that has kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a function that has kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a function that has kind
+of a long narrow Valley things tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a long narrow Valley things tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a long narrow Valley things tend to
+zigzag a lot seems you might convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zigzag a lot seems you might convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zigzag a lot seems you might convert
+very very slowly where you sort of Zig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very slowly where you sort of Zig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very slowly where you sort of Zig
+back and forth and with steepest descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and with steepest descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and with steepest descent
+so people have lots of Corrections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have lots of Corrections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have lots of Corrections to
+try and improve this using momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and improve this using momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and improve this using momentum
+terms you might have heard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you might have heard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you might have heard that
+conjugate gradients other forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients other forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients other forms of
+memory to try and remember the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to try and remember the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to try and remember the previous
+steps and and not sort of zigzag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and and not sort of zigzag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and and not sort of zigzag
+backtrack in in a direction you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtrack in in a direction you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtrack in in a direction you just
+optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized
+another fancy thing you can do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fancy thing you can do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fancy thing you can do is you
+can try and estimate second derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try and estimate second derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try and estimate second derivatives
+or even calculate second derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even calculate second derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even calculate second derivatives
+that are called Hessian matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called Hessian matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are called Hessian matrices and
+then use that information to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use that information to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use that information to help you
+and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's
+the most important classical bfgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important classical bfgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important classical bfgs
+algorithms so I don't expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so I don't expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so I don't expect you to
+understand all these terms I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all these terms I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all these terms I just want
+to throw out some culture so if you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw out some culture so if you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw out some culture so if you hear
+oh use a momentum term or use bfgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh use a momentum term or use bfgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh use a momentum term or use bfgs
+you're trying to avoid zigzagging by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to avoid zigzagging by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to avoid zigzagging by
+kind of remembering what you did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of remembering what you did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of remembering what you did before
+and there's it's one of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's it's one of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's it's one of those things
+where there's there is no one best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's there is no one best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's there is no one best
+algorithm in certain Fields there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in certain Fields there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in certain Fields there's
+algorithms that are very popular like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that are very popular like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that are very popular like in
+machine learning there's an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning there's an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning there's an algorithm
+called atom that's very popular but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called atom that's very popular but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called atom that's very popular but in
+general there are a lot of algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there are a lot of algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there are a lot of algorithms
+out there there's like not not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there there's like not not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there there's like not not one
+that's kind of one that's become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of one that's become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of one that's become the
+best algorithm so in general people try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best algorithm so in general people try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best algorithm so in general people try
+you have to do a little bit of trial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do a little bit of trial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do a little bit of trial and
+error for a given problem you experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error for a given problem you experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error for a given problem you experiment
+a little bit see what other people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit see what other people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit see what other people on
+similar problems use or just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problems use or just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problems use or just try
+different things and see which one works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and see which one works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and see which one works
+out best on your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out best on your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out best on your problem
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that
+and some parting advice on this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some parting advice on this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some parting advice on this is that
+that when you're doing large-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're doing large-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're doing large-scale
+optimization the the main trick is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization the the main trick is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization the the main trick is not
+often the detail it's often not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the detail it's often not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the detail it's often not the
+details of these optimization algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of these optimization algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of these optimization algorithms
+you're usually use an off-the-shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're usually use an off-the-shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're usually use an off-the-shelf
+algorithms so most of the practitioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so most of the practitioners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so most of the practitioners
+doing optimization in practice they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing optimization in practice they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing optimization in practice they
+spend most of their time not choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend most of their time not choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend most of their time not choosing
+the algorithm but on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm but on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm but on the problem
+formulation like really thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation like really thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation like really thinking about
+what exact function you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exact function you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exact function you're trying to
+optimize what constraints how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize what constraints how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize what constraints how do you
+write down the parameters in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the parameters in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the parameters in order to
+enable you to use the best uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to use the best uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to use the best uh the the
+best you know algorithms and have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you know algorithms and have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you know algorithms and have things
+behave most nicely you know because very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave most nicely you know because very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave most nicely you know because very
+often for like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for like a
+there are multiple mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple mathematical
+equivalent formulations of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent formulations of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent formulations of the same
+problem but that have very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but that have very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but that have very different
+characteristics and very often someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and very often someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and very often someone
+for optimizing someone something someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for optimizing someone something someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for optimizing someone something someone
+doesn't hand you a mathematical function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hand you a mathematical function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hand you a mathematical function
+that they want to optimize they describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want to optimize they describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want to optimize they describe
+in words oh I want to make a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words oh I want to make a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words oh I want to make a stronger
+airplane wing or whatever it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane wing or whatever it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane wing or whatever it is and
+there are a lot of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of you know
+qualitatively similar ways to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively similar ways to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively similar ways to write down
+that problem mathematically and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem mathematically and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem mathematically and so it
+really matters for optimization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters for optimization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters for optimization to
+choose one that sort of well Matt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one that sort of well Matt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one that sort of well Matt that
+well-matched to optimization algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-matched to optimization algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-matched to optimization algorithms
+and choose one where you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose one where you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose one where you can compute
+where it's differentiable where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's differentiable where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's differentiable where you can
+compute derivatives efficiently and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute derivatives efficiently and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute derivatives efficiently and so
+forth then as I said earlier if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth then as I said earlier if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth then as I said earlier if you have
+lots of parameters you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of parameters you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of parameters you really have to
+compute derivatives analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute derivatives analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute derivatives analytically
+and you know if you have find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you have find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you have find
+differences you'd have to take evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you'd have to take evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you'd have to take evaluate
+your function once per parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function once per parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function once per parameter
+so in particular I want to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular I want to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular I want to talk a little
+bit more about not machine learning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about not machine learning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about not machine learning but
+as something that's so near and dear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that's so near and dear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that's so near and dear to
+my heart which is engineering or physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my heart which is engineering or physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my heart which is engineering or physics
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+where for example like that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for example like that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for example like that you're
+trying to make an airplane wing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make an airplane wing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make an airplane wing that's
+as strong as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as strong as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as strong as possible
+so let me try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try and
+you know write down sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know write down sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know write down sort of in
+the general process of this right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general process of this right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general process of this right so you
+have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+um some some engineering problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some some engineering problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some some engineering problem you're
+trying to optimize what does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to optimize what does it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to optimize what does it look
+like so first of all you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so first of all you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so first of all you have some
+design parameters let's call those p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design parameters let's call those p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design parameters let's call those p
+and those may be the materials it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those may be the materials it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those may be the materials it may be
+the geometry of the shape of the wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of the shape of the wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of the shape of the wing
+that you know some it might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know some it might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know some it might be the
+forces some way you're gonna what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces some way you're gonna what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces some way you're gonna what your
+inputs in the system are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs in the system are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs in the system are going to be
+some other kind of unknowns right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind of unknowns right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind of unknowns right these
+are the things you can control as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things you can control as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things you can control as an
+engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer
+and it might you might have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might you might have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might you might have a lot of
+them right it might be to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right it might be to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right it might be to describe the
+shape of an airplane wing you might need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of an airplane wing you might need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of an airplane wing you might need
+a lot of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of parameters
+right and then you're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you're going to take
+those parameters and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parameters and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parameters and you're going to
+stick them into some physical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick them into some physical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick them into some physical model
+right the physical model if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the physical model if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the physical model if it's
+strength it might be solid mechanics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength it might be solid mechanics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength it might be solid mechanics uh
+it might be chemical reactions it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be chemical reactions it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be chemical reactions it might
+be heat transport it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be heat transport it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be heat transport it might be
+electromagnetic waves it might be sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves it might be sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves it might be sound
+waves it might be fluid flow problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves it might be fluid flow problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves it might be fluid flow problems
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+and you're going to solve that model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to solve that model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to solve that model to
+find some you know some Physics like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some you know some Physics like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some you know some Physics like the
+the stresses or something like that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stresses or something like that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stresses or something like that or
+the electromagnetic wave so the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave so the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave so the simplest
+example would be a linear model right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example would be a linear model right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example would be a linear model right so
+you you're solving ax equals B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're solving ax equals B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're solving ax equals B
+and your Matrix and your right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your Matrix and your right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your Matrix and your right hand side
+depend on your parameters those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on your parameters those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on your parameters those are the
+things you can control and then you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can control and then you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can control and then you find
+some solution X which is the physics say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some solution X which is the physics say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some solution X which is the physics say
+the the heat in your system or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heat in your system or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heat in your system or the
+electromagnetic fields in your system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields in your system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields in your system or
+the stresses in your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stresses in your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stresses in your system
+right and given that solution so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and given that solution so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and given that solution so that
+those those X's now depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those X's now depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those X's now depend on the
+parameters through the Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters through the Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters through the Matrix and
+through and through the right hand sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and through the right hand sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and through the right hand sides
+so these could be forces displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these could be forces displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these could be forces displacements
+and so forth magnetic field pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth magnetic field pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth magnetic field pressures
+velocities then you have some something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities then you have some something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities then you have some something
+you're trying to do some objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do some objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do some objective
+you're trying to make it as strong as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to make it as strong as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to make it as strong as
+possible or as fast as possible or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible or as fast as possible or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible or as fast as possible or as
+efficient as possible into power or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient as possible into power or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient as possible into power or or
+you're trying to match uh something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to match uh something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to match uh something to
+experiments like if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments like if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments like if you have some
+unknowns on unknown physics and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns on unknown physics and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns on unknown physics and you're
+trying to match your into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to match your into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to match your into your
+measurement of chemical reactions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of chemical reactions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of chemical reactions right
+so that's that's something that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's something that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's something that takes
+the physical solution and gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical solution and gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical solution and gives you a
+number that's your objective function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's your objective function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's your objective function
+right so your parameters go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so your parameters go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so your parameters go into the
+physics the physics goes into a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics the physics goes into a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics the physics goes into a solution
+the solution goes into a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution goes into a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution goes into a design
+objective function a number a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function a number a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function a number a scalar
+and then you want to optimize it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to optimize it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to optimize it you
+want to update the design parameters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to update the design parameters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to update the design parameters to
+make this function better to say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this function better to say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this function better to say to
+maximize and minimize it and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize and minimize it and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize and minimize it and so you have
+to compute the gradient you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the gradient you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the gradient you need to
+compute the derivative of f not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the derivative of f not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the derivative of f not with
+respect to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to f
+sorry not with not with respect to X but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not with not with respect to X but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not with not with respect to X but
+with respect to P Your Design parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to P Your Design parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to P Your Design parameter
+so you have to follow the chain rule all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to follow the chain rule all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to follow the chain rule all
+the way through this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through this process
+from the design parameters to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the design parameters to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the design parameters to the
+objective to get all these derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective to get all these derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective to get all these derivatives
+and then you can go update the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can go update the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can go update the design
+parameters in the downhill or uphill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the downhill or uphill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the downhill or uphill
+direction to make your function better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to make your function better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to make your function better
+right so this is kind of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is kind of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is kind of the general
+cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon
+and an example of that I wanted to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an example of that I wanted to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an example of that I wanted to show
+there's lots and lots of examples but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots and lots of examples but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots and lots of examples but
+this is kind of a fun function example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a fun function example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a fun function example
+so this was I find online so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was I find online so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was I find online so they're
+trying to do what's called topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do what's called topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do what's called topology
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+of a chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chair
+so so you're trying to do do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you're trying to do do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you're trying to do do here is
+you're trying to make a chair uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to make a chair uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to make a chair uh as
+strong as possible with a minimal amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong as possible with a minimal amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong as possible with a minimal amount
+of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material
+and it has it has a seat and has a seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has it has a seat and has a seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has it has a seat and has a seat
+back those are fixed I want to buy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back those are fixed I want to buy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back those are fixed I want to buy one
+of these where do I buy it and but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these where do I buy it and but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these where do I buy it and but the
+shape of the of the chair is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the of the chair is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the of the chair is just
+completely free so so if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely free so so if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely free so so if you imagine
+every you're going to start with just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every you're going to start with just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every you're going to start with just a
+block of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of metal
+and every voxel every you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every voxel every you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every voxel every you're going to
+divide it into kind of 3D pixels voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it into kind of 3D pixels voxels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it into kind of 3D pixels voxels
+every voxel you can either put metal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every voxel you can either put metal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every voxel you can either put metal or
+air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+okay this is called topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is called topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is called topology
+optimization topology in math is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization topology in math is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization topology in math is like
+how things are connected like how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are connected like how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are connected like how are
+their whole you know what is it one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their whole you know what is it one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their whole you know what is it one big
+thing or is it are there holes how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or is it are there holes how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or is it are there holes how many
+holes are there and so forth and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes are there and so forth and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes are there and so forth and we're
+going to leave this completely free so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave this completely free so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave this completely free so
+the computer is going to decide where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer is going to decide where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer is going to decide where to
+put the holes or if there are holes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the holes or if there are holes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the holes or if there are holes and
+so forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth okay
+and I think what they're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think what they're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think what they're doing is
+they're maximizing the weight with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're maximizing the weight with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're maximizing the weight with the
+minimum with a given amount of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum with a given amount of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum with a given amount of material
+either that or they're fixing the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that or they're fixing the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that or they're fixing the weight
+that it has to hold and minimizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has to hold and minimizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has to hold and minimizing the
+amount probably they're minimizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount probably they're minimizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount probably they're minimizing the
+amount of material subject to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of material subject to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of material subject to a
+constraint that it of a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that it of a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that it of a certain amount
+of weight right but it's so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight right but it's so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight right but it's so there's
+zillions of parameters here and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillions of parameters here and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillions of parameters here and this is
+a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie
+uh let's see does this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see does this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see does this work
+present on this device let's see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present on this device let's see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present on this device let's see if I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+okay so this is this is a movie of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is a movie of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is a movie of that
+optimization you can see it so it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization you can see it so it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization you can see it so it starts
+with just a a a the starting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a a a the starting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a a a the starting thing is
+just a a solid block of metal so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a solid block of metal so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a solid block of metal so that
+certainly will support your weight but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly will support your weight but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly will support your weight but
+it's very very heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very heavy
+and so now they're going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now they're going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now they're going to try and
+optimize it to minimize that amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize it to minimize that amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize it to minimize that amount of
+weight subject to the constraint that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight subject to the constraint that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight subject to the constraint that it
+still has to support a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has to support a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has to support a person
+right and this thing it it it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this thing it it it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this thing it it it even
+though there's a zillion parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there's a zillion parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there's a zillion parameters
+going in the downhill Direction allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the downhill Direction allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the downhill Direction allows
+you to sort of continuously evolve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sort of continuously evolve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sort of continuously evolve that
+into uh this structure and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh this structure and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh this structure and so it
+continued continuously uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued continuously uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued continuously uh
+you know shaves away metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know shaves away metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know shaves away metal
+you know varying all million parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know varying all million parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know varying all million parameters
+at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once
+and it decides to put these weird you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it decides to put these weird you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it decides to put these weird you
+know this this range of holes here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this range of holes here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this range of holes here to
+make this chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this chair
+and so this was this is in some Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was this is in some Art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was this is in some Art
+Exhibit I think they said they they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exhibit I think they said they they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exhibit I think they said they they then
+like use some kind of 3D printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like use some kind of 3D printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like use some kind of 3D printing
+somehow to make it make a life-size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to make it make a life-size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow to make it make a life-size
+chair out of metal with this design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair out of metal with this design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair out of metal with this design and
+it works and uh and they displayed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and uh and they displayed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and uh and they displayed it
+more practically I think in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practically I think in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practically I think in the first
+lecture Island showed an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture Island showed an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture Island showed an example of an
+airplane wing that was designed by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane wing that was designed by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane wing that was designed by this
+kind of thing and there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and there's lots of
+examples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the key thing in this the Macy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing in this the Macy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing in this the Macy's
+practical is your ability to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical is your ability to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical is your ability to calculate
+derivatives you need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you need to be able to
+calculate the derivative of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the derivative of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the derivative of the the the
+strength of this or some some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of this or some some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of this or some some function
+of a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solution
+with respect to all you know million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to all you know million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to all you know million
+parameters uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh
+of every you know every voxel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every you know every voxel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every you know every voxel the
+density of the material at every voxel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the material at every voxel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the material at every voxel
+so so there's sometimes called back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's sometimes called back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's sometimes called back
+propagation in neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation in neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation in neural networks
+it really is just doing the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is just doing the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is just doing the chain rule
+left to right and so I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right and so I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right and so I want to talk
+about you know that in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know that in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know that in this kind of
+specific circumstance you can really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific circumstance you can really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific circumstance you can really see
+how it makes a huge difference right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it makes a huge difference right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it makes a huge difference right so
+suppose we're Computing a function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're Computing a function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're Computing a function we
+have some scalar function f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some scalar function f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some scalar function f of x
+but our X we get by solving a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our X we get by solving a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our X we get by solving a system of
+equations ax equals B where the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations ax equals B where the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations ax equals B where the Matrix
+depends on some parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on some parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on some parameters
+and I want to compute the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to compute the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to compute the derivative of
+f with respect to the parameters in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to the parameters in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to the parameters in The
+Matrix so so X is a inverse B so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so so X is a inverse B so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so so X is a inverse B so I'm
+really Computing F of a inverse B where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Computing F of a inverse B where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Computing F of a inverse B where
+the parameters are inside the Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters are inside the Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters are inside the Matrix and
+I want to apply the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can just do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just do the the
+um yeah so this is uh yes but so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so this is uh yes but so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so this is uh yes but so so so
+so so we have f of x and then X of p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have f of x and then X of p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have f of x and then X of p and
+I want to propagate my chain rules to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to propagate my chain rules to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to propagate my chain rules to
+that so I want to assess what's DF the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I want to assess what's DF the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I want to assess what's DF the
+change in F for a small change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in F for a small change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in F for a small change in the
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+uh P so that's just two chain rules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P so that's just two chain rules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P so that's just two chain rules so
+first of all we have F Prime of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we have F Prime of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we have F Prime of X
+because this is just the derivative of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just the derivative of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just the derivative of f
+with respect to X so that's just a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X so that's just a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X so that's just a row
+Vector right so X is a column Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right so X is a column Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right so X is a column Vector
+right f is a scalar so F Prime is a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right f is a scalar so F Prime is a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right f is a scalar so F Prime is a row
+Vector it's just the transpose of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's just the transpose of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's just the transpose of our
+gradient of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of f
+remember we're not done yet because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're not done yet because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're not done yet because that
+gets multiplied by DX but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets multiplied by DX but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets multiplied by DX but that's the
+change in the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the solution
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and that's not what we want we what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not what we want we what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not what we want we what we
+want is is what happens when you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is is what happens when you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is is what happens when you change
+the parameters when you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters when you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters when you change the
+Matrix so we do the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so we do the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so we do the chain rule
+and we have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to take
+the derivative X is a inverse B so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative X is a inverse B so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative X is a inverse B so we
+need to take d a in B doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take d a in B doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take d a in B doesn't depend on
+the parameters that's just a constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters that's just a constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters that's just a constant so
+we just need d a inverse B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we saw I think last lecture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we saw I think last lecture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we saw I think last lecture the
+the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+D of a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D of a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D of a inverse
+is equal to minus a inverse d a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus a inverse d a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus a inverse d a a
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+do you remember that we derived that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember that we derived that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember that we derived that
+last term just by by taking the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term just by by taking the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term just by by taking the product
+rule a a inverse equals i d of that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule a a inverse equals i d of that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule a a inverse equals i d of that we
+derive this rule the D of a inverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this rule the D of a inverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this rule the D of a inverse is
+minus a inverse d a a inverse really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a inverse d a a inverse really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a inverse d a a inverse really
+useful formula right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful formula right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful formula right
+and so now if we group this let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if we group this let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if we group this let's look
+at this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this expression
+you get a inverse B which is just X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a inverse B which is just X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a inverse B which is just X
+right so you're really Computing F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're really Computing F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're really Computing F Prime
+which is a rho VEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a rho VEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a rho VEC
+times a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a inverse
+right so inverse of our system Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so inverse of our system Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so inverse of our system Matrix
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+the change in The Matrix to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in The Matrix to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in The Matrix to the
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+okay times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay times
+uh times uh a n times x times a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh times uh a n times x times a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh times uh a n times x times a inverse
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+and so the whole trick the whole stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the whole trick the whole stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the whole trick the whole stupid
+trick which is becomes obvious once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which is becomes obvious once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which is becomes obvious once you
+see it is just to take this product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it is just to take this product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it is just to take this product and
+multiply it left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it left to right
+so that means you want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means you want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means you want to put
+parentheses around the F prime a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses around the F prime a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses around the F prime a inverse
+why is that because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because that's
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+uh that's independent of d a that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's independent of d a that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's independent of d a that's one
+vector you saw that's solving one system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you saw that's solving one system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you saw that's solving one system
+of equations right if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations right if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations right if you do
+a row Vector times a matrix on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row Vector times a matrix on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row Vector times a matrix on the left
+that's one Matrix Vector multiplying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one Matrix Vector multiplying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one Matrix Vector multiplying so
+that's the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as
+a inverse transposed times F or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse transposed times F or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse transposed times F or
+equivalently if you call this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently if you call this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently if you call this this is a
+row Vector if you call this V transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Vector if you call this V transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Vector if you call this V transpose
+it's the same thing as solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing as solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing as solving a
+transpose V equals F Prime transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means that this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that this is called the
+adjunct equation so you solved think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjunct equation so you solved think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjunct equation so you solved think
+what you do you first solve one equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do you first solve one equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do you first solve one equation
+x equals B to get X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals B to get X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals B to get X
+okay that might be really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that might be really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that might be really expensive
+because this is a big physics simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a big physics simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a big physics simulation
+a is a huge Matrix right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a huge Matrix right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a huge Matrix right
+but then you solve another equation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you solve another equation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you solve another equation with
+the same Matrix as transposed to get V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then once you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then once you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then once you have that
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+the derivative respect to any parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative respect to any parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative respect to any parameter
+is just V transpose Dax which means if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just V transpose Dax which means if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just V transpose Dax which means if
+you have a parameter this should be a PK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a parameter this should be a PK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a parameter this should be a PK
+out of that little box there is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that little box there is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that little box there is is a
+font problem it should be P sub K you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font problem it should be P sub K you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font problem it should be P sub K you
+have a pre if you have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pre if you have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pre if you have a whole bunch of
+parameters if you want the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters if you want the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters if you want the derivative of
+f with respect to p k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to p k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to p k
+that's just dividing both sides by DB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just dividing both sides by DB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just dividing both sides by DB
+tpk that's the that's that's uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpk that's the that's that's uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpk that's the that's that's uh um
+partial F partial b v p k is just DF dpk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial b v p k is just DF dpk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial b v p k is just DF dpk
+is V transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V transpose
+I guess with a minus sign I should put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess with a minus sign I should put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess with a minus sign I should put a
+minus sign there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign there
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+how do I get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I get back
+I I I'm not sure I like the this tablet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I'm not sure I like the this tablet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I'm not sure I like the this tablet
+uh presentation about that let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presentation about that let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presentation about that let me let me
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh I'm going to switch to my computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to switch to my computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to switch to my computer
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh just because it's this is annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just because it's this is annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just because it's this is annoying
+did you like develop on a Mac and go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you like develop on a Mac and go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you like develop on a Mac and go to
+a PC or a vice versa no this is I I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PC or a vice versa no this is I I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PC or a vice versa no this is I I I I
+developed it's on Google Slides right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed it's on Google Slides right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed it's on Google Slides right
+but then I'm using the Google Slides app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I'm using the Google Slides app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I'm using the Google Slides app
+on on like on my tablet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on like on my tablet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on like on my tablet
+um which is a little bit flaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is a little bit flaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is a little bit flaky
+apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+um so let me just share my screen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me just share my screen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me just share my screen uh
+yeah sometimes the trick is to just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometimes the trick is to just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometimes the trick is to just do
+the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF
+yeah well I I wanted to show movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I I wanted to show movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I I wanted to show movies and
+things so so but I can just share it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so so but I can just share it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so so but I can just share it on
+my um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my um
+on my laptop it should work better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my laptop it should work better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my laptop it should work better so
+okay to see did the fonts come out yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to see did the fonts come out yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to see did the fonts come out yes
+good okay so this should be a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so this should be a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so this should be a minus sign
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+right so so we we take this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so we we take this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so we we take this product
+we're going to multiply left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to multiply left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to multiply left to right
+which means I multiply row Vector the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means I multiply row Vector the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means I multiply row Vector the
+first thing I do is multiply row Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I do is multiply row Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I do is multiply row Vector
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+a matrix which gives me another row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix which gives me another row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix which gives me another row
+Vector but that's equivalent multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector but that's equivalent multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector but that's equivalent multiplying
+on the left by a a inverse on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left by a a inverse on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left by a a inverse on the left
+is equivalent to solving a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to solving a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to solving a system of
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+with a transpose for this row Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a transpose for this row Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a transpose for this row Vector
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+F Prime transpose is on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime transpose is on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime transpose is on the right
+okay that's why it's called an adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why it's called an adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why it's called an adjoint
+equation because an adjoint is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because an adjoint is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because an adjoint is another
+name for a transpose of a real vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for a transpose of a real vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for a transpose of a real vector of
+a real Matrix right so you've solved one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real Matrix right so you've solved one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real Matrix right so you've solved one
+system of equations to get your X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations to get your X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations to get your X
+another system of equations with almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another system of equations with almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another system of equations with almost
+the same Matrix just transpose to get V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Matrix just transpose to get V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Matrix just transpose to get V
+so it's like equally easy or hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like equally easy or hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like equally easy or hard
+okay and then then D your DF is just V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then then D your DF is just V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then then D your DF is just V
+there should be a minus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a minus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a minus sign here
+uh or I can just put the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or I can just put the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or I can just put the minus sign
+inside no it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside no it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside no it doesn't matter
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+DF is just minus V transpose d a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF is just minus V transpose d a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF is just minus V transpose d a x
+so now you have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have a whole bunch of
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+PK so if you want dftpk or just divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PK so if you want dftpk or just divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PK so if you want dftpk or just divide
+both sides by dpk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by dpk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by dpk
+so dftpk is the same thing as minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dftpk is the same thing as minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dftpk is the same thing as minus V
+transpose partial a partial PK X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose partial a partial PK X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose partial a partial PK X
+right so I just take for each if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I just take for each if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I just take for each if I have
+a million parameters I just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million parameters I just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million parameters I just take a
+million dot products I only solve two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dot products I only solve two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dot products I only solve two
+systems equations which this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems equations which this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems equations which this is the
+expensive part this is solving my big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive part this is solving my big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive part this is solving my big
+you know structural mechanics equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know structural mechanics equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know structural mechanics equation
+or whatever it is I solve it twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is I solve it twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever it is I solve it twice
+right and then I just take a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I just take a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I just take a bunch of
+dog products and in fact usually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog products and in fact usually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog products and in fact usually this
+Matrix is mostly zero it's very sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is mostly zero it's very sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is mostly zero it's very sparse
+because usually each often each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually each often each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually each often each
+parameter only affects a few entries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter only affects a few entries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter only affects a few entries of
+the Matrix so this dot product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix so this dot product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix so this dot product is
+extremely cheap because you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely cheap because you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely cheap because you don't need
+to multiply by zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by zeros
+so this is this is what allows you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is what allows you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is what allows you to do
+this efficiently you only have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this efficiently you only have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this efficiently you only have to solve
+the equations twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations twice
+that your huge systems of equations your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your huge systems of equations your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your huge systems of equations your
+physics equations twice and and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics equations twice and and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics equations twice and and then you
+can get both the great F and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get both the great F and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get both the great F and its
+gradient with respect to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient with respect to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient with respect to all the
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the adjunct method it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the adjunct method it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the adjunct method it's
+exactly the same idea as back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same idea as back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same idea as back
+propagation to neural networks it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation to neural networks it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation to neural networks it's
+exactly what people in automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what people in automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what people in automatic
+differentiation called reverse mode but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation called reverse mode but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation called reverse mode but
+it's really just doing chain rule left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just doing chain rule left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just doing chain rule left
+to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to make sure you understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure you understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure you understand why
+this is so important to do it left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so important to do it left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so important to do it left to
+right so suppose we did it right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so suppose we did it right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so suppose we did it right to left
+so if I did right to left and I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I did right to left and I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I did right to left and I wanted
+partial F partial PK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial PK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial PK
+then I have minus F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have minus F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have minus F Prime
+a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse
+partial a partial pkx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial a partial pkx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial a partial pkx
+right it's the same equation but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the same equation but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the same equation but it's
+going to put parentheses in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put parentheses in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put parentheses in a different
+place suppose I did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place suppose I did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place suppose I did that
+so for each parameter this is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each parameter this is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each parameter this is a vector
+and then multiplying by a inverse is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then multiplying by a inverse is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then multiplying by a inverse is a
+solve it's it's a solving a huge system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it's it's a solving a huge system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it's it's a solving a huge system
+of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations
+right so this is ex and that's expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is ex and that's expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is ex and that's expensive
+part of the physics is usually solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the physics is usually solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the physics is usually solving
+this Q system of equations right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Q system of equations right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Q system of equations right so you
+have to but if you have one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to but if you have one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to but if you have one of these
+vectors for every parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors for every parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors for every parameter
+so if you if you if you just did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if you if you just did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if you if you just did it
+right to left which is called forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left which is called forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left which is called forward
+mode differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode differentiation
+it's terrible right you have to solve if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's terrible right you have to solve if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's terrible right you have to solve if
+you have a million parameters you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a million parameters you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a million parameters you have
+to solve a million mechanics problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or a million whatever your physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a million whatever your physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a million whatever your physics
+problem is for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is for for this
+so this is called forward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called forward mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called forward mode
+and this is very bad basically when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very bad basically when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very bad basically when you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+lots of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of parameters
+and so it turns out this reverse mode or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it turns out this reverse mode or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it turns out this reverse mode or
+the action differentiation is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action differentiation is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action differentiation is really
+good that's what you should use when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's what you should use when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's what you should use when you
+have lots of inputs and only one output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of inputs and only one output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of inputs and only one output
+forward mode is going to turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode is going to turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode is going to turn out to be
+good when you have lots of outputs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good when you have lots of outputs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good when you have lots of outputs but
+only one input or a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one input or a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one input or a small number of
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+so yeah actually I wrote this this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah actually I wrote this this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah actually I wrote this this down
+from right to left forward mode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right to left forward mode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right to left forward mode is
+better when you have one input many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when you have one input many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when you have one input many
+outputs left to right which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs left to right which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs left to right which is also
+called backward motor called also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called backward motor called also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called backward motor called also an
+adjuant methods it's also called back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjuant methods it's also called back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjuant methods it's also called back
+propagation it's the sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation it's the sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation it's the sort of thing
+that's been it has a lot of names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been it has a lot of names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been it has a lot of names
+because it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's been
+I think rediscovered independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think rediscovered independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think rediscovered independently
+multiple times it's just left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times it's just left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times it's just left to right
+chain rule it's better when you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule it's better when you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule it's better when you have one
+output or a few outputs and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or a few outputs and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or a few outputs and lots of
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+and so if you're if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're if you're using
+automatic differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation
+most of them will use the term reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them will use the term reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them will use the term reverse
+mode of forward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of forward mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of forward mode
+absolutely so in like in like Jax for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so in like in like Jax for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so in like in like Jax for
+example which is the python thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is the python thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is the python thing
+they'll call Jack forward in Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll call Jack forward in Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll call Jack forward in Julia
+there's a package called forward diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a package called forward diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a package called forward diff
+which stands for forward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for forward mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for forward mode
+differentiation we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation we're going to talk
+pretty soon about dual numbers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon about dual numbers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon about dual numbers that's
+forward mode and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode and so forth
+another thing you might come to mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you might come to mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you might come to mind is
+to use finite differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use finite differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use finite differences
+so find a differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so find a differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so find a differences
+if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+um lots of parameters it's also just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lots of parameters it's also just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lots of parameters it's also just as
+bad right so if imagine you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right so if imagine you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right so if imagine you're using
+find differences you can approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find differences you can approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find differences you can approximate
+your partial derivative respect to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your partial derivative respect to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your partial derivative respect to each
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do
+you take each parameter you take F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take each parameter you take F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take each parameter you take F and
+you perturb each parameter by Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perturb each parameter by Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perturb each parameter by Epsilon
+say right so you think of EK here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right so you think of EK here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right so you think of EK here is the
+unit Vector in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector in the direction of
+so you take each parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take each parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take each parameter
+you perturb it by Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perturb it by Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perturb it by Epsilon
+and that in in in the case direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in in in the case direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in in in the case direction is
+tracked FP divided by Epsilon that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked FP divided by Epsilon that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked FP divided by Epsilon that gives
+you one partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one partial derivative
+right but now if you have a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now if you have a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now if you have a million
+parameters you need to do this a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you need to do this a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you need to do this a million
+times each one is a separate solve right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each one is a separate solve right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each one is a separate solve right
+you need to solve for per your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to solve for per your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to solve for per your
+perturbing the parameters one by one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing the parameters one by one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing the parameters one by one and
+then you have to solve it one by one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to solve it one by one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to solve it one by one so
+it's it's again it's it's a disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's again it's it's a disaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's again it's it's a disaster
+right if you had to use find differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you had to use find differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you had to use find differences
+you would not be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not be able to do
+neural networks or topology optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks or topology optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks or topology optimization
+of chairs or airplane wings or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chairs or airplane wings or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chairs or airplane wings or things
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+you can generalize it in other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generalize it in other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generalize it in other ways
+so that was adjunct methods for linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was adjunct methods for linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was adjunct methods for linear
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+so this is so if you're following f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is so if you're following f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is so if you're following f of x
+where X solves a linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X solves a linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X solves a linear equation
+but you can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do the same thing
+where F solves a non-linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where F solves a non-linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where F solves a non-linear equation
+right suppose you're solving you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suppose you're solving you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suppose you're solving you're
+Computing f of x where X is your physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing f of x where X is your physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing f of x where X is your physics
+p is your your parameters like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is your your parameters like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is your your parameters like your
+shape of your airplane wing but now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of your airplane wing but now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of your airplane wing but now to
+solve for your stresses or whatever your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for your stresses or whatever your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for your stresses or whatever your
+physics your physical equations are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics your physical equations are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics your physical equations are not
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+so what another new equations look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what another new equations look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what another new equations look like
+in general nonlinear equations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general nonlinear equations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general nonlinear equations you can
+write them as a root finding problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them as a root finding problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them as a root finding problem you
+have n parameters and N if n physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n parameters and N if n physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n parameters and N if n physics
+unknowns and you have n function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and you have n function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and you have n function
+nonlinear equations so you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations so you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations so you have some
+nonlinear equations of code let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations of code let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations of code let's call
+it g that depend on the parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it g that depend on the parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it g that depend on the parameters that
+depend on the physics and you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the physics and you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the physics and you're trying
+to set these equal to zero right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set these equal to zero right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set these equal to zero right so
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+the G is not a scalar here it's it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G is not a scalar here it's it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G is not a scalar here it's it's n
+component vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component vector
+so it's exactly like what we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly like what we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly like what we talked
+about with with Newton's method right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with with Newton's method right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with with Newton's method right so
+how would you solve this in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you solve this in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you solve this in the first
+place you'd you'd take you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you'd you'd take you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you'd you'd take you compute the
+Jacobian of this thing and you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of this thing and you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of this thing and you do a
+sequence of linear solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of linear solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of linear solves
+uh to find um you know to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to find um you know to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to find um you know to converge
+towards the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the solution
+but now how do we take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now how do we take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now how do we take the derivative of
+f with respect to P so now again we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to P so now again we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with respect to P so now again we do
+want to do the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the chain rule
+right so DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so DF
+is f Prime of X DX that's the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f Prime of X DX that's the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f Prime of X DX that's the derivative
+of f in fact X so F Prime is still a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f in fact X so F Prime is still a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f in fact X so F Prime is still a row
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+what is DX so now we need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is DX so now we need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is DX so now we need to think about
+the chain rule so so we need to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule so so we need to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule so so we need to go back
+and think about the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about the derivative of this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+so this is our equation that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our equation that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our equation that we're going
+to use to solve for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to solve for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to solve for x
+right so g g equals zero that means DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so g g equals zero that means DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so g g equals zero that means DG
+is also zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also zero
+right G is and the solution G is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right G is and the solution G is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right G is and the solution G is always
+a constant so d d d of 0 is 0. but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant so d d d of 0 is 0. but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant so d d d of 0 is 0. but then
+if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that you can think of this as two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of this as two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of this as two terms
+there's DG partial G partial P times DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's DG partial G partial P times DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's DG partial G partial P times DP
+so I'm sneaking back in some 1802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sneaking back in some 1802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sneaking back in some 1802
+notation but think of this as like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but think of this as like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but think of this as like this
+is like uh Jacobian matrix now it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like uh Jacobian matrix now it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like uh Jacobian matrix now it's not
+not necessarily a scalar derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily a scalar derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily a scalar derivative
+right so this is the the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the the derivative
+effect of DP the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of DP the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of DP the change in the
+parameters there's also the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters there's also the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters there's also the derivative
+with respect to X which again is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X which again is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X which again is this
+think of this this is an N by n Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this this is an N by n Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this this is an N by n Jacobian
+matrix of the the changes in all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of the the changes in all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of the the changes in all n
+components of G with all n components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of G with all n components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of G with all n components of
+X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX
+so we're just linearizing this nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just linearizing this nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just linearizing this nonlinear
+function in two variables which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in two variables which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in two variables which we
+haven't two parameters which we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't two parameters which we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't two parameters which we haven't
+done so far so I'm just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far so I'm just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far so I'm just kind of
+introducing this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing this notation
+so if we write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we write this down
+and we just solve it for DX I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just solve it for DX I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just solve it for DX I move
+this to the right hand side I get I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the right hand side I get I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the right hand side I get I get
+a minus this on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus this on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus this on the right hand side
+and I get a Jacobian inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get a Jacobian inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get a Jacobian inverse
+times DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DP
+so everyone see this so I took this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone see this so I took this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone see this so I took this I
+linearized it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized it
+with two Jacobian matrices with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two Jacobian matrices with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two Jacobian matrices with respect
+to the parameter respect to the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parameter respect to the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parameter respect to the axis
+and then I solve for DX in terms of DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I solve for DX in terms of DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I solve for DX in terms of DP
+and you can see it's it's this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it's it's this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it's it's this equation
+and then we plug that in for DX and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we plug that in for DX and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we plug that in for DX and so
+what you get is you get F Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is you get F Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is you get F Prime of x
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+with a minus sign from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign from here
+times this inverse Jacobian matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times this other Jacobian matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this other Jacobian matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this other Jacobian matrix with
+the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters
+times DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DP
+okay and notice that this Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and notice that this Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and notice that this Jacobian
+matrix is exactly the same Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is exactly the same Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is exactly the same Jacobian
+matrix you would use in the Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you would use in the Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you would use in the Newton
+solver for X so if you're solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver for X so if you're solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver for X so if you're solving
+nonlinear equations you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations you already have
+this Jacobian and you're already solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Jacobian and you're already solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Jacobian and you're already solving
+systems with this you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with this you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with this you know you're
+inverting this Jacobian or solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting this Jacobian or solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting this Jacobian or solving
+system equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system equations
+and so again the same you do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again the same you do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again the same you do the same
+trick the whole trick is to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick the whole trick is to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick the whole trick is to compute the
+F you just multiply this left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F you just multiply this left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F you just multiply this left to right
+so this is a row vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a row vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a row vector
+this is an inverse Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an inverse Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an inverse Jacobian
+you call this this the row Vector times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call this this the row Vector times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call this this the row Vector times
+Matrix is a row Vector called that V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a row Vector called that V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a row Vector called that V
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+so this multiplying this by the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this multiplying this by the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this multiplying this by the inverse
+is equivalent to solving and consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to solving and consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to solving and consistent
+of equations with the transpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations with the transpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations with the transpose of the
+Jacobian matrix so that again it's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix so that again it's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix so that again it's we
+call this an adjunct equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this an adjunct equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this an adjunct equation or
+transpose equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equation
+for the adjoint solution V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the adjoint solution V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the adjoint solution V
+and we on the right hand side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we on the right hand side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we on the right hand side is the
+transpose of this row Vector F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of this row Vector F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of this row Vector F Prime
+so we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we solve
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so we solve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we solve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we solve uh
+um first we we solve a non-linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first we we solve a non-linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first we we solve a non-linear system
+of equations to get X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations to get X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations to get X
+right and we do that by a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we do that by a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we do that by a sequence of
+linear solves probably using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear solves probably using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear solves probably using this
+inverse Jacobian matrix we need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Jacobian matrix we need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Jacobian matrix we need to solve
+this many times and then we solve one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many times and then we solve one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many times and then we solve one
+more linear solve just with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more linear solve just with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more linear solve just with the
+transposure Jacobian matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposure Jacobian matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposure Jacobian matrix
+and then once you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have that
+then you can get the derivatives because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get the derivatives because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get the derivatives because
+this is just uh if you want dftp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just uh if you want dftp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just uh if you want dftp
+right it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just
+a DOT product of this V transpose with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product of this V transpose with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product of this V transpose with
+dgdp times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess the DP cancels right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the DP cancels right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the DP cancels right
+that's it so it's just a bunch of dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so it's just a bunch of dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so it's just a bunch of dot
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+so this is this this is called by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this this is called by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this this is called by the
+way this this this formula where you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this this this formula where you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this this this formula where you you
+linearize the nonlinear equations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize the nonlinear equations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize the nonlinear equations is
+also called the implicit function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the implicit function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the implicit function
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+and so the these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the these are
+this is all the rage now you have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all the rage now you have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all the rage now you have what's
+called a bi-level optimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a bi-level optimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a bi-level optimization problem
+or problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or problems with
+optimizing problems with implicit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing problems with implicit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing problems with implicit uh
+implicit equations and it it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit equations and it it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit equations and it it's really
+really powerful to be able to do this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful to be able to do this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful to be able to do this so
+and actually the the automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually the the automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually the the automatic
+differentiation systems usually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation systems usually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation systems usually have to
+be told that you're doing this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be told that you're doing this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be told that you're doing this they
+don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you
+if you um solve solve this nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you um solve solve this nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you um solve solve this nonlinear
+system by a sequence of Newton steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by a sequence of Newton steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by a sequence of Newton steps
+the the automatic differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the automatic differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the automatic differentiation
+doesn't know that what you're solving is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know that what you're solving is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know that what you're solving is
+g equals zero by Newton's method it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g equals zero by Newton's method it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g equals zero by Newton's method it it
+thinks oh you're just doing a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks oh you're just doing a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks oh you're just doing a bunch of
+steps and it tries to do the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and it tries to do the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and it tries to do the chain rule
+propagate it through all those Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate it through all those Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate it through all those Newton
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+so it's it basically is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it basically is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it basically is trying to
+exactly differentiate the error in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly differentiate the error in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly differentiate the error in your
+noon solver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noon solver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noon solver
+if you tell it if you know that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tell it if you know that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tell it if you know that you're
+solving another systems this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving another systems this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving another systems this you know
+that this is what you should be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what you should be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what you should be doing
+you should really only be for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really only be for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really only be for the the
+adjoint problem for for the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint problem for for the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint problem for for the back
+propagation or for reverse mode you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation or for reverse mode you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation or for reverse mode you
+should really only do effectively one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really only do effectively one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really only do effectively one
+new step one linear solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new step one linear solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new step one linear solve
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's really powerful important to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really powerful important to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really powerful important to be
+able to do this basically to sound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do this basically to sound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do this basically to sound to
+know that you have to tell the automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have to tell the automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have to tell the automatic
+differentiation to do this you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation to do this you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation to do this you either
+you either Supply a manual derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either Supply a manual derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either Supply a manual derivative of
+this part or there are now ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part or there are now ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part or there are now ways to
+basically tell uh the automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tell uh the automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tell uh the automatic
+differentiation solver that that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation solver that that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation solver that that one
+step of it you should is is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of it you should is is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of it you should is is uh is
+solving a non-linear system and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a non-linear system and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a non-linear system and and it
+should do this for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do this for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do this for you
+so so yes that's my last slide here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yes that's my last slide here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yes that's my last slide here so
+even if you're using automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're using automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're using automatic
+differentiation like and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation like and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation like and and the
+computer is taking all your derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is taking all your derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is taking all your derivatives
+for you doing all your chain rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you doing all your chain rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you doing all your chain rules and
+so forth you really it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth you really it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth you really it's important to
+have some idea of what's going on under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some idea of what's going on under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some idea of what's going on under
+the under the hood understand adjut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the under the hood understand adjut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the under the hood understand adjut
+methods understand reverse mode versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods understand reverse mode versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods understand reverse mode versus
+versus forward mode because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus forward mode because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus forward mode because because
+first of all you need to know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you need to know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you need to know what is
+forward mode but what is reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode but what is reverse mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode but what is reverse mode
+when should you use which uh forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when should you use which uh forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when should you use which uh forward
+when should you use reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when should you use reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when should you use reverse
+another problem is that if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is that if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is that if you're doing
+you know physics especially a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know physics especially a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know physics especially a lot of
+physical methods you're calling large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical methods you're calling large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical methods you're calling large
+software packages written over decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software packages written over decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software packages written over decades
+in various languages that can't be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various languages that can't be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various languages that can't be you
+know differentiated by automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know differentiated by automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know differentiated by automatic
+differentiation you're Jax can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation you're Jax can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation you're Jax can
+understand python programs but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand python programs but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand python programs but it
+doesn't really understand python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really understand python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really understand python
+programs that call libraries written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that call libraries written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that call libraries written in
+Fortran right so often you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran right so often you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran right so often you need some
+parts of it it just can't handle and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it it just can't handle and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it it just can't handle and so
+but it turns out you only need to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out you only need to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out you only need to uh to
+know to to write down the derivative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to to write down the derivative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to to write down the derivative for
+that part or a vector Jacobian product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part or a vector Jacobian product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part or a vector Jacobian product
+what's called for that part and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called for that part and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called for that part and then it
+can do the rest of the chain rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the rest of the chain rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the rest of the chain rule for
+you but you you really need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but you you really need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but you you really need to know
+these agile methods in order to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these agile methods in order to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these agile methods in order to do that
+in a reasonable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a reasonable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a reasonable way
+and then even if you have ad even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even if you have ad even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even if you have ad even if it
+works if you have a model that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if you have a model that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if you have a model that involves
+an approximate calculation like a Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximate calculation like a Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximate calculation like a Newton
+solve or something like that automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve or something like that automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve or something like that automatic
+differentiation that typically doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation that typically doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation that typically doesn't
+know this and spends a lot of effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this and spends a lot of effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this and spends a lot of effort
+trying to differentiate exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to differentiate exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to differentiate exactly the
+error in your approximation to waste a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in your approximation to waste a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in your approximation to waste a
+lot of time so it's really really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time so it's really really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time so it's really really useful
+uh to to to to know that and to know oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to to to know that and to know oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to to to know that and to know oh
+I I need to tell it something to help it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I need to tell it something to help it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I need to tell it something to help it
+out but that so examples when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but that so examples when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but that so examples when you're
+solving nonlinear systems by iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving nonlinear systems by iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving nonlinear systems by iterative
+methods like Newton equations or even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods like Newton equations or even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods like Newton equations or even if
+you if you're approximating things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're approximating things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're approximating things like
+by discretizing physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by discretizing physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by discretizing physics
+um like finding element methods often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like finding element methods often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like finding element methods often
+you wanted differentiate the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted differentiate the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted differentiate the physics
+before you discretize rather than have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you discretize rather than have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you discretize rather than have
+it try to do automatic differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it try to do automatic differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it try to do automatic differentiation
+on the discretization itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the discretization itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the discretization itself
+anyway so I'll I'll stop there and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so I'll I'll stop there and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so I'll I'll stop there and and
+we'll spend even spending more time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend even spending more time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend even spending more time on
+the nuts and bolts of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts and bolts of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts and bolts of of uh
+of uh augment differentiation and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh augment differentiation and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh augment differentiation and I'll
+also give some more links to further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give some more links to further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give some more links to further
+reading on adjoint methods and backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on adjoint methods and backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on adjoint methods and backward
+mode and Vector Jacobian products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and Vector Jacobian products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and Vector Jacobian products and
+these kinds of uh you know these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of uh you know these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of uh you know these kinds
+of systems I've uh there's lots of notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems I've uh there's lots of notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems I've uh there's lots of notes
+written in web pages on these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in web pages on these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in web pages on these kinds of
+things and I'll I'll be back live on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I'll I'll be back live on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I'll I'll be back live on
+Friday yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday yes
+and uh so so maybe Friday uh I I I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so maybe Friday uh I I I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so maybe Friday uh I I I I I
+don't know if you're gonna do your dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you're gonna do your dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you're gonna do your dual
+numbers uh I could I could do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh I could I could do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh I could I could do two
+numbers and even you know reverse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and even you know reverse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and even you know reverse in
+forward mode you know the graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode you know the graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode you know the graph theory
+if you want yeah yeah so maybe I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want yeah yeah so maybe I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want yeah yeah so maybe I think I
+think maybe it's time to do some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe it's time to do some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe it's time to do some um
+depreciation okay sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation okay sounds good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation okay sounds good
+all right see you then
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lZrIPRnoGQQ.txt b/lZrIPRnoGQQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67e69caaf0ea87552294f02805fa855f9c03772f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lZrIPRnoGQQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go
+all set and two topics for today one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all set and two topics for today one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all set and two topics for today one is
+to go back to Professor SRA's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to Professor SRA's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to Professor SRA's lecture
+that was last Friday and he promised a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was last Friday and he promised a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was last Friday and he promised a
+theorem and proof and this morning he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and proof and this morning he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and proof and this morning he
+sent it to me so it's the convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent it to me so it's the convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent it to me so it's the convergence
+it's proving the convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proving the convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proving the convergence of
+stochastic gradient descent and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gradient descent and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gradient descent and really
+what's important maybe and useful is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important maybe and useful is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important maybe and useful is not
+so much the details of the proof which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much the details of the proof which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much the details of the proof which
+I'm just learning but the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just learning but the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just learning but the assumptions
+you know what's the logic here what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the logic here what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the logic here what do
+you have to assume about the gradient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to assume about the gradient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to assume about the gradient to
+and about the algorithm to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the algorithm to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the algorithm to get the
+answer and but now I actually look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and but now I actually look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and but now I actually look back
+at the video of his lecture and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the video of his lecture and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the video of his lecture and it was
+excellent and as I look at it there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent and as I look at it there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent and as I look at it there were
+a couple of things later in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things later in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things later in the lecture
+that I thought would make good projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought would make good projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought would make good projects
+so I don't know if anybody is still open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if anybody is still open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if anybody is still open
+to what to do on a project but here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what to do on a project but here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what to do on a project but here here
+are my two ideas and and if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my two ideas and and if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my two ideas and and if you if
+you've already finished your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already finished your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already finished your project
+well get an A+ by considering one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well get an A+ by considering one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well get an A+ by considering one of
+these so you remember and this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so you remember and this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so you remember and this will
+remind you of the of the lecture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of the of the lecture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of the of the lecture which
+is a good thing so you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing so you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing so you remember that
+question one was whether in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one was whether in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one was whether in the
+stochastic part do you after you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic part do you after you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic part do you after you've
+sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled
+one or some mini batch but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or some mini batch but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or some mini batch but let's just
+say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one
+of the loss functions coming from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loss functions coming from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loss functions coming from one
+sample you remember the whole point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you remember the whole point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you remember the whole point is
+that if we do all zillions samples at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we do all zillions samples at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we do all zillions samples at
+every iteration we're really really slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every iteration we're really really slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every iteration we're really really slow
+so the stochastic idea is to randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the stochastic idea is to randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the stochastic idea is to randomly
+pick one or a mini batch of the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one or a mini batch of the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one or a mini batch of the samples
+and and just reduce their loss just deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just reduce their loss just deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just reduce their loss just deal
+with their the loss say the square loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their the loss say the square loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their the loss say the square loss
+or later we'll see cross-entropy loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or later we'll see cross-entropy loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or later we'll see cross-entropy loss
+but whatever the cost is just do a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever the cost is just do a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever the cost is just do a few
+or one and then the question was after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one and then the question was after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one and then the question was after
+you've done that one you put it back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that one you put it back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that one you put it back in
+the pot and every time you sample over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot and every time you sample over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot and every time you sample over
+the whole collection but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole collection but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole collection but that's
+expensive or do you just make a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive or do you just make a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive or do you just make a list of
+random list of random order of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random list of random order of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random list of random order of all the
+samples and go through them which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and go through them which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and go through them which is
+then without replacement which is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then without replacement which is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then without replacement which is sort
+of semi illegal that is the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semi illegal that is the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semi illegal that is the the the
+logic in in the randomization asks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic in in the randomization asks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic in in the randomization asks you
+to replace every time but nobody does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace every time but nobody does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace every time but nobody does it
+wait costs a lot probably not worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait costs a lot probably not worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait costs a lot probably not worth it
+so the project would be suppose you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the project would be suppose you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the project would be suppose you take
+a thousand or say just a hundred hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand or say just a hundred hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand or say just a hundred hundred
+random numbers say say you use MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers say say you use MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers say say you use MATLAB
+random just the command R and so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random just the command R and so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random just the command R and so you get
+numbers whose averages a half from R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers whose averages a half from R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers whose averages a half from R and
+they're between 0 & 1 ok so we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're between 0 & 1 ok so we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're between 0 & 1 ok so we know what
+the average is so let's compute it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is so let's compute it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is so let's compute it two
+ways one is by not replacing and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is by not replacing and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is by not replacing and that's
+the interesting one do you so so to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting one do you so so to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting one do you so so to take
+a hundred samples well I guess we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred samples well I guess we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred samples well I guess we know
+that after we've got through the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after we've got through the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after we've got through the full
+hundred we're gonna get exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred we're gonna get exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred we're gonna get exactly the
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+but anyway there my question would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway there my question would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway there my question would be
+how much difference do you see in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much difference do you see in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much difference do you see in in the
+eventual approach so the law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual approach so the law of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual approach so the law of large
+numbers I guess would tell us we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I guess would tell us we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I guess would tell us we get a
+average of 1/2 for these numbers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of 1/2 for these numbers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of 1/2 for these numbers with
+uniform distribution between 0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution between 0 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution between 0 and 1
+should I be writing anything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I be writing anything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I be writing anything here
+maybe I should okay so I'm this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should okay so I'm this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should okay so I'm this is
+project one you pick numbers a K which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project one you pick numbers a K which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project one you pick numbers a K which
+is R and from R and so uniformly on 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R and from R and so uniformly on 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R and from R and so uniformly on 0 1
+0 0 1 and then I my question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 1 and then I my question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 1 and then I my question is what
+about convergence to the the final the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about convergence to the the final the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about convergence to the the final the
+average is 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is 1/2
+it says maybe too simple an example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says maybe too simple an example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says maybe too simple an example but
+could we see what happens for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we see what happens for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we see what happens for the
+convergence of the average as you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the average as you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the average as you either
+do replacements or don't do replacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do replacements or don't do replacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do replacements or don't do replacements
+and then in fact I would like to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in fact I would like to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in fact I would like to see a
+figure that looks like those in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that looks like those in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that looks like those in his
+lecture t remember he started it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture t remember he started it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture t remember he started it
+somewhere start and then here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere start and then here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere start and then here's the
+finish but you remember that stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish but you remember that stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish but you remember that stochastic
+gradient descent was kind of a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent was kind of a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent was kind of a pretty
+effective at the beginning well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective at the beginning well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective at the beginning well the
+beginning those might be a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning those might be a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning those might be a hundred
+iterations each one Epoque one one run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations each one Epoque one one run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations each one Epoque one one run
+through the full number but then when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the full number but then when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the full number but then when it
+got to here got closer it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to here got closer it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to here got closer it started
+oscillating you remember he identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating you remember he identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating you remember he identified
+the region of confusion around the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of confusion around the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of confusion around the thing
+well my suggestion is just I think those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my suggestion is just I think those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my suggestion is just I think those
+videos should be accessible to you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos should be accessible to you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos should be accessible to you on
+are they on stellar yeah so I'd love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they on stellar yeah so I'd love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they on stellar yeah so I'd love to
+see that behavior in some some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that behavior in some some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that behavior in some some good
+examples of that behavior and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that behavior and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that behavior and some
+pictures to use so that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures to use so that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures to use so that would be one
+idea with Andres oh yeah that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea with Andres oh yeah that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea with Andres oh yeah that's also
+idea to idea to is the is the good start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to idea to is the is the good start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to idea to is the is the good start
+and then the bad finish for a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the bad finish for a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the bad finish for a stochastic
+gradient descent and of course the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent and of course the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent and of course the magic
+words in even without this the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in even without this the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in even without this the magic
+words and computations is early stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and computations is early stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and computations is early stopping
+we we don't over fit so we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't over fit so we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't over fit so we wanted to
+stop early anyway and early stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop early anyway and early stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop early anyway and early stopping
+just as like a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as like a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as like a good idea
+for if that's what if that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if that's what if that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if that's what if that's what the
+approach to the to the X star that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the to the X star that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the to the X star that
+you're looking for the this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for the this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for the this would be the
+place where the this is where that's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the this is where that's X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the this is where that's X
+star where we're grad F and X star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star where we're grad F and X star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star where we're grad F and X star is
+near oh that's that's the minimum point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near oh that's that's the minimum point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near oh that's that's the minimum point
+that's Arg men are men exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Arg men are men exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Arg men are men exactly what
+we're looking for and we don't find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for and we don't find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for and we don't find it
+very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+but we get close to it fast okay two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we get close to it fast okay two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we get close to it fast okay two
+ideas on project so just so maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on project so just so maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on project so just so maybe I'll
+go to the main topic of today the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the main topic of today the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the main topic of today the topic
+I promised the idea of back propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I promised the idea of back propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I promised the idea of back propagation
+to compute this is all to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grad F the gradient all the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad F the gradient all the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad F the gradient all the derivatives
+this is this is the DF DX 1 to DF DX M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the DF DX 1 to DF DX M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the DF DX 1 to DF DX M
+maybe I'll say where I have M M features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll say where I have M M features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll say where I have M M features
+for for is for the sample okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for is for the sample okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for is for the sample okay so that's
+back propagation and that's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back propagation and that's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back propagation and that's the thing
+whose discovery or rediscovery put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose discovery or rediscovery put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose discovery or rediscovery put
+neural nets on the map without that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets on the map without that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets on the map without that's
+the key calculation of course to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key calculation of course to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key calculation of course to find
+the gradient in the steepest descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in the steepest descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in the steepest descent
+algorithm every step needs a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm every step needs a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm every step needs a gradient
+and if you can't compute it quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can't compute it quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can't compute it quickly
+you're you're in bad shape so but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're in bad shape so but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're in bad shape so but you
+can compute it quickly by this automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute it quickly by this automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute it quickly by this automatic
+differentiation in Reverse mode which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation in Reverse mode which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation in Reverse mode which is
+otherwise known those I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known those I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known those I don't think that
+people maybe Hinton was the first was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people maybe Hinton was the first was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people maybe Hinton was the first was
+the leader in in the in developing deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leader in in the in developing deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leader in in the in developing deep
+neural nets deep learning and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets deep learning and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets deep learning and he
+realized so I give him big credit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized so I give him big credit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized so I give him big credit for
+that back propagation would work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back propagation would work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back propagation would work and
+would give him fast gradients but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give him fast gradients but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give him fast gradients but it
+actually had been studied before under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had been studied before under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had been studied before under
+the name ad automatic differentiation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name ad automatic differentiation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name ad automatic differentiation so
+merit just tell you that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merit just tell you that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merit just tell you that idea
+some of you may know it may know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know it may know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know it may know about
+it may know more than I and might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may know more than I and might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may know more than I and might know
+good a good website to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a good website to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a good website to see this
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+there'll be of course a section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be of course a section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be of course a section of the
+book of the notes already you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of the notes already you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of the notes already you you
+already have it section this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have it section this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have it section this is
+in 7.2 so this is the chapter on deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 7.2 so this is the chapter on deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 7.2 so this is the chapter on deep
+learning and the first section was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and the first section was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and the first section was about
+the structure of f of X and you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of f of X and you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of f of X and you remember
+the key point about the structure of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point about the structure of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point about the structure of f
+of X is that it would I start with X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is that it would I start with X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is that it would I start with X and
+apply some function f1 of X and to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply some function f1 of X and to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply some function f1 of X and to that
+I apply some function f2 of X and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply some function f2 of X and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply some function f2 of X and to
+that I apply some function of F 3 F 3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I apply some function of F 3 F 3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I apply some function of F 3 F 3 of
+F 2 of F 1 of X and that's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 2 of F 1 of X and that's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 2 of F 1 of X and that's the thing
+whose derivative I need so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose derivative I need so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose derivative I need so I'll just
+take ordinary derivative you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take ordinary derivative you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take ordinary derivative you know well
+partial derivatives really because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives really because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives really because I
+yeah I better say partial derivatives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I better say partial derivatives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I better say partial derivatives so
+suppose X is a pair XY example so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose X is a pair XY example so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose X is a pair XY example so so
+here let me show you by example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me show you by example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me show you by example so
+suppose f of X is let me take a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose f of X is let me take a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose f of X is let me take a simple
+example X cubed times X plus 2y okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example X cubed times X plus 2y okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example X cubed times X plus 2y okay so
+I want to think of that function the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to think of that function the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to think of that function the way
+anybody would as being built as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody would as being built as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody would as being built as the
+product of two functions so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two functions so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two functions so there's a
+product rule to get into the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule to get into the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule to get into the derivative
+and then we need the derivatives of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need the derivatives of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need the derivatives of each
+piece so there's a power rule and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so there's a power rule and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so there's a power rule and a
+linear and a linear combination rule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and a linear combination rule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and a linear combination rule so
+it's got a few of the rules that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a few of the rules that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a few of the rules that we use
+and point is to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point is to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point is to think about the
+computation of f of X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of f of X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of f of X and the
+computation of DF DX and the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of DF DX and the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of DF DX and the computation
+of DFT Y those are the derivatives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DFT Y those are the derivatives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DFT Y those are the derivatives that
+we need this is the function we need and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need this is the function we need and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need this is the function we need and
+how to do those computations quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do those computations quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do those computations quickly
+okay so and this is section 7.2 which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and this is section 7.2 which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and this is section 7.2 which I
+which benefited a lot from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which benefited a lot from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which benefited a lot from
+a blog I'm not a blog reader or a blog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blog I'm not a blog reader or a blog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blog I'm not a blog reader or a blog
+writer but somehow I found this blog so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer but somehow I found this blog so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer but somehow I found this blog so
+let me put its Christopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Olaf is his name and he's really writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olaf is his name and he's really writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olaf is his name and he's really writes
+to clear things so he he he contributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clear things so he he he contributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clear things so he he he contributes
+he works for one of the big companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he works for one of the big companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he works for one of the big companies
+and does you know the deeper research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does you know the deeper research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does you know the deeper research
+but he's also a really good expose etre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's also a really good expose etre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's also a really good expose etre
+and the the website that he now uses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the website that he now uses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the website that he now uses is
+called distill dot something but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called distill dot something but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called distill dot something but I think
+maybe this blog was earlier before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this blog was earlier before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this blog was earlier before the
+start of distill but it might be loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of distill but it might be loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of distill but it might be loaded
+onto distill anyway that's that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto distill anyway that's that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto distill anyway that's that's where
+I got this simple description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got this simple description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got this simple description of
+backpropagation let's just do calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpropagation let's just do calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpropagation let's just do calculus
+for first of all if I just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for first of all if I just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for first of all if I just have a
+function of maybe even one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of maybe even one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of maybe even one variable
+what's the derivative what is DF DX here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the derivative what is DF DX here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the derivative what is DF DX here
+just to realize just to remember what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to realize just to remember what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to realize just to remember what is
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+what calculation we have to do so DF DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what calculation we have to do so DF DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what calculation we have to do so DF DX
+this is with n equal one one variable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with n equal one one variable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with n equal one one variable so
+I'll I use ordinary derivative and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I use ordinary derivative and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I use ordinary derivative and not
+partial derivative but this is then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative but this is then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative but this is then what
+I that's what really has to be done but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's what really has to be done but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's what really has to be done but
+just what's the derivative of that of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what's the derivative of that of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what's the derivative of that of a
+chain of functions well of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of functions well of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of functions well of course the
+chain rule so the chair what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule so the chair what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule so the chair what does the
+chain rule say I differentiate f3 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't know what do I well well I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what do I well well I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what do I well well I put
+that it's differentiated with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's differentiated with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's differentiated with respect to
+f3 DF 3 d f2 is that what I should put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f3 DF 3 d f2 is that what I should put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f3 DF 3 d f2 is that what I should put
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and where do I evaluate that derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where do I evaluate that derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where do I evaluate that derivative
+so so so yeah I don't evaluate it at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so yeah I don't evaluate it at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so yeah I don't evaluate it at X
+right I'm different effective F - so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm different effective F - so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm different effective F - so do
+I evaluate it at F to of F 1 of X this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I evaluate it at F to of F 1 of X this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I evaluate it at F to of F 1 of X this
+is where the chain rule gets a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the chain rule gets a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the chain rule gets a little
+cheney okay then we know that DF 2 DF 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again that's now evaluated at F 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that's now evaluated at F 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that's now evaluated at F 1 of
+X and then the final factor is DF 1 be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then the final factor is DF 1 be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then the final factor is DF 1 be X
+evaluated at X that's somehow what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at X that's somehow what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at X that's somehow what we
+have to do and that's just for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do and that's just for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do and that's just for an
+ordinary one variable function and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary one variable function and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary one variable function and I
+have here a two variable function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here a two variable function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here a two variable function and
+deep learning has a million variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning has a million variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning has a million variable
+function so let's I think we won't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let's I think we won't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let's I think we won't go to
+a million but two we can manage so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million but two we can manage so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million but two we can manage so let's
+let's let's compute those let's compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's compute those let's compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's compute those let's compute
+the function first of all compute F so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function first of all compute F so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function first of all compute F so
+I'm given X equal say 2 and y equals say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given X equal say 2 and y equals say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given X equal say 2 and y equals say
+3 and what do I'm gonna create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and what do I'm gonna create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and what do I'm gonna create a
+computational graph so this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational graph so this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational graph so this is just to
+draw so I'm actually going to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw so I'm actually going to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw so I'm actually going to draw the
+computational graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to compute for for 4f and then it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute for for 4f and then it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute for for 4f and then it'll be
+a variation of that graph to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variation of that graph to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variation of that graph to find the
+derivatives but so let's just start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but so let's just start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but so let's just start with
+the graph first of all for the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph first of all for the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph first of all for the function
+because we're gonna need that so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna need that so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna need that so again
+it's X cubed but so okay I write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's X cubed but so okay I write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's X cubed but so okay I write that
+function again X cubed times X plus 2y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think we're going to the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we're going to the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we're going to the first step
+will be to find X plus X cubed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to find X plus X cubed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to find X plus X cubed that
+factor which will be 8 and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which will be 8 and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which will be 8 and we have to
+find the other factor X plus 2y so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the other factor X plus 2y so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the other factor X plus 2y so then
+I'm going to that uses Y and X so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to that uses Y and X so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to that uses Y and X so these
+are its a directed graph going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are its a directed graph going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are its a directed graph going forward
+with this computation so X plus 2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this computation so X plus 2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this computation so X plus 2 y
+equals whatever it is two and six oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals whatever it is two and six oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals whatever it is two and six oh
+eight again not brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight again not brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight again not brilliant
+what shall I change here make it 3 y 3y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I change here make it 3 y 3y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I change here make it 3 y 3y
+just to get a different number here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get a different number here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get a different number here so
+now X is 2 y is 3 I get 11 that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now X is 2 y is 3 I get 11 that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now X is 2 y is 3 I get 11 that's a good
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so far so good and now the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so far so good and now the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so far so good and now the next step
+on this graph will be to I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this graph will be to I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this graph will be to I have a
+product of those so that will go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of those so that will go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of those so that will go to the
+product F equals 8 times 1188
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product F equals 8 times 1188
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product F equals 8 times 1188
+ok so we've got the answer 88 would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so we've got the answer 88 would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so we've got the answer 88 would you
+which mess normally I wouldn't take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mess normally I wouldn't take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mess normally I wouldn't take that
+much of a book to compute F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a book to compute F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a book to compute F
+I would have said 2 cubed times 2 plus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have said 2 cubed times 2 plus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have said 2 cubed times 2 plus 3
+times 3 and I'd have simplified that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 and I'd have simplified that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 and I'd have simplified that to
+8 times 11 and I would have got 88 so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 times 11 and I would have got 88 so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 times 11 and I would have got 88 so if
+we were just writing normally that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just writing normally that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just writing normally that would
+do it but this is the picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but this is the picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but this is the picture of the
+computational graph ok good good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational graph ok good good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational graph ok good good good
+now it's the derivatives two derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's the derivatives two derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's the derivatives two derivatives
+to find the F DX in the f dy suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the F DX in the f dy suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the F DX in the f dy suppose we
+go forward first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward first
+my point is going to be or the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is going to be or the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is going to be or the great
+point is that backward is better reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that backward is better reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that backward is better reverse
+mode is better but we don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is better but we don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is better but we don't know what
+that means until we've gone forward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means until we've gone forward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means until we've gone forward so
+let me go forward so now I'm gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go forward so now I'm gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go forward so now I'm gonna go
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we what let's do the F DX ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we what let's do the F DX ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we what let's do the F DX ok
+everybody's up for DF DX the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's up for DF DX the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's up for DF DX the partial
+derivative spec 2x so here we have X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative spec 2x so here we have X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative spec 2x so here we have X
+equal 2 and y equals 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then I've got to figure I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I've got to figure I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I've got to figure I take
+the derivative of that step the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that step the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that step the first
+step was X 2x cubed so I need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step was X 2x cubed so I need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step was X 2x cubed so I need the
+derivative the whole point of ad is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the whole point of ad is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the whole point of ad is that
+the computation every computation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation every computation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation every computation of a
+derivative breaks down like this and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative breaks down like this and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative breaks down like this and a
+very simple pieces and the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple pieces and the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple pieces and the derivatives
+of those simple pieces are also simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those simple pieces are also simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those simple pieces are also simple
+pieces so the whole point is to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so the whole point is to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so the whole point is to break
+the to replace appropriately the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to replace appropriately the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to replace appropriately the there
+was those intermediate steps with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was those intermediate steps with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was those intermediate steps with
+derivatives so so as to compute the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so so as to compute the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so so as to compute the X
+derivative so so I have to use the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so so I have to use the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so so I have to use the fact
+that the derivative of x cubed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of x cubed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of x cubed with
+respect to X oh I better do partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X oh I better do partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X oh I better do partial
+derivative partial grooves of X cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative partial grooves of X cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative partial grooves of X cubed
+spiked 2x or 3x squared so now I'll I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiked 2x or 3x squared so now I'll I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiked 2x or 3x squared so now I'll I'm
+sorry up put maybe a formula and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry up put maybe a formula and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry up put maybe a formula and then a
+number so that gives that gives 3 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that gives that gives 3 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that gives that gives 3 times
+4 12 and the derivative of x cubed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 12 and the derivative of x cubed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 12 and the derivative of x cubed with
+respect to Y gives 0 right and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y gives 0 right and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y gives 0 right and then the
+derivative so I'm doing the X derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so I'm doing the X derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so I'm doing the X derivative
+so the derivative of Y with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the derivative of Y with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the derivative of Y with respect to X
+is you get to tell me if I'm if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get to tell me if I'm if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get to tell me if I'm if I'm
+computing partial derivatives is 0 is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing partial derivatives is 0 is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing partial derivatives is 0 is 0
+Y and X are independent and that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and X are independent and that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and X are independent and that's this
+is the reason in my view that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason in my view that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason in my view that the
+forward method is is wasteful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward method is is wasteful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward method is is wasteful because
+I'm gonna have to do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have to do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have to do another
+graph for the y derivative in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph for the y derivative in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph for the y derivative in other
+words tracking the tracking the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words tracking the tracking the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words tracking the tracking the x
+derivatives a whole lot of stuff never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives a whole lot of stuff never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives a whole lot of stuff never
+got off the ground so it never should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got off the ground so it never should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got off the ground so it never should
+have looked at it so anyway but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at it so anyway but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at it so anyway but I do
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll have this X plus 3y so maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have this X plus 3y so maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have this X plus 3y so maybe I
+don't know whether to erase that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether to erase that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether to erase that I think
+I will just because I don't know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will just because I don't know what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will just because I don't know what to
+do with it there yeah so now now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it there yeah so now now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it there yeah so now now let me
+take the ones that I really need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the ones that I really need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the ones that I really need is
+derivative with respect to X of x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X of x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X of x plus
+3y which is 1 and so that gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3y which is 1 and so that gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3y which is 1 and so that gives me the
+answer 1 for any X actually okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer 1 for any X actually okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer 1 for any X actually okay and now
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+oh I yeah I'm really I don't need these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I yeah I'm really I don't need these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I yeah I'm really I don't need these
+the this is a waste of time isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is a waste of time isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is a waste of time isn't it
+is it only X derivatives I want anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it only X derivatives I want anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it only X derivatives I want anyway
+let's just keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just keep going
+you can see this takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this takes a little
+organization and I'm not practiced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and I'm not practiced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and I'm not practiced with
+it so what am I going to do I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what am I going to do I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what am I going to do I'm looking
+for the X derivative of I've got to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the X derivative of I've got to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the X derivative of I've got to use
+a product rule now I found the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product rule now I found the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product rule now I found the X
+derivative of that factor was 12 the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that factor was 12 the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that factor was 12 the X
+derivative of this factor is 1 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this factor is 1 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this factor is 1 and now
+the X derivative of the product so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X derivative of the product so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X derivative of the product so so
+now I'm gonna do a somehow product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm gonna do a somehow product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm gonna do a somehow product rule
+the the X derivative of this product I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the X derivative of this product I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the X derivative of this product I
+sort of given these two terms a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of given these two terms a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of given these two terms a name
+let let me call let me call that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me call let me call that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me call let me call that first
+term X cube and the second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term X cube and the second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term X cube and the second term
+x + 3 1 : f so I'll call that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + 3 1 : f so I'll call that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + 3 1 : f so I'll call that the two
+the two terms CNS so I now need to get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two terms CNS so I now need to get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two terms CNS so I now need to get I
+now need to get so that's the CD s this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now need to get so that's the CD s this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now need to get so that's the CD s this
+is DC DX right this is DC DX and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DC DX right this is DC DX and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DC DX right this is DC DX and this
+one is d s DX and the CD why do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is d s DX and the CD why do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is d s DX and the CD why do I need
+to know that I'm sorry I'm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that I'm sorry I'm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that I'm sorry I'm this
+computational graph has thrown me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational graph has thrown me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational graph has thrown me but
+now now I want to use the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I want to use the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I want to use the product rule
+and I'm taking X derivatives right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm taking X derivatives right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm taking X derivatives right so I
+should have computed C and s ah yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have computed C and s ah yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have computed C and s ah yes I
+see I've got a you need those in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I've got a you need those in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I've got a you need those in the
+product rule so I should have computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule so I should have computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule so I should have computed
+see as being 8 + s as being 5 that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see as being 8 + s as being 5 that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see as being 8 + s as being 5 that right
+2 + 3 11 yeah I needed the eight in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 3 11 yeah I needed the eight in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 3 11 yeah I needed the eight in the
+oh what's up I've just been running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what's up I've just been running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what's up I've just been running
+along here without getting myself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here without getting myself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here without getting myself in the
+whole picture yeah 8 and 11 is right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole picture yeah 8 and 11 is right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole picture yeah 8 and 11 is right but
+now I'm looking for the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm looking for the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm looking for the derivatives
+right so I don't multiply those that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I don't multiply those that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I don't multiply those that's
+not the product rule so the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the product rule so the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the product rule so the product rule
+is what s times so so this product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what s times so so this product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what s times so so this product rule
+I should I have to do this combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should I have to do this combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should I have to do this combination
+of this is now the product rule for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is now the product rule for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is now the product rule for the
+derivative of C times s so I want C D s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of C times s so I want C D s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of C times s so I want C D s
+DX + s DC DX I think I'm on track now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX + s DC DX I think I'm on track now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX + s DC DX I think I'm on track now
+and now I want to put in numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to put in numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to put in numbers
+so C is 8 the SDX have we computed D s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C is 8 the SDX have we computed D s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C is 8 the SDX have we computed D s
+DX yes the s DX is 1 and now s itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX yes the s DX is 1 and now s itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX yes the s DX is 1 and now s itself is
+computed as 11 and DC DX we computed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed as 11 and DC DX we computed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed as 11 and DC DX we computed as
+12 I I don't dare look have I am I am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 I I don't dare look have I am I am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 I I don't dare look have I am I am i
+I don't think I'm gonna get oh no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I'm gonna get oh no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I'm gonna get oh no I
+don't know what the answer yet sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the answer yet sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the answer yet sorry I'm
+not trying to get 88 right you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to get 88 right you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to get 88 right you guys are
+not helping you see I'm in trouble but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not helping you see I'm in trouble but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not helping you see I'm in trouble but
+what I what I imagine here is that's 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I what I imagine here is that's 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I what I imagine here is that's 8
+and that's 132 so I'm getting 140 ha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's 132 so I'm getting 140 ha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's 132 so I'm getting 140 ha is
+there any possibility that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any possibility that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any possibility that that's the
+right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer
+for D for D F D X this is DF DX I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D for D F D X this is DF DX I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D for D F D X this is DF DX I
+computed you by watching me struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed you by watching me struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed you by watching me struggle
+here you're seeing the idea I every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're seeing the idea I every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're seeing the idea I every step
+I take the derivative of each step so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the derivative of each step so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the derivative of each step so it
+was a power step X cube so I had a 3x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a power step X cube so I had a 3x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a power step X cube so I had a 3x
+squared and a some step so I had a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and a some step so I had a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and a some step so I had a 1
+then I the next step was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I the next step was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I the next step was a
+multiplication so I needed the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so I needed the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so I needed the product
+rule for that I have these separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for that I have these separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for that I have these separate
+numbers so I put them in and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so I put them in and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so I put them in and so it's a
+the computational graph finished we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational graph finished we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational graph finished we only
+needed two levels and we got 8 and 130
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed two levels and we got 8 and 130
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed two levels and we got 8 and 130
+to 140 okay but we didn't get the FD why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 140 okay but we didn't get the FD why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 140 okay but we didn't get the FD why
+yes and for that I'd need another need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and for that I'd need another need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and for that I'd need another need
+to redo this again and I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redo this again and I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redo this again and I don't want to
+do that I would rather do the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I would rather do the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I would rather do the reverse
+mode and do them both at once that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and do them both at once that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and do them both at once that's the
+point of the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the river
+smooth it's very efficient it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth it's very efficient it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth it's very efficient it's very
+efficient actually computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient actually computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient actually computing the
+gradient after you've done the done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient after you've done the done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient after you've done the done the
+work for the function computing first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for the function computing first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for the function computing first
+derivatives you could compute n first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you could compute n first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you could compute n first
+derivatives with about like four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with about like four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with about like four or five
+times the cost not end times that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cost not end times that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cost not end times that that's
+amazing to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to me
+that is amazing that that I can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is amazing that that I can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is amazing that that I can compute
+the gradient very efficiently by it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient very efficiently by it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient very efficiently by it by
+the back prop so I have to you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back prop so I have to you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back prop so I have to you have to
+show you the backwards way but so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the backwards way but so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the backwards way but so I'm
+just yeah just I'm just going to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah just I'm just going to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah just I'm just going to follow
+all the paths backwards so that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the paths backwards so that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the paths backwards so that I get
+both DF DX and D F dy just by you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both DF DX and D F dy just by you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both DF DX and D F dy just by you see
+the idea is to take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to take the derivative of
+each step each small step that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step each small step that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step each small step that's really
+what we do in calculus you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in calculus you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in calculus you know if you
+think about the start of a calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the start of a calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the start of a calculus
+course what do you what derivatives do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what do you what derivatives do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what do you what derivatives do
+we actually know do we actually use X F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually know do we actually use X F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually know do we actually use X F
+at X plus Delta X minus F do we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X plus Delta X minus F do we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X plus Delta X minus F do we what
+derivatives do we grind out we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives do we grind out we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives do we grind out we do the
+derivatives of X to the N every calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of X to the N every calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of X to the N every calculus
+book starts with x squared and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book starts with x squared and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book starts with x squared and and and
+finds a derivative X to the n then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a derivative X to the n then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a derivative X to the n then you
+do sine X and plus X then what others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sine X and plus X then what others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sine X and plus X then what others
+are there anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there anymore
+even e to the X good e to the X and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even e to the X good e to the X and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even e to the X good e to the X and it's
+the inverse function log in freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function log in freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function log in freshman
+calculus you always write Ln just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus you always write Ln just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus you always write Ln just to be
+out of date okay and now that may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of date okay and now that may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of date okay and now that may be the
+list is it and then the chain rule there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is it and then the chain rule there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is it and then the chain rule there
+are there others that you actually do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there others that you actually do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there others that you actually do a
+computation of actually e to the X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of actually e to the X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of actually e to the X is
+defined by the property that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the property that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the property that its
+derivative is e to the X and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is e to the X and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is e to the X and then you
+discover what log X has to be and sine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover what log X has to be and sine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover what log X has to be and sine X
+you how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you do
+of X plus Delta X will compare minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X plus Delta X will compare minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X plus Delta X will compare minus
+sine of X how do you find the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of X how do you find the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of X how do you find the you know
+the hard way once and for all way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard way once and for all way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard way once and for all way you
+draw a little unit circle and and mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a little unit circle and and mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a little unit circle and and mess
+with some some angles and you discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some some angles and you discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some some angles and you discover
+that the derivative of the sine is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of the sine is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of the sine is the
+cosine that's if you've defined the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine that's if you've defined the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine that's if you've defined the sign
+from as a ratio of sides in a in a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from as a ratio of sides in a in a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from as a ratio of sides in a in a right
+triangle of course you could define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle of course you could define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle of course you could define it
+as an infinite series and then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an infinite series and then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an infinite series and then you would
+be back to just using that okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be back to just using that okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be back to just using that okay so so
+calculus does exactly what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus does exactly what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus does exactly what we're doing
+here finds all derivatives by the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here finds all derivatives by the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here finds all derivatives by the chain
+rule applied to a few ones that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule applied to a few ones that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule applied to a few ones that it has
+has worked out in detail but tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has worked out in detail but tangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has worked out in detail but tangent of
+X we would use the quotient rule secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we would use the quotient rule secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we would use the quotient rule secant
+of X we would use the quotient rule one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X we would use the quotient rule one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X we would use the quotient rule one
+over cosine and the products we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine and the products we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine and the products we use the
+product rule so really calculus tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule so really calculus tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule so really calculus tends to
+seem fairly simple after when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem fairly simple after when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem fairly simple after when you look
+back to see what actually you did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to see what actually you did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to see what actually you did and
+then integration what is integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then integration what is integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then integration what is integral
+calculus about more or less guessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus about more or less guessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus about more or less guessing the
+answer right you you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right you you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right you you you have to
+integrate f of X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate f of X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate f of X DX
+and you have so really what you what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have so really what you what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have so really what you what you
+have to do is sort of think okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is sort of think okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is sort of think okay what
+had this derivative what function had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this derivative what function had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this derivative what function had
+that derivative and mess around and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative and mess around and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative and mess around and get
+it so that's really it's uh it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's really it's uh it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's really it's uh it's it's a
+freshman course I guess okay so where am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman course I guess okay so where am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman course I guess okay so where am
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+backward right that's the thing still to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward right that's the thing still to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward right that's the thing still to
+do how does the backward system work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do how does the backward system work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do how does the backward system work
+okay I'll try it try my best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll try it try my best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll try it try my best
+okay so here's the here's the big goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the here's the big goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the here's the big goal
+back so reverse mode ad right and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so reverse mode ad right and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so reverse mode ad right and let me
+make myself a little note a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make myself a little note a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make myself a little note a little
+little notice to give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little notice to give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little notice to give you another
+example where the order that you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the order that you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the order that you do the
+computations makes a big difference I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations makes a big difference I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations makes a big difference I
+mean and that's not obvious that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and that's not obvious that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and that's not obvious that it will
+right there are many things in math that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are many things in math that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are many things in math that
+you could do in either order and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do in either order and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do in either order and it it
+seems like logically you've done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like logically you've done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like logically you've done the
+same things so another another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things so another another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things so another another and
+simpler example which shows how one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler example which shows how one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler example which shows how one way
+could be fast away faster than another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be fast away faster than another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be fast away faster than another
+way is when I'm multiplying two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is when I'm multiplying two matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is when I'm multiplying two matrices
+three matrices so I'm multiplying three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrices so I'm multiplying three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrices so I'm multiplying three
+matrices a times B times C and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a times B times C and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a times B times C and the
+question is do I do B C first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do I do B C first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do I do B C first and then
+multiply by a or do I do a B first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a or do I do a B first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a or do I do a B first and
+then multiply that by C and of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply that by C and of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply that by C and of course I
+kept them in order in the order ABC but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept them in order in the order ABC but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept them in order in the order ABC but
+the order of computations can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of computations can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of computations can be
+different then you get the same you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different then you get the same you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different then you get the same you get
+the right answer both ways but those can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer both ways but those can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer both ways but those can
+be completely completely different one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely completely different one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely completely different one
+can be a thousand times faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a thousand times faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a thousand times faster than the
+other so that's just to show actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's just to show actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's just to show actually it
+kind of connects to this and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of connects to this and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of connects to this and there is
+also another so I'll I'll do that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another so I'll I'll do that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another so I'll I'll do that too
+and there's also this so this is example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also this so this is example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also this so this is example
+example two where this is meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two where this is meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two where this is meant to be
+example one and example three would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one and example three would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one and example three would be
+it leads to something called the adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to something called the adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to something called the adjoint
+method in in in differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in in in differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in in in differential equations
+or in in optimization in in computing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in in optimization in in computing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in in optimization in in computing in
+computing optimum in maximizing - yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing optimum in maximizing - yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing optimum in maximizing - yeah
+and that has the same they're really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has the same they're really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has the same they're really the
+underlying reason it gives a speed up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying reason it gives a speed up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying reason it gives a speed up is
+it makes the right choice in a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes the right choice in a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes the right choice in a product
+of three things yeah so it'll be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three things yeah so it'll be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three things yeah so it'll be enough
+to do example one an example - okay let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do example one an example - okay let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do example one an example - okay let
+me go with the example one hour all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go with the example one hour all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go with the example one hour all
+right this is now back propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is now back propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is now back propagation
+finally we got to it okay so how do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we got to it okay so how do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we got to it okay so how do i
+how do i well i look at my look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i well i look at my look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i well i look at my look at my
+notes it's how I do it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's how I do it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's how I do it okay
+so the notes this is section seven point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notes this is section seven point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notes this is section seven point
+two does these computational graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two does these computational graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two does these computational graphs and
+then here is reverse mode so it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here is reverse mode so it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here is reverse mode so it starts
+over here with so I'm going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here with so I'm going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here with so I'm going to use the
+chain rule so DF DF is one and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule so DF DF is one and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule so DF DF is one and then and
+then I going going backwards - and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I going going backwards - and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I going going backwards - and I
+have to use of course I have to I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use of course I have to I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use of course I have to I have
+to take the derivatives I have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivatives I have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivatives I have to find
+use the right rule so I have to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the right rule so I have to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the right rule so I have to use the
+product rule and then soon I'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule and then soon I'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule and then soon I'll have to
+use these power rule and linear rules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these power rule and linear rules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these power rule and linear rules so
+of course no change there the change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course no change there the change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course no change there the change is
+that by going backwards oh I did I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by going backwards oh I did I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by going backwards oh I did I don't
+know if I completed that sentence that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I completed that sentence that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I completed that sentence that I
+could find the hundred partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find the hundred partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find the hundred partial
+derivatives if the function depended on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives if the function depended on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives if the function depended on
+a hundred variables in about five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred variables in about five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred variables in about five times
+the cost of one variable three three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of one variable three three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of one variable three three to
+five times the cost of one so so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times the cost of one so so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times the cost of one so so that
+you would expect a hundred a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect a hundred a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect a hundred a hundred
+chain rules would cost a hundred times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rules would cost a hundred times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rules would cost a hundred times
+but but you see we're reusing the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you see we're reusing the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you see we're reusing the pieces
+in the chain and just having a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chain and just having a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chain and just having a larger
+our chain is wider but it's not longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our chain is wider but it's not longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our chain is wider but it's not longer
+and it's not repeated anyway so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not repeated anyway so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not repeated anyway so here I'm
+gonna use whatever it is DF DC and DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use whatever it is DF DC and DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use whatever it is DF DC and DF
+the s remembering that so what in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s remembering that so what in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s remembering that so what in my
+yeah okay so so DF D is DC is s and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so so DF D is DC is s and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so so DF D is DC is s and the
+FPS is C that was because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FPS is C that was because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FPS is C that was because because
+because F started out as C times s it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because F started out as C times s it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because F started out as C times s it
+was a product okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a product okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a product okay
+then we've got to evaluate those now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got to evaluate those now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got to evaluate those now
+I'll look again to see that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look again to see that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look again to see that I'm
+hopefully writing down some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully writing down some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully writing down some of the
+correct things okay so now I've what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct things okay so now I've what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct things okay so now I've what
+I've written down next is the FTC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written down next is the FTC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written down next is the FTC is
+five or no five on the on that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or no five on the on that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or no five on the on that example
+what is it here the FTC is C is X cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it here the FTC is C is X cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it here the FTC is C is X cubed
+so DF oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DF oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DF oh sorry
+DF T yeah I want s I'm looking for s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF T yeah I want s I'm looking for s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF T yeah I want s I'm looking for s
+here yep I'm looking for ass so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yep I'm looking for ass so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yep I'm looking for ass so I'm
+looking for s and that's X plus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for s and that's X plus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for s and that's X plus three
+why am I doing this well I I want in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I doing this well I I want in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I doing this well I I want in the
+end to get the derivatives with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to get the derivatives with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to get the derivatives with respect
+to X and why the whole gradient okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X and why the whole gradient okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X and why the whole gradient okay I
+think we're started right the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're started right the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're started right the first
+derivatives is to write C NS and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is to write C NS and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is to write C NS and then
+let me leave these boxes open just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me leave these boxes open just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me leave these boxes open just to
+get the picture then I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the picture then I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the picture then I'm going to do
+then I'll need DC d X DC D Y D s DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and DSD why I think that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DSD why I think that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DSD why I think that's right
+write that here I had a product of CNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that here I had a product of CNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that here I had a product of CNS
+so I needed to had two derivatives here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I needed to had two derivatives here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I needed to had two derivatives here
+I have CNS each to differentiate so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have CNS each to differentiate so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have CNS each to differentiate so I
+get to have an x and a y derivative x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to have an x and a y derivative x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to have an x and a y derivative x
+and a y derivative and now it just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a y derivative and now it just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a y derivative and now it just it's
+just a matter of putting in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of putting in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of putting in those
+numbers and following the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and following the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and following the chain
+backwards maybe I'm not going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards maybe I'm not going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards maybe I'm not going to put
+those numbers in because I if I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers in because I if I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers in because I if I didn't
+reach 140 you wouldn't believe in back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach 140 you wouldn't believe in back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach 140 you wouldn't believe in back
+propagation and that would be like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and that would be like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and that would be like an
+unhappy outcome so I'll leave you to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy outcome so I'll leave you to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy outcome so I'll leave you to put
+them in maybe or the notes have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in maybe or the notes have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in maybe or the notes have a
+separate example that you can see but do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate example that you can see but do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate example that you can see but do
+you see the point that I'm going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the point that I'm going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the point that I'm going to find
+all the in the end I'm going to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the in the end I'm going to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the in the end I'm going to find the
+F DX and the f dy from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F DX and the f dy from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F DX and the f dy from the from the
+chain all in from one chain and not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain all in from one chain and not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain all in from one chain and not not
+not from a separate chain 4x and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from a separate chain 4x and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from a separate chain 4x and a
+separate chain for y that's that's to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate chain for y that's that's to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate chain for y that's that's to me
+that's the point of reverse mode it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of reverse mode it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of reverse mode it's a
+little bit of magic but you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of magic but you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of magic but you see the
+steps the ingredient and and some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the ingredient and and some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the ingredient and and some of you
+know have seen this before and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have seen this before and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have seen this before and maybe
+know a better exposition I found this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a better exposition I found this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a better exposition I found this
+blog by Christopher Ola clear and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog by Christopher Ola clear and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog by Christopher Ola clear and these
+very simple things you'll see are clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple things you'll see are clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple things you'll see are clear
+in the notes but maybe another blog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes but maybe another blog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes but maybe another blog
+makes it brings out other points to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it brings out other points to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it brings out other points to make
+to make here it's not obvious maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make here it's not obvious maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make here it's not obvious maybe that
+I could have a hundred variables and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have a hundred variables and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have a hundred variables and and
+and do the calculation in four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the calculation in four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the calculation in four or five
+times the cost for four or five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cost for four or five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cost for four or five times
+being instead of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being instead of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being instead of a hundred
+yeah but it's possible okay so can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's possible okay so can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's possible okay so can I
+come close today with this one how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come close today with this one how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come close today with this one how could
+those be different your computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those be different your computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those be different your computing the
+same numbers the same AI j bj k SI que
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numbers the same AI j bj k SI que
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numbers the same AI j bj k SI que
+eles and and doing this sums but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eles and and doing this sums but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eles and and doing this sums but it's
+certainly is different so let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is different so let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is different so let's just do
+that okay I'll do it here and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'll do it here and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'll do it here and then at
+the right time and I guess it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right time and I guess it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right time and I guess it'll be
+after professor Rao and on Friday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after professor Rao and on Friday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after professor Rao and on Friday and
+Monday I'll come back to professors Fras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday I'll come back to professors Fras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday I'll come back to professors Fras
+short proof of the convergence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short proof of the convergence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short proof of the convergence of a
+stochastic gradient descent the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gradient descent the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gradient descent the whole
+point is to show you what assumptions do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to show you what assumptions do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to show you what assumptions do
+you need you need some assumptions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need you need some assumptions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need you need some assumptions on
+the gradient some assumptions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient some assumptions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient some assumptions on the
+step size and they've for a good proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size and they've for a good proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size and they've for a good proof
+all the assumptions fit together and Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the assumptions fit together and Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the assumptions fit together and Don
+outcomes the conclusion and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes the conclusion and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes the conclusion and the
+conclusion would be how fast it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion would be how fast it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion would be how fast it
+converges stochastic gradient descent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges stochastic gradient descent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges stochastic gradient descent so
+there's some there's some s expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some there's some s expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some there's some s expected
+things because it's stochastic we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because it's stochastic we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because it's stochastic we expect
+some assumptions about the mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assumptions about the mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assumptions about the mean and the
+variance to go into the into the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance to go into the into the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance to go into the into the proof
+so you'll see that but maybe it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see that but maybe it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see that but maybe it's too
+much for today so for today I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for today so for today I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for today so for today I'll just
+come back to that I might even put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that I might even put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that I might even put it on
+stellar and just close with this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar and just close with this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar and just close with this so
+suppose a is M by n B is n by P and C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a is M by n B is n by P and C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a is M by n B is n by P and C is
+P by Q okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P by Q okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P by Q okay
+how many steps does it take to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many steps does it take to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many steps does it take to find a
+times B times C the product of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times B times C the product of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times B times C the product of those
+three matrices well if I go this way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrices well if I go this way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrices well if I go this way I
+have to multiply a I have to do BC first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to multiply a I have to do BC first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to multiply a I have to do BC first
+so BC costs how many operations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so BC costs how many operations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so BC costs how many operations to
+multiply that times that n PQ nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that times that n PQ nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that times that n PQ nice
+formula n PQ why is that well I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula n PQ why is that well I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula n PQ why is that well I could
+say that the answer is is n by Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the answer is is n by Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the answer is is n by Q and
+every number in there was an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every number in there was an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every number in there was an inner
+product of a row and column of length P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a row and column of length P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a row and column of length P
+so I have NQ inner products and each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have NQ inner products and each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have NQ inner products and each one
+costs P multiply ads and then so now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs P multiply ads and then so now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs P multiply ads and then so now now
+I have BC which will be now so it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have BC which will be now so it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have BC which will be now so it's so
+now I have M by n then then I have M by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have M by n then then I have M by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have M by n then then I have M by
+n which is the a times B by C which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is the a times B by C which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is the a times B by C which is
+now n by Q that's BC this is ABC so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now n by Q that's BC this is ABC so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now n by Q that's BC this is ABC so and
+this one costs what's the cost here M by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one costs what's the cost here M by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one costs what's the cost here M by
+n n by Q by the same rule that'll be M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n by Q by the same rule that'll be M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n by Q by the same rule that'll be M
+and Q good that's that's the first way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q good that's that's the first way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q good that's that's the first way a
+times BC now the second way is a B times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times BC now the second way is a B times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times BC now the second way is a B times
+C and let me write in again and by N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and let me write in again and by N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and let me write in again and by N and
+by P P by Q so now I'm doing this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P P by Q so now I'm doing this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P P by Q so now I'm doing this first
+so a B costs tell me again now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a B costs tell me again now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a B costs tell me again now what's
+the rule for the cost of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule for the cost of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule for the cost of a matrix
+multiplication MN p m and p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication MN p m and p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication MN p m and p
+and then then I have I'm multiplying M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then I have I'm multiplying M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then I have I'm multiplying M
+by P that's a B times P by Q that's C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P that's a B times P by Q that's C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P that's a B times P by Q that's C so
+I have M P Q so I have that together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have M P Q so I have that together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have M P Q so I have that together
+with that or that together with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that or that together with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that or that together with that
+that sum those two or these two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum those two or these two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum those two or these two and
+they're different and let's just let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different and let's just let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different and let's just let's
+just recognize the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recognize the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recognize the most important
+example suppose C is a column vector C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose C is a column vector C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose C is a column vector C
+for a column vector so Q is one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a column vector so Q is one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a column vector so Q is one there's
+only one column so if Q is 1 this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one column so if Q is 1 this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one column so if Q is 1 this way
+did NP let's just specialize to that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did NP let's just specialize to that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did NP let's just specialize to that so
+specialize to 2 C equal a column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize to 2 C equal a column vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize to 2 C equal a column vector
+which means that Q is 1 you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that Q is 1 you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that Q is 1 you only have
+one column so then a times B C is versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one column so then a times B C is versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one column so then a times B C is versus
+a B times C so let's just figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B times C so let's just figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B times C so let's just figure that
+out when Q is 1 so n PQ is just n p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when Q is 1 so n PQ is just n p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when Q is 1 so n PQ is just n p and
+m NQ is just MN where a B is M and P oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m NQ is just MN where a B is M and P oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m NQ is just MN where a B is M and P oh
+that's a bad one disaster already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bad one disaster already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bad one disaster already
+multiplying those are potentially two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those are potentially two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those are potentially two
+big matrices multiplying a column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big matrices multiplying a column vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big matrices multiplying a column vector
+so here I've done a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've done a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've done a matrix
+multiplication I never should have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication I never should have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication I never should have done
+that this is a matrix vector it gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a matrix vector it gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a matrix vector it gives me
+a vector and then this is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and then this is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and then this is a matrix
+vector so I get nice numbers here but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so I get nice numbers here but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so I get nice numbers here but I
+get a terrible number for a B and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a terrible number for a B and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a terrible number for a B and then I
+multiply that by C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by C
+so that's M PQ m P Q so MP is factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's M PQ m P Q so MP is factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's M PQ m P Q so MP is factoring
+out so if I if I write it as n times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so if I if I write it as n times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so if I if I write it as n times n
+plus P versus this one is M that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus P versus this one is M that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus P versus this one is M that's
+factoring out times M no yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring out times M no yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring out times M no yeah
+what's up here yep sorry what am i doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+is it P that factors out from this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it P that factors out from this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it P that factors out from this one
+okay P times n plus M sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway the difference is over it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the difference is over it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the difference is over it again
+or or right let me let me do this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or right let me let me do this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or right let me let me do this again
+if Q is 1 if I go this way was that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Q is 1 if I go this way was that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Q is 1 if I go this way was that's my
+final total when Q was 1 and that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final total when Q was 1 and that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final total when Q was 1 and that's this
+that's know M factors out times n plus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's know M factors out times n plus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's know M factors out times n plus P
+whoops just this is oh no n factors out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops just this is oh no n factors out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops just this is oh no n factors out
+sorry n factors out times n plus P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry n factors out times n plus P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry n factors out times n plus P and
+this way was was all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both the M and the P factor out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the M and the P factor out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the M and the P factor out okay
+thanks times and plus Q and plus Q was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks times and plus Q and plus Q was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks times and plus Q and plus Q was
+one okay the whole point is we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay the whole point is we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay the whole point is we've got
+this horrible multiplication of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this horrible multiplication of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this horrible multiplication of three
+big numbers and this only had two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big numbers and this only had two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big numbers and this only had two big
+numbers so this was his orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this was his orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this was his orders of
+magnitude faster than that and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude faster than that and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude faster than that and of course
+you would have done the calculation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have done the calculation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have done the calculation that
+way you would have multiplied the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would have multiplied the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would have multiplied the column
+vector by a matrix to get another column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by a matrix to get another column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by a matrix to get another column
+vector and you were to multiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you were to multiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you were to multiply that by
+a matrix to get another column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix to get another column vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix to get another column vector
+where here you crazily multiply two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where here you crazily multiply two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where here you crazily multiply two big
+matrices together and then got a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices together and then got a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices together and then got a column
+vector so it was the there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so it was the there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so it was the there's there's a
+bad move okay thanks so we're off past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad move okay thanks so we're off past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad move okay thanks so we're off past
+the time on this ABC it's just to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time on this ABC it's just to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time on this ABC it's just to show
+that on a very familiar calculation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a very familiar calculation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a very familiar calculation you
+have to do it in the right order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it in the right order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it in the right order and
+backpropagation is the right order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpropagation is the right order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpropagation is the right order for
+partial derivatives okay thank you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives okay thank you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives okay thank you and
+so bring laptops Friday and look forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bring laptops Friday and look forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bring laptops Friday and look forward
+to to professor Ralph give him a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to professor Ralph give him a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to professor Ralph give him a good
+welcome
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/m2gRXPmtU0Q.txt b/m2gRXPmtU0Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d3dbbaeb1f9228255e22bf8c5e28b42a49e12b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/m2gRXPmtU0Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's get started I will quickly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get started I will quickly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get started I will quickly I
+will just go straight jump in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just go straight jump in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just go straight jump in because
+I'm actually the end of the end of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually the end of the end of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually the end of the end of last
+lecture so imagine we are still Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so imagine we are still Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so imagine we are still Monday
+and then Sarah will start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Sarah will start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Sarah will start with the
+proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper
+uh um introduction of what's coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um introduction of what's coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um introduction of what's coming in
+the future and the like uh so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and the like uh so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and the like uh so if you
+remember we uh the formula for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we uh the formula for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we uh the formula for the the
+density for a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density for a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density for a normal
+distribution uh with mean mu and variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh with mean mu and variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh with mean mu and variant
+Sigma square is this formula over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma square is this formula over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma square is this formula over there
+this is how it look it looks like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it look it looks like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how it look it looks like you
+all uh know and like it uh Bel shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh know and like it uh Bel shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh know and like it uh Bel shaped
+symmetric thin tailed uh this is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric thin tailed uh this is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric thin tailed uh this is for the
+same me and different uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same me and different uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same me and different uh different
+variants so you can see of of course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants so you can see of of course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants so you can see of of course as
+the as the variance become smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as the variance become smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as the variance become smaller and
+smaller it's uh it's higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller it's uh it's higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller it's uh it's higher and higher
+at the mode there is a larger fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the mode there is a larger fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the mode there is a larger fraction
+of the area under the curve that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the area under the curve that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the area under the curve that is that
+is towards the what is both the mode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is towards the what is both the mode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is towards the what is both the mode and
+the mean of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of this of this
+distribution and as the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and as the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and as the variance
+increases it becomes flatter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases it becomes flatter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases it becomes flatter and
+flatter um that's the standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter um that's the standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter um that's the standard normal
+and uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh very
+often as of uh today and certainly as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often as of uh today and certainly as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often as of uh today and certainly as of
+after spring break we will need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after spring break we will need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after spring break we will need to know
+for various reasons uh what is the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various reasons uh what is the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various reasons uh what is the area
+under the Cur what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the Cur what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the Cur what's the
+probability uh that uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh that uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh that uh what's the
+probability that we we are say below uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we we are say below uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we we are say below uh
+below minus two or above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below minus two or above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below minus two or above
+two um and uh this there is no closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um and uh this there is no closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um and uh this there is no closed
+form formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form formula for the
+integral of the of the PDF but uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the of the PDF but uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the of the PDF but uh a
+number of people have worked very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people have worked very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people have worked very hard
+on approximating Need for us so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on approximating Need for us so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on approximating Need for us so that's
+that's rough that's uh that's roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's rough that's uh that's roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's rough that's uh that's roughly
+how it looks like which is uh the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it looks like which is uh the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it looks like which is uh the you
+have about 68% of the of of the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 68% of the of of the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 68% of the of of the area
+under the curve is between minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the curve is between minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the curve is between minus one and
+one uh 95% in between minus 2 and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh 95% in between minus 2 and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh 95% in between minus 2 and two
+something we make a lot lot of f of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we make a lot lot of f of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we make a lot lot of f of uh
+in uh in what follows and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+97.7% is uh sorry did I did I miss I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97.7% is uh sorry did I did I miss I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97.7% is uh sorry did I did I miss I
+miss I missed you start again I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss I missed you start again I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss I missed you start again I think
+this is it's mislabeled a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it's mislabeled a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it's mislabeled a little bit
+yeah it's it's just too high no no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's it's just too high no no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's it's just too high no no no no
+no so 95 sorry yeah it's mislabeled yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so 95 sorry yeah it's mislabeled yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so 95 sorry yeah it's mislabeled yeah
+my bad okay this the little ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bad okay this the little ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bad okay this the little ones are
+correct uh 2.1% is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct uh 2.1% is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct uh 2.1% is in this
+quadrant 2.1% plus 2.1% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant 2.1% plus 2.1% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant 2.1% plus 2.1% is
+4.2% so that means whatever is left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2% so that means whatever is left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2% so that means whatever is left is
+90 it's the it's those ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 it's the it's those ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 it's the it's those ones that are
+mislabeled my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mislabeled my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mislabeled my
+bad okay I will have to fix that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad okay I will have to fix that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad okay I will have to fix that for the
+for posterity these ones are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for posterity these ones are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for posterity these ones are correct
+2.1% is below minus two 2.1% is above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1% is below minus two 2.1% is above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1% is below minus two 2.1% is above
+minus 2 13.6% is between minus 2 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 13.6% is between minus 2 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 13.6% is between minus 2 and 1
+13.6% is between 1 and two 13.4% has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13.6% is between 1 and two 13.4% has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13.6% is between 1 and two 13.4% has
+between minus one and 0 13 13 34.1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus one and 0 13 13 34.1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus one and 0 13 13 34.1%
+between 0 and 1 so in general if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1 so in general if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1 so in general if you
+wanted to know what is uh what fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know what is uh what fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know what is uh what fraction
+of the of the curve is uh is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the curve is uh is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the curve is uh is what
+fraction of the area under the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the area under the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the area under the curve is
+below any kind of number you use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below any kind of number you use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below any kind of number you use these
+tables that I've distributed along so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables that I've distributed along so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables that I've distributed along so
+I've I've distributed all of them so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've distributed all of them so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've distributed all of them so I
+don't have one uh but um suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have one uh but um suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have one uh but um suppose that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+wanted to know for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know for example the
+probability that Zed is less than minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Zed is less than minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Zed is less than minus
+1.23 you look at your tables I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.23 you look at your tables I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.23 you look at your tables I think
+there is a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bunch
+left I have one and there is a bunch if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I have one and there is a bunch if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I have one and there is a bunch if
+someone doesn't have there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone doesn't have there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone doesn't have there there's a
+couple left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so to use these tables there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so to use these tables there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so to use these tables there
+you go down the the left column to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down the the left column to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down the the left column to uh
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+.2 then you move up the top hole to uh 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.2 then you move up the top hole to uh 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.2 then you move up the top hole to uh 0
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+03 and that tells you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+03 and that tells you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+03 and that tells you that the
+probability that Z is less than minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Z is less than minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Z is less than minus
+1.23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is9
+exactly you agree that's wrong actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you agree that's wrong actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you agree that's wrong actually
+.11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.11
+09 now suppose that you uh you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+09 now suppose that you uh you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+09 now suppose that you uh you wanted to
+know the probability that your random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the probability that your random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the probability that your random
+variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is
+above uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above uh
+minus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus
+1.68 what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.68 what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.68 what would you
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+oneus findable exactly you find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneus findable exactly you find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneus findable exactly you find one
+minus the value you find in table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for uh so so what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh so so what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh so so what I did
+I wanted one greater than 1.68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted one greater than 1.68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted one greater than 1.68
+use one minus P of Z minus 1 68 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one minus P of Z minus 1 68 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one minus P of Z minus 1 68 and you
+go down suppose that you wanted positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down suppose that you wanted positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down suppose that you wanted positive
+numbers and I had not give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I had not give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I had not give you the
+positive numbers so in fact that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers so in fact that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers so in fact that happens
+rarely but what happens frequently is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely but what happens frequently is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely but what happens frequently is
+you want a negative number and the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a negative number and the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a negative number and the table
+only gives you the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gives you the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gives you the positive
+number what would you do so suppose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what would you do so suppose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what would you do so suppose I'm
+in this case where I gave you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case where I gave you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case where I gave you the
+positive number and I not have not given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number and I not have not given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number and I not have not given
+you the positive numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you want P smaller than 1.45 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want P smaller than 1.45 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want P smaller than 1.45 and
+you only have the number with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have the number with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have the number with the the
+size where the Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size where the Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size where the Z is
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+yeah thatal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability.
+exactly which is one minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which is one minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which is one minus the
+probability that it's smaller than 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it's smaller than 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it's smaller than 1.5
+and then you you would be in business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you would be in business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you would be in business
+what if you wanted the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you wanted the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you wanted the probability that
+Z is in between minus 1.23 and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.45 you would take the first one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.45 you would take the first one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.45 you would take the first one that
+we already calculated minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already calculated minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already calculated minus
+that now in uh what if you didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now in uh what if you didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now in uh what if you didn't have a
+standard normal you would first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal you would first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal you would first
+standardize your variable and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize your variable and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardize your variable and then you
+would be in business now in reality what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in business now in reality what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in business now in reality what
+could you do if you were not in a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you do if you were not in a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you do if you were not in a class
+with a with no access to computers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with no access to computers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with no access to computers uh
+you could use uh you could use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use uh you could use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use uh you could use the the
+Pome uh command in are uh which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pome uh command in are uh which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pome uh command in are uh which is going
+to tell you uh what the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you uh what the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you uh what the probability that
+Z is greater uh Z is smaller than say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is greater uh Z is smaller than say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is greater uh Z is smaller than say
+1.96 if you ask for the lower tail true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 if you ask for the lower tail true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 if you ask for the lower tail true
+which is is asking for the lower tail or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is asking for the lower tail or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is asking for the lower tail or
+it can give you the probability that Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can give you the probability that Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can give you the probability that Z
+is greater than 1.96 if in fact you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than 1.96 if in fact you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than 1.96 if in fact you are
+uh you are you are writing lower tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you are you are writing lower tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you are you are writing lower tail
+false and then is looking on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and then is looking on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and then is looking on the other
+end so the probability that Z is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so the probability that Z is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so the probability that Z is greater
+than 1.96 is quite High that Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1.96 is quite High that Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1.96 is quite High that Z is
+smaller than uh greater than 1.96 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than uh greater than 1.96 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than uh greater than 1.96 is
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+smaller uh so here I put a little table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller uh so here I put a little table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller uh so here I put a little table
+of sort of useful R variable in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of useful R variable in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of useful R variable in uh
+related to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the normal
+distribution so the r Norm variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so the r Norm variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so the r Norm variable
+generates random numbers from normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates random numbers from normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates random numbers from normal
+distribution if you didn't want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you didn't want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you didn't want to go to
+the to the motion of doing uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the motion of doing uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the motion of doing uh for a
+uniform and then using the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and then using the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and then using the inverse of
+the PDF using the qor function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF using the qor function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF using the qor function
+uh D nor gives you the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D nor gives you the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D nor gives you the probability
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+function so for example D nor of 005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so for example D nor of 005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so for example D nor of 005
+gives you the density the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the density the height of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the density the height of the
+normal with mean zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with mean zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with mean zero and
+stand5 P Norm gives you the the the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand5 P Norm gives you the the the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand5 P Norm gives you the the the area
+under the standard normal curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the standard normal curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the standard normal curve so
+that's that that's what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that's what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that's what you're going to
+use very frequently if you want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use very frequently if you want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use very frequently if you want to uh
+down the line when it's become useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line when it's become useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line when it's become useful
+and Q Norm is the inverse of P Norm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q Norm is the inverse of P Norm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q Norm is the inverse of P Norm so
+this this is what would use if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is what would use if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is what would use if you
+wanted to uh generate a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to uh generate a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to uh generate a random
+observation of drone from a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of drone from a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of drone from a random
+distribution starting with a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution starting with a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution starting with a uniform
+distribution you would draw from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you would draw from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you would draw from a
+uniform and use use the Q Norm function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and use use the Q Norm function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and use use the Q Norm function
+I have a code for that actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a code for that actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a code for that actually in the
+at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the
+text I'm going to spare that I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text I'm going to spare that I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text I'm going to spare that I just want
+you to uh see how we use the P Norm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to uh see how we use the P Norm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to uh see how we use the P Norm uh
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+for happens to be for a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for happens to be for a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for happens to be for a normal
+distribution that has mean two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that has mean two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that has mean two and
+standard deviation. five then you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation. five then you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation. five then you the
+inputs are what we have below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are what we have below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs are what we have below
+probability that is less than X1 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that is less than X1 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that is less than X1 so you
+set your inputs then you ask probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set your inputs then you ask probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set your inputs then you ask probability
+that it l than X1 probability that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it l than X1 probability that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it l than X1 probability that it's
+between X2 and X3 probability that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X2 and X3 probability that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X2 and X3 probability that it's
+greater than X3 you will need lower tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than X3 you will need lower tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than X3 you will need lower tile
+false lower lower tile true is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false lower lower tile true is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false lower lower tile true is the
+default so you don't need to to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default so you don't need to to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default so you don't need to to specify
+it and that's the result you are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's the result you are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's the result you are getting
+with these numbers the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these numbers the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these numbers the probability that
+it's less than X1 is 05 doesn't result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than X1 is 05 doesn't result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than X1 is 05 doesn't result
+don't matter but the if you write the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter but the if you write the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter but the if you write the if
+you write the codes like that it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the codes like that it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the codes like that it's going
+to give you this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you this kind of
+results yeah what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results yeah what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results yeah what was
+lower H so lower tail equal true gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower H so lower tail equal true gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower H so lower tail equal true gives
+you uh what is uh what is to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh what is uh what is to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh what is uh what is to the left
+the the area to the left of it so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the area to the left of it so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the area to the left of it so it's
+the probability that Z is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that Z is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that Z is smaller than
+the threshold you put lower tail so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold you put lower tail so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold you put lower tail so of
+if you don't specify by default it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't specify by default it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't specify by default it's
+lower tail equal true lower tail equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower tail equal true lower tail equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower tail equal true lower tail equal
+false it's going going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's going going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's going going to give you the
+the the probability that Z is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the probability that Z is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the probability that Z is greater
+than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+number so one minus the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so one minus the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so one minus the probability that
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+smaller so in principle you could R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so in principle you could R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so in principle you could R
+could be very uh economical and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very uh economical and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very uh economical and only
+give you the lower tail like a table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the lower tail like a table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the lower tail like a table and
+you would figure it out in principle It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would figure it out in principle It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would figure it out in principle It
+could only accept to give you the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only accept to give you the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only accept to give you the answer
+for positive numbers and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive numbers and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive numbers and you could
+calculate them but in practice very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate them but in practice very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate them but in practice very
+kindly it will give you what you need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindly it will give you what you need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindly it will give you what you need in
+in just one comment by by putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just one comment by by putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just one comment by by putting the
+right uh so for example here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so for example here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so for example here you have
+the lower tail uh false we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower tail uh false we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower tail uh false we get the
+probability that Z is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Z is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Z is greater than
+X4 here we didn't specify anything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 here we didn't specify anything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 here we didn't specify anything at
+the top so it's lower tail true it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top so it's lower tail true it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top so it's lower tail true it gives
+you the probability that the number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the probability that the number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the probability that the number is
+smaller than the than the threshold so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the than the threshold so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the than the threshold so
+it's pretty straightforward to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty straightforward to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty straightforward to use
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um I think I'm going to to skip the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I'm going to to skip the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I'm going to to skip the last
+thing because we went over over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because we went over over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because we went over over this
+many times uh but you the slid will stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times uh but you the slid will stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times uh but you the slid will stay
+here it's just to tell you that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just to tell you that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just to tell you that in
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+you could use the inverse sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use the inverse sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use the inverse sampling
+method to sample from a from a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to sample from a from a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to sample from a from a normal
+distribution in R so you would take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in R so you would take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in R so you would take a
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+distribution uh and then you would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh and then you would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh and then you would uh
+you use the Q Norm function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the Q Norm function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the Q Norm function which is
+which is the inverse uh quantal function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the inverse uh quantal function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the inverse uh quantal function
+and you would get something in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would get something in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would get something in practice
+if you sample from a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sample from a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sample from a normal distribution
+I think the algorithm they use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the algorithm they use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the algorithm they use it
+somewhat different and it is much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different and it is much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different and it is much faster
+it takes much less time to do it uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes much less time to do it uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes much less time to do it uh the
+way they manage to do it is much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they manage to do it is much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they manage to do it is much faster
+so I so in practice the the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I so in practice the the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I so in practice the the algorithm
+that is used is different but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is used is different but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is used is different but in
+principle again what we discussed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle again what we discussed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle again what we discussed uh
+still apply and uh you could uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply and uh you could uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply and uh you could uh you
+could you could sample from your normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could sample from your normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could sample from your normal
+distribution using the Q Norm function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution using the Q Norm function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution using the Q Norm function
+that's the inverse quantal function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the inverse quantal function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the inverse quantal function I
+think I'm done discussing normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm done discussing normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm done discussing normal
+distribution for the time being so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the time being so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the time being so we
+can leave the stage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+okay so um as far as the the as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um as far as the the as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um as far as the the as I said
+you know sort of the the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of the the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of the the theoretical
+questions on the exam are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the exam are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the exam are going to be
+similar to the the um the practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the the um the practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the the um the practice
+problems that I've made available I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that I've made available I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that I've made available I
+don't have any practice problems to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any practice problems to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any practice problems to make
+available for the sort of practical data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the sort of practical data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the sort of practical data
+skills questions so I wanted to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills questions so I wanted to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills questions so I wanted to give you
+some idea of what to expect this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of what to expect this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of what to expect this is uh
+obviously these are just kind of uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these are just kind of uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these are just kind of uh very
+lucid and formal descriptions of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucid and formal descriptions of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucid and formal descriptions of what
+kinds of questions that we might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of questions that we might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of questions that we might think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+asking so one thing that you've seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking so one thing that you've seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking so one thing that you've seen a
+lot so far this semester uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so far this semester uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so far this semester uh one
+practical skill that you've developed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical skill that you've developed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical skill that you've developed is
+uh creating histogram so you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creating histogram so you should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creating histogram so you should know
+what a histogram is and you've always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a histogram is and you've always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a histogram is and you've always
+sort of used are to create histograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of used are to create histograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of used are to create histograms
+but you can easily do it by hand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can easily do it by hand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can easily do it by hand so
+perhaps you'll be asked to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you'll be asked to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you'll be asked to create a
+histogram by hand if we give you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram by hand if we give you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram by hand if we give you you
+know sort of a table of data um you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of a table of data um you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of a table of data um you uh
+We've also talked a lot about generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've also talked a lot about generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've also talked a lot about generating
+simulated data sets from some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated data sets from some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated data sets from some particular
+distribution so uh sort of be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so uh sort of be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so uh sort of be aware of
+how to do that um uh we talked about web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that um uh we talked about web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that um uh we talked about web
+scraping and you had sort of that L you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping and you had sort of that L you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping and you had sort of that L you
+know that sort of um substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that sort of um substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that sort of um substantial
+question on the problem set asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the problem set asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the problem set asking you
+about web scraping uh we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about web scraping uh we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about web scraping uh we're not going to
+ask you know sort of very detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you know sort of very detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you know sort of very detailed
+questions about web web scraping but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about web web scraping but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about web web scraping but you
+should sort of know generally uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should sort of know generally uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should sort of know generally uh sort of
+how what it is how to do it maybe be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what it is how to do it maybe be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what it is how to do it maybe be
+able to uh give some examples of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh give some examples of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh give some examples of data
+sets that you might obtain through web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that you might obtain through web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that you might obtain through web
+scraping Etc okay so this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping Etc okay so this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraping Etc okay so this is the kind of
+kind of uh sort of flavor of uh the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh sort of flavor of uh the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh sort of flavor of uh the sort
+of practical data skills questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of practical data skills questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of practical data skills questions that
+you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see is that okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that okay any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that okay any questions
+clarifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nope okay so on to the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope okay so on to the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope okay so on to the sample
+me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm trying to remember where I left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm trying to remember where I left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm trying to remember where I left
+off before Esther's lecture on special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off before Esther's lecture on special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off before Esther's lecture on special
+distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+um certainly we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certainly we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certainly we were talking about
+functions of random variables and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables and I
+think that was kind of the main uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was kind of the main uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was kind of the main uh the
+main topic of conversation and oh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main topic of conversation and oh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main topic of conversation and oh maybe
+it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the
+uh oh you weren't there okay yeah in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh you weren't there okay yeah in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh you weren't there okay yeah in any
+case we were talking about functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we were talking about functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we were talking about functions of
+random variables and today I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and today I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and today I want to
+talk about a very special function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a very special function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a very special function of
+random variables that uh we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that uh we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that uh we will
+encounter a lot it's super useful and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter a lot it's super useful and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter a lot it's super useful and uh
+you probably already have a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably already have a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably already have a notion of
+why it might be useful but we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it might be useful but we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it might be useful but we'll sort of
+go through that in detail um but first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that in detail um but first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that in detail um but first
+we want to Define it and we want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to Define it and we want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to Define it and we want to sort
+of talk about how it um behaves okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talk about how it um behaves okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talk about how it um behaves okay and
+this this special function is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this special function is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this special function is called the
+sample mean so the sample mean is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean so the sample mean is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean so the sample mean is the
+arithmetic average of n random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic average of n random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic average of n random variables
+from a random sample of size n okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a random sample of size n okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a random sample of size n okay so
+we uh at least initially are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh at least initially are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh at least initially are always
+going to be talking about um sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about um sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about um sample
+means from IID random samples uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means from IID random samples uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means from IID random samples uh you can
+define a sample mean from um you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a sample mean from um you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a sample mean from um you know a
+random sample that's not IID know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample that's not IID know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample that's not IID know that's
+not ident uh independent identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ident uh independent identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ident uh independent identically
+distributed random variables for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed random variables for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed random variables for now
+we'll just focus on the IID uh case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just focus on the IID uh case okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just focus on the IID uh case okay
+I just want to let you know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to let you know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to let you know that you
+know sort of this notion of random or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of this notion of random or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of this notion of random or of
+sample mean can sort of exist outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean can sort of exist outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean can sort of exist outside of
+the realm of IID uh data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realm of IID uh data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realm of IID uh data sets
+Okay and uh we uh denote it the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay and uh we uh denote it the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay and uh we uh denote it the notation
+that we use to denote uh the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to denote uh the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to denote uh the sample mean
+is an X with a bar on top of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an X with a bar on top of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an X with a bar on top of it and
+sometimes I use an N subscript to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I use an N subscript to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I use an N subscript to
+indicate how many different random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how many different random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how many different random
+variables are in this random sample that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are in this random sample that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are in this random sample that
+we use to compute the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um we also call the so right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we also call the so right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we also call the so right now
+I've written this as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written this as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written this as a function of
+random variables right but these random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables right but these random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables right but these random
+variables could have um instead of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables could have um instead of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables could have um instead of sort
+of dealing with the the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with the the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with the the mathematical
+construct of a random variable uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct of a random variable uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct of a random variable uh they
+could each have a realization or like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could each have a realization or like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could each have a realization or like a
+you know a a value that they take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a a value that they take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a a value that they take on
+associated with them okay and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them okay and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them okay and we also
+call the arithmetic average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the arithmetic average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the arithmetic average of the
+realizations of those n random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of those n random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of those n random variables
+the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean
+okay so it sometimes is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it sometimes is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it sometimes is a little
+confusing because we use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because we use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because we use the same
+terminology to discuss the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology to discuss the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology to discuss the function of
+random variables and the function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and the function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and the function of the
+realizations of those random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of those random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of those random variables
+we don't distinguish that in in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't distinguish that in in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't distinguish that in in our
+terminology and we actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and we actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and we actually don't
+distinguish it in the notation either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish it in the notation either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish it in the notation either
+often uh but it's a distinction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh but it's a distinction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh but it's a distinction you
+should you know sort of keep in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know sort of keep in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know sort of keep in your
+mind because you have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind because you have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind because you have to be able to
+think of a sample mean in both ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a sample mean in both ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a sample mean in both ways you
+have to be able to think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to think of it as a
+function of random variables and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of random variables and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of random variables and it's a
+function of the realizations of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the realizations of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the realizations of random
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+okay okay so arithmatic average of the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so arithmatic average of the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so arithmatic average of the N
+random variables or realizations from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables or realizations from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables or realizations from a
+random sample why would such a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample why would such a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample why would such a function
+be useful so we've got this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful so we've got this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful so we've got this random
+sample we've got n IID random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we've got n IID random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we've got n IID random variables
+from some distribution why would we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some distribution why would we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some distribution why would we want
+to add them up and divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what do you
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H do you have your your hand wants to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H do you have your your hand wants to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H do you have your your hand wants to go
+up but it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+quite yes in fact so what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite yes in fact so what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite yes in fact so what happens if we
+have an IID random sample from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an IID random sample from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an IID random sample from some
+distribution but we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but we don't know
+everything about the distribution maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the distribution maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the distribution maybe
+we don't know for instance what the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know for instance what the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know for instance what the mean
+of that distribution is well if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that distribution is well if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that distribution is well if we have
+a random sample from that distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random sample from that distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random sample from that distribution
+and we um calculate the sample mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we um calculate the sample mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we um calculate the sample mean of
+that random that random sample then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random that random sample then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random that random sample then
+maybe that sample mean tells us can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that sample mean tells us can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that sample mean tells us can tell
+us something about the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something about the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something about the underlying
+distribution itself okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution itself okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution itself okay that's the
+entire idea behind estimation I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire idea behind estimation I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire idea behind estimation I'm going
+to sort of hammer away at that over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of hammer away at that over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of hammer away at that over the
+next several minutes and examples but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next several minutes and examples but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next several minutes and examples but
+that's sort of why this quantity why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of why this quantity why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of why this quantity why
+this particular function of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular function of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular function of random
+variables is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important okay so uh emphasizing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so uh emphasizing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so uh emphasizing one
+more time the x is are random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time the x is are random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time the x is are random variables
+so xbar is also a random variable since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so xbar is also a random variable since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so xbar is also a random variable since
+it's a function of random variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of random variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of random variables so
+let's figure out how it's distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out how it's distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out how it's distributed
+okay it's a random variable it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a random variable it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a random variable it has a
+distribution let's figure out what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution let's figure out what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution let's figure out what it is
+we're not going to be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be able to say
+precisely what it is but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what it is but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what it is but we're going to
+be able at least unless we put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able at least unless we put more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able at least unless we put more
+structure on uh the random sample but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on uh the random sample but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on uh the random sample but we
+can certainly say things about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution okay so oh I should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so oh I should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so oh I should just
+say uh note that if we knew how the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh note that if we knew how the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh note that if we knew how the X's
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+distributed uh we knew that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh we knew that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh we knew that they were
+all coming from a uniform distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coming from a uniform distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coming from a uniform distribution
+or normal distribution or Plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or normal distribution or Plus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or normal distribution or Plus on
+distribution or whatever uh we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or whatever uh we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or whatever uh we might be
+able to use something like the N version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use something like the N version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use something like the N version
+of the convolution formula okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the convolution formula okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the convolution formula okay so it's
+not exactly a convolution because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a convolution because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a convolution because it's
+not just the sum of the X's it's the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the sum of the X's it's the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the sum of the X's it's the sum
+of the X's divided by n you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X's divided by n you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X's divided by n you know it's
+similar to a convolution right um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to a convolution right um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to a convolution right um for
+now let's just try to keep let's instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just try to keep let's instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just try to keep let's instead
+of sort of choosing a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of choosing a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of choosing a specific
+distribution for these X's let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for these X's let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for these X's let's just
+say that they're independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they're independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they're independent and
+identically distributed and see how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed and see how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed and see how far
+we can get discussing the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get discussing the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get discussing the distribution
+of xar with just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xar with just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xar with just that
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's see if we can
+calculate the expectation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expectation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expectation of this
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+xar well the expectation of xar is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar well the expectation of xar is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar well the expectation of xar is just
+equal to I just plugged in the um I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I just plugged in the um I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I just plugged in the um I just
+plugged in uh the definition of xar okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in uh the definition of xar okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in uh the definition of xar okay
+and then I can write the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can write the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can write the expectation of
+1/ n * the sum of the X's I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ n * the sum of the X's I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ n * the sum of the X's I can write
+that as 1/ n times the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as 1/ n times the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as 1/ n times the sum of the
+expectations of the X's right we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of the X's right we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of the X's right we know
+that in properties of expectation we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in properties of expectation we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in properties of expectation we saw
+that uh we can do that with expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I just changed the notation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just changed the notation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just changed the notation at
+the end from expectation of x to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end from expectation of x to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end from expectation of x to me
+which is like you know sort of a uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like you know sort of a uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like you know sort of a uh the
+the um notation that we often use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um notation that we often use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um notation that we often use for
+expectation so I just changed it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so I just changed it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so I just changed it and
+then we're adding up we're adding up mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're adding up we're adding up mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're adding up we're adding up mu
+n times and dividing by n so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times and dividing by n so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times and dividing by n so it's just
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we can do a a similar calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can do a a similar calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can do a a similar calculation
+with variance so let's figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with variance so let's figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with variance so let's figure out what
+the variance of the sample mean is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the sample mean is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the sample mean is well
+it's just equal the variance of we plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just equal the variance of we plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just equal the variance of we plug
+in the uh definition again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh definition again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh definition again we
+use uh properties of variance to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh properties of variance to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh properties of variance to bring
+the 1 over n out in front but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 over n out in front but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 over n out in front but of course
+it gets squared because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets squared because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets squared because of the
+properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of
+variance and then I change the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and then I change the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and then I change the notation
+to Sigma squar and in the end we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sigma squar and in the end we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sigma squar and in the end we get
+Sigma squ Over N is the variance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ Over N is the variance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ Over N is the variance of the
+sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean
+okay so mu is the expectation of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so mu is the expectation of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so mu is the expectation of of the
+X's each of the X's Sigma squared is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's each of the X's Sigma squared is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's each of the X's Sigma squared is the
+variance of each of the X's we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of each of the X's we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of each of the X's we take a
+bunch of x's add them together divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of x's add them together divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of x's add them together divide by
+n that new random variable has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that new random variable has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that new random variable has the same
+means the individual x's and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the individual x's and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the individual x's and its
+variance is that variance of the x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is that variance of the x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is that variance of the x is
+divided by n yes why isn't it divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n yes why isn't it divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n yes why isn't it divided by
+n s oh because we're adding up n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s oh because we're adding up n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n s oh because we're adding up n of
+these we've got n of these divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we've got n of these divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we've got n of these divide and
+then that's divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so one note it's not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one note it's not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one note it's not not
+necessarily important in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily important in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily important in this
+calculation but sort of could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but sort of could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but sort of could be
+important later uh we used Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important later uh we used Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important later uh we used Independence
+in the variance calculation okay to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the variance calculation okay to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the variance calculation okay to get
+to go from the variance of the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from the variance of the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from the variance of the sum of
+random variables to the sum of variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables to the sum of variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables to the sum of variances
+we needed independence of these random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed independence of these random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed independence of these random
+variables you guys remember that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you guys remember that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you guys remember that from
+properties of variance we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of variance we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of variance we didn't
+actually need it in the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need it in the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need it in the expectation
+calculation okay so that's that's uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay so that's that's uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay so that's that's uh you
+know can be a a useful thing to to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can be a a useful thing to to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can be a a useful thing to to note
+okay now what do these calculations tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what do these calculations tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what do these calculations tell
+us okay so we've got this sort of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay so we've got this sort of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay so we've got this sort of random
+sample of variables that we've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of variables that we've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of variables that we've taken
+from we haven't specified what distrib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from we haven't specified what distrib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from we haven't specified what distrib
+distribution there from from any old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there from from any old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there from from any old
+distribution we've got a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we've got a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we've got a collection of
+random variables called a random sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables called a random sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables called a random sample
+we add them up we divide by n that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add them up we divide by n that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add them up we divide by n that
+creates a new random variable called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a new random variable called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a new random variable called
+xbar and we know that xbar has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar and we know that xbar has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar and we know that xbar has the same
+mean as all of the underlying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as all of the underlying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as all of the underlying you know
+sort of the underlying random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the underlying random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the underlying random variables
+that we use to calculate it and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to calculate it and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to calculate it and its
+variance is that variance divided by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is that variance divided by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is that variance divided by n
+so basically we've got take any old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we've got take any old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we've got take any old
+distri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distri
+bution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bution
+or or even a um discret distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or even a um discret distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or even a um discret distribution
+instead of a continuous distribution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a continuous distribution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a continuous distribution we
+get a whole bunch of realizations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a whole bunch of realizations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a whole bunch of realizations from
+these distributions okay whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distributions okay whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distributions okay whole bunch of
+realizations and then we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations and then we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations and then we compute
+something called the sample mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the sample mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the sample mean we
+haven't said how what the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said how what the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said how what the shape of the
+distribution of the sample mean is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the sample mean is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the sample mean is going
+to look like but we know that the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like but we know that the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like but we know that the sample
+mean is going to have uh the same mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is going to have uh the same mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is going to have uh the same mean
+as the underlying distribution but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the underlying distribution but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the underlying distribution but it's
+uh its distribution is going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its distribution is going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its distribution is going to be more
+concentrated because its variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated because its variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated because its variance is
+Sigma squ Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ Over
+N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay got a question yes can you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay got a question yes can you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay got a question yes can you go back
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+um so maybe I'm getting hung up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe I'm getting hung up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe I'm getting hung up on the
+the difference between the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the actual
+variables and the realizations but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the realizations but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the realizations but it
+seems like you're you're averaging your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like you're you're averaging your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like you're you're averaging your
+averaging means feels like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging means feels like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging means feels like you're
+missing are the X and I in this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing are the X and I in this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing are the X and I in this equation
+also sets of random variables or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sets of random variables or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sets of random variables or are
+they they're each XI is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're each XI is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're each XI is a random
+variable okay so we have so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so we have so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so we have so this
+summation I've left off all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation I've left off all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation I've left off all of the
+subscripts on the summations um but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts on the summations um but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts on the summations um but that
+summation is I equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation is I equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation is I equals 1 to
+n okay so we have n random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so we have n random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so we have n random
+variables and so the we have n Rand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so the we have n Rand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so the we have n Rand a
+set of n random variables and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of n random variables and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of n random variables and what we're
+doing is we're taking we're asking if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we're taking we're asking if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we're taking we're asking if
+you um consider this function of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um consider this function of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um consider this function of random
+variables as I've specified here uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as I've specified here uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as I've specified here uh how
+is this uh function of random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this uh function of random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this uh function of random variables
+going to be distributed if the X's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be distributed if the X's have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be distributed if the X's have
+mean mu and a variant Sigma squ I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mu and a variant Sigma squ I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mu and a variant Sigma squ I guess
+where I'm up is if those random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm up is if those random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm up is if those random
+variables are if what you're calling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are if what you're calling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are if what you're calling a
+random variable is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is also a
+distribution and if they are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and if they are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and if they are not the
+same distribution oh oh I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution oh oh I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution oh oh I'm assuming
+that everything has they're independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything has they're independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything has they're independent
+and identically distributed yes no I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identically distributed yes no I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identically distributed yes no I'm
+I'm glad you clarified that so it's yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad you clarified that so it's yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad you clarified that so it's yes
+we don't we don't need to necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we don't need to necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we don't need to necessarily
+assume that when we Define what the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that when we Define what the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that when we Define what the uh
+sample mean is but here we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean is but here we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean is but here we're assuming
+it okay your me will be the same across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay your me will be the same across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay your me will be the same across
+all rain and precis for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all rain and precis for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all rain and precis for that reason
+precisely yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so we've got this thing called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've got this thing called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've got this thing called a
+sample bean and we've talked a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample bean and we've talked a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample bean and we've talked a little
+bit about how it's distributed and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how it's distributed and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how it's distributed and we've
+even talked in kind of an informal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even talked in kind of an informal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even talked in kind of an informal way
+about how it might be useful okay um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it might be useful okay um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it might be useful okay um and
+but I but there's a lot more to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I but there's a lot more to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I but there's a lot more to say
+about the sample mean and uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sample mean and uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sample mean and uh in
+particular uh one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh one of the most important
+and useful results in all of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful results in all of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful results in all of probability
+uh known as the central limit theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh known as the central limit theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh known as the central limit theorem
+deals with the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with the distribution of the
+sample mean okay and it really serves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean okay and it really serves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean okay and it really serves as
+the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for
+statistics so let x sub one through X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so let x sub one through X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so let x sub one through X
+subn form a random sample of size n uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn form a random sample of size n uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn form a random sample of size n uh
+from a distribution with finite mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a distribution with finite mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a distribution with finite mean and
+variance so actually let let's pause for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so actually let let's pause for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so actually let let's pause for
+just a second I have one more response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second I have one more response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second I have one more response
+to to your earlier question that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to your earlier question that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to your earlier question that um that
+might be might be somewhat helpful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be might be somewhat helpful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be might be somewhat helpful so
+remember I I made this comment note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I I made this comment note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I I made this comment note that
+we used Independence in the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used Independence in the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used Independence in the variance
+calculation down here but we didn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation down here but we didn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation down here but we didn't use
+Independence here so you were asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence here so you were asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence here so you were asking
+about identically distributed but but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about identically distributed but but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about identically distributed but but in
+fact this is true this result still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is true this result still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is true this result still
+holds if they're um if if the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds if they're um if if the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds if they're um if if the random
+variables are not independent so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are not independent so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are not independent so that I
+mean that tells you so you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that tells you so you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that tells you so you know we're
+we're sort of maintaining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of maintaining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of maintaining this
+Assumption of Independence and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of Independence and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of Independence and and
+identically distributed but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed but some of
+these results hold even if that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results hold even if that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results hold even if that's not
+true and that's their ID instead of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and that's their ID instead of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and that's their ID instead of I
+exactly yep y okay sorry back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yep y okay sorry back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yep y okay sorry back to the
+central limit there okay so let the X X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit there okay so let the X X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit there okay so let the X X1
+through xn form a random sample of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through xn form a random sample of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through xn form a random sample of size
+n from a distribution with finite mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n from a distribution with finite mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n from a distribution with finite mean
+and variance so in other words IID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance so in other words IID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance so in other words IID
+random variables um then for any fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables um then for any fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables um then for any fixed
+number this is true okay so let's unpack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is true okay so let's unpack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is true okay so let's unpack
+this what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what does this
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+well in the middle here is the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the middle here is the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the middle here is the sample
+mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this
+xar okay what remember we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar okay what remember we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar okay what remember we just
+calculated what the mean of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated what the mean of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated what the mean of the sample
+mean is and we just calculated what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is and we just calculated what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is and we just calculated what the
+variance of the sample mean is and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the sample mean is and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the sample mean is and what
+have I done here I've subtracted off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I done here I've subtracted off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I done here I've subtracted off the
+mean of the sample mean mu and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the sample mean mu and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the sample mean mu and I've
+divided by the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the square root of the
+variance of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the sample
+mean so when I divided by Sigma over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so when I divided by Sigma over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so when I divided by Sigma over
+square root of Sigma squar over n um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Sigma squar over n um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Sigma squar over n um
+then Sigma became n or Sig sorry Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Sigma became n or Sig sorry Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Sigma became n or Sig sorry Sigma
+Square became Sigma n became root n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square became Sigma n became root n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square became Sigma n became root n and
+the root n went to the uh numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root n went to the uh numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root n went to the uh numerator
+instead of the denominator but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the denominator but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the denominator but that's
+all I've done here I've subtracted off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I've done here I've subtracted off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I've done here I've subtracted off
+the mean of the sample mean and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of the sample mean and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of the sample mean and I've
+divided by the square root of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the square root of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the square root of its
+variance so what did Esther say last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so what did Esther say last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so what did Esther say last
+time about uh the behav or you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time about uh the behav or you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time about uh the behav or you know sort
+of what results from uh uh doing this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what results from uh uh doing this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what results from uh uh doing this to
+a random VAR variable it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random VAR variable it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random VAR variable it's called
+standardization you subtract off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization you subtract off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization you subtract off the
+mean you divide by the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you divide by the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you divide by the square root of
+its variance and you have a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variance and you have a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variance and you have a random
+variable that has zero mean and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that has zero mean and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that has zero mean and variance
+one okay so what I've done I've simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what I've done I've simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what I've done I've simply
+taken the sample mean and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the sample mean and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the sample mean and I've
+standardized it okay so here's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized it okay so here's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized it okay so here's something
+like the sample mean but with mean zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sample mean but with mean zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sample mean but with mean zero
+and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance
+one and then this probability state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then this probability state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then this probability state
+statement here this limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here this limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here this limit as n goes to
+Infinity of the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of the probability of this
+thing is equal to that basically is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is equal to that basically is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is equal to that basically is just
+saying that as the sample size as n gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that as the sample size as n gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that as the sample size as n gets
+bigger and bigger then the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger then the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger then the probability
+that this standardized version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this standardized version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this standardized version of the
+sample mean is going to have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean is going to have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean is going to have a normal
+distribution is is the or I should well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is is the or I should well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is is the or I should well
+the probability that that it has uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that that it has uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that that it has uh that
+it's less than uh some value Little X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than uh some value Little X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than uh some value Little X is
+just the normal it's going to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the normal it's going to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the normal it's going to the normal
+CDF at evaluated at X okay so I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF at evaluated at X okay so I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF at evaluated at X okay so I didn't
+say that very eloquently but let me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that very eloquently but let me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that very eloquently but let me um
+let me put uh some other oh and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put uh some other oh and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put uh some other oh and I should
+note I think Esther used this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I think Esther used this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I think Esther used this notation
+as well this is special notation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well this is special notation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well this is special notation for the
+CDF of a standard normal random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of a standard normal random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of a standard normal random variable
+okay so uh let me sort of restate what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh let me sort of restate what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh let me sort of restate what I
+just said a little a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said a little a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said a little a little bit more
+eloquently so basically we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquently so basically we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquently so basically we take a
+standardized version of the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized version of the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized version of the sample mean
+from any old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any old
+distribution let the sample size go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution let the sample size go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution let the sample size go to
+infinity and the uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and the uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and the uh you
+know this is essentially the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is essentially the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is essentially the definition
+of the CDF of that random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the CDF of that random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the CDF of that random variable
+that's by by definition that's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's by by definition that's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's by by definition that's what a
+CDF the probability that that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF the probability that that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF the probability that that random
+variable is less than or equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is less than or equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is less than or equal to some
+value X so essentially the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value X so essentially the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value X so essentially the definition of
+the CDF of that random variable is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of that random variable is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDF of that random variable is equal
+to the standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the standard normal
+CDF okay so this is what the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF okay so this is what the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF okay so this is what the central
+limit theorem tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem tells
+us practically speaking what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us practically speaking what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us practically speaking what does this
+mean that means if you have a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means if you have a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means if you have a sample
+mean from a reasonably large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean from a reasonably large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean from a reasonably large
+distribution or sorry reasonably large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or sorry reasonably large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or sorry reasonably large
+random sample from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample from any
+distribution that you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that you know sort of
+basically that isn't just a crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that isn't just a crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that isn't just a crazy
+distribution it will have an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it will have an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it will have an approximate
+normal distribution and its mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and its mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and its mean we
+already calculate calculated this its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already calculate calculated this its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already calculate calculated this its
+mean Is mu and its variance is Sigma squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Is mu and its variance is Sigma squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Is mu and its variance is Sigma squ
+Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over
+N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+okay so the central limit theorem tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the central limit theorem tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the central limit theorem tells
+us this sort of very powerful piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this sort of very powerful piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this sort of very powerful piece of
+information which is this okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is this okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is this okay we
+calculated this a few minutes agoo we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated this a few minutes agoo we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated this a few minutes agoo we
+calculated this a few minutes ago we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated this a few minutes ago we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated this a few minutes ago we
+know that the random that the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the random that the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the random that the sample
+mean has mean mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean has mean mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean has mean mu
+variant Sigma squ Over N Central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant Sigma squ Over N Central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant Sigma squ Over N Central limit
+theorem tells us that if our sample size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem tells us that if our sample size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem tells us that if our sample size
+is large enough it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large enough it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large enough it's going to be
+approximately normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so first of all I just want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all I just want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all I just want to take
+a step back and say how kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step back and say how kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step back and say how kind of
+remarkable this result is okay I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable this result is okay I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable this result is okay I didn't
+say that this the the distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this the the distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this the the distribution that
+you were drawing from had to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were drawing from had to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were drawing from had to look like
+this or had to look like this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or had to look like this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or had to look like this the
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could for instance look like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for instance look like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for instance look like that it
+could be a distribution that has like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a distribution that has like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a distribution that has like
+you know a big Point Mass here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a big Point Mass here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a big Point Mass here and a
+little Point Mass here and yet if our if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Point Mass here and yet if our if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Point Mass here and yet if our if
+our our random sample from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our random sample from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our random sample from this
+distribution is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is large
+enough the sample mean of that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the sample mean of that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the sample mean of that random
+sample will be approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+that's I mean I don't know it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I mean I don't know it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I mean I don't know it seems like
+a remarkable result to me it's uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remarkable result to me it's uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remarkable result to me it's uh it
+sort of almost seems like magic but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost seems like magic but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost seems like magic but it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so remarkable perhaps it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remarkable perhaps it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remarkable perhaps it's also
+useful okay we don't need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay we don't need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay we don't need to know the
+distribution we're sampling from to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we're sampling from to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we're sampling from to know
+a lot about the behavior of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about the behavior of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about the behavior of the sample
+mean so that's why it's so useful we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so that's why it's so useful we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so that's why it's so useful we can
+be sampling from some crazy almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sampling from some crazy almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sampling from some crazy almost
+degenerate distribution we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate distribution we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate distribution we don't need to
+make any assumptions we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any assumptions we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any assumptions we don't need to
+know anything about it but we know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about it but we know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about it but we know as
+long as our sample is big enough the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as our sample is big enough the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as our sample is big enough the
+sample mean is going to be approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean is going to be approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean is going to be approximately
+normal and that's just going to be super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and that's just going to be super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and that's just going to be super
+useful uh when we when we sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh when we when we sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh when we when we sort of go
+forward into estimation and inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh finally I'll just point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh finally I'll just point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh finally I'll just point out
+we're going to rely on this theorem at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to rely on this theorem at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to rely on this theorem at
+least implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least implicitly
+uh for the rest of the semester uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the rest of the semester uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the rest of the semester uh and
+it also gives us a notion of why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also gives us a notion of why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also gives us a notion of why the
+normal distribution is so important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution is so important okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution is so important okay
+the normal distribution is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution is kind of
+really foundational in all of statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really foundational in all of statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really foundational in all of statistics
+and the central limit theorem is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the central limit theorem is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the central limit theorem is a big
+reason why okay and also to sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why okay and also to sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why okay and also to sort of uh
+um I don't know amplify the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know amplify the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know amplify the earlier
+question about you know sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about you know sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about you know sort of the
+nature of the random sample this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the random sample this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the random sample this is I
+gave you kind of the plain vanilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you kind of the plain vanilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you kind of the plain vanilla
+version of the central limith there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the central limith there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the central limith there are
+lots of different Central limit theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different Central limit theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different Central limit theorems
+okay where we where we uh Relax The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where we where we uh Relax The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where we where we uh Relax The
+Assumption of an IID random sample okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of an IID random sample okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of an IID random sample okay
+lots of different versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different versions of the
+central limit there when we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit there when we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit there when we can be
+sampling from uh different distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from uh different distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from uh different distributions
+and and our our um you know the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and our our um you know the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and our our um you know the the uh
+uh random variables don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random variables don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh random variables don't have to be
+independent Etc um and uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Etc um and uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Etc um and uh there are
+still Central limit theorems that exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still Central limit theorems that exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still Central limit theorems that exist
+in many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many of those
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so are these looks of satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are these looks of satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are these looks of satisfaction
+or bafflement or does this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bafflement or does this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bafflement or does this make
+sense yep you understand why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yep you understand why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yep you understand why it's
+important more or less willing to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important more or less willing to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important more or less willing to go
+on yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yes
+okay okay ah for the first time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay ah for the first time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay ah for the first time this
+semester the title on my slide does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester the title on my slide does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester the title on my slide does not
+start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+probability yes we've entered a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability yes we've entered a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability yes we've entered a new
+phase okay so what is statistics well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay so what is statistics well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay so what is statistics well
+it's the study of estimation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the study of estimation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the study of estimation and
+inference we'll get to inference a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference we'll get to inference a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference we'll get to inference a
+little bit later so we won't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later so we won't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later so we won't talk about
+that you know for a couple weeks um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know for a couple weeks um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know for a couple weeks um but
+and for now we'll focus on estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for now we'll focus on estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for now we'll focus on estimation
+okay I should say just as a personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should say just as a personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should say just as a personal
+note I was a um statistics major as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I was a um statistics major as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I was a um statistics major as an
+undergraduate and I took a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate and I took a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate and I took a lot of
+probability courses and I took a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability courses and I took a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability courses and I took a lot of
+Statistics courses and my view was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics courses and my view was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics courses and my view was that
+these courses didn't talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these courses didn't talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these courses didn't talk to each other
+and so one one reason why I like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one one reason why I like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one one reason why I like this
+lecture so much is that at least I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so much is that at least I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so much is that at least I hope
+I hope this is what I'm intending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope this is what I'm intending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope this is what I'm intending to
+accomplish I hope that this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish I hope that this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish I hope that this lecture is
+providing a bridge between stat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a bridge between stat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a bridge between stat
+probability and statistics and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and statistics and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and statistics and sort of
+you know telling you why the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know telling you why the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know telling you why the the sort of
+foundational material that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational material that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational material that we've been
+working so hard on improbability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so hard on improbability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so hard on improbability is
+exactly what's going to tell us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going to tell us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going to tell us how
+statistics behave and sort of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics behave and sort of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics behave and sort of what we're
+going to be able to infer uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to infer uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to infer uh from the
+statistics that we calculate so anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics that we calculate so anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics that we calculate so anyhow
+that's that's my goal this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's my goal this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's my goal this is something
+that at least in my personal experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least in my personal experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least in my personal experience
+always frustrated me that that I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always frustrated me that that I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always frustrated me that that I felt
+like the probabilists and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the probabilists and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the probabilists and the
+statisticians never talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians never talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians never talk to each other
+or something and this is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and this is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and this is the this is the
+lecture which they get to talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture which they get to talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture which they get to talk to each
+other in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so we've actually seen examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've actually seen examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've actually seen examples of
+estimators okay we saw just we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators okay we saw just we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators okay we saw just we saw the
+sample mean just a minute ago I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean just a minute ago I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean just a minute ago I didn't
+describe it as an estimator it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it as an estimator it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it as an estimator it is an
+estimator we had this sort of notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator we had this sort of notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator we had this sort of notion
+that we talked about that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about that it's going to
+give us some information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us some information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us some information about the
+underlying distribution and we'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying distribution and we'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying distribution and we'll make
+that more formal in a minute uh also on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more formal in a minute uh also on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more formal in a minute uh also on
+your problem set you saw an estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set you saw an estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set you saw an estimator
+and again I didn't use the terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I didn't use the terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I didn't use the terminology
+of estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimation
+because we hadn't introduced it yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we hadn't introduced it yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we hadn't introduced it yet but
+the the buffal head um the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the buffal head um the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the buffal head um the the sort of
+problem with the buffal head population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the buffal head population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the buffal head population
+what were you doing you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were you doing you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were you doing you were
+estimating this the size of a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating this the size of a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating this the size of a population
+right okay so we're going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're going to sort of
+engage in a more General conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in a more General conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in a more General conversation
+about um estimation now but keep those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um estimation now but keep those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um estimation now but keep those
+two examples in the back of your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples in the back of your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples in the back of your mind
+and and maybe that'll sort of add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and maybe that'll sort of add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and maybe that'll sort of add some
+concreteness to what we what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concreteness to what we what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concreteness to what we what we're
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what is an estimator well an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is an estimator well an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is an estimator well an
+estimator is a function of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a function of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a function of the random
+variables in a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in a random
+sample the specific function is chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the specific function is chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the specific function is chosen
+with some goal in mind okay the um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some goal in mind okay the um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some goal in mind okay the um it's
+chosen to have properties that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to have properties that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to have properties that are
+useful for giving us information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for giving us information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for giving us information about
+the distribution of those random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of those random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of those random
+variables so the basic idea here is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the basic idea here is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the basic idea here is we
+have a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random
+sample we may know a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we may know a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample we may know a lot about the
+distribution that comes from we may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that comes from we may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that comes from we may know
+relatively little about the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little about the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little about the distribution
+it comes from but what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from but what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from but what we're going to do
+is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to
+create functions of the random sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create functions of the random sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create functions of the random sample
+and those functions are chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those functions are chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those functions are chosen
+specifically to reveal or to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to reveal or to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to reveal or to tell us
+information about the the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the the distribution
+that the random sample came from okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random sample came from okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random sample came from okay
+that's the whole idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimation okay so before uh before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation okay so before uh before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation okay so before uh before we
+uh talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk a little bit more about
+estimation I want to Define what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation I want to Define what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation I want to Define what a
+parameter is we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is we've talked about
+parameters we've seen lots of examples I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters we've seen lots of examples I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters we've seen lots of examples I
+don't know that we've seen a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that we've seen a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that we've seen a like a
+actual definition so I think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual definition so I think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual definition so I think it would be
+useful to say that a parameter is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to say that a parameter is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to say that a parameter is a
+Contex uh constant indexing a family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contex uh constant indexing a family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contex uh constant indexing a family of
+distributions okay so mu and sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay so mu and sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay so mu and sigma
+squared are the parameters that index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared are the parameters that index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared are the parameters that index
+the normal family of distributions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal family of distributions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal family of distributions so
+every normal distribution has has a all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every normal distribution has has a all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every normal distribution has has a all
+you need to know is the MU and the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know is the MU and the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know is the MU and the sigma
+squar and you know everything about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and you know everything about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and you know everything about that
+distribution if you know it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you know it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you know it's in the
+normal family okay uh the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal family okay uh the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal family okay uh the exponential
+family is what's known as a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is what's known as a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is what's known as a one
+parameter distribution or one parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter distribution or one parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter distribution or one parameter
+family there's only one parameter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family there's only one parameter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family there's only one parameter which
+is Lambda typically we call it Lambda uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lambda typically we call it Lambda uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lambda typically we call it Lambda uh
+that determines uh your the which member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines uh your the which member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines uh your the which member
+of the exponential family a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exponential family a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exponential family a particular
+distributions in okay uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions in okay uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions in okay uniform
+distribution A and B those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution A and B those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution A and B those are the
+parameters right um n and P from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right um n and P from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right um n and P from the
+binomial distribution for instance we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution for instance we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution for instance we're
+often in the discussion of estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the discussion of estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the discussion of estimation
+I'll often use um Theta as a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll often use um Theta as a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll often use um Theta as a general
+notation for a parameter but if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for a parameter but if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for a parameter but if you want
+to sort of add some concreteness in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of add some concreteness in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of add some concreteness in your
+mind just think about you know uh Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind just think about you know uh Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind just think about you know uh Lambda
+from an exponential or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an exponential or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an exponential or whatever
+okay so I think I said this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I said this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I said this before
+but the idea behind estimation is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea behind estimation is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea behind estimation is we
+want to determine the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to determine the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to determine the values of
+parameters that govern an observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that govern an observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that govern an observed
+stochastic processor phenomenon so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processor phenomenon so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processor phenomenon so we
+have an observed stochastic processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an observed stochastic processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an observed stochastic processor
+phenomenon we can gather a random sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we can gather a random sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon we can gather a random sample
+from that process or phenomenon but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that process or phenomenon but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that process or phenomenon but we
+might not know all the the values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know all the the values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know all the the values for
+all the parameters so we're um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parameters so we're um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parameters so we're um you know
+we're going to sort of create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sort of create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sort of create these
+functions of random variables uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables uh that
+that have the goal of estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the goal of estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the goal of estimating the
+parameters from the unknown parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters from the unknown parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters from the unknown parameters
+from the distribution okay the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the distribution okay the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the distribution okay the general
+notation we're going to use for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we're going to use for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we're going to use for an
+estimator is Theta half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is Theta half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is Theta half
+okay so again I've sort of talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again I've sort of talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again I've sort of talked about
+this both in this lecture and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this both in this lecture and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this both in this lecture and in
+previous lectures uh but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lectures uh but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lectures uh but I just want to
+make it a little more explicit um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a little more explicit um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a little more explicit um when
+we're talking about statistics when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about statistics when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about statistics when
+we're going from sort of the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from sort of the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from sort of the discussion
+of probability to statistics we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability to statistics we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability to statistics we really
+need to keep two Notions of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep two Notions of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep two Notions of the random
+variable in our head simultaneously we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in our head simultaneously we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in our head simultaneously we
+need to think of Random variables is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of Random variables is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of Random variables is
+this mathematical construct that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical construct that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical construct that I
+introduced several weeks ago okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced several weeks ago okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced several weeks ago okay so a
+function from the sample space to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the sample space to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the sample space to the
+real numbers and we also have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers and we also have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers and we also have to think
+of it as a stochastic object that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a stochastic object that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a stochastic object that can
+quote take on uh different realizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote take on uh different realizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote take on uh different realizations
+with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different
+probabilities okay and so we use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities okay and so we use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities okay and so we use and
+I've been uh you know sort of consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been uh you know sort of consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been uh you know sort of consistent
+throughout using the notation capital x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout using the notation capital x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout using the notation capital x
+to stand for the random variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand for the random variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand for the random variable and
+Little X to stand for the realiz ation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X to stand for the realiz ation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X to stand for the realiz ation
+or possible realizations of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or possible realizations of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or possible realizations of the random
+variables and I'll continue using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I'll continue using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I'll continue using that
+notation okay um second of all we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay um second of all we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay um second of all we've got
+to think of a random sample we've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of a random sample we've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of a random sample we've got to
+keep these two Notions uh of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep these two Notions uh of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep these two Notions uh of a random
+variable in our mind um at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in our mind um at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in our mind um at the same time
+and we also have to keep two Notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also have to keep two Notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also have to keep two Notions of
+a random sample in our mind at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random sample in our mind at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random sample in our mind at the same
+time so we think of it as an IID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we think of it as an IID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we think of it as an IID
+collection of random variables but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of random variables but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of random variables but we
+can also think of the um we also can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think of the um we also can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think of the um we also can
+call the realizations of those random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the realizations of those random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the realizations of those random
+variables a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables a random
+sample okay so a random sample can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay so a random sample can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay so a random sample can can
+refer to the random variables it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the random variables it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the random variables it can
+refer to the realizations of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the realizations of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the realizations of the random
+variables okay and sometimes we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay and sometimes we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay and sometimes we just
+call that data instead of realizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that data instead of realizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that data instead of realizations
+of random variables and that's fine too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random variables and that's fine too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random variables and that's fine too
+yes uh how you uh distinguish the stas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh how you uh distinguish the stas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh how you uh distinguish the stas
+object and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and the
+process I'm sorry how how how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm sorry how how how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm sorry how how how did you
+distinguish a stochastic how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish a stochastic how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish a stochastic how did you
+define the stochastic object in the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the stochastic object in the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the stochastic object in the yeah
+I didn't re I I I'm not going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't re I I I'm not going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't re I I I'm not going to give
+you a formal definition of it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a formal definition of it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a formal definition of it this is
+just meant as so the question is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just meant as so the question is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just meant as so the question is the the
+how do we how do I Define a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we how do I Define a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we how do I Define a stochastic
+object or a stochastic um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or a stochastic um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or a stochastic um you know
+process or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or
+something process yes yes so so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something process yes yes so so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something process yes yes so so the the
+I just the the I'm not going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just the the I'm not going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just the the I'm not going to give you
+formal definition and and the the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal definition and and the the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal definition and and the the idea
+here is that I just want you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that I just want you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that I just want you to have
+these two Notions of you know in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Notions of you know in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Notions of you know in your
+mind simultaneously that there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind simultaneously that there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind simultaneously that there's sort of
+a mathematical construct called a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical construct called a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical construct called a a
+random variable but then the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable but then the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable but then the random
+variable the reason why we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the reason why we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the reason why we have the
+mathematical construct it's there these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical construct it's there these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical construct it's there these
+sort of Uncertain events that happen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Uncertain events that happen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Uncertain events that happen or
+stochastic events that happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic events that happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic events that happen in the
+real world and we want to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world and we want to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world and we want to have some
+model of them and so we think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of them and so we think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of them and so we think of it as a
+mathematical construct we also think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical construct we also think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical construct we also think of
+it a as a model of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a as a model of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a as a model of of
+stochastic you know occurrences or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic you know occurrences or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic you know occurrences or
+something like that okay does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay does that
+help somewhat okay yeah just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help somewhat okay yeah just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help somewhat okay yeah just to
+summarize so we have a random sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize so we have a random sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize so we have a random sample and
+we create a function based on those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create a function based on those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create a function based on those and
+that acts as a estimator which will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acts as a estimator which will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acts as a estimator which will help
+us to find the parameters of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to find the parameters of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to find the parameters of the uh
+you've got it you've got it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it you've got it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it you've got it that's
+exactly right and we'll see we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right and we'll see we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right and we'll see we'll we'll
+sort of see examples as we go as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see examples as we go as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see examples as we go as we go
+further that I think will clarify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further that I think will clarify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further that I think will clarify that
+even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more
+okay oh so actually I think you just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh so actually I think you just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh so actually I think you just uh
+predicted what I was going to put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted what I was going to put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted what I was going to put on the
+next slide or what I put on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide or what I put on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide or what I put on the next
+slide so we know or assume that a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so we know or assume that a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so we know or assume that a set of
+random variables a random sample is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables a random sample is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables a random sample is
+distributed say IID normal or IID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed say IID normal or IID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed say IID normal or IID
+uniform or IID exponential and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform or IID exponential and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform or IID exponential and then
+estimation is trying to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is trying to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is trying to determine the
+specific mu and sigma squar or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific mu and sigma squar or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific mu and sigma squar or the
+specific A and B or the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific A and B or the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific A and B or the specific
+Lambda okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay
+there will always be an error because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will always be an error because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will always be an error because
+the sample size is not in as so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample size is not in as so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample size is not in as so there
+will be error in the estimation yep yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be error in the estimation yep yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be error in the estimation yep yep
+and the the way that we quantify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the way that we quantify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the way that we quantify the
+uncertainty of our estimate is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of our estimate is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of our estimate is through
+and we'll get to this more specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get to this more specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get to this more specifically
+the way we quantify it is through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we quantify it is through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we quantify it is through the
+variance of the distribution of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the distribution of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the distribution of our
+estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so I think I think we we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I think we we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I think we we've covered
+this might choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay maybe I should actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay maybe I should actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay maybe I should actually uh
+sort of go through this a little bit I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go through this a little bit I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go through this a little bit I I
+think we've essentially covered it so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've essentially covered it so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've essentially covered it so uh
+when I said that an estimator was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I said that an estimator was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I said that an estimator was a
+specific function of the random sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific function of the random sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific function of the random sample
+that was going to be useful for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going to be useful for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going to be useful for us to
+try to you know give us information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to you know give us information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to you know give us information
+about an unknown parameter for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an unknown parameter for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an unknown parameter for instance
+and so maybe what we do is uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe what we do is uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe what we do is uh we we
+could choose a function whose result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose a function whose result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose a function whose result
+when applied to a random sample is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when applied to a random sample is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when applied to a random sample is a
+random variable that has a very tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that has a very tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that has a very tight
+distribution around the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution around the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution around the mean of the
+distribution of those random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of those random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of those random
+variables okay and so if we have if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay and so if we have if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay and so if we have if if
+we have an estimator a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an estimator a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an estimator a function of
+random variables that's very tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that's very tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables that's very tightly
+distributed around the mean and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed around the mean and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed around the mean and we don't
+know the mean well that if we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mean well that if we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mean well that if we get a
+realization from that estimator then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization from that estimator then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization from that estimator then
+that's going to give us uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give us uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give us uh important
+information about where the mean is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so something when we don't know the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something when we don't know the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something when we don't know the mean
+then how can we say that the estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how can we say that the estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how can we say that the estimator
+is tightly around the mean no we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tightly around the mean no we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tightly around the mean no we can't
+say the estimate we we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the estimate we we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the estimate we we can say
+analytically mathematically we know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically mathematically we know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically mathematically we know it
+has to be tightly distributed around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be tightly distributed around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be tightly distributed around the
+mean and so what we do is we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and so what we do is we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and so what we do is we take a
+specific random sample we plug it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific random sample we plug it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific random sample we plug it into
+that function that's the estimator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function that's the estimator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function that's the estimator the
+estimator gives us a value and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator gives us a value and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator gives us a value and we know
+that value is a realization from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value is a realization from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value is a realization from that
+distribution that's tightly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's tightly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's tightly distributed
+around the mean so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the mean so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the mean so let me
+maybe drawing a picture would help so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe drawing a picture would help so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe drawing a picture would help so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we have a random sample from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a random sample from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a random sample from
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay this distribution has a mean mu we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this distribution has a mean mu we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this distribution has a mean mu we
+don't know what it is we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is we want to know
+what it is so what do we do we gather a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is so what do we do we gather a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is so what do we do we gather a
+random sample from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bunch it's a bunch of realizations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch it's a bunch of realizations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch it's a bunch of realizations from
+this distribution okay so they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution okay so they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution okay so they're both
+well I should say they're both random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I should say they're both random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I should say they're both random
+variables that have this distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that have this distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that have this distribution
+and the data is is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the data is is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the data is is the sort of
+realizations associated with that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations associated with that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations associated with that okay
+so we gather that random sample we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we gather that random sample we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we gather that random sample we um
+plug that random sample into this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that random sample into this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that random sample into this this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function xar which is equal to 1 / n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function xar which is equal to 1 / n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function xar which is equal to 1 / n *
+the sum of the X's we know analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the X's we know analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the X's we know analytically
+that this thing here has a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here has a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here has a distribution
+that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay maybe that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay maybe that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay maybe that was
+a maybe that's a little exaggerated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maybe that's a little exaggerated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maybe that's a little exaggerated but
+basically this thing here has a distribu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thing here has a distribu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thing here has a distribu
+we know if this sample size is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know if this sample size is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know if this sample size is big
+enough this is going to be approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this is going to be approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this is going to be approximately
+normal I'll put an a here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal I'll put an a here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal I'll put an a here for
+approximate and it's going to have mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate and it's going to have mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate and it's going to have mean
+mu and it's going to have variance Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and it's going to have variance Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and it's going to have variance Sigma
+squar Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar Over N
+right Central limit theor well we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Central limit theor well we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Central limit theor well we knew
+this part and this part before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part and this part before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part and this part before the
+central limit theorem told us this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem told us this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem told us this part
+okay so this is now how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is now how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is now how this
+distribution how the sample mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution how the sample mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution how the sample mean is
+distributed so if we get a realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so if we get a realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so if we get a realization
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+distribution then we're pretty sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then we're pretty sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then we're pretty sure that
+that realization somewhere close to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that realization somewhere close to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that realization somewhere close to this
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+mean okay because this distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay because this distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay because this distribution is
+tight around this unknown mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight around this unknown mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight around this unknown mean and
+that's the you know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the you know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the you know that's the
+the sort of fundamental idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of fundamental idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of fundamental idea
+okay so oh one thing I do want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so oh one thing I do want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so oh one thing I do want to point
+out on here is that just like we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on here is that just like we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on here is that just like we use the
+term random sample to refer both to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term random sample to refer both to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term random sample to refer both to the
+set of random variables and to the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of random variables and to the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of random variables and to the set
+of the realizations associated with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the realizations associated with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the realizations associated with them
+we use Theta hat to stand for both an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use Theta hat to stand for both an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use Theta hat to stand for both an
+estimator which is the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator which is the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator which is the function of
+random variables and the estimate coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and the estimate coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and the estimate coming
+out of that estimator which is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that estimator which is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that estimator which is what you
+get when you plug in the realizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when you plug in the realizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get when you plug in the realizations
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+estimator okay so again statistics does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator okay so again statistics does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator okay so again statistics does
+not make a you know sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make a you know sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make a you know sort of a a
+distinction between the estimate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between the estimate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between the estimate and the
+estimator um typically in the in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation okay an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay an
+example maybe that will add a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe that will add a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe that will add a little
+concreteness okay so uh let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concreteness okay so uh let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concreteness okay so uh let's suppose
+that we have a a random variable X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a a random variable X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a a random variable X and
+it has a a uniform zero Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a a uniform zero Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a a uniform zero Theta
+distribution okay so we don't know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so we don't know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so we don't know it
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has a distribution that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a distribution that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a distribution that looks like
+this we don't know what Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we don't know what Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we don't know what Theta
+is okay we want to figure out what Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay we want to figure out what Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay we want to figure out what Theta
+is so what could we do let's suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what could we do let's suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what could we do let's suppose we
+have a access to a random sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a access to a random sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a access to a random sample the
+realizations from uh from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations from uh from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations from uh from this
+distribution what could we do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas we want to do something with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we want to do something with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we want to do something with those
+we want to plug those realizations into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to plug those realizations into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to plug those realizations into
+some function that's going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function that's going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function that's going to give us
+some information about this uh parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about this uh parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about this uh parameter
+Theta yes I I think if we take the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta yes I I think if we take the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta yes I I think if we take the mean
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then yes so what would you do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yes so what would you do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yes so what would you do to the
+mean then I would sample mean I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean then I would sample mean I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean then I would sample mean I would
+estimate that the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that the sample mean
+is well okay so I wanted you to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well okay so I wanted you to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well okay so I wanted you to say that
+you you take the sample mean and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you take the sample mean and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you take the sample mean and then
+you multiply it by two yeah so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it by two yeah so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it by two yeah so so we
+were saying the same thing but you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying the same thing but you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying the same thing but you you
+you can so one thing you can do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can so one thing you can do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can so one thing you can do is you
+can get a random sample you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a random sample you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a random sample you calculate
+the sample mean okay we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean okay we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean okay we know that the
+sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean
+is is going to have a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is going to have a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is going to have a distribution
+that's um you know sort of centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um you know sort of centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um you know sort of centered
+around here and is going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here and is going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here and is going to be more
+concentrated around the the mean of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around the the mean of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around the the mean of this
+distribution than the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution than the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution than the distribution
+itself so you get you plug them into to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so you get you plug them into to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so you get you plug them into to
+the sample mean function and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean function and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean function and you
+multiply by two and that's going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by two and that's going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by two and that's going to give
+you an estimate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an estimate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an estimate for
+Theta seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta seem
+reasonable other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas are you yawn or oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas are you yawn or oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas are you yawn or oh
+sorry take the maximum that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry take the maximum that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry take the maximum that's right so
+how about if we have a random sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about if we have a random sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about if we have a random sample and
+instead of computing the sample mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of computing the sample mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of computing the sample mean we
+just take the nth order statistic from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the nth order statistic from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the nth order statistic from
+that random sample and use that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random sample and use that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random sample and use that as an
+estimate seem reasonable right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate seem reasonable right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate seem reasonable right okay so
+we'll we'll study these two examples you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll study these two examples you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll study these two examples you
+know we'll sort of uh figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll sort of uh figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll sort of uh figure out how
+both of them are distributed in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are distributed in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are distributed in the in
+the sort of um uh time to come like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of um uh time to come like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of um uh time to come like this
+lecture next but that but they both seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture next but that but they both seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture next but that but they both seem
+like reasonable ways to take a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reasonable ways to take a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reasonable ways to take a random
+sample from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from this
+distribution uh you know sort of plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh you know sort of plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh you know sort of plug
+that random sample into a function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random sample into a function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random sample into a function and
+gain information about Theta from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain information about Theta from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain information about Theta from you
+know sort of choose the function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of choose the function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of choose the function that's
+going to allow us to gain information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow us to gain information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow us to gain information
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+okay so this is just what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just what we said
+verbally two reasonable procedures come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbally two reasonable procedures come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbally two reasonable procedures come
+to mind G a random sample compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mind G a random sample compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mind G a random sample compute the
+sample mean and multiply by two and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean and multiply by two and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean and multiply by two and use
+that as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as our
+estimator or gather random sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator or gather random sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator or gather random sample
+compute the max the nth order statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the max the nth order statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the max the nth order statistic
+of the random sample and use that as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator
+okay and here they are in equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here they are in equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here they are in equations
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+words so Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so Theta
+hat um sub one is just equal to the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat um sub one is just equal to the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat um sub one is just equal to the nth
+order statistic Theta hat sub 2 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic Theta hat sub 2 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order statistic Theta hat sub 2 is equal
+to 2 * the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 * the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 * the sample
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so let's think uh just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's think uh just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's think uh just these
+uh I have a couple of slides that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have a couple of slides that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have a couple of slides that help
+you sort of picture what's going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of picture what's going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of picture what's going on so
+here is the nth order statistic from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the nth order statistic from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the nth order statistic from a
+random sample of size five from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample of size five from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample of size five from this
+distribution here's the nth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here's the nth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here's the nth order
+statistic from a random sample of size I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic from a random sample of size I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic from a random sample of size I
+don't know what that is 12 or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that is 12 or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that is 12 or something
+like that okay and here's the nth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay and here's the nth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay and here's the nth order
+statistic from a random sample of size a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic from a random sample of size a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic from a random sample of size a
+lot I don't know how many little marks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot I don't know how many little marks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot I don't know how many little marks I
+put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on
+there okay so as n is getting bigger as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so as n is getting bigger as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so as n is getting bigger as
+our sample size is getting bigger our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample size is getting bigger our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample size is getting bigger our
+estimator um seems to be getting better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator um seems to be getting better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator um seems to be getting better
+right okay that's not just I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay that's not just I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay that's not just I mean
+obviously I I could have drawn many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I I could have drawn many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I I could have drawn many
+different pictures here that's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pictures here that's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pictures here that's not just
+a mistake in fact the estimator does get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake in fact the estimator does get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake in fact the estimator does get
+better get sort of becomes a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get sort of becomes a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get sort of becomes a more
+accurate estimate of theta as n gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate estimate of theta as n gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate estimate of theta as n gets
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay here's two times um the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay here's two times um the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay here's two times um the sample
+mean so the sample mean was I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so the sample mean was I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so the sample mean was I don't know
+somewhere around in here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around in here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around in here and I
+multiplied it by two I just kind of did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it by two I just kind of did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it by two I just kind of did
+this visually but I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visually but I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visually but I think this is
+probably close so here the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably close so here the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably close so here the sample mean
+is out here somewhere okay uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out here somewhere okay uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out here somewhere okay uh this
+particular random sample that I dreamed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular random sample that I dreamed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular random sample that I dreamed
+up it it by chance had sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it it by chance had sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it it by chance had sort of more
+observations in the upper half so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in the upper half so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in the upper half so it's
+two times the sample mean would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the sample mean would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the sample mean would be
+somewhere out there and then uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere out there and then uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere out there and then uh this
+random sample seems like the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample seems like the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample seems like the sample mean
+was pretty close to mu and so two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty close to mu and so two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty close to mu and so two times
+the sample mean would be just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean would be just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean would be just about
+Theta okay so again in this in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so again in this in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so again in this in these
+examples um all the estimator is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um all the estimator is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um all the estimator is getting
+better as as n is getting larger but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as as n is getting larger but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as as n is getting larger but it
+does sort of bounce around a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does sort of bounce around a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does sort of bounce around a little bit
+and again that's kind of not that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that's kind of not that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that's kind of not that's not
+a mistake that's actually a a a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake that's actually a a a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake that's actually a a a feature
+of these two uh random or two estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two uh random or two estimators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two uh random or two estimators
+that we can prove yeah I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can prove yeah I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can prove yeah I was just
+wondering if we have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if we have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if we have a way of
+evaluating excellent question so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating excellent question so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating excellent question so the
+question is do we have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do we have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do we have a way of
+evaluating these estimators deciding how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating these estimators deciding how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating these estimators deciding how
+accurate they are and which one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate they are and which one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate they are and which one to
+choose and we will get to that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and we will get to that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and we will get to that so that
+yes those are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here's another
+procedure gather a random sample compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure gather a random sample compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure gather a random sample compute
+the sample median instead of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample median instead of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample median instead of the sample
+mean and then uh the number the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and then uh the number the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and then uh the number the median
+I'll remind you is the number above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll remind you is the number above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll remind you is the number above and
+below which half of the sample Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below which half of the sample Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below which half of the sample Falls
+okay and then multiply that by two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then multiply that by two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then multiply that by two and
+use that as data hat seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as data hat seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as data hat seem
+reasonable yeah so I can tell you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable yeah so I can tell you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable yeah so I can tell you um
+that that also is a reasonable estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that also is a reasonable estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that also is a reasonable estimator
+and it has uh sort of particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has uh sort of particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has uh sort of particular
+properties that we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we can talk about
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+okay here's another procedure gather a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's another procedure gather a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's another procedure gather a
+random sample throw the whole thing away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample throw the whole thing away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample throw the whole thing away
+and have R generate a random value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have R generate a random value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have R generate a random value for
+you use that as Theta hat what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that as Theta hat what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that as Theta hat what do you
+think no so we can guess that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think no so we can guess that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think no so we can guess that this
+procedure does not have very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure does not have very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure does not have very good
+properties right and in fact we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties right and in fact we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties right and in fact we can
+prove that it doesn't have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it doesn't have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it doesn't have good
+properties I think we probably won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties I think we probably won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties I think we probably won't
+bother to but uh we can in fact prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother to but uh we can in fact prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother to but uh we can in fact prove it
+doesn't have very good properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have very good properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have very good properties
+okay so here this is these are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here this is these are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here this is these are some of
+the questions you just asked and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions you just asked and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions you just asked and one
+other so first of all how did we come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so first of all how did we come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so first of all how did we come up
+with these functions we just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these functions we just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these functions we just kind of
+dreed them up off the top of our head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreed them up off the top of our head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreed them up off the top of our head
+right is there a more systematic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is there a more systematic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is there a more systematic way
+that we can sort of generate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can sort of generate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can sort of generate these
+estimators the answer is yes we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators the answer is yes we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators the answer is yes we'll see
+that next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time
+how do we know if they're reasonable how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know if they're reasonable how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know if they're reasonable how
+do we choose among them so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we choose among them so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we choose among them so we have two
+estimators here two times the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators here two times the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators here two times the sample
+mean and the inth order statistic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and the inth order statistic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and the inth order statistic and
+they both seem like reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both seem like reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both seem like reasonable
+estimators right how do we choose among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators right how do we choose among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators right how do we choose among
+them uh or between them in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh or between them in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh or between them in this case
+Okay so for the rest of this lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so for the rest of this lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so for the rest of this lecture and
+some of the next we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the next we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the next we're going to talk
+about these topics uh criteria for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these topics uh criteria for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these topics uh criteria for
+estimating uh for assessing estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh for assessing estimators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh for assessing estimators
+and the Frameworks for choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Frameworks for choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Frameworks for choosing
+estimators okay and these two topics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators okay and these two topics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators okay and these two topics are
+gonna answer those questions that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna answer those questions that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna answer those questions that were
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+posed okay so how how can we even think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed okay so how how can we even think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed okay so how how can we even think
+about criteria for assessing estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about criteria for assessing estimators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about criteria for assessing estimators
+well remember an estimator is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember an estimator is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember an estimator is a random
+variable okay so everything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so everything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so everything that you
+need to know about a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about a random
+variable is embodied in its distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is embodied in its distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is embodied in its distribution
+that's what a I mean that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a I mean that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a I mean that's essentially
+what a random variable is it is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a random variable is it is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a random variable is it is its
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay so our criteria for estimating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so our criteria for estimating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so our criteria for estimating or
+for assessing these estimators will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assessing these estimators will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assessing these estimators will be
+based on characteristics of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on characteristics of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on characteristics of their
+distributions so what characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so what characteristics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions so what characteristics of
+the distributions matter what do we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributions matter what do we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributions matter what do we care
+about well first one we're going to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well first one we're going to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well first one we're going to I'm
+going to Define um a Criterion called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define um a Criterion called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define um a Criterion called
+biasness or Define a uh sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasness or Define a uh sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasness or Define a uh sort of a
+characteristic called unbiased an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic called unbiased an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic called unbiased an
+estimator is unbi highest for Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is unbi highest for Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is unbi highest for Theta
+which is the sort of parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sort of parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sort of parameter that
+we're interested in estimating if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in estimating if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in estimating if the
+expectation of theta hat is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta hat is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of theta hat is equal to
+Theta for all Theta in this is a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta for all Theta in this is a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta for all Theta in this is a capital
+Theta by the way okay so in this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta by the way okay so in this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta by the way okay so in this just
+means for all possible values of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+is estimator of a compulation so Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is estimator of a compulation so Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is estimator of a compulation so Theta
+hat is our estimator and it can it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is our estimator and it can it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is our estimator and it can it can
+serve two that that that notation serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve two that that that notation serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve two that that that notation serves
+two roles it's both it both stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two roles it's both it both stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two roles it's both it both stands for
+the function of the random sample and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the random sample and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the random sample and it
+stands for a particular number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for a particular number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for a particular number the
+estimate once we plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate once we plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate once we plug in the
+realizations into the function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations into the function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations into the function of the
+random variables okay so Theta Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables okay so Theta Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables okay so Theta Theta is
+two things in this case it's serving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things in this case it's serving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things in this case it's serving the
+role as the estimator okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role as the estimator okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role as the estimator okay so the
+expectation and remember the estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and remember the estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and remember the estimator
+is a random variable so it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable so it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable so it has a
+distribution so here we're saying if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so here we're saying if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so here we're saying if the
+distri ution of that estimator Theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distri ution of that estimator Theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distri ution of that estimator Theta hat
+is equal to the the parameter we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the the parameter we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the the parameter we're
+trying to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate
+Theta and if that's true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and if that's true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and if that's true for all
+possible values of theta then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of theta then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of theta then we're
+going to call this estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this estimator
+unbiased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so here's a picture yep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here's a picture yep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here's a picture yep so
+when you say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means expected value of is TOA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means expected value of is TOA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means expected value of is TOA
+no it's a parameter parameter it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's a parameter parameter it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's a parameter parameter it's a
+parameter so for instance so here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so for instance so here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so for instance so here here
+here's an example okay the the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example okay the the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example okay the the random
+variable that you know we have sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that you know we have sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that you know we have sort of a
+random sample that we're drawing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample that we're drawing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample that we're drawing from
+this distribution and we can call those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution and we can call those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution and we can call those
+X's or y's or whatever we want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's or y's or whatever we want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's or y's or whatever we want to call
+them and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has distrib each X has a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has distrib each X has a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has distrib each X has a distribution
+uniform Zer to Theta okay okay Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform Zer to Theta okay okay Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform Zer to Theta okay okay Theta is
+just a it's a number okay we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a it's a number okay we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a it's a number okay we don't know
+what it is but it's a number okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but it's a number okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but it's a number okay it's
+just a number governing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution that's a capital Theta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's a capital Theta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's a capital Theta so
+it's just kind of the space of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of the space of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of the space of all
+possible values of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of little
+Theta so like for instance in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so like for instance in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so like for instance in this case
+little th Capital Theta has to be uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little th Capital Theta has to be uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little th Capital Theta has to be uh the
+the sort of positive real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of positive real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of positive real
+numbers so like for instance you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so like for instance you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so like for instance you can't
+have a uniform Z -4 distribution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uniform Z -4 distribution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uniform Z -4 distribution okay
+and so uh the capital Theta is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh the capital Theta is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh the capital Theta is just the
+sort of set of all possible values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+okay okay so here on the on the left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here on the on the left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here on the on the left is
+a picture of an unbiased estimator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of an unbiased estimator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of an unbiased estimator so
+what is this curve here that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this curve here that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this curve here that's the
+distribution of the estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the estimator
+okay and that distribution has a mean or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that distribution has a mean or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that distribution has a mean or
+an expectation you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation you compute the
+expectation if that expectation is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation if that expectation is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation if that expectation is equal
+to uh this parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh this parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh this parameter
+Theta then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta then it's
+unbiased and if this distribution is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased and if this distribution is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased and if this distribution is not
+equal or sorry if the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal or sorry if the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal or sorry if the expectation of
+this distribution is not equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution is not equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution is not equal to the
+parameter Theta then it's a biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Theta then it's a biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Theta then it's a biased
+estimator for Theta yes so this normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for Theta yes so this normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for Theta yes so this normal
+that you've drawn that's the normal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've drawn that's the normal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've drawn that's the normal that
+you get when you take Sample When you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you take Sample When you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you take Sample When you
+take a lot of different uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of different uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of different uh what's the
+word u realizations from this uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word u realizations from this uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word u realizations from this uniform
+distribution and then you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then you get this
+normal uh if if your sample size is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal uh if if your sample size is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal uh if if your sample size is big
+enough it's going to be approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's going to be approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's going to be approximately
+normal yeah that's right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal yeah that's right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal yeah that's right that's
+right we say it's biased when Theta when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we say it's biased when Theta when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we say it's biased when Theta when
+the mean of that random draw is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of that random draw is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of that random draw is exactly
+equal to unbiased if the if the X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to unbiased if the if the X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to unbiased if the if the X so
+this is the PDF of theta half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the PDF of theta half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the PDF of theta half
+okay the distribution of theta hat if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the distribution of theta hat if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the distribution of theta hat if
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+distribution has an expectation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution has an expectation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution has an expectation that's
+equal to Theta then we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Theta then we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Theta then we call that
+estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator
+unbiased yes the parameter Theta that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased yes the parameter Theta that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased yes the parameter Theta that we
+talking about here represents the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here represents the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here represents the mean
+of the actual distribution well it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual distribution well it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual distribution well it might
+be and it might not be so here it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and it might not be so here it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and it might not be so here it's not
+the mean but then how will I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean but then how will I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean but then how will I say
+expected value of theta is Theta in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of theta is Theta in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of theta is Theta in this
+case because expect of data heart will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because expect of data heart will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because expect of data heart will
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+mean no so so the so so I'm glad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean no so so the so so I'm glad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean no so so the so so I'm glad you
+asked this question so let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked this question so let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked this question so let me try to
+clarify so here Theta is a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify so here Theta is a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify so here Theta is a parameter
+governing the distribution that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing the distribution that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing the distribution that we're
+drawing the random sample from it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the random sample from it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the random sample from it might
+be the mean of that distribution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the mean of that distribution here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the mean of that distribution here
+it's not the mean of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the mean of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the mean of the distribution
+here it's the upper limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the upper limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the upper limit of the
+distribution uh it could be any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh it could be any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh it could be any other
+parameter governing the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter governing the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter governing the distribution
+okay what we do is we we come up with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we do is we we come up with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we do is we we come up with um
+an estimator that we think we maybe have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimator that we think we maybe have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimator that we think we maybe have
+good reason to believe is going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason to believe is going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason to believe is going to be uh
+you know sort of a good estimator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of a good estimator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of a good estimator for
+that unknown parameter okay and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unknown parameter okay and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unknown parameter okay and so in
+the case of this uniform zero Theta we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of this uniform zero Theta we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of this uniform zero Theta we
+came up with two times the sample u mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with two times the sample u mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with two times the sample u mean
+or we came up with the nth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we came up with the nth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we came up with the nth order
+statistic okay and both of those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic okay and both of those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic okay and both of those were
+functions that we thought might do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we thought might do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we thought might do a
+pretty good job of telling us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job of telling us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job of telling us something
+about this unknown Theta and in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this unknown Theta and in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this unknown Theta and in both
+cases those functions have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases those functions have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases those functions have have
+distributions okay so here I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay so here I've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay so here I've drawn
+the the PDF of theta hat as kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the PDF of theta hat as kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the PDF of theta hat as kind of
+normal because that's often what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal because that's often what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal because that's often what it is
+it doesn't have to be normal if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be normal if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be normal if our
+sample size is small it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is small it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is small it may not be
+normal but here I've sort of drawn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal but here I've sort of drawn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal but here I've sort of drawn it
+normal just because I had to pick some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal just because I had to pick some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal just because I had to pick some
+shape to draw okay so with but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to draw okay so with but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to draw okay so with but the the
+Theta hat which is our the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta hat which is our the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta hat which is our the function that
+we're using to estimate this unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using to estimate this unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using to estimate this unknown
+parameter has a distribution if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter has a distribution if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter has a distribution if that
+distribution if the expectation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if the expectation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if the expectation of that
+distribution is equal to Theta the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is equal to Theta the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is equal to Theta the thing
+that we're trying to estimate then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to estimate then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to estimate then it's
+an unbiased estimator does that help yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbiased estimator does that help yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbiased estimator does that help yes
+I'm I'm a little bit confused it seems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm a little bit confused it seems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm a little bit confused it seems a
+little contraint so the PDF of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little contraint so the PDF of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little contraint so the PDF of the
+estimator for in order for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for in order for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for in order for you to
+generate it you need to you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it you need to you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it you need to you need to have
+a lot of samples and multiple estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right no if you have a lot if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no if you have a lot if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no if you have a lot if you have
+if you have have a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have have a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have have a very large
+sample if you have so if you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample if you have so if you have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample if you have so if you have a very
+well okay so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so I think
+actually you might be confusing the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you might be confusing the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you might be confusing the two
+different senses of an estimator or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different senses of an estimator or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different senses of an estimator or you
+might be confusing an estimate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be confusing an estimate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be confusing an estimate an
+estimate with an estimator okay so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate with an estimator okay so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate with an estimator okay so an
+estimator is a function of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a function of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a function of random
+variables it's this sort of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it's this sort of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it's this sort of mathematical
+construct that we can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that we can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that we can talk about the
+distribution of in the in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of in the in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of in the in the real world
+what we typically have is we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we typically have is we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we typically have is we have one
+random sample which is multiple draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample which is multiple draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample which is multiple draws
+from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some
+distribution and that random sample that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and that random sample that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and that random sample that
+we have is sort of a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is sort of a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is sort of a series of
+realizations from that distribution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations from that distribution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations from that distribution okay
+a series of numbers so what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of numbers so what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of numbers so what we do is we
+choose a function that has properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a function that has properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a function that has properties
+that that are going to be useful for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are going to be useful for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are going to be useful for us
+and then we plug those realizations into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we plug those realizations into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we plug those realizations into
+the function and basically an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and basically an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and basically an estimate
+is one real ization from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one real ization from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one real ization from this
+distribution okay it's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay it's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay it's just one
+realization and and that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization and and that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization and and that doesn't mean
+it's going to equal Theta it I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to equal Theta it I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to equal Theta it I mean you
+know we could have a realization here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we could have a realization here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we could have a realization here a
+realization here our estimate is if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization here our estimate is if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization here our estimate is if our
+estimate is from the distribution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is from the distribution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is from the distribution that's
+centered around Theta and is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around Theta and is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around Theta and is pretty
+concentrated around Theta then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around Theta then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around Theta then we have
+some confidence that our estimate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confidence that our estimate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confidence that our estimate is
+close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+is the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the true
+value true value for the estimat it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value true value for the estimat it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value true value for the estimat it's
+the no it's a parameter from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no it's a parameter from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no it's a parameter from the
+underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution value that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution value that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution value that we're trying to
+estimate yes exactly if if I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate yes exactly if if I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate yes exactly if if I'm trying to
+estimate the actual value that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the actual value that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the actual value that means I
+don't know it in order for me to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it in order for me to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it in order for me to prove
+that it's on bias I actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's on bias I actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's on bias I actually have to
+know it no no no you don't so math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it no no no you don't so math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it no no no you don't so math
+mathematically we can do the proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically we can do the proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically we can do the proof that
+an estimator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimator is
+unbiased without we we just we just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased without we we just we just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased without we we just we just know
+that under the assumptions that we lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that under the assumptions that we lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that under the assumptions that we lay
+out we can prove that uh an estimator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we can prove that uh an estimator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we can prove that uh an estimator is
+going to be unbiased and then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be unbiased and then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be unbiased and then when we
+have a particular random sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular random sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a particular random sample
+obviously we don't know where in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we don't know where in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we don't know where in this
+distribution we're drawing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we're drawing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we're drawing you know
+where the the random sample that we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the random sample that we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the random sample that we used
+to you know we plug that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know we plug that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know we plug that into the
+estimator and we get a particular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator and we get a particular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator and we get a particular value
+from that distribution we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that distribution we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that distribution we don't know
+where on in the distribution that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on in the distribution that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on in the distribution that value
+is coming from but so here maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming from but so here maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming from but so here maybe this
+helps I hope this helps we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps I hope this helps we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps I hope this helps we actually have
+proved unbiasedness just a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved unbiasedness just a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved unbiasedness just a few minutes
+ago so remember the sample mean we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so remember the sample mean we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so remember the sample mean we said
+here is a function of random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a function of random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a function of random variables
+we're going to assume that they're IID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that they're IID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that they're IID
+random variables we're going to u to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables we're going to u to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables we're going to u to add
+up a bunch of IID random variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a bunch of IID random variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a bunch of IID random variables and
+divide by n let's see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by n let's see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by n let's see what the
+expectation of that new random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that new random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that new random variable
+is that xar the new random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that xar the new random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that xar the new random variable
+we're going to call xar we computed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call xar we computed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call xar we computed we
+we sort of mathematically showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of mathematically showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of mathematically showed that
+its expectation was equal to me we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its expectation was equal to me we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its expectation was equal to me we
+didn't in in a in a practical situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't in in a in a practical situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't in in a in a practical situation
+we don't know what mu is but we can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what mu is but we can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what mu is but we can show
+mathematically that that function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that that function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that that function of a
+random variable has a distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable has a distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable has a distribution and
+its expectation is equal to Mu so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its expectation is equal to Mu so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its expectation is equal to Mu so that's
+how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to prove
+unbiasness okay does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiasness okay does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiasness okay does that
+help yes applying the definition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yes applying the definition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yes applying the definition to the
+example we just did for example it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we just did for example it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we just did for example it seems
+as if it would be unbiased but yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it would be unbiased but yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it would be unbiased but yet we
+could still not always so it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still not always so it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still not always so it seems to
+satisfies the definition but depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the definition but depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the definition but depending
+on the sample you wouldn't always find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sample you wouldn't always find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sample you wouldn't always find
+the actual deta so what does bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual deta so what does bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual deta so what does bias
+actually represent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually represent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually represent so
+um let me see if I can answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see if I can answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see if I can answer this
+question without mudding it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question without mudding it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question without mudding it's a good
+question uh I'm GNA just try to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh I'm GNA just try to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh I'm GNA just try to answer
+the question without without sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question without without sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question without without sort of
+making you know mudding the waters more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you know mudding the waters more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you know mudding the waters more
+so basically unbiasedness just tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically unbiasedness just tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically unbiasedness just tells us
+let's let's consider this thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's consider this thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's consider this thought
+experiment okay so let's suppose that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay so let's suppose that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay so let's suppose that we
+have We Gather a random sample from say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have We Gather a random sample from say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have We Gather a random sample from say
+this distribution okay and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution okay and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution okay and the the
+random sample is actual numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample is actual numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample is actual numbers
+realizations we compute the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations we compute the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations we compute the sample mean
+and then we multiply it by two and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we multiply it by two and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we multiply it by two and that
+gives us some number okay and then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us some number okay and then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us some number okay and then let's
+suppose we did that a 100 times a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we did that a 100 times a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we did that a 100 times a new
+random sample we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample we
+compute the the sample mean we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the the sample mean we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the the sample mean we multiply
+by two that gives us a another number a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two that gives us a another number a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two that gives us a another number a
+brand new random sample we do this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new random sample we do this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new random sample we do this a
+thousand times or a million times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times or a million times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times or a million times or
+whatever okay we we H what the the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay we we H what the the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay we we H what the the size
+of our random sample is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our random sample is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our random sample is going to
+determine how the uh the this thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how the uh the this thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how the uh the this thing that
+we're Computing this two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're Computing this two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're Computing this two times the
+sample mean how it's distributed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean how it's distributed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean how it's distributed so
+let's say our random sample was size 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say our random sample was size 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say our random sample was size 15
+each time and we did this a 100 times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time and we did this a 100 times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time and we did this a 100 times or
+a thousand times or whatever so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand times or whatever so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand times or whatever so what
+we're going to do is basically then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is basically then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is basically then
+we'll have something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have something that looks like
+I'll erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and okay so let's let's say I said 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and okay so let's let's say I said 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and okay so let's let's say I said 15
+but let's say n is equal to 20 okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say n is equal to 20 okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say n is equal to 20 okay um
+then we can we can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can we can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can we can sort of
+mathematically figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically figure out what the
+distribution of this two times the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this two times the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this two times the uh
+sort of sample mean from a random sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sample mean from a random sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sample mean from a random sample
+of size 20 is and maybe we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size 20 is and maybe we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size 20 is and maybe we're going to
+get something that looks a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that looks a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that looks a little bit
+like this okay I'm not sure um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay I'm not sure um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay I'm not sure um and so
+basically if if we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if if we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if if we think about the
+thought experiment where we do this uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment where we do this uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment where we do this uh a
+thousand times and then create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times and then create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times and then create a
+histogram of the values of the estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of the values of the estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of the values of the estimate
+those 1,000 different values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 1,000 different values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 1,000 different values of the
+estimate the histogram is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the histogram is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the histogram is going to look
+something like that does that help okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that does that help okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that does that help okay
+great so it's a lot it's a lot to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so it's a lot it's a lot to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so it's a lot it's a lot to sort
+of keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keep
+straight but these are you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight but these are you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight but these are you know these
+are sort of the fundamental ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the fundamental ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the fundamental ideas
+underlying estimation so I'm glad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying estimation so I'm glad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying estimation so I'm glad that
+you guys are asking questions and trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are asking questions and trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are asking questions and trying
+to trying to get these Concepts uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trying to get these Concepts uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trying to get these Concepts uh sort
+of straight in your mind okay so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of straight in your mind okay so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of straight in your mind okay so I just
+want to just want to real quick so n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just want to real quick so n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just want to real quick so n is
+20 so we're taking 20 samples from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so we're taking 20 samples from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so we're taking 20 samples from this
+distribution but then you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but then you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but then you've got this
+kind of for Loop where you're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of for Loop where you're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of for Loop where you're doing that
+a thousand times yes and then you're and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand times yes and then you're and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand times yes and then you're and
+then you're creating a histogram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're creating a histogram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're creating a histogram of the
+the 1,000 estimates that you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1,000 estimates that you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1,000 estimates that you get from
+each of these random samples so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these random samples so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these random samples so that
+second number a th000 that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second number a th000 that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second number a th000 that you know
+clearly you just came up with that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you just came up with that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you just came up with that on
+the spot but that's not that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot but that's not that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot but that's not that's not a
+number that we're considering here n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we're considering here n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we're considering here n is
+the number exactly so a thousand I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number exactly so a thousand I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number exactly so a thousand I only
+said a thousand because I wanted you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a thousand because I wanted you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a thousand because I wanted you to
+picture in your mind that this histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in your mind that this histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in your mind that this histogram
+is going to look a lot like this um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look a lot like this um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look a lot like this um this
+distribution and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you know
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay okay so oh so we're done time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mHVnpuhfpvI.txt b/mHVnpuhfpvI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f66224498a9d058d31d8e6628c102cb84bcf009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mHVnpuhfpvI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at the angular momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the angular momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the angular momentum of
+two particles one sitting here and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles one sitting here and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles one sitting here and one
+over there and they are circling each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and they are circling each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and they are circling each
+other and we want to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and we want to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and we want to determine the
+angular momentum of a point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of a point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of a point on the
+ground right here underneath that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground right here underneath that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground right here underneath that's our
+point s and here's the center so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point s and here's the center so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point s and here's the center so the
+circle has a radius R and here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle has a radius R and here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle has a radius R and here we have a
+height H and let's have the particles go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height H and let's have the particles go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height H and let's have the particles go
+counterclockwise because then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise because then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise because then we can
+define our K hat vector to go up and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define our K hat vector to go up and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define our K hat vector to go up and if
+these particles are going this way then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles are going this way then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles are going this way then
+Omega is also going to be going in the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is also going to be going in the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is also going to be going in the K
+hat direction in the positive K hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction in the positive K hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction in the positive K hat
+direction so we know that L equals R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we know that L equals R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we know that L equals R
+cross P so we need to determine where as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross P so we need to determine where as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross P so we need to determine where as
+R and what's going on with P so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and what's going on with P so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and what's going on with P so our
+vector goes here from point s to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector goes here from point s to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector goes here from point s to our
+first particle our s 1 and here's number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first particle our s 1 and here's number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first particle our s 1 and here's number
+2 and we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as to sitting over here and P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to sitting over here and P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to sitting over here and P the
+momentum of the particles well if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the particles well if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the particles well if these
+guys are going in in the contact walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are going in in the contact walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are going in in the contact walk
+wise direction then the momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise direction then the momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise direction then the momentum of
+particle one is going to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is going to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one is going to go into the
+board following the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board following the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board following the direction of the
+motion and here P two is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and here P two is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and here P two is going to come
+out of the board if we consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the board if we consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the board if we consider this
+equation here we can already graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here we can already graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here we can already graphically
+determine what the answer is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the answer is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the answer is actually
+going to be and so we we do R cross P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and so we we do R cross P so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and so we we do R cross P so
+R cross P which means ll1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R cross P which means ll1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R cross P which means ll1
+LS 1 is going to point in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS 1 is going to point in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS 1 is going to point in this direction
+LS 1 and alternatively LS 2 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS 1 and alternatively LS 2 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS 1 and alternatively LS 2 is going to
+go this direction which means if we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this direction which means if we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this direction which means if we add
+these two components and we do want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two components and we do want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two components and we do want the
+total angular momentum of the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum of the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum of the system of
+both particles so we have to add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both particles so we have to add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both particles so we have to add them
+we'll get here our our L of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get here our our L of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get here our our L of the system
+so in order to calculate that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to calculate that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to calculate that we need to
+calculate first the LS 1 and then Els 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate first the LS 1 and then Els 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate first the LS 1 and then Els 2
+and then we need to add them the crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to add them the crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to add them the crucial
+point here is to be careful with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is to be careful with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is to be careful with the
+coordinate system for the first particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system for the first particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system for the first particle
+K is going up and R is going outward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is going up and R is going outward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is going up and R is going outward and
+theta hat is going into the board then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat is going into the board then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat is going into the board then
+we can write up L as 1 equals R 1 or s 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write up L as 1 equals R 1 or s 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write up L as 1 equals R 1 or s 1
+Cross P 1 and we can express this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross P 1 and we can express this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross P 1 and we can express this vector
+here with H and with r so we have R in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with H and with r so we have R in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with H and with r so we have R in
+the R hat direction plus age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R hat direction plus age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R hat direction plus age
+in the K hat direction cross P and P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the K hat direction cross P and P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the K hat direction cross P and P is
+the the mass of the particle times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mass of the particle times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mass of the particle times the
+angular velocity the component that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity the component that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity the component that is
+our Omega Z and that goes in theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Omega Z and that goes in theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Omega Z and that goes in theta
+direction so we need to solve this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we need to solve this cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so we need to solve this cross
+product here and we're going to have R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here and we're going to have R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here and we're going to have R
+squared Omega Z and then we have our hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Omega Z and then we have our hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Omega Z and then we have our hat
+cross theta hat that K hat plus H R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross theta hat that K hat plus H R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross theta hat that K hat plus H R
+Omega Z and then we have K hat cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z and then we have K hat cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z and then we have K hat cross
+theta hat that's anti cyclic and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat that's anti cyclic and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat that's anti cyclic and we get
+an R hat and this is by the way in R 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R hat and this is by the way in R 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R hat and this is by the way in R 1
+and this is an R 1 and we get a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an R 1 and we get a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an R 1 and we get a minus
+because it's anti cyclic so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's anti cyclic so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's anti cyclic so we're gonna
+turn this here into a minus and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this here into a minus and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this here into a minus and that is
+the momentum angular momentum for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum angular momentum for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum angular momentum for our
+first particle now we're going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first particle now we're going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first particle now we're going to do the
+same in an analogous way for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in an analogous way for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in an analogous way for our
+particle number 2 but again we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle number 2 but again we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle number 2 but again we need to
+look at the coordinate system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the coordinate system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the coordinate system that's
+very crucial here so k head still goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very crucial here so k head still goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very crucial here so k head still goes
+up our head now goes to the other into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our head now goes to the other into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our head now goes to the other into
+the other direction and accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction and accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction and accordingly
+theta hat comes out of the board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat comes out of the board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat comes out of the board and
+then we can just write down our LS 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just write down our LS 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just write down our LS 2
+here as thing M R squared Omega ZK hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as thing M R squared Omega ZK hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as thing M R squared Omega ZK hat
+and here we have minus H M R Omega Z R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have minus H M R Omega Z R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have minus H M R Omega Z R 2
+hat and we know from from our set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and we know from from our set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and we know from from our set up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that R 1 equals minus R 2 had our 1 hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R 1 equals minus R 2 had our 1 hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R 1 equals minus R 2 had our 1 hat
+equals minus R 2 hat which means when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus R 2 hat which means when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus R 2 hat which means when we
+now put it all together we want L equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put it all together we want L equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put it all together we want L equals
+L as 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L as 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L as 1
+Plus ls2 we can tally this up and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus ls2 we can tally this up and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus ls2 we can tally this up and from
+this we will see that the R hat term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we will see that the R hat term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we will see that the R hat term
+actually falls out and we are left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually falls out and we are left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually falls out and we are left with
+two times the first term so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the first term so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the first term so we have two
+M R squared Omega Z K hat and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M R squared Omega Z K hat and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M R squared Omega Z K hat and that's
+exactly what we wanted we wanted an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we wanted we wanted an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we wanted we wanted an L
+pointing in the K hat direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the K hat direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in the K hat direction
+that's exactly this here and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly this here and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly this here and what you
+can also see is that the 2m here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also see is that the 2m here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also see is that the 2m here is the
+mass the total mass of the system namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass the total mass of the system namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass the total mass of the system namely
+two particles we could add another we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles we could add another we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles we could add another we
+could do the same exercise again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same exercise again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same exercise again for
+four points because we'll add two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four points because we'll add two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four points because we'll add two here
+then we would get for M here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would get for M here so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would get for M here so this is
+the the mass of the system and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mass of the system and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mass of the system and if we
+were to add many many more points all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to add many many more points all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to add many many more points all
+along the rim here we get to a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the rim here we get to a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the rim here we get to a solid
+ring which means that you have we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring which means that you have we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring which means that you have we know
+the total mass of the ring that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total mass of the ring that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total mass of the ring that that we
+could stick in here or we can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stick in here or we can integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stick in here or we can integrate
+along the rim and then get to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the rim and then get to the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the rim and then get to the total
+mass here and we'll always get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass here and we'll always get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass here and we'll always get to the
+same kind of form
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mVQOmLTXLbQ.txt b/mVQOmLTXLbQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44a0a64f7a3cd4488b331cd2aa974325bba9dc02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mVQOmLTXLbQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you get a text message your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you get a text message your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you get a text message your
+friend tells you to go to lobby seven at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend tells you to go to lobby seven at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend tells you to go to lobby seven at
+mit to find the gift that left you seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit to find the gift that left you seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit to find the gift that left you seven
+meters from the center of the lobby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters from the center of the lobby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters from the center of the lobby
+is that enough information to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that enough information to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that enough information to find a
+gift right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift right away
+as you can see there are many locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see there are many locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see there are many locations
+seven meters from the center of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven meters from the center of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven meters from the center of the room
+don't forget we live in three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget we live in three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget we live in three dimensions
+so there are probably even more points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are probably even more points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are probably even more points
+seven meters away from the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven meters away from the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven meters away from the center of the
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+fortunately in this problem you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately in this problem you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately in this problem you can
+ignore most of them since we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore most of them since we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore most of them since we don't
+expect our gift to be hanging in midair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect our gift to be hanging in midair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect our gift to be hanging in midair
+distance alone wasn't enough information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance alone wasn't enough information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance alone wasn't enough information
+it would have been helpful to have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have been helpful to have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have been helpful to have both
+the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance
+and the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this video is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is part of the
+representations video series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations video series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations video series
+information can be represented in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can be represented in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can be represented in words
+through mathematical symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mathematical symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mathematical symbols
+graphically or in 3d models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically or in 3d models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically or in 3d models
+representations are used to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are used to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are used to develop a
+deeper and more flexible understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper and more flexible understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper and more flexible understanding
+of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects
+systems and processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and processes
+hi my name is daniel hastings and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is daniel hastings and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is daniel hastings and i'm
+dean for undergraduate education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dean for undergraduate education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dean for undergraduate education and
+professor of engineering systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of engineering systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of engineering systems and
+aeronautics and astronautics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautics and astronautics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautics and astronautics
+here at mit today i'd like to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit today i'd like to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit today i'd like to talk to
+you about the utility of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the utility of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the utility of thinking about
+displacements as vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements as vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements as vectors
+when trying to recall vector properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when trying to recall vector properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when trying to recall vector properties
+and how you can determine if a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you can determine if a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you can determine if a physical
+quantity can be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity can be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity can be represented
+using vectors before watching this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using vectors before watching this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using vectors before watching this video
+you should know how to add and scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know how to add and scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know how to add and scale
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+you should also understand how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should also understand how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should also understand how to
+decompose vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose vectors
+and how to find orthogonal basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to find orthogonal basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to find orthogonal basis vectors
+after you watch this video you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you watch this video you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you watch this video you'll be
+able to understand the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand the properties of
+vectors by using displacement as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors by using displacement as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors by using displacement as an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+and you'll be able to determine whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be able to determine whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be able to determine whether
+a physical quantity can be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical quantity can be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical quantity can be represented
+using vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meet the vector the vector is an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the vector the vector is an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the vector the vector is an object
+that has both magnitude and direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has both magnitude and direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has both magnitude and direction
+one way to represent a vector is with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to represent a vector is with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to represent a vector is with an
+arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow
+you have seen other algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen other algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen other algebraic
+representations of vectors as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of vectors as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of vectors as well
+there are many physical quantities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many physical quantities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many physical quantities that
+have both magnitude and direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both magnitude and direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both magnitude and direction
+can you think of some make a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of some make a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of some make a list of
+quantities that can be described by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that can be described by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that can be described by a
+magnitude and direction feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and direction feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and direction feel free to
+discuss your list with other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss your list with other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss your list with other people
+we will come back to this list at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will come back to this list at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will come back to this list at the
+end of the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in engineering there are many physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering there are many physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering there are many physical
+quantities of interest at both magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of interest at both magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of interest at both magnitude
+and direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and direction
+consider the following example here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following example here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following example here you
+see a video of air flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a video of air flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a video of air flow
+over the wing of a f-16 fighter jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the wing of a f-16 fighter jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the wing of a f-16 fighter jet
+model in the wright brothers wind tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in the wright brothers wind tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in the wright brothers wind tunnel
+at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+the air that flows over the wing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air that flows over the wing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air that flows over the wing has
+both speed and direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both speed and direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both speed and direction
+the direction is always tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction is always tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction is always tangent to the
+path of the air flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of the air flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of the air flow
+the length of the arrow represents speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the arrow represents speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the arrow represents speed
+and the direction represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction represents the
+direction of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of motion
+such a collection of vectors is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a collection of vectors is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a collection of vectors is called a
+vector field the vector field of airflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field the vector field of airflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field the vector field of airflow
+over the wing creates a lift force via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the wing creates a lift force via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the wing creates a lift force via
+the bernoulli effect this effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bernoulli effect this effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bernoulli effect this effect
+suggests that because the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that because the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that because the horizontal
+component the airflow velocity is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the airflow velocity is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the airflow velocity is the
+same throughout the flow field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same throughout the flow field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same throughout the flow field
+the air flowing over the wing is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air flowing over the wing is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air flowing over the wing is moving
+faster than the air flowing beneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the air flowing beneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the air flowing beneath
+the wing this creates a difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing this creates a difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing this creates a difference in
+air pressure which provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pressure which provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pressure which provides
+the lift force another physical quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lift force another physical quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lift force another physical quantity
+that we can represent with a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can represent with a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can represent with a vector
+depending on the angle of the wing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the angle of the wing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the angle of the wing the
+magnitude and direction the lift force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and direction the lift force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and direction the lift force
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+lift is just one example of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift is just one example of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift is just one example of a vector
+quantity that is very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that is very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that is very important in
+designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing
+aircraft we are quite used to thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft we are quite used to thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft we are quite used to thinking
+of forces as vectors but do forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forces as vectors but do forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forces as vectors but do forces
+exhibit the properties necessary to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit the properties necessary to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit the properties necessary to be
+aptly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aptly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aptly
+represented by vectors let's review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by vectors let's review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by vectors let's review the
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to add vector b to vector a we connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add vector b to vector a we connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add vector b to vector a we connect
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+tail of b to the tip of a and the sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of b to the tip of a and the sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of b to the tip of a and the sum is
+the vector that connects a tail of a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector that connects a tail of a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector that connects a tail of a to
+the tip of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip of b
+an important property of vector addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important property of vector addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important property of vector addition
+is that it is commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it is commutative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it is commutative
+that is a plus b is equal to b plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a plus b is equal to b plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a plus b is equal to b plus a
+you can see this visually from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this visually from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this visually from the
+parallelogram whose diagonal represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram whose diagonal represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram whose diagonal represents
+both sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sums
+simultaneously another important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously another important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously another important
+property is that vectors can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is that vectors can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is that vectors can be
+multiplied by real numbers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by real numbers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by real numbers which
+are called scalars because they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called scalars because they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called scalars because they have the
+effect of scaling the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of scaling the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of scaling the length of the
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+multiplying by positive scalars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by positive scalars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by positive scalars
+increases the length for large scalers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the length for large scalers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the length for large scalers
+and shrinks the vectors for scalars less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shrinks the vectors for scalars less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shrinks the vectors for scalars less
+than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what
+multiplying the vector by -1 has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the vector by -1 has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the vector by -1 has the
+effect of making the vector point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of making the vector point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of making the vector point in the
+opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+another important property of vectors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important property of vectors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important property of vectors is
+that the initial point doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the initial point doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the initial point doesn't matter
+any vector pointing in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector pointing in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector pointing in the same
+direction with the same magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with the same magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with the same magnitude
+represents the same vector to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the same vector to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the same vector to make this
+seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem
+less abstract we can think of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less abstract we can think of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less abstract we can think of vector
+properties in terms of displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you walk from point p and to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you walk from point p and to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you walk from point p and to a
+point q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point q
+the displacement or change of position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement or change of position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement or change of position
+is from p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from p
+to q is aptly represented by an arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to q is aptly represented by an arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to q is aptly represented by an arrow
+that starts at the point p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at the point p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at the point p
+and ends at the point q let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends at the point q let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends at the point q let's see how
+displacement motivates the correct form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement motivates the correct form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement motivates the correct form
+of vector addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector addition
+consider the following example you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following example you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following example you start
+at home which is represented by a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home which is represented by a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home which is represented by a star
+on the map you walk 300 meters east to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the map you walk 300 meters east to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the map you walk 300 meters east to
+get a cup of tea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a cup of tea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a cup of tea
+before you walk southeast 500 meters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you walk southeast 500 meters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you walk southeast 500 meters to
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+after class you walk 400 meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class you walk 400 meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class you walk 400 meters
+southwest of your school to play tennis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwest of your school to play tennis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwest of your school to play tennis
+your friend who lives in your apartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend who lives in your apartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend who lives in your apartment
+complex is going to meet you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex is going to meet you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex is going to meet you there
+what vector would represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what vector would represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what vector would represent the
+displacement vector for your friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vector for your friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vector for your friend
+who leaves home directly and meets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who leaves home directly and meets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who leaves home directly and meets you
+to play tennis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play tennis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play tennis
+pause the video here and discuss your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video here and discuss your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video here and discuss your
+answer with someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer the vector that starts at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the vector that starts at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the vector that starts at your
+home and moves down to the tennis court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and moves down to the tennis court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and moves down to the tennis court
+this is interesting because the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interesting because the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interesting because the arrow
+that connects your starting location to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects your starting location to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects your starting location to
+your ending location represents a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ending location represents a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ending location represents a total
+displacement from your starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement from your starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement from your starting
+point in other words this vector is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in other words this vector is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in other words this vector is the
+sum of the other three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the other three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the other three
+displacement vectors displacement also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vectors displacement also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vectors displacement also
+helps you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you understand
+vector decomposition suppose you walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector decomposition suppose you walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector decomposition suppose you walked
+a few blocks away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few blocks away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few blocks away
+represented by the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the following
+displacement to get there you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement to get there you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement to get there you probably
+didn't walk through other people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't walk through other people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't walk through other people's
+houses and yards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and yards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and yards
+your path more likely looked something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your path more likely looked something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your path more likely looked something
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+this process of breaking a vector down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of breaking a vector down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of breaking a vector down
+into component parts pointing along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into component parts pointing along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into component parts pointing along
+particular directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular directions
+is completely analogous to decomposing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely analogous to decomposing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely analogous to decomposing a
+vector into components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector into components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector into components
+that point along perpendicular basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point along perpendicular basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point along perpendicular basis
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+when in doubt about the mathematics of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt about the mathematics of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt about the mathematics of a
+vector take a moment to rephrase your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector take a moment to rephrase your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector take a moment to rephrase your
+problem in terms of displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in terms of displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in terms of displacements
+and see if your intuition can guide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if your intuition can guide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if your intuition can guide the
+mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's go back to the forces do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go back to the forces do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go back to the forces do they
+have the vector properties do we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vector properties do we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vector properties do we expect
+them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to
+when representing physical quantities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when representing physical quantities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when representing physical quantities of
+vectors the quantity must have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the quantity must have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the quantity must have both
+magnitude and direction but it must also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and direction but it must also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and direction but it must also
+scale and add commutatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and add commutatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and add commutatively
+let's see if force has these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if force has these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if force has these properties
+we think of forces as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of forces as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of forces as being
+small or large we can increase them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small or large we can increase them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small or large we can increase them and
+decrease them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease them
+force seems to have magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force seems to have magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force seems to have magnitude and
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+when we draw a free body diagram we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we draw a free body diagram we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we draw a free body diagram we are
+implicitly assuming that forces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly assuming that forces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly assuming that forces are
+vectors and they add like vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and they add like vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and they add like vectors
+but how do we know this we do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we know this we do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we know this we do an
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+in this next segment we'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this next segment we'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this next segment we'll see a
+demonstration of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of how
+forces do indeed add like vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces do indeed add like vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces do indeed add like vectors
+here you see three newton scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see three newton scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see three newton scales
+connected by strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected by strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected by strings
+we'll call the two strings on top string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call the two strings on top string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call the two strings on top string
+a and string b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and string b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and string b
+string a is 135 degrees off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string a is 135 degrees off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string a is 135 degrees off of
+horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal
+string b is 45 degrees off of horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string b is 45 degrees off of horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string b is 45 degrees off of horizontal
+the scales read out the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scales read out the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scales read out the magnitude of the
+tension on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension on
+each string we first want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each string we first want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each string we first want to get a
+reading of the scales while there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of the scales while there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of the scales while there is no
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+added to the system the scales do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the system the scales do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the system the scales do not
+have very precise measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very precise measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very precise measurement
+we can only guarantee the measurement to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only guarantee the measurement to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only guarantee the measurement to
+within .5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within .5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within .5
+newtons when looking at the bottom scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons when looking at the bottom scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons when looking at the bottom scale
+we see that the reading is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the reading is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the reading is approximately
+negative point three newtons the tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative point three newtons the tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative point three newtons the tension
+on string a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on string a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on string a
+is approximately 0.5 newtons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately 0.5 newtons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately 0.5 newtons
+and the tension on string b is point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tension on string b is point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tension on string b is point
+three newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three newton
+these tension forces are due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tension forces are due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tension forces are due to the
+weight of the bottom scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the bottom scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the bottom scale
+and the strings so we will need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strings so we will need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strings so we will need to
+subtract these amounts off of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract these amounts off of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract these amounts off of any
+reading when a mass is added into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading when a mass is added into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading when a mass is added into the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+so that we get the tension force of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we get the tension force of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we get the tension force of the
+mass alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass alone
+let's add a 1 kilogram mass to the hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's add a 1 kilogram mass to the hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's add a 1 kilogram mass to the hook
+below the bottom scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the bottom scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the bottom scale
+the bottom scale now reads about 9.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom scale now reads about 9.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom scale now reads about 9.6
+newtons now let's look at the top two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons now let's look at the top two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons now let's look at the top two
+scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales
+we see that the tension force on string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the tension force on string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the tension force on string
+a is 7.4 newtons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is 7.4 newtons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is 7.4 newtons
+and the tension force on string b is 7.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tension force on string b is 7.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tension force on string b is 7.5
+newtons we want to decompose these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons we want to decompose these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons we want to decompose these
+forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces
+to see if they do in fact add like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if they do in fact add like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if they do in fact add like
+vectors note that newton's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors note that newton's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors note that newton's second
+law says that the sum of these forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law says that the sum of these forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law says that the sum of these forces
+must be zero since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero since
+our system of strings and scales is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system of strings and scales is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system of strings and scales is
+stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary
+let's start by subtracting off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by subtracting off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by subtracting off the
+readings we got from our newton scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings we got from our newton scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings we got from our newton scale
+system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with
+no added mass to find the net tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no added mass to find the net tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no added mass to find the net tension
+force due to the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force due to the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force due to the mass
+the tension force on string a is 7.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension force on string a is 7.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension force on string a is 7.4
+minus 0.5 which is 6.9 newtons and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.5 which is 6.9 newtons and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.5 which is 6.9 newtons and the
+tension on string b is 7.5 minus 0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension on string b is 7.5 minus 0.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension on string b is 7.5 minus 0.3
+which is 7.2 newton we find that the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 7.2 newton we find that the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 7.2 newton we find that the net
+force down is 9.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force down is 9.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force down is 9.6
+minus negative 0.3 which is 9.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus negative 0.3 which is 9.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus negative 0.3 which is 9.9
+newtons using f equals mg we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons using f equals mg we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons using f equals mg we would
+predict that the force due to a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the force due to a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the force due to a 1
+kilogram mass would be 9.8 newtons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram mass would be 9.8 newtons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram mass would be 9.8 newtons
+so the fact that we are measuring 9.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that we are measuring 9.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that we are measuring 9.9
+indicates that we have some experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that we have some experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that we have some experimental
+error in our measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in our measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in our measurements
+how would you use this setup to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you use this setup to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you use this setup to show
+whether or not forces add like vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to see that the forces sunk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see that the forces sunk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see that the forces sunk to
+zero to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to do this
+let's decompose the forces into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's decompose the forces into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's decompose the forces into
+horizontal and vertical components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and vertical components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and vertical components
+we use the fact that the string a is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the fact that the string a is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the fact that the string a is at
+a 135 degree angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 135 degree angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 135 degree angle
+because the magnitude of sine 135 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the magnitude of sine 135 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the magnitude of sine 135 and
+cosine 135 are both 1 over the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 135 are both 1 over the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 135 are both 1 over the square
+root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2
+we simply need to divide by the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simply need to divide by the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simply need to divide by the square
+root of 2. we find that the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2. we find that the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2. we find that the horizontal
+and vertical components of this tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vertical components of this tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vertical components of this tension
+force are approximately 4.9 newtons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force are approximately 4.9 newtons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force are approximately 4.9 newtons
+because sine 45 and cosine 45 are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sine 45 and cosine 45 are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sine 45 and cosine 45 are both
+equal to 1 over the square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over the square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over the square root of 2
+we divide by root 2 and find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divide by root 2 and find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divide by root 2 and find that the
+components of the tension force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the tension force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the tension force
+on string b are both equal to about 5.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on string b are both equal to about 5.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on string b are both equal to about 5.1
+newtons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons
+thus the horizontal forces subtract to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the horizontal forces subtract to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the horizontal forces subtract to
+give a net force of 0.2 newtons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a net force of 0.2 newtons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a net force of 0.2 newtons in the
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+x direction the three vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x direction the three vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x direction the three vertical
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+add to 0.1 in the positive y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to 0.1 in the positive y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to 0.1 in the positive y direction
+because 0.1 and 0.2 are small and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 0.1 and 0.2 are small and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 0.1 and 0.2 are small and we
+know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are
+errors associated with the limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors associated with the limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors associated with the limits of
+accuracy of our measurements we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of our measurements we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of our measurements we can be
+confident that these forces do in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that these forces do in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that these forces do in fact
+sum to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to zero
+so this demo does in fact suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this demo does in fact suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this demo does in fact suggest that
+forces add like vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces add like vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces add like vectors
+but we want to make sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to make sure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to make sure that this
+wasn't an artifact of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't an artifact of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't an artifact of having
+so much symmetry in the system to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much symmetry in the system to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much symmetry in the system to do
+this we move string b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we move string b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we move string b
+60 degrees off of horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 degrees off of horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 degrees off of horizontal
+as you can see the tension force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the tension force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the tension force on the
+bottom string did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom string did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom string did not
+change it still reads 9.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it still reads 9.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it still reads 9.6
+newtons but the force on each upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons but the force on each upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons but the force on each upper
+newton scale has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton scale has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton scale has changed
+the tension force on string a is 5.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension force on string a is 5.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension force on string a is 5.5
+newtons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons
+and the tension force on string b is 7.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tension force on string b is 7.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tension force on string b is 7.5
+newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton
+we leave it as an exercise to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave it as an exercise to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave it as an exercise to you to
+decompose the tension forces into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose the tension forces into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose the tension forces into
+horizontal and vertical components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and vertical components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and vertical components
+and verify that within the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verify that within the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verify that within the expected
+measurement error the forces sum to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement error the forces sum to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement error the forces sum to zero
+now you can know for sure that forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can know for sure that forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can know for sure that forces
+really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do
+add like vectors okay so forces can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add like vectors okay so forces can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add like vectors okay so forces can
+indeed be represented as vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed be represented as vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed be represented as vectors
+let's look back at the list you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look back at the list you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look back at the list you
+generated a physical quantity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a physical quantity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a physical quantity to
+both magnitude and direction if force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both magnitude and direction if force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both magnitude and direction if force
+was on your list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on your list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on your list
+we now know that force is indeed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know that force is indeed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know that force is indeed a
+vector quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector quantity
+maybe you also listed rotation let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you also listed rotation let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you also listed rotation let's see
+if rotations have vector properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if rotations have vector properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if rotations have vector properties
+rotation seems like a physical quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation seems like a physical quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation seems like a physical quantity
+that has both magnitude and direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has both magnitude and direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has both magnitude and direction
+direction could be determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction could be determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction could be determined by the
+axis of rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of rotation
+we choose which way the arrow points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose which way the arrow points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose which way the arrow points
+based on the right hand rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the right hand rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the right hand rule
+the magnitude determines how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude determines how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude determines how many
+radians through which the object rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians through which the object rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians through which the object rotates
+consider the following two rotations r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following two rotations r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following two rotations r
+sub z rotates an object by 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub z rotates an object by 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub z rotates an object by 90 degrees
+around the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the z
+axis which rotates an object as such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which rotates an object as such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which rotates an object as such
+r sub y rotates an object by 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r sub y rotates an object by 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r sub y rotates an object by 90 degrees
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+pi over 2 radians about the y axis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 2 radians about the y axis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 2 radians about the y axis which
+rotates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates the
+same object in this manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same object in this manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same object in this manner
+do rotations scale like vectors let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rotations scale like vectors let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rotations scale like vectors let's
+see what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens if we
+take the vector that represents rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the vector that represents rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the vector that represents rotation
+of pi over 2 radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi over 2 radians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi over 2 radians
+about the z-axis and add it to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the z-axis and add it to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the z-axis and add it to itself
+it seems like it should be a rotation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like it should be a rotation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like it should be a rotation of
+pi radians or 180 degrees and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi radians or 180 degrees and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi radians or 180 degrees and this
+agrees with what we get by rotating 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees with what we get by rotating 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees with what we get by rotating 90
+degrees around the z-axis twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees around the z-axis twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees around the z-axis twice
+so scaling rotations make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scaling rotations make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scaling rotations make sense
+question do rotations add like vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we rotate the object a quarter turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we rotate the object a quarter turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we rotate the object a quarter turn
+around the z-axis followed by a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the z-axis followed by a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the z-axis followed by a quarter
+turn around the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around the y-axis
+the object ends up in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object ends up in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object ends up in the following
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+if instead we rotate a quarter of a turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead we rotate a quarter of a turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead we rotate a quarter of a turn
+around the y-axis followed by a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the y-axis followed by a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the y-axis followed by a quarter
+turn around the z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around the z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around the z-axis
+the object ends up in this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah the ending position is the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah the ending position is the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah the ending position is the same for
+the two different permutations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two different permutations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two different permutations of the
+rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations
+no they are not this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they are not this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they are not this means that
+rotations do not act commutatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations do not act commutatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations do not act commutatively
+but vector addition must be commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but vector addition must be commutative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but vector addition must be commutative
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+tells us that we cannot use vectors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that we cannot use vectors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that we cannot use vectors to
+represent rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent rotations
+you'll learn it's better to use matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn it's better to use matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn it's better to use matrices
+and matrix multiplication to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matrix multiplication to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matrix multiplication to represent
+combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+of rotation the tricky thing is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotation the tricky thing is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotation the tricky thing is that a
+vector can be used to describe rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector can be used to describe rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector can be used to describe rotation
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+the time derivative of rotation quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative of rotation quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative of rotation quite
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+during this video you came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this video you came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this video you came up with
+several physical quantities that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several physical quantities that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several physical quantities that you
+theorize behave like vectors consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorize behave like vectors consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorize behave like vectors consider
+the following list of quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following list of quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following list of quantities
+compare our list to your own list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare our list to your own list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare our list to your own list and
+determine whether each one is best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether each one is best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether each one is best
+represented by a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a vector
+a scalar or neither you may need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar or neither you may need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar or neither you may need to
+design an experiment or a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an experiment or a thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an experiment or a thought
+experiment in order to verify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in order to verify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in order to verify your
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to review you have learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review you have learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review you have learned that
+displacements help guide our intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements help guide our intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements help guide our intuition
+for vector algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vector algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vector algebra
+physical quantities can be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical quantities can be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical quantities can be represented
+vectors only when they have magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors only when they have magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors only when they have magnitude
+have direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have direction
+scale and add commutatively forces can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and add commutatively forces can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and add commutatively forces can
+be represented by vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented by vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented by vectors
+while rotations cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nAPZvX2i7Fw.txt b/nAPZvX2i7Fw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21ae42b82bc21911684af1273feb9c387f5c6603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nAPZvX2i7Fw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hello my name is Maxim Shust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello my name is Maxim Shust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello my name is Maxim Shust
+uh this is going to be an introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is going to be an introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is going to be an introduction
+to the atomic Force microscope setup in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the atomic Force microscope setup in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the atomic Force microscope setup in
+the 309 biological instrumentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 309 biological instrumentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 309 biological instrumentation
+measurement laboratory uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement laboratory uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement laboratory uh we're going to
+start by taking an overview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by taking an overview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by taking an overview of the
+system uh all the different components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh all the different components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh all the different components
+all of the signal connections um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the signal connections um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the signal connections um how
+they interact uh where the data flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interact uh where the data flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interact uh where the data flows
+and how the software drives the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the software drives the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the software drives the system
+and um after that we'll go into more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um after that we'll go into more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um after that we'll go into more of
+the details of the operation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of the operation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of the operation of the
+atomic Force microscope and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic Force microscope and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic Force microscope and then you'll
+have a chance to use the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance to use the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance to use the tools
+yourselves to uh uh to do a few EXP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves to uh uh to do a few EXP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves to uh uh to do a few EXP
+exps um I'm going to assume in my talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exps um I'm going to assume in my talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exps um I'm going to assume in my talk
+in the next hour or so that you've read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next hour or so that you've read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next hour or so that you've read
+the lab module um if you haven't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab module um if you haven't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab module um if you haven't you
+should still be able to follow most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should still be able to follow most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should still be able to follow most
+everything but it explains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it explains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it explains the
+operational principles of the AFM and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational principles of the AFM and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational principles of the AFM and
+I'll refer to a few things in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll refer to a few things in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll refer to a few things in the lab
+module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module
+um so uh that's the only precondition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh that's the only precondition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh that's the only precondition
+for what we're doing today um the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we're doing today um the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we're doing today um the uh the
+paper and the website are excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and the website are excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and the website are excellent
+supplementary materials that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary materials that at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary materials that at some
+point it's it's good to refer to later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's it's good to refer to later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's it's good to refer to later
+if you'll be doing building of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you'll be doing building of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you'll be doing building of the
+microscope or troubleshooting of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope or troubleshooting of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope or troubleshooting of it
+those are kind of must must reads as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are kind of must must reads as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are kind of must must reads as
+well this is an atomic Force microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is an atomic Force microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is an atomic Force microscope
+and it may not look like one if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may not look like one if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may not look like one if you've
+seen a commercial one but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a commercial one but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a commercial one but uh
+nevertheless it'll still work um and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it'll still work um and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it'll still work um and I'm
+just going to go over all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go over all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go over all the different
+parts of it and how uh how they interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it and how uh how they interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it and how uh how they interact
+this is the main microscope module the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the main microscope module the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the main microscope module the
+three parts that you need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three parts that you need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three parts that you need to know about
+essentially are the stage and the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are the stage and the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are the stage and the motion
+control system um the optical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system um the optical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system um the optical system
+which includes the laser uh focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes the laser uh focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes the laser uh focusing
+Optics and detector and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics and detector and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics and detector and uh the
+electronic system which drives the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic system which drives the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic system which drives the uh
+drives the stage um and so in that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the stage um and so in that order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the stage um and so in that order
+let me describe what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe what's going on here
+um the sample that that we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sample that that we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sample that that we'll be
+scanning or doing for spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning or doing for spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning or doing for spectroscopy
+measurements on mounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements on mounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements on mounts
+underneath and uh uh the stage is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and uh uh the stage is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and uh uh the stage is used
+for course positioning of the sample in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for course positioning of the sample in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for course positioning of the sample in
+all three axes the micrometers can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three axes the micrometers can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three axes the micrometers can be
+turned to move the sample and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned to move the sample and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned to move the sample and then this
+this is a stepper motor that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a stepper motor that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a stepper motor that can be
+either controlled by hand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either controlled by hand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either controlled by hand or
+electronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically
+um the actual pzo that a standard atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the actual pzo that a standard atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the actual pzo that a standard atomic
+Force microscope has a a massive pzo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force microscope has a a massive pzo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force microscope has a a massive pzo
+stack that's driven by hundreds of volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack that's driven by hundreds of volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack that's driven by hundreds of volts
+so we have a very small pzo that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a very small pzo that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a very small pzo that is a
+disc and that's located down here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc and that's located down here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc and that's located down here at the
+bottom of this post and uh that disc is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this post and uh that disc is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this post and uh that disc is
+actuated in quadrants to have a a flex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuated in quadrants to have a a flex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuated in quadrants to have a a flex
+uh a flex mode of operation to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a flex mode of operation to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a flex mode of operation to give you
+three axes of motion um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three axes of motion um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three axes of motion um and that
+uh that motion is what's used during all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that motion is what's used during all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that motion is what's used during all
+of the um actual scanning and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um actual scanning and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um actual scanning and for
+spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+um this uh the stepper motor is used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this uh the stepper motor is used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this uh the stepper motor is used it
+when you need to when you need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you need to when you need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you need to when you need to make
+finer motions than your hand can make uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer motions than your hand can make uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer motions than your hand can make uh
+with the stage the stepper motor will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the stage the stepper motor will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the stage the stepper motor will
+give you approximately 30 nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you approximately 30 nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you approximately 30 nanometer
+steps and that is uh hooked up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and that is uh hooked up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and that is uh hooked up to this
+system over here and you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system over here and you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system over here and you don't really
+need to worry about most of this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about most of this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about most of this other
+than that the joystick is what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that the joystick is what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that the joystick is what actually
+will control the stepper motor and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will control the stepper motor and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will control the stepper motor and it'll
+make these horrible sounds when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these horrible sounds when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these horrible sounds when you when
+you turn it but you can also turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it but you can also turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it but you can also turn it
+much more slowly and when those clicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more slowly and when those clicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more slowly and when those clicks
+are individual 30 nanm steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are individual 30 nanm steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are individual 30 nanm steps
+approximately um we'll see later where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately um we'll see later where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately um we'll see later where
+uh that motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that motion is
+useful um the optical system consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um the optical system consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um the optical system consists of
+a very simple setup there's a Laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple setup there's a Laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple setup there's a Laser
+Source at the top it it is it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source at the top it it is it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source at the top it it is it comes out
+of here there's a colation lens it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here there's a colation lens it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here there's a colation lens it goes
+through a beam splitter and a focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a beam splitter and a focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a beam splitter and a focusing
+lens and is focused down on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and is focused down on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and is focused down on the
+probe and uh the defraction uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe and uh the defraction uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe and uh the defraction uh the
+defraction pattern that is reflected off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern that is reflected off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern that is reflected off
+the probe then comes back up through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe then comes back up through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe then comes back up through the
+lens and now the beam splitter steers it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and now the beam splitter steers it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and now the beam splitter steers it
+towards the detector so I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the detector so I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the detector so I'm just going
+to turn it on now so you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn it on now so you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn it on now so you can see the
+laser um and you if you look from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser um and you if you look from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser um and you if you look from this
+angle you will see that there are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you will see that there are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you will see that there are uh
+diffractive modes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detector and and I'll cover that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and and I'll cover that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and and I'll cover that in
+Greater detail I just again want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater detail I just again want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater detail I just again want to make
+sure that the layout is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the layout is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the layout is
+familiar can I ask you a question please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar can I ask you a question please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar can I ask you a question please
+what is the angle of inclination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the angle of inclination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the angle of inclination of the
+Laser Source the angle is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laser Source the angle is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laser Source the angle is approximately
+15° and that is set by the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15° and that is set by the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15° and that is set by the standard
+angle that the can lever holder has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that the can lever holder has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that the can lever holder has
+built into it which is a standard vco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it which is a standard vco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into it which is a standard vco
+part so that is that is a uh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so that is that is a uh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so that is that is a uh that's a
+typical angle that vco uses to to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical angle that vco uses to to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical angle that vco uses to to bring
+their can levers down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their can levers down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their can levers down to the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+um where's the mirror that reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where's the mirror that reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where's the mirror that reflects
+theer to the detector the that's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theer to the detector the that's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theer to the detector the that's done
+with with the beam splitter oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah other
+questions okay all right and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay all right and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay all right and then the
+third major component is uh visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third major component is uh visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third major component is uh visible
+around the back of the uh of the AFM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the back of the uh of the AFM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the back of the uh of the AFM
+head and that's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and that's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and that's a very simple
+Electronics board um and all it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics board um and all it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics board um and all it does is
+convert the output from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the output from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the output from the
+computer uh it doesn't it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh it doesn't it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh it doesn't it doesn't
+convert it it amplifies it four times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it it amplifies it four times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it it amplifies it four times so
+we have a plusus 10vt range on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a plusus 10vt range on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a plusus 10vt range on the
+computer's data uh output and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer's data uh output and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer's data uh output and we want to
+boost that up to plus or minus 40 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost that up to plus or minus 40 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost that up to plus or minus 40 volts
+in order to get a sufficient uh range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get a sufficient uh range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get a sufficient uh range of
+motion from the pzo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion from the pzo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion from the pzo
+disc the yellow box is the power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc the yellow box is the power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc the yellow box is the power supply
+for that board and the one thing to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that board and the one thing to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that board and the one thing to note
+is that the yellow box does not have its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the yellow box does not have its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the yellow box does not have its
+own dedicated onoff switch it is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own dedicated onoff switch it is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own dedicated onoff switch it is always
+on when you plug it in so we turn it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when you plug it in so we turn it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when you plug it in so we turn it on
+by just having it on one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just having it on one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just having it on one of these
+dedicated switched power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated switched power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated switched power
+supplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies
+um finally uh I should mention that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finally uh I should mention that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finally uh I should mention that the
+detector also has an on switch here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector also has an on switch here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector also has an on switch here um
+so by now you've seen me turn on three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by now you've seen me turn on three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by now you've seen me turn on three
+different things and that's how the AFM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and that's how the AFM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and that's how the AFM
+is officially turned on there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is officially turned on there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is officially turned on there are three
+switches the laser diode here the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches the laser diode here the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches the laser diode here the photo
+detector here and the pzo power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector here and the pzo power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector here and the pzo power supply
+here uh optionally you can also turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh optionally you can also turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh optionally you can also turn on
+the fiber light but you only do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiber light but you only do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiber light but you only do that
+when you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you need to
+to look in um from the stereo microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look in um from the stereo microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look in um from the stereo microscope
+sorry where's the photo detector switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry where's the photo detector switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry where's the photo detector switch
+it's on the back of the photo detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the back of the photo detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the back of the photo detector
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+here okay as I mentioned a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay as I mentioned a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay as I mentioned a little bit
+earlier there are three power supplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there are three power supplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there are three power supplies
+and just to make things a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to make things a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to make things a little bit
+more explicit the boxes behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicit the boxes behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicit the boxes behind the
+microscope are the driver for the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope are the driver for the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope are the driver for the laser
+which is powered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is powered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is powered on
+here the power supply to the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the power supply to the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the power supply to the electronic
+board that uh drives the pzo and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that uh drives the pzo and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that uh drives the pzo and that's
+powered on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered on here
+that's where the uh uh plug is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the uh uh plug is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the uh uh plug is for the
+supply and the third set of boxes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and the third set of boxes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and the third set of boxes are
+the Pico motor controllers that uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pico motor controllers that uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pico motor controllers that uh are
+connected to the joystick and that drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the joystick and that drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the joystick and that drive
+the stepper motor for the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stepper motor for the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stepper motor for the Z
+actuator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator
+um the the last major components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the last major components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the last major components of the
+system are up here on the rack and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are up here on the rack and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are up here on the rack and those
+are a standard two channel oscilloscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a standard two channel oscilloscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a standard two channel oscilloscope
+just an a simple analog scope and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an a simple analog scope and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an a simple analog scope and um the
+data acquisition board that is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data acquisition board that is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data acquisition board that is connected
+to the PC this is hardwired by a cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the PC this is hardwired by a cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the PC this is hardwired by a cable
+and everything that the comp all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything that the comp all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything that the comp all the
+commands that the computer sends to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands that the computer sends to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands that the computer sends to the
+AFM and the data that it acquires from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AFM and the data that it acquires from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AFM and the data that it acquires from
+the AFM uh come in and out through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AFM uh come in and out through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AFM uh come in and out through this
+board uh and the third piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh and the third piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh and the third piece of
+equipment is uh a power chassis with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is uh a power chassis with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is uh a power chassis with
+some amplifiers and we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amplifiers and we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amplifiers and we're just going to
+use this one here on the left uh it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this one here on the left uh it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this one here on the left uh it is a
+simple voltage amplifier um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple voltage amplifier um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple voltage amplifier um and
+typically we keep it at Unity gain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we keep it at Unity gain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we keep it at Unity gain for
+most of our calibration and biasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our calibration and biasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our calibration and biasing and
+I will I'll talk in more detail later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will I'll talk in more detail later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will I'll talk in more detail later
+about when we need to increase the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we need to increase the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we need to increase the gain
+um if that's uh if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if that's uh if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if that's uh if that's
+necessary finally uh let me go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary finally uh let me go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary finally uh let me go over the
+signal connections and how the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal connections and how the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal connections and how the all the
+different components interact with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components interact with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components interact with each
+other so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so the
+microscope uh the microscope outputs one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope uh the microscope outputs one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope uh the microscope outputs one
+signal and that is the optical signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and that is the optical signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and that is the optical signal
+from the photo diode and it takes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the photo diode and it takes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the photo diode and it takes two
+signals in which are these wires coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals in which are these wires coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals in which are these wires coming
+in and that's where the computer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that's where the computer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that's where the computer uh
+sends the drive signals to the pzo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends the drive signals to the pzo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends the drive signals to the pzo
+actuator now um starting with the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator now um starting with the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator now um starting with the input
+signals they uh they're driven out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals they uh they're driven out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals they uh they're driven out of
+here um from the from the dboard and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um from the from the dboard and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um from the from the dboard and as
+well as sending them via these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as sending them via these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as sending them via these
+connectors to the AFM we also input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectors to the AFM we also input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectors to the AFM we also input
+those back into the Dack um in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those back into the Dack um in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those back into the Dack um in order to
+uh read those scan waveforms because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh read those scan waveforms because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh read those scan waveforms because
+we're going to use them later to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use them later to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use them later to
+assemble uh the AFM image one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble uh the AFM image one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble uh the AFM image one of these
+signals is also uh connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals is also uh connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals is also uh connected to the
+oscilloscope and allows us to see um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope and allows us to see um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope and allows us to see um the
+either the uh Force curves or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the uh Force curves or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the uh Force curves or the
+Imaging scan um on the scope itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging scan um on the scope itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging scan um on the scope itself and
+uh uh that's uh those are the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that's uh those are the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that's uh those are the output
+signals and then the AFM inputs its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and then the AFM inputs its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and then the AFM inputs its uh
+so the AFM outputs um an optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the AFM outputs um an optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the AFM outputs um an optical
+uh the AFM output signal is a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the AFM output signal is a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the AFM output signal is a current
+from the photo Di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the photo Di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the photo Di
+that is converted to a voltage with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is converted to a voltage with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is converted to a voltage with a
+resistor to ground and that is mounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor to ground and that is mounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor to ground and that is mounted
+here on the detector and then uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the detector and then uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the detector and then uh that
+signal connects through the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal connects through the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal connects through the voltage
+amplifier up here um and then normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier up here um and then normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier up here um and then normally
+as I've said it is run in unity gain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've said it is run in unity gain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've said it is run in unity gain so
+it simply goes through without being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simply goes through without being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simply goes through without being
+changed and inputs into Channel Zero of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and inputs into Channel Zero of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and inputs into Channel Zero of
+the data acquisition board and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data acquisition board and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data acquisition board and uh and
+then that signal is also connected over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that signal is also connected over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that signal is also connected over
+here to the uh oscilloscope in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to the uh oscilloscope in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to the uh oscilloscope in order to
+um easily visualize Force curves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um easily visualize Force curves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um easily visualize Force curves and
+image scan can you just say one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image scan can you just say one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image scan can you just say one more
+time so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so for the
+pasy the input signal or the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasy the input signal or the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasy the input signal or the output
+signal uh I'm amplifying what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal uh I'm amplifying what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal uh I'm amplifying what the
+computer is able to Output because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is able to Output because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is able to Output because so
+that you need to you need to drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to you need to drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to you need to drive the
+scan waveforms right you need a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan waveforms right you need a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan waveforms right you need a slow
+scan and a fast scan for Imaging or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan and a fast scan for Imaging or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan and a fast scan for Imaging or you
+need to actuate the Z and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actuate the Z and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actuate the Z and in order to
+get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better
+range the computer can only output plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range the computer can only output plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range the computer can only output plus
+or minus 10 volts and so that board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus 10 volts and so that board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus 10 volts and so that board
+takes those plus orus 10 and and kicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes those plus orus 10 and and kicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes those plus orus 10 and and kicks
+it up to plus orus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to plus orus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to plus orus
+40 that's um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 that's um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 that's um that's
+all so th that is uh that that's the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so th that is uh that that's the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so th that is uh that that's the sum
+total of the signal connections and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of the signal connections and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of the signal connections and how
+all the components uh talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the components uh talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the components uh talk to each other
+and and control each other um and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and control each other um and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and control each other um and now we
+can move on to talking about uh various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move on to talking about uh various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move on to talking about uh various
+operational aspects of how to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational aspects of how to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational aspects of how to run the
+AFM so then I'm going to swing this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AFM so then I'm going to swing this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AFM so then I'm going to swing this uh
+back into place so that um so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into place so that um so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into place so that um so we can
+look down and observe so this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down and observe so this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down and observe so this you
+actually don't need this in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need this in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need this in order for
+the AFM to run it's just a way to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AFM to run it's just a way to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AFM to run it's just a way to look
+at what the can lever is doing um I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the can lever is doing um I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the can lever is doing um I can
+usually do it without uh without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do it without uh without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do it without uh without the
+scope but sometimes for laser alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope but sometimes for laser alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope but sometimes for laser alignment
+purposes you really need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes you really need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes you really need it
+so just to be clear the the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to be clear the the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to be clear the the optical
+scope has nothing to do with with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope has nothing to do with with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope has nothing to do with with what
+the AFM is actually uh uh scanning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AFM is actually uh uh scanning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AFM is actually uh uh scanning um
+okay let me discuss uh uh a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me discuss uh uh a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me discuss uh uh a couple of
+things that usually you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that usually you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that usually you have to do
+before the AFM runs so one is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the AFM runs so one is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the AFM runs so one is how to
+load can levers and one is how to load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load can levers and one is how to load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load can levers and one is how to load
+samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+um the can levers are custom fabricated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the can levers are custom fabricated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the can levers are custom fabricated
+and we have a pretty good supply of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a pretty good supply of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a pretty good supply of them
+there should always be some available in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should always be some available in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should always be some available in
+the lab and uh typically the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab and uh typically the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab and uh typically the students
+ask uh the students ask the instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask uh the students ask the instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask uh the students ask the instructor
+for help the first one or two times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for help the first one or two times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for help the first one or two times but
+then the students should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the students should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the students should be able to
+change change the can lever themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change change the can lever themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change change the can lever themselves
+um so the the holder here actually let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the holder here actually let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the holder here actually let
+me swing this back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me swing this back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me swing this back out
+again okay the can lever holder is uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay the can lever holder is uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay the can lever holder is uh as
+I mentioned a standard part from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned a standard part from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned a standard part from
+vco and it's held down by these clips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vco and it's held down by these clips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vco and it's held down by these clips
+which with h sufficient finger dexterity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which with h sufficient finger dexterity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which with h sufficient finger dexterity
+you can just swing out of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just swing out of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just swing out of the way
+sometimes it takes a little bit of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it takes a little bit of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it takes a little bit of doing
+and then you can just lift this uh lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just lift this uh lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just lift this uh lift
+this fluid cell right off so this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fluid cell right off so this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fluid cell right off so this part
+sits on these three bearings and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on these three bearings and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on these three bearings and that
+allows you to place it back on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to place it back on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to place it back on with
+about 5 to 10 Micron precision and rep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5 to 10 Micron precision and rep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5 to 10 Micron precision and rep
+repeatability so you never have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatability so you never have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatability so you never have to
+really align it very much just make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really align it very much just make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really align it very much just make sure
+it sits on the bearings and uh that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sits on the bearings and uh that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sits on the bearings and uh that'll
+put the cever where you need it um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the cever where you need it um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the cever where you need it um and
+then if you flip it over you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you flip it over you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you flip it over you'll see that
+there's a small spring um perhaps we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small spring um perhaps we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small spring um perhaps we can
+do a close-up on this at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a close-up on this at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a close-up on this at some point
+later there's a spring that holds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later there's a spring that holds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later there's a spring that holds the
+can lever down um and typically what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lever down um and typically what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lever down um and typically what I
+would do is put set this down and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is put set this down and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is put set this down and you
+can press press on the whole fluid cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can press press on the whole fluid cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can press press on the whole fluid cell
+which then pushes the spring up from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then pushes the spring up from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then pushes the spring up from the
+bottom and releases the uh the the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and releases the uh the the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and releases the uh the the D
+that's being held inside um and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being held inside um and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being held inside um and then you
+can switch out the can lever with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can switch out the can lever with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can switch out the can lever with the
+appropriate one and we have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate one and we have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate one and we have several
+different types depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types depending on what
+experiment we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we're going to be
+doing and uh while I have this off it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and uh while I have this off it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and uh while I have this off it's
+a little bit easier to see the sample so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit easier to see the sample so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit easier to see the sample so
+I'll talk about that next um the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about that next um the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about that next um the sample
+sits on these little magnetic pucks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on these little magnetic pucks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on these little magnetic pucks uh
+and in order to change the sample which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to change the sample which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to change the sample which
+what you need to do is lower it down far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is lower it down far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is lower it down far
+enough that you can take it out so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can take it out so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can take it out so that
+usually you can accomplish that by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you can accomplish that by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you can accomplish that by just
+simply sitting here and doing this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply sitting here and doing this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply sitting here and doing this for
+about 10 minutes or you can turn this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 minutes or you can turn this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 minutes or you can turn this by
+hand until it's until the stage descends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand until it's until the stage descends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand until it's until the stage descends
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you can tilt the post out and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can tilt the post out and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can tilt the post out and take
+the whole thing out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing out which
+goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like
+this so this post is magnetically held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this post is magnetically held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this post is magnetically held
+to the pzo and then this is magnetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pzo and then this is magnetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pzo and then this is magnetically
+held to the post um and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held to the post um and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held to the post um and the one
+important thing about this is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about this is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about this is that when
+you put this back on the pzo you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put this back on the pzo you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put this back on the pzo you want to
+Center the post as closely as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center the post as closely as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center the post as closely as possible
+on the pzo the centering of this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pzo the centering of this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pzo the centering of this on the
+top or whether this is centered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top or whether this is centered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top or whether this is centered in the
+opening is not so crucial but when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening is not so crucial but when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening is not so crucial but when the
+post sits on the pizo um it centering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post sits on the pizo um it centering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post sits on the pizo um it centering
+affects how good the scanning is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects how good the scanning is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects how good the scanning is going
+to be so if the post is not centered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so if the post is not centered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so if the post is not centered the
+scan ends up being very lopsided and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan ends up being very lopsided and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan ends up being very lopsided and
+getting a lot of vertical uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot of vertical uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot of vertical uh sort of
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talk um so sorry yes go ahead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk um so sorry yes go ahead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk um so sorry yes go ahead you
+haven't had any problem with students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had any problem with students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had any problem with students
+actually breaking fracturing Theo by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually breaking fracturing Theo by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually breaking fracturing Theo by
+putting this no the pizo is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this no the pizo is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this no the pizo is really
+robust it's it's uh I can show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust it's it's uh I can show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust it's it's uh I can show you a
+unmounted one but it's basically a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmounted one but it's basically a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmounted one but it's basically a small
+steel disc with some pzo kind of painted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel disc with some pzo kind of painted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel disc with some pzo kind of painted
+on and a silver electrode and it's uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and a silver electrode and it's uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and a silver electrode and it's uh I
+mean the pzo itself is I would say maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the pzo itself is I would say maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the pzo itself is I would say maybe
+5 to 600 microns thick um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to 600 microns thick um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to 600 microns thick um and it's
+probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just
+pzt um Amorphis I think that's my guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pzt um Amorphis I think that's my guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pzt um Amorphis I think that's my guess
+I don't actually know it it comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually know it it comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually know it it comes from a
+doorbell yeah okay um so yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doorbell yeah okay um so yeah it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doorbell yeah okay um so yeah it's it's
+it's totally robust the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally robust the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally robust the only thing that
+um I've noticed from time to time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've noticed from time to time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've noticed from time to time is
+that um if you do this repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if you do this repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if you do this repeatedly
+sometimes there's a little Groove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's a little Groove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's a little Groove that
+the disc sits in and it and it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc sits in and it and it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc sits in and it and it gets
+loosened a little bit and then the pzo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosened a little bit and then the pzo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosened a little bit and then the pzo
+is not held firm firmly and that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not held firm firmly and that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not held firm firmly and that I think
+once or twice we've had the scan uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once or twice we've had the scan uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once or twice we've had the scan uh
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problematic so right now I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic so right now I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic so right now I'm just going
+to leave this uh this little sample in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave this uh this little sample in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave this uh this little sample in
+here which is simply a a glass block um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is simply a a glass block um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is simply a a glass block um
+because I it's uh useful for what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I it's uh useful for what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I it's uh useful for what I want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do um typically if you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um typically if you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um typically if you if you're
+changing the candle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the candle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the candle or
+sample you bring these you put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you bring these you put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you bring these you put these
+back in and then you bring up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in and then you bring up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in and then you bring up this
+stage uh to to engage the can lever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage uh to to engage the can lever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage uh to to engage the can lever so
+as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as
+a as a note there are some afms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a note there are some afms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a note there are some afms which
+move the tip and there are some afms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the tip and there are some afms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the tip and there are some afms
+which move the stage relative to the tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which move the stage relative to the tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which move the stage relative to the tip
+and ours is of the latter kind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ours is of the latter kind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ours is of the latter kind so
+whenever we talk about bringing the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we talk about bringing the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we talk about bringing the can
+lever to the surface in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever to the surface in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever to the surface in this case it
+always involves moving the surface the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always involves moving the surface the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always involves moving the surface the
+can lever is always held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lever is always held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lever is always held
+fixed um so now I'm going to raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed um so now I'm going to raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed um so now I'm going to raise the
+stage up but I'm going to do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage up but I'm going to do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage up but I'm going to do it in a
+more textbook fashion by bringing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more textbook fashion by bringing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more textbook fashion by bringing the
+microscope and doing it cautiously um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and doing it cautiously um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and doing it cautiously um so
+s you're going to show us how to align
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you're going to show us how to align
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you're going to show us how to align
+the laser I will show you that next yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser I will show you that next yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser I will show you that next yes
+um so I'm just going to get the I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm just going to get the I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm just going to get the I'm
+going to get the stage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the stage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the stage in
+range um so that the engage is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range um so that the engage is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range um so that the engage is pretty
+close and then I'll I'll show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and then I'll I'll show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and then I'll I'll show you the
+details of all of that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of all of that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of all of that in a
+moment and when you do this you'll when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and when you do this you'll when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and when you do this you'll when
+you when you become a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you become a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you become a little more
+experienced at this it'll be come clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced at this it'll be come clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced at this it'll be come clear
+you know how close the different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how close the different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how close the different parts
+are and whether it's safe or not but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and whether it's safe or not but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and whether it's safe or not but at
+the beginning you want to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning you want to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning you want to be careful
+about moving the stage by hand because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moving the stage by hand because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moving the stage by hand because
+there's always the danger of crashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always the danger of crashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always the danger of crashing
+the stage into the tip um that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage into the tip um that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage into the tip um that will
+happen because that is what happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because that is what happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because that is what happens with
+afms crashes happen and and can levers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afms crashes happen and and can levers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afms crashes happen and and can levers
+are broken and lost and that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are broken and lost and that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are broken and lost and that's okay
+that's why we have many many many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have many many many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have many many many of
+them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so
+um let's see if I'm forgetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see if I'm forgetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see if I'm forgetting
+anything good okay so as I've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything good okay so as I've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything good okay so as I've mentioned
+in order to make sure that the scope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make sure that the scope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make sure that the scope is
+running you need to turn on three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running you need to turn on three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running you need to turn on three things
+and at the moment I have two of them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the moment I have two of them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the moment I have two of them on
+and the third one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one is the
+laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser
+okay uh and then I'm going to turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and then I'm going to turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and then I'm going to turn this
+back down to Unity gain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to Unity gain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to Unity gain okay
+so when using a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when using a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when using a an
+AFM most of you probably know uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AFM most of you probably know uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AFM most of you probably know uh you
+need to get the laser lined up so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the laser lined up so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the laser lined up so that
+you're getting a readable signal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a readable signal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a readable signal that
+has useful and meaningful information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has useful and meaningful information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has useful and meaningful information in
+it and then you need to bring the tip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you need to bring the tip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you need to bring the tip to
+the surface in order to do either your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface in order to do either your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface in order to do either your
+Force measurements or your scanning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force measurements or your scanning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force measurements or your scanning and
+so we're going to do those two steps now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do those two steps now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do those two steps now
+and I'll I'll demo them and then um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll I'll demo them and then um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll I'll demo them and then um you
+can uh you'll all have a chance to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh you'll all have a chance to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh you'll all have a chance to to do
+that on your own a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on your own a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on your own a little bit more
+Hands-On CU seeing it is not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hands-On CU seeing it is not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hands-On CU seeing it is not the same as
+doing it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it as
+usual so the laser alignment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual so the laser alignment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual so the laser alignment is
+controlled with the knobs up here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled with the knobs up here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled with the knobs up here at the
+Top This is a kinematic uh uh atic Mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Top This is a kinematic uh uh atic Mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Top This is a kinematic uh uh atic Mount
+and uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh these
+are these are lead screws that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are lead screws that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are lead screws that'll
+control the tilt of this plate up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the tilt of this plate up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the tilt of this plate up here
+to which the Laser's mounted um so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which the Laser's mounted um so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which the Laser's mounted um so when
+you're looking through the scope you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking through the scope you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking through the scope you'll
+see the laser Spot somewhere on the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the laser Spot somewhere on the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the laser Spot somewhere on the can
+lever and nearby and when you turn so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever and nearby and when you turn so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever and nearby and when you turn so
+the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner
+knob if you if you look at this plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob if you if you look at this plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob if you if you look at this plate
+the the whichever knob you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whichever knob you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whichever knob you're not
+whichever knob you're turning the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever knob you're turning the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever knob you're turning the other
+two points serve as the fulcrum for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points serve as the fulcrum for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points serve as the fulcrum for the
+plate to turn which means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate to turn which means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate to turn which means that the
+corner knob turns the Plate at a 45°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner knob turns the Plate at a 45°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner knob turns the Plate at a 45°
+angle and then these two knobs here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and then these two knobs here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and then these two knobs here will
+turn it at in this fashion and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it at in this fashion and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it at in this fashion and in this
+fashion which if you look down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion which if you look down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion which if you look down at the
+laser moves the laser in this Axis or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser moves the laser in this Axis or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser moves the laser in this Axis or in
+this axis so that gives you XY position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis so that gives you XY position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis so that gives you XY position
+control of your laser so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of your laser so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of your laser so these are the
+two knobs that you want to adjust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two knobs that you want to adjust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two knobs that you want to adjust and
+when you look through the microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look through the microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look through the microscope
+you'll see how that uh affects where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how that uh affects where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how that uh affects where the
+Laser's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laser's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laser's
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+um the way to see whether your laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way to see whether your laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way to see whether your laser is
+correctly lined up is to watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly lined up is to watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly lined up is to watch the
+detector so there uh if uh you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so there uh if uh you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so there uh if uh you probably
+want to come around and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come around and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come around and look at the
+detector to see what you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector to see what you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector to see what you're looking for
+essentially um if if you uh if you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um if if you uh if you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um if if you uh if you as
+you remember from your lab manual the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from your lab manual the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from your lab manual the
+uh the diffractive fingers on the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the diffractive fingers on the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the diffractive fingers on the can
+lever will produce a set of modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever will produce a set of modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever will produce a set of modes and
+your detector is going to capture just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your detector is going to capture just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your detector is going to capture just
+one of these modes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these modes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these modes uh
+so the detector here is set up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the detector here is set up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the detector here is set up with a
+little screen on it and there's a slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little screen on it and there's a slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little screen on it and there's a slit
+in the middle of the screen and I'm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the screen and I'm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the screen and I'm and
+and I'm basically aiming to get one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm basically aiming to get one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm basically aiming to get one of
+the modes to go through the slit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes to go through the slit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes to go through the slit and the
+rest of them just spread out on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of them just spread out on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of them just spread out on both
+sides so if the can lever if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so if the can lever if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so if the can lever if you're
+looking at this uh detector screen watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this uh detector screen watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this uh detector screen watch
+what I do so I'm just going to move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do so I'm just going to move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do so I'm just going to move the
+laser such that it's not aligned there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser such that it's not aligned there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser such that it's not aligned there's
+no there's no spread there you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no spread there you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no spread there you don't see
+um all the little modes and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all the little modes and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all the little modes and so what
+you're going to be looking for is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be looking for is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be looking for is a
+pattern like this to appear and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern like this to appear and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern like this to appear and you'll
+see that the the the modes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the the the modes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the the the modes will
+alternate in bright and dark depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate in bright and dark depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate in bright and dark depending
+on how you move the laser on the grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you move the laser on the grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you move the laser on the grading
+and I can explain that a bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can explain that a bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can explain that a bit better
+later but this is this is the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but this is this is the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but this is this is the pattern
+you're going to be looking for when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be looking for when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be looking for when you
+align your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align your
+laser um sometimes you will see a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser um sometimes you will see a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser um sometimes you will see a sort
+of close pattern and it will have either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of close pattern and it will have either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of close pattern and it will have either
+striations through it or when you adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striations through it or when you adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striations through it or when you adjust
+the position of the laser instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the laser instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the laser instead of
+alternating bright dark the modes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating bright dark the modes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating bright dark the modes will
+kind of have these Str Stripes moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have these Str Stripes moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have these Str Stripes moving
+across them that typically is indicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across them that typically is indicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across them that typically is indicative
+of poorly of poorly focused laser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poorly of poorly focused laser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poorly of poorly focused laser and
+then you need to adjust the focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to adjust the focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to adjust the focusing
+lens here and that that's a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens here and that that's a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens here and that that's a fine
+adjustment that usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment that usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment that usually
+um for for student purposes they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for student purposes they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for student purposes they would
+call the instructor over for help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the instructor over for help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the instructor over for help with
+that and uh again that's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh again that's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh again that's sort of an
+advanced topic that I don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced topic that I don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced topic that I don't want to get
+into at the moment but just know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into at the moment but just know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into at the moment but just know that
+that's that can sometimes be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case so once the lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so once the lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so once the lasers
+aligned we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned we
+uh uh one more one more note about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one more one more note about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one more one more note about
+alignment so the detector is fairly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment so the detector is fairly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment so the detector is fairly well
+set right now um you have control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set right now um you have control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set right now um you have control over
+side to side displacement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to side displacement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to side displacement of the
+detector with this micrometer down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector with this micrometer down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector with this micrometer down here
+um and then up and down movement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then up and down movement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then up and down movement of the
+detector is accomplished by simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector is accomplished by simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector is accomplished by simply
+loosening this post and raising or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosening this post and raising or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosening this post and raising or
+lowering it as you need so if if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering it as you need so if if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering it as you need so if if you're
+if you're lining up your laser on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lining up your laser on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lining up your laser on your
+scope you'll wouldn't be doing one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope you'll wouldn't be doing one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope you'll wouldn't be doing one of
+these things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um typically what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically what we want to do is
+capture this zeroth diffractive mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture this zeroth diffractive mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture this zeroth diffractive mode
+which is the the one in the center so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the the one in the center so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the the one in the center so if
+if you look at a defraction pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at a defraction pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at a defraction pattern
+there's a center mode and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a center mode and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a center mode and then there are
+modes on the sides that are numbered one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes on the sides that are numbered one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes on the sides that are numbered one
+2 3 Etc so the zero mode is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 Etc so the zero mode is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 Etc so the zero mode is the the
+specular reflection Center mode that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular reflection Center mode that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular reflection Center mode that
+typically has the best amplitude between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically has the best amplitude between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically has the best amplitude between
+bright and dark um the easiest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright and dark um the easiest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright and dark um the easiest way to
+find that mode is simply to go off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that mode is simply to go off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that mode is simply to go off the
+grading so to move the laser laterally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading so to move the laser laterally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading so to move the laser laterally
+in this direction and to go off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction and to go off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction and to go off the
+grading onto one of the can lever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading onto one of the can lever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading onto one of the can lever
+surfaces which are just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces which are just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces which are just going to be a
+straight reflection and that'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight reflection and that'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight reflection and that'll show you
+geometrically the pos position of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically the pos position of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically the pos position of that
+single mode so I can just turn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mode so I can just turn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mode so I can just turn that
+screen and see where that mode is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and see where that mode is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and see where that mode is and
+then line it up to capture it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then line it up to capture it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then line it up to capture it and then
+move back to the defraction grading in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back to the defraction grading in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back to the defraction grading in
+order to see it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could you explain that part one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you explain that part one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you explain that part one more
+time okay I'm looking for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay I'm looking for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay I'm looking for uh
+geometrically speaking the zero mode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically speaking the zero mode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically speaking the zero mode is
+going to be a specular reflection so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a specular reflection so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a specular reflection so I'm
+just trying to see where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to see where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to see where where the
+position of that specular reflection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of that specular reflection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of that specular reflection is
+without having the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having the rest of the
+defraction pattern to distract me so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern to distract me so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern to distract me so in
+order to do that instead of Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that instead of Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that instead of Simply
+staying on the fingers I I jog my beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying on the fingers I I jog my beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying on the fingers I I jog my beam
+over until it's reflecting off just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over until it's reflecting off just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over until it's reflecting off just a
+surface cuz the lever to the sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface cuz the lever to the sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface cuz the lever to the sides of
+the grading there's always a flat can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grading there's always a flat can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grading there's always a flat can
+lever surface either side so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever surface either side so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever surface either side so the the the
+specular reflection off of that with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular reflection off of that with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular reflection off of that with no
+defraction is just going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction is just going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction is just going to look like
+what I showed you a single a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spot and so that shows me the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and so that shows me the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and so that shows me the actual
+that's the position of the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the position of the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the position of the zero
+mode um and then I can then I can so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode um and then I can then I can so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode um and then I can then I can so I'm
+just turning this in order to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turning this in order to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turning this in order to show you
+kind of make it easy to see but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make it easy to see but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make it easy to see but I
+actually want the slit oriented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want the slit oriented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want the slit oriented to
+capture the whole mode so I turn it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the whole mode so I turn it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the whole mode so I turn it back
+to actually capture this and and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually capture this and and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually capture this and and so I
+would do this if the if the alignment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do this if the if the alignment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do this if the if the alignment is
+not perfectly already set I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfectly already set I would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfectly already set I would do
+this to make sure I know where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make sure I know where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make sure I know where where the
+where I want my detector slit and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I want my detector slit and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I want my detector slit and so
+then I then I set this up I get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I then I set this up I get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I then I set this up I get my
+alignment perfect and then I say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment perfect and then I say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment perfect and then I say okay
+now I'm ready for the actual defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm ready for the actual defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm ready for the actual defraction
+pattern so I move my beam back and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so I move my beam back and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so I move my beam back and now
+I'm on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm on the
+fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so given that now we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given that now we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given that now we actually have
+a signal um we want get the can lever in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal um we want get the can lever in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal um we want get the can lever in
+close proximity to the surface which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close proximity to the surface which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close proximity to the surface which is
+where all the uh all the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the uh all the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the uh all the fun
+happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um somewhat unlike a standard AFM where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somewhat unlike a standard AFM where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somewhat unlike a standard AFM where
+uh well a lot unlike a standard AFM um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well a lot unlike a standard AFM um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well a lot unlike a standard AFM um
+on a on a commercial AFM this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on a commercial AFM this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on a commercial AFM this is
+typically an electronically controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically an electronically controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically an electronically controlled
+process you push a button until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you push a button until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you push a button until the
+microscope to engage and it'll bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope to engage and it'll bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope to engage and it'll bring the
+stage and can lever in proximity until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and can lever in proximity until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and can lever in proximity until
+this until the signal reaches a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this until the signal reaches a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this until the signal reaches a certain
+value and it knows that uh that the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and it knows that uh that the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and it knows that uh that the can
+lever has engaged we are going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever has engaged we are going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever has engaged we are going to do
+this manually and um and so the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manually and um and so the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manually and um and so the easiest
+way to do it is by observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is by observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is by observing
+uh observing the uh fluctuation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observing the uh fluctuation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh observing the uh fluctuation of the
+modes as I move the stage closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes as I move the stage closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes as I move the stage closer to the
+tip and to and to help with that another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and to and to help with that another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and to and to help with that another
+thing we're going to add is is a uh a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to add is is a uh a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to add is is a uh a a
+small oscillatory movement to the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small oscillatory movement to the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small oscillatory movement to the stage
+which is what we would ordinarily do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we would ordinarily do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we would ordinarily do if
+we were to do a force curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to do a force curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to do a force curve
+so that's what I'm going to start right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I'm going to start right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I'm going to start right
+now so the first step in doing any sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the first step in doing any sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the first step in doing any sort
+of Engagement and calibration process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Engagement and calibration process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Engagement and calibration process is
+to start a force curve using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a force curve using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a force curve using the
+software so actually uh now is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so actually uh now is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so actually uh now is a good
+time to take a quick break to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to take a quick break to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to take a quick break to talk about
+the software um I don't know if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software um I don't know if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software um I don't know if you need
+to readjust Tom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um please uh feel free to gather around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um please uh feel free to gather around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um please uh feel free to gather around
+wherever wherever you can see I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever wherever you can see I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever wherever you can see I'm just
+going to quickly describe what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to quickly describe what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to quickly describe what the
+software does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software does
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right uh this software is written in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this software is written in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh this software is written in an
+unidentified program for copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unidentified program for copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unidentified program for copyright
+reasons and uh it is it is entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and uh it is it is entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and uh it is it is entirely
+custom built for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom built for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom built for these
+microscopes um it is also extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes um it is also extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes um it is also extremely
+simple it literally has three buttons um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it literally has three buttons um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it literally has three buttons um
+if yeah that do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if yeah that do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if yeah that do anything
+um stop is a very important button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stop is a very important button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stop is a very important button
+because it always stops whatever action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it always stops whatever action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it always stops whatever action
+is going I always talk about that button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going I always talk about that button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going I always talk about that button
+first because you always have to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because you always have to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because you always have to use it
+whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever
+you're whenever you always have to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're whenever you always have to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're whenever you always have to hit
+stop before you do anything else let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop before you do anything else let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop before you do anything else let's
+let's put it that way so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it that way so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it that way so sometimes
+there's a process going on in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a process going on in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a process going on in the data
+acquisition and you want to hit stop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition and you want to hit stop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition and you want to hit stop to
+make sure it stops going um the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it stops going um the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it stops going um the two
+modes that we're going to run the uh AFM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes that we're going to run the uh AFM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes that we're going to run the uh AFM
+in I've already talked about one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I've already talked about one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I've already talked about one that's
+for spectroscopy where the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spectroscopy where the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spectroscopy where the stage
+oscillates strictly up and down and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates strictly up and down and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates strictly up and down and uh
+the range of motion for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of motion for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of motion for that is
+typically a couple of microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a couple of microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a couple of microns
+um the other mode is this image scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other mode is this image scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other mode is this image scanning
+mode where the stage is raster scanned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode where the stage is raster scanned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode where the stage is raster scanned
+in the XY plane to assemble an image uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane to assemble an image uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane to assemble an image uh
+we'll talk about that in in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that in in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that in in a little bit
+we're going to start with for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with for
+spectroscopy so for spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so for spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so for spectroscopy
+controls are all in this box here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls are all in this box here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls are all in this box here in
+blue and uh another way to call another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and uh another way to call another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and uh another way to call another
+way to refer to force spectroscopy is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to refer to force spectroscopy is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to refer to force spectroscopy is z
+modulation which is why this button is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation which is why this button is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation which is why this button is
+called run Zod scan so to start a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called run Zod scan so to start a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called run Zod scan so to start a force
+spectroscopy uh action you hit run Zod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy uh action you hit run Zod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy uh action you hit run Zod
+scan and uh let's see so a great way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan and uh let's see so a great way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan and uh let's see so a great way to
+tell whether or not you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether or not you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell whether or not you're actually
+doing anything is to watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything is to watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything is to watch the
+oscilloscope because that'll immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope because that'll immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope because that'll immediately
+start oscillating back and forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start oscillating back and forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start oscillating back and forth okay
+the the motion of the signal on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the motion of the signal on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the motion of the signal on the
+oscilloscope represents the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope represents the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope represents the motion of
+the stage up and down so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage up and down so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage up and down so it's very
+important to keep these signals uh clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep these signals uh clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep these signals uh clear
+in your mind because it's it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind because it's it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind because it's it gets
+confusing as to which what axis is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing as to which what axis is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing as to which what axis is doing
+what the side to side motion on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the side to side motion on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the side to side motion on the
+escope is always uh is always the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escope is always uh is always the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escope is always uh is always the signal
+that is driving the pazo in this case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is driving the pazo in this case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is driving the pazo in this case um
+it's driving uh it's driving the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's driving uh it's driving the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's driving uh it's driving the stage
+strictly up and down so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly up and down so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly up and down so what you're
+seeing there is to the left the stage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing there is to the left the stage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing there is to the left the stage is
+moving down I'm sorry to the right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving down I'm sorry to the right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving down I'm sorry to the right the
+stage is moving down to the left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is moving down to the left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is moving down to the left the
+stage is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is moving
+up so right now it's it's going at about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so right now it's it's going at about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so right now it's it's going at about
+2 Hertz and uh the amplitude and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Hertz and uh the amplitude and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Hertz and uh the amplitude and the
+default amplitude and frequency are 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default amplitude and frequency are 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default amplitude and frequency are 2
+Hertz 8 volts and those are nice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz 8 volts and those are nice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz 8 volts and those are nice uh
+medium parameters for running a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium parameters for running a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium parameters for running a good
+Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+curve um again if I want to stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve um again if I want to stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve um again if I want to stop the
+force curve I tell it to stop and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force curve I tell it to stop and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force curve I tell it to stop and you'll
+see the signal stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the signal stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the signal stop
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay when you actually doing that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you actually doing that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you actually doing that were
+we giving any live acquisition no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we giving any live acquisition no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we giving any live acquisition no this
+this was not showing any signal and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not showing any signal and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not showing any signal and I
+just I paused because I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I paused because I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I paused because I'm trying to
+think about why it wasn't showing us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why it wasn't showing us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why it wasn't showing us
+anything um that might just be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um that might just be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um that might just be because
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+signal position right now let me uh play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal position right now let me uh play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal position right now let me uh play
+with it for a second and see if uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it for a second and see if uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it for a second and see if uh it
+should be it should be correct because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it should be correct because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it should be correct because I
+just oh there we go okay yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh there we go okay yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oh there we go okay yeah so
+sometimes it's glitchy what can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's glitchy what can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's glitchy what can I
+say so this is just showing you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so this is just showing you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so this is just showing you the
+signal that the oscilloscope is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that the oscilloscope is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that the oscilloscope is showing
+you except this is autoscaling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you except this is autoscaling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you except this is autoscaling the
+signal so that's why it looks so huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so that's why it looks so huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so that's why it looks so huge
+because all you're seeing really is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all you're seeing really is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all you're seeing really is is
+noise um I much prefer for sort of live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise um I much prefer for sort of live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise um I much prefer for sort of live
+work on the microscope looking at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the microscope looking at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the microscope looking at what's
+going on on the oscilloscope because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on the oscilloscope because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on the oscilloscope because
+it's much more responsive this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more responsive this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more responsive this has a
+slower update time but this can allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower update time but this can allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower update time but this can allow
+you then to capture the force curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then to capture the force curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then to capture the force curve and
+actually analyze the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually analyze the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually analyze the data
+quantitatively um in order to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively um in order to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively um in order to do that
+you just hit this blue button that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just hit this blue button that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just hit this blue button that says
+save Force curve and uh down here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save Force curve and uh down here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save Force curve and uh down here is a
+box where you would enter the file name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box where you would enter the file name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box where you would enter the file name
+um that you want to use now as a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you want to use now as a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you want to use now as a quick
+note on one of the quirks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on one of the quirks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on one of the quirks of the
+software it the way it updates causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software it the way it updates causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software it the way it updates causes
+this box to lose focus so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box to lose focus so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box to lose focus so if you want to
+enter a new file name you should do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a new file name you should do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a new file name you should do it
+when nothing is scanning or Imaging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when nothing is scanning or Imaging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when nothing is scanning or Imaging and
+then hit whatever save buttons you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hit whatever save buttons you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hit whatever save buttons you want
+to capture your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture your
+data okay so uh let's let's let's engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so uh let's let's let's engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so uh let's let's let's engage
+the tip and see what that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like um so I'm going to run the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um so I'm going to run the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um so I'm going to run the Z
+modulation and then I'm going to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the key point that uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key point that uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key point that uh that you
+need to keep in mind for for doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep in mind for for doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep in mind for for doing this
+is that we're going to we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to we're going to
+bring the stage up to the can lever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the stage up to the can lever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the stage up to the can lever
+until what we can do with it is have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until what we can do with it is have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until what we can do with it is have the
+can lever on the up on the up motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lever on the up on the up motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lever on the up on the up motion
+have the stage bend the can lever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the stage bend the can lever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the stage bend the can lever and
+then as it comes down release and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as it comes down release and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as it comes down release and and so
+we should see the point where the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should see the point where the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should see the point where the stage
+is engaging and then releasing and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engaging and then releasing and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engaging and then releasing and that
+that's sort of the classic Force curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the classic Force curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the classic Force curve
+where part of the way it's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where part of the way it's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where part of the way it's part of the
+time it's disengaged and part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's disengaged and part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's disengaged and part of the
+time it's engaged um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's engaged um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's engaged um
+and uh currently I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh currently I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh currently I
+have not important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and let just take a second here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I have a I have a um a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I have a I have a um a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I have a I have a um a differential
+pair type of can lver but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair type of can lver but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair type of can lver but
+um what I'll do is is describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I'll do is is describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I'll do is is describe the
+specifics of doing that Force curve when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics of doing that Force curve when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics of doing that Force curve when
+we talk about the boltzman's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment what I'm aiming to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what I'm aiming to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what I'm aiming to do now is
+to bring this to the surface such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring this to the surface such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring this to the surface such that
+one of the two can levers is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two can levers is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two can levers is getting
+deflected and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected and the other one is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+and again depending on your level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again depending on your level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again depending on your level of
+experience you can do this by hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you can do this by hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience you can do this by hand you
+can do this using the uh Pico motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this using the uh Pico motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this using the uh Pico motor
+stage I'm going to do this by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage I'm going to do this by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage I'm going to do this by hand
+because it goes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faster okay now if you'll if you'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay now if you'll if you'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay now if you'll if you'll come
+over and look look at the modes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and look look at the modes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and look look at the modes on the
+uh on the screen here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detector what you'll see is when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector what you'll see is when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector what you'll see is when you're
+in contact you'll see them so right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contact you'll see them so right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contact you'll see them so right now
+nothing is going on and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is going on and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is going on and I'm going to
+slowly move the stage up now with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly move the stage up now with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly move the stage up now with the
+joystick so when you come into contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joystick so when you come into contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joystick so when you come into contact
+you'll see these bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these bright
+dark something is clearly going on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark something is clearly going on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark something is clearly going on right
+you can see the modes this is the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the modes this is the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the modes this is the kind
+of uh switching of bright and dark that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh switching of bright and dark that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh switching of bright and dark that
+you're looking for uh when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for uh when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for uh when when the
+modes are being modulated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are being modulated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are being modulated by a
+deflection of the canal okay you'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the canal okay you'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the canal okay you'll also
+see on the oscilloscope screen you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the oscilloscope screen you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the oscilloscope screen you'll
+start to see the sin squar waveform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see the sin squar waveform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see the sin squar waveform and
+you'll start to see on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start to see on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start to see on the computer
+screen the same waveform that's up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen the same waveform that's up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen the same waveform that's up here
+okay so all of those are indicative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of those are indicative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of those are indicative that
+you're in contact now let me just make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in contact now let me just make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in contact now let me just make a
+few adjustments and point out a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few adjustments and point out a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few adjustments and point out a few more
+features of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of what's going on
+so um doesn't matter where you look you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um doesn't matter where you look you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um doesn't matter where you look you
+can look on the screen you can look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look on the screen you can look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look on the screen you can look up
+here what you'll see is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you'll see is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you'll see is part of the
+curve is flat part of the curve has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is flat part of the curve has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is flat part of the curve has that
+oscillatory behavior the flat part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory behavior the flat part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory behavior the flat part is
+where the can lever is not in contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the can lever is not in contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the can lever is not in contact
+with the stage and then as soon as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the stage and then as soon as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the stage and then as soon as the
+stage contacts it it starts to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage contacts it it starts to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage contacts it it starts to follow
+that sinusoidal it's actually a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sinusoidal it's actually a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sinusoidal it's actually a s
+squared the sinusoidal shape and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the sinusoidal shape and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the sinusoidal shape and you
+also see it's a little bit easier to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see it's a little bit easier to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see it's a little bit easier to see
+on the screen where the waveform stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen where the waveform stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen where the waveform stays
+more still than over here you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more still than over here you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more still than over here you'll see
+that as it comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as it comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as it comes into
+contact it it it touches at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact it it it touches at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact it it it touches at some point
+and the can lever bends and then as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the can lever bends and then as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the can lever bends and then as it
+comes back in the other direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back in the other direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back in the other direction and
+unbends you'll see it past the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbends you'll see it past the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbends you'll see it past the point of
+contact and keep on bending downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and keep on bending downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and keep on bending downward
+until it finally snaps off at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it finally snaps off at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it finally snaps off at some
+distance back so what's going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance back so what's going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance back so what's going on there
+is simply a sticking of the can L to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a sticking of the can L to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a sticking of the can L to the
+surface until it comes off and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface until it comes off and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface until it comes off and actually
+we can we can use that difference to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can use that difference to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can use that difference to to
+make a measurement of the adhesion force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a measurement of the adhesion force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a measurement of the adhesion force
+between the the surfaces currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the surfaces currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the surfaces currently
+that's probably not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably not particularly
+meaningful but if we wanted to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful but if we wanted to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful but if we wanted to do an
+experiment like that that's certainly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment like that that's certainly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment like that that's certainly uh
+certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a
+possibility okay so um a few more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility okay so um a few more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility okay so um a few more things
+about the force curve uh often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the force curve uh often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the force curve uh often times
+what will happen is people will go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen is people will go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen is people will go like
+this so this this is basically you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this this is basically you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this this is basically you're
+into far now the stage has bent the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into far now the stage has bent the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into far now the stage has bent the can
+lever and it's not releasing at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever and it's not releasing at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever and it's not releasing at any
+point of the force curve so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the force curve so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the force curve so it's just
+bending up and down like this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending up and down like this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending up and down like this and you
+can see the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the entire
+way the signal is oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the signal is oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the signal is oscillating
+now you'll also notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll also notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll also notice
+that uh the amplitude of that s squar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the amplitude of that s squar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the amplitude of that s squar is
+slowly decreasing as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly decreasing as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly decreasing as we go
+left and if I if I now push the stage up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and if I if I now push the stage up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and if I if I now push the stage up
+even higher you will see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even higher you will see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even higher you will see that the
+amplitude has first decreased and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude has first decreased and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude has first decreased and now
+it's increasing again and you'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's increasing again and you'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's increasing again and you'll see it
+start to increase to the left again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to increase to the left again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to increase to the left again so
+that's a an artifact of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a an artifact of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a an artifact of the fact that
+you can you can bend the beam far enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can bend the beam far enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can bend the beam far enough
+for the defract of modes to no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the defract of modes to no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the defract of modes to no longer
+overlap correctly and that one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap correctly and that one set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap correctly and that one set of
+modes starts to fall over one so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes starts to fall over one so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes starts to fall over one so the the
+modes no longer overlap their matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes no longer overlap their matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes no longer overlap their matching
+partner they overlap with one sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner they overlap with one sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner they overlap with one sort of
+there's an index of one error there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an index of one error there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an index of one error there and
+uh I can explain that in more detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can explain that in more detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can explain that in more detail but
+again so you know where that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so you know where that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so you know where that's coming
+from and why that sin squar does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and why that sin squar does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and why that sin squar does not
+have a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplitude Okay and now I'm disengaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude Okay and now I'm disengaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude Okay and now I'm disengaging
+and I'm off the surface okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm off the surface okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm off the surface okay
+um a last feature of the force curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a last feature of the force curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a last feature of the force curve is
+that the flat section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flat section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flat section of the
+curve can be anywhere relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve can be anywhere relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve can be anywhere relative to the
+amplitude uh of the S squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude uh of the S squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude uh of the S squar
+and that has to do with where uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has to do with where uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has to do with where uh where
+the out of contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of contact
+uh let me back up a second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me back up a second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me back up a second the
+defraction the the fingers that cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction the the fingers that cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction the the fingers that cause
+the defraction pattern uh are are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction pattern uh are are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction pattern uh are are going
+to have a nonzero outof contact relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a nonzero outof contact relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a nonzero outof contact relative
+displacement because of some residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement because of some residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement because of some residual
+stress in the micr structure basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress in the micr structure basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress in the micr structure basically
+and so because this is always a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because this is always a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because this is always a relative
+measurement because of these repetitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement because of these repetitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement because of these repetitive
+s squared fringes you you never actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s squared fringes you you never actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s squared fringes you you never actually
+know exactly what your spacing is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what your spacing is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what your spacing is you
+can say I have relatively moved one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say I have relatively moved one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say I have relatively moved one
+quarter wavelength but but you can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter wavelength but but you can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter wavelength but but you can never
+say the fingers are displaced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the fingers are displaced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the fingers are displaced with
+respect to each other exactly X nanom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other exactly X nanom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other exactly X nanom
+you can make some some educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make some some educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make some some educated
+inferences but we have no way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences but we have no way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences but we have no way of
+absolutely measuring their position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely measuring their position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely measuring their position
+so what we do know is that there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do know is that there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do know is that there is some
+residual stress and that the the relaxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual stress and that the the relaxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual stress and that the the relaxed
+position of the can levers with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the can levers with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the can levers with respect
+to each other or with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other or with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other or with respect to the
+reference surface is something nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference surface is something nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference surface is something nonzero
+and it's not totally predictable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not totally predictable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not totally predictable but
+because we have a built-in reference by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a built-in reference by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a built-in reference by
+the fact that the wavelength of light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the wavelength of light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the wavelength of light is
+what controls that spacing of the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what controls that spacing of the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what controls that spacing of the S
+squared we can always we we always know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared we can always we we always know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared we can always we we always know
+relative to that where we where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that where we where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that where we where we can
+adjust the fingers the other thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the fingers the other thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the fingers the other thing about
+the fingers is that they have some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fingers is that they have some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fingers is that they have some uh
+sort of angular misalignment and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of angular misalignment and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of angular misalignment and so if
+you look at how my fingers intertwine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at how my fingers intertwine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at how my fingers intertwine
+and now I'm talking about the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm talking about the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm talking about the um the
+diffractive fingers in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffractive fingers in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffractive fingers in the in the
+probes depending on where say say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes depending on where say say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes depending on where say say I have
+a laser beam shining on my fingers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laser beam shining on my fingers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laser beam shining on my fingers so
+from from up here picture a laser spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from up here picture a laser spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from up here picture a laser spot
+being focused on this depending on where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being focused on this depending on where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being focused on this depending on where
+in this lateral Direction You focus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lateral Direction You focus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lateral Direction You focus it
+the relative position of this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative position of this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative position of this set of
+fingers to this one is different okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers to this one is different okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers to this one is different okay so
+if I go from from left to right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go from from left to right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go from from left to right I'm
+going to see that the output defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that the output defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that the output defraction
+pattern is going to change depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is going to change depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is going to change depending on
+whether you know whether it's here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you know whether it's here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you know whether it's here or
+here or here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or here okay
+so now if you if you take that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you if you take that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you if you take that and and
+go back to this uh the the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this uh the the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this uh the the equivalent
+set up in in Silicon and and move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up in in Silicon and and move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up in in Silicon and and move the
+laser just as I was describing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser just as I was describing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser just as I was describing if you
+move the laser side to side along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the laser side to side along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the laser side to side along the
+finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger
+you'll see that that that flat line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that that that flat line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that that that flat line
+where it joins the sin squar you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it joins the sin squar you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it joins the sin squar you can
+adjust it by doing exactly what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust it by doing exactly what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust it by doing exactly what I was
+describing so basically you can move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing so basically you can move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing so basically you can move it
+up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down okay so it's moving up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay so it's moving up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay so it's moving up and down
+relative to the sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the sin
+squar and all I'm doing is adjusting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and all I'm doing is adjusting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and all I'm doing is adjusting the
+laser position so that's our built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser position so that's our built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser position so that's our built-in
+biasing mechanism basically we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasing mechanism basically we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasing mechanism basically we can
+choose where the 0o point uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose where the 0o point uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose where the 0o point uh before
+contact where the outof contact Point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact where the outof contact Point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact where the outof contact Point um
+joins the sin squ curve and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins the sin squ curve and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins the sin squ curve and that
+therefore will set the sensitivity we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore will set the sensitivity we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore will set the sensitivity we'll
+talk more about it when we deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about it when we deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about it when we deal with the
+individual experiments and how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual experiments and how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual experiments and how that
+affects Imaging or taking numerical data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects Imaging or taking numerical data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects Imaging or taking numerical data
+but again that's important to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again that's important to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again that's important to know
+because this is what's going to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what's going to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what's going to control
+the sensitivity of the microscope at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity of the microscope at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity of the microscope at any
+given point because it's nonlinear it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point because it's nonlinear it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point because it's nonlinear it's
+it's going to vary that's that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to vary that's that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to vary that's that's a very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+point the goal here is to get the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the goal here is to get the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the goal here is to get the non
+point to me at about the center of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to me at about the center of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to me at about the center of your
+Peak to trough Ure that is most useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak to trough Ure that is most useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak to trough Ure that is most useful
+um for the noise measurement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the noise measurement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the noise measurement but
+sometimes that is not actually our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that is not actually our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that is not actually our
+favorite place to have the non-c contct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite place to have the non-c contct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite place to have the non-c contct
+point so for example if I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so for example if I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so for example if I'm going to be
+Imaging and I want to apply a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging and I want to apply a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging and I want to apply a small
+Force to the can lever when I'm on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to the can lever when I'm on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to the can lever when I'm on the
+surface in contact mode I would ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in contact mode I would ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in contact mode I would ideally
+my ideal bias point would probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ideal bias point would probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ideal bias point would probably be
+somewhere down near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere down near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere down near the
+bottom so that when I come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so that when I come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so that when I come into
+contact out of contact is near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact out of contact is near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact out of contact is near the
+bottom and when I come into contact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and when I come into contact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and when I come into contact and
+apply a small Force it'll move to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a small Force it'll move to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a small Force it'll move to that
+middle point so what you've what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle point so what you've what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle point so what you've what you've
+noted is an important is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted is an important is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted is an important is an important
+fact which is that when you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact which is that when you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact which is that when you're making
+measurements and or you want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and or you want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and or you want to take
+images or anything like that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images or anything like that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images or anything like that you want
+the microscope biased toward the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope biased toward the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope biased toward the middle
+range of that s squared but where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of that s squared but where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of that s squared but where you
+put the outof contact Point varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the outof contact Point varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the outof contact Point varies
+depending on how you're making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you're making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you're making the
+measurement okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that reasonably clear are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that reasonably clear are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that reasonably clear are there any
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nWaoEjE8a8M.txt b/nWaoEjE8a8M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a941988de234f892b82b61f5d6ff44ffb1445a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nWaoEjE8a8M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider another example of
+continuous mass transfer suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous mass transfer suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous mass transfer suppose we have
+a truck and that truck has some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truck and that truck has some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truck and that truck has some type of
+plow and it's plowing snow and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plow and it's plowing snow and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plow and it's plowing snow and there's
+some type of external force acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of external force acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of external force acting on
+this truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this truck
+friction pushing the truck forward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction pushing the truck forward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction pushing the truck forward so
+let's just assume we have some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume we have some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume we have some type of
+force F on the truck and this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force F on the truck and this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force F on the truck and this is our
+snow and what's happening in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow and what's happening in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow and what's happening in this
+problem is that the truck connects picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the truck connects picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the truck connects picks
+up the snow and then which is at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the snow and then which is at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the snow and then which is at rest
+initially gets the snow up to the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially gets the snow up to the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially gets the snow up to the speed
+of the truck and then the snow falls off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the truck and then the snow falls off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the truck and then the snow falls off
+the plow so how do we model this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plow so how do we model this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plow so how do we model this problem
+well let's look at our situation at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at our situation at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at our situation at time
+T and what we're gonna do is we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what we're gonna do is we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what we're gonna do is we're gonna
+consider a certain mass of snow Delta M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a certain mass of snow Delta M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a certain mass of snow Delta M
+s that's at rest in our truck with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that's at rest in our truck with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that's at rest in our truck with a
+fixed mass truck is moving with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed mass truck is moving with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed mass truck is moving with the
+velocity V T at time T the truck so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V T at time T the truck so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V T at time T the truck so now
+what happens at time T plus delta T well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at time T plus delta T well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at time T plus delta T well
+the truck has picked up the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck has picked up the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck has picked up the mass of the
+snow and the truck has now changed its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow and the truck has now changed its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow and the truck has now changed its
+speed so that's at time T plus delta-t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so that's at time T plus delta-t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so that's at time T plus delta-t
+and now we want to write down our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to write down our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to write down our
+momentum law so we have our external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum law so we have our external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum law so we have our external
+force let's call this the plus I hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force let's call this the plus I hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force let's call this the plus I hat
+direction we have our external force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we have our external force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we have our external force is
+equal to the limit as delta T goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the limit as delta T goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the limit as delta T goes to
+zero of the momentum at time T so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the momentum at time T so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the momentum at time T so we
+have T plus delta T so what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have T plus delta T so what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have T plus delta T so what we have is
+the mass of the truck plus Delta M s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the truck plus Delta M s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the truck plus Delta M s
+times V of T plus delta T and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V of T plus delta T and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V of T plus delta T and we have to
+subtract for that's divided by delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract for that's divided by delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract for that's divided by delta T
+and we have subtract from this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have subtract from this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have subtract from this the
+momentum at time T the snow is at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum at time T the snow is at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum at time T the snow is at rest
+only the truck is moving so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the truck is moving so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the truck is moving so we have
+minus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T
+the T divided by delta T now as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T divided by delta T now as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T divided by delta T now as usual
+we're gonna say that the truck has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say that the truck has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say that the truck has
+changed its velocity in this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed its velocity in this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed its velocity in this interval
+and what we want to do now is write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to do now is write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to do now is write out
+our equation we have F equals the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation we have F equals the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation we have F equals the limit
+as delta T goes to 0 of now when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as delta T goes to 0 of now when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as delta T goes to 0 of now when we
+write this out notice that we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out notice that we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out notice that we're gonna
+have a number of terms here we have em T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number of terms here we have em T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number of terms here we have em T
+plus Delta M s times V Plus Delta V the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta M s times V Plus Delta V the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta M s times V Plus Delta V the
+truck that's the first term divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck that's the first term divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck that's the first term divided by
+delta T and the second term is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and the second term is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and the second term is just
+minus mass of the truck of T over delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mass of the truck of T over delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mass of the truck of T over delta
+T well first off we see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T well first off we see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T well first off we see some
+cancellations between this term this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellations between this term this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellations between this term this and
+that and what we're left with is limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what we're left with is limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what we're left with is limit
+as delta T goes to 0 of we have the snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as delta T goes to 0 of we have the snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as delta T goes to 0 of we have the snow
+term Delta M s over delta T times V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Delta M s over delta T times V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Delta M s over delta T times V
+truck now here we have a term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck now here we have a term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck now here we have a term which
+we're gonna analyze in a moment it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna analyze in a moment it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna analyze in a moment it has
+two infinitesimal quantities and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two infinitesimal quantities and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two infinitesimal quantities and this
+term is of second-order which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is of second-order which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is of second-order which we're
+going to neglect and finally we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to neglect and finally we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to neglect and finally we have the
+term of mass of the truck times Delta V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of mass of the truck times Delta V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of mass of the truck times Delta V
+T delta T so neglecting the second-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T delta T so neglecting the second-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T delta T so neglecting the second-order
+it term in differentials what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it term in differentials what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it term in differentials what we get
+when we take the limit is that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the limit is that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take the limit is that we get
+the force is d the rate that the snow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is d the rate that the snow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is d the rate that the snow is
+being picked up times V at the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being picked up times V at the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being picked up times V at the truck
+plus mass of the truck times B truck DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mass of the truck times B truck DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mass of the truck times B truck DT
+now the only issue that we have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only issue that we have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only issue that we have to think
+about here is about the rate that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here is about the rate that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here is about the rate that the
+truck the snow is being picked up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck the snow is being picked up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck the snow is being picked up so
+that's our last consideration but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our last consideration but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our last consideration but this
+will be our differential equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our differential equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our differential equation for
+adding mass continually to a system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding mass continually to a system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding mass continually to a system so
+when we found our equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we found our equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we found our equation for
+describing the rate that the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the rate that the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the rate that the truck
+changes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes its
+beed the snowplow when it's pushing snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beed the snowplow when it's pushing snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beed the snowplow when it's pushing snow
+away let's we wrote down our equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away let's we wrote down our equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away let's we wrote down our equation in
+terms of the external force on the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the external force on the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the external force on the truck
+the rate that snow is being picked up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate that snow is being picked up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate that snow is being picked up by
+the truck the velocity of the truck mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck the velocity of the truck mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck the velocity of the truck mass
+of the truck the rate of change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the truck the rate of change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the truck the rate of change of
+velocity of the truck if we multiply our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the truck if we multiply our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the truck if we multiply our
+equation through by DT we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation through by DT we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation through by DT we have the
+following equation and now what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following equation and now what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following equation and now what we want
+to consider is we want to focus on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider is we want to focus on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider is we want to focus on how
+much DM s is picked up in our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much DM s is picked up in our in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much DM s is picked up in our in our
+infinitesimal time GT so one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal time GT so one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal time GT so one way to
+think about that is let's do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that is let's do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that is let's do a little
+drawing so here's our truck and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing so here's our truck and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing so here's our truck and let's
+say at time T the plow is right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at time T the plow is right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at time T the plow is right here so
+here's the picture at time T now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the picture at time T now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the picture at time T now let's
+draw some snow here here in New England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some snow here here in New England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some snow here here in New England
+we have lots of snow and at time T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lots of snow and at time T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lots of snow and at time T plus
+delta-t the truck has moved a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta-t the truck has moved a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta-t the truck has moved a certain
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this quantity is the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this quantity is the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this quantity is the amount of
+snow that's picked up by the truck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow that's picked up by the truck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow that's picked up by the truck and
+displaced now the truck has moved a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced now the truck has moved a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced now the truck has moved a
+distance V truck delta T and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance V truck delta T and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance V truck delta T and so we can
+identify the delta ms which in the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the delta ms which in the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the delta ms which in the limit
+will be DMS is equal to the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be DMS is equal to the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be DMS is equal to the density of
+snow times the cross sectional area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow times the cross sectional area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow times the cross sectional area of
+the plow times the length veve truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plow times the length veve truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plow times the length veve truck
+delta T and so now we have an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and so now we have an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and so now we have an expression
+for the rate that the mass is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rate that the mass is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rate that the mass is being
+picked up in this time interval and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up in this time interval and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up in this time interval and we
+can write that in the following way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write that in the following way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write that in the following way that
+we see that our differential equation F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that our differential equation F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that our differential equation F
+DT equals DMS which is Rho a BT times DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals DMS which is Rho a BT times DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals DMS which is Rho a BT times DT
+this will be small interval we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be small interval we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be small interval we're taking
+a limit now times another VT plus MT DB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit now times another VT plus MT DB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit now times another VT plus MT DB
+T now we can bring this term over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now we can bring this term over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now we can bring this term over to the
+other side and so we have F minus Rho a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and so we have F minus Rho a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and so we have F minus Rho a
+BT squared times DT equals mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT squared times DT equals mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT squared times DT equals mass of the
+truck times DV DT and the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck times DV DT and the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck times DV DT and the mass of the
+truck in this case is fixed why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck in this case is fixed why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck in this case is fixed why because
+when the snow gets into the truck at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the snow gets into the truck at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the snow gets into the truck at the
+end of this delta T time interval it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this delta T time interval it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this delta T time interval it
+gets displaced to the side so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets displaced to the side so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets displaced to the side so this is an
+equation that we can separate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we can separate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we can separate and
+integrate so we have DT is equal to M T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so we have DT is equal to M T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so we have DT is equal to M T
+divided by F minus Rho a BT squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by F minus Rho a BT squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by F minus Rho a BT squared
+DB T and we integrate from some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB T and we integrate from some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB T and we integrate from some initial
+time there's some final time and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there's some final time and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there's some final time and here
+we're integrating from V of truck from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating from V of truck from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating from V of truck from
+some t initial time to some final time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some t initial time to some final time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some t initial time to some final time
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's our integral version for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our integral version for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our integral version for our
+finding the velocity this integral is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the velocity this integral is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the velocity this integral is an
+integral that's not hard to do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's not hard to do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's not hard to do that you
+should try as an exercise in elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try as an exercise in elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try as an exercise in elementary
+calculus
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/og-zyMIa5Dc.txt b/og-zyMIa5Dc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e7c32de673b2725d6101d40f32b3ea950ba6035
--- /dev/null
+++ b/og-zyMIa5Dc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So last time we were looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So last time we were looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So last time we were looking at a
+metric space. So this is a metric space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and we looked at um what we called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we looked at um what we called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we looked at um what we called uh
+open subsets. So open subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so an open subset is so over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so an open subset is so over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so an open subset is so over here is
+now a subset of x is set to be open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x in O there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in O there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in O there exist
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are greater than zero. So that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than zero. So that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than zero. So that the
+entire ball around x is contained in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire ball around x is contained in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire ball around x is contained in in
+O. Right? And so the picture is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O. Right? And so the picture is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O. Right? And so the picture is that
+here you have uh x here you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have uh x here you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have uh x here you have some
+open subset O. And so if for each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open subset O. And so if for each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open subset O. And so if for each point
+X in O there is an entire ball here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in O there is an entire ball here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in O there is an entire ball here
+that is contained in O then O is set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is contained in O then O is set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is contained in O then O is set to
+be open. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What the one of the a few things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What the one of the a few things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What the one of the a few things that we
+proved is so one thing we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved is so one thing we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved is so one thing we proved
+is that uh that that's uh so again XD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh that that's uh so again XD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh that that's uh so again XD is
+a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metric space
+then we defined sorry I should say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we defined sorry I should say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we defined sorry I should say we
+defined the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the ball
+uh B X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B X
+B R of X. So here x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B R of X. So here x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B R of X. So here x is
+in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x
+r is some positive number and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is some positive number and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is some positive number and then this
+thing here is then the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is then the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is then the y
+in x such that uh the distance from x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x such that uh the distance from x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x such that uh the distance from x to
+y is strictly less than r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is strictly less than r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is strictly less than r.
+And we showed that uh uh P R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of X is open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is open.
+Right? That P R we say also that P R X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That P R we say also that P R X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That P R we say also that P R X
+is a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ball
+of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R centered at X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now there's a few other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now there's a few other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now there's a few other things
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+discussed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So one thing is that so uh on sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one thing is that so uh on sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one thing is that so uh on sets
+on subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have three operations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh one is intersection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is that if you have if u alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of subsets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then we look at the intersection of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we look at the intersection of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we look at the intersection of all
+these subsets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subsets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subsets.
+And so X is in this intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so X is in this intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so X is in this intersection
+just means that that X is in U alpha for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that that X is in U alpha for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that that X is in U alpha for
+all alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The second operation we looked at was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second operation we looked at was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second operation we looked at was
+union.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union.
+And so again u alpha is a family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so again u alpha is a family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so again u alpha is a family of
+subsets. Then we say that x here is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets. Then we say that x here is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets. Then we say that x here is in
+the union of the u alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of the u alpha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of the u alpha.
+This is the same as saying that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the same as saying that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the same as saying that there
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha such that
+x is in u alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in u alpha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in u alpha.
+And the third thing we the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the third thing we the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the third thing we the third
+operation we have is that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation we have is that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation we have is that if you have a
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+capital u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u
+then uh we have the complement. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we have the complement. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we have the complement. So the
+complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u
+uh is the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+x is not in in you right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in in you right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in in you right that's a
+compliment and so there was these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliment and so there was these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliment and so there was these three
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+uh on subsets right and why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on subsets right and why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on subsets right and why this is
+relevant Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant Here
+this is relevant because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is relevant because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is relevant because if
+uh if u alpha so we have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if u alpha so we have the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if u alpha so we have the following
+uh lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again we have a matrix space here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have a matrix space here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have a matrix space here and we
+have o alpha is a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of open subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+then then the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is also open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now why is this the case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, it's it's a the case because if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's it's a the case because if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's it's a the case because if so
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+X here is in the union of the O alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X here is in the union of the O alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X here is in the union of the O alpha
+then this means that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this means that there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this means that there exist
+alpha such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha such that
+X here is in O alpha right but since O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X here is in O alpha right but since O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X here is in O alpha right but since O
+that O alpha is open this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that O alpha is open this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that O alpha is open this means that
+there exist. So not only is X in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist. So not only is X in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist. So not only is X in that
+but there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there exist
+Rh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rh
+that depends on X and alpha uh R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on X and alpha uh R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on X and alpha uh R
+positive so that the whole ball here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that the whole ball centered at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the whole ball centered at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the whole ball centered at X
+is contained in U alpha O alpha sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in U alpha O alpha sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in U alpha O alpha sorry
+right but if it's contained in O alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if it's contained in O alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if it's contained in O alpha
+then this imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this imply
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If it's contained in O alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we have that then this imply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have that then this imply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have that then this imply that
+it's of course this ball here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is contained in the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in the union
+of of these guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? But that's exactly what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? But that's exactly what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? But that's exactly what it means
+that to say that the union is open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to say that the union is open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to say that the union is open.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The other lema,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other lema,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other lema,
+the other lema uh related to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other lema uh related to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other lema uh related to this is
+well and there you have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and there you have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and there you have to be careful
+uh that if you have uh finitely many. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that if you have uh finitely many. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that if you have uh finitely many. So
+again you have a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and O1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and O1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and O1
+up to O N finally many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh open subsets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If you have finitely many open subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have finitely many open subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have finitely many open subsets
+then the intersection of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is also open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now why is that the case? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now why is that the case? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now why is that the case? This is
+uh this is the case because if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the case because if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the case because if you have
+so if x here is in the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if x here is in the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if x here is in the intersection of
+these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then it means that this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that this is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that this is equivalent to
+saying that x here is in o i for all i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that x here is in o i for all i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that x here is in o i for all i
+right i = 1 up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But then for each but this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then for each but this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then for each but this means
+but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since
+oi is open then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oi is open then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oi is open then for
+for oi there exist a r i. So this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oi there exist a r i. So this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oi there exist a r i. So this means
+that since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since
+OI is open,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OI is open,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OI is open,
+there exist a R I. So that such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a R I. So that such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a R I. So that such that
+the ball here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball here
+with radius X but sorry with radius R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radius X but sorry with radius R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radius X but sorry with radius R
+but center X. This one here is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but center X. This one here is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but center X. This one here is contained
+in OI. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in OI. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in OI. Right?
+This is for each eye. Right? But now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is for each eye. Right? But now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is for each eye. Right? But now if
+we take there's only finally many I. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take there's only finally many I. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take there's only finally many I. So
+you can let R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be the minimum of these guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? If R is the minimum of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If R is the minimum of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If R is the minimum of these guys
+then the ball of radius R around X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ball of radius R around X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ball of radius R around X.
+These are the points where the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the points where the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the points where the distance
+is strictly less than R to X. Right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly less than R to X. Right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly less than R to X. Right? But
+that is of course contained in BR I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is of course contained in BR I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is of course contained in BR I of
+X. This is for each I you have this. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. This is for each I you have this. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. This is for each I you have this. But
+this one here was supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here was supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here was supposed to be
+contained in OI, right? And so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in OI, right? And so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in OI, right? And so you see
+that this ball here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ball here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ball here,
+okay, this ball here is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, this ball here is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, this ball here is contained in
+this for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for each eye. So this means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each eye. So this means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each eye. So this means that this
+ball must be contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball must be contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball must be contained
+in the intersection of these guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I'll just write it out again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll just write it out again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll just write it out again just
+emphasizing that I'm only doing this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing that I'm only doing this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing that I'm only doing this for
+finitely many oaks. Okay. So by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many oaks. Okay. So by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many oaks. Okay. So by and
+that's exactly what it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what it means that the
+intersection is open. And again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is open. And again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is open. And again you know
+you could draw a little picture here. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could draw a little picture here. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could draw a little picture here. It
+might be helpful to draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be helpful to draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be helpful to draw a little
+picture. You have you know this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. You have you know this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. You have you know this here is
+01.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01.
+Here you have O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here you have O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here you have O2
+and here you have 03.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have 03.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have 03.
+You have a point in the intersection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have a point in the intersection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have a point in the intersection.
+There's a ball here that is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a ball here that is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a ball here that is contained in
+this. There's a ball, another ball here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. There's a ball, another ball here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. There's a ball, another ball here.
+So that's contained in this. And there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's contained in this. And there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's contained in this. And there's
+a third ball, this ball here. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third ball, this ball here. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third ball, this ball here. So that's
+contained in that. Right? And then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in that. Right? And then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in that. Right? And then you
+kind of look at the smallest ball, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look at the smallest ball, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look at the smallest ball, you
+know, you look at the smallest radi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and and that ball is then contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that ball is then contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that ball is then contained
+in in in the intersection of the tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the intersection of the tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the intersection of the tree.
+And the intersection of the tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the intersection of the tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the intersection of the tree is
+this. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now, why why do we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, why why do we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, why why do we have to be
+careful? Let me just remind you. Why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful? Let me just remind you. Why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful? Let me just remind you. Why do
+we have to be careful here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful here?
+And so the examples example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the examples example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the examples example that we
+looked at last time was that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are on
+so the example from last time is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the example from last time is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the example from last time is that if
+x here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here
+is a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real number
+and you're looking at O N here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at O N here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at O N here is a
+natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+and you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at
+that this is this interval here from min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is this interval here from min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is this interval here from min
+-1 / n to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 / n to n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 / n to n.
+Well, then if you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, then if you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, then if you're looking at the
+intersection of all of these,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of all of these,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of all of these,
+right, the intersection well that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, the intersection well that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, the intersection well that's just
+that's just a one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a one point
+zero, right? And of course zero is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, right? And of course zero is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, right? And of course zero is not
+an open subset, right? Because if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open subset, right? Because if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open subset, right? Because if it was
+an open subset, a whole ball and a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open subset, a whole ball and a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open subset, a whole ball and a ball
+here on the line is like a little open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the line is like a little open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the line is like a little open
+little interval that doesn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interval that doesn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interval that doesn't have the
+two end points, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two end points, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two end points, right?
+So this here is so note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is so note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is so note
+that uh in this example each OI or each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in this example each OI or each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in this example each OI or each
+O is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O is open
+but the intersection of the OS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is not open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the problem again is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem again is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem again is that there are
+infinitely many Os right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many Os right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many Os right
+okay now again one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now again one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now again one of the things we
+proved was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved was and
+maybe I was just here uh on that board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I was just here uh on that board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I was just here uh on that board
+uh uh one of the things we proved last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one of the things we proved last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one of the things we proved last
+time was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was that
+if you take a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a ball
+then it is actually an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me
+let me prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me prove
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variation of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of that.
+So suppose you're looking at so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you're looking at so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you're looking at so let's
+have a lema here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lema here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lema here
+that if you have again a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have again a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have again a metric space
+here and r here is bigger than zero. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and r here is bigger than zero. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and r here is bigger than zero. Now
+let's look at the X and then take away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the X and then take away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the X and then take away.
+But now I'm looking at the set. So let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now I'm looking at the set. So let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now I'm looking at the set. So let
+me look at the set Y here. So X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me look at the set Y here. So X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me look at the set Y here. So X
+X X is some fixed point in this metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X X is some fixed point in this metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X X is some fixed point in this metric
+space and you're looking at the Y in X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you're looking at the Y in X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you're looking at the Y in X.
+So that the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the distance
+to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X
+from Y is strictly bigger than R. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in other words, if this here is X,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the space X. Here you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the space X. Here you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the space X. Here you have the
+point X. Then you have here this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point X. Then you have here this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point X. Then you have here this here
+including this the circle here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this the circle here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this the circle here are the
+points that have distance at most r from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that have distance at most r from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that have distance at most r from
+little x. Then this is this set here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little x. Then this is this set here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little x. Then this is this set here
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+this this disc where the boundary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this disc where the boundary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this disc where the boundary is
+included.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included.
+So outside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So outside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So outside.
+Okay. And so what I want to prove here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so what I want to prove here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so what I want to prove here
+is that this here is this here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this here is this here is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this here is this here is an
+open substring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the proof is very similar to how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the proof is very similar to how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the proof is very similar to how we
+proved that a ball is open. Again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that a ball is open. Again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that a ball is open. Again the
+key ingredient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key ingredient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key ingredient
+is the triangle inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so let's try to prove that. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we take um we take Y here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take um we take Y here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take um we take Y here
+in this let's call this set something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this let's call this set something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this let's call this set something
+let's call it E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So suppose you have X here Y here in E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you have X here Y here in E.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you have X here Y here in E.
+So this means that the distance from Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that the distance from Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that the distance from Y
+to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X
+is strictly bigger than R. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly bigger than R. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly bigger than R. I want to
+prove right. So I have here I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove right. So I have here I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove right. So I have here I have my
+picture here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here.
+This is X. This is this ball here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is X. This is this ball here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is X. This is this ball here and
+then I have a Y that lie outside it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a Y that lie outside it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a Y that lie outside it. And
+I want to find a little ball here around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find a little ball here around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find a little ball here around
+Y that is entirely contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y that is entirely contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y that is entirely contained in the
+complement of this ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of this ball.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of this ball.
+And so I do the same that I did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I do the same that I did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I do the same that I did last
+time. I we set I mean you know almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. I we set I mean you know almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. I we set I mean you know almost
+the same not exactly the same but so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same not exactly the same but so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same not exactly the same but so we
+set s here equal to right. So the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set s here equal to right. So the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set s here equal to right. So the idea
+is that you're looking at this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're looking at this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're looking at this distance
+here. This distance is dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This distance is dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This distance is dx
+y. This part of it is r, right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. This part of it is r, right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. This part of it is r, right? And so
+you it seems reasonable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it seems reasonable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it seems reasonable.
+this here, if this picture was right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here, if this picture was right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here, if this picture was right,
+then this thing here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing here would be
+uh s and this s here would be dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s and this s here would be dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s and this s here would be dx
+y - r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y - r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y - r.
+So that's what I'm setting uh s equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what I'm setting uh s equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what I'm setting uh s equal
+to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the first thing I notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first thing I notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first thing I notice that
+because this is strictly bigger than r,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is strictly bigger than r,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is strictly bigger than r,
+this thing here is strictly positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then I take set here in that ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I take set here in that ball.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I take set here in that ball.
+Now it's centered at Y. It's have radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now it's centered at Y. It's have radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now it's centered at Y. It's have radius
+S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S.
+And then I want to look at the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I want to look at the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I want to look at the distance
+to and I want to estimate. So one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I want to estimate. So one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I want to estimate. So one to
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to estimate from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the distance from X to set right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the distance from X to set right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the distance from X to set right well
+the triangle inequality if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality if you just
+think about the triangle that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the triangle that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the triangle that's
+something like bounding a distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like bounding a distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like bounding a distance from
+above right so if I want to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above right so if I want to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above right so if I want to estimate
+something below Oh, then basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something below Oh, then basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something below Oh, then basically the
+this thing I want to estimate from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I want to estimate from below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I want to estimate from below
+have to be on the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be on the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be on the other side of the
+inequality, right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality, right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality, right? And so
+so how does that work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does that work?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does that work?
+So I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have
+so let's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's again
+draw a little picture to so I have let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a little picture to so I have let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a little picture to so I have let
+me do it little bit on the side. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do it little bit on the side. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do it little bit on the side. So I
+have this ball here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this ball here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this ball here
+and I have this Y here and then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have this Y here and then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have this Y here and then I have
+the C here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I now want to say I want to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I now want to say I want to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I now want to say I want to estimate
+so I'm saying that the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm saying that the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm saying that the distance from
+uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so
+this is what I want to bound from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And what I know is that this set here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I know is that this set here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I know is that this set here
+is I know something about the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I know something about the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I know something about the distance
+to y, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y, right?
+So this here I know, right? And so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here I know, right? And so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here I know, right? And so you
+see this thing here by the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this thing here by the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this thing here by the triangle
+inequality is now bounded by by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is now bounded by by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is now bounded by by the
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+from x to y,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x to y,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x to y,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+And I know that this thing here is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I know that this thing here is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I know that this thing here is less
+or equal to this here is the one I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to this here is the one I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to this here is the one I want
+to estimate. So I'm just leaving that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate. So I'm just leaving that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate. So I'm just leaving that.
+This one here, it's because set is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here, it's because set is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here, it's because set is in
+the ball of radius s around y. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball of radius s around y. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball of radius s around y. So this
+thing here is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is actually
+strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than
+s like that. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s like that. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s like that. Right?
+And so now you can just move this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now you can just move this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now you can just move this one
+here over on the other side and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over on the other side and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over on the other side and you have
+that dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dx
+y - s is strictly less than d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y - s is strictly less than d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y - s is strictly less than d
+uh x comma z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x comma z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x comma z.
+Now we have to fill in what s is s is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have to fill in what s is s is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have to fill in what s is s is up
+there. So this thing here is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So this thing here is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So this thing here is this this
+this this thing here is equal to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing here is equal to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing here is equal to this is
+dx. I'm just copying that. But I fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. I'm just copying that. But I fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. I'm just copying that. But I fill in
+what s is and s is d xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what s is and s is d xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what s is and s is d xy
+minus r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But you see those two cancel and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you see those two cancel and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you see those two cancel and you're
+left with a r. And so you have that r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a r. And so you have that r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a r. And so you have that r is
+strictly less than this which is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than this which is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than this which is exactly
+what we wanted to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to prove.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to prove.
+And so again, you know, the the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so again, you know, the the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so again, you know, the the you
+know, it was it was almost exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it was it was almost exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it was it was almost exactly the
+same proof that we had to prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof that we had to prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof that we had to prove that the
+ball was open. Um we're just using here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball was open. Um we're just using here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball was open. Um we're just using here,
+you know, the thing is what we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the thing is what we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the thing is what we're using
+here is that again we're using that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that again we're using that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that again we're using that the
+triangle inequality is like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality is like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality is like you're
+bounding some distance from above and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding some distance from above and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounding some distance from above and so
+you kind of have to use it the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of have to use it the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of have to use it the other
+way, right? with having the sinks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, right? with having the sinks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, right? with having the sinks that
+you want to bound from below on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to bound from below on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to bound from below on the
+other side of the inner corner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the next thing is then and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the next thing is then and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the next thing is then and we
+talked a little bit about that uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about that uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about that uh last
+time. The next thing is closed subsets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. The next thing is closed subsets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. The next thing is closed subsets.
+So this may seem like a triviality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this may seem like a triviality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this may seem like a triviality
+because it's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's defined
+sort of in a way trivially. So what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in a way trivially. So what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in a way trivially. So what is a
+clo but it's actually a really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clo but it's actually a really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clo but it's actually a really useful
+notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah
+uh and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+is set to be closed again X is a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set to be closed again X is a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set to be closed again X is a metric
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the complime element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's how you define a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's how you define a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's how you define a closed
+subset.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset.
+And so again as we observed right since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so again as we observed right since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so again as we observed right since
+since the empty set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the empty set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the empty set and
+x are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh open.
+The complement of the empty set is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The complement of the empty set is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The complement of the empty set is the
+whole set. So it means that X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set. So it means that X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set. So it means that X and the
+complement of the whole set is the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the whole set is the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the whole set is the empty
+set. It means that those sets are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. It means that those sets are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. It means that those sets are both
+open are also both closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so now there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now there is a
+another way you could have defined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you could have defined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you could have defined a
+close subset another way and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close subset another way and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close subset another way and this is
+because you have the following statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have the following statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have the following statement
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You have a following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+again you have a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have a metric space
+and C here subset of X is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only if for all sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if for all sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if for all sequences
+in CN in C. Sorry. If if and only if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in CN in C. Sorry. If if and only if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in CN in C. Sorry. If if and only if for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XN where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XN where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XN where
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+XN is in C. If you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XN is in C. If you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XN is in C. If you have
+all sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sequences
+all let's say convergent sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all convergence sequence where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all convergence sequence where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all convergence sequence where the
+sequence lie in a in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence lie in a in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence lie in a in in in
+C then the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C.
+Okay. So we want so I claim that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we want so I claim that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we want so I claim that if you
+want to check that a set is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check that a set is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check that a set is closed
+instead of checking that a complement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of checking that a complement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of checking that a complement is
+open you could check that and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open you could check that and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open you could check that and and this
+seems like if you were literally going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like if you were literally going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like if you were literally going
+to check it right on any given example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check it right on any given example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check it right on any given example
+explicit example you would never do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit example you would never do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit example you would never do it
+this way but it's very useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but it's very useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but it's very useful for
+proving things okay and so the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving things okay and so the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving things okay and so the thing is
+that instead of proving that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of proving that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of proving that a
+complement is open. Instead, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is open. Instead, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is open. Instead, you could
+just prove that whenever you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prove that whenever you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prove that whenever you have a
+sequence in that set, then then is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in that set, then then is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in that set, then then is the
+limit also in that set? If that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit also in that set? If that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit also in that set? If that's the
+case for all sequences, then the set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for all sequences, then the set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for all sequences, then the set is
+closed, right? And so, so we need to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed, right? And so, so we need to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed, right? And so, so we need to so
+let's try to prove that. And again, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to prove that. And again, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to prove that. And again, it's
+useful. It's sort of useful, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. It's sort of useful, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. It's sort of useful, you know,
+theoretically, but in practice, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically, but in practice, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically, but in practice, this
+would be totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be totally
+useless.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless.
+But it is useful to proving things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it is useful to proving things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it is useful to proving things.
+And so now why? So we need to there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now why? So we need to there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now why? So we need to there's
+two things we need to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so there's two directions. So assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there's two directions. So assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there's two directions. So assume
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um that C is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and let
+and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let
+Xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xn
+in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C
+be a convergence. in sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We want to show want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if
+um right if since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um xn converts to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r greater than zero
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh x n in the ball here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x n in the ball here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x n in the ball here
+of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius
+uh r around x right because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh r around x right because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh r around x right because it's
+converging right so this means that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging right so this means that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging right so this means that that
+for each uh r you must have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each uh r you must have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each uh r you must have this
+but now you see that um If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see that um If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see that um If
+if X here if X was not in C, right? If X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X here if X was not in C, right? If X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if X here if X was not in C, right? If X
+is not in C, since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C is closed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement
+is open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open.
+And so this means that now X here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this means that now X here is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this means that now X here is is
+assumed to be in a compliment. But it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be in a compliment. But it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be in a compliment. But it
+means that there exists some R. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there exists some R. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there exists some R. So that
+the ball here of radius of that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball here of radius of that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball here of radius of that R
+would be contained in the complement,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+But the complement but this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the complement but this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the complement but this means that
+there is no XN in that ball, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no XN in that ball, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no XN in that ball, right?
+Because all of the XN's are in C, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because all of the XN's are in C, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because all of the XN's are in C, right?
+And this here is entirely contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this here is entirely contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this here is entirely contained in
+the complement. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement. Right?
+So you see that. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that. So this is the
+contradiction right. So if we if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction right. So if we if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction right. So if we if it is
+closed and you have a convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and you have a convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and you have a convergence
+sequence that sequence is lying in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that sequence is lying in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that sequence is lying in this
+closed set then the limit must be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed set then the limit must be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed set then the limit must be um
+must be also contained in the set right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be also contained in the set right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be also contained in the set right
+because otherwise there would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise there would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise there would be like
+the limit would lie outside and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit would lie outside and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit would lie outside and there
+would be a little ball centered at that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a little ball centered at that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a little ball centered at that.
+So there was no element in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there was no element in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there was no element in the sequence
+that was in that ball but then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in that ball but then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in that ball but then that
+sequence couldn't converge to the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence couldn't converge to the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence couldn't converge to the center
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and the other thing so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing so this is one
+direction the other direction that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the other direction that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the other direction that we
+need to prove is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is that if and this is again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if and this is again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if and this is again you know
+it's useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useless
+you would never go about to prove that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would never go about to prove that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would never go about to prove that a
+set is closed in an example But it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is closed in an example But it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is closed in an example But it is
+useful sort of more theoretically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful sort of more theoretically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful sort of more theoretically.
+So suppose you have a set and you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you have a set and you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you have a set and you knew
+that whenever you have a sequence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you have a sequence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you have a sequence in
+that set then the limit that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set then the limit that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set then the limit that is
+convergent then the limit is also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent then the limit is also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent then the limit is also in the
+set. So, so the next thing, so we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. So, so the next thing, so we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. So, so the next thing, so we also
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+also need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need
+to show the Converse and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the Converse and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the Converse and again the
+Converse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if that if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if that if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if that if uh
+that if for all sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+which line see n is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C.
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+C is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is in fact
+closed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed,
+right? So that would be the converse,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that would be the converse,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that would be the converse,
+right? So we prove if and only if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So we prove if and only if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So we prove if and only if it has
+this property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property.
+Okay? So now let's assume that so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So now let's assume that so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So now let's assume that so so so
+suppose we have this property that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have this property that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have this property that all
+convergent sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent sequences
+that uh the limit convergence sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the limit convergence sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the limit convergence sequence
+in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set
+then the limit was also in the set. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the limit was also in the set. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the limit was also in the set. Now
+let's prove that the set is closed. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove that the set is closed. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove that the set is closed. So
+to prove the set is closed, we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove the set is closed, we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove the set is closed, we need to
+show that the complement is open. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the complement here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the complement here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the complement here
+is open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X here in the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+are greater than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So we need to prove we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So we need to prove we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So we need to prove we need to
+prove that. Sorry. So let me say it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that. Sorry. So let me say it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that. Sorry. So let me say it like
+this. So we take some x and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So we take some x and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So we take some x and we need to
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that there exist some are bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exist some are bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exist some are bigger than
+strictly bigger than zero. So that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly bigger than zero. So that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly bigger than zero. So that this
+ball here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball here
+is contained in the complement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in the complement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in the complement.
+Right? That's what we need to prove. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's what we need to prove. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's what we need to prove. We
+need to prove this for each x in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove this for each x in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove this for each x in the
+complement. Now suppose that this was if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement. Now suppose that this was if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement. Now suppose that this was if
+this was not the case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then I can look at for each n then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I can look at for each n then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I can look at for each n then for
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each natural number here. You can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each natural number here. You can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each natural number here. You can look
+at the ball. It's always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ball. It's always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ball. It's always going to be
+centered at this x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at this x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at this x.
+But I'm looking at it with a radi that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'm looking at it with a radi that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'm looking at it with a radi that
+is smaller and smaller. Right? If for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller and smaller. Right? If for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller and smaller. Right? If for
+each n natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each n natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each n natural number
+if that ball was not contained in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that ball was not contained in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that ball was not contained in a
+complement so this means that for each n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement so this means that for each n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement so this means that for each n
+you could pick so pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could pick so pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could pick so pick
+xn in that set so just you just choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn in that set so just you just choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn in that set so just you just choose
+right because we are assuming that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we are assuming that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we are assuming that the
+complement is not closed is not open so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is not closed is not open so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is not closed is not open so
+it means that there would be exist a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that there would be exist a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that there would be exist a x
+so that No ball here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that No ball here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that No ball here
+would be entirely in the complement. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be entirely in the complement. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be entirely in the complement. So
+this means that you would that this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that you would that this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that you would that this one
+here would not be entirely contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would not be entirely contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would not be entirely contained in
+complement. So this means that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement. So this means that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement. So this means that there
+would be some XN and this XN here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some XN and this XN here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some XN and this XN here would
+actually be in the set C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be in the set C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be in the set C.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But now of course the distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now of course the distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now of course the distance here
+from xn to x this distance here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from xn to x this distance here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from xn to x this distance here is
+strictly less than 1 / n. So this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than 1 / n. So this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than 1 / n. So this means
+that so this imply that the xn converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this imply that the xn converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this imply that the xn converts
+to x right and now the assumption was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x right and now the assumption was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x right and now the assumption was
+that whenever you have a sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you have a sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you have a sequence that
+was converging these guys lie in c then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was converging these guys lie in c then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was converging these guys lie in c then
+the limit here also lie in c. So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit here also lie in c. So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit here also lie in c. So then
+you have from the assumption that X here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have from the assumption that X here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have from the assumption that X here
+is in C. But this is the contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in C. But this is the contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in C. But this is the contradiction.
+You were assuming that X was not in C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You were assuming that X was not in C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You were assuming that X was not in C.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And again this here is is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again this here is is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again this here is is really really
+useful but it's only useful kind of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but it's only useful kind of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but it's only useful kind of as a
+tool to proving things. It's not useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to proving things. It's not useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to proving things. It's not useful
+for checking whether an example is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for checking whether an example is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for checking whether an example is open
+or closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um like let me just quickly give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um like let me just quickly give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um like let me just quickly give you a
+couple of examples. Uh probably should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples. Uh probably should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples. Uh probably should
+have done that already.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that already.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that already.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+that if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at
+you know so what are closed subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so what are closed subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so what are closed subsets
+right? So closed subset could be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So closed subset could be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So closed subset could be you
+know so here are some examples closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so here are some examples closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so here are some examples closed
+subsets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you are if it's an R a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you are if it's an R a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you are if it's an R a closed
+subset is like some interval from let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset is like some interval from let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset is like some interval from let's
+say from 0 to one where both these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say from 0 to one where both these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say from 0 to one where both these
+points both zero and one is included.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points both zero and one is included.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points both zero and one is included.
+This here is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This here is closed
+and why is it closed? because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it closed? because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it closed? because the
+complement here is open. It's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement here is open. It's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement here is open. It's easy to
+see that the complement is open. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the complement is open. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the complement is open. Um
+uh something like if you include one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something like if you include one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something like if you include one of
+the endpoint but not the other, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoint but not the other, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endpoint but not the other, this is
+neither closed nor open,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And and also if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And and also if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And and also if you're looking at
+like the complement say from zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the complement say from zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the complement say from zero the
+complement of so if you're looking sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of so if you're looking sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of so if you're looking sorry
+if you're looking at this thing here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at this thing here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at this thing here uh
+union with say from two to three this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union with say from two to three this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union with say from two to three this is
+also is also closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now uh and and a and uh maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now uh and and a and uh maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now uh and and a and uh maybe one
+more example is if you just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example is if you just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example is if you just take a
+single point this is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and again you just check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again you just check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again you just check that the
+complement is open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is open.
+Uh now so now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now so now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now so now uh
+the next thing we talked I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing we talked I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing we talked I think we
+talked very briefly about that last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked very briefly about that last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked very briefly about that last time
+also because we talked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because we talked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because we talked a little bit
+about closed subset but but so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about closed subset but but so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about closed subset but but so if you
+take so you have the following theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you have a metric space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have a metric space here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have a metric space here
+and you have a family C alpha of closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a family C alpha of closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a family C alpha of closed
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the intersection of these closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the intersection of these closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the intersection of these closed
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+this here is also closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you you have just finally many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you you have just finally many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you you have just finally many
+closed subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the union of finitely many closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the union of finitely many closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the union of finitely many closed
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is also closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? And so here it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so here it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so here it's exactly the
+opposite thing as for open sets that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite thing as for open sets that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite thing as for open sets that you
+can take any intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take any intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take any intersection
+and is still closed. But if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is still closed. But if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is still closed. But if you take
+union you can only do it for finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union you can only do it for finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union you can only do it for finite
+many. So this exactly the opposite. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many. So this exactly the opposite. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many. So this exactly the opposite. Why
+is it exactly the opposite? It's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it exactly the opposite? It's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it exactly the opposite? It's because
+that in order to prove that something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to prove that something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to prove that something is
+closed it means that the complement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed it means that the complement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed it means that the complement is
+open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open.
+So and then we have these basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and then we have these basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and then we have these basic
+relations for right. So the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations for right. So the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations for right. So the proof of
+this again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again.
+So the proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so these were these operations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these were these operations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these were these operations on
+set that we went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that we went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that we went through
+that if you take X here and you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take X here and you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take X here and you take the
+complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+of intersections of subsets right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intersections of subsets right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intersections of subsets right this
+thing here is the same as the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is the same as the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is the same as the union
+of the complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that Right? And you see that since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that Right? And you see that since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that Right? And you see that since
+this is closed, this means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is closed, this means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is closed, this means that the
+complement is open and you can take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is open and you can take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is open and you can take any
+union of open sets and is still open. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of open sets and is still open. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of open sets and is still open. So
+that's why you could take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you could take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you could take any
+intersection, right? And so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection, right? And so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection, right? And so the other
+thing is that if you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that if you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that if you're looking at the
+you to prove that this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to prove that this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to prove that this thing here is
+closed, then you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed, then you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed, then you're looking at the
+complement of this union here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But this thing here is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this thing here is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this thing here is now the
+intersection the complement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection the complement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection the complement of the
+intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection
+of uh the C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to
+um sorry this is the complement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry this is the complement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry this is the complement of the
+this is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is the
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+intersection of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of these guys
+like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And you see here since C one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And you see here since C one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And you see here since C one up
+to CN since they're closed, these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to CN since they're closed, these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to CN since they're closed, these guys
+here are open. And so you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are open. And so you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are open. And so you're looking at
+finite intersections of open sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite intersections of open sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite intersections of open sets and
+that's open. Right? So again for closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's open. Right? So again for closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's open. Right? So again for closed
+sets it's like the in terms of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets it's like the in terms of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets it's like the in terms of taking
+intersection and union it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and union it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and union it's exactly the
+opposite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um now the next thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um now the next thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um now the next thing I want to
+talk about is a cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so uh so so you have a metric space. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so so you have a metric space. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so so you have a metric space. So
+the separation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a matrix space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have a subset a here is a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a subset a here is a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a subset a here is a subset
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have a collection and then u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a collection and then u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a collection and then u
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+is a family of subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of subsets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of of x. And we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh that uh u alpha is a cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+um if a here is contained in the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the u alphas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the u alphas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the u alphas.
+Sorry. This is what it means to cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. This is what it means to cover.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. This is what it means to cover.
+That's it by a family name.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's it by a family name.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's it by a family name.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a subco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+right. So if you take imagine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So if you take imagine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So if you take imagine that you
+have the like a whole bunch of sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the like a whole bunch of sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the like a whole bunch of sets and
+together they cover a a subco means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they cover a a subco means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they cover a a subco means that
+you don't need to take all of the u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to take all of the u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to take all of the u
+alphas if you can just take some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas if you can just take some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas if you can just take some of them
+and they will still cover it. So is so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will still cover it. So is so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will still cover it. So is so a
+cover is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover is a
+a subf family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you alpha
+such that the union of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's look at a couple of examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean, you know, for if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you know, for if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you know, for if you take a
+family that cover something, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that cover something, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that cover something, then the
+family itself is a subco, but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family itself is a subco, but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family itself is a subco, but that's a
+kind of trivial subco,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trivial subco,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trivial subco,
+right? And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so,
+um, you could look at so just here as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, you could look at so just here as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, you could look at so just here as an
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+Suppose that the metric space is is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that the metric space is is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that the metric space is is x
+with the usual as sorry with the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the usual as sorry with the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the usual as sorry with the usual
+metric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric.
+And suppose now that the u alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And suppose now that the u alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And suppose now that the u alpha is
+actually u ns and those are interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually u ns and those are interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually u ns and those are interval
+from minus n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus n.
+Uh let me just make them open. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me just make them open. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me just make them open. It
+doesn't matter you know for a copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter you know for a copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter you know for a copper
+there's no assertion whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no assertion whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no assertion whether they're
+open or closed or on either. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open or closed or on either. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open or closed or on either. So if
+you're looking at those sets well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at those sets well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at those sets well if you
+take the union of all of those sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the union of all of those sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the union of all of those sets
+that gives you everything. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you everything. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you everything. So this
+family is a cover of of the real line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is a cover of of the real line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is a cover of of the real line
+right? Of course, if you take a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Of course, if you take a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Of course, if you take a proper
+sub cover, right? Meaning, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub cover, right? Meaning, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub cover, right? Meaning, right? I
+mean, you well, you could take a So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you well, you could take a So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you well, you could take a So,
+this here cover all of it. But you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here cover all of it. But you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here cover all of it. But you see
+that this particular cover have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this particular cover have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this particular cover have the
+property that you n + one, right? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that you n + one, right? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that you n + one, right? This
+is contains the previous one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contains the previous one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contains the previous one,
+right? So, you don't really need all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, you don't really need all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, you don't really need all of
+them to cover R. You could start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to cover R. You could start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to cover R. You could start
+if you wanted to. You could start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to. You could start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to. You could start with
+at some very large N and then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some very large N and then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some very large N and then you could
+go on from there, right? But you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on from there, right? But you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on from there, right? But you can't
+have there wouldn't be finite many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there wouldn't be finite many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there wouldn't be finite many of
+the UN that would cover, right? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN that would cover, right? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN that would cover, right? You
+would you need infinite many to cover,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you need infinite many to cover,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you need infinite many to cover,
+right? Because otherwise, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because otherwise, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because otherwise, you know,
+there would be some sort of last point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be some sort of last point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be some sort of last point
+in both both in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both both in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both both in.
+Okay. So that's a cover and a subco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's a cover and a subco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's a cover and a subco
+and um an open cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um an open cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um an open cover
+open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each
+uh u alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u alpha
+is an open subset.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's not usually I mean you it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not usually I mean you it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not usually I mean you it's really
+this diff that's Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diff that's Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diff that's Yeah.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh so that's a open cover. So each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's a open cover. So each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's a open cover. So each of
+the sets that is in the covering has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sets that is in the covering has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sets that is in the covering has to
+be open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be open.
+And and the last definition we need is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and the last definition we need is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and the last definition we need is a
+finite subco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cover
+is a subco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of finer many sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F.
+Okay. So that's a finite circle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so now this leads to uh the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now this leads to uh the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now this leads to uh the and
+again you know in this example here u an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know in this example here u an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know in this example here u an
+R where this here is a cover there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R where this here is a cover there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R where this here is a cover there is no
+finite. So, so it's a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this copper
+does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a finer subco,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? If you just take finitely many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If you just take finitely many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If you just take finitely many of
+these, they are not going to cover all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, they are not going to cover all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, they are not going to cover all
+of R. Right? But actually in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R. Right? But actually in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R. Right? But actually in this
+example, you see also that the cover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, you see also that the cover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, you see also that the cover is
+an open cover. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open cover. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open cover. Right?
+Okay. So this now leads to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this now leads to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this now leads to uh the
+definition of compactness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of compactness.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of compactness.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So x comma d is a metric space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x comma d is a metric space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x comma d is a metric space.
+A here is a subset and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that a is compact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper
+for every sorry let me see if for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every sorry let me see if for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every sorry let me see if for every
+copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of for every open cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for every open cover.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for every open cover.
+So if for for every open cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a finite sub cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, that's that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's that's uh
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now uh and the thing that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh and the thing that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh and the thing that is really
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+is uh and we won't prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today but I'll prove it next time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I'll prove it next time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I'll prove it next time.
+So this is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the following
+result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So so why why is this notion useful?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So one of the key one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So one of the key one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So one of the key one of the key
+property when you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property when you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property when you're thinking about
+sequences one of the key property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences one of the key property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences one of the key property
+uh was for sequences on the line was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was for sequences on the line was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was for sequences on the line was the
+the cushy convergence theorem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cushy convergence theorem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cushy convergence theorem and the
+cus convergence theorem again said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cus convergence theorem again said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cus convergence theorem again said that
+whenever you have a cus sequence then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a cus sequence then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a cus sequence then it
+was automatically convergent and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was automatically convergent and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was automatically convergent and it was
+often much easier to check that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often much easier to check that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often much easier to check that a
+sequence was a cus sequence than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence was a cus sequence than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence was a cus sequence than to
+actually find the limit and prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find the limit and prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find the limit and prove that
+it's converging. to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's converging. to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's converging. to that
+the but to prove the kushi convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but to prove the kushi convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but to prove the kushi convergent
+theorem we needed the balsano via stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we needed the balsano via stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we needed the balsano via stress
+theorem right and uh so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem right and uh so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem right and uh so so this is
+because so why is it useful this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so why is it useful this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so why is it useful this notion
+of compactness so it's useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compactness so it's useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compactness so it's useful because
+the there's a metric version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the bzano vas I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh for matrix bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this is the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the following theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the following theorem
+um and again I won't prove it now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again I won't prove it now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again I won't prove it now but
+I'll prove it next time that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll prove it next time that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll prove it next time that if you take
+a matrix case and a here is uh a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix case and a here is uh a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix case and a here is uh a is a
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+and uh a is compact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then any
+any sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's right. So remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's right. So remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's right. So remember that
+the bulano vis again said that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulano vis again said that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulano vis again said that if you
+take a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bounded
+uh bounded sequence uh in in I then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bounded sequence uh in in I then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bounded sequence uh in in I then
+there is a subsequence that converge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um so now um uh let's prove a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so now um uh let's prove a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so now um uh let's prove a few
+things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh right let me also look at a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right let me also look at a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right let me also look at a couple of
+more examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples.
+So, so the first thing I want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the first thing I want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the first thing I want to just
+discuss is that so this is like the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss is that so this is like the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss is that so this is like the key
+this is our key application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our key application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our key application of
+compactness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness
+that you have this metric version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have this metric version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have this metric version of the
+balsano vio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now um but let's prove a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now um but let's prove a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now um but let's prove a couple
+things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+compact subsets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact subsets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact subsets.
+So, so we have a metric space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I have a here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a here is
+a is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is is
+compact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then I want to show that this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I want to show that this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I want to show that this implies
+this implies two things. One is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies two things. One is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies two things. One is that a
+is bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the second one is that a is closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Let's prove first that a is bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+you could Yeah. No. Uh, you could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could Yeah. No. Uh, you could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could Yeah. No. Uh, you could look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+So, you could look at a very trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you could look at a very trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you could look at a very trivial
+cover of A. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have here A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have here A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have here A.
+Well, obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, obviously
+if you take all balls,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take all balls,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take all balls,
+let's say with radius one and you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say with radius one and you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say with radius one and you take
+all balls, but now the center here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all balls, but now the center here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all balls, but now the center here
+is could be anything in A, right? For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could be anything in A, right? For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could be anything in A, right? For
+each element in A, you take a ball of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element in A, you take a ball of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element in A, you take a ball of
+radius one around that point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius one around that point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius one around that point.
+But that's first of all these balls are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's first of all these balls are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's first of all these balls are
+all open and of course this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all open and of course this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all open and of course this thing here
+the union of these guys well the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of these guys well the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of these guys well the union
+contained in particular all the centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in particular all the centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in particular all the centers
+but the centers is already a so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the centers is already a so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the centers is already a so you
+trivially have this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially have this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially have this right
+now since a is compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this means that a must be That's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that a must be That's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that a must be That's these
+are this is an open cover. So it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this is an open cover. So it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this is an open cover. So it means
+that's finitely many of them already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's finitely many of them already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's finitely many of them already
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+a. So you have finally many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Okay.
+But now I claim that this automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now I claim that this automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now I claim that this automatically
+implies that A is bounded because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that A is bounded because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that A is bounded because you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+you have all these balls here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these balls here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these balls here
+and A is somehow contained in the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A is somehow contained in the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A is somehow contained in the union
+of these guys, right? So this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys, right? So this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys, right? So this means that
+for any element. So this means that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any element. So this means that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any element. So this means that for
+any x. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any x. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any x. So
+if x here is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x here is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x here is in
+um is in a then there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is in a then there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is in a then there exist
+one of these finitely many i where i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these finitely many i where i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these finitely many i where i is
+one of these finitely many. So that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these finitely many. So that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these finitely many. So that the
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+to this x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this x i
+is smaller than one. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than one. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than one. Right?
+We would like to say that a is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We would like to say that a is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We would like to say that a is contained
+in a large ball. Right? So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a large ball. Right? So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a large ball. Right? So now
+and that right. So, and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you just take the, you know, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you just take the, you know, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you just take the, you know, you
+pick one of these X eyes. Let's pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of these X eyes. Let's pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of these X eyes. Let's pick the
+first one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one.
+And let's look at the um let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's look at the um let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's look at the um let's look at
+the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum
+of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh
+the from the first one to the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's add one to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's add one to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's add one to that
+right that you take maximum over finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you take maximum over finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you take maximum over finite
+many numbers. So this is a nice finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many numbers. So this is a nice finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many numbers. So this is a nice finite
+not many numbers and this here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many numbers and this here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many numbers and this here is you
+call this here R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this here R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this here R.
+Now you look at the ball of radius R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now you look at the ball of radius R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now you look at the ball of radius R
+around X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around X1
+and I want to show that any X. So want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show that any X. So want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show that any X. So want
+to show that. So want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in a
+then we have that x is in this bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have that x is in this bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have that x is in this bowl
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So um right so now we know that so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um right so now we know that so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um right so now we know that so since
+since x here is we know that x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x here is we know that x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x here is we know that x is
+contained in the union of these ball. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the union of these ball. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the union of these ball. So
+we know that x is contained in this ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that x is contained in this ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that x is contained in this ball
+here for some i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where where it's one of these little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where it's one of these little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where it's one of these little n
+many mini eyes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mini eyes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mini eyes,
+right? So this means now that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this means now that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this means now that the
+distance and so you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and so you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and so you know that the
+distance to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to this
+little i is at most one, right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little i is at most one, right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little i is at most one, right? And so
+now if you're looking at the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're looking at the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're looking at the distance
+from x to the first one then this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x to the first one then this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from x to the first one then this here
+is less than the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the distance from
+uh this to x i plus the distance this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this to x i plus the distance this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this to x i plus the distance this is
+the triangle inequality again x i maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality again x i maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality again x i maybe
+let me just make very clear that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make very clear that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make very clear that this is
+the first one to the first one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to the first one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to the first one right
+this is the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the triangle inequality
+right But these distances here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right But these distances here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right But these distances here
+are right this here plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right this here plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right this here plus
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is um
+right so this here is so sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this here is so sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this here is so sorry this
+thing here is bounded by one right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is bounded by one right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is bounded by one right it's
+actually strictly less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually strictly less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually strictly less than one
+so this here is less than one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is less than one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is less than one plus
+this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you see this thing here is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this thing here is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this thing here is of course
+this is how we define R. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we define R. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we define R. This is
+strictly uh this is actually uh less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly uh this is actually uh less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly uh this is actually uh less or
+equal to r and so you have that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to r and so you have that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to r and so you have that this
+thing here is strictly less than r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is strictly less than r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is strictly less than r and
+that's what we wanted to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so this prove that if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so this prove that if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so this prove that if you take a
+again a metric space and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a metric space and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a metric space and you have a
+compact subset then it's automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact subset then it's automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact subset then it's automatically
+bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded.
+What about the second one? Suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about the second one? Suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about the second one? Suppose you
+take a a subset is it closed?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a subset is it closed?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a subset is it closed?
+Now let's use the theorem that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's use the theorem that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's use the theorem that we just
+proved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's prove that that this A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's prove that that this A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's prove that that this A
+here is closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now if A is closed. So to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that A is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the theorem we've just we proved just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we've just we proved just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we've just we proved just
+a little while ago.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theorem we proved earlier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem we proved earlier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem we proved earlier.
+We showed earlier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if xn is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence in a and xn is converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in a and xn is converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in a and xn is converging to
+some x we need to show need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that x is also in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x is also in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x is also in a
+Fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose not. We want to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose not. We want to show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose not. We want to show that this
+leads to a contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a contradiction.
+We want to get a contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you have you have this x here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have you have this x here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have you have this x here and
+you're assuming that x is not in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're assuming that x is not in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're assuming that x is not in a
+but you yet you have a sequence in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you yet you have a sequence in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you yet you have a sequence in in a
+that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow
+tend to tend to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to tend to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to tend to this
+um this is the sequence xn and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the sequence xn and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the sequence xn and it's
+tending to this element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+we saw earlier that we've defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw earlier that we've defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw earlier that we've defined
+something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called
+we def e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we def e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we def e
+here which is the x the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the x the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is the x the y
+in x. So that the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x. So that the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x. So that the distance
+from X to Y is strictly bigger than R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to Y is strictly bigger than R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to Y is strictly bigger than R.
+Then we saw that this here is an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we saw that this here is an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we saw that this here is an open
+set. Right? We show that this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Right? We show that this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Right? We show that this here is
+open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open.
+This is for each R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is for each R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is for each R.
+So I'm going to now find a cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to now find a cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to now find a cover
+of of A. I'm going to find an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of A. I'm going to find an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of A. I'm going to find an open
+cover. And the open comma is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover. And the open comma is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover. And the open comma is that for
+each integer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each integer,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each integer,
+for each n here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n here,
+I'm going to look at e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look at e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look at e
+1 / n. So this means that I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / n. So this means that I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / n. So this means that I'm looking at
+the set at the y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set at the y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set at the y.
+So that the distance from y to this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the distance from y to this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the distance from y to this this
+x here that I want to show is in a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here that I want to show is in a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here that I want to show is in a that
+these things here is bigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things here is bigger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things here is bigger.
+than 1 / n. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But now I claim that a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now I claim that a here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now I claim that a here
+is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained
+in the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the union
+of these guys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Because you see these guys actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you see these guys actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you see these guys actually
+these these guys here if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these guys here if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these guys here if you have
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that is not in any of these right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not in any of these right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not in any of these right
+this means that the that this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the that this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the that this inequality
+fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails
+with each n but this means that so if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each n but this means that so if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each n but this means that so if x
+here if sorry it's set is is not is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if sorry it's set is is not is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if sorry it's set is is not is in
+the complement of the union of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of the union of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of the union of these
+Nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then actually then you have that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then actually then you have that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then actually then you have that this
+thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here
+is less or equal to 1 / n for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you have that that's a complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have that that's a complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have that that's a complement
+right of the union but if it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the union but if it's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of the union but if it's less than
+one n for all n it means that it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one n for all n it means that it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one n for all n it means that it must be
+zero right so it must be so it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so it must be so it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so it must be so it means
+that this distance here so you conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this distance here so you conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this distance here so you conclude
+that this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this distance
+is zero. But this means that this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. But this means that this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. But this means that this set
+here is actually your x, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually your x, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually your x, right?
+So the complement of these guys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the complement of these guys,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the complement of these guys,
+the complement of this union here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of this union here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of this union here is
+simply just the point x. But you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply just the point x. But you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply just the point x. But you were
+assuming that x was not in your set a,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that x was not in your set a,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that x was not in your set a,
+right? The complement here, the union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The complement here, the union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The complement here, the union of
+these guys. We have proved now that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys. We have proved now that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys. We have proved now that the
+union cover everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union cover everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union cover everything
+but x. So in particular it cover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but x. So in particular it cover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but x. So in particular it cover a
+because we're assuming that little x was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're assuming that little x was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're assuming that little x was
+not in a right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a right.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So so this is a nice open cover of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so this is a nice open cover of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so this is a nice open cover of a
+but a was supposed to be compact. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a was supposed to be compact. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a was supposed to be compact. It
+means that finally many of these cover,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that finally many of these cover,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that finally many of these cover,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+But now this family has this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now this family has this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now this family has this property
+family has this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family has this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family has this property
+that you see these guys here. If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see these guys here. If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see these guys here. If you're
+looking at E 1 / N, this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at E 1 / N, this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at E 1 / N, this thing here is
+contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in
+E 1 / N + one. Right? If this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E 1 / N + one. Right? If this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E 1 / N + one. Right? If this number
+here is smaller, then it means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is smaller, then it means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is smaller, then it means that this
+set here is larger. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here is larger. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here is larger. Right?
+So you have this. And so you see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have this. And so you see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have this. And so you see that if
+finitely many if a here was contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many if a here was contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many if a here was contained in
+finitely many of these guys here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If it was containing a union of finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it was containing a union of finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it was containing a union of finally
+many then you just take the one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many then you just take the one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many then you just take the one of these
+ni that is the largest right. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni that is the largest right. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni that is the largest right. So this
+means that a here would be contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a here would be contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a here would be contained in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+one over of some n some for some i right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over of some n some for some i right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over of some n some for some i right
+because there's one of these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's one of these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's one of these numbers
+these nis that would be the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nis that would be the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nis that would be the largest
+right but this means that this means now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this means that this means now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this means that this means now
+that a right that there is some lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a right that there is some lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a right that there is some lower
+bound for the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for the distance
+to x in A right it doesn't there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x in A right it doesn't there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x in A right it doesn't there's no
+elements that is so this means that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that is so this means that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that is so this means that that
+this means that there exist there does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that there exist there does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that there exist there does
+not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me say for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say for all
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+y in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in a
+then the distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distance here
+from y to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from y to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from y to x
+is strictly bigger than one over this n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly bigger than one over this n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly bigger than one over this n
+I right this is just some fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right this is just some fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right this is just some fixed number
+right this is obviously you know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is obviously you know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is obviously you know right
+but this means that you can't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this means that you can't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this means that you can't have a
+sequence in a that is converging to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in a that is converging to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in a that is converging to x
+right because they they all stay away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they they all stay away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they they all stay away
+from from x right they stay a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from x right they stay a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from x right they stay a certain
+positive distance away from from x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive distance away from from x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive distance away from from x so
+this means And so this is the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means And so this is the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means And so this is the desired
+contradiction. Therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is no sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except that converts to X and the XN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that converts to X and the XN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that converts to X and the XN
+RNA. But that's what we assumed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA. But that's what we assumed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA. But that's what we assumed in the
+beginning, right? We assume we just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, right? We assume we just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, right? We assume we just we
+wanted to check that whenever you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to check that whenever you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to check that whenever you have a
+sequence in in a n that is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in in a n that is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in in a n that is converging
+then the limit was also right. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the limit was also right. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the limit was also right. So so
+that was supposed to have been such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was supposed to have been such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was supposed to have been such a
+sequence. So that's a desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. So that's a desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. So that's a desired
+contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction.
+So this prove this proof that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this prove this proof that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this prove this proof that if you
+take a compact metric space then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a compact metric space then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a compact metric space then if you
+take a a a metric space and if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a a metric space and if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a a metric space and if you take
+a compact subset the compact subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact subset the compact subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compact subset the compact subset
+could of course be all of X that's fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could of course be all of X that's fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could of course be all of X that's fine.
+Um but if you take but I want to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but if you take but I want to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but if you take but I want to allow
+more generally that just to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally that just to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally that just to say that
+just having a subset that is compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a subset that is compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a subset that is compact
+this means that it's bounded and closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that it's bounded and closed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that it's bounded and closed.
+If you are in Rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have a theorem and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a theorem and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a theorem and we'll talk
+about that next time also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that next time also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that next time also
+that there's a theorem that say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a theorem that say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a theorem that say the
+converse is the case but that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse is the case but that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse is the case but that is not
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+that does not generalize to metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not generalize to metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not generalize to metric
+spaces. So it's a theorem here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces. So it's a theorem here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces. So it's a theorem here.
+Well, I mean it does generalize but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I mean it does generalize but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I mean it does generalize but not
+like this. It's not that this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. It's not that this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. It's not that this particular
+statement is does not hold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is does not hold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is does not hold.
+So uh so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh so in
+Rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rn
+with the usual metric say the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the usual metric say the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the usual metric say the usual
+ukidian metric if you will you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukidian metric if you will you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukidian metric if you will you can just
+think about R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about R.
+If a here is comp is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If a here is comp is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If a here is comp is closed
+and bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then a is is compact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+uh and uh I wanted to talk about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh I wanted to talk about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh I wanted to talk about an
+example but I don't think I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but I don't think I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but I don't think I I have
+enough time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to
+uh to to actually talk about that. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to actually talk about that. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to actually talk about that. Let's
+talk about this. Return to this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this. Return to this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this. Return to this next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+uh because we only have four minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we only have four minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we only have four minutes
+left. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and um and so instead let's prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and so instead let's prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and so instead let's prove
+a theorem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if we take the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we take the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we take the theorem
+if you have a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a metric space
+a here is a subset of x is compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose that C here is a subset of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that C here is a subset of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that C here is a subset of A and
+C here is right. So this is of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C here is right. So this is of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C here is right. So this is of course in
+X. So C is also a subset of X and C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. So C is also a subset of X and C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. So C is also a subset of X and C is
+closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed.
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+the claim is that then C is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is that then C is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is that then C is also
+compact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? And we have three minutes and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And we have three minutes and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And we have three minutes and we
+don't need three minutes because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need three minutes because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need three minutes because it's
+actually very quick. Um and so the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very quick. Um and so the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very quick. Um and so the thing
+is so proof of this so C here is assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so proof of this so C here is assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so proof of this so C here is assumed
+to be uh closed. So so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh closed. So so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh closed. So so this means that
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+C is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this means that the complement of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the complement of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the complement of C
+is open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now
+uh so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now let's
+let u that o alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let u that o alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let u that o alpha
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+a copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c
+then we can so o alpha is a copper of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can so o alpha is a copper of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can so o alpha is a copper of c
+and now you can add the complement of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can add the complement of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can add the complement of c
+to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it.
+So if you're looking at C,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you're looking at C,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you're looking at C,
+so C here is now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C here is now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C here is now of course
+uh you C here. So in fact a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you C here. So in fact a here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you C here. So in fact a here
+you can think about a as so a is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about a as so a is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about a as so a is clearly
+contained in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in c
+uh union with the complement of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh union with the complement of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh union with the complement of c
+and so this means that a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this means that a here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this means that a here
+the o alpha cover c. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o alpha cover c. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o alpha cover c. So this is
+contained in a union of O alpha union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in a union of O alpha union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in a union of O alpha union
+with this last set right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this last set right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this last set right.
+These guys are assumed to be open. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These guys are assumed to be open. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These guys are assumed to be open. This
+here is open because c is closed. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is open because c is closed. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is open because c is closed. So
+this means that you have now a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that you have now a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that you have now a is
+contained in this is an open cover of a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this is an open cover of a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this is an open cover of a.
+So this means that finitely many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that finitely many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that finitely many of
+these right. So this means that A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right. So this means that A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right. So this means that A is
+contained in like O1 union up to some O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in like O1 union up to some O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in like O1 union up to some O
+N. And then quite possibly you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. And then quite possibly you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. And then quite possibly you would
+also need this one here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need this one here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need this one here.
+But now you see but C here is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see but C here is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see but C here is contained
+in here. So this means that C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here. So this means that C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here. So this means that C is
+contained in this. This here was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this. This here was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this. This here was not
+part of the cover. But it's not needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cover. But it's not needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cover. But it's not needed
+if you just want to cover C because none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just want to cover C because none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just want to cover C because none
+of these elements cover anything in C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these elements cover anything in C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these elements cover anything in C.
+Right? So this implies that C actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this implies that C actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this implies that C actually
+must be contained in O1 union up to O N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be contained in O1 union up to O N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be contained in O1 union up to O N
+because this here does not cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this here does not cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this here does not cover
+anything in C. So this proved right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in C. So this proved right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in C. So this proved right that
+C there was a finite subco that cover C.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oocw6x_kCQs.txt b/oocw6x_kCQs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d535b6666581169a7fcfedc67df3c00f23f6dab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oocw6x_kCQs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, I what I'd like to do very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I what I'd like to do very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I what I'd like to do very quickly
+is give you a kind of a brief account uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is give you a kind of a brief account uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is give you a kind of a brief account uh
+much too skeletal and simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much too skeletal and simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much too skeletal and simple and
+simplified of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified of of this
+uh conversational drama. uh uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conversational drama. uh uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conversational drama. uh uh this this
+this way in which the western film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way in which the western film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way in which the western film
+becomes a screen on which American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a screen on which American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a screen on which American
+values are projected and on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are projected and on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are projected and on which
+American values are tested and in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American values are tested and in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American values are tested and in which
+we see American uh values or assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see American uh values or assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see American uh values or assumptions
+undergoing certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing certain kinds of
+transformation certain kinds of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation certain kinds of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation certain kinds of certain
+kinds of change. I don't expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of change. I don't expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of change. I don't expect you to
+remember these titles or all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these titles or all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these titles or all of these
+titles although the ones I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles although the ones I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles although the ones I talk about
+you might think about uh um but and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think about uh um but and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think about uh um but and and
+this is very far from a a complete list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very far from a a complete list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very far from a a complete list
+of films. It's just a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of films. It's just a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of films. It's just a list of
+highlights. Uh but I want want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights. Uh but I want want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights. Uh but I want want to give
+you a sense first that the fi that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense first that the fi that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense first that the fi that that
+the western film is at the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western film is at the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western film is at the center of
+movies at every phase of the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies at every phase of the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies at every phase of the history of
+the medium. Uh and as we've noted uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium. Uh and as we've noted uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium. Uh and as we've noted uh one
+might argue that one of the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue that one of the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue that one of the very first
+films, some people have called it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films, some people have called it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films, some people have called it the
+first narrative film, although that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first narrative film, although that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first narrative film, although that's a
+slight exaggeration, but one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight exaggeration, but one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight exaggeration, but one of the most
+fundamental founding documents in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental founding documents in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental founding documents in the
+history of movies is of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of movies is of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of movies is of course a
+western, right? If not its first story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western, right? If not its first story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western, right? If not its first story
+uh film, one of the earliest narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh film, one of the earliest narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh film, one of the earliest narrative
+films was was a western. And we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films was was a western. And we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films was was a western. And we might
+note in fact that that western the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note in fact that that western the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note in fact that that western the great
+train robbery was also based uh itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train robbery was also based uh itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train robbery was also based uh itself
+not on uh uh although it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on uh uh although it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on uh uh although it it is
+mythologized and and fictionized. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythologized and and fictionized. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythologized and and fictionized. The
+great train robbery is based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great train robbery is based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great train robbery is based on a
+historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically
+um u uh uh on a historical actuality uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um u uh uh on a historical actuality uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um u uh uh on a historical actuality uh
+on a on on a robbery that that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on on a robbery that that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on on a robbery that that was uh
+very widely covered in the press that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very widely covered in the press that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very widely covered in the press that
+was about which dime novels were written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about which dime novels were written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about which dime novels were written
+w and which became a site of many films.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and which became a site of many films.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and which became a site of many films.
+The first one, The Great Train Robbery,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first one, The Great Train Robbery,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first one, The Great Train Robbery,
+a more recent one that you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more recent one that you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more recent one that you may have
+heard of if you haven't actually seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of if you haven't actually seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of if you haven't actually seen
+it, Bush Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, Bush Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, Bush Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,
+which tells the same story. Uh, is b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells the same story. Uh, is b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells the same story. Uh, is b
+it's based on the same gang. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on the same gang. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on the same gang. It doesn't
+tell exactly the same story, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell exactly the same story, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell exactly the same story, but it's
+based on the same gang that was alleged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the same gang that was alleged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the same gang that was alleged
+to have or said to have uh committed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have or said to have uh committed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have or said to have uh committed the
+great train robbery. Um uh and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great train robbery. Um uh and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great train robbery. Um uh and and that
+calls our attention to another factor,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls our attention to another factor,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls our attention to another factor,
+another aspect of this what we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect of this what we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect of this what we might
+call this story of the mythological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this story of the mythological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this story of the mythological
+aspect of American cinema and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of American cinema and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of American cinema and especially
+of the western because it calls our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western because it calls our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western because it calls our
+attention to the fact that the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the fact that the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the fact that the same
+events may be narrated again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events may be narrated again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events may be narrated again and again
+and again. One of the points about myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again. One of the points about myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again. One of the points about myth
+about collective stories is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about collective stories is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about collective stories is they're
+literally told repeatedly. One way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally told repeatedly. One way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally told repeatedly. One way to
+think about the Western say okay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Western say okay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the Western say okay there
+are variations but basically it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variations but basically it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variations but basically it's the
+same story. Of course, that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same story. Of course, that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same story. Of course, that's a
+tremendous simplification because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous simplification because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous simplification because it's
+thematic and moral implications can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic and moral implications can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic and moral implications can
+change radically, but basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change radically, but basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change radically, but basically the same
+set of characters, the same setting, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of characters, the same setting, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of characters, the same setting, the
+same materials told over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same materials told over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same materials told over and over again
+obsessively. Why would a society do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessively. Why would a society do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessively. Why would a society do
+this? Why what is driven what drives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Why what is driven what drives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Why what is driven what drives us
+to do this? Well, one answer is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this? Well, one answer is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this? Well, one answer is there
+are pleasures in familiarity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pleasures in familiarity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pleasures in familiarity.
+One of the deepest lessons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the deepest lessons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the deepest lessons of the
+history of literature is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of literature is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of literature is that the
+romantic and modernist idea of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic and modernist idea of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic and modernist idea of the uh
+artist as a unique individual creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist as a unique individual creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist as a unique individual creating
+art abnovo sui generous with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art abnovo sui generous with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art abnovo sui generous with no
+connections to the past is a fantasy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to the past is a fantasy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to the past is a fantasy and
+a delusion. Uh a a particular outgrowth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delusion. Uh a a particular outgrowth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delusion. Uh a a particular outgrowth
+of the romantic and modern periods. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the romantic and modern periods. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the romantic and modern periods. But
+that throughout history and throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that throughout history and throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that throughout history and throughout
+most cultures uh art and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cultures uh art and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cultures uh art and especially
+storytelling has been much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling has been much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling has been much much more
+like the u uh activities of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the u uh activities of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the u uh activities of these
+popular formats in which the same kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular formats in which the same kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular formats in which the same kinds
+of stories are repeated again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stories are repeated again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stories are repeated again and again
+uh uh with with the various with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh with with the various with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh with with the various with with
+variations and one one could say uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and one one could say uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and one one could say uh that
+one of the profoundest uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the profoundest uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the profoundest uh uh
+resemblances between the uh between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemblances between the uh between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemblances between the uh between
+Shakespeare's time and our own is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's time and our own is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's time and our own is the
+dominance of genre forms in a popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance of genre forms in a popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance of genre forms in a popular
+theatrical environment. In Shakespeare's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatrical environment. In Shakespeare's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatrical environment. In Shakespeare's
+day, it was the popular theater that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day, it was the popular theater that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day, it was the popular theater that had
+a similar effect of trying to define in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar effect of trying to define in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar effect of trying to define in
+some sense a a notion of national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense a a notion of national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense a a notion of national
+identity. And that's why uh I quoted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. And that's why uh I quoted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. And that's why uh I quoted the
+uh uh Renaissance scholar this afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Renaissance scholar this afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Renaissance scholar this afternoon
+who who who who called Shakespeare's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who who who called Shakespeare's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who who who called Shakespeare's
+theater the theater of a nation. He was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater the theater of a nation. He was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater the theater of a nation. He was
+trying to make the same kind of argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make the same kind of argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make the same kind of argument
+about about uh the importance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about uh the importance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about uh the importance the
+centrality of the public theater in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality of the public theater in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality of the public theater in
+Shakespeare's day that I'm making about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's day that I'm making about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's day that I'm making about
+about the movies about the movies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the movies about the movies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the movies about the movies in the
+20th in the United States in the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th in the United States in the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th in the United States in the 20th
+century. Uh so the great train robbery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century. Uh so the great train robbery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century. Uh so the great train robbery
+is a kind of originating text both for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of originating text both for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of originating text both for
+film itself and for the genre of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film itself and for the genre of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film itself and for the genre of the
+western Griffith's uh the battle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western Griffith's uh the battle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western Griffith's uh the battle of
+Elder Bush Gulf was one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elder Bush Gulf was one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elder Bush Gulf was one of the first
+longer films go uh I think it was a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer films go uh I think it was a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer films go uh I think it was a half
+an hour or 45 minutes long uh was a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour or 45 minutes long uh was a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour or 45 minutes long uh was a much
+longer uh uh creation than earlier films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh uh creation than earlier films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh uh creation than earlier films
+and it was one of the first major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was one of the first major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was one of the first major
+examples of of of uh large crowds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of of of uh large crowds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of of of uh large crowds of
+people mounted people engaged in battle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mounted people engaged in battle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mounted people engaged in battle
+and that was one of the most aston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was one of the most aston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was one of the most aston
+astonishing things. The way the uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing things. The way the uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing things. The way the uh it
+was a tremendously influential film. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a tremendously influential film. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a tremendously influential film. It
+it dramatized battles between cowboys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dramatized battles between cowboys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dramatized battles between cowboys
+and Indians uh in a way that that uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Indians uh in a way that that uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Indians uh in a way that that uh um
+showed the power of the medium of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the power of the medium of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the power of the medium of film
+uh at a very early stage. In 1914, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at a very early stage. In 1914, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at a very early stage. In 1914, the
+first movie dramatization of that novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first movie dramatization of that novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first movie dramatization of that novel
+by Owen Wister that I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Owen Wister that I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Owen Wister that I mentioned earlier
+that was one also one of the founding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one also one of the founding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one also one of the founding
+texts in the in the uh western genre uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts in the in the uh western genre uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts in the in the uh western genre uh
+of of one of and I've mentioned a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of one of and I've mentioned a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of one of and I've mentioned a couple
+of other films here. one of them, John,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other films here. one of them, John,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other films here. one of them, John,
+one of John Ford's earliest films to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of John Ford's earliest films to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of John Ford's earliest films to
+demonstrate that I've got two Ford films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that I've got two Ford films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that I've got two Ford films
+listed there to try to give you a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed there to try to give you a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed there to try to give you a a
+sense of his importance in the silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of his importance in the silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of his importance in the silent
+era. Uh, and I I list um the covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era. Uh, and I I list um the covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era. Uh, and I I list um the covered
+wagon as a way of showing you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wagon as a way of showing you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wagon as a way of showing you that the
+genre of the pioneer story was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of the pioneer story was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of the pioneer story was already
+present in the silent era. Uh, I list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the silent era. Uh, I list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the silent era. Uh, I list
+the iron horse by Ford as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron horse by Ford as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron horse by Ford as a way of
+reminding you of how central Ford is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you of how central Ford is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you of how central Ford is,
+but also a way of reminding you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a way of reminding you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a way of reminding you that
+that story of the inter the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story of the inter the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story of the inter the the the
+laying of the railroad uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying of the railroad uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying of the railroad uh the
+intercontinental railroad, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercontinental railroad, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercontinental railroad, one of the
+central subg genre sub subs stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central subg genre sub subs stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central subg genre sub subs stories
+recurring stories in the western begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring stories in the western begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring stories in the western begins
+in the silent era. And I mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the silent era. And I mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the silent era. And I mentioned the
+katon partly to show you that the genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katon partly to show you that the genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katon partly to show you that the genre
+had become so widespread that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had become so widespread that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had become so widespread that it would
+now able it was now so full fullyfledged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now able it was now so full fullyfledged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now able it was now so full fullyfledged
+so fully recognizable even in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fully recognizable even in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fully recognizable even in the uh
+silent era that Keaton was able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent era that Keaton was able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent era that Keaton was able to make
+a comic parody of of of westerns called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comic parody of of of westerns called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comic parody of of of westerns called
+go west. Uh with the advent of sound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go west. Uh with the advent of sound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go west. Uh with the advent of sound the
+first decade of uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first decade of uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first decade of uh of of
+of the western movie is from an artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western movie is from an artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western movie is from an artistic
+standpoint not very distinguished. Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint not very distinguished. Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint not very distinguished. Can
+you guess why? One primary reason is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guess why? One primary reason is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guess why? One primary reason is if
+you look I say singing cowboys right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look I say singing cowboys right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look I say singing cowboys right
+because it was sound the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was sound the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was sound the very first
+thing said oh wow we're so enamored of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing said oh wow we're so enamored of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing said oh wow we're so enamored of
+sound we can the novelty of sound is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound we can the novelty of sound is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound we can the novelty of sound is so
+remarkable the first thing we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable the first thing we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable the first thing we'll do is
+we'll we'll we'll introduce cowboys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll we'll introduce cowboys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll we'll introduce cowboys who
+sing we and and uh they there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing we and and uh they there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing we and and uh they there were
+primitive stories that they told but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive stories that they told but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive stories that they told but the
+but the stories were relatively were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the stories were relatively were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the stories were relatively were
+relatively superficial the uh I mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively superficial the uh I mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively superficial the uh I mention
+in old Arizona the first sound western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in old Arizona the first sound western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in old Arizona the first sound western
+in part because what was amazing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because what was amazing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because what was amazing about
+that film uh especially to audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film uh especially to audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film uh especially to audiences
+were literally the sounds, the crackling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were literally the sounds, the crackling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were literally the sounds, the crackling
+of the fire, uh the creaking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fire, uh the creaking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fire, uh the creaking of the
+saddles, those those those kinds of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddles, those those those kinds of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddles, those those those kinds of the
+noises of the west were were fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises of the west were were fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises of the west were were fascinating
+to people. And so the 30s from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people. And so the 30s from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people. And so the 30s from an
+artistic standpoint were not a very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic standpoint were not a very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic standpoint were not a very uh
+interesting one in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one in terms of the
+western's development. nothing be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western's development. nothing be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western's development. nothing be not
+some some scholars have argued that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some scholars have argued that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some scholars have argued that the
+silent western was more interesting than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent western was more interesting than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent western was more interesting than
+the western of the of the uh uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western of the of the uh uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western of the of the uh uh of the
+30s but they're worth mentioning because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s but they're worth mentioning because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s but they're worth mentioning because
+they were very popular and many westerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were very popular and many westerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were very popular and many westerns
+in the 30s were used were identified as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 30s were used were identified as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 30s were used were identified as
+what were called bee films that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were called bee films that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were called bee films that is to
+say uh as you may know the uh and I wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh as you may know the uh and I wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh as you may know the uh and I wish
+I had had time to uh in this course to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had had time to uh in this course to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had had time to uh in this course to
+spend some some uh energy talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some some uh energy talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some some uh energy talking about
+what might be called the movie house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be called the movie house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be called the movie house
+culture how incredibly the the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture how incredibly the the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture how incredibly the the whole
+society uh after about 1930 or 19 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society uh after about 1930 or 19 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society uh after about 1930 or 19 in the
+early 30s was permeated by the movies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 30s was permeated by the movies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 30s was permeated by the movies.
+How every major city had dozens of ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How every major city had dozens of ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How every major city had dozens of ma
+maybe even more than that major of movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even more than that major of movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even more than that major of movie
+houses showing showing showing uh films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses showing showing showing uh films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses showing showing showing uh films
+at all many levels of films recent films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all many levels of films recent films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all many levels of films recent films
+and many older films as well. Uh, and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many older films as well. Uh, and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many older films as well. Uh, and as
+I think I mentioned uh uh in an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I mentioned uh uh in an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I mentioned uh uh in an earlier
+class, it was possible uh to to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, it was possible uh to to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, it was possible uh to to go to
+third and fourthr run movie houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and fourthr run movie houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and fourthr run movie houses
+showing movies that were several years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing movies that were several years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing movies that were several years
+old and to pay something like a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and to pay something like a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and to pay something like a quarter
+in the morning and go in and watch five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning and go in and watch five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning and go in and watch five
+or six movies. And I did this as a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six movies. And I did this as a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six movies. And I did this as a child
+in the late 40s uh in Brooklyn, New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 40s uh in Brooklyn, New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 40s uh in Brooklyn, New
+York, where I would go into a theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York, where I would go into a theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York, where I would go into a theater
+and come out. I would go in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come out. I would go in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come out. I would go in in the
+bright morning. I would come out, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright morning. I would come out, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright morning. I would come out, it
+would be dark. They were lousy movies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be dark. They were lousy movies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be dark. They were lousy movies,
+but I was a kid. I didn't know any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was a kid. I didn't know any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was a kid. I didn't know any
+better. And it was a an astonishing kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. And it was a an astonishing kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. And it was a an astonishing kind
+of kind of culture. Uh I I should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of culture. Uh I I should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of culture. Uh I I should also
+mention I call it the movie house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention I call it the movie house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention I call it the movie house
+culture because of course I again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture because of course I again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture because of course I again I
+haven't had time to develop this but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had time to develop this but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had time to develop this but uh
+if you Google movie houses uh you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you Google movie houses uh you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you Google movie houses uh you what
+you what will immediately appear are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what will immediately appear are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what will immediately appear are a
+series of magnificent photographs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of magnificent photographs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of magnificent photographs or
+images of of of movie uh palaces. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of of of movie uh palaces. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of of of movie uh palaces. You
+could even Google movie palaces and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even Google movie palaces and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even Google movie palaces and find
+the same answer uh that now mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer uh that now mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer uh that now mostly
+fallen into disuse or destroyed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen into disuse or destroyed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen into disuse or destroyed that
+that were all over the country. Very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were all over the country. Very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were all over the country. Very
+exotic and remarkable. Even the struct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic and remarkable. Even the struct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic and remarkable. Even the struct
+the physical structures of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical structures of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical structures of these
+theaters were exotic and and exciting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theaters were exotic and and exciting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theaters were exotic and and exciting.
+Uh these exhibition spaces were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh these exhibition spaces were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh these exhibition spaces were
+themselves meant to excite you and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves meant to excite you and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves meant to excite you and take
+you into a kind of uh into another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you into a kind of uh into another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you into a kind of uh into another
+world. And partly because of that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. And partly because of that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. And partly because of that what
+they always offered was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always offered was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always offered was a really
+robust ticket of offerings. You didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust ticket of offerings. You didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust ticket of offerings. You didn't
+just go to the movies and watch one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to the movies and watch one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to the movies and watch one
+movie. You saw at least a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie. You saw at least a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie. You saw at least a double
+feature. The second feature was often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature. The second feature was often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature. The second feature was often
+what was called a B movie, right? A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was called a B movie, right? A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was called a B movie, right? A
+second rate movie. A lower budget. Many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second rate movie. A lower budget. Many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second rate movie. A lower budget. Many
+of them were westerns. One reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were westerns. One reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were westerns. One reason for
+that was because the accutrants of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was because the accutrants of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was because the accutrants of the
+western are so are so interchangeable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western are so are so interchangeable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western are so are so interchangeable.
+As I mentioned in an earlier class, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As I mentioned in an earlier class, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As I mentioned in an earlier class, one
+of the things they could do was use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things they could do was use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things they could do was use
+stock footage to put these westerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock footage to put these westerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock footage to put these westerns
+together very quickly. So they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together very quickly. So they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together very quickly. So they could
+have a stampede that might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stampede that might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stampede that might have been
+appeared in many different movies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in many different movies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in many different movies but
+will do the job in this B western and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do the job in this B western and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do the job in this B western and so
+forth. And they could use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. And they could use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. And they could use the same
+props, the same town, the same the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+props, the same town, the same the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+props, the same town, the same the same
+horses and the same costumes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses and the same costumes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses and the same costumes and so
+forth. Uh so for a lot of the 30s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Uh so for a lot of the 30s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Uh so for a lot of the 30s the
+the western movie was a kind of backup a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western movie was a kind of backup a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western movie was a kind of backup a
+kind of a kind of second uh a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a kind of second uh a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a kind of second uh a second
+banana to the primary to the primary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana to the primary to the primary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana to the primary to the primary uh
+uh film. And uh uh in addition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh film. And uh uh in addition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh film. And uh uh in addition there
+began to develop especially on Saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to develop especially on Saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to develop especially on Saturday
+in this movie house culture Saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this movie house culture Saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this movie house culture Saturday
+mornings were especially for children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mornings were especially for children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mornings were especially for children
+even Saturday afternoons they began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Saturday afternoons they began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Saturday afternoons they began to
+develop what they called matineese which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop what they called matineese which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop what they called matineese which
+were intentional intentionally devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were intentional intentionally devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were intentional intentionally devoted
+toward trying to get younger people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward trying to get younger people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward trying to get younger people
+children into the into the theaters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children into the into the theaters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children into the into the theaters and
+they had a series of sort of B or C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a series of sort of B or C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a series of sort of B or C
+westerns some of which were serals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns some of which were serals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns some of which were serals and
+would continue from one Saturday to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would continue from one Saturday to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would continue from one Saturday to the
+next. I want to mention my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next. I want to mention my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next. I want to mention my favorite
+childhood western hero whom I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood western hero whom I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood western hero whom I still
+remember uh and I remember what I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh and I remember what I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh and I remember what I I I
+love this character when I was seven and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this character when I was seven and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this character when I was seven and
+eight years old and would go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years old and would go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years old and would go to the
+movies on Saturdays and all and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies on Saturdays and all and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies on Saturdays and all and see
+sometimes the cals would last several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the cals would last several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the cals would last several
+weeks. Part of it was to try to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks. Part of it was to try to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks. Part of it was to try to get the
+kids to come back and get their parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to come back and get their parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to come back and get their parents
+to pay for them to come back every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for them to come back every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for them to come back every
+Saturday. So they would always end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday. So they would always end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday. So they would always end with
+a cliffhanger with a moment of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cliffhanger with a moment of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cliffhanger with a moment of great
+tension and you wonder whether whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension and you wonder whether whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension and you wonder whether whether
+the hero and herois heroine would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hero and herois heroine would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hero and herois heroine would
+survive into the next week. But my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive into the next week. But my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive into the next week. But my
+favorite and there were a whole series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite and there were a whole series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite and there were a whole series
+of such films. My favorite such film was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such films. My favorite such film was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such films. My favorite such film was
+a film were a series of of of adventures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film were a series of of of adventures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film were a series of of of adventures
+starring a character named Lash Laroo.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starring a character named Lash Laroo.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starring a character named Lash Laroo.
+Can you guess what Lash Laroo's weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you guess what Lash Laroo's weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you guess what Lash Laroo's weapon
+of choice was? Yes. The whip. A bull a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choice was? Yes. The whip. A bull a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choice was? Yes. The whip. A bull a
+bull whip. He never carried a wh a gun,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bull whip. He never carried a wh a gun,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bull whip. He never carried a wh a gun,
+but he had this long bull whip and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he had this long bull whip and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he had this long bull whip and he
+would take this whip and he go like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take this whip and he go like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take this whip and he go like that
+and it would snake out across and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would snake out across and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would snake out across and it
+would flip a gun right out of a person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would flip a gun right out of a person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would flip a gun right out of a person's
+hand or he could go like this and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand or he could go like this and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand or he could go like this and a
+little tiny spot of blood would appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny spot of blood would appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny spot of blood would appear
+on a person's nose, right? It was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a person's nose, right? It was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a person's nose, right? It was an
+unbelievably ridiculous fantasy. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably ridiculous fantasy. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably ridiculous fantasy. Uh and
+the and the the uh the u uh lash made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the the uh the u uh lash made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the the uh the u uh lash made a
+tremendous beautiful crack when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous beautiful crack when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous beautiful crack when he
+brought it back. Uh uh but he he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it back. Uh uh but he he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it back. Uh uh but he he was
+obviously a a figure of childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a a figure of childhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a a figure of childhood
+fantasy, but he was a tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy, but he was a tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy, but he was a tremendously
+memorable film and and uh uh again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable film and and uh uh again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable film and and uh uh again it
+was it was there was no pretensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was there was no pretensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was there was no pretensions
+towards psychological seriousness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards psychological seriousness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards psychological seriousness or
+even thematic density in these in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thematic density in these in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thematic density in these in these
+in these westerns but they but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these westerns but they but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these westerns but they but they
+permeated the culture. They were part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeated the culture. They were part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeated the culture. They were part of
+the experience of childhood. So children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience of childhood. So children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience of childhood. So children
+in the society would grow up watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the society would grow up watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the society would grow up watching
+these children's versions of westerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these children's versions of westerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these children's versions of westerns
+and then they would graduate to the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they would graduate to the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they would graduate to the more
+adult westerns. I don't want to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult westerns. I don't want to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult westerns. I don't want to call it
+a form of brainwashing because that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of brainwashing because that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of brainwashing because that's uh
+much too negative a way of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much too negative a way of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much too negative a way of describing
+the way in which these story forms shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which these story forms shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which these story forms shape
+our understandings or help to shape our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our understandings or help to shape our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our understandings or help to shape our
+understand. And I don't mean that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. And I don't mean that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. And I don't mean that human
+beings are uh uh uh uh completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings are uh uh uh uh completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings are uh uh uh uh completely
+programmable creatures. They go and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable creatures. They go and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable creatures. They go and look
+at a movie and they become robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a movie and they become robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a movie and they become robots
+following what the movie said. But what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following what the movie said. But what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following what the movie said. But what
+I am saying is that the way these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am saying is that the way these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am saying is that the way these kinds
+of stories permeated the society helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stories permeated the society helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stories permeated the society helped
+to shape America's Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shape America's Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shape America's Americans
+understanding of their natures of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of their natures of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of their natures of of
+what the social fabric was like of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the social fabric was like of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the social fabric was like of what
+masculinity was of what femininity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculinity was of what femininity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculinity was of what femininity was
+of what families were of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what families were of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what families were of what the
+relations among the races were of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations among the races were of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations among the races were of what
+American history was about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history was about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history was about what the
+founding story of America is about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding story of America is about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding story of America is about what
+the central organizing values of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central organizing values of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central organizing values of our
+culture are. All of those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture are. All of those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture are. All of those things are
+dramatized either explicitly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatized either explicitly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatized either explicitly or
+implicitly in movies. And because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly in movies. And because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly in movies. And because the
+movies were so central through the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were so central through the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were so central through the 20th
+century, they were one of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century, they were one of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century, they were one of the central
+ways in which the belief system, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which the belief system, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which the belief system, the
+values of American society were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of American society were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of American society were
+promulgated, dramatized, rehearsed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgated, dramatized, rehearsed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgated, dramatized, rehearsed and
+in some ways altered and changed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways altered and changed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways altered and changed.
+The classical age of the western film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The classical age of the western film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The classical age of the western film is
+often said to be the period in of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often said to be the period in of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often said to be the period in of the
+1940s. And this is really the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s. And this is really the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s. And this is really the moment
+when the western as an artistic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the western as an artistic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the western as an artistic form
+begins to come into its own. Although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to come into its own. Although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to come into its own. Although it
+also still carries ideological or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also still carries ideological or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also still carries ideological or
+thematic baggage we might not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic baggage we might not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic baggage we might not want to
+embrace or celebrate. So remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace or celebrate. So remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace or celebrate. So remember it's
+an ambivalent thing here. I'm asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ambivalent thing here. I'm asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ambivalent thing here. I'm asking you
+to respect the artistry of these films,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respect the artistry of these films,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respect the artistry of these films,
+but I'm also asking you to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm also asking you to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm also asking you to do something
+mature and grown up, which is be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature and grown up, which is be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature and grown up, which is be
+skeptical about the meanings that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical about the meanings that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical about the meanings that are
+embodied in some in in what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied in some in in what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied in some in in what are
+sometimes very artful u uh movies. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes very artful u uh movies. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes very artful u uh movies. And
+we call it the classical age in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the classical age in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the classical age in part
+because a certain kind of much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a certain kind of much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a certain kind of much more
+ambitious uh uh intellectually powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious uh uh intellectually powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious uh uh intellectually powerful
+and artistically organized western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and artistically organized western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and artistically organized western
+begins to appear dominated but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to appear dominated but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to appear dominated but not
+completely by the great director John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely by the great director John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely by the great director John
+Ford who's one of whose masterpieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford who's one of whose masterpieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford who's one of whose masterpieces
+you're going to see in a few minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see in a few minutes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see in a few minutes.
+The the age probably begins in 1939
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The the age probably begins in 1939
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The the age probably begins in 1939
+uh the same year that the integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same year that the integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same year that the integrated
+musical begins with what was the film?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical begins with what was the film?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical begins with what was the film?
+We mentioned it last week. The Wizard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We mentioned it last week. The Wizard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We mentioned it last week. The Wizard of
+Oz, right? The uh in which color is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oz, right? The uh in which color is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oz, right? The uh in which color is
+introduced for the first time. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced for the first time. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced for the first time. Well,
+here the genre of the western comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the genre of the western comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the genre of the western comes into
+its own really in the in roughly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own really in the in roughly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own really in the in roughly in the
+same year in a film that stars John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same year in a film that stars John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same year in a film that stars John
+Wayne who was uh the one of the iconic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne who was uh the one of the iconic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne who was uh the one of the iconic
+stars of of of of of the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars of of of of of the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars of of of of of the American
+western and directed by John Ford, his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western and directed by John Ford, his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western and directed by John Ford, his
+favorite director, a director who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite director, a director who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite director, a director who did
+other things but who was noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but who was noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but who was noted
+especially for the for his remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for the for his remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for the for his remarkable
+for his remarkable westerns for uh Wayne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his remarkable westerns for uh Wayne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his remarkable westerns for uh Wayne
+had had a a career in the movies 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had a a career in the movies 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had a a career in the movies 10
+years before that but in stage coach for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before that but in stage coach for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before that but in stage coach for
+the first time he became a major star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time he became a major star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time he became a major star.
+The film made him a star. Um, and stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The film made him a star. Um, and stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The film made him a star. Um, and stage
+coach is an interesting film because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coach is an interesting film because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coach is an interesting film because
+it's it it articulates or formulates one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it it articulates or formulates one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it it articulates or formulates one
+of the great subg genres within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great subg genres within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great subg genres within the
+category of the western. And this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of the western. And this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of the western. And this is I
+don't know exactly what to call it. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly what to call it. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly what to call it. It's
+the sto it's a story in which you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sto it's a story in which you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sto it's a story in which you have a
+group of unlike people who are traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of unlike people who are traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of unlike people who are traveling
+usually by stage coach or in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually by stage coach or in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually by stage coach or in some other
+sometimes it can be by train who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it can be by train who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it can be by train who are
+beset uh without uh unexpectedly by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beset uh without uh unexpectedly by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beset uh without uh unexpectedly by some
+kind of danger usually an attack by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of danger usually an attack by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of danger usually an attack by
+Indians and what and then the the uneasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians and what and then the the uneasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians and what and then the the uneasy
+community that is forced upon them when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that is forced upon them when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that is forced upon them when
+they have to defend themselves reveals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to defend themselves reveals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to defend themselves reveals
+various aspects of human nature and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various aspects of human nature and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various aspects of human nature and of
+human society and the the film stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human society and the the film stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human society and the the film stage
+coach is a classic instance of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coach is a classic instance of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coach is a classic instance of that in
+which the John Wayne character gets on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the John Wayne character gets on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the John Wayne character gets on a
+stage coach as it's making a making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage coach as it's making a making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage coach as it's making a making a
+voy as it's making a journey across a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voy as it's making a journey across a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voy as it's making a journey across a a
+bleak western landscape through Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleak western landscape through Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleak western landscape through Indian
+territory and he's a kind of ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory and he's a kind of ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory and he's a kind of ambiguous
+figure the way in this film the Wayne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure the way in this film the Wayne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure the way in this film the Wayne
+character perhaps an outlaw but uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character perhaps an outlaw but uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character perhaps an outlaw but uh and
+and the respectable people who are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the respectable people who are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the respectable people who are in
+the stage coach a banker actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage coach a banker actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage coach a banker actually a
+character who's actually embezzling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who's actually embezzling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who's actually embezzling
+money and is trying to get away although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and is trying to get away although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and is trying to get away although
+no one knows he hasn't revealed it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one knows he hasn't revealed it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one knows he hasn't revealed it at
+the time it comes out in the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it comes out in the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it comes out in the course of
+the film and a series of other sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film and a series of other sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film and a series of other sort of
+characters with interesting background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters with interesting background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters with interesting background
+grounds that emerge when they're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds that emerge when they're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds that emerge when they're when
+the when the catastrophe descends upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when the catastrophe descends upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when the catastrophe descends upon
+them. And of course, what happens is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And of course, what happens is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And of course, what happens is the
+ambiguity of the Wayne character, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity of the Wayne character, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity of the Wayne character, the
+fact that he has a kind of connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he has a kind of connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he has a kind of connection to
+the to lawlessness turns out to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to lawlessness turns out to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to lawlessness turns out to be one
+of the great virtues uh that he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great virtues uh that he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great virtues uh that he has
+because of course he becomes their the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course he becomes their the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course he becomes their the
+primary defender of the group when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary defender of the group when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary defender of the group when they
+are beset by savage Indians. Uh uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are beset by savage Indians. Uh uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are beset by savage Indians. Uh uh and
+then I' I've listed a again let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I' I've listed a again let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I' I've listed a again let me
+remind you again I've just picked these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you again I've just picked these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you again I've just picked these
+are just highlights. Remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just highlights. Remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just highlights. Remember that
+remember what we said uh as nearly 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we said uh as nearly 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we said uh as nearly 30%
+of all films made before the uh during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all films made before the uh during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all films made before the uh during
+the studio era were were western movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio era were were western movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio era were were western movies
+and these are among the highlights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are among the highlights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are among the highlights and
+from from the titles you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the titles you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the titles you can see the
+sort of recurring sub subg genres that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of recurring sub subg genres that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of recurring sub subg genres that
+occur uh Billy the Kid in 1941 the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur uh Billy the Kid in 1941 the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur uh Billy the Kid in 1941 the film
+directed by David Miller this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed by David Miller this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed by David Miller this a
+preoccupation with outlaws there number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with outlaws there number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with outlaws there number
+of films about Billy the kid a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of films about Billy the kid a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of films about Billy the kid a number of
+films about Jesse James and about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films about Jesse James and about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films about Jesse James and about the
+and and and about uh the gunfight at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and about uh the gunfight at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and about uh the gunfight at the
+OK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OK
+Corral. Um the film the 1946 film My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corral. Um the film the 1946 film My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corral. Um the film the 1946 film My
+Darling Clementine by uh Ford's famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darling Clementine by uh Ford's famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darling Clementine by uh Ford's famous
+film starring Henry Fonda is one of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film starring Henry Fonda is one of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film starring Henry Fonda is one of six
+movies made about the gunfight at the OK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies made about the gunfight at the OK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies made about the gunfight at the OK
+Corral. And think of what that says to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corral. And think of what that says to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corral. And think of what that says to
+us, right? What does a myth do? It tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us, right? What does a myth do? It tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us, right? What does a myth do? It tells
+the same story again and again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same story again and again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same story again and again and
+again. Each of those six films is in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Each of those six films is in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Each of those six films is in in
+many ways different from in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways different from in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways different from in in
+significant ways each film is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant ways each film is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant ways each film is different
+from another the other film. even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another the other film. even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another the other film. even though
+the basic information or at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic information or at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic information or at least the
+basic situation is the same. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic situation is the same. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic situation is the same. And in
+fact, some in some versions of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, some in some versions of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, some in some versions of the film
+uh in some versions of that account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some versions of that account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some versions of that account of
+the account of the OK Corral, the Wyatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the account of the OK Corral, the Wyatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the account of the OK Corral, the Wyatt
+Herp and the Herp brothers fight against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herp and the Herp brothers fight against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herp and the Herp brothers fight against
+the Clanton brothers. In some versions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clanton brothers. In some versions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clanton brothers. In some versions,
+the Herps in the classic versions, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Herps in the classic versions, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Herps in the classic versions, in
+the version, My Darling Clementine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version, My Darling Clementine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version, My Darling Clementine in
+1946 by Ford, the Herps are heroes. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 by Ford, the Herps are heroes. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 by Ford, the Herps are heroes. And
+Wyatt Herp is a great American is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wyatt Herp is a great American is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wyatt Herp is a great American is a
+noble American hero who who defends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble American hero who who defends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble American hero who who defends a
+town against anarchy and evil. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town against anarchy and evil. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town against anarchy and evil. the
+Clintons are entirely evil. But in later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clintons are entirely evil. But in later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clintons are entirely evil. But in later
+revisionist versions of the same story,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisionist versions of the same story,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisionist versions of the same story,
+Herp is Herp and his brothers are seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herp is Herp and his brothers are seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herp is Herp and his brothers are seen
+as you as as a as arrogant officials who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as as a as arrogant officials who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as as a as arrogant officials who
+are trying to control gambling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to control gambling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to control gambling and
+prostitution in the town of Tombstone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostitution in the town of Tombstone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostitution in the town of Tombstone
+and the and the Clantons not seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the Clantons not seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the Clantons not seen as
+noble, but are seen essentially as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble, but are seen essentially as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble, but are seen essentially as
+rivals of the of the uh herpes, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivals of the of the uh herpes, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivals of the of the uh herpes, not
+necessarily as inferior evil characters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily as inferior evil characters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily as inferior evil characters.
+Uh and such a perspective of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and such a perspective of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and such a perspective of course
+profoundly changes our understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly changes our understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly changes our understanding of
+what the gunfight at the OK Corral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the gunfight at the OK Corral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the gunfight at the OK Corral
+represented. Interesting that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented. Interesting that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented. Interesting that that that
+that uh and and and deeply revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and and and deeply revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and and and deeply revealing
+that so many westerns have been repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so many westerns have been repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so many westerns have been repeated
+that I mean the same story told again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean the same story told again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean the same story told again
+and again. And so so the story the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again. And so so the story the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again. And so so the story the fact
+that the gunfight at the OK Corral was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gunfight at the OK Corral was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gunfight at the OK Corral was
+repeated at least six times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated at least six times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated at least six times in
+featurelength films. There were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featurelength films. There were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featurelength films. There were also
+television versions of the OK Corral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television versions of the OK Corral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television versions of the OK Corral
+event adding to the number. uh uh ex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event adding to the number. uh uh ex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event adding to the number. uh uh ex is
+a is a dramatic example of what we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a dramatic example of what we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a dramatic example of what we might
+call this mythological function uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this mythological function uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this mythological function uh that
+uh uh or this forum function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh or this forum function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh or this forum function this
+discourse space function uh uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse space function uh uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse space function uh uh that that
+uh uh the that genre forms in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the that genre forms in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the that genre forms in general
+and the western movie in particular have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the western movie in particular have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the western movie in particular have
+uh I've already mentioned Red River in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've already mentioned Red River in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've already mentioned Red River in
+my earlier discourse about about Howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my earlier discourse about about Howard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my earlier discourse about about Howard
+Hawks and I want to just remind you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawks and I want to just remind you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawks and I want to just remind you that
+that great director of screw ball comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great director of screw ball comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great director of screw ball comedy
+was also one of the great directors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also one of the great directors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also one of the great directors of
+masculine adventure films including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine adventure films including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine adventure films including
+what many people think is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what many people think is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what many people think is one of the
+great westerns of all time, Red River.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great westerns of all time, Red River.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great westerns of all time, Red River.
+And Red River is an interesting subgenre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And Red River is an interesting subgenre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And Red River is an interesting subgenre
+as well. It's a cattle drive western.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. It's a cattle drive western.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. It's a cattle drive western.
+Many westerns are about cattle drives,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many westerns are about cattle drives,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many westerns are about cattle drives,
+right? But this one also adds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But this one also adds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But this one also adds a
+complant complexity because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complant complexity because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complant complexity because there's a
+kind of edible drama and acted out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of edible drama and acted out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of edible drama and acted out
+between a John Wayne, the John Wayne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a John Wayne, the John Wayne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a John Wayne, the John Wayne
+figure, recurring figure in so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure, recurring figure in so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure, recurring figure in so many
+westerns, and a younger man played by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns, and a younger man played by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns, and a younger man played by
+the great actor Montgomery Clif who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great actor Montgomery Clif who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great actor Montgomery Clif who
+plays a kind a surrogate son to the John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a kind a surrogate son to the John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a kind a surrogate son to the John
+Wayne character. And of course, conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne character. And of course, conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne character. And of course, conflict
+develops and uh and and uh the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops and uh and and uh the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops and uh and and uh the the uh
+the rivalry between father and son is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rivalry between father and son is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rivalry between father and son is is
+a kind of fundamental subplot in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of fundamental subplot in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of fundamental subplot in in in
+that remarkable in that remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remarkable in that remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remarkable in that remarkable
+western. One other thing I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western. One other thing I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western. One other thing I should say
+about the 40s period. I call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the 40s period. I call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the 40s period. I call it the
+classical age primarily for this reason.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical age primarily for this reason.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical age primarily for this reason.
+I sort of didn't name this and forgive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of didn't name this and forgive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of didn't name this and forgive
+me for not mentioning this earlier. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for not mentioning this earlier. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for not mentioning this earlier. Uh
+again, we're talking about the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, we're talking about the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, we're talking about the period
+just before, during and after the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before, during and after the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before, during and after the second
+world war. Right? The United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war. Right? The United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war. Right? The United States
+feels itself to be belleaguered, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels itself to be belleaguered, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels itself to be belleaguered, right?
+Uh uh the world is belleaguered in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh uh the world is belleaguered in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh uh the world is belleaguered in a
+way. It's that that that outer reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. It's that that that outer reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. It's that that that outer reality
+also helps to explain why the western of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also helps to explain why the western of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also helps to explain why the western of
+the 1940s would be essentially a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1940s would be essentially a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1940s would be essentially a kind
+of celebration of American power, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of celebration of American power, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of celebration of American power, a
+celebration of American empire, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of American empire, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of American empire, a
+celebration of American uh knowhow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of American uh knowhow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of American uh knowhow and
+competence in the wilderness. Because by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence in the wilderness. Because by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence in the wilderness. Because by
+analogy, the western is a kind of story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy, the western is a kind of story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy, the western is a kind of story
+of American success, of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of American success, of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of American success, of American
+conquest. uh and this was one one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquest. uh and this was one one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquest. uh and this was one one might
+think of it as a story that America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a story that America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a story that America
+needed to tell itself during a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to tell itself during a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to tell itself during a period
+during the period of so the war the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the period of so the war the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the period of so the war the
+second world war is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war is a great
+reinforcement to the to the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement to the to the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement to the to the way in which
+in the classical age of the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the classical age of the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the classical age of the American
+western we're telling the the film the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western we're telling the the film the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western we're telling the the film the
+western film is basically telling an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western film is basically telling an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western film is basically telling an
+heroic story is celebrating the conquest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic story is celebrating the conquest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic story is celebrating the conquest
+of the west and is seeing the white man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the west and is seeing the white man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the west and is seeing the white man
+settlement of the west in relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement of the west in relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement of the west in relatively
+unambiguously admirable terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguously admirable terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguously admirable terms
+celebrating the the courage and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating the the courage and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating the the courage and the
+resilience ience and the uh physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience ience and the uh physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience ience and the uh physical
+prowess of the pioneers and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prowess of the pioneers and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prowess of the pioneers and the and the
+and the great noble gunfighters who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the great noble gunfighters who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the great noble gunfighters who
+tamed the west for us. But by the 1950s,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tamed the west for us. But by the 1950s,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tamed the west for us. But by the 1950s,
+this uh uh confidence has begun to wne.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh confidence has begun to wne.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh confidence has begun to wne.
+Part of it is look, the war has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part of it is look, the war has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part of it is look, the war has been
+over for a significant time. Uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over for a significant time. Uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over for a significant time. Uh uh the
+American society is is is is uh in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society is is is is uh in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society is is is is uh in a in
+in a peaceime boom uh uh which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a peaceime boom uh uh which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a peaceime boom uh uh which is going
+to build through the 50s. uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build through the 50s. uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build through the 50s. uh and it's
+also a period in which a certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a period in which a certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a period in which a certain kind of
+this was of course the period of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was of course the period of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was of course the period of my
+childhood right I was 10 years old in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood right I was 10 years old in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood right I was 10 years old in
+1950 and I remember it vividly in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 and I remember it vividly in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 and I remember it vividly in fact
+saw some of the films that are listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw some of the films that are listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw some of the films that are listed
+here in the theaters for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the theaters for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the theaters for the first time
+so I mentioned that to you just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mentioned that to you just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mentioned that to you just to
+remind you that in fact what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that in fact what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that in fact what we're
+talking about is not ancient history at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is not ancient history at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is not ancient history at
+all because I actually experienced some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because I actually experienced some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because I actually experienced some
+of the films on this list in my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the films on this list in my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the films on this list in my own
+actual lifetime when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual lifetime when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual lifetime when they were
+originally shown in the theaters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally shown in the theaters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally shown in the theaters and
+although I am infinitely old compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I am infinitely old compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I am infinitely old compared to
+you guys I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys I'm still
+you know, a vigorous functioning human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, a vigorous functioning human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, a vigorous functioning human
+being. So, within my lifetime's memory,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being. So, within my lifetime's memory,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being. So, within my lifetime's memory,
+many of these films were contemporary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these films were contemporary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these films were contemporary.
+Uh, and it's important to realize how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and it's important to realize how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and it's important to realize how
+close we are in fact to this to this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close we are in fact to this to this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close we are in fact to this to this to
+the to these times. So, uh, so the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to these times. So, uh, so the but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to these times. So, uh, so the but
+one of the things that began to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that began to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that began to appear
+in the 1950s was a kind of skepticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1950s was a kind of skepticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1950s was a kind of skepticism
+uh about the social arrangements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about the social arrangements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about the social arrangements in the
+society. At first, they were very modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. At first, they were very modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. At first, they were very modest
+and mild. There was in the 1950s, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mild. There was in the 1950s, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mild. There was in the 1950s, for
+example, what came to be called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, what came to be called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, what came to be called a
+generation gap in which older and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation gap in which older and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation gap in which older and
+younger in which there was thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger in which there was thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger in which there was thought to be
+a kind of dis distance between older and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of dis distance between older and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of dis distance between older and
+younger people. And uh there was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger people. And uh there was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger people. And uh there was a great
+concern in the 1950s for for alienated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern in the 1950s for for alienated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern in the 1950s for for alienated
+youth and juvenile delinquency, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth and juvenile delinquency, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth and juvenile delinquency, which
+was a was a was a was a a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a was a was a was a a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a was a was a was a a great
+catchphrase. And some of the films of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catchphrase. And some of the films of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catchphrase. And some of the films of
+the 1950s dramatized that. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s dramatized that. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s dramatized that. For example,
+the film The Left-Handed Gun in 1958,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film The Left-Handed Gun in 1958,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film The Left-Handed Gun in 1958,
+starring Paul Newman, directed by Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starring Paul Newman, directed by Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starring Paul Newman, directed by Arthur
+Penn, is a story really about it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penn, is a story really about it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penn, is a story really about it's a
+it's a Billy the Kid story, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Billy the Kid story, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Billy the Kid story, right?
+Newman plays a Billy the Kid type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman plays a Billy the Kid type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman plays a Billy the Kid type
+character, but he plays a young boy. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character, but he plays a young boy. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character, but he plays a young boy. He
+plays really a post-adolescent and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays really a post-adolescent and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays really a post-adolescent and you
+can feel that what's partly being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel that what's partly being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel that what's partly being
+dramatized there are are teenage angst.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatized there are are teenage angst.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatized there are are teenage angst.
+uh um there are and and what also begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um there are and and what also begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um there are and and what also begins
+you could in 1952 the film High Noon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could in 1952 the film High Noon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could in 1952 the film High Noon a
+fragment of which I will show in next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment of which I will show in next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment of which I will show in next
+week's lecture when we talk about McCabe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's lecture when we talk about McCabe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's lecture when we talk about McCabe
+and Mrs. Miller to do a kind of contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs. Miller to do a kind of contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs. Miller to do a kind of contrast
+with a classical western and a and a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a classical western and a and a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a classical western and a and a and
+a post-class western. Uh that that u um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a post-class western. Uh that that u um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a post-class western. Uh that that u um
+film uh uh introduces certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh uh introduces certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh uh introduces certain kinds of
+contemporary political concerns. Many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary political concerns. Many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary political concerns. Many
+people see High Noon as a parable about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see High Noon as a parable about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see High Noon as a parable about
+the McCarthy era. Jo Senator Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the McCarthy era. Jo Senator Joseph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the McCarthy era. Jo Senator Joseph
+McCarthy and the fear of the paranoia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCarthy and the fear of the paranoia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCarthy and the fear of the paranoia
+about communism and the anti-communist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communism and the anti-communist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communism and the anti-communist
+hysteria of the late 40s and early 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysteria of the late 40s and early 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysteria of the late 40s and early 1950s
+when the cold war was just uh getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cold war was just uh getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cold war was just uh getting
+getting powerfully started. And uh High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting powerfully started. And uh High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting powerfully started. And uh High
+Noon is a kind of parable about a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noon is a kind of parable about a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noon is a kind of parable about a good
+man who turns to a sheriff who turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who turns to a sheriff who turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who turns to a sheriff who turn
+played by Gary Cooper, one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by Gary Cooper, one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by Gary Cooper, one of the great
+iconic heroes of uh masculinity in of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconic heroes of uh masculinity in of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconic heroes of uh masculinity in of
+the classical Hollywood era along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical Hollywood era along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical Hollywood era along with
+John Wayne. And uh uh Cooper plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wayne. And uh uh Cooper plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wayne. And uh uh Cooper plays a
+sheriff who who uh has brought peace to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheriff who who uh has brought peace to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheriff who who uh has brought peace to
+the town. He's been a sheriff for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town. He's been a sheriff for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town. He's been a sheriff for many
+years. And on the on his wedding day,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. And on the on his wedding day,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. And on the on his wedding day,
+he's marrying a Quaker uh a Quaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's marrying a Quaker uh a Quaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's marrying a Quaker uh a Quaker
+woman. and he's g giving up his gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman. and he's g giving up his gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman. and he's g giving up his gun
+because Quaker woman played by Grace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Quaker woman played by Grace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Quaker woman played by Grace
+Kelly, you'll remember her from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly, you'll remember her from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly, you'll remember her from the
+Hitchcock film, although here she plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock film, although here she plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock film, although here she plays
+a western heroine. Uh she's a Quaker.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a western heroine. Uh she's a Quaker.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a western heroine. Uh she's a Quaker.
+She's putting down his gun to join his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's putting down his gun to join his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's putting down his gun to join his
+wife in and on his wedding day, a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife in and on his wedding day, a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife in and on his wedding day, a man
+that he sent to jail is coming back by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he sent to jail is coming back by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he sent to jail is coming back by
+the noonday train to to uh take his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noonday train to to uh take his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noonday train to to uh take his
+revenge. So the sheriff spends the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenge. So the sheriff spends the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenge. So the sheriff spends the early
+part of the film going around to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the film going around to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the film going around to the
+town's people, a town that owes its life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town's people, a town that owes its life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town's people, a town that owes its life
+to this great heroic sheriff, saying,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this great heroic sheriff, saying,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this great heroic sheriff, saying,
+"Help me. I'm going to be attacked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Help me. I'm going to be attacked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Help me. I'm going to be attacked by
+Frank Miller and his gang. No one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank Miller and his gang. No one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank Miller and his gang. No one will
+help him. He's left on his own. He has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him. He's left on his own. He has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him. He's left on his own. He has
+to stand by himself because the town is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand by himself because the town is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand by himself because the town is
+too cowardly. And it's a it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cowardly. And it's a it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cowardly. And it's a it's a it's a
+it's a parable of the cowardice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parable of the cowardice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parable of the cowardice of
+people who deserted. It's a in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who deserted. It's a in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who deserted. It's a in some
+sense a kind of left-wing argument. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a kind of left-wing argument. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a kind of left-wing argument. It's
+it's a parable about the cowardice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parable about the cowardice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parable about the cowardice of
+people who wouldn't stand up for folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who wouldn't stand up for folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who wouldn't stand up for folks
+who were attacked by Senator McCarthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were attacked by Senator McCarthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were attacked by Senator McCarthy
+and and and other anti-communists for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and other anti-communists for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and other anti-communists for
+being disloyal. uh uh so that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being disloyal. uh uh so that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being disloyal. uh uh so that so the
+certain kinds of political meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of political meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of political meanings
+begin to uh skeptical political meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to uh skeptical political meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to uh skeptical political meanings
+begin to creep in and the society that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to creep in and the society that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to creep in and the society that's
+dramatized in in high noon is hardly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatized in in high noon is hardly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatized in in high noon is hardly an
+admirable society. The the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admirable society. The the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admirable society. The the the the the
+western culture may have created a town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western culture may have created a town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western culture may have created a town
+and the town has a church and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the town has a church and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the town has a church and and they
+have a meaning in the church in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a meaning in the church in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a meaning in the church in in the
+film. Uh what he goes to it's a the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. Uh what he goes to it's a the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. Uh what he goes to it's a the it's
+a Sunday and you can hear the church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Sunday and you can hear the church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Sunday and you can hear the church
+bells and he goes to the church and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bells and he goes to the church and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bells and he goes to the church and he
+asks for help from the congregation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks for help from the congregation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks for help from the congregation and
+they won't do it. Uh um they're too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't do it. Uh um they're too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't do it. Uh um they're too
+cowardly. uh and uh uh so it's a so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cowardly. uh and uh uh so it's a so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cowardly. uh and uh uh so it's a so it's
+a parable about cowardice and about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parable about cowardice and about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parable about cowardice and about and
+about uh and about political dysfunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh and about political dysfunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh and about political dysfunction
+and about communal disloyalty very in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about communal disloyalty very in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about communal disloyalty very in
+also already by the 1950s when before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also already by the 1950s when before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also already by the 1950s when before
+the the uh um uh Hollywood era is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh um uh Hollywood era is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh um uh Hollywood era is is is
+completely has completely concluded or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely has completely concluded or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely has completely concluded or
+been obliterated uh Hollywood do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been obliterated uh Hollywood do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been obliterated uh Hollywood do
+Hollywood dominance is still significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood dominance is still significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood dominance is still significant
+uh in the in the 1950s the western has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in the 1950s the western has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in the 1950s the western has
+begun to change it's begun to reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun to change it's begun to reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun to change it's begun to reflect
+social changes as well as thematic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social changes as well as thematic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social changes as well as thematic or
+ideological changes that have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological changes that have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological changes that have to do with
+the way the society is altering after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the society is altering after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the society is altering after
+the second world war. And a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war. And a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war. And a number of
+the uh films that I've listed there do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh films that I've listed there do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh films that I've listed there do
+that kind of thing. Um uh and one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing. Um uh and one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing. Um uh and one can
+also see in this in this listing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see in this in this listing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see in this in this listing of
+so-called adult westerns a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called adult westerns a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called adult westerns a greater
+emphasis on psychological themes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on psychological themes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on psychological themes on the
+conflict between individuals. Uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between individuals. Uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between individuals. Uh um uh
+one uh very powerful and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh very powerful and interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh very powerful and interesting
+instance of that is a film in 1967
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of that is a film in 1967
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of that is a film in 1967
+directed by Martin Rit starring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed by Martin Rit starring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed by Martin Rit starring the
+great Paul Newman in which Newman plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Paul Newman in which Newman plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Paul Newman in which Newman plays
+uh half a half white half his half half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh half a half white half his half half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh half a half white half his half half
+Spanish or half Indian character I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish or half Indian character I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish or half Indian character I think
+he's an Indian a Native American uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an Indian a Native American uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an Indian a Native American uh and
+um um uh it's a film it's a parable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh it's a film it's a parable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh it's a film it's a parable
+about racism the Newman character is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about racism the Newman character is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about racism the Newman character is
+angry at both the white and uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry at both the white and uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry at both the white and uh and the
+Native American society. He doesn't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native American society. He doesn't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native American society. He doesn't fit
+in any place. But it's especially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any place. But it's especially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any place. But it's especially a
+parable about his exclusion about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parable about his exclusion about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parable about his exclusion about about
+the about about the Paul Newman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the about about the Paul Newman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the about about the Paul Newman
+character's exclusion from white society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character's exclusion from white society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character's exclusion from white society
+and about and about the power of racism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about and about the power of racism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about and about the power of racism.
+Uh by the time we get to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh by the time we get to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh by the time we get to the end of the
+uh uh uh uh 1960s, we're beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh 1960s, we're beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh 1960s, we're beginning to
+get films that have a kind of violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get films that have a kind of violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get films that have a kind of violent
+quotient, a violence quotient that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient, a violence quotient that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient, a violence quotient that's
+different and bloodier and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and bloodier and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and bloodier and more
+disturbing than the violence we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing than the violence we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing than the violence we saw
+during the classical age. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the classical age. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the classical age. And we
+especially associate this form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially associate this form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially associate this form of
+violence with the director Sam Peck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence with the director Sam Peck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence with the director Sam Peck
+andpaw whose film in 1969, The Wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andpaw whose film in 1969, The Wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andpaw whose film in 1969, The Wild
+Bunch, takes a number of actors who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bunch, takes a number of actors who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bunch, takes a number of actors who had
+been stars in classic westerns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stars in classic westerns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stars in classic westerns and
+brings them back in a western that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings them back in a western that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings them back in a western that sort
+of is much darker and shows these older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is much darker and shows these older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is much darker and shows these older
+men as and that first of all, their age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men as and that first of all, their age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men as and that first of all, their age
+is emphasized. They're sort of duttering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emphasized. They're sort of duttering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emphasized. They're sort of duttering
+around. They're my age, right? They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. They're my age, right? They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. They're my age, right? They're
+in they're in their late 60s or early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in they're in their late 60s or early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in they're in their late 60s or early
+70s and and they they don't seem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s and and they they don't seem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s and and they they don't seem as
+vigorous as they should be. For one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous as they should be. For one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous as they should be. For one
+thing, there's I think there are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, there's I think there are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, there's I think there are even
+scenes in which their nearsightedness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes in which their nearsightedness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes in which their nearsightedness of
+one of the characters is dramatized,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the characters is dramatized,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the characters is dramatized,
+right? But but their age and trembliness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But but their age and trembliness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But but their age and trembliness
+is only a part of their unheroic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only a part of their unheroic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only a part of their unheroic
+dimensions. And and and we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. And and and we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. And and and we can see that
+the the the film the film although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the film the film although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the film the film although it
+celebrates the the these heroes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrates the the these heroes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrates the the these heroes in a
+certain way, the celebration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way, the celebration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way, the celebration is
+cankered. It's it's it's it's damaged.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cankered. It's it's it's it's damaged.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cankered. It's it's it's it's damaged.
+It's a damaged kind of celebration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a damaged kind of celebration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a damaged kind of celebration.
+There's a sense that these men are past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a sense that these men are past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a sense that these men are past
+their prime, that they're sleeping with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prime, that they're sleeping with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prime, that they're sleeping with
+women who are far too young with them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who are far too young with them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who are far too young with them,
+and that and that there's something kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that there's something kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that there's something kind
+of disgusting about that. We see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disgusting about that. We see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disgusting about that. We see that
+one of the actors uh uh uh uh uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the actors uh uh uh uh uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the actors uh uh uh uh uh an
+older an older figure um Robert Ryan a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older an older figure um Robert Ryan a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older an older figure um Robert Ryan a
+very gifted actor who who who was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gifted actor who who who was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gifted actor who who who was in
+many many westerns and other films in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many westerns and other films in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many westerns and other films in
+the classical age of Hollywood uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical age of Hollywood uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical age of Hollywood uh uh
+plays an aged and very power very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays an aged and very power very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays an aged and very power very
+effective gunfighter. There's a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective gunfighter. There's a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective gunfighter. There's a terrible
+scene in a Bravville where he's she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in a Bravville where he's she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in a Bravville where he's she's
+not a teenager but there's a a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a teenager but there's a a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a teenager but there's a a woman
+surely 30 years younger than he who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely 30 years younger than he who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely 30 years younger than he who
+becomes his bedmate. And there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes his bedmate. And there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes his bedmate. And there's
+something sour about the scene intended,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sour about the scene intended,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sour about the scene intended,
+I think, by the director. I mean, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think, by the director. I mean, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think, by the director. I mean, you
+can feel that it's as if it's as if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel that it's as if it's as if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel that it's as if it's as if the
+western values have begun to congeal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western values have begun to congeal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western values have begun to congeal and
+sicken even before we get to the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sicken even before we get to the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sicken even before we get to the what
+I'm calling the anti-western. And of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calling the anti-western. And of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calling the anti-western. And of
+course, in the late60s, there also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, in the late60s, there also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, in the late60s, there also
+begins to emerge the phenomenon I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to emerge the phenomenon I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to emerge the phenomenon I talked
+about earlier this afternoon, how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier this afternoon, how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier this afternoon, how the
+Italians start making westerns, putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians start making westerns, putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians start making westerns, putting
+them in in in Italian, and they and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in in Italian, and they and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in in Italian, and they and they
+find locations in Europe that replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find locations in Europe that replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find locations in Europe that replicate
+American deserts. and and so forth. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American deserts. and and so forth. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American deserts. and and so forth. Uh
+and the the Italian westerns, especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the Italian westerns, especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the Italian westerns, especially
+those that are associated with Sergio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that are associated with Sergio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that are associated with Sergio
+Leone, uh have a kind of dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leone, uh have a kind of dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leone, uh have a kind of dark
+existential almost nihilistic flavor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential almost nihilistic flavor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential almost nihilistic flavor.
+And one of the things that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the things that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the things that that that
+Leone did that was very subversive. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leone did that was very subversive. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leone did that was very subversive. He
+took characters act American actors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took characters act American actors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took characters act American actors who
+were associated with great heroic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were associated with great heroic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were associated with great heroic
+idealistic roles in American westerns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealistic roles in American westerns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealistic roles in American westerns of
+of the 40s and 50s and he put them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 40s and 50s and he put them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 40s and 50s and he put them into
+westerns in which they played evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns in which they played evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns in which they played evil
+villains, murderous uh uh uh criminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villains, murderous uh uh uh criminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villains, murderous uh uh uh criminals
+who who had no compassion or pity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who had no compassion or pity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who had no compassion or pity for
+any of their victims. And there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of their victims. And there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of their victims. And there's
+something shocking about seeing noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something shocking about seeing noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something shocking about seeing noble
+Henry Fonda who played young Abe Lincoln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Fonda who played young Abe Lincoln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Fonda who played young Abe Lincoln
+in John Ford's movie and played so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in John Ford's movie and played so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in John Ford's movie and played so many
+wonderful heroic figures including in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful heroic figures including in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful heroic figures including in uh
+in uh including Wyatt including Wyatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh including Wyatt including Wyatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh including Wyatt including Wyatt
+Herp in in uh uh My Darling Clementine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herp in in uh uh My Darling Clementine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herp in in uh uh My Darling Clementine
+uh uh suddenly turned into a to a to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh suddenly turned into a to a to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh suddenly turned into a to a to a
+stone killer. Uh and that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone killer. Uh and that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone killer. Uh and that kind of
+reversal anticipates what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal anticipates what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal anticipates what happens in the
+1970s. Now um uh and of course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s. Now um uh and of course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s. Now um uh and of course what
+happens in the 70s partly again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the 70s partly again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the 70s partly again a
+consequence of trans transformations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of trans transformations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of trans transformations in
+American society. I'll talk a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society. I'll talk a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society. I'll talk a bit about
+the cultural history of the 70s next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cultural history of the 70s next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cultural history of the 70s next
+week when I talk about film in the 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week when I talk about film in the 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week when I talk about film in the 70s
+in a systematic way. But suffice it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a systematic way. But suffice it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a systematic way. But suffice it to
+say for now that what goes on there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for now that what goes on there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for now that what goes on there is a
+a series of westerns begin to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of westerns begin to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of westerns begin to appear
+that are permeated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are permeated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are permeated by the
+anti-establishment values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-establishment values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-establishment values of the
+counterculture that are permeated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterculture that are permeated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterculture that are permeated by the
+anti-war movement. Right? because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-war movement. Right? because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-war movement. Right? because the
+era right of the Vietnam War of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era right of the Vietnam War of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era right of the Vietnam War of
+tremendous fissures in American society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous fissures in American society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous fissures in American society
+it's uh I'll talk more about this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh I'll talk more about this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh I'll talk more about this next
+week so I don't want to repeat myself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so I don't want to repeat myself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so I don't want to repeat myself so
+it's a period in which American culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a period in which American culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a period in which American culture
+is is conflicted and and divided in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is conflicted and and divided in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is conflicted and and divided in a
+horrific way and the westerns begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific way and the westerns begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific way and the westerns begin to
+reflect that uh and in fact the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect that uh and in fact the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect that uh and in fact the old
+heroic enterprise of of the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic enterprise of of the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic enterprise of of the classic
+westerns of the 1940s and early 50s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns of the 1940s and early 50s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns of the 1940s and early 50s is
+suddenly transformed in a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly transformed in a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly transformed in a series of
+anti-westerns or dissenting westerns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-westerns or dissenting westerns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-westerns or dissenting westerns in
+1970, Ralph Nelson makes a film called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970, Ralph Nelson makes a film called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970, Ralph Nelson makes a film called
+Soldier Blue, in which the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soldier Blue, in which the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soldier Blue, in which the American
+cavalry, the the the the heroes of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavalry, the the the the heroes of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavalry, the the the the heroes of so
+many films, including a trilogy of films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many films, including a trilogy of films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many films, including a trilogy of films
+by John Ford made in the late 40s called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by John Ford made in the late 40s called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by John Ford made in the late 40s called
+the Cavalry Trilogy, right? in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cavalry Trilogy, right? in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cavalry Trilogy, right? in which
+John Wayne is in one of those films, at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wayne is in one of those films, at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wayne is in one of those films, at
+least one of those films, uh celebrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of those films, uh celebrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of those films, uh celebrates
+the American the the the blue the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American the the the blue the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American the the the blue the blue
+suited cavalry of the of the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited cavalry of the of the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited cavalry of the of the western
+era. In Ralph Nelson's film, the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era. In Ralph Nelson's film, the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era. In Ralph Nelson's film, the the the
+soldier the the American soldiers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldier the the American soldiers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldier the the American soldiers are
+the enemy. They're the they're it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enemy. They're the they're it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enemy. They're the they're it's
+almost they they commit atrocities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost they they commit atrocities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost they they commit atrocities that
+some scholars have associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scholars have associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scholars have associated with the
+mi atrocities in Vietnam. And the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mi atrocities in Vietnam. And the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mi atrocities in Vietnam. And the so the
+western has become a screen on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western has become a screen on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western has become a screen on which
+America's anxieties about the Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's anxieties about the Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's anxieties about the Vietnam
+War have been projected. Why would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War have been projected. Why would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War have been projected. Why would the
+Western work so well for this? One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western work so well for this? One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western work so well for this? One
+answer is what I've been saying all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is what I've been saying all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is what I've been saying all
+along about the power of genre and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along about the power of genre and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along about the power of genre and the
+power of repetition. Look, if a thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of repetition. Look, if a thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of repetition. Look, if a thing is
+repeated again and again and again, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated again and again and again, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated again and again and again, it
+looks familiar. When it's so familiar,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks familiar. When it's so familiar,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks familiar. When it's so familiar,
+what happens? It licenses something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens? It licenses something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens? It licenses something
+disturbing because it's s because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing because it's s because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing because it's s because the
+genres it seems on the surface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres it seems on the surface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres it seems on the surface to
+contain so many familiar reassuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain so many familiar reassuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain so many familiar reassuring
+elements. those very elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. those very elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. those very elements of
+reassurance enable the exploration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassurance enable the exploration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassurance enable the exploration of
+disturbing or uncertain or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing or uncertain or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing or uncertain or or or
+problematic materials. And that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic materials. And that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic materials. And that's one of
+the re and of course because any any no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re and of course because any any no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re and of course because any any no
+not any one of these films would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not any one of these films would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not any one of these films would have
+nothing like the power they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like the power they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like the power they actually
+have if they existed individually but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if they existed individually but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if they existed individually but
+it's because they're part of this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because they're part of this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because they're part of this long
+conversation that goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that goes back to the
+earliest days of movies that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest days of movies that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest days of movies that they have
+the power that they have. In 1971, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power that they have. In 1971, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power that they have. In 1971, the
+film starring Dustin Hoffman, Little Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film starring Dustin Hoffman, Little Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film starring Dustin Hoffman, Little Big
+Man, is another such film in which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Man, is another such film in which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Man, is another such film in which it's
+the Indians, the Native Americans who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indians, the Native Americans who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Indians, the Native Americans who
+are the heroes. And the Little Big Man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the heroes. And the Little Big Man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the heroes. And the Little Big Man
+of the title is played by Dustin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the title is played by Dustin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the title is played by Dustin
+Hoffman. He's a Native American who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoffman. He's a Native American who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoffman. He's a Native American who has
+survived uh Indian Massacres and lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived uh Indian Massacres and lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived uh Indian Massacres and lives
+to tell the story, tell uh uh and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the story, tell uh uh and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the story, tell uh uh and of
+course in 1971, the film you'll see next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in 1971, the film you'll see next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in 1971, the film you'll see next
+week that will embody these principles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that will embody these principles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that will embody these principles,
+Robert Alman's McCabe and Mrs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Alman's McCabe and Mrs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Alman's McCabe and Mrs.
+Miller, the Western doesn't disappear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller, the Western doesn't disappear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller, the Western doesn't disappear.
+It doesn't completely die, but it falls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It doesn't completely die, but it falls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It doesn't completely die, but it falls.
+It falls away uh as time continues. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It falls away uh as time continues. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It falls away uh as time continues. In
+part, I think because our increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, I think because our increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, I think because our increasingly
+urbanized society after the 1950s became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanized society after the 1950s became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanized society after the 1950s became
+less and less amanable. The western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and less amanable. The western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and less amanable. The western
+became less and less less and less uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became less and less less and less uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became less and less less and less uh
+credible or valuable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible or valuable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible or valuable or
+or it became harder and harder for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it became harder and harder for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it became harder and harder for most
+Americans to identify with aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans to identify with aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans to identify with aspects of
+the western. That's one reason. And and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western. That's one reason. And and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western. That's one reason. And and
+other genres begin to take over,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other genres begin to take over,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other genres begin to take over,
+especially the science fiction genre.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the science fiction genre.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the science fiction genre.
+And one of the things you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the things you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the things you might think
+about if you think about the rise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you think about the rise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you think about the rise of
+science fiction in from 19 from the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction in from 19 from the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction in from 19 from the 50s
+and 60s and the and then especially from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 60s and the and then especially from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 60s and the and then especially from
+the 70s and beyond and especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s and beyond and especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s and beyond and especially the
+rise of the science fiction film is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of the science fiction film is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of the science fiction film is you
+can begin to see a hybridization going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can begin to see a hybridization going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can begin to see a hybridization going
+on in which many of the features of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in which many of the features of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in which many of the features of the
+western are superimposed on a science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western are superimposed on a science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western are superimposed on a science
+fiction format and think I'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction format and think I'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction format and think I'm sure you
+can think of many such examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of many such examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of many such examples of
+science fiction films that borrow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction films that borrow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction films that borrow from
+and utilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and utilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and utilize
+western conventions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's one feature that be certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's one feature that be certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's one feature that be certain
+kinds of hybridization in which some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of hybridization in which some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of hybridization in which some of
+the features of a western begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features of a western begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features of a western begin to
+appear in other genres. uh but this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in other genres. uh but this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in other genres. uh but this but
+of course the western because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the western because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the western because of the
+resonance of the form it continues to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance of the form it continues to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance of the form it continues to be
+a space in which gifted directors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space in which gifted directors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space in which gifted directors are
+able to make statements about the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make statements about the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make statements about the nature
+of American society and the exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of American society and the exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of American society and the exactly
+again because of the familiarity of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because of the familiarity of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because of the familiarity of it
+and because of the long history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of the long history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of the long history of the
+discourse we associate the themes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse we associate the themes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse we associate the themes and
+discourses we associate with the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourses we associate with the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourses we associate with the western
+every new western is always implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every new western is always implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every new western is always implicitly
+in a conversation with its ancestors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a conversation with its ancestors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a conversation with its ancestors and
+we have in the 1990s a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the 1990s a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the 1990s a series of
+interesting films some of you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting films some of you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting films some of you may have
+seen them. Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen them. Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen them. Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven,
+Kevin Cosner's Dances with Wolves, two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin Cosner's Dances with Wolves, two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kevin Cosner's Dances with Wolves, two
+more versions of the Wyatt Herp story,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more versions of the Wyatt Herp story,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more versions of the Wyatt Herp story,
+uh Tombstone and and uh Wyatt Herp. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tombstone and and uh Wyatt Herp. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tombstone and and uh Wyatt Herp. Uh
+just a couple of of of titles from more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of of of titles from more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple of of of titles from more
+recent times in 2007, 310 to Yuma, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent times in 2007, 310 to Yuma, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent times in 2007, 310 to Yuma, a
+remake of a of a of an earlier film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remake of a of a of an earlier film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remake of a of a of an earlier film
+listed that I that that I that I listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed that I that that I that I listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed that I that that I that I listed
+earlier, a 1957 film. If you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier, a 1957 film. If you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier, a 1957 film. If you compare
+those two films, you can see how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two films, you can see how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two films, you can see how much
+more violent, how much more anarctic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more violent, how much more anarctic,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more violent, how much more anarctic,
+how much less idealizing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much less idealizing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much less idealizing and
+romanticizing the western has become.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romanticizing the western has become.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romanticizing the western has become.
+Uh, The Assassination of Jesse James by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, The Assassination of Jesse James by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, The Assassination of Jesse James by
+the coward Robert Ford, a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coward Robert Ford, a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coward Robert Ford, a wonderful
+title which replicates exactly the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title which replicates exactly the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title which replicates exactly the title
+of one of those dime novels, uh, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of those dime novels, uh, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of those dime novels, uh, uh,
+appeared in 2007. And let me mention two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in 2007. And let me mention two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in 2007. And let me mention two
+astonishingly rich and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly rich and interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly rich and interesting
+examples from television. Television by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from television. Television by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from television. Television by
+the by the 80s and 90s is already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the 80s and 90s is already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the 80s and 90s is already a
+rival to the movies has really replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival to the movies has really replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival to the movies has really replaced
+the movies in many ways in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies in many ways in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies in many ways in terms of
+complexity and richness as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and richness as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and richness as well as
+having replaced the movies somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having replaced the movies somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having replaced the movies somewhat
+earlier as our consensus form as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier as our consensus form as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier as our consensus form as our
+central form but two films especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central form but two films especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central form but two films especially
+one the famous the the well-known uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the famous the the well-known uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the famous the the well-known uh uh
+uh miniseries Lonesome Dove made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh miniseries Lonesome Dove made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh miniseries Lonesome Dove made from
+the Larry Mcmmerry novel one of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Larry Mcmmerry novel one of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Larry Mcmmerry novel one of the best
+television one of the best westerns ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television one of the best westerns ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television one of the best westerns ever
+made a a wonderful multi-part story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a a wonderful multi-part story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a a wonderful multi-part story
+utilizing the serial nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilizing the serial nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilizing the serial nature of
+television to tell a western with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television to tell a western with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television to tell a western with an
+expansiveness that the movie screen can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansiveness that the movie screen can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansiveness that the movie screen can
+allow but that the conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow but that the conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow but that the conditions of
+exhibition in the movies do not allow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in the movies do not allow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition in the movies do not allow.
+Right? You can't go back to the movie.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You can't go back to the movie.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You can't go back to the movie.
+You can't watch a movie for six hours or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't watch a movie for six hours or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't watch a movie for six hours or
+eight hours. Uh and it's much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hours. Uh and it's much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hours. Uh and it's much less
+convenient to go once a week for for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to go once a week for for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to go once a week for for two
+hours for seven or eight weeks to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours for seven or eight weeks to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours for seven or eight weeks to see
+the same story. But television's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same story. But television's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same story. But television's a
+perfect environment for that. In that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect environment for that. In that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect environment for that. In that
+sense, uh the small the the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, uh the small the the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, uh the small the the reduced
+visual scale of television is what keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual scale of television is what keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual scale of television is what keeps
+it keeps the television from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps the television from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps the television from being
+really as powerful a medium for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really as powerful a medium for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really as powerful a medium for the
+western as the movies are. But still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western as the movies are. But still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western as the movies are. But still
+great film, great westerns are made. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great film, great westerns are made. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great film, great westerns are made. And
+the greatest of all television westerns,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest of all television westerns,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest of all television westerns,
+one of the great westerns, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great westerns, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great westerns, one of the
+greatest westerns ever made is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest westerns ever made is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest westerns ever made is the
+ongoing series, David Milch's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing series, David Milch's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing series, David Milch's great
+series, Deadwood, that appeared on HBO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, Deadwood, that appeared on HBO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, Deadwood, that appeared on HBO
+from 2004 to 2006 was abruptly cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2004 to 2006 was abruptly cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2004 to 2006 was abruptly cut off
+by the HBO bosses. In my view, it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the HBO bosses. In my view, it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the HBO bosses. In my view, it's the
+equivalent in the history of television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in the history of television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in the history of television
+to the story of what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the story of what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the story of what happened to the
+last laugh in which the in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last laugh in which the in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last laugh in which the in which the
+producers damaged a work of art. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers damaged a work of art. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers damaged a work of art. But
+even in its damaged form, Deadwood is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in its damaged form, Deadwood is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in its damaged form, Deadwood is
+one of the most remarkable westerns ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most remarkable westerns ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most remarkable westerns ever
+made. Uh, and it is deeply deeply deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made. Uh, and it is deeply deeply deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made. Uh, and it is deeply deeply deeply
+anarctic, dissenting, uh, skeptical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anarctic, dissenting, uh, skeptical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anarctic, dissenting, uh, skeptical
+about human values and about and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about human values and about and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about human values and about and about
+motives. It's the opposite of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives. It's the opposite of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives. It's the opposite of an
+idealizing western. It sees the West as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealizing western. It sees the West as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealizing western. It sees the West as
+emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging
+from and western society as emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and western society as emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and western society as emerging
+from human greed, from entrepreneuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from human greed, from entrepreneuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from human greed, from entrepreneuring
+uh, uh, violence and viciousness, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, uh, violence and viciousness, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, uh, violence and viciousness, uh,
+from from fear. uh it it it from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from fear. uh it it it from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from fear. uh it it it from a
+historical and intellectual standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical and intellectual standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical and intellectual standpoint
+it's a far more persuasive understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a far more persuasive understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a far more persuasive understanding
+of how history evolves I think uh than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how history evolves I think uh than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how history evolves I think uh than
+earlier idealizing forms a deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier idealizing forms a deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier idealizing forms a deeply
+disturbing and powerful uh text. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing and powerful uh text. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing and powerful uh text. So the
+western remains even in its vestigial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western remains even in its vestigial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western remains even in its vestigial
+condition even though it's now faded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition even though it's now faded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition even though it's now faded
+it's no longer as central a format for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer as central a format for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer as central a format for
+an urbanized and technologized society.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an urbanized and technologized society.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an urbanized and technologized society.
+Remember the United States before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the United States before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the United States before the
+second world war was mo still mostly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war was mo still mostly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war was mo still mostly a
+rural society. We only became a suburban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural society. We only became a suburban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural society. We only became a suburban
+and an urban a fully urban society after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an urban a fully urban society after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an urban a fully urban society after
+the second world war. And uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war. And uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war. And uh uh the
+growth of the suburbs is the great event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of the suburbs is the great event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of the suburbs is the great event
+of course after the second world war.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course after the second world war.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course after the second world war.
+what and what so that so that uh uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and what so that so that uh uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and what so that so that uh uh more
+and more of the population found rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more of the population found rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more of the population found rural
+spaces alien and didn't grow up in big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces alien and didn't grow up in big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces alien and didn't grow up in big
+spaces and didn't and and couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and didn't and and couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and didn't and and couldn't
+identify in the same way with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify in the same way with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify in the same way with the
+western story and the conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western story and the conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western story and the conditions of
+experience the conditions of life in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the conditions of life in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the conditions of life in the
+United States underwent a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States underwent a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States underwent a transformation
+that made the western a more much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made the western a more much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made the western a more much more
+of a of a of a traditional a vestigial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a of a traditional a vestigial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a of a traditional a vestigial
+voice a vestigial form than a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice a vestigial form than a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice a vestigial form than a central
+one and we can trace the progress of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we can trace the progress of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we can trace the progress of
+that of the film 's movement of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the film 's movement of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the film 's movement of of the
+western genres movement from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western genres movement from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western genres movement from the center
+to the more marginal or peripheral parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the more marginal or peripheral parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the more marginal or peripheral parts
+of the society in this history that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the society in this history that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the society in this history that I've
+briefly shown you. I have a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly shown you. I have a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly shown you. I have a few things
+to say about John Ford. Can we put him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about John Ford. Can we put him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about John Ford. Can we put him
+up? I won't spend a lot of time on this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up? I won't spend a lot of time on this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up? I won't spend a lot of time on this,
+but I want to u mention uh some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to u mention uh some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to u mention uh some things
+about him. The the this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him. The the this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him. The the this is a this is a
+list of his of some of his of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of his of some of his of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of his of some of his of some of
+his significant films. Uh not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his significant films. Uh not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his significant films. Uh not all that
+I've listed here are westerns, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've listed here are westerns, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've listed here are westerns, but you
+can see uh a number of them are. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see uh a number of them are. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see uh a number of them are. He
+begins in the silent era. He continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins in the silent era. He continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins in the silent era. He continues
+robustly through the sound era. Be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustly through the sound era. Be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustly through the sound era. Be one
+of the great directors of the sound era.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great directors of the sound era.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great directors of the sound era.
+And and uh you can see uh you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and uh you can see uh you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and uh you can see uh you know a
+film like Young Mr. Lincoln uh uh is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film like Young Mr. Lincoln uh uh is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film like Young Mr. Lincoln uh uh is is
+is not quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite a
+western. Drums along the Mohawk half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western. Drums along the Mohawk half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western. Drums along the Mohawk half a
+western. But he made other films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western. But he made other films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western. But he made other films that
+were that were not westerns. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that were not westerns. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that were not westerns. But the
+western was his signature form. He was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western was his signature form. He was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western was his signature form. He was a
+very unpretentious man. And when he when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unpretentious man. And when he when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unpretentious man. And when he when
+he was introduced to people, he often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was introduced to people, he often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was introduced to people, he often
+said, "Hello, I'm John Ford. I direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Hello, I'm John Ford. I direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Hello, I'm John Ford. I direct
+westerns. I make westerns." He didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns. I make westerns." He didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns. I make westerns." He didn't
+say, "I'm a film director." He didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "I'm a film director." He didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "I'm a film director." He didn't
+say, "I'm a saist." He didn't say, "Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "I'm a saist." He didn't say, "Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "I'm a saist." He didn't say, "Uh,
+I'm an artist in the movies." He said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an artist in the movies." He said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an artist in the movies." He said,
+"I I make westerns." And I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"I I make westerns." And I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"I I make westerns." And I like the
+unpretentiousness of that of that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpretentiousness of that of that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpretentiousness of that of that of
+that uh uh quality in him. Uh he was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh quality in him. Uh he was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh quality in him. Uh he was the
+13th child of Irish immigrants uh born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13th child of Irish immigrants uh born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13th child of Irish immigrants uh born
+in Maine. His father was a saloon owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Maine. His father was a saloon owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Maine. His father was a saloon owner
+and at the age of 18 in 1913 after high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the age of 18 in 1913 after high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the age of 18 in 1913 after high
+school he followed his brother Jack to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school he followed his brother Jack to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school he followed his brother Jack to
+Hollywood when he was uh where he where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood when he was uh where he where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood when he was uh where he where
+his brother was a writer and a director.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brother was a writer and a director.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brother was a writer and a director.
+He began to work in his brother's films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He began to work in his brother's films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He began to work in his brother's films
+as a prop man and a stuntman and a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a prop man and a stuntman and a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a prop man and a stuntman and a bit
+actor. He played a Klux Clansman in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor. He played a Klux Clansman in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor. He played a Klux Clansman in the
+Birth of a Nation. So he's he's he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth of a Nation. So he's he's he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth of a Nation. So he's he's he's a
+man who's right the first what's why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who's right the first what's why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who's right the first what's why is
+Birth of a Nation important? the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth of a Nation important? the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth of a Nation important? the first
+featurelength film in the United States,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featurelength film in the United States,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featurelength film in the United States,
+DW Griffith. Uh um and and um uh u shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DW Griffith. Uh um and and um uh u shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DW Griffith. Uh um and and um uh u shows
+Ford's connection to the history, his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford's connection to the history, his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford's connection to the history, his
+centrality to the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality to the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality to the history of the
+American film. Uh and uh he he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American film. Uh and uh he he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American film. Uh and uh he he he
+directed his first film in 1917, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed his first film in 1917, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed his first film in 1917, which
+was a it was a bank robbery western. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a it was a bank robbery western. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a it was a bank robbery western. And
+he in in that year he directed his first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he in in that year he directed his first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he in in that year he directed his first
+feature, the film I listed earlier on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature, the film I listed earlier on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature, the film I listed earlier on
+the list on our on our little history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list on our on our little history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list on our on our little history of
+the western, straight shooting. uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western, straight shooting. uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western, straight shooting. uh and
+then a series of films uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a series of films uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a series of films uh through
+through through the through through his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the through through his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the through through his
+through his career that um uh 30 silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his career that um uh 30 silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his career that um uh 30 silent
+films by 1921 nearly all of which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films by 1921 nearly all of which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films by 1921 nearly all of which have
+been lost. So he was a very prolific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been lost. So he was a very prolific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been lost. So he was a very prolific
+director in the silent era and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director in the silent era and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director in the silent era and uh um
+finally at the end of his career he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the end of his career he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the end of his career he had
+directed more than a hundred films over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed more than a hundred films over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed more than a hundred films over
+60 sound features 14 westerns of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 sound features 14 westerns of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 sound features 14 westerns of which
+at least five to seven are among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least five to seven are among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least five to seven are among the
+greatest westerns ever made. Uh I I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest westerns ever made. Uh I I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest westerns ever made. Uh I I I I
+won't single out any particular films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't single out any particular films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't single out any particular films
+here except to indicate that by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here except to indicate that by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here except to indicate that by the time
+we get to the late 50s to the searchers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the late 50s to the searchers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the late 50s to the searchers,
+the man who shot Liberty Valance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man who shot Liberty Valance,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man who shot Liberty Valance,
+Cheyenne Autumn, Seven Women, a new kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheyenne Autumn, Seven Women, a new kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheyenne Autumn, Seven Women, a new kind
+of skepticism has entered into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skepticism has entered into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skepticism has entered into the
+idealizing and heroic tendencies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealizing and heroic tendencies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealizing and heroic tendencies that
+were characteristic of Ford's work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were characteristic of Ford's work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were characteristic of Ford's work in
+his earlier westerns. And one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his earlier westerns. And one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his earlier westerns. And one of the
+reasons that the film you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that the film you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that the film you're going to
+see tonight is so central is that it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see tonight is so central is that it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see tonight is so central is that it may
+be Ford's most profoundly ambivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Ford's most profoundly ambivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Ford's most profoundly ambivalent
+western. The the western in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western. The the western in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western. The the western in which
+his impulse to celebrate the heroic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his impulse to celebrate the heroic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his impulse to celebrate the heroic
+qualities of these pioneers and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of these pioneers and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of these pioneers and and and
+the resilience and uh um uh survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resilience and uh um uh survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resilience and uh um uh survival
+qualities that were required to live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities that were required to live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities that were required to live in
+these in to survive in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in to survive in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in to survive in these
+environments are ve are are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments are ve are are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments are ve are are very
+central. But but he's begun to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central. But but he's begun to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central. But but he's begun to recognize
+begun to acknowledge what his earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun to acknowledge what his earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun to acknowledge what his earlier
+films had not acknowledged the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films had not acknowledged the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films had not acknowledged the moral
+complexities of the idea that the whites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities of the idea that the whites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities of the idea that the whites
+should come and take gland away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come and take gland away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come and take gland away from the
+Indians that the you know he's become to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians that the you know he's become to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians that the you know he's become to
+realize that the settlement of the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the settlement of the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the settlement of the west
+is not an unambiguous triumphal story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an unambiguous triumphal story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an unambiguous triumphal story
+but a more complex and morally ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a more complex and morally ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a more complex and morally ambiguous
+tale and that moral ambiguity is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tale and that moral ambiguity is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tale and that moral ambiguity is at the
+heart of the film you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the film you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the film you're going to see
+tonight the searchers. It has a damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight the searchers. It has a damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight the searchers. It has a damaged
+hero, as you'll recognize. It's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero, as you'll recognize. It's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero, as you'll recognize. It's probably
+John Wayne's greatest role. John Wayne,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wayne's greatest role. John Wayne,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wayne's greatest role. John Wayne,
+he plays a character named Ethan in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he plays a character named Ethan in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he plays a character named Ethan in the
+film. And it's interesting, maybe Wayne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. And it's interesting, maybe Wayne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. And it's interesting, maybe Wayne
+didn't fully understand how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't fully understand how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't fully understand how how
+ambivalently the central character is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambivalently the central character is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambivalently the central character is
+treated because he named his firstborn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated because he named his firstborn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated because he named his firstborn
+son Ethan. It's a strange thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son Ethan. It's a strange thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son Ethan. It's a strange thing because
+the Ethan that John Wayne plays here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ethan that John Wayne plays here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ethan that John Wayne plays here is
+not really an attractive person. He has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really an attractive person. He has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really an attractive person. He has
+qualities that we admire and that John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities that we admire and that John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities that we admire and that John
+Wayne and that John Ford surely admires.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne and that John Ford surely admires.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne and that John Ford surely admires.
+uh you know he's he's tremendously good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know he's he's tremendously good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know he's he's tremendously good
+with a gun. He's deeply knowledgeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gun. He's deeply knowledgeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gun. He's deeply knowledgeable
+about how to survive in the West. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to survive in the West. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to survive in the West. He
+knows a tremendous amount about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a tremendous amount about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a tremendous amount about the
+Native Americans. He he could ride a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native Americans. He he could ride a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native Americans. He he could ride a
+horse like a like a rodeo rider, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse like a like a rodeo rider, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse like a like a rodeo rider, right?
+He's brave beyond belief, but he's also,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's brave beyond belief, but he's also,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's brave beyond belief, but he's also,
+as we discover, a racist. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discover, a racist. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discover, a racist. There's a
+danger all the way through the film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger all the way through the film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger all the way through the film that
+he may murder the young girl he's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may murder the young girl he's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may murder the young girl he's trying
+to find. uh he's searching for a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find. uh he's searching for a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find. uh he's searching for a young
+girl and there's some question all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl and there's some question all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl and there's some question all the
+way through the film of what his motive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through the film of what his motive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through the film of what his motive
+is whether he wants to find her to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether he wants to find her to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether he wants to find her to kill
+her or whether he wants to find her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her or whether he wants to find her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her or whether he wants to find her to
+rescue her. Why does he want to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue her. Why does he want to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue her. Why does he want to kill
+her? Part of his damage. The implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her? Part of his damage. The implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her? Part of his damage. The implication
+of the early part of the film is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the early part of the film is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the early part of the film is that
+not just the implication the fact is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the implication the fact is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the implication the fact is he
+come in the early part of the film we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the early part of the film we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the early part of the film we
+discover that he probably f that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that he probably f that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that he probably f that he
+fought on the confederate side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fought on the confederate side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fought on the confederate side of the
+war. So he's coming home a loser. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war. So he's coming home a loser. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war. So he's coming home a loser. And
+there's an implication very early as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an implication very early as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an implication very early as
+you'll see that he committed various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that he committed various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that he committed various
+kinds of crime that he rode with outlaws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of crime that he rode with outlaws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of crime that he rode with outlaws
+uh uh dur and and and and uh um uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh dur and and and and uh um uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh dur and and and and uh um uh and
+that some of the loot that he has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the loot that he has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the loot that he has uh
+taken from the war may be ill gained,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from the war may be ill gained,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from the war may be ill gained,
+right? That he didn't that that that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That he didn't that that that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That he didn't that that that his
+that he was a that he's a bitter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was a that he's a bitter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was a that he's a bitter and
+unhappy war veteran who feels that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy war veteran who feels that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy war veteran who feels that his
+side lost. So he he enters the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lost. So he he enters the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side lost. So he he enters the film
+bitter as a as an embittered and damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitter as a as an embittered and damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitter as a as an embittered and damaged
+person. As the film continues, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. As the film continues, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. As the film continues, we
+recognize that in fact this family he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that in fact this family he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that in fact this family he's
+returned to, his brother's family and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned to, his brother's family and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned to, his brother's family and
+his brother's wife and his nieces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brother's wife and his nieces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brother's wife and his nieces and
+nephews uh uh that there's a complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nephews uh uh that there's a complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nephews uh uh that there's a complexity
+there because of the looks that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because of the looks that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because of the looks that he
+exchanges with his brother's wife. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges with his brother's wife. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges with his brother's wife. You
+realize not that they've ever had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize not that they've ever had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize not that they've ever had an
+affair or anything, but that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affair or anything, but that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affair or anything, but that they had
+loved each other first and that the wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved each other first and that the wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved each other first and that the wife
+maybe still loves the John Wayne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe still loves the John Wayne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe still loves the John Wayne
+character even though she'll never act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character even though she'll never act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character even though she'll never act
+on it. Watch how that happens because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it. Watch how that happens because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it. Watch how that happens because
+not a word of dialogue is spoken but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a word of dialogue is spoken but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a word of dialogue is spoken but
+Ford dramatizes this almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford dramatizes this almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford dramatizes this almost
+heavy-handedly. It's not all ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy-handedly. It's not all ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy-handedly. It's not all ambiguous
+even though the John John Wayne's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the John John Wayne's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the John John Wayne's the
+character playing John Wayne's brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character playing John Wayne's brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character playing John Wayne's brother
+is completely oblivious to this but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely oblivious to this but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely oblivious to this but the
+audience knows this. So he's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience knows this. So he's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience knows this. So he's an
+embittered a damaged a partial figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embittered a damaged a partial figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embittered a damaged a partial figure
+even from the beginning and then as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even from the beginning and then as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even from the beginning and then as the
+as the story goes on we discover other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the story goes on we discover other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the story goes on we discover other
+qualities in him that make us nervous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities in him that make us nervous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities in him that make us nervous.
+Uh uh I've said for example that he may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh uh I've said for example that he may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh uh I've said for example that he may
+be a racist and we don't know why whe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a racist and we don't know why whe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a racist and we don't know why whe
+whether he'll kill or save the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he'll kill or save the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he'll kill or save the person
+he's after. the person the the the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's after. the person the the the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's after. the person the the the film
+involves an an Indian attack in which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an an Indian attack in which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an an Indian attack in which in
+which uh the John Wayne character's Nate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the John Wayne character's Nate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the John Wayne character's Nate
+niece is taken by Indians and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niece is taken by Indians and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niece is taken by Indians and the most
+of the film is the John Wayne character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film is the John Wayne character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film is the John Wayne character
+and his sidekick attempt to recover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his sidekick attempt to recover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his sidekick attempt to recover the
+stolen woman right and all his niece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen woman right and all his niece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen woman right and all his niece
+right she's stolen as a child but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right she's stolen as a child but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right she's stolen as a child but it
+takes many years before they recover her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes many years before they recover her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes many years before they recover her
+and by the time they recover she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the time they recover she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the time they recover she's a
+young woman and she's been the wife of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young woman and she's been the wife of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young woman and she's been the wife of a
+of a of an Indian brave a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of an Indian brave a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of an Indian brave a character
+named Scar who was really ultimately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Scar who was really ultimately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Scar who was really ultimately a
+kind of double of the of the of the hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of double of the of the of the hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of double of the of the of the hero
+in certain ways as we as we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain ways as we as we come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain ways as we as we come to
+recognize when we when we look when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize when we when we look when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize when we when we look when we
+look closely at the film and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh he his search for this girl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he his search for this girl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he his search for this girl is
+ambiguous to us because he's he's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous to us because he's he's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous to us because he's he's so
+against he hates Indians so much it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against he hates Indians so much it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against he hates Indians so much it's a
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+of the remember when the film is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the remember when the film is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the remember when the film is taking
+place during the civil rights era right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place during the civil rights era right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place during the civil rights era right
+so that we we can read John Wayne's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we we can read John Wayne's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we we can read John Wayne's
+hatred of Indians as a as a form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatred of Indians as a as a form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatred of Indians as a as a form of the
+racism uh the anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racism uh the anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racism uh the anti
+anti-affrican-American prejudice that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-affrican-American prejudice that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-affrican-American prejudice that is
+that is being dramatized that is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being dramatized that is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being dramatized that is being
+fought over in in in the civil rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fought over in in in the civil rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fought over in in in the civil rights
+movement in the United States in the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in the United States in the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in the United States in the 50s
+and 1960s. So it's a kind of metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1960s. So it's a kind of metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1960s. So it's a kind of metaphor
+for what's happening there and we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's happening there and we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's happening there and we we're
+not sure whether the John Wayne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure whether the John Wayne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure whether the John Wayne
+character is actually going to save her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is actually going to save her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is actually going to save her
+or kill her when he finds her because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kill her when he finds her because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kill her when he finds her because
+she's been polluted by her connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's been polluted by her connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's been polluted by her connection to
+an Indian. It's about miss, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Indian. It's about miss, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Indian. It's about miss, you know,
+he's and and uh this theme it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's and and uh this theme it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's and and uh this theme it's not it's
+not hidden because because the the John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hidden because because the the John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hidden because because the the John
+Wayne character sidekick is is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne character sidekick is is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne character sidekick is is really
+worried about this and even accuses him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this and even accuses him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this and even accuses him
+of this at some point. So, he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this at some point. So, he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this at some point. So, he's a
+damaged and ambiguous character. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged and ambiguous character. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged and ambiguous character. There
+are things about him we admire, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things about him we admire, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things about him we admire, but
+there are things about him that disturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things about him that disturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things about him that disturb
+us. And at the very end of the film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. And at the very end of the film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. And at the very end of the film in
+in what is one of the most famous images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what is one of the most famous images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what is one of the most famous images
+of in in John Ford's work, we get a shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in in John Ford's work, we get a shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in in John Ford's work, we get a shot
+of John Wayne from the back. He's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of John Wayne from the back. He's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of John Wayne from the back. He's been
+excluded from the community in a We see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from the community in a We see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from the community in a We see
+him from the back. He's standing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him from the back. He's standing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him from the back. He's standing like
+this. We we see him through an aperture,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We we see him through an aperture,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We we see him through an aperture,
+through a doorway. And he grabs his he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a doorway. And he grabs his he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a doorway. And he grabs his he
+makes this kind of a gesture, a gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this kind of a gesture, a gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this kind of a gesture, a gesture
+of vulnerability in which we and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vulnerability in which we and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vulnerability in which we and he's
+standing isolated and alone. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing isolated and alone. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing isolated and alone. There's a
+sense in which he's still this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which he's still this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which he's still this this this
+extraordinary hero has been in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary hero has been in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary hero has been in some
+sense excluded from the very community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense excluded from the very community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense excluded from the very community
+that he helped create in part because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he helped create in part because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he helped create in part because he
+has so because he's because he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so because he's because he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so because he's because he doesn't
+deserve to be part of it. He's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve to be part of it. He's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve to be part of it. He's he's
+damaged. He's imperfect. but but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged. He's imperfect. but but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged. He's imperfect. but but also
+because of the natural the the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the natural the the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the natural the the natural
+or the in the the mythic logic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the in the the mythic logic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the in the the mythic logic of the
+western in which the savior figure is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western in which the savior figure is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western in which the savior figure is so
+tainted by the savagery he saved us from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tainted by the savagery he saved us from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tainted by the savagery he saved us from
+that he can't be included in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he can't be included in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he can't be included in the
+community that he's helped to create. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that he's helped to create. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that he's helped to create. So
+it's a very clear example of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very clear example of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very clear example of this of
+this western pattern, but it's morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this western pattern, but it's morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this western pattern, but it's morally
+complicated because it comes at such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it comes at such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it comes at such a
+late stage and because by this time Ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late stage and because by this time Ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late stage and because by this time Ford
+himself has begun to reflect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself has begun to reflect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself has begun to reflect on the
+implications of the much more simplistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the much more simplistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the much more simplistic
+stories he had told earlier in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories he had told earlier in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories he had told earlier in his
+career. The setting of the film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career. The setting of the film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career. The setting of the film is
+important to talk about because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to talk about because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to talk about because it is
+filmed in a place that came to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed in a place that came to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed in a place that came to be called
+John Wayne's own special theater, his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wayne's own special theater, his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wayne's own special theater, his
+own stage set, Monument Valley in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own stage set, Monument Valley in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own stage set, Monument Valley in
+Arizona. Other directors have worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizona. Other directors have worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arizona. Other directors have worked in
+that place, but they always it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place, but they always it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place, but they always it always
+feels as if they're plagiarizing John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels as if they're plagiarizing John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels as if they're plagiarizing John
+Ford. He made um uh at least nine films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford. He made um uh at least nine films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford. He made um uh at least nine films
+in Monument Valley, and you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Monument Valley, and you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Monument Valley, and you'll see the
+power of that space. uh the looming rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of that space. uh the looming rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of that space. uh the looming rock
+formations, the sense you have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations, the sense you have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations, the sense you have all the
+way through the film that the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through the film that the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through the film that the human
+habitations are minimal do minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitations are minimal do minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitations are minimal do minimal
+structures that could be blown away in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that could be blown away in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that could be blown away in a
+second and that that are dwarfed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that that are dwarfed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that that are dwarfed in
+compa in comparison to the to the rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compa in comparison to the to the rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compa in comparison to the to the rock
+formations and the grandeur of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations and the grandeur of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations and the grandeur of the
+gigantic natural uh u phenomena that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic natural uh u phenomena that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic natural uh u phenomena that we
+see around us. The human beings seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see around us. The human beings seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see around us. The human beings seem
+small and human the human habitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and human the human habitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and human the human habitation
+seem marginal and far from permanent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem marginal and far from permanent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem marginal and far from permanent in
+this in this world of grandeur of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this world of grandeur of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this world of grandeur of of
+what we might call inhuman grandeur. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call inhuman grandeur. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call inhuman grandeur. Uh
+so the setting is important. The plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setting is important. The plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setting is important. The plot
+very important to realize that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to realize that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to realize that it
+embodies two separate important kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies two separate important kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies two separate important kinds of
+stories. The first the founding story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories. The first the founding story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories. The first the founding story
+what I've talked about earlier today the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've talked about earlier today the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've talked about earlier today the
+idea that this is the a founding how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that this is the a founding how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that this is the a founding how a
+culture is founded right uh you create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture is founded right uh you create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture is founded right uh you create a
+society against waring elements rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society against waring elements rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society against waring elements rescue
+it from the wilderness from uh and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the wilderness from uh and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the wilderness from uh and from
+and from savage not just savage nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from savage not just savage nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from savage not just savage nature
+but from but from but but but but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from but from but but but but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from but from but but but but from
+savage antagonists the American Indians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savage antagonists the American Indians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savage antagonists the American Indians
+who don't want to give up their land and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't want to give up their land and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't want to give up their land and
+who are in until we get to this film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in until we get to this film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in until we get to this film in
+John Ford's films mostly had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Ford's films mostly had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Ford's films mostly had been
+figured as anarctic figures of pure evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured as anarctic figures of pure evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured as anarctic figures of pure evil
+They hadn't been humanized. They'd been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They hadn't been humanized. They'd been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They hadn't been humanized. They'd been
+seen as part of nature. Right? Uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as part of nature. Right? Uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as part of nature. Right? Uh in
+this film, not so. There's a sympathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film, not so. There's a sympathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film, not so. There's a sympathy
+for the Indians that enters this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Indians that enters this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Indians that enters this film
+that helps to explain its complexity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps to explain its complexity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps to explain its complexity and
+its richness. The second great story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its richness. The second great story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its richness. The second great story is
+the captives tale. One of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the captives tale. One of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the captives tale. One of the central
+and earliest forms of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and earliest forms of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and earliest forms of American
+narrative. The captives tale that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative. The captives tale that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative. The captives tale that is
+told here is based on a true story. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told here is based on a true story. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told here is based on a true story. A
+woman named Cynthia Anne Parker was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman named Cynthia Anne Parker was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman named Cynthia Anne Parker was
+abducted at the age of nine by Comanches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abducted at the age of nine by Comanches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abducted at the age of nine by Comanches
+in Texas in 1836.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Texas in 1836.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Texas in 1836.
+A novel was written about that event by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A novel was written about that event by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A novel was written about that event by
+Alan Lame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Lame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Lame
+and much after the event and Ford's film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much after the event and Ford's film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much after the event and Ford's film
+is based on the novel. One of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on the novel. One of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on the novel. One of the
+ironies is that the real Cynthia Anne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironies is that the real Cynthia Anne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironies is that the real Cynthia Anne
+Chase uh uh chose her com Cynthia Anne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chase uh uh chose her com Cynthia Anne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chase uh uh chose her com Cynthia Anne
+chose her Comanche husband over her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose her Comanche husband over her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose her Comanche husband over her
+Anglo relatives when she was rescued.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anglo relatives when she was rescued.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anglo relatives when she was rescued.
+She didn't want to leave uh uh unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She didn't want to leave uh uh unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She didn't want to leave uh uh unlike
+the unlike the novel and unlike what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unlike the novel and unlike what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unlike the novel and unlike what
+happens in in the film. And I I mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in in the film. And I I mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in in the film. And I I mention
+this in part to remind you of the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in part to remind you of the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in part to remind you of the sort
+of romanticizing tendencies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of romanticizing tendencies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of romanticizing tendencies of the
+American western, but still captives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American western, but still captives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American western, but still captives
+tales, stories of of white people,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tales, stories of of white people,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tales, stories of of white people,
+especially white women captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially white women captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially white women captured by
+Indians and raised by Indians were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians and raised by Indians were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians and raised by Indians were a
+staple were a were a staple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple were a were a staple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple were a were a staple of the
+popular culture uh uh uh from long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular culture uh uh uh from long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular culture uh uh uh from long
+before the history of movies. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the history of movies. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the history of movies. And the
+move this movie, like other movies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this movie, like other movies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this movie, like other movies,
+dramatizes a version of that captive's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizes a version of that captive's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizes a version of that captive's
+tale. The structure of the film is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tale. The structure of the film is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tale. The structure of the film is worth
+calling attention to in part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling attention to in part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling attention to in part because
+it's ambiguous. One way to organize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ambiguous. One way to organize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ambiguous. One way to organize the
+plot I mean the the structure of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot I mean the the structure of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot I mean the the structure of the of
+the of the film is to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the film is to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the film is to recognize that
+there are seven moments in the film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are seven moments in the film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are seven moments in the film that
+we might think of as like chapters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might think of as like chapters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might think of as like chapters or
+bookmarks. And if you watch for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmarks. And if you watch for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmarks. And if you watch for these
+moments they're all it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments they're all it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments they're all it's also a
+structurally significant uh device. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally significant uh device. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally significant uh device. Uh
+if you watch for these moments, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you watch for these moments, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you watch for these moments, you'll
+be able to follow the you'll recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to follow the you'll recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to follow the you'll recognize
+that the film is progressing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the film is progressing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the film is progressing because
+it's it's uh its time frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh its time frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh its time frame is
+intentionally ambiguous for reasons I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally ambiguous for reasons I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally ambiguous for reasons I'll
+hint at in a moment. And these seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint at in a moment. And these seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint at in a moment. And these seven
+moments all involve a similar kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments all involve a similar kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments all involve a similar kind of
+shot. The camera looks through a doorway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot. The camera looks through a doorway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot. The camera looks through a doorway
+or an opening out into a rectangle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an opening out into a rectangle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an opening out into a rectangle of
+receding light. The very opening of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receding light. The very opening of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receding light. The very opening of the
+film has one such shot. and and at seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has one such shot. and and at seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has one such shot. and and at seven
+different moments in the film, we see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different moments in the film, we see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different moments in the film, we see a
+shot from inside an interior space, from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot from inside an interior space, from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot from inside an interior space, from
+a dark interior space, and we look out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dark interior space, and we look out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dark interior space, and we look out
+through a doorway. You might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a doorway. You might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a doorway. You might ask
+yourself why in a film that celebrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself why in a film that celebrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself why in a film that celebrates
+and that dramatizes the immense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that dramatizes the immense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that dramatizes the immense
+expansiveness of the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansiveness of the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansiveness of the western
+environment, Ford would give us images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment, Ford would give us images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment, Ford would give us images
+so so such self-conscious obvious images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so such self-conscious obvious images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so such self-conscious obvious images
+that that first of all refer to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that first of all refer to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that first of all refer to each
+other. So you think about what the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So you think about what the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So you think about what the when
+they occur in the film, but why he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they occur in the film, but why he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they occur in the film, but why he would
+so intentionally restrict the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so intentionally restrict the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so intentionally restrict the visual
+range of what's available, make you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of what's available, make you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of what's available, make you feel
+confinement. Why does he do that? One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinement. Why does he do that? One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinement. Why does he do that? One
+possible and I I might leave this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and I I might leave this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and I I might leave this for
+your section. And think about why he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your section. And think about why he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your section. And think about why he
+does it. One of one effect is surely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it. One of one effect is surely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it. One of one effect is surely to
+make you even more aware of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you even more aware of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you even more aware of how
+expansive the outside is because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansive the outside is because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansive the outside is because you are
+in the outside for a lot of the time. By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outside for a lot of the time. By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outside for a lot of the time. By
+confining your vision in this way, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining your vision in this way, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining your vision in this way, it's
+a it's a reminder of how how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a reminder of how how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a reminder of how how much
+bigness is out there. But there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigness is out there. But there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigness is out there. But there are
+other reasons as well that for why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons as well that for why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons as well that for why the
+perspective would be restricted to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective would be restricted to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective would be restricted to these
+sort of aperture shots. In any case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of aperture shots. In any case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of aperture shots. In any case,
+there are seven of them through the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are seven of them through the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are seven of them through the film
+and they mark the progress of the film.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they mark the progress of the film.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they mark the progress of the film.
+The reason that the film is so hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reason that the film is so hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reason that the film is so hard to
+follow is in part that the time frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow is in part that the time frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow is in part that the time frame is
+weird. Uh um and I'll come to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird. Uh um and I'll come to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird. Uh um and I'll come to that in a
+second. There is one turning point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. There is one turning point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. There is one turning point in
+the film that I want to mention to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film that I want to mention to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film that I want to mention to you
+that you should watch for. It's a moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should watch for. It's a moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should watch for. It's a moral
+turning point or a psychologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point or a psychologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point or a psychologically
+important turning point because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important turning point because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important turning point because it's a
+moment in the film where the sympathy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the film where the sympathy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the film where the sympathy of
+the viewer is shifted is radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viewer is shifted is radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viewer is shifted is radically
+transformed. Uh um it it occurs fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed. Uh um it it occurs fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed. Uh um it it occurs fairly
+about midway through the film where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about midway through the film where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about midway through the film where uh
+uh the John Wayne character and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the John Wayne character and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the John Wayne character and his
+sidekick Martin Paulie come riding down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidekick Martin Paulie come riding down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidekick Martin Paulie come riding down
+uh a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a a
+um not a quite a mountain but a law a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not a quite a mountain but a law a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not a quite a mountain but a law a
+promontory through heavy snow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promontory through heavy snow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promontory through heavy snow and the
+the weather in the film is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather in the film is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather in the film is interesting
+and powerful. That's one of the ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and powerful. That's one of the ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and powerful. That's one of the ways you
+can feel time passing. The winters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel time passing. The winters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel time passing. The winters and
+summers go by. You can feel the seasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summers go by. You can feel the seasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summers go by. You can feel the seasons
+passing. Uh but you're not clear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing. Uh but you're not clear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing. Uh but you're not clear how
+much time goes by. By the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time goes by. By the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time goes by. By the end of the
+film, you know, many years has gone by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film, you know, many years has gone by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film, you know, many years has gone by
+at least 10 years because the young girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 10 years because the young girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 10 years because the young girl
+who was uh stolen away in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was uh stolen away in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was uh stolen away in the beginning
+is a young woman at the end of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a young woman at the end of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a young woman at the end of the film
+play p play p play p play p play p play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play p play p play p play p play p play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play p play p play p play p play p play
+p play p play p play p play p play p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play p play p play p play p play p play
+p play p play p play p play the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p play p play p play p play the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p play p play p play p play the old
+adult played by the actress uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult played by the actress uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult played by the actress uh um
+um Natalie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Natalie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Natalie
+Wood who a very successful and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wood who a very successful and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wood who a very successful and and and
+and important actress of the of the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important actress of the of the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important actress of the of the 50s
+and 60s um uh and and uh uh so she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 60s um uh and and uh uh so she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 60s um uh and and uh uh so she's a
+grown woman by the end so we know that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown woman by the end so we know that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown woman by the end so we know that a
+significant ificant amount of time has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant ificant amount of time has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant ificant amount of time has
+gone by, but it isn't clear as the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone by, but it isn't clear as the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone by, but it isn't clear as the story
+is going on exactly how much time has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on exactly how much time has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on exactly how much time has
+gone by. And and uh that ambiguity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone by. And and uh that ambiguity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone by. And and uh that ambiguity is
+important. Uh the turning point occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Uh the turning point occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Uh the turning point occurs
+as they're coming down this hill, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're coming down this hill, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're coming down this hill, the
+horses are almost up to their shoulders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses are almost up to their shoulders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses are almost up to their shoulders
+in snow, and they come riding down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in snow, and they come riding down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in snow, and they come riding down this
+hill into a village, an Indian village,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill into a village, an Indian village,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill into a village, an Indian village,
+a Native American village. And it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Native American village. And it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Native American village. And it's a
+Native American village that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native American village that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native American village that's in
+smoking ruins. It has been decimated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking ruins. It has been decimated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking ruins. It has been decimated by
+American cavalry. and they go into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American cavalry. and they go into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American cavalry. and they go into one
+of the tepeees and they find dead in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tepeees and they find dead in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tepeees and they find dead in the
+tepee uh an an Native American woman, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tepee uh an an Native American woman, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tepee uh an an Native American woman, a
+ named Luke who had been following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ named Luke who had been following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ named Luke who had been following
+them and we've gotten to know her. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we've gotten to know her. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we've gotten to know her. And
+the Martin Paulie character, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Martin Paulie character, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Martin Paulie character, the
+secondary character, the sidekick uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary character, the sidekick uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary character, the sidekick uh um
+um says to John to the John Wayne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um says to John to the John Wayne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um says to John to the John Wayne
+character, why did they have to kill?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character, why did they have to kill?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character, why did they have to kill?
+Look, she didn't do anything. And it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look, she didn't do anything. And it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look, she didn't do anything. And it's a
+moment in which the butchery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in which the butchery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in which the butchery of the
+white soldiers is dramatized, in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white soldiers is dramatized, in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white soldiers is dramatized, in which
+your sympathy turns entirely away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sympathy turns entirely away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sympathy turns entirely away from
+the official uh American government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official uh American government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official uh American government
+account of the West towards something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the West towards something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the West towards something
+else. And in the very next scene,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. And in the very next scene,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. And in the very next scene,
+something amazing happens. Uh it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something amazing happens. Uh it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something amazing happens. Uh it's easy
+to miss because it happens so quickly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to miss because it happens so quickly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to miss because it happens so quickly,
+but it's very important morally to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very important morally to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very important morally to the
+film. We have a scene in which we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. We have a scene in which we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. We have a scene in which we see
+three Indian chieftains standing in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Indian chieftains standing in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Indian chieftains standing in uh
+their captives standing in in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their captives standing in in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their captives standing in in in in
+blankets looking on as another group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blankets looking on as another group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blankets looking on as another group of
+Native Americans, Indians are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native Americans, Indians are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native Americans, Indians are being
+essentially herded into a into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially herded into a into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially herded into a into a
+compound into a hospital type building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound into a hospital type building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound into a hospital type building
+and and uh we can and and they're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh we can and and they're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh we can and and they're being
+herded as if they're sort of cattle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herded as if they're sort of cattle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herded as if they're sort of cattle or
+sheep or you know not fully human. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep or you know not fully human. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep or you know not fully human. And
+you can see there's no comment, no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there's no comment, no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there's no comment, no no
+dialogue, but you can see the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue, but you can see the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue, but you can see the the the
+the sadness and the and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sadness and the and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sadness and the and the and the
+unhappiness in the regret in the eyes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappiness in the regret in the eyes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappiness in the regret in the eyes of
+these of these sturdy chiefs as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of these sturdy chiefs as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of these sturdy chiefs as they
+look upon it. And what happens in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look upon it. And what happens in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look upon it. And what happens in that
+moment is that the film's perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is that the film's perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is that the film's perspective
+has become that of the Native Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become that of the Native Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become that of the Native Americans
+and the audience's perspective has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the audience's perspective has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the audience's perspective has
+become that as well. and the so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become that as well. and the so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become that as well. and the so so the
+effect of these moments coupled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of these moments coupled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of these moments coupled with
+many other things in the film some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other things in the film some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other things in the film some of
+which I've mentioned some of which I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've mentioned some of which I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've mentioned some of which I've
+not about the ambiguity of the John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about the ambiguity of the John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about the ambiguity of the John
+Wayne characters u uh nature uh come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne characters u uh nature uh come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne characters u uh nature uh come
+together here and this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here and this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here and this is this is a
+moment in which something of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in which something of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in which something of the
+complexity of the western story is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the western story is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the western story is being
+acknowledged by the text right no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged by the text right no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged by the text right no longer
+are we getting a kind of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we getting a kind of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we getting a kind of simple
+celebration of these western values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of these western values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration of these western values
+something much more ambiguous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more ambiguous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more ambiguous and
+morally complex is happening here A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally complex is happening here A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally complex is happening here A
+critique of those values is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of those values is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of those values is being
+embedded in this apparently classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in this apparently classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in this apparently classic
+western and it's one of the reasons it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western and it's one of the reasons it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western and it's one of the reasons it's
+such a remarkable film. I'll conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a remarkable film. I'll conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a remarkable film. I'll conclude
+now. I apologize for running over. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. I apologize for running over. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. I apologize for running over. The
+title itself clarifies some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title itself clarifies some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title itself clarifies some of the
+ambiguity of the movie. What are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity of the movie. What are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity of the movie. What are they
+searching for? I said before that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for? I said before that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for? I said before that the
+time frame of the film is confusing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frame of the film is confusing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frame of the film is confusing and
+it's not just that even the setting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that even the setting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that even the setting of
+the fil even the setting the monument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fil even the setting the monument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fil even the setting the monument
+valley setting comes to seem almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley setting comes to seem almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley setting comes to seem almost like
+a lunar landscape before we're finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lunar landscape before we're finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lunar landscape before we're finished
+uh with the film. There's a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the film. There's a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the film. There's a sense
+there's a sense that the quest goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sense that the quest goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sense that the quest goes on
+forever, that they begin to lose a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever, that they begin to lose a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever, that they begin to lose a sense
+of why they're doing it. After all, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why they're doing it. After all, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why they're doing it. After all, so
+much time has gone by, she's lived with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time has gone by, she's lived with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time has gone by, she's lived with
+the Native Americans all this time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Native Americans all this time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Native Americans all this time,
+what's the point of the rescue, even we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the point of the rescue, even we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the point of the rescue, even we
+might we might think, right? uh um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we might think, right? uh um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we might think, right? uh um and
+uh the fact that the that the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fact that the that the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fact that the that the that the
+quest has gone on for such a long time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quest has gone on for such a long time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quest has gone on for such a long time,
+but but but it becomes more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but it becomes more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but it becomes more and more
+unclear why the search is going on, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear why the search is going on, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear why the search is going on, what
+the what the purpose of the search is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the purpose of the search is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the purpose of the search is,
+there's a kind of ambiguity in it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of ambiguity in it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of ambiguity in it uh
+that that uh uh is is is deeply is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh uh is is is deeply is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh uh is is is deeply is
+deeply disturbing and deeply troubling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply disturbing and deeply troubling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply disturbing and deeply troubling.
+And of course at the the the the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course at the the the the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course at the the the the uh uh
+the sense we have at the end of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense we have at the end of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense we have at the end of the film
+that the search it is concluded but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the search it is concluded but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the search it is concluded but
+almost until the very end we're not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost until the very end we're not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost until the very end we're not sure
+whether the John Wayne character is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the John Wayne character is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the John Wayne character is
+going to uh save or murder the object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh save or murder the object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh save or murder the object of
+his quest. And there's also the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his quest. And there's also the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his quest. And there's also the sense
+that even after he's done it what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even after he's done it what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even after he's done it what has
+been gained. It's very the the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been gained. It's very the the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been gained. It's very the the so
+there's a there's a deep ambiguity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a deep ambiguity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a deep ambiguity at
+the end at the end of the movie as there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end at the end of the movie as there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end at the end of the movie as there
+is a deep ambiguity surrounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deep ambiguity surrounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deep ambiguity surrounding the
+alleged heroism of the John Wayne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleged heroism of the John Wayne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleged heroism of the John Wayne
+character. Uh so what one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. Uh so what one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. Uh so what one of the reasons
+I emphasize these ambiguities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I emphasize these ambiguities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I emphasize these ambiguities and
+complexities is as a way of uh stressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities is as a way of uh stressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities is as a way of uh stressing
+the fact that even before we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that even before we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that even before we get to the
+era of what I'll call the anti-western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of what I'll call the anti-western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of what I'll call the anti-western
+or the dissenting western the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the dissenting western the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the dissenting western the classic
+western itself has reached a level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western itself has reached a level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western itself has reached a level of
+complexity and maturity embodied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and maturity embodied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and maturity embodied
+especially in this film and others that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in this film and others that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in this film and others that
+we might cite from the 1960s in which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might cite from the 1960s in which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might cite from the 1960s in which a
+kind of self-consciousness about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of self-consciousness about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of self-consciousness about the
+assumptions that lie behind and animate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that lie behind and animate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that lie behind and animate
+this central American form have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this central American form have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this central American form have already
+come to the surface and are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the surface and are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the surface and are being
+confronted by our best directors in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted by our best directors in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted by our best directors in our
+best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+films. Good night.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/q0Vgf5u4vjU.txt b/q0Vgf5u4vjU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c64482d20e7582ebfad8553306046478fde02a0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/q0Vgf5u4vjU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10. Go combinatorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. Go combinatorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. Go combinatorial.
+What if the technologies we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if the technologies we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if the technologies we need to
+solve the big challenges we face ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the big challenges we face ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the big challenges we face ahead
+already been invented? How would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been invented? How would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been invented? How would you
+know? I open this series of videos with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know? I open this series of videos with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know? I open this series of videos with
+one idea. There are about 40 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one idea. There are about 40 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one idea. There are about 40 years of
+technology sitting in the shelf waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology sitting in the shelf waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology sitting in the shelf waiting
+to be discovered by a new breed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discovered by a new breed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discovered by a new breed of
+innovators. We are sitting on a gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators. We are sitting on a gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators. We are sitting on a gold
+mine of underutilized technologies. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine of underutilized technologies. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine of underutilized technologies. That
+is scores of technologies conceived with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scores of technologies conceived with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scores of technologies conceived with
+some purpose in mind that did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some purpose in mind that did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some purpose in mind that did not
+materialize as impact in time and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialize as impact in time and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialize as impact in time and now
+languish on the metaphorical shelf. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languish on the metaphorical shelf. Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languish on the metaphorical shelf. Let
+me tell you how I came to appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you how I came to appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you how I came to appreciate
+these using an analogy with grilling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these using an analogy with grilling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these using an analogy with grilling.
+Do you grill your burgers or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you grill your burgers or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you grill your burgers or your
+vegetables with the lid of the grill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables with the lid of the grill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables with the lid of the grill
+open or closed? There's a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open or closed? There's a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open or closed? There's a difference
+between those two options. Do you close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two options. Do you close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two options. Do you close
+the lid and wait about 5 minutes until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid and wait about 5 minutes until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid and wait about 5 minutes until
+they're just a turn away from done? Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a turn away from done? Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a turn away from done? Or
+do you leave the lid open and admire the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you leave the lid open and admire the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you leave the lid open and admire the
+cooking for 15 minutes? Closing the lid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking for 15 minutes? Closing the lid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking for 15 minutes? Closing the lid
+makes all the difference. It recycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all the difference. It recycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all the difference. It recycles
+and recombines the heat. Engineers call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recombines the heat. Engineers call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recombines the heat. Engineers call
+that a feedback loop. The more heat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a feedback loop. The more heat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a feedback loop. The more heat you
+reuse, the sooner you'll get to enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse, the sooner you'll get to enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse, the sooner you'll get to enjoy
+the juicy burger or vegetable. and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the juicy burger or vegetable. and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the juicy burger or vegetable. and the
+less energy you will waste. Now that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy you will waste. Now that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy you will waste. Now that you
+have seen the rest of these videos, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the rest of these videos, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the rest of these videos, you
+probably know where I'm going with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know where I'm going with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know where I'm going with this
+analogy. In the old mindset, each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy. In the old mindset, each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy. In the old mindset, each
+technology had one use and problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology had one use and problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology had one use and problems
+could only be solved one way. Then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only be solved one way. Then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only be solved one way. Then they
+were discarded. Discarding ideas is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discarded. Discarding ideas is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discarded. Discarding ideas is like
+cooking with the lid open. Most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking with the lid open. Most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking with the lid open. Most of the
+potential innovations like the heat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential innovations like the heat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential innovations like the heat in
+the analogy go to waste. In the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogy go to waste. In the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogy go to waste. In the new
+mindset, we have options. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset, we have options. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset, we have options. You can
+repurpose technologies. It is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurpose technologies. It is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurpose technologies. It is like
+cooking with the lid closed. We recycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking with the lid closed. We recycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking with the lid closed. We recycle
+and recombine technologies and we stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recombine technologies and we stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recombine technologies and we stand
+to accelerate the rate at which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelerate the rate at which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelerate the rate at which we
+explore and understand problems. I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore and understand problems. I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore and understand problems. I first
+hinted at some of these ideas in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinted at some of these ideas in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinted at some of these ideas in a
+concept paper published in epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept paper published in epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept paper published in epsilon
+theory and more recently in a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and more recently in a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and more recently in a response
+to the National Science Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the National Science Foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the National Science Foundation
+request for information. This has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for information. This has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for information. This has
+important implications for how you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important implications for how you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important implications for how you run
+an innovation department for science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an innovation department for science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an innovation department for science and
+technology agencies for investment firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology agencies for investment firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology agencies for investment firms
+and for up andcoming innovators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for up andcoming innovators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for up andcoming innovators and
+tinkerers. Imagine if we could bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkerers. Imagine if we could bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkerers. Imagine if we could bring
+this same thinking to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same thinking to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same thinking to solve the
+challenges we care about. Climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges we care about. Climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges we care about. Climate
+change, inequality, education. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change, inequality, education. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change, inequality, education. It's
+easy. The cooker is like a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. The cooker is like a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. The cooker is like a problem
+solved. The more we ready technology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved. The more we ready technology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved. The more we ready technology for
+reuse, the likelier it is to be employed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse, the likelier it is to be employed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse, the likelier it is to be employed
+usefully to solve problems. And the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usefully to solve problems. And the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usefully to solve problems. And the more
+we make those technologies available,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make those technologies available,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make those technologies available,
+the more we stand to take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more we stand to take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more we stand to take advantage of
+our own diversity of purpose. We are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own diversity of purpose. We are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own diversity of purpose. We are
+sitting at top a gold mine. We've barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at top a gold mine. We've barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at top a gold mine. We've barely
+scratched the surface of how to usefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratched the surface of how to usefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratched the surface of how to usefully
+employ technologies already invented.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ technologies already invented.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ technologies already invented.
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qAS8Kh2pz9o.txt b/qAS8Kh2pz9o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d917e839e2e869f4adcf327d2f5c8e935bfb631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qAS8Kh2pz9o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4516 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Where we left it at
+the end of last time was the
+
+mechanism for poverty trap
+that [INAUDIBLE]
+
+explained, and that was kind of
+a workhorse of development
+
+economics for many years,
+since the 1950s, might
+
+actually, surprisingly,
+not be at play.
+
+In that, number one, the
+effect of your calorie
+
+consumption on your productivity
+in the immediate
+
+next few days is probably
+not large enough.
+
+And, perhaps as a consequence,
+or perhaps just because they
+
+have other things to do with
+their money, we don't see the
+
+poor also consuming as
+much as they can.
+
+And therefore, we don't see a
+very high elasticity of food
+
+consumption with respect
+to wages.
+
+So if we don't have a very high
+elasticity of wages with
+
+respect to consumption, and
+we don't have a very high
+
+elasticity of consumption with
+respect to wages, then we are
+
+not going to get a very highest
+elasticity of wages
+
+tomorrow with respect
+to wages yesterday.
+
+And therefore, the whole thing
+of I am poor because I am
+
+poor, based on how much
+food I can consume
+
+is not really there.
+
+So on the one hand, you could
+say fine, that great.
+
+It means we can start focusing
+on other programs, and
+
+nutrition is not really
+an issue.
+
+And for some people, that
+has been the conclusion.
+
+For example, on Tuesday, we
+showed some graphs coming from
+
+the paper by Angus Deaton and
+Jean Dreze about the fact that
+
+people are consuming less and
+less calories in India.
+
+So they are becoming richer, so
+they are moving along the
+
+angle curve.
+
+And that would make
+them consume more,
+
+everything else equal.
+
+But the thing is, not everything
+else is equal.
+
+And at the same time, we
+have the angle of curve
+
+shifting to the right.
+
+So that it's a swimming upstream
+movement, where
+
+you're trying to go up the angle
+curve, but the angle
+
+curve is shifting right, so you
+end up actually consuming
+
+less, fewer calories than you
+would otherwise consume,
+
+So for some people in India,
+this is a sign that there's
+
+much more poverty than
+the official
+
+statistics are saying.
+
+Because if we define poverty as
+not having enough to eat,
+
+then we have more and more
+people who in fact don't have
+
+enough to eat.
+
+But what is strange is that if
+we look at the other things
+
+that people consume, and we
+measure poverty in this way,
+
+which is, if you look at the
+entire budget, are you below--
+
+are you someone who consumes
+less than a dollar a day per
+
+capita, of 16 rupees a day,
+because it's India?
+
+And you don't find that.
+
+You find that actually there are
+fewer and fewer people who
+
+are below a dollar a day.
+
+There is still a number.
+
+It's about 13%.
+
+but it's certainly going down.
+
+So it has to be that people
+exercise a choice
+
+not to eat as much.
+
+So Deaton and Dreze who wrote
+this paper and documented the
+
+decline in calorie consumption
+in India, have one
+
+explanation.
+
+And their explanation is that
+people's need for calories has
+
+gone down because they are
+less ill, they have fewer
+
+children, they are doing less
+intense physical work.
+
+A lot of people have moved
+to the urban areas.
+
+So it's just they eat
+less because they
+
+need less of the strength.
+
+And therefore we have nothing
+to worry about, in a sense.
+
+The fact that people are eating
+less is, in a sense, a
+
+sign of success of India's
+economic growth.
+
+But if it were the case, then
+we should find that the
+
+nutritional status of people
+would be adequate.
+
+Defined in more objective
+terms.
+
+Not the calories you're
+consuming, but what is your
+
+weight, what is your height.
+
+Whether you're anemic or not.
+
+We should find an improvement
+in that.
+
+Because, to the extent that
+people are getting richer,
+
+they should want a little bit
+of improvement in their
+
+nutritional status.
+
+And what is striking and
+surprising, which is why they
+
+might be hidden traps is that
+by all accounts, in India in
+
+particular but in other places
+as well, people are still not
+
+very well-nourished.
+
+And it is more a matter
+of there is some
+
+undernourishment, which is
+people are not eating that
+
+many calories.
+
+And also, maybe something that
+people referred to as hidden
+
+hunger, and you can think
+about as malnutrition.
+
+Which is even the condition of
+having enough calories if
+
+people are not getting enough
+of the other micronutrients
+
+that they need-- for
+example, anemia.
+
+So here is a number for India.
+
+33% of men and 36% of women
+have a BMI below 18.5.
+
+And meanwhile, iron deficiency
+anemia affects maybe something
+
+like a billion people
+worldwide.
+
+And iron deficiency anemia means
+that people are in fact
+
+less strong, because the ability
+of their body or their
+
+blood to process the
+oxygen is limited.
+
+Because we process the oxygen
+with other blood cells in our
+
+body, the hemoglobin
+in our blood.
+
+And if we don't have enough of
+that, we're not very good at
+
+processing the oxygen.
+
+So you put people on the
+treadmill that are anemic, and
+
+they are not able to
+make it go as far.
+
+So we have here a puzzle that,
+on the one hand, we don't see
+
+people appearing to be
+hungry for calories.
+
+In fact, in China we see this
+Jensen, Miller evidence, which
+
+goes the opposite way.
+
+Which is, you make the cheaper
+source of calories cheaper,
+
+and people eat fewer calories,
+at least in one region.
+
+And yet, they seem to be not
+very well-nourished.
+
+so what could be going on?
+
+Let me start with you,
+your reason.
+
+And I will present it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Their diets are
+very narrow and the
+
+same all the time.
+
+So they don't really correlate
+what they eat to--
+
+It's just kind of an
+informational thing.
+
+They don't realize what kinds
+of nutrients they actually
+
+need, so they just have what
+tastes good or what they're
+
+used to eating.
+
+PROFESSOR: So it could
+be, for example--
+
+I'm just rephrasing for
+everyone, because you speak in
+
+this very nice and soft tone--
+
+It could be that they don't
+have the information that
+
+nutrition affects
+your strength.
+
+In fact, you proposed one very
+specific theory for that,
+
+which is, if you've never
+experimented because you've
+
+always eaten same thing, then
+you might not know what would
+
+happen outside of your
+normal range.
+
+So that would be one reason
+why you don't have the
+
+information.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then when
+someone, or maybe the
+
+government, suggests a different
+diet, or replacing
+
+what people are normally used to
+eating, they're not really
+
+willing to take that advice.
+
+And so that can--
+
+they'll just continue
+eating [INAUDIBLE]
+
+just normally eating.
+
+Their diet is based mainly
+on grains and rice.
+
+And if someone in the government
+says, well, there's
+
+a shortage of that.
+
+Maybe you should supplement
+more vegetables for it.
+
+Then they aren't very
+willing to switch.
+
+PROFESSOR: One reason why your
+information might be limited
+
+is that even when you
+get a source of
+
+information from outside--
+
+for example, the government--
+tells you, you
+
+should eat your vegetable.
+
+You should eat these kinds of
+cereals rather than those
+
+kinds of cereals.
+
+You should replace some rice
+with pulses, or some rice with
+
+cereals, people are reluctant
+to do it.
+
+And why would we think that
+people are reluctant to follow
+
+this information from
+the government?
+
+AUDIENCE: A bunch of reasons.
+
+One might be a variety of foods
+might not be available
+
+in that region.
+
+And also, a lot of those things
+are more expensive.
+
+So the cheaper things are very
+carb-heavy things, which is
+
+quite filling.
+
+So you might not choose to go
+with vegetables [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So there are two reasons, two
+
+possibilities in what you said.
+
+The first one is a chicken
+and egg problem.
+
+Because if no one eats
+spinach in a place--
+
+and spinach is a great thing--
+
+but if no one eats it, it's
+just not available, and
+
+therefore you cannot
+try it out.
+
+What was the second
+one, excuse me?
+
+AUDIENCE: The second one is
+that the cheaper food is
+
+generally more carb-heavy, and
+so it's quite filling, and you
+
+might choose to buy that over
+vegetables which are much more
+
+expensive than the
+rest of the food.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+And the second one could
+be a matter of costs.
+
+AUDIENCE: And I think that the
+benefit of nutrient intakes
+
+are over the long-term.
+
+So if you're taking a small
+iron tablet, the next day,
+
+miraculously you're not going
+to perform better.
+
+But over the long-term,
+you might see smaller
+
+improvements.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So it could be that if is
+difficult to learn.
+
+So for example, one thing that
+could happen is that someone
+
+from outside, very well-meaning,
+say you should
+
+really eat iron-fortified
+flour instead of
+
+your regular flour.
+
+And you try.
+
+And then, after one week, you
+don't feel like Popeye.
+
+It's not that things have
+dramatically changed.
+
+And in fact, if I put you on a
+treadmill and I ask you to
+
+perform an exercise,
+I will know
+
+that you are 10% stronger.
+
+But this is not something--
+
+if you are 10% stronger the next
+month, are you going to
+
+be able to really see the
+difference or not?
+
+So it might not be immediately
+clear.
+
+And if that is the case, then
+you might have a situation
+
+where people arrive from outside
+and give you this
+
+message, and say, you should
+really change your
+
+diet in this way.
+
+And you make, maybe, an effort
+to follow them for some time.
+
+Spend a little bit more money,
+or a little bit more effort
+
+into going into pasturizing
+your food.
+
+And then it happens, and you're
+not any stronger.
+
+And you're like, whatever
+did they tell me?
+
+It's like, this is no better.
+
+Because your expectations were
+set high enough to encourage
+
+you to do the switch.
+
+And the problem is there would
+be a tendency to slightly
+
+oversell how much better
+you're going to feel.
+
+Which then is going to
+translate into a
+
+disappointment.
+
+So one example of that is
+something that people have
+
+found in a deworming program in
+Kenya, which we're going to
+
+discuss in a moment.
+
+So it's a charitable
+deworming program.
+
+Deworming is, in some sense, a
+nutrition program, because the
+
+worms are competing with
+the kid for the food.
+
+So by removing the worms, you
+are increasing the amount of
+
+food that stays with the kid.
+
+I'm sorry, this is not a great
+conversation to have right
+
+after lunch.
+
+But that's kind of the biology
+of it, in two words.
+
+So when you give deworming--
+
+and we are going to see that
+in a minute-- that
+
+does make the kid--
+
+that reduces anemia,
+that reduces the
+
+incidence of being sick.
+
+That reduces, therefore,
+absence from school.
+
+So there was an NGO that was
+trying to promote deworming in
+
+some randomly-selected schools
+in the late '90s, early 2000s.
+
+And they went, and they
+explained all of this with a
+
+lot of energy, and said, your
+kid is going to feel much
+
+better, and is going to go to
+school more, and all of that.
+
+And parents had to sign
+a form to agree
+
+to get the kid dewormed.
+
+So it's not money.
+
+It's not a huge amount
+of effort.
+
+But it's still a little
+bit of effort.
+
+And also, you have to want it.
+
+And people were interested--
+
+the researches were interested
+to know whether parents were
+
+more likely to sign the form
+if they knew more people
+
+around them who got a chance
+to get the deworming.
+
+So because it was a randomized
+experiment, which was done at
+
+the level of the school--
+
+I'm going to show you
+a map in a moment--
+
+some people got treated in some
+schools, and some people
+
+didn't get treated
+immediately.
+
+So people who are in a treated
+schools may have had friends
+
+who were in neighboring schools,
+which may have been
+
+treated a control.
+
+So what the researchers did is
+to look at whether you were
+
+more likely to take up the
+deworming once you got the
+
+option if you had more
+friends who got the
+
+option the year before.
+
+And their prior going into
+this, was that the more
+
+friends you have who got into
+the deworming, the more you
+
+are likely to do it yourself,
+because you
+
+will see the benefits.
+
+And what they found was
+exactly the opposite.
+
+Which is the more friends you
+had who had been a chance to
+
+get dewormed a year before,
+the less you are likely to
+
+take up the deworming once
+you got a chance.
+
+And what are the possible
+interpretations for that
+
+somewhat weird results?
+
+Yeah, Zach?
+
+AUDIENCE: One possible
+interpretation is that it
+
+depends on how you
+get the worms.
+
+The fact that your friends are
+being treated for you might be
+
+less likely to get it, like
+in the case of malaria.
+
+If everybody in the community's
+using the bednet,
+
+you probably don't have to.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So that's a first possible
+interpretation, which is worms
+
+are, in fact, highly
+contagious.
+
+So if most of your friends are
+treated, then they probably
+
+don't have worms anymore.
+
+You might feel, well, I don't
+need to go to the trouble of
+
+getting dewormed because they
+did, therefore there are fewer
+
+worms around.
+
+And there is some side effect.
+
+Why would you take
+the trouble?
+
+Yeah, Norm?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe people also,
+since people get dewormed, and
+
+then their problems decrease,
+people don't think it's as
+
+much of an issue, because
+it's not as prominent.
+
+So it's the externality just
+decreasing, they just don't
+
+realize that it's such
+a big threat anymore.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So that could be
+another thing.
+
+Which is, people learn that--
+
+So people say, oh, these other
+kids got dewormed, but they
+
+are not much healthier
+than me.
+
+And the fact is, you don't
+realize that you are healthy
+
+because they are healthy, and
+they made you healthier.
+
+So you are now comparing the
+benefits of you as a control
+
+child-- you are not
+yet treated--
+
+to the other kids
+who got treated.
+
+And the difference is
+not that large.
+
+It's not that large precisely
+because of the contagion
+
+effect that Zack mentioned.
+
+But so you're trying to learn
+the effect, and so it's not
+
+that large.
+
+And even if you don't understand
+that it's due to
+
+the externality, so you don't
+do this calculation, saying,
+
+it's not worthwhile.
+
+You just see it and think,
+what did they sell me?
+
+This thing doesn't really
+make any difference.
+
+And so you decide not to do it.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was going to say
+that, even if you don't really
+
+have any change in your health
+status, maybe the change that
+
+the other people have is
+not so great as to
+
+convince you to get it.
+
+You see that the medication
+quote, unquote, doesn't work.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+That also could be the case.
+
+Could be that, even without
+this mechanism--
+
+which is a very nice one-- but
+even without this mechanism,
+
+you could see the other children
+and say, well, first
+
+thing, they got sick when they
+ate the deworming pill.
+
+So the side effect
+is immediate.
+
+It's getting worse and worse.
+
+But as the worm dies, this make
+you pretty unwell for an
+
+hour or two, as your body
+gets rid of them.
+
+And then you get better.
+
+But the side effect is salient
+and immediate, and the
+
+benefits are a little
+bit less apparent.
+
+And this, of course, is
+reinforced by the
+
+point that Norm made.
+
+Which is that the externalities
+make it
+
+difficult to compare treatment
+and control.
+
+So for all of these reasons--
+
+so this is one example of why
+it's very difficult for people
+
+to learn about relatively subtle
+nutrition mechanisms.
+
+And so what is happening with
+deworming, that's maybe made a
+
+little bit harder but the
+externalities, which, A, gives
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+like strategic reasons
+not to do it.
+
+So worms give Norms' difficulty
+of learning
+
+explanation.
+
+But that's could also be at
+play with iron pill, or
+
+supplementing your
+flour with iron.
+
+Where you're like, really not
+that much is. happening.
+
+So these are possible reasons
+why you wouldn't do what the
+
+good man, or well-meaning
+NGO tells you to do.
+
+You don't have the
+information.
+
+Learning is difficult, because
+the effects are subtle.
+
+This implies spending
+more money.
+
+Nd maybe those foods are not
+even available for you in a
+
+convenient way.
+
+What else could be going
+on, potentially?
+
+AUDIENCE: If the wages are set
+wages, then even if you eat
+
+more stronger, you're still
+going to get the
+
+same amount of money.
+
+So there's no point in being
+more productive.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So another possible explanation
+is you could
+
+realize that it's going
+to make you a bit more
+
+productive, but you might
+wonder, what's the use of me
+
+being more productive if, in
+fact, the wages are not piece
+
+wage but day wage?
+
+And you are a little bit
+more productive.
+
+But you need to go and convince
+your employer that
+
+now I'm a little bit more
+productive, so you need to pay
+
+me more on a daily basis.
+
+But your employer is not behind
+your back, checking
+
+what it is you're eating
+every day.
+
+And so your consumption is an
+upsell from the point of view
+
+of the employer.
+
+But there is a more moral hazard
+issue, where you could
+
+go and say, I'm telling you
+I've eaten so much.
+
+I'm very strong.
+
+You can monitor, you can see.
+
+Unless your employer can really
+be monitoring your
+
+output in a very close way,
+which might not always be
+
+possible, then they might
+say, whatever.
+
+I'm just assuming that you
+are the average person.
+
+And there is one study that
+shows that shows employers
+
+recognize that taller people
+are more productive.
+
+Taller people usually have been
+better fed, maybe, when
+
+they grew up.
+
+And they are stronger.
+
+Taller, maybe stronger,
+more muscles.
+
+People are more productive,
+they pay them more.
+
+But how much you've eaten and
+how well you've eaten
+
+previously does not
+affect wages.
+
+And that is because that isn't
+observed from the point of
+
+view of the employer.
+
+And if they can't see the
+output either, it's
+
+he said, she said.
+
+How do I know you're actually
+more productive?
+
+So of course, the solution to
+that would be for the employer
+
+to feed people iron supplement
+on the job.
+
+And why they're not doing
+that, I don't know.
+
+But that would be an interesting
+thing to consider.
+
+Because then they could know.
+
+They could say, yeah.
+
+I can pay you a bit more, as
+long as you are eating your
+
+iron supplement.
+
+So let's go to all of this in a
+little more systematic way.
+
+So the first thing we need to
+check is, all of this learning
+
+is going to be--
+
+I think people are very
+naturally associating more
+
+calories with more strength.
+
+Even we have this in
+mind-- to a point,
+
+until we eat too much.
+
+But this is probably harder to
+learn about-- micronutrient
+
+deficiency.
+
+Because that's not something
+that is as obvious, and you
+
+don't necessarily know
+which foods have what
+
+nutrients, et cetera.
+
+And so the first thing we need
+to establish is that
+
+micronutrient deficiency
+actually matters.
+
+And in particular, that the poor
+and even the not-so-poor
+
+could become more productive if
+they got more micronutrient
+
+supplementation in their diet.
+
+For that, of course, we could
+compound the wages of people
+
+who have more hemoglobin in
+their blood and the wages of
+
+people who have less hemoglobin
+in their blood.
+
+If we do that, what do you
+think we will find?
+
+Most likely?
+
+We look at the data set, and we
+look at the wages of anemic
+
+people versus the wages
+of non-anemic people?
+
+Richard?
+
+AUDIENCE: Of course, the
+non-anemic people have more
+
+strength to go to work, so their
+wages are higher if they
+
+are paid by the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So the non-anemic
+people, when we do this
+
+comparison, will make
+more money.
+
+That's sure poverty in
+every data set, we're
+
+going to find that.
+
+But once we find that, can we
+for sure say it's the effect
+
+of being anemic?
+
+AUDIENCE: Not necessarily.
+
+It could be environmental
+factors.
+
+You could be anemic because
+you don't make [INAUDIBLE]
+
+enough to have a proper diet,
+or you could not have wages
+
+because you're anemic.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So there's two things.
+
+So first, they could be a
+reverse causality at play.
+
+Which is, you could be anemic
+because you don't own enough
+
+to buy spinach.
+
+That's one.
+
+And what else could
+be at play?
+
+Even if we manage to shut down
+this mechanism, or assume that
+
+specific mechanism
+is not there?
+
+What could be other things
+that would explain this
+
+correlation between anemia
+and [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+AUDIENCE: It might be
+some other third
+
+factor that causes both.
+
+For instance, your social
+status, perhaps, means you can
+
+only get a certain
+kind of job.
+
+And it also means that it's
+harder for you to get good
+
+wages and then get
+better diet.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+There could be something
+that explains both.
+
+For example, your social status,
+or for example, how
+
+well-educated you are, or the
+types of opportunities you
+
+have access to.
+
+Or anything like that would
+both effect your
+
+anemia and your wage.
+
+So we don't know.
+
+So that's something which is
+actually relatively easy to
+
+organize as a randomized
+experiment, because you can
+
+pretty much cure anemia, at
+least temporarily, by giving
+
+people iron supplements.
+
+So that's almost like a medical
+study you can give
+
+some people.
+
+So this was done in Indonesia.
+
+The WISE stands for Work and
+Iron Status Evaluation.
+
+They
+
+They worked with several
+thousand households.
+
+And they provided them with
+either an iron supplement or a
+
+placebo in a randomly-selected
+way.
+
+So they randomized
+the household.
+
+And once they pick a household's
+treatment, they
+
+give everyone in the household
+the iron supplement.
+
+It takes a few months for people
+to absorb the iron and
+
+to become iron-replete.
+
+Once you're not anemic, you have
+enough iron in your body,
+
+you get rid of the rest.
+
+So anemia is something which is,
+either you are anemic or
+
+you're not.
+
+And once you're not-- that is,
+once your hemoglobin is above
+
+13 for men, and for women
+it's between 11 and 12.
+
+That's gram per deciliter.
+
+You just stop absorbing it.
+
+So what they found when they
+gave this iron supplement is
+
+that there is no effect of
+comparing the people who got
+
+the placebo and people who got
+the pill if they were not
+
+anemic before.
+
+There is no impact on them.
+
+That's exactly what you would
+expect, because once you have
+
+enough, you have enough.
+
+There is nothing more
+we can tell you.
+
+On the other hand, the more
+anemic you were before-- that
+
+is, the further you were from
+12 grams per deciliter of
+
+hemoglobin in your blood--
+
+the larger the effect, in
+terms of the increase in
+
+hemoglobin in your blood.
+
+That is, what they found is that
+the people who got the
+
+supplement almost all got
+to 12, or close to 12.
+
+So the further away
+you were from 12,
+
+the bigger the effect.
+
+And so, once they do that, they
+can separately at people
+
+who were anemic at baseline
+and people who weren't.
+
+And they found that if you
+focus on people who were
+
+anemic at baseline, and people
+who were self-employed, those
+
+people made substantially more
+money after they received the
+
+iron supplement.
+
+So they looked at the wages
+eight months after the iron
+
+supplement starts.
+
+And then there is another end
+line a few months later.
+
+And they find these people
+to make more money.
+
+So about $40 more per year.
+
+Which is not nothing.
+
+This is not an enormous
+amount.
+
+This is not a doubling of
+the wage or anything.
+
+The yearly wages of these people
+may have been around
+
+$500 or something like that.
+
+So it's maybe a little less
+than 10% increase.
+
+But this is very cheap.
+
+Because if someone wanted to--
+
+well, actually the experiment
+itself was very expensive.
+
+Because they had to go behind
+people's backs and make sure
+
+that actually eat the pill.
+
+And they had so many nurses,
+and they were really
+
+controlling that they were
+following the protocol.
+
+So for the experiment itself,
+costs much more
+
+than $40 per person.
+
+But what they argue in their
+paper is that that's not
+
+really interesting, because if
+someone wanted to do it, they
+
+could just buy 45 fish sauce.
+
+And that would cost
+them only $6.
+
+Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: In the experiment, do
+they control for the fact
+
+that people usually earn higher
+wages as time passes?
+
+So next year, my wage is
+probably going to be higher
+
+than this year, because I
+have more experience.
+
+It means I can get
+a better wage.
+
+I'm better at catching fish.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+That's an excellent point.
+
+You're saying you would want to
+control for the fact that
+
+as time passes, you
+earn more money.
+
+So how would they be able to do
+that in the context of this
+
+experiment?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe there's a
+historical [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I'd like to figure out how much
+people would earn over
+
+their lifetime in that region,
+and then control for that
+
+percentage.
+
+And they can account-- maybe in
+the $40 increase, there is
+
+$22 into that that is perhaps
+due to the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+average increase in wages.
+
+PROFESSOR: And so you're saying
+what they could do to
+
+control for an historical trend
+is to try to find out
+
+what the historical trend
+would have been.
+
+And in particular, what is in
+their data that tells them
+
+what the historical trend
+would have been,
+
+directly free of charge.
+
+Not free of charge, because
+that was in the design.
+
+But once you have
+the experiment.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The control group.
+
+PROFESSOR: The control group.
+
+There is a placebo group.
+
+So half the sample
+gets nothing.
+
+So what they actually do in the
+experiment is they compare
+
+the wage growth of people who
+got the program to people who
+
+got the placebo.
+
+In fact, here they compare
+the wage growth of the
+
+self-employed people who were
+anemic at baseline in the
+
+treatment group and in
+the control group.
+
+And you are exactly right
+that those wages
+
+increase in both cases.
+
+But they increased faster
+in the treatment group.
+
+And the $40 is the difference
+in the growth.
+
+So it's already accounting
+for that.
+
+So what I say is that, well, if
+someone wanted to do it on
+
+the own, that wouldn't cost
+them so much money.
+
+That would just cost them $6
+per year for a gain of $40.
+
+So this is a case where you
+would think it's something
+
+that starts looking
+like an S-shape.
+
+Which is, if you become rich
+enough for spending an extra
+
+$6, you actually get a return
+which is much higher than $6.
+
+So you may have this increasing
+return that is
+
+necessary for the poverty trap
+to emerge, where the slightly
+
+richer people get the fortified
+fish sauce instead
+
+of the regular fish sauce
+that costs them $6, and
+
+they make $40 extra.
+
+So you could say, well,
+there is something.
+
+Except that, of course,
+you have to ask.
+
+$6 is not all that much, so what
+is preventing these poor
+
+people to pay $6?
+
+So that is the first place
+where, if we compare this, 40
+
+to 6 is the first place where
+we can see a poverty trap.
+
+Except we'll have to explain
+why it's there.
+
+We'll have to explain why it
+seems that the poor people are
+
+less likely to spend the
+$6 on fortified fish
+
+sauce in their reach.
+
+That's for adults.
+
+So already, we saw that for
+calories, we don't see such a
+
+big return to calorie
+consumption.
+
+By for iron, we see it.
+
+Now, another place where we do
+see, potentially, very large
+
+returns of investing into food
+is when you're trying to
+
+invest in the nutrition
+of your children.
+
+So why is it that, even
+though if we're
+
+talking about calories--
+
+even more micronutrients,
+but any kind of
+
+investment in your children--
+
+may have a larger impact
+than the same
+
+investment for an adult?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because children are
+still growing and developing.
+
+Their brains are still growing,
+and their bones.
+
+Basically, the frame for who
+their going to be is in
+
+development at this point
+in their life.
+
+So it's important that they can
+reach their potential by
+
+giving them the nutrients
+that they need now.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So the first reason, pure health
+reason, is that when
+
+you're investing into a child's
+nutrition, be it
+
+calorie or micronutrient, you
+don't only make the child more
+
+productive tomorrow, you are
+changing the adult that this
+
+child is going to be.
+
+You are making this person reach
+their genetic potential
+
+in terms of height, for example,
+that they might not
+
+otherwise be getting.
+
+You are helping this
+person reach that
+
+potential in their brain.
+
+You're helping this person
+develop the muscles that they
+
+would have gotten.
+
+And some of these, you might not
+be able to recover later.
+
+In particular, some of the
+nutritional deficiency that
+
+you get as very small children,
+in between weaning
+
+at about six months and two
+years, would be very easy to
+
+catch up once the child's
+actually gone.
+
+Even once a child is
+more than two.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: There's no access
+to things like
+
+education at this point.
+
+So if they're better nourished
+now, then they
+
+can focus on that.
+
+Versus an adult probably
+wouldn't be thinking about
+
+going back to school
+at that point.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So the second reason is that,
+even if we forget this
+
+biological phenomenon, the job
+of a child is typically to be
+
+in school, or to learn
+things around them.
+
+Not necessarily in school.
+
+Some can be outside of school.
+
+They are still getting all the
+information in the world.
+
+That's what children do.
+
+And if you do this job better,
+then you are building your
+
+human capitol.
+
+Really think of it as like, the
+capitol of each of us is
+
+our health, which is affected
+by how much we eat directly.
+
+But also what we know,
+our experience, our
+
+education, et cetera.
+
+And if we do this job better
+as children, we'll have a
+
+better stock of education for
+the rest of our lives.
+
+Education and knowledge
+generally.
+
+And we are be going to get the
+return from that every year.
+
+So when we do our job better as
+an adult, we earn a higher
+
+wage and that's it.
+
+When we do our job better at
+your age, or even earlier,
+
+when you were a child, when you
+were a small child trying
+
+to learn things, since your job
+is to develop, that means
+
+you're better developed.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it more important
+to have good nutrition when
+
+the mom's pregnant, or after
+the child's born?
+
+PROFESSOR: Both are important.
+
+We're going to get to
+the mom in a minute.
+
+But both children are important,
+and in utero is
+
+very important.
+
+Both of them are important.
+
+So for these reasons, if you
+take a child and you say, I'm
+
+going to feed this child better,
+if only between the
+
+time of six months
+to two years--
+
+or let's say, even if you were
+going from six months to ten
+
+years, when they are in full
+development of their body and
+
+their mind.
+
+I'm going to then, on
+return, potentially,
+
+for his entire life.
+
+That means the size in
+difference in investment in
+
+how much you're going to get in
+the future compared to the
+
+investment you are making
+is much, much larger.
+
+And that can, again, give you
+the potential for an S-shape.
+
+Where a poorer person is going
+to invest a little less.
+
+And this difference at
+this points can be--
+
+this difference in slightly
+smaller investment at critical
+
+range could translate into much,
+much smaller lifetime
+
+earning for a child.
+
+So let's see some examples
+of that.
+
+So the first one is the
+deworming example that I was
+
+talking about.
+
+And this was done, also, in
+a randomized experiment.
+
+That's the one I was talking
+to you about, where they
+
+realized that the more people
+you knew who took the
+
+deworming, the less likely
+you were to take it.
+
+Well, it turned out that
+was actually a mistake.
+
+Because being dewormed
+is extremely helpful.
+
+So what I did is, this is the
+region where they worked,
+
+where you had a bunch
+of schools.
+
+This is a map.
+
+You can see that the region
+is close to Lake Victoria.
+
+Worms, particularly
+schistosomasis, is something
+
+that you're much more likely to
+get if you are walking in
+
+the fresh water.
+
+Particularly when it's
+not that clean, but
+
+when it's not salty.
+
+So ones basically climb from the
+sole of your feet inside.
+
+So when these kids go fishing
+in the lake, or just go hang
+
+out in the lake, much more
+likely to get worms.
+
+So this region is infected
+by worms.
+
+About a quarter of the worm
+children suffer from worms.
+
+One thing with worms is that
+they've never killed anybody.
+
+At least, not these worms.
+
+There are some worms
+that gives you very
+
+spectacular, big legs.
+
+And those worms are a little
+bit more fashionable.
+
+But these little hookworm,
+schistosomasis,
+
+doesn't kill people.
+
+You can't really see that
+someone has them.
+
+So as a reason, it's not a
+disease that anybody's
+
+particularly excited about.
+
+I want to make you excited about
+worms for about, like,
+
+at least 15 minutes.
+
+You can come back and say, well,
+these worms, there is
+
+something with them.
+
+So the researcher went to this
+area, and they separated to
+
+schools into three
+groups randomly.
+
+Why did they pick the school?
+
+Why did they decide to randomize
+at the school level
+
+instead of doing it
+within school?
+
+For example, if you remember
+the bednet experiment, the
+
+bednet experiment was done
+at the individual level.
+
+Here, they treated all the
+children in the school.
+
+All the children was
+left as control.
+
+Why did they decide to do
+it at the school level?
+
+Yup.
+
+AUDIENCE: So kids may
+affect one another.
+
+So if one child in a classroom
+is dewormed and the other is
+
+not, they may be learning
+better.
+
+And because they're learning
+better, the other child may
+
+also be increasing their
+understanding.
+
+If you do it at a school level,
+they can cancel out
+
+that effect.
+
+So they can compare schools
+where all children are and
+
+schools where all
+children aren't.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So kids' education could
+affect one another.
+
+What else?
+
+In what way could they also
+affect one another?
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't there the
+externality, because they're
+
+very contagious, you said?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+There is the direct deworming
+externality that Zach and Noah
+
+mentioned earlier.
+
+Which is actually, worms
+are hyper-contagious.
+
+So if you compare, when they
+have done randomized
+
+experiments before within
+schools, they were very
+
+surprised, because they're
+saying, we are deworming these
+
+children, and we see no
+effect on anything.
+
+And the thing is, the control
+kids were re-infecting the
+
+treated kids, and the treated
+kids were also making the
+
+control kids less sick.
+
+So the effect was zero.
+
+So here, they decided, let's
+go and randomize the at the
+
+school level.
+
+And the first thing they
+did is that they
+
+went into the schools.
+
+So they did the school
+in three groups.
+
+They dewormed Group 1 in
+'98-2003, and then dewormed
+
+the Group 2 in 1999-2003,
+and dewormed the
+
+group three in 2001-2003.
+
+So the Group 3 three children
+got, on average, less two
+
+fewer years of deworming
+compared to the Group 1 and 2.
+
+There was a first study they
+did, which was they collected
+
+data in 2000.
+
+And in 2000, they compared
+children in Group 1 and 2 to
+
+children in Group 3.
+
+So children in Group 1 and 2 had
+been treated either one or
+
+two years, and children
+in Group 3 had not
+
+being treated yet.
+
+And what they found at this time
+was children, of course,
+
+were less likely to have worms
+if they had been dewormed.
+
+Otherwise, it's not much
+study to talk about.
+
+Number one is children who had
+been dewormed [INAUDIBLE],
+
+they are less likely
+to be anemic.
+
+And importantly, they are less
+likely to miss school.
+
+So they find that there was
+an increase of about 15%.
+
+So 1/6 of a year in
+participation in school.
+
+So what this study that we are
+doing now does is that it's
+
+tracking the children who were
+in primary school at this time
+
+later when they go up.
+
+So the date we're going to
+look at is in 2007-2009.
+
+So a kid who was 10 in 1998 is
+now 20, and is therefore
+
+usually doing something,
+working.
+
+And therefore, they can start
+looking at whether these
+
+people are now earning
+more money.
+
+So it's a big project, because
+these children have gone all
+
+over the place.
+
+So they have had some difficulty
+finding them.
+
+One of them was in London, and
+they went and interviewed a
+
+person in London.
+
+Many of them had moved to
+Nairobi or had moved to
+
+Mombasa or had moved
+to Uganda.
+
+So what they did is they did a
+first wave of it where they
+
+tried to track everyone.
+
+And they found about
+60% of the people.
+
+And that's not enough, because
+the 40% you don't find might
+
+be the ones that have
+the bigger effect.
+
+They might be the one that have
+moved to London, because
+
+of the extra education
+they are getting.
+
+So then they decided, let's take
+a smaller number of kids,
+
+and track them wherever
+they are.
+
+Really find them.
+
+And when you do that,
+they found a quite a
+
+large number of them.
+
+So that altogether in the
+sample, they have about 85% of
+
+tracking rate, in
+treatment and in
+
+controls very similarly.
+
+So therefore, we can now look
+at what happened to wages.
+
+So this is the empirical
+distribution of log wages.
+
+So what this tells you
+is, roughly, if you
+
+take any line here--
+
+for example, it says
+log earning of 7.
+
+So wages tend to
+be log numbers.
+
+So we like to show logs.
+
+So in the treatment group,
+about 10% of
+
+people, a log of 7.
+
+And in the control group,
+that's about 21%, 25%,
+
+something like that.
+
+So what does this mean?
+
+This What happened to the
+distribution of wage between
+
+treatment and control, and
+what does this mean?
+
+How do we read this?
+
+You can do it.
+
+You've seen a distribution,
+any distribution before.
+
+I know that.
+
+Just describe what happens
+to these two curves.
+
+You, you, you, you.
+
+I was talking to you.
+
+Just describe what happens
+to these two curves.
+
+Just tell me, physically, what
+happens to these two curves.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: It moved right.
+
+Right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right?
+
+That was hard.
+
+They moved right.
+
+Now, what is hard is saying,
+well, now that they move
+
+right, what does this mean?
+
+Noah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, I think
+two things.
+
+Well, first of all, the on
+average peaks higher, which
+
+means that the distribution in
+any case, on average, people
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+And also, it looks like it's
+narrower, which means that
+
+more people are also earning
+more, as opposed to just the
+
+average also earning more.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So those two things
+are exactly true.
+
+So what we see is, number
+one, here is the peak.
+
+So this is where, in the control
+group, we get 45% of
+
+people earning about
+a wage of 8.
+
+That's the mode of
+the distribution.
+
+Then, the nice thing with wages
+is they're going to be
+
+log normal, which means that the
+mode is about the medium.
+
+It also means that 50% of the
+people in the control group
+
+earn less than 8.
+
+Whereas here, we find that, if
+we want to find 50% of the
+
+people earning less than
+something, it's closer.
+
+So for the control group, it's
+like 7 and 1/2, and the
+
+treatment group is 8.
+
+So in the control group, 50% of
+people earn less than 7 and
+
+1/2, and in the treatment
+group, 50% of people
+
+earn less than 8.
+
+And in fact, we could transform
+this graph into a
+
+cumulative distribution function
+instead of density.
+
+And we would find that, given
+this graph, given that it's
+
+nicely shifted to the right
+and it's also a little bit
+
+less valuable, as Noah pointed
+out, we would find that at
+
+every percentage, we have more
+people in the control group
+
+who make less than that
+at every level.
+
+We have a more people in the
+control group earning less
+
+than that than in the
+treatment group.
+
+Which means that--
+
+Well, it has to mean that
+the people in the
+
+treatment group earn more.
+
+And not only that, but--
+
+not every single person,
+but statistically--
+
+everybody in the treatment
+does somewhat better.
+
+So we are saying the
+distribution in the treatment
+
+group statistically dominates
+the distribution in the
+
+control group.
+
+If you had to choose which
+society to live in, without
+
+knowing, you would pick
+the treatment group.
+
+Because the chance that you are
+earning more is better in
+
+one place than the other.
+
+So that's what happens with
+this distribution.
+
+We can just look at them and
+say, yeah, we have more people
+
+earning less and we have here
+more people earning more.
+
+So now we can say, well,
+how does it look like?
+
+This could just all be nice
+in graph, but there is no
+
+standard error here.
+
+There is no confidence
+interval.
+
+Maybe this is not really
+very solid.
+
+So we can look at that
+in a regression.
+
+So this is a simple regression,
+which gives us
+
+directly the difference--
+
+what you can read here is the
+difference between the log
+
+earning of the treatment group
+and the log earning of the
+
+control group.
+
+That means I could have plotted
+bar charts like we had
+
+with the bednet.
+
+It's saying, this is
+the mean here.
+
+The mean wage in the control
+group is 7.8, which
+
+corresponds to above the median
+and above the mode of
+
+the distribution, 7.8.
+
+And the mean wage for the
+treatment group is log.18.
+
+So that means about 18--
+
+19, sorry.
+
+19 percentage points higher
+than the mean in
+
+the treatment group.
+
+So when we run regression in
+logs, the advantage is we can
+
+read the coefficient
+directly as the
+
+percentage point increases.
+
+So if we wanted to know, what's
+the mean log wages in
+
+the treatment group?
+
+What do we need to do
+from this graph?
+
+So make sure that you
+have it well.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Take the median
+and multiply it by 1.19.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+So what you would do--
+
+This is the mean of the log.
+
+And this is the log point
+that they get.
+
+So if we wanted to know the log
+wages for the treatment
+
+group, all we would need to
+do is to add 0.19 to 7.8.
+
+So that would be about 8.
+
+And then if we wanted to know
+the level then we would take
+
+the exponential of 8.
+
+Right?
+
+So when you have experiments,
+you can just take the mean,
+
+and you can calculate the mean
+in the treatment group or the
+
+mean the control group.
+
+But in the papers in studies,
+what you generally see is
+
+people running a very simple,
+ordinary [INAUDIBLE] square
+
+regression on wages of whether
+you are a treatment person.
+
+And the way we'll read this is
+just saying, this is the
+
+difference between treatment
+and control.
+
+And this is the mean
+for control.
+
+And then, once we've done that,
+we can add other things
+
+that absolves the noise,
+and we'll get
+
+slightly different results.
+
+But not very different,
+because everything is
+
+randomized.
+
+What is this one?
+
+Over here?
+
+What is this little
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+in [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Errors?
+
+PROFESSOR: The standard error.
+
+Exactly.
+
+This guy is the standard
+error.
+
+So this is saying there is some
+noise around these wages.
+
+So the difference, the mean,
+because we have the
+
+distribution of wages.
+
+So there is some variation
+around the estimate.
+
+And therefore, there is some
+noise around our estimate of
+
+the difference between treatment
+and control wages.
+
+And that tells us the
+standard error.
+
+So now we need to know, well,
+how do I know whether this
+
+effect is just due to chance,
+or if it's a real effect.
+
+Once I give you the
+coefficient, and
+
+the standard error.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: If it's more than two
+standard errors, isn't it
+
+significant?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So if you divide the coefficient
+by the standard
+
+error, it gives you something
+we call the t-statistic.
+
+For the hypothesis that
+the effect is 0.
+
+So when we divide the
+coefficient by the standard
+
+error, we get the t-statistic,
+and the t-statistic is for the
+
+test that the coefficient
+is not 0.
+
+So the hypothesis is, is
+this coefficient 0?
+
+So each test goes with a level
+of confidence, which is the
+
+probability of a
+type one error.
+
+That is, the probability that
+you are saying there is an
+
+effect when in fact,
+there is not.
+
+Generally in economics--
+
+I don't know in other fields,
+but in economics-- generally
+
+we go with sizes of 5%.
+
+So we accept to say that
+something has an effect when
+
+in fact it doesn't with
+a probability of 5%.
+
+And 5% corresponds to a
+t-statistic of 1.96.
+
+So when you see regression table
+like this, it's very
+
+simple if things
+are randomized.
+
+When you see a regression,
+
+looking at these effects,
+gives you the difference
+
+between treatment and control.
+
+Divided by it's standard
+error.
+
+And if it's above 1.96, it tells
+you that the effect is
+
+significantly different
+from 0.
+
+That is, there is
+a real effect.
+
+Not an effect due to chance.
+
+So here of course, it's
+much above 2.
+
+And it's about 19%.
+
+So it tells you that the wage
+of the treated guys is 19%
+
+higher than the wage of
+the control guys.
+
+Which is a fair amount.
+
+So why do I say that
+19% wage is high?
+
+What was the economic growth
+in Kenya over this period,
+
+give or take?
+
+An order of magnitude?
+
+AUDIENCE: 10%?
+
+PROFESSOR: 10% would be nice.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't know if they
+had any single year where
+
+they had 10% growth.
+
+AUDIENCE: Like 4?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, 3 4.
+
+3, 4.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you know
+what inflation is?
+
+PROFESSOR: So that would
+be in real time.
+
+AUDIENCE: Adjusted.
+
+All right.
+
+PROFESSOR: But this is,
+remember, we are comparing
+
+treatment to control.
+
+So there is no inflation here,
+because our treatment people
+
+were measured at
+the same time.
+
+Take real growth.
+
+If we are saying 3% to 4% a
+year, we are being generous to
+
+Kenya for the average.
+
+So that means that these guys
+got the equivalent of several
+
+years of good economic growth,
+except there has not been many
+
+years in Kenya where there has
+been several years of good
+
+economic growth.
+
+So that's why I wanted to get
+you excited about worms for
+
+five minutes.
+
+So this thing corresponds to
+giving the kids a pill which
+
+costs about, including the
+delivery cost and all of that,
+
+about $0.60 of delivering
+the pill.
+
+You need to do that
+twice a year.
+
+And this is a difference between
+doing it for three
+
+years versus one.
+
+So this is your investment,
+it's probably a good
+
+investment, that was delivered
+by society here in the form of
+
+this NGO, was a [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And that's 19% per year.
+
+That's a lot.
+
+Even people, if they are to do
+it themselves, maybe they have
+
+to do to the shop so they
+don't get it for $0.60.
+
+They have to pay $1.
+
+Then they get several years of
+good growth for the entire
+
+lifetime of the child.
+
+So we are talking about, for
+a lifetime [INAUDIBLE]
+
+of several thousand dollars
+of extra wages.
+
+And we can see it here.
+
+So what this is is these are
+the benefits that you're
+
+getting from this 19% increase
+in earnings.
+
+So imagine that you get 19%
+increase in earnings.
+
+Take the GDP of Kenya, or the
+average wage level of Kenya.
+
+Multiplied by 19%.
+
+That's how much you're
+getting every year.
+
+Then you have to compute
+the net present value.
+
+Because the benefit that you're
+getting if you have to
+
+pay the investment today, but
+you're starting to get the
+
+return when you're 20 and then
+over your lifetime, it's not
+
+as valuable.
+
+So we are using some
+[INAUDIBLE], let's say 5%.
+
+And we are computing the net
+present value of those
+
+earnings, like we would for
+the investment in a stock.
+
+So when you do that, you get
+over $1,000 increasing in your
+
+lifetime earnings.
+
+So this is that.
+
+And this is how much it cost.
+
+So you need to deliver the
+pills, $0.65 per year, and
+
+then they wanted to--
+
+so that would be a huge benefit
+of, like, $1,500 or
+
+$1,100 divided by $0.65.
+
+That would be pretty gigantic.
+
+That's why worms are exciting.
+
+Well, they don't want to make
+it too exciting, so they are
+
+saying, well, let's see what all
+the costs we need to add.
+
+Well, these kids have gone to
+school a little longer.
+
+They've gone to school
+more every year.
+
+So while in school, they are not
+playing, or they are not
+
+earning some wage.
+
+So they are making some
+assumption of what is this
+
+opportunity cost.
+
+Other wage, unskilled wage.
+
+All of the day they spend
+in school, they
+
+assign them the wage.
+
+That's an over-estimate, because
+usually the kids are
+
+just doing nothing, because
+they are sick.
+
+So this is being very
+generous for the
+
+cost of being in school.
+
+And then, they also add the
+fact that if you have more
+
+kids in school, you need to
+have, maybe, a little bit more
+
+teachers and all that.
+
+So they also can create
+how much that can be.
+
+So these things, you might want
+to put them, or you might
+
+not want to put them.
+
+But the bottom line is that when
+you do that, this bar is
+
+pretty huge, and this bar
+is pretty minimal.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: If they're so clear,
+why doesn't Kenya's government
+
+support it?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, the
+answer is they do.
+
+Because until this study, it
+wasn't so obvious that the
+
+benefits are so large.
+
+Because how would you know?
+
+You only had those experiments
+where you were comparing
+
+people within the same school.
+
+And you found no effect
+of deworming.
+
+So this study came.
+
+That's an interesting political
+economic story.
+
+This study came-- the first one,
+not even the second one.
+
+And showed that it basically
+costs nothing
+
+to put kids in school.
+
+The cheapest way to
+get kids to attend
+
+to school more regularly.
+
+So the researchers and us here
+at Poverty Action have started
+
+to advertise this as, you might
+not have thought it that
+
+way, but deworming is
+the cheapest way
+
+to get kids in school.
+
+We went to Davos.
+
+Davos is this world congress
+of rich people.
+
+And we presented this kind of
+data, and showed to them, you
+
+know what, you might not think
+deworming is so exciting, but
+
+in fact it is.
+
+Because it's a great
+investment.
+
+So they kind of liked
+the idea.
+
+Well, we started
+an organization
+
+called deworm the world.
+
+And started just diffusing
+these kind of results.
+
+We didn't even have the
+wage results yet.
+
+It was just education results,
+saying, deworming is a
+
+sensible education policy.
+
+It's a very cheap way to
+get kids in school.
+
+And started working with the
+government to get this
+
+information out.
+
+One complicated thing with
+deworming from a political
+
+economic point of view is that
+it's a health program that you
+
+want to do in school.
+
+The reason why you want to do
+it in school is you have all
+
+the kids there.
+
+That's why it's cheap.
+
+But when you want to do a health
+program in school, you
+
+need the Health Ministry and
+the Education Ministry to
+
+collaborate, or you need the
+Finance Ministry to tell
+
+them, you do it.
+
+So that takes some effort,
+but that effort got done.
+
+And in fact, in Kenya they are
+now deworming everywhere.
+
+So that's millions, millions
+of children.
+
+And then this is also
+moving up and down.
+
+They're going to start doing it
+in Bihar, which is a state
+
+in India where they also
+have a lot of worms.
+
+They have started doing it in
+Andhra Pradesh, where there is
+
+not that many worms, but they
+have subregions in Andhra
+
+Pradesh with a lot of worms.
+
+And in this way, the information
+gets out, and
+
+progressively it's taken up.
+
+AUDIENCE: In Kenya, did the
+government sponsor the
+
+deworming program, or was
+it outside donors?
+
+PROFESSOR: In Kenya, the
+answer is yes and no.
+
+The direct answer is yes, but
+it is subsidized in part by
+
+the Fast Track Initiative, which
+is international money
+
+that government can access to do
+things that help education.
+
+So Kenya can elect to use Fast
+Track Initiative money to do
+
+textbooks, or to do computers
+in school, or to do
+
+blackboards, or to pay
+teachers more.
+
+And what they did is
+they took some of
+
+that money to do deworming.
+
+The thing is, deworming is cheap
+enough that once you
+
+realize that it is a good thing
+to do, money is less the
+
+issue than getting everybody
+on board and organized.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: And so I'm thinking
+there's probably other
+
+developing countries that have
+significantly worm issues.
+
+And then why aren't those
+countries doing it?
+
+You mentioned India, but I'd
+imagine there's a lot more.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So the answer is slowly, slowly
+they are getting into
+
+the bandwagon.
+
+But that's a very good question,
+which is, number one
+
+you need to have the
+evidence out.
+
+And until fairly recently,
+in particular until this
+
+experiment, the evidence
+wasn't out.
+
+And this is not something
+that people could just
+
+make up on their own.
+
+I think in particular, the
+effect on education, I don't
+
+think the first thing that
+comes to an education
+
+minister, or the first thing
+that would come to you, if I'd
+
+asked you in principle, how
+would you increase education?
+
+What's the cheapest
+way to do it?
+
+I don't think deworming would
+have been very high on your
+
+radar screen.
+
+It's not very high on anybody's
+radar screen,
+
+precisely because worms
+don't kill.
+
+So people think of HIV as being
+important, which it is.
+
+But people don't
+think of worms.
+
+So that's the first reason.
+
+Once the information is out,
+then it needs to be
+
+percolated.
+
+People need to absorb It.
+
+And I think this is happening,
+actually.
+
+This is one of the pretty
+hopeful stories, in terms of
+
+that the evidence can
+make a difference.
+
+AUDIENCE: I can understand
+where you argue with
+
+government about education
+effects,
+
+especially in children.
+
+But when you get something
+as long as wage
+
+effects, pretty long time.
+
+Are you assuming that no other
+health hazards would offset
+
+the gains which can be obtained
+from deworming.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So the question is whether I'm
+assuming that there are no
+
+other things that will happen.
+
+And the beauty of this is I'm
+not assuming anything.
+
+In fact, I didn't.
+
+But Ted Miguel and Michael
+Kremer dewormed
+
+the children in 1999.
+
+And then they had the foresight
+of deciding, we need
+
+to continue to track them to
+find out whether or not there
+
+is a wage effect.
+
+If you want to know my prior
+when they started this
+
+exercise, very honestly, is that
+you're wasting your time.
+
+All of these other things
+will be happening.
+
+You're never going to
+find an effect.
+
+And so when this came up, I
+was very surprised in a
+
+positive way.
+
+But these results were not
+even used to sell the
+
+deworming to the government,
+because we didn't have them
+
+till very recently.
+
+Only the education results
+were used,
+
+which are very immediate.
+
+But the point here, you see,
+you don't assume anything.
+
+Whatever things would have
+happened, happened.
+
+And surprisingly,
+didn't offset.
+
+That's what the standard
+error tells you.
+
+So deworming is an interesting
+policy, because it's a good
+
+policy that's not
+obviously good.
+
+So it is nobody's
+first choice.
+
+So you have to make it people's
+first choice.
+
+The evidence plays a role,
+and then some convincing.
+
+And what is interesting is that
+the parents themselves,
+
+they could do with
+them as well.
+
+And so the second question we
+want to ask, which is the
+
+individual version of
+the same, why don't
+
+government do it?
+
+Is why don't parents do it?
+
+Which is the same question
+as, why don't people
+
+buy the fish sauce.
+
+We'll get to it in a moment,
+we'll collect the thing.
+
+Unless you want to have a--
+
+AUDIENCE: For deworming, could
+you just treat the water that
+
+the children walk in, so that
+the worms don't go in the
+
+water, so the kids
+won't get worms.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the question is,
+could you treat the water
+
+instead of treating the kids?
+
+I think that's an excellent
+idea, because you could do it.
+
+Except that Lake Victoria
+is really big.
+
+So I think for Lake Victoria it
+would be a bit difficult.
+
+It's really, really big.
+
+It's almost like a freshwater
+sea in the middle.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not just
+a lake, right?
+
+It's also puddles and
+things like that.
+
+People walking through
+there with no shoes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It's any body of fresh water
+that creates the problem.
+
+So that's general nutrition.
+
+There are other examples of
+effective [INAUDIBLE]
+
+of nutrition.
+
+But now let's skip to the
+third one, which is the
+
+nutrition in the womb, which
+is what you were asking.
+
+Whether it's not even more
+important to feed
+
+the pregnant woman.
+
+And the answer is that it is.
+
+So there is a doctor in the UK
+called Dr. Barker who this
+
+hypothesis has his name.
+
+It's called the Barker
+Hypothesis.
+
+What he found is that basically,
+he found that the
+
+region which had the highest
+child mortality, infant
+
+mortality, neo-natal mortality,
+were also the
+
+places where people, once they
+were born, had the lowest life
+
+expectancy.
+
+And he concluded that this was
+a sign that your condition of
+
+life in utero were
+really important.
+
+Of course, that was not
+convincing at all, because the
+
+regions that have the highest
+infant mortality also are
+
+pretty bad in many
+other respects.
+
+And you will expect that these
+people live less long.
+
+But still, he's the first one
+who formulated the hypothesis.
+
+And despite the fact that his
+evidence was weak for it, the
+
+hypothesis was right, as we
+subsequently discovered.
+
+I'm going to give you a few
+examples where it was seen
+
+very clearly.
+
+One of the big names in this
+is an economist at Colombia
+
+named Doug Almond.
+
+And the first thing that Doug
+Almond found is that he looked
+
+at people who were born just
+after 1918, which is the
+
+period where there was a big,
+big flew epidemic in the US.
+
+So many people died
+of the flu.
+
+Adults died of the flu.
+
+But many people didn't,
+and still had it.
+
+And in particular, a lot of kids
+were born from moms who
+
+had had the flu.
+
+And the paper here was very
+simple, which was to compare
+
+the life outcomes of people who
+were in utero during the
+
+period of the flu.
+
+He doesn't even know whether
+their mother had the flu.
+
+It just makes it quite likely
+that their mother had the flu
+
+if they were born during
+that period.
+
+And they found that children who
+were in this period during
+
+the big flu pandemics were
+sicker as adults.
+
+They were more likely to have
+all sorts of diseases.
+
+Name a disease, they have it.
+
+Or they are more likely
+to have it.
+
+They were earning less money.
+
+They were less likely to
+have gone to college.
+
+And they died earlier,
+they died younger.
+
+So that was one of
+the first people.
+
+So particularly if your mom had
+the flu when you were in
+
+utero, that's not good.
+
+That's not nutrition.
+
+Other effects--
+
+still a paper by Doug Almond--
+
+is that people who are born
+during or just after the
+
+Chinese famine--
+
+or even just after is
+a better number.
+
+Children who are born just after
+the Chinese famine, so
+
+who were in utero during
+the famine, they of
+
+course live less long.
+
+They are shorter.
+
+They have lower wages.
+
+And even the children of the
+children of these people are
+
+shorter and doing less
+well in life.
+
+So there is even a second
+generation that's let's
+
+productive, fertile,
+et cetera if you
+
+were born in the famine.
+
+There is, of course, a bias in
+this, when we look at the
+
+children who were born just
+after the famine.
+
+Which comes from what?
+
+AUDIENCE: They probably also
+experienced ramifications of
+
+the famine afterwards.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So it was afterwards.
+
+The famine was very brutal,
+and ended and
+
+started very brutally.
+
+So we might expect that there
+is not so much effect after.
+
+That but on the other hand,
+what do you expect happens
+
+during the famine?
+
+AUDIENCE: Probably disease.
+
+PROFESSOR: A lot of diseases
+in particular.
+
+A lot of adults died.
+
+We are talking about 59
+million adults dying.
+
+And a lot of people probably
+were never born.
+
+And in particular, there were
+stillborns or miscarriages.
+
+So the people who made it
+despite the fact that they
+
+were in utero doing this period,
+the babies who managed
+
+to get born are probably pretty
+good genetic potential
+
+to start with.
+
+And despite that, they are doing
+much less well in life.
+
+So there is a bias, but it goes
+in the direction of not
+
+finding an effect
+of the famine.
+
+Because surviving during the
+famine already indicates that
+
+you're a pretty feisty child.
+
+So that's quite extreme.
+
+You would say, yes, of course
+being in utero during a famine
+
+is a bad idea.
+
+You should avoid it at
+all costs if you can.
+
+But maybe it's not particularly
+relevant.
+
+Because after all, we are not
+talking about famine for most
+
+poor people.
+
+We are talking about
+malnutrition and
+
+ill-nutrition.
+
+So here is one example
+of that.
+
+Is that children who were in
+utero during Ramadan--
+
+and Ramadan shifts, so it's
+not a particular season.
+
+So we can look at kids who were
+in utero doing Ramadan
+
+who were born in September, who
+were born in October, who
+
+were born in December.
+
+All over the year.
+
+This is a paper that
+looks at Uganda.
+
+Children born of Muslim mothers
+and who were in utero
+
+during Ramadan, in particular
+in the first trimester of
+
+pregnancy during the Ramadan,
+are less educated.
+
+It's many less educated and
+earn less as adults.
+
+And with Ramadan, it's not even
+that you are not eating.
+
+You're not eating
+during the day.
+
+But people eat during
+the night.
+
+But these long periods of
+fasting are no good.
+
+That's interesting, because
+you don't have to observe
+
+Ramadan when you're pregnant.
+
+You could not do it.
+
+And if you're really observant,
+in fact, you have
+
+the option of not doing
+it and doing it later.
+
+But pregnant women tend to do
+Ramadan anyway because other
+
+people around them do it.
+
+And what is interesting here
+is that, in terms of policy
+
+implication, it could be
+encouraged to say, you can not
+
+observe the Ramadan.
+
+Not everybody does it because
+it's acceptable not to observe
+
+it, potentially.
+
+But most women do.
+
+And this is not good
+for their children.
+
+And even though it's not
+something massive, it's this
+
+shift in the consumption.
+
+The calories probably stay
+relatively constant.
+
+Another example-- which, again,
+is nothing extreme--
+
+the paper by Erica Field and
+Maximo Torero, which looks at
+
+one particular micronutrient,
+which is iodine.
+
+So iodine deficiency in
+adulthood create this thyroid
+
+insuffiency, so it makes
+you a bit slow.
+
+So in French, the expression
+"cretin" comes from that.
+
+In French, we say "cretin of the
+Alps," because people from
+
+the Alps were very
+far from the sea.
+
+So their salt came from the
+mountain, not from the sea.
+
+So it wasn't iodized.
+
+So you had more thyroid
+problems due to iodine
+
+deficiency in the Alps
+and elsewhere.
+
+So now, iodized salt is
+available on a large scale.
+
+But before that, when it was
+not available on a large
+
+scale, at some point governments
+realized this
+
+problem and tried to
+have programs of
+
+distribution of iodine.
+
+And what these people look at is
+they look at the program in
+
+Tanzania, which attempted to
+reach every pregnant woman,
+
+but failed.
+
+So some kids, normally
+you would have five
+
+waves of the program.
+
+A pill is sufficient
+for several months.
+
+So they were attempting to reach
+people frequently enough
+
+that all the pregnant woman
+would have a pill covering
+
+them for the duration
+of the pregnancy.
+
+But they failed to do that
+because they were not
+
+particularly organized.
+
+So in some districts they went
+in sometimes, and some
+
+district they went in
+some other times.
+
+So what you can look is kids who
+were lucky enough to be in
+
+utero when their mother
+was covered.
+
+Compared to kids who were not
+lucky, and who where in utero,
+
+in particular first
+trimester, when
+
+their mom was not covered.
+
+And what they look at is
+education down the line.
+
+And they found that the covered
+kids have about a
+
+third of a year more education
+than the uncovered kids, for
+
+receiving this iodine
+supplementation.
+
+So again, a pretty small
+intervention makes a big
+
+effect down in life.
+
+So all of these create potential
+for poverty traps,
+
+because if the poor--
+
+these are investments that
+are not costly and
+
+that have high return.
+
+Even micronutrients for adults,
+childhood pregnancy,
+
+in this order.
+
+You are asking, pregnancy is a
+very short period of time.
+
+Then it will affect the child
+for their entire life.
+
+So if the poor are less likely
+to undertake the investment,
+
+then there is a potential
+for a poverty trap here.
+
+So is it the case that the poor
+are likely to undertake
+
+this investment?
+
+And the answer is yes.
+
+Most of the poor still
+consume a diet that's
+
+very poor in Iran.
+
+The vast majority of the
+quarter of the world's
+
+children who should get worms
+are still not dewormed.
+
+The WHO estimates that
+40% of pregnant women
+
+worldwide are anemic.
+
+Not all of that is due continue
+to iron deficiency
+
+anemia, but probably
+at least a half.
+
+So these are three examples of
+saying, these investments are
+
+not undertaken, even though they
+are potentially highly
+
+productive.
+
+And so you are saying, well,
+maybe it's not undertaken, but
+
+it's not because of poverty.
+
+So is money an issue?
+
+And it does seem to be that a
+very small cost, even a very
+
+small cost, seems to
+discourage people.
+
+Asking the question that
+you were asking before.
+
+At the level of government.
+
+If 45 fish sauce costs only $6,
+it seems the investment is
+
+worthwhile, and yet no
+poor family does it.
+
+In Kenya, in the deworming
+program, in the first group of
+
+schools, at some point
+the NGO wanted to do
+
+the sustainable thing.
+
+And the sustainable thing was
+to ask people to cost-share.
+
+So they had to pay a little
+fee for their children.
+
+Small fee for the
+entire family.
+
+And this is believed to
+be help maintaining
+
+the program, et cetera.
+
+The moment where they introduced
+the cost sharing,
+
+the take up of the program
+went to zero.
+
+Nobody took it up.
+
+So that goes back to this.
+
+They didn't know the
+effect, maybe.
+
+Interestingly, it means asking
+people to pay is not
+
+sustainable.
+
+Because it's the costlier thing
+about the deworming
+
+program is to drive your
+car to the place.
+
+So once you're there,
+you want to do all
+
+many people as possible.
+
+So if the take up falls down to
+zero, you've really lost a
+
+lot of chances.
+
+Another example.
+
+It's not only money.
+
+The thing is that it's not only
+
+money that is the problem.
+
+So it's not only poverty,
+as in lack of income.
+
+Because in India, we tried
+something so to fight anemia.
+
+We said, OK, fine.
+
+People are not going
+to buy iron pills.
+
+But let's introduce a program
+where the local miller who
+
+mills the grain of everyone,
+will add the iron.
+
+But we only had money to install
+the machine and pay
+
+the miller to do it for
+one minute a village.
+
+And what we saw is that--
+
+so people who were already
+walking with that miller
+
+continue to do so.
+
+But the other people
+didn't switch.
+
+So the people who happened
+to be close by
+
+benefited from the program.
+
+But no one was willing to work
+the extra five minutes to
+
+benefit from the program.
+
+And moreover, the miller thought
+it was a lot of effort
+
+to add the iron.
+
+So even though the rules were
+you're supposed to do it
+
+unless the family asks, they
+switched to do the opposite,
+
+which is you're supposed--
+
+they wouldn't not do it if
+the family didn't ask.
+
+And the family didn't
+really ask.
+
+They didn't say no, but
+they didn't say yes.
+
+To the [INAUDIBLE], which was
+very high at the beginning
+
+when the miller did it by
+default, it progressively went
+
+to a very low number, and
+the program collapsed.
+
+Which suggests that it's
+not only money,
+
+it's any form of costs.
+
+Which brings to these
+other issues.
+
+One is what Steve said earlier,
+which is are the
+
+workers going to reap the
+benefit, or is the employer
+
+going to reap the benefit?
+
+And one sign that it might be
+the employer rather than the
+
+worker is that in Indonesia,
+it's only the wages of the
+
+self-employed that increased.
+
+Not the wages, the
+earnings of the
+
+self-employed that increased.
+
+The wages of people working
+for a wage didn't go up.
+
+In Kenya, it was different.
+
+But in Kenya there is all
+this education effect.
+
+And one thing that we have
+in Kenya is that
+
+people switch sectors.
+
+The young kids just started
+workings in different sectors
+
+altogether.
+
+But for adults, it's
+too late for them.
+
+They're just going to do the
+same thing a little better.
+
+And they are not really
+rewarded for that.
+
+The other thing are the
+information things we
+
+discussed earlier.
+
+It's very difficult to find out
+on your own what makes a
+
+difference and what doesn't.
+
+Is it iron?
+
+How do you know that
+iron matters?
+
+Until recently, scientists
+didn't know.
+
+In the '70s and '80s, scientists
+were still
+
+convinced that the big
+problem was proteins.
+
+And protein is a problem.
+
+But they didn't think of
+micronutrients as an issue.
+
+So number one, the information
+is very difficult to acquire.
+
+So you need to trust outsider.
+
+It's not very clear you
+would trust them.
+
+Finally--
+
+and I will finish on that--
+
+is that consumption
+is a decision.
+
+And people are not machines.
+
+So they are not maximizing their
+productivity, they are
+
+maximizing their utility.
+
+And their utility is made
+of other things than our
+
+productivity can be.
+
+There is the food that you
+have to eat every day.
+
+And if you don't like it,
+then this is horrible.
+
+Because eating is the only thing
+that we are doing day
+
+in, day out.
+
+So if we don't like to eat,
+then it's kind of awful.
+
+And in particular, this may
+be one reason why it's
+
+particularly difficult to have
+people switch their diet.
+
+This is something
+where this is so
+
+ingrained into our habits.
+
+And if we are used do eating
+in a particular way, we may
+
+know that the best way is to eat
+something else, but we may
+
+be very reluctant to switch.
+
+Now, this is a pattern that we
+are seeing of course in this
+
+country, as well as
+anywhere else.
+
+The second thing is you may care
+about your social status.
+
+Which might be related to how
+big a party you throw for your
+
+son's birthday or for your
+daughter's wedding, or even
+
+for your dad's funeral.
+
+Which may be related to some
+goods you may want to have,
+
+like a TV or things like that.
+
+People can care deeply about
+these things, which may mean
+
+that they decide to forego
+nourishing their [INAUDIBLE]
+
+to make sure that they can
+actually do the things.
+
+It's not like--
+
+and finally, to diversity
+of goods you have.
+
+Like cell phones,
+TVs, et cetera.
+
+And all of that means that it
+has very important policy
+
+implications, of course.
+
+Because it means that it's
+not going to be trivial.
+
+It's going to eventually be
+quite difficult to get people
+
+to convince to switch the
+type of their diet.
+
+And also, because of what we saw
+last time, it's not such a
+
+great idea to try and
+subsidized grains
+
+or things like that.
+
+Because it's not going to
+lead to an improvement.
+
+It's not so much of the quantity
+of food, because it's
+
+not that useful to it more.
+
+Nor in the quality of food,
+because it's not the fasting
+
+people will want to do with
+the extra income.
+
+That means that you would want
+to do things that have a
+
+chance directly to affect
+the quality of the
+
+food people are eating.
+
+And in particular, children and
+pregnant woman are eating.
+
+So one is making it as
+easy as possible to
+
+do the right thing.
+
+So invent foods that people
+want to eat, but the
+
+micronutrients is in them.
+
+So there is something called
+golden rice, which is rice
+
+which is already fortified
+in iron.
+
+But that's GMOs, we might
+like that or not.
+
+But it's also like hybrids
+foods, like yams, which are
+
+very rich in vitamin A that
+can grow in Africa.
+
+So there are organizations
+that work on this.
+
+So the organizations that work
+on this bioengineering--
+
+like HarvestPlus, these types
+of organizations--
+
+historically have been focused
+on making the food more
+
+productive.
+
+And what is needed is a shift
+to making the food
+
+higher-quality from the point
+of view of nutrition.
+
+And this is happening,
+but slowly, slowly.
+
+Other thing is when you have the
+kids, you should invest in
+
+the quality of their food.
+
+Because the parents might not
+know or might not do it.
+
+But you have the kids right
+in front of you.
+
+So it's easy to do.
+
+So deworming.
+
+Make the school meal nutritious,
+for example, by
+
+sprinkling micronutrient
+on them.
+
+And the parents are not going
+to compensate for that by
+
+giving them less, because
+they have no idea what
+
+you're doing anyway.
+
+And then you can think
+of other things.
+
+I'm going to let you move now.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/r9PqDkaGGcU.txt b/r9PqDkaGGcU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb6371521b281dcf3998866f033f924ec0a0d94c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r9PqDkaGGcU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+Open Courseware under a Creative Common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a Creative Common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a Creative Common
+License. Additional information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+License. Additional information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+License. Additional information about
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. I realized I didn't ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. I realized I didn't ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. I realized I didn't ask
+anybody to introduce me tonight. Um, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to introduce me tonight. Um, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to introduce me tonight. Um, I'm
+an wiston spurn, a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an wiston spurn, a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an wiston spurn, a professor of
+landscape architecture and planning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape architecture and planning here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape architecture and planning here
+at MIT with a joint appointment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT with a joint appointment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT with a joint appointment in the
+architecture in the urban studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in the urban studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in the urban studies and
+planning department. And I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning department. And I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning department. And I'm the
+organizer of this lecture series,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizer of this lecture series,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizer of this lecture series,
+sensing place photography as inquiry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing place photography as inquiry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing place photography as inquiry.
+Um, and I gave myself the last spot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I gave myself the last spot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I gave myself the last spot on
+the series. So, here we are. This is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series. So, here we are. This is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series. So, here we are. This is uh
+this is the wrap-up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the wrap-up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the wrap-up.
+So welcome uh they'll come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So welcome uh they'll come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So welcome uh they'll come to the
+dance. Uh we have uh gave a welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance. Uh we have uh gave a welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance. Uh we have uh gave a welcome to
+the Danish students who were here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Danish students who were here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Danish students who were here uh
+doing a study tour um visiting MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a study tour um visiting MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a study tour um visiting MIT and
+Boston and going on to New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tomorrow. The title of my talk is to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow. The title of my talk is to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow. The title of my talk is to see
+is the root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the root of
+idea. To see is the linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. To see is the linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. To see is the linguistic
+root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of
+idea. For me, it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. For me, it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. For me, it is the
+seed. Noticing something makes me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed. Noticing something makes me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed. Noticing something makes me see
+something I hadn't seen. Helps me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I hadn't seen. Helps me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I hadn't seen. Helps me
+discover what cannot be seen directly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover what cannot be seen directly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover what cannot be seen directly or
+only at a different scale from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at a different scale from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at a different scale from another
+point of view. And that prompts me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view. And that prompts me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view. And that prompts me to
+question, seek answers, and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, seek answers, and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, seek answers, and find
+connections among what is seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections among what is seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections among what is seemingly
+unrelated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated.
+Trees and wind, rock, volcano, hotring,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trees and wind, rock, volcano, hotring,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trees and wind, rock, volcano, hotring,
+the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of
+continents, oceans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continents, oceans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continents, oceans and
+atmosphere, a blue violet band rising on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere, a blue violet band rising on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere, a blue violet band rising on
+the horizon at dusk. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizon at dusk. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizon at dusk. The
+earth recognizing pattern, I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth recognizing pattern, I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth recognizing pattern, I imagine
+sound and force of winter wind,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and force of winter wind,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and force of winter wind,
+continental plates colliding. the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental plates colliding. the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental plates colliding. the earth
+as a turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a turning
+sphere. Seeing is a creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. Seeing is a creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. Seeing is a creative
+act. Photography is to seeing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act. Photography is to seeing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act. Photography is to seeing what
+poetry is to writing. A way of thinking,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry is to writing. A way of thinking,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry is to writing. A way of thinking,
+a disciplined practice that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disciplined practice that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disciplined practice that produces
+insight, a condensed telling, deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight, a condensed telling, deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight, a condensed telling, deciding
+where to point the camera, where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to point the camera, where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to point the camera, where to
+stand. I choose subject and stance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand. I choose subject and stance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand. I choose subject and stance.
+Framing the image, I place the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framing the image, I place the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framing the image, I place the threshold
+and shape the view, bringing certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shape the view, bringing certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shape the view, bringing certain
+features into dialogue, excluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features into dialogue, excluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features into dialogue, excluding
+others. I determine what should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. I determine what should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. I determine what should be
+sharp, what to blur, what should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp, what to blur, what should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp, what to blur, what should be
+highlighted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in
+shadow. To print a photograph is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow. To print a photograph is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow. To print a photograph is to
+revisit time and place, recall light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit time and place, recall light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit time and place, recall light and
+mood, refine shades of meaning, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood, refine shades of meaning, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood, refine shades of meaning, and
+sometimes to find in the image things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to find in the image things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to find in the image things I
+had not seen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not seen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not seen.
+Photographs prompt and push my thinking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photographs prompt and push my thinking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photographs prompt and push my thinking.
+I let them speak and sort them as images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let them speak and sort them as images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let them speak and sort them as images
+first, seeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, seeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, seeking
+associations before translating those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations before translating those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations before translating those
+insights into words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights into words.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights into words.
+To study photographs days, months, years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To study photographs days, months, years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To study photographs days, months, years
+after they were taken is to see again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they were taken is to see again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they were taken is to see again,
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+revise. The whole process from first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise. The whole process from first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise. The whole process from first
+look to final print, from single image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to final print, from single image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to final print, from single image
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+sequence, tunes my eye and changes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, tunes my eye and changes how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, tunes my eye and changes how
+and what I see. The practice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I see. The practice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I see. The practice of
+photography leads me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography leads me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography leads me to
+attend, to enter unfolding events, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend, to enter unfolding events, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend, to enter unfolding events, to
+spot clues in landscape to what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot clues in landscape to what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot clues in landscape to what is
+there, hidden and real. In poet Sheamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, hidden and real. In poet Sheamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, hidden and real. In poet Sheamus
+Heene's words, if I'm fortunate, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heene's words, if I'm fortunate, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heene's words, if I'm fortunate, the
+world appears new, and I know where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world appears new, and I know where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world appears new, and I know where to
+stand. This text is drawn from the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand. This text is drawn from the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand. This text is drawn from the book
+I'm currently writing, The Eye is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm currently writing, The Eye is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm currently writing, The Eye is a
+Door. I adapted it as a personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Door. I adapted it as a personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Door. I adapted it as a personal
+statement for the exhibit of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for the exhibit of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for the exhibit of my
+photographs at the MIT Museum in 2004
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs at the MIT Museum in 2004
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs at the MIT Museum in 2004
+and used it again for the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used it again for the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used it again for the current
+exhibit looking at landscape at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit looking at landscape at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit looking at landscape at the
+Harvard Museum of Natural History which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Museum of Natural History which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Museum of Natural History which
+is up through January 7th,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up through January 7th,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up through January 7th,
+2007. The book is about seeing as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007. The book is about seeing as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007. The book is about seeing as a way
+of knowing and photography as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowing and photography as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowing and photography as a
+disciplined way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined way of
+seeing. The author, Odora Welty, best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing. The author, Odora Welty, best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing. The author, Odora Welty, best
+known for her short stories, was also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for her short stories, was also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for her short stories, was also a
+talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented
+photographer. For her, she says, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer. For her, she says, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer. For her, she says, the
+camera is a handheld auxiliary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is a handheld auxiliary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is a handheld auxiliary of
+wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to
+know. It led her to see more deeply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. It led her to see more deeply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. It led her to see more deeply the
+people and places of her home state,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and places of her home state,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and places of her home state,
+Mississippi, and the photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi, and the photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mississippi, and the photographs
+inspired her stories.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired her stories.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired her stories.
+She
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She
+writes, "What I learned for myself came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes, "What I learned for myself came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes, "What I learned for myself came
+right at the time and directly out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the time and directly out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the time and directly out of
+the taking of the pictures. A double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taking of the pictures. A double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taking of the pictures. A double
+thunderclap reverberates at the author's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderclap reverberates at the author's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderclap reverberates at the author's
+ears. The break of the living world upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears. The break of the living world upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears. The break of the living world upon
+what is already stirring inside the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is already stirring inside the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is already stirring inside the mind
+and the answering impulse that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answering impulse that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answering impulse that in a
+moment of high consciousness fuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of high consciousness fuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of high consciousness fuses
+impact and image and fires them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and image and fires them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and image and fires them off
+together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+For me, as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For me, as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For me, as for
+Welty, pressing the shutter imprints a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welty, pressing the shutter imprints a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welty, pressing the shutter imprints a
+vivid memory of the image. Things I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vivid memory of the image. Things I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vivid memory of the image. Things I saw
+but did not photograph, even images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but did not photograph, even images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but did not photograph, even images that
+I framed and focused but then did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I framed and focused but then did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I framed and focused but then did not
+press the shutter, are only blurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the shutter, are only blurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the shutter, are only blurry
+impressions. Photography is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressions. Photography is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressions. Photography is a way to
+divine what lies latent in landscape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divine what lies latent in landscape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divine what lies latent in landscape and
+to bring it out, to give it form. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring it out, to give it form. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring it out, to give it form. The
+camera is my diver's rod. I walk until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is my diver's rod. I walk until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is my diver's rod. I walk until I
+feel a tug. I pause, scan, and step back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a tug. I pause, scan, and step back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a tug. I pause, scan, and step back
+and forth. Move toward the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth. Move toward the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth. Move toward the place where
+this where the signal is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where the signal is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where the signal is most
+clear. Drawn to a feature or set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. Drawn to a feature or set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. Drawn to a feature or set of
+relationships, I look through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships, I look through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships, I look through the
+viewfinder. The camera channels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewfinder. The camera channels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewfinder. The camera channels and
+brings into focus what I feel, see, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings into focus what I feel, see, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings into focus what I feel, see, and
+want to know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know.
+All sorts of connections lie in weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All sorts of connections lie in weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All sorts of connections lie in weight
+of discovery and give out their signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discovery and give out their signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discovery and give out their signals
+to the geer counter of the charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the geer counter of the charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the geer counter of the charged
+imagination once it is drawn into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination once it is drawn into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination once it is drawn into the
+right field. That's how Yodora Welty put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right field. That's how Yodora Welty put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right field. That's how Yodora Welty put
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+well. On the slopes of Japan's Mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. On the slopes of Japan's Mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. On the slopes of Japan's Mount
+Aso, clouds of steam and billowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aso, clouds of steam and billowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aso, clouds of steam and billowing
+smoke, smell of sulfur, cold wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke, smell of sulfur, cold wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke, smell of sulfur, cold wind
+blasting grit, a boulder drew me in. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasting grit, a boulder drew me in. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasting grit, a boulder drew me in. How
+to account for its rounded shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for its rounded shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for its rounded shape and
+rosy gray color? Its fine grained porous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosy gray color? Its fine grained porous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosy gray color? Its fine grained porous
+texture so different from the rocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture so different from the rocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture so different from the rocks of
+the dark jagged peaks above it. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark jagged peaks above it. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark jagged peaks above it. The
+image stayed with me hours later as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image stayed with me hours later as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image stayed with me hours later as the
+in the heat of an onen, a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the heat of an onen, a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the heat of an onen, a traditional
+Japanese outdoor bath seeped bone deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese outdoor bath seeped bone deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese outdoor bath seeped bone deep
+in the brisk October air. The water's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brisk October air. The water's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brisk October air. The water's
+sulfurous smell and stinging heat linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfurous smell and stinging heat linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfurous smell and stinging heat linked
+volcano and hotring, violence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcano and hotring, violence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcano and hotring, violence and
+repose. As I studied my photograph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repose. As I studied my photograph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repose. As I studied my photograph of
+the boulder months afterward and read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boulder months afterward and read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boulder months afterward and read a
+guide to its geology, I learned more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to its geology, I learned more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to its geology, I learned more
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+volcanoes. The rocks form and color and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcanoes. The rocks form and color and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcanoes. The rocks form and color and
+its position far from the volcano's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its position far from the volcano's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its position far from the volcano's
+mouth hold a memory of water. Red hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth hold a memory of water. Red hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth hold a memory of water. Red hot
+rock, fountains of fire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock, fountains of fire.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock, fountains of fire.
+The rock is a big cinder, a bomb blown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The rock is a big cinder, a bomb blown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The rock is a big cinder, a bomb blown
+out of the earth when water met molten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the earth when water met molten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the earth when water met molten
+rock, where tectonic plates collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock, where tectonic plates collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock, where tectonic plates collide
+beneath Japan along the Pacific Ring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath Japan along the Pacific Ring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath Japan along the Pacific Ring of
+Fire, the birthplace of land, sea, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fire, the birthplace of land, sea, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fire, the birthplace of land, sea, and
+air. In Japan, I encountered this stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air. In Japan, I encountered this stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air. In Japan, I encountered this stand
+of bamboo at the foot of a steep slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bamboo at the foot of a steep slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bamboo at the foot of a steep slope
+between temple and garden in Kyoto's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between temple and garden in Kyoto's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between temple and garden in Kyoto's
+Saiji.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saiji.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saiji.
+Downy green, blue, pale green, gray, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downy green, blue, pale green, gray, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downy green, blue, pale green, gray, a
+chord of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord of
+color. Drawn in by the colors, noting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. Drawn in by the colors, noting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. Drawn in by the colors, noting a
+pattern, I was led to wonder, many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern, I was led to wonder, many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern, I was led to wonder, many
+species or one tones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species or one tones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species or one tones in
+succession, and to discover that bamboo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession, and to discover that bamboo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession, and to discover that bamboo
+is a grass that spreads by underground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a grass that spreads by underground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a grass that spreads by underground
+runners. The trunks like single blades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners. The trunks like single blades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners. The trunks like single blades
+are called combs. Here, roots of bamboo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called combs. Here, roots of bamboo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called combs. Here, roots of bamboo
+hold the eroding hillside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Landscapes speak to me. They're living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes speak to me. They're living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes speak to me. They're living
+and dynamic, not static nor silent, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dynamic, not static nor silent, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dynamic, not static nor silent, but
+full of dialogue and drama. Rocks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of dialogue and drama. Rocks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of dialogue and drama. Rocks,
+rivers, trees are actors, not props. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivers, trees are actors, not props. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivers, trees are actors, not props. I'm
+drawn to photograph a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn to photograph a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn to photograph a particular
+landscape as one might photograph a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape as one might photograph a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape as one might photograph a
+person, to capture its distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person, to capture its distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person, to capture its distinctive
+spirit, to reveal its history, to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit, to reveal its history, to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit, to reveal its history, to show
+the contexts that shape it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contexts that shape it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contexts that shape it.
+There are few people in my photographs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are few people in my photographs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are few people in my photographs,
+but traces of people in the stories they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but traces of people in the stories they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but traces of people in the stories they
+tell are everywhere. In the land forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell are everywhere. In the land forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell are everywhere. In the land forms
+they shape, the paths they make, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shape, the paths they make, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shape, the paths they make, the
+soil they till, the plants they tend,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil they till, the plants they tend,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil they till, the plants they tend,
+the structures they build, the places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures they build, the places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures they build, the places
+where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dwell. I experience landscape most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwell. I experience landscape most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwell. I experience landscape most
+intensively when I photograph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively when I photograph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively when I photograph.
+I aim to see things fresh by ranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I aim to see things fresh by ranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I aim to see things fresh by ranging
+broadly, gradually zeroing in, often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly, gradually zeroing in, often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly, gradually zeroing in, often
+drawn to a detail without knowing yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn to a detail without knowing yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn to a detail without knowing yet
+what the whole is, then come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the whole is, then come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the whole is, then come to
+understand a whole through many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a whole through many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a whole through many
+details. I look for pattern,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details. I look for pattern,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details. I look for pattern,
+coincidence, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence, and
+anomaly. The act of selecting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomaly. The act of selecting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomaly. The act of selecting and
+framing a view makes me see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing a view makes me see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing a view makes me see and
+appreciate what I might otherwise miss.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate what I might otherwise miss.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate what I might otherwise miss.
+Moving up and down, from side to side,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moving up and down, from side to side,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moving up and down, from side to side,
+around alters my perspective, separates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around alters my perspective, separates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around alters my perspective, separates
+things and brings them together, shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and brings them together, shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and brings them together, shifts
+emphasis. The horizontal and vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis. The horizontal and vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis. The horizontal and vertical
+lines of the frame make me feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of the frame make me feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of the frame make me feel the
+landscape's geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape's geometry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape's geometry.
+Repose where the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Repose where the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Repose where the horizontal
+dominates. Tension where diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates. Tension where diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates. Tension where diagonals
+predominate or where they work against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominate or where they work against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominate or where they work against
+the horizontal as in the slant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal as in the slant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal as in the slant of
+winddriven waves on the sea along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winddriven waves on the sea along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winddriven waves on the sea along the
+shore or in the trees leaning away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shore or in the trees leaning away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shore or in the trees leaning away from
+the wind on an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind on an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind on an open
+plane. Looking at the corners of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. Looking at the corners of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. Looking at the corners of the
+frame and deciding what to place there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and deciding what to place there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and deciding what to place there
+introduces new actors and reveals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces new actors and reveals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces new actors and reveals
+surprising relationships.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising relationships.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising relationships.
+Calculating time of exposure makes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculating time of exposure makes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculating time of exposure makes me
+conscious of light, of highlights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of light, of highlights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of light, of highlights and
+shadows and the gradient of tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows and the gradient of tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadows and the gradient of tones
+between. Light and film impose limits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. Light and film impose limits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. Light and film impose limits in
+low light. Only points on a single plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low light. Only points on a single plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low light. Only points on a single plane
+will be in focus, demanding a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in focus, demanding a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in focus, demanding a decision
+about subject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about subject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about subject and
+significance. Subject and story emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance. Subject and story emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance. Subject and story emerge
+through this process. Each photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this process. Each photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this process. Each photograph
+embodies moments, even hours of circling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies moments, even hours of circling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies moments, even hours of circling
+scrutiny. There's much more time packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutiny. There's much more time packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutiny. There's much more time packed
+into each image than the fraction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each image than the fraction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each image than the fraction of a
+second it takes to expose the film. More
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it takes to expose the film. More
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it takes to expose the film. More
+points of view than the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view than the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view than the one
+recorded. Thinking with a camera is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded. Thinking with a camera is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded. Thinking with a camera is a
+meditation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditation on
+place. This is Fairlite Pool in Sydney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. This is Fairlite Pool in Sydney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. This is Fairlite Pool in Sydney
+Harbor. The place and time have great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor. The place and time have great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor. The place and time have great
+personal significance. Australia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal significance. Australia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal significance. Australia
+clarified my ideas on landscape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified my ideas on landscape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified my ideas on landscape and
+language. Fairlight 1989 was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+watershed. Landscapes don't stand still.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watershed. Landscapes don't stand still.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watershed. Landscapes don't stand still.
+Wind, clouds, light, and appearances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wind, clouds, light, and appearances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wind, clouds, light, and appearances are
+always shifting. Like most photographers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always shifting. Like most photographers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always shifting. Like most photographers
+of landscape, I wait for clouds to pass,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of landscape, I wait for clouds to pass,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of landscape, I wait for clouds to pass,
+light to shift, rain to stop, birds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to shift, rain to stop, birds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to shift, rain to stop, birds to
+fly by, for a crowd to arrive or move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly by, for a crowd to arrive or move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly by, for a crowd to arrive or move
+on. Looking, waiting. I learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Looking, waiting. I learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Looking, waiting. I learn to
+anticipate when waves will break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate when waves will break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate when waves will break and
+how. Where the sun will be in the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how. Where the sun will be in the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how. Where the sun will be in the sky
+when what clouds pretend. How wind will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when what clouds pretend. How wind will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when what clouds pretend. How wind will
+blow and trees bend. Thinking my way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow and trees bend. Thinking my way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow and trees bend. Thinking my way
+into the processes that are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the processes that are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the processes that are taking
+place, I develop a six sense for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place, I develop a six sense for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place, I develop a six sense for when
+something is about to happen. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is about to happen. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is about to happen. And I
+enter the flow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the flow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the flow.
+In those minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In those minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In those minutes and
+hours of waiting, I often write in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of waiting, I often write in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of waiting, I often write in my
+journal of sights, sounds, smells,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of sights, sounds, smells,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of sights, sounds, smells,
+textures. I draw maps, plans, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textures. I draw maps, plans, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textures. I draw maps, plans, and
+sections of the surrounding landscape.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the surrounding landscape.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the surrounding landscape.
+And the drawing leads me to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the drawing leads me to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the drawing leads me to see
+more. Photographs and field notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Photographs and field notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Photographs and field notes
+together form the primary evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together form the primary evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together form the primary evidence for
+much of my work on landscape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of my work on landscape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of my work on landscape and
+language.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language.
+So it was at Stockholm's Forest Cemetery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it was at Stockholm's Forest Cemetery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it was at Stockholm's Forest Cemetery
+in May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in May
+1990. The day was dark and rainy. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990. The day was dark and rainy. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990. The day was dark and rainy. I
+walked to the hill of remembrance, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked to the hill of remembrance, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked to the hill of remembrance, a
+rounded grassy hill rising out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded grassy hill rising out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded grassy hill rising out of
+undulating land with a grove of elms at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulating land with a grove of elms at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulating land with a grove of elms at
+the top. The wide path is steep at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top. The wide path is steep at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top. The wide path is steep at
+first, climbing eased by low stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, climbing eased by low stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, climbing eased by low stone
+steps, deep stone dust treads, landings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps, deep stone dust treads, landings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps, deep stone dust treads, landings
+every dozen steps. Then the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dozen steps. Then the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dozen steps. Then the slope
+tapers. Steps pass between trees through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapers. Steps pass between trees through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapers. Steps pass between trees through
+an open gateway at top the hill, coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open gateway at top the hill, coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open gateway at top the hill, coming
+to rest just inside low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rest just inside low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rest just inside low
+walls. At the beginning of the ascent,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls. At the beginning of the ascent,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls. At the beginning of the ascent,
+steps are set into the hillside, so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are set into the hillside, so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are set into the hillside, so the
+slopes unfold the climber. At the end,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes unfold the climber. At the end,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes unfold the climber. At the end,
+frames of trees and walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames of trees and walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames of trees and walls
+enclose. There's a progressive sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclose. There's a progressive sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclose. There's a progressive sense of
+threshold, gateway, refuge. Enclosed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold, gateway, refuge. Enclosed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold, gateway, refuge. Enclosed by
+the low wall of stone, the hilltop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low wall of stone, the hilltop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low wall of stone, the hilltop
+provides a prospect over meadow, graves,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a prospect over meadow, graves,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a prospect over meadow, graves,
+a distant chapel, the city. Waiting,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distant chapel, the city. Waiting,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distant chapel, the city. Waiting,
+hoping for better light, I wrote and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping for better light, I wrote and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping for better light, I wrote and
+sketched. A man cycled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched. A man cycled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched. A man cycled
+by a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a woman
+left. A huge hair loped across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. A huge hair loped across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. A huge hair loped across the
+grass. The clouds began to lift. Black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass. The clouds began to lift. Black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass. The clouds began to lift. Black
+smoke rose from the crematorium chimney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke rose from the crematorium chimney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke rose from the crematorium chimney
+for a few brief moments and was gone,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few brief moments and was gone,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few brief moments and was gone,
+dissipating, floating off into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipating, floating off into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipating, floating off into the
+sky. Then at last the light came, a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky. Then at last the light came, a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky. Then at last the light came, a low
+golden light bringing the landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden light bringing the landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden light bringing the landscape
+alive. Form and material shape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive. Form and material shape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive. Form and material shape the
+experience of path and refuge. all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of path and refuge. all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of path and refuge. all
+modify processes of movement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify processes of movement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify processes of movement and
+grieving in agreement with the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grieving in agreement with the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grieving in agreement with the meaning
+its designer teller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its designer teller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its designer teller
+intended. Ascent and folded, giving form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended. Ascent and folded, giving form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended. Ascent and folded, giving form
+to a sorrow that cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+told. Fieldwork inevitably reveals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told. Fieldwork inevitably reveals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told. Fieldwork inevitably reveals the
+unexpected and challenges assumptions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and challenges assumptions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and challenges assumptions.
+I've learned to be very cautious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've learned to be very cautious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've learned to be very cautious about
+writing of places I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing of places I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing of places I haven't
+visited. Ularoo heir's rock is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited. Ularoo heir's rock is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited. Ularoo heir's rock is at the
+center of Australia, an island in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of Australia, an island in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of Australia, an island in a
+desert sea. I had hoped to climb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert sea. I had hoped to climb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert sea. I had hoped to climb the
+rock and was very disappointed when back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock and was very disappointed when back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock and was very disappointed when back
+pain forced me to abandon my pl my plan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain forced me to abandon my pl my plan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain forced me to abandon my pl my plan.
+Instead, I walked around the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead, I walked around the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead, I walked around the base of the
+rock and found there a far more magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock and found there a far more magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock and found there a far more magical
+world. Beneath traces of water streaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Beneath traces of water streaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Beneath traces of water streaming
+off the rock were pools, a cool place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the rock were pools, a cool place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the rock were pools, a cool place
+alive with bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+song. Here at the rock's base are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song. Here at the rock's base are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song. Here at the rock's base are the
+sacred places of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred places of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred places of
+Aboriginals, not on top.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aboriginals, not on top.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aboriginals, not on top.
+While Australia's red center is a vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+While Australia's red center is a vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+While Australia's red center is a vast
+desert, now a refuge for Aboriginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert, now a refuge for Aboriginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert, now a refuge for Aboriginal
+culture, its cities hug the continent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture, its cities hug the continent's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture, its cities hug the continent's
+coast. These two aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast. These two aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast. These two aspects of the
+country, Red Center and Blue Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country, Red Center and Blue Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country, Red Center and Blue Green
+Coast, are intention in the minds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast, are intention in the minds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast, are intention in the minds of
+individuals in Australian culture, part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in Australian culture, part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in Australian culture, part
+of the enduring deep structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enduring deep structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enduring deep structure of the
+continent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent.
+These three photographs can stand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These three photographs can stand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These three photographs can stand for
+that quality of Australia, the place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quality of Australia, the place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quality of Australia, the place and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+culture. To find a place that speaks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture. To find a place that speaks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture. To find a place that speaks to
+me is to find my subject. At first, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is to find my subject. At first, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is to find my subject. At first, not
+knowing what I wanted to discover and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what I wanted to discover and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what I wanted to discover and
+therefore what to look for, I found my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what to look for, I found my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what to look for, I found my
+way to such places by fortunate choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to such places by fortunate choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to such places by fortunate choice
+and by chance. I went to Scotland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by chance. I went to Scotland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by chance. I went to Scotland
+because my grandmother was born a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my grandmother was born a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my grandmother was born a
+Drummond there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drummond there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drummond there.
+I made pilgrimages to the icons of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made pilgrimages to the icons of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made pilgrimages to the icons of my
+profession, to the Alhhamra and Henria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession, to the Alhhamra and Henria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession, to the Alhhamra and Henria
+in Spain's Andalusia, to the Villa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Spain's Andalusia, to the Villa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Spain's Andalusia, to the Villa
+Ratundo in Italy's Venetto, to Blenhan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ratundo in Italy's Venetto, to Blenhan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ratundo in Italy's Venetto, to Blenhan
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+England. I went to Australia in 1988 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England. I went to Australia in 1988 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England. I went to Australia in 1988 and
+1989, to Japan in 1990, and these places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989, to Japan in 1990, and these places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989, to Japan in 1990, and these places
+were watersheds in my seeing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were watersheds in my seeing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were watersheds in my seeing and
+thinking. What I saw there clarified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking. What I saw there clarified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking. What I saw there clarified and
+confirmed my ideas about landscape as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed my ideas about landscape as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed my ideas about landscape as
+language. Since then, my search has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. Since then, my search has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. Since then, my search has been
+more deliberate. Now I listen for places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deliberate. Now I listen for places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deliberate. Now I listen for places
+that sound my themes and seek them out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sound my themes and seek them out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sound my themes and seek them out.
+I search for places where the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I search for places where the processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I search for places where the processes
+that have shaped them are clear. Places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have shaped them are clear. Places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have shaped them are clear. Places
+of worship like Uluru, Eay, and today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worship like Uluru, Eay, and today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worship like Uluru, Eay, and today's
+chapel at Mount Roco.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapel at Mount Roco.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapel at Mount Roco.
+Palmical landscapes like West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palmical landscapes like West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palmical landscapes like West
+Belfast. Stressed landscapes like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belfast. Stressed landscapes like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belfast. Stressed landscapes like the
+Sonoran Desert and inner city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonoran Desert and inner city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonoran Desert and inner city
+Philadelphia. Dynamic landscapes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia. Dynamic landscapes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia. Dynamic landscapes like
+seashores and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seashores and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seashores and
+volcanoes. Places engage, inspire, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcanoes. Places engage, inspire, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcanoes. Places engage, inspire, and
+challenge me. When the processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge me. When the processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge me. When the processes that
+shape the landscape are distinct, where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the landscape are distinct, where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape the landscape are distinct, where
+one process dominates or where two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one process dominates or where two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one process dominates or where two or
+more processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more processes
+interplay, especially where they create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay, especially where they create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay, especially where they create
+patterns that transcend scales from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that transcend scales from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that transcend scales from
+microscopic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic to
+astronomical. Where the congruence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical. Where the congruence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical. Where the congruence
+between human habitation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between human habitation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between human habitation and the
+landscape's deep structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape's deep structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape's deep structure is
+strong. When people have shaped and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong. When people have shaped and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong. When people have shaped and
+arranged landscape features to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged landscape features to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged landscape features to express
+identity and idea. particularly ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and idea. particularly ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and idea. particularly ideas of
+nature. Places whose powers has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. Places whose powers has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. Places whose powers has been
+acknowledged by diverse cultures across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged by diverse cultures across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged by diverse cultures across
+centuries. Places where I can sense how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries. Places where I can sense how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries. Places where I can sense how
+processes shape not the local landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes shape not the local landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes shape not the local landscape
+alone, but the earth and the universe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone, but the earth and the universe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone, but the earth and the universe.
+Like the earth's shadow and the Pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like the earth's shadow and the Pacific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like the earth's shadow and the Pacific
+Ring of Fire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ring of Fire.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ring of Fire.
+In a foreign place, I notice the strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In a foreign place, I notice the strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In a foreign place, I notice the strange
+and the alien, seek to connect them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the alien, seek to connect them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the alien, seek to connect them,
+then look for broader associations, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look for broader associations, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look for broader associations, like
+the undulating moss that seems to flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undulating moss that seems to flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undulating moss that seems to flow
+around the base of a tree and over its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the base of a tree and over its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the base of a tree and over its
+roots. Gradually, as I photograph, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. Gradually, as I photograph, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. Gradually, as I photograph, I
+sense the kinship between the paradox of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the kinship between the paradox of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the kinship between the paradox of
+the moss, fluid and still, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moss, fluid and still, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moss, fluid and still, and the
+religion of the Zen monks who cultivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion of the Zen monks who cultivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion of the Zen monks who cultivate
+the garden and meditate there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garden and meditate there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garden and meditate there.
+Later, I will see the image as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later, I will see the image as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later, I will see the image as a
+metaphor for the Japanese landscape,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor for the Japanese landscape,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor for the Japanese landscape,
+prone to earthquakes that liquefy land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone to earthquakes that liquefy land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone to earthquakes that liquefy land
+soils and send slopes sliding. Tensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soils and send slopes sliding. Tensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soils and send slopes sliding. Tensions
+between the cultures embrace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the cultures embrace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the cultures embrace of
+accelerating change and the value it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating change and the value it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating change and the value it
+places on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places on
+continuity. Japanese gardens,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity. Japanese gardens,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity. Japanese gardens,
+particularly the temple garden, invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the temple garden, invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the temple garden, invite
+me to divine such associations. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to divine such associations. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to divine such associations. The
+designers composed them as metaphor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers composed them as metaphor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers composed them as metaphor like
+the haiku that were conceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the haiku that were conceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the haiku that were conceived
+there. Visual thinking is my primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Visual thinking is my primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Visual thinking is my primary
+mode of thought. Putting one word after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of thought. Putting one word after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of thought. Putting one word after
+another, one thought after another in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another, one thought after another in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another, one thought after another in
+pathlike fashion is not the way I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathlike fashion is not the way I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathlike fashion is not the way I think
+naturally. Writing for me requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally. Writing for me requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally. Writing for me requires a
+translation of images and experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of images and experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of images and experiences
+into words and phrases. Then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into words and phrases. Then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into words and phrases. Then a
+converting of weblike landscape like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting of weblike landscape like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting of weblike landscape like
+writing into pros to construct a line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing into pros to construct a line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing into pros to construct a line of
+words where sentence follows sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words where sentence follows sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words where sentence follows sentence
+and paragraph leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paragraph leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paragraph leads to
+paragraph. But visual thinking my native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph. But visual thinking my native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph. But visual thinking my native
+language is not taught in primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is not taught in primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is not taught in primary
+secondary schools at least not in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary schools at least not in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary schools at least not in those
+I attended. Art was not an academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I attended. Art was not an academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I attended. Art was not an academic
+subject. It was taught as illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject. It was taught as illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject. It was taught as illustration
+and self-expression, not as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self-expression, not as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self-expression, not as a
+disciplined mode of reasoning like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined mode of reasoning like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined mode of reasoning like
+mathematics or verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics or verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics or verbal
+language. I recall only one encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. I recall only one encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. I recall only one encounter
+with visual logic in junior high school.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with visual logic in junior high school.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with visual logic in junior high school.
+It was in a battery of tests taken by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was in a battery of tests taken by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was in a battery of tests taken by
+all eighth graders to assess our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all eighth graders to assess our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all eighth graders to assess our own
+particular aptitudes and to match them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aptitudes and to match them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aptitudes and to match them
+to potential careers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to potential careers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to potential careers.
+Among the usual verbal and mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Among the usual verbal and mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Among the usual verbal and mathematical
+tests was a test without numbers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests was a test without numbers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests was a test without numbers or
+words. We were to identify which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. We were to identify which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. We were to identify which of
+several diagrams was the logical next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several diagrams was the logical next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several diagrams was the logical next
+step following a given sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step following a given sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step following a given sequence of
+three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three.
+I don't remember my scores on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember my scores on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember my scores on those
+tests, but I'll never forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests, but I'll never forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests, but I'll never forget the
+conclusion which came in a form letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which came in a form letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which came in a form letter
+that I was best suited to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was best suited to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was best suited to be an
+engineer, an architect, or an automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer, an architect, or an automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer, an architect, or an automobile
+mechanic. All three prospects were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic. All three prospects were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic. All three prospects were
+unappealing to me at the time, remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unappealing to me at the time, remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unappealing to me at the time, remote
+from my own interests in language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own interests in language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own interests in language and
+art.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art.
+It was not until graduate school in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was not until graduate school in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was not until graduate school in
+landscape architecture that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape architecture that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape architecture that I was
+instructed in visual language. Not until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed in visual language. Not until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed in visual language. Not until
+then did I even know such a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did I even know such a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did I even know such a language
+existed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I went to college intending to major in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to college intending to major in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to college intending to major in
+art only to find out that in Harvard's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art only to find out that in Harvard's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art only to find out that in Harvard's
+fine arts department, one studied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine arts department, one studied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine arts department, one studied the
+history of art, not its making. As an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of art, not its making. As an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of art, not its making. As an
+undergraduate major in art history, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate major in art history, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate major in art history, I
+learned to see, to read works of art,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to see, to read works of art,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to see, to read works of art,
+drawings, prints, paintings, sculptures,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings, prints, paintings, sculptures,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings, prints, paintings, sculptures,
+buildings, but not landscapes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, but not landscapes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, but not landscapes.
+without the aid of written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the aid of written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the aid of written
+texts. Original drawings, prints, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts. Original drawings, prints, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts. Original drawings, prints, and
+paintings hung in pairs on the wall,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings hung in pairs on the wall,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings hung in pairs on the wall,
+confronting me each time I walked into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronting me each time I walked into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronting me each time I walked into
+sophomore tutorial at the Fog Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomore tutorial at the Fog Art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomore tutorial at the Fog Art
+Museum. Landscapes by Rembrandt and Van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum. Landscapes by Rembrandt and Van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum. Landscapes by Rembrandt and Van
+Gogh. Portraits by Reuben and Ang.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gogh. Portraits by Reuben and Ang.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gogh. Portraits by Reuben and Ang.
+Others by Picasso Clay as well as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Others by Picasso Clay as well as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Others by Picasso Clay as well as their
+students and forggers. I had 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and forggers. I had 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and forggers. I had 10 minutes
+to examine one pair of works, five to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to examine one pair of works, five to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to examine one pair of works, five to
+present my findings and reasoning. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present my findings and reasoning. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present my findings and reasoning. What
+artist, time and place, both by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist, time and place, both by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist, time and place, both by the same
+artist or not? Study and finished work,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist or not? Study and finished work,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist or not? Study and finished work,
+master's work, and student copy, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's work, and student copy, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's work, and student copy, or
+forgery? Art history at Harvard taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgery? Art history at Harvard taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgery? Art history at Harvard taught
+me to see more acutely, to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to see more acutely, to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to see more acutely, to analyze the
+visual image, to perceive the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual image, to perceive the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual image, to perceive the ideas
+embodied there, and to translate what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied there, and to translate what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied there, and to translate what I
+saw into words. But it offered me no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw into words. But it offered me no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw into words. But it offered me no way
+to think visually and to express my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think visually and to express my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think visually and to express my own
+ideas in visual images. I tried and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in visual images. I tried and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in visual images. I tried and
+failed to obtain entry into photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed to obtain entry into photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed to obtain entry into photography
+courses, but every semester there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses, but every semester there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses, but every semester there were
+hundreds of students applying for only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of students applying for only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of students applying for only
+15 places.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Graduate school in landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graduate school in landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graduate school in landscape
+architecture at the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture at the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture at the University of
+Pennsylvania was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania was a
+watershed. Landscapes were required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watershed. Landscapes were required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watershed. Landscapes were required
+texts, visual images, the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts, visual images, the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts, visual images, the principal
+medium of recording observations, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of recording observations, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of recording observations, of
+reasoning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and
+expression. This was my first encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. This was my first encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. This was my first encounter
+with drawing as visual thinking, as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with drawing as visual thinking, as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with drawing as visual thinking, as a
+bridge from the landscape as it is, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge from the landscape as it is, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge from the landscape as it is, to
+what it might become.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it might become.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it might become.
+It was a surprising small step from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was a surprising small step from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was a surprising small step from
+discerning differences of style and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discerning differences of style and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discerning differences of style and
+quality in the lines of old master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality in the lines of old master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality in the lines of old master
+drawings to reading line, shape, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings to reading line, shape, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings to reading line, shape, and
+structure in trees, rivers, and gardens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in trees, rivers, and gardens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in trees, rivers, and gardens.
+Then a longer leap to using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then a longer leap to using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then a longer leap to using this
+knowledge to design new landscapes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to design new landscapes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to design new landscapes.
+Understanding relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Understanding relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Understanding relationships between
+process and material, form and space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and material, form and space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and material, form and space in
+context was key. And anomalies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context was key. And anomalies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context was key. And anomalies were
+clues to what that wider context was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues to what that wider context was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues to what that wider context was.
+Take the example of a wolf tree, a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take the example of a wolf tree, a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take the example of a wolf tree, a tree
+within a woods. Its size and form, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a woods. Its size and form, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a woods. Its size and form, the
+large trunk and horizontal branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large trunk and horizontal branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large trunk and horizontal branches
+anomalous to the environs of slim trunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous to the environs of slim trunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous to the environs of slim trunk
+trees with upright branches.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees with upright branches.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees with upright branches.
+It's a clue to the open field in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a clue to the open field in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a clue to the open field in which
+it once grew alone. Branches reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once grew alone. Branches reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once grew alone. Branches reaching
+laterally to the light and up. With that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laterally to the light and up. With that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laterally to the light and up. With that
+field unmode, uncplowed or ungrazed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field unmode, uncplowed or ungrazed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field unmode, uncplowed or ungrazed,
+younger woodland trees grew thickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger woodland trees grew thickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger woodland trees grew thickly
+together around the older tree, their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together around the older tree, their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together around the older tree, their
+branches finding light by reaching up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches finding light by reaching up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches finding light by reaching up.
+The older tree, engulfed by a dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The older tree, engulfed by a dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The older tree, engulfed by a dense
+woodland of younger trees, no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woodland of younger trees, no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woodland of younger trees, no longer
+able to find light horizontally, sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find light horizontally, sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find light horizontally, sends
+new branches upward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new branches upward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new branches upward.
+Landscape is dynamic. Present context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscape is dynamic. Present context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscape is dynamic. Present context
+includes the past. The story of the wolf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the past. The story of the wolf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the past. The story of the wolf
+tree is part of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is part of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is part of the human
+story. To think visually, as art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story. To think visually, as art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story. To think visually, as art
+historian Rudolph Arheim puts it, is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian Rudolph Arheim puts it, is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian Rudolph Arheim puts it, is to
+see visual shapes as images of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see visual shapes as images of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see visual shapes as images of the
+patterns of forces that underly our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of forces that underly our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of forces that underly our
+existence, the functioning of minds, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence, the functioning of minds, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence, the functioning of minds, of
+bodies or machines, the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies or machines, the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies or machines, the structure of
+societies or ideas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Visual thinking is not new, and science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visual thinking is not new, and science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visual thinking is not new, and science
+and art were once less separate than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and art were once less separate than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and art were once less separate than
+they now sometimes seem. James Hutton,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they now sometimes seem. James Hutton,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they now sometimes seem. James Hutton,
+an 18th century naturalist, saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 18th century naturalist, saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 18th century naturalist, saw in the
+landscape of Scotland ongoing processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape of Scotland ongoing processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape of Scotland ongoing processes
+that explained its geological history.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explained its geological history.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explained its geological history.
+His drawings record direct observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+His drawings record direct observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+His drawings record direct observations
+of the landscapes on which he based his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the landscapes on which he based his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the landscapes on which he based his
+theories. The drawings represented as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories. The drawings represented as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories. The drawings represented as
+evidence for his arguments in his theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for his arguments in his theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for his arguments in his theory
+of the earth, the foundation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth, the foundation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth, the foundation of
+geology. William Henry Fox Talbet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geology. William Henry Fox Talbet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geology. William Henry Fox Talbet
+invented the camera in 1839 to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the camera in 1839 to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the camera in 1839 to record
+what he could not draw. He was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he could not draw. He was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he could not draw. He was
+frustrated at his lack of drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated at his lack of drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated at his lack of drawing
+ability for it inhibited his scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability for it inhibited his scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability for it inhibited his scientific
+career. For him, photography was both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career. For him, photography was both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career. For him, photography was both
+scientific method and artistic medium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method and artistic medium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method and artistic medium.
+Talbot's friend, Sir John Hershel, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talbot's friend, Sir John Hershel, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talbot's friend, Sir John Hershel, the
+English astronomer and naturalist who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English astronomer and naturalist who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English astronomer and naturalist who
+drew and photographed equally well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew and photographed equally well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew and photographed equally well,
+coined the term photography in 1839 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined the term photography in 1839 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined the term photography in 1839 and
+described it as a joint work of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it as a joint work of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it as a joint work of nature
+and art, a medium with the capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and art, a medium with the capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and art, a medium with the capacity to
+reveal the truths behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal the truths behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal the truths behind
+science. When I told a historian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. When I told a historian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. When I told a historian of
+science a few years ago that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science a few years ago that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science a few years ago that I was
+writing a book about seeing as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a book about seeing as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a book about seeing as a way of
+knowing and photography as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing and photography as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing and photography as a way of
+thinking, he replied, "How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking, he replied, "How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking, he replied, "How
+old-fashioned? But is it?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned? But is it?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned? But is it?"
+Richard Feineman who won the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Feineman who won the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Feineman who won the Nobel Prize
+in physics describes as all visual the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics describes as all visual the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics describes as all visual the
+way he tries to bring birth to clarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he tries to bring birth to clarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he tries to bring birth to clarity
+in which an inspired method of picturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which an inspired method of picturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which an inspired method of picturing
+precedes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes the
+mathematics. Drawing is one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. Drawing is one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. Drawing is one way to
+explore and bring order to what Fineman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore and bring order to what Fineman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore and bring order to what Fineman
+calls the initial half-assidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the initial half-assidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the initial half-assidly
+thoughtout pictorial semi- vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtout pictorial semi- vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtout pictorial semi- vision
+thing. And so is photography.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the
+1930s, Claude Levy Strauss took a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s, Claude Levy Strauss took a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s, Claude Levy Strauss took a small
+Leica camera to Brazil to record in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leica camera to Brazil to record in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leica camera to Brazil to record in
+thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of
+photographs. His readings of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs. His readings of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs. His readings of people and
+landscapes, the text of his memoir,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes, the text of his memoir,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes, the text of his memoir,
+Topi, written years after he left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topi, written years after he left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topi, written years after he left
+Brazil, recalls those photographs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil, recalls those photographs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil, recalls those photographs.
+In 1942, Gregory Bateson and Margaret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In 1942, Gregory Bateson and Margaret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In 1942, Gregory Bateson and Margaret
+me published Balan's character of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me published Balan's character of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me published Balan's character of
+photographic analysis in which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic analysis in which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic analysis in which they
+explained that their form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that their form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that their form of
+presentation is an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is an experimental
+innovation undertaken to compensate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation undertaken to compensate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation undertaken to compensate for
+the inadequacy of words alone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inadequacy of words alone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inadequacy of words alone to
+describe and analyze a culture. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe and analyze a culture. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe and analyze a culture. They
+grouped and sequenced the photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped and sequenced the photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped and sequenced the photographs
+and texts in carefully collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and texts in carefully collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and texts in carefully collected
+selected series within crosscutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected series within crosscutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected series within crosscutting
+themes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes.
+The step from a single photograph to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The step from a single photograph to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The step from a single photograph to
+pairs and groups was significant, writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and groups was significant, writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and groups was significant, writes
+Bateson, since juxtaposition of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bateson, since juxtaposition of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bateson, since juxtaposition of two
+different or contrasting photos is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or contrasting photos is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or contrasting photos is
+already a step toward scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a step toward scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a step toward scientific
+generalization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As a graduate student, I began to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As a graduate student, I began to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As a graduate student, I began to use
+photography as a research method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography as a research method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography as a research method to
+understand place, but employed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand place, but employed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand place, but employed it
+primarily to document qualities of place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily to document qualities of place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily to document qualities of place
+rather than to formulate and explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than to formulate and explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than to formulate and explore
+ideas. The photographs in my first book,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. The photographs in my first book,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. The photographs in my first book,
+The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and
+Human Design, published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human Design, published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human Design, published in
+1984, were illustrative rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984, were illustrative rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984, were illustrative rather than
+conceptual. I wrote the book to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual. I wrote the book to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual. I wrote the book to change
+the way cities were perceived, designed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way cities were perceived, designed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way cities were perceived, designed,
+and built. To show how cities are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and built. To show how cities are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and built. To show how cities are part
+of the natural world, not separated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural world, not separated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural world, not separated from
+it. To demonstrate how they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. To demonstrate how they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. To demonstrate how they can be
+planned and designed in concert with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned and designed in concert with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned and designed in concert with
+natural processes rather than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural processes rather than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural processes rather than in
+conflict. My belief that cities are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict. My belief that cities are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict. My belief that cities are part
+of the natural world was based on what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural world was based on what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural world was based on what I
+saw around me. And yet when I crafted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw around me. And yet when I crafted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw around me. And yet when I crafted
+the argument, I drew my evidence mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument, I drew my evidence mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument, I drew my evidence mainly
+from science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from science and
+history. The garden is a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history. The garden is a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history. The garden is a powerful
+instructive metaphor for reimagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive metaphor for reimagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive metaphor for reimagining
+cities and metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and metropolitan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and metropolitan
+areas. And I was appalled when my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas. And I was appalled when my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas. And I was appalled when my
+publisher wanted to use a photograph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher wanted to use a photograph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher wanted to use a photograph of
+Paley Park in New York City for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paley Park in New York City for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paley Park in New York City for the
+book's co cover. I was afraid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book's co cover. I was afraid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book's co cover. I was afraid the
+readers would think the book was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers would think the book was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers would think the book was
+literally about gardens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally about gardens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally about gardens of
+granite. "Let me find a photograph," I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granite. "Let me find a photograph," I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granite. "Let me find a photograph," I
+told them. And I called Alex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told them. And I called Alex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told them. And I called Alex
+Mlan. That's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mlan. That's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mlan. That's how we
+met. After the publication of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met. After the publication of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met. After the publication of The
+Granite Garden, I was surprised by how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Granite Garden, I was surprised by how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Granite Garden, I was surprised by how
+many people, including scientists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people, including scientists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people, including scientists and
+naturalists, resisted or ignored the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalists, resisted or ignored the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalists, resisted or ignored the
+evidence that human settlements,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that human settlements,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that human settlements,
+including cities, are part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including cities, are part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including cities, are part of the
+natural world. I've come to realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world. I've come to realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world. I've come to realize that
+ideas of nature and what is natural stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of nature and what is natural stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of nature and what is natural stem
+from strongly held feelings and beliefs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from strongly held feelings and beliefs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from strongly held feelings and beliefs.
+These views are highly personal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These views are highly personal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These views are highly personal and
+varied and changing them is not simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied and changing them is not simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied and changing them is not simply a
+matter of marshalling compelling verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of marshalling compelling verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of marshalling compelling verbal
+arguments but of reaching both mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments but of reaching both mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments but of reaching both mind and
+heart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart.
+Photography and design are powerful aids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography and design are powerful aids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography and design are powerful aids
+for helping people to feel as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helping people to feel as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helping people to feel as well as
+reflect upon the place of humans in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nature. But many designers did not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. But many designers did not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. But many designers did not see
+the potential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential at
+first. Where's the art? I was startled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. Where's the art? I was startled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. Where's the art? I was startled
+by this reaction by some to the book. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this reaction by some to the book. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this reaction by some to the book. If
+the book was about sustaining health,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book was about sustaining health,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book was about sustaining health,
+safety, and welfare, was it therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety, and welfare, was it therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety, and welfare, was it therefore
+not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about
+aesthetics? The impulse to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetics? The impulse to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetics? The impulse to see the
+pragmatic and poetic as separate or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatic and poetic as separate or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatic and poetic as separate or even
+contradictory troubled me greatly. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory troubled me greatly. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory troubled me greatly. For
+it was a motivation to connect the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a motivation to connect the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a motivation to connect the two
+that had inspired and driven me to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had inspired and driven me to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had inspired and driven me to write
+the book.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book.
+Human survival depends upon adapting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human survival depends upon adapting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human survival depends upon adapting
+ourselves and our landscapes, cities,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and our landscapes, cities,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and our landscapes, cities,
+buildings, gardens, roadways, rivers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, gardens, roadways, rivers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, gardens, roadways, rivers,
+fields, forests in new life sustaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields, forests in new life sustaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields, forests in new life sustaining
+ways, shaping contexts that reflect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways, shaping contexts that reflect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways, shaping contexts that reflect the
+interconnections of air, earth, water,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections of air, earth, water,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections of air, earth, water,
+life, and culture that help us feel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life, and culture that help us feel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life, and culture that help us feel and
+understand these connections. Landscapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these connections. Landscapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these connections. Landscapes
+that are functional, sustainable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are functional, sustainable,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are functional, sustainable,
+meaningful, and artful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful, and artful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful, and artful.
+I decided to write a book about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided to write a book about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided to write a book about the
+poetics of city and nature, one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetics of city and nature, one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetics of city and nature, one that
+would fuse function, feeling, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fuse function, feeling, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fuse function, feeling, and
+meaning, and plan to derive this theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning, and plan to derive this theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning, and plan to derive this theory
+from the places that exemplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the places that exemplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the places that exemplified
+it. How to begin to define such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. How to begin to define such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. How to begin to define such an
+approach? I turned first to my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach? I turned first to my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach? I turned first to my own
+photographs as primary data and sifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs as primary data and sifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs as primary data and sifted
+through hundreds of them. Let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through hundreds of them. Let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through hundreds of them. Let them
+speak, sorted them as images, sought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak, sorted them as images, sought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak, sorted them as images, sought
+connections, insights. Gradually through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections, insights. Gradually through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections, insights. Gradually through
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+juositions, patterns emerged. The result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juositions, patterns emerged. The result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juositions, patterns emerged. The result
+was a series of six pairs of photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a series of six pairs of photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a series of six pairs of photographs
+arrayed from the wild to the urbane,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrayed from the wild to the urbane,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrayed from the wild to the urbane,
+vernacular to high design, each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vernacular to high design, each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vernacular to high design, each
+embodying an engagement of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodying an engagement of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodying an engagement of natural
+processes with human social and cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes with human social and cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes with human social and cultural
+processes. Each of these photographs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Each of these photographs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Each of these photographs and
+each pair was the germ of an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pair was the germ of an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pair was the germ of an idea
+glimpsed but not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glimpsed but not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glimpsed but not yet
+formulated. Once selected, I began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated. Once selected, I began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated. Once selected, I began to
+tease out in words the images import.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease out in words the images import.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tease out in words the images import.
+Much of this early writing is in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Much of this early writing is in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Much of this early writing is in my
+book, The Language of Landscape, as are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book, The Language of Landscape, as are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book, The Language of Landscape, as are
+these six of the original 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these six of the original 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these six of the original 12
+photographs. Abur England, 1984.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs. Abur England, 1984.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs. Abur England, 1984.
+Abur was an important settlement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abur was an important settlement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abur was an important settlement in
+Neolithic Britain, located along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neolithic Britain, located along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neolithic Britain, located along the
+Ridgeway, a major trade route across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ridgeway, a major trade route across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ridgeway, a major trade route across
+southern England during Neolithic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern England during Neolithic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern England during Neolithic and
+Bronze Ages. And this is the Ridgeway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bronze Ages. And this is the Ridgeway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bronze Ages. And this is the Ridgeway
+you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at
+here. Between 2500 and 2,000 BC, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Between 2500 and 2,000 BC, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Between 2500 and 2,000 BC, a
+series of stone monuments were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of stone monuments were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of stone monuments were
+constructed at Abury of sandstone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed at Abury of sandstone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed at Abury of sandstone
+foreign to the native chalk downs. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign to the native chalk downs. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign to the native chalk downs. These
+stones were placed here more than 4,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones were placed here more than 4,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones were placed here more than 4,000
+years ago. Part of a processional avenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago. Part of a processional avenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago. Part of a processional avenue
+leading to the stone circle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Avery. Dino, France,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avery. Dino, France,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avery. Dino, France,
+1978. In Dino, a medieval town in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978. In Dino, a medieval town in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978. In Dino, a medieval town in
+France, an arc of popular trees between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France, an arc of popular trees between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France, an arc of popular trees between
+a level plane of accreted sediments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level plane of accreted sediments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level plane of accreted sediments and
+a forested hillside cut by water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forested hillside cut by water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forested hillside cut by water
+flowing, marks the sweeping meander of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing, marks the sweeping meander of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing, marks the sweeping meander of
+the river Hans. The ark, a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river Hans. The ark, a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river Hans. The ark, a line
+inscribed deliberately on the landscape,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inscribed deliberately on the landscape,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inscribed deliberately on the landscape,
+is an image of that sweep. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an image of that sweep. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an image of that sweep. In the
+abstraction and echo of the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction and echo of the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction and echo of the horizontal
+form in the vertical dimension, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the vertical dimension, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in the vertical dimension, the
+experience of the river is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the river is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the river is
+intensified. On the riverbank, looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensified. On the riverbank, looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensified. On the riverbank, looking
+back toward the ramparts, individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back toward the ramparts, individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back toward the ramparts, individual
+trees planted in a tight row along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees planted in a tight row along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees planted in a tight row along the
+river assert their own quirky growth,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river assert their own quirky growth,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river assert their own quirky growth,
+more apparent in contrast to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more apparent in contrast to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more apparent in contrast to the
+regularity of their placement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The Alhhamra, Spain,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Alhhamra, Spain,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Alhhamra, Spain,
+1984. Water imbuss this small enclosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984. Water imbuss this small enclosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984. Water imbuss this small enclosed
+patio physically and symbolically. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patio physically and symbolically. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patio physically and symbolically. It
+spills from the fountain onto pavement,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spills from the fountain onto pavement,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spills from the fountain onto pavement,
+its sound amplified by surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its sound amplified by surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its sound amplified by surrounding
+walls. Water puddles on the stone floor,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls. Water puddles on the stone floor,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls. Water puddles on the stone floor,
+evaporates and cools the air. All the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporates and cools the air. All the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporates and cools the air. All the
+rivers run into the sea, and yet the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivers run into the sea, and yet the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivers run into the sea, and yet the sea
+is not full. From whence the rivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not full. From whence the rivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not full. From whence the rivers
+come, thither they return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come, thither they return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come, thither they return
+again. Like this verse from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Like this verse from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Like this verse from
+Ecclesiastes, the patio de laare is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ecclesiastes, the patio de laare is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ecclesiastes, the patio de laare is an
+eloquent statement about the qualities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquent statement about the qualities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquent statement about the qualities
+of water, a poetic description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water, a poetic description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water, a poetic description of the
+hydraological cycle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraological cycle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraological cycle.
+Small riverworn pebbles, each embodying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Small riverworn pebbles, each embodying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Small riverworn pebbles, each embodying
+the action of water over time, are set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of water over time, are set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of water over time, are set
+in packed earth that permits water to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in packed earth that permits water to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in packed earth that permits water to
+seep beneath them to irrigate the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seep beneath them to irrigate the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seep beneath them to irrigate the roots
+of the cedar trees planted at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cedar trees planted at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cedar trees planted at each
+corner of the courtyard. In a tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of the courtyard. In a tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of the courtyard. In a tightly
+organized geometric pattern, elongated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized geometric pattern, elongated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized geometric pattern, elongated
+black stones form flowing braided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black stones form flowing braided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black stones form flowing braided
+rivers, rounded whitish gray stones,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivers, rounded whitish gray stones,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivers, rounded whitish gray stones,
+alternately ground and stars.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternately ground and stars.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternately ground and stars.
+function, feeling and meaning are fused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Many ideas grew out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Many ideas grew out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Many ideas grew out of this
+process of defining patterns which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of defining patterns which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of defining patterns which were
+then worked out in writing and tested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then worked out in writing and tested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then worked out in writing and tested in
+fieldwork, practice, scholarly work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fieldwork, practice, scholarly work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fieldwork, practice, scholarly work and
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+photography. The two photographs of Dino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography. The two photographs of Dino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography. The two photographs of Dino
+were key an example of how built form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were key an example of how built form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were key an example of how built form
+could intensify the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could intensify the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could intensify the experience of
+natural processes through an overlay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural processes through an overlay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural processes through an overlay of
+uklitian and fractal geometries. So too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uklitian and fractal geometries. So too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uklitian and fractal geometries. So too
+were the images of Abury and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the images of Abury and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the images of Abury and the
+Alhhamra and this photograph of a weir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alhhamra and this photograph of a weir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alhhamra and this photograph of a weir
+in Bath, England. My drawings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bath, England. My drawings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bath, England. My drawings and
+written notes describe only what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written notes describe only what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written notes describe only what I
+observed at the time, but my photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed at the time, but my photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed at the time, but my photographs
+contain things I failed to see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain things I failed to see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain things I failed to see and
+permit me to see new things many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit me to see new things many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit me to see new things many years
+later. Seen together, they enable me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Seen together, they enable me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Seen together, they enable me to
+compare the same place at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the same place at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the same place at different
+times or two places that are distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or two places that are distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or two places that are distant
+from one another. As I wrote from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one another. As I wrote from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one another. As I wrote from these
+images, I saw new things in the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images, I saw new things in the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images, I saw new things in the images
+of others like Paul Clay's paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of others like Paul Clay's paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of others like Paul Clay's paintings
+tree nursery and highways and byways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree nursery and highways and byways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree nursery and highways and byways and
+heard new things in other authors words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard new things in other authors words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard new things in other authors words
+like TS Elliott's four quartets and John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like TS Elliott's four quartets and John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like TS Elliott's four quartets and John
+Dwiey's in artist experience.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dwiey's in artist experience.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dwiey's in artist experience.
+The first public formulation to emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first public formulation to emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first public formulation to emerge
+out of this enterprise was the poetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this enterprise was the poetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this enterprise was the poetics
+of city and nature, a lecture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of city and nature, a lecture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of city and nature, a lecture in the
+series models and mirrors here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series models and mirrors here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series models and mirrors here at MIT
+organized by Dean John de Mano in 1986.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized by Dean John de Mano in 1986.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized by Dean John de Mano in 1986.
+The printed version, poetics of city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The printed version, poetics of city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The printed version, poetics of city and
+nature toward a new aesthetic for urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature toward a new aesthetic for urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature toward a new aesthetic for urban
+design appeared two years later in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design appeared two years later in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design appeared two years later in a
+special issue of landscape journal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special issue of landscape journal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special issue of landscape journal on
+nature form and meaning which I edited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature form and meaning which I edited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature form and meaning which I edited
+and was reprinted the next year in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was reprinted the next year in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was reprinted the next year in
+places. I continued to use photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. I continued to use photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. I continued to use photography
+as another way of telling, to borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as another way of telling, to borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as another way of telling, to borrow
+John Burer's term, but more deliberately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Burer's term, but more deliberately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Burer's term, but more deliberately
+to explore and test ideas in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore and test ideas in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore and test ideas in the field
+and then later to reflect on and clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later to reflect on and clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later to reflect on and clarify
+them. Looking, thinking, and writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Looking, thinking, and writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Looking, thinking, and writing
+about the poetics of landscape attune me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the poetics of landscape attune me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the poetics of landscape attune me
+to the stories landscapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stories landscapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stories landscapes
+tell. Landscape is loud with dialogues,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell. Landscape is loud with dialogues,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell. Landscape is loud with dialogues,
+with story lines that connect a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with story lines that connect a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with story lines that connect a place
+and its dwellers. The shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its dwellers. The shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its dwellers. The shape and
+structure of a tree record an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a tree record an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a tree record an
+evolutionary dialogue between species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary dialogue between species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary dialogue between species
+and environment and dialogues between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and environment and dialogues between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and environment and dialogues between a
+tree and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and its
+habitat. A coherence of human vernacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitat. A coherence of human vernacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitat. A coherence of human vernacular
+landscapes emerges from dialogues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes emerges from dialogues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes emerges from dialogues
+between builders and place fine-tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between builders and place fine-tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between builders and place fine-tuned
+over time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time.
+They tell of a congruence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They tell of a congruence between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They tell of a congruence between
+snowfall and roof pitch, between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowfall and roof pitch, between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowfall and roof pitch, between
+seasonal sun angles and roof overhang,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonal sun angles and roof overhang,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonal sun angles and roof overhang,
+wind direction and alignment of hedge,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind direction and alignment of hedge,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind direction and alignment of hedge,
+cultivation practices and dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivation practices and dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivation practices and dimensions of
+fields, family structure and patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields, family structure and patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields, family structure and patterns of
+settlement. Built landscapes may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement. Built landscapes may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement. Built landscapes may be
+rhetorical. Landscape features like hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetorical. Landscape features like hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetorical. Landscape features like hill
+and street may be emphasized or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and street may be emphasized or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and street may be emphasized or
+embellished for effect. Slopes steepened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embellished for effect. Slopes steepened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embellished for effect. Slopes steepened
+to make climb difficult. Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make climb difficult. Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make climb difficult. Street
+broadened and lined with trees to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadened and lined with trees to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadened and lined with trees to
+impress the viewer. Features enlarged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impress the viewer. Features enlarged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impress the viewer. Features enlarged to
+make a person feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a person feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a person feel
+small. Gardens of illusion reflect oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. Gardens of illusion reflect oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. Gardens of illusion reflect oral
+and written literature as the pastoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and written literature as the pastoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and written literature as the pastoral
+landscape of cemeteries eludes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape of cemeteries eludes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape of cemeteries eludes to
+biblical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biblical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biblical
+pastoralism. He maketh me to lie down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pastoralism. He maketh me to lie down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pastoralism. He maketh me to lie down in
+green pastures. He leadth me beside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green pastures. He leadth me beside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green pastures. He leadth me beside the
+still waters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still waters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still waters.
+Landscapes are the world itself and may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes are the world itself and may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes are the world itself and may
+also be metaphors of the world. A tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be metaphors of the world. A tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be metaphors of the world. A tree
+can be both a tree and the tree, a path,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be both a tree and the tree, a path,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be both a tree and the tree, a path,
+both a path and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a path and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a path and the
+path. Gradually, I came to realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. Gradually, I came to realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. Gradually, I came to realize that
+the poetics I sought to define applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poetics I sought to define applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poetics I sought to define applied
+to all landscapes, not just urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all landscapes, not just urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all landscapes, not just urban
+landscapes, and to buildings, too. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes, and to buildings, too. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes, and to buildings, too. and
+that defining such an aesthetic theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defining such an aesthetic theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defining such an aesthetic theory
+demanded first the description and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded first the description and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded first the description and
+cotification of a language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotification of a language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotification of a language of
+landscape. Fieldwork in Australia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape. Fieldwork in Australia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape. Fieldwork in Australia and
+discussions with architects there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions with architects there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions with architects there in
+1988 and 1989 were key to my emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 and 1989 were key to my emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 and 1989 were key to my emerging
+ideas about landscape as a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about landscape as a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about landscape as a form of
+language born out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language born out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language born out of
+living. Landscape was the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living. Landscape was the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living. Landscape was the original
+dwelling. Humans evolved among plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwelling. Humans evolved among plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwelling. Humans evolved among plants
+and animals under the sky, upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and animals under the sky, upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and animals under the sky, upon the
+earth, near water. Humans touched, saw,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth, near water. Humans touched, saw,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth, near water. Humans touched, saw,
+heard, smelled, tasted, lived in, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard, smelled, tasted, lived in, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard, smelled, tasted, lived in, and
+shaped landscapes before the species had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped landscapes before the species had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped landscapes before the species had
+words to describe what it did.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to describe what it did.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to describe what it did.
+Landscapes were the first human texts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes were the first human texts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscapes were the first human texts.
+Clouds, wind, and sun were clues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clouds, wind, and sun were clues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clouds, wind, and sun were clues to
+weather. Ripples and eddies were signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather. Ripples and eddies were signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather. Ripples and eddies were signs
+of rocks and life underwater as caves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rocks and life underwater as caves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rocks and life underwater as caves
+and ledges were promise of shelter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ledges were promise of shelter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ledges were promise of shelter.
+Leaves guide to food. To know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaves guide to food. To know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaves guide to food. To know the
+language of landscape is to read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of landscape is to read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of landscape is to read a
+forest, field, town, and city, and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest, field, town, and city, and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest, field, town, and city, and tell
+the stories of their making. To read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stories of their making. To read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stories of their making. To read the
+world not as a collection of separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world not as a collection of separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world not as a collection of separate
+things, but as dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, but as dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, but as dynamic
+associations. To practice the art of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations. To practice the art of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations. To practice the art of
+managing complex living systems. In Aldo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing complex living systems. In Aldo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing complex living systems. In Aldo
+Leopold's words, to think like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leopold's words, to think like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leopold's words, to think like a
+mountain and seek to escape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain and seek to escape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain and seek to escape the
+short-sightedness the human lifespan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imposes. The language of landscape can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposes. The language of landscape can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposes. The language of landscape can
+be read, inscribed, and imagined. To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be read, inscribed, and imagined. To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be read, inscribed, and imagined. To
+read landscape and to inscribe it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read landscape and to inscribe it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read landscape and to inscribe it is a
+strategy of survival to create refuge,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy of survival to create refuge,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy of survival to create refuge,
+provide prospect, grow food. To read and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide prospect, grow food. To read and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide prospect, grow food. To read and
+shape landscape is to learn and teach,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape landscape is to learn and teach,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape landscape is to learn and teach,
+to know the world, to express ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the world, to express ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the world, to express ideas and
+influence others. Landscape as language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence others. Landscape as language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence others. Landscape as language
+makes thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes thought
+tangible. Landscape is seen of life,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible. Landscape is seen of life,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible. Landscape is seen of life,
+cultivated construction, carrier of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivated construction, carrier of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivated construction, carrier of
+meaning. Through it, humans share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning. Through it, humans share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning. Through it, humans share
+experience with future generations. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with future generations. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with future generations. Just
+as ancestors inscribed their values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ancestors inscribed their values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ancestors inscribed their values and
+beliefs in the landscapes they left as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs in the landscapes they left as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs in the landscapes they left as a
+legacy, a rich load of literature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy, a rich load of literature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy, a rich load of literature.
+natural and cultural histories,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and cultural histories,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and cultural histories,
+landscapes of purpose, poetry, power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes of purpose, poetry, power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes of purpose, poetry, power and
+prayer. Landscape is pragmatic, poetic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer. Landscape is pragmatic, poetic,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayer. Landscape is pragmatic, poetic,
+rhetorical,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pmical. Landscapes encompass gardens,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmical. Landscapes encompass gardens,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmical. Landscapes encompass gardens,
+buildings, cities, and regions, not mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, cities, and regions, not mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, cities, and regions, not mere
+scenery. They are partnerships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenery. They are partnerships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenery. They are partnerships between
+people and place, a mutual shaping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and place, a mutual shaping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and place, a mutual shaping that
+reflects the character of the place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the character of the place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the character of the place and
+the identity of the individuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity of the individuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity of the individuals and
+societies who make it their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies who make it their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies who make it their
+home. Danish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home. Danish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home. Danish
+landscape, German lanshaft and old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape, German lanshaft and old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape, German lanshaft and old
+English landscape combine two roots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English landscape combine two roots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English landscape combine two roots.
+Land means both a place and the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Land means both a place and the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Land means both a place and the people
+who live there. Scaba and shaen mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shape. Suffixes scape and shaft as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape. Suffixes scape and shaft as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape. Suffixes scape and shaft as in
+the English ship also mean partnership,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English ship also mean partnership,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English ship also mean partnership,
+association. Still strong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association. Still strong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association. Still strong in
+Scandinavian and German languages, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scandinavian and German languages, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scandinavian and German languages, these
+original meanings have all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original meanings have all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original meanings have all but
+disappeared from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared from
+English. But to have no word for such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English. But to have no word for such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English. But to have no word for such a
+partnership is dangerous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership is dangerous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership is dangerous.
+In steps to an ecology of mind, Gregory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In steps to an ecology of mind, Gregory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In steps to an ecology of mind, Gregory
+Bateson distinguishes between working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bateson distinguishes between working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bateson distinguishes between working
+hypotheses and those derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and those derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and those derived from
+fundamental principles. He stresses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles. He stresses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental principles. He stresses the
+importance in research of thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance in research of thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance in research of thinking and
+arguing both inductively from data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing both inductively from data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing both inductively from data to
+hypothesis and deductively to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and deductively to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and deductively to test
+hypotheses against knowledge derived by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses against knowledge derived by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses against knowledge derived by
+deduction from the fundamentals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction from the fundamentals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction from the fundamentals of
+science or philosophy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or philosophy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or philosophy.
+One must start, he says, from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One must start, he says, from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One must start, he says, from two
+beginnings, each of which has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings, each of which has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings, each of which has its own
+authority. The observations cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority. The observations cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority. The observations cannot be
+denied, and the fundamentals must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denied, and the fundamentals must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denied, and the fundamentals must be
+fitted. In describing and defining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted. In describing and defining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted. In describing and defining a
+language of landscape, I worked from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of landscape, I worked from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of landscape, I worked from
+observations recorded in photographs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations recorded in photographs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations recorded in photographs and
+field notes to hypotheses on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field notes to hypotheses on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field notes to hypotheses on the one
+hand and on the other examined their fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and on the other examined their fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and on the other examined their fit
+with certain fundamentals of my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain fundamentals of my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain fundamentals of my own
+profession, landscape architecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession, landscape architecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession, landscape architecture and
+of related disciplines, art,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of related disciplines, art,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of related disciplines, art,
+architecture, anthropology, ecology,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture, anthropology, ecology,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture, anthropology, ecology,
+geology. My camera was a tool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geology. My camera was a tool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geology. My camera was a tool of
+discovery. It focused my observations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery. It focused my observations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery. It focused my observations.
+Photography was a means to test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography was a means to test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography was a means to test and
+revise working hypotheses and to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise working hypotheses and to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise working hypotheses and to explore
+the fit with fundamentals which demanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit with fundamentals which demanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit with fundamentals which demanded
+that natural processes and human purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that natural processes and human purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that natural processes and human purpose
+be integrated that basic physical,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be integrated that basic physical,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be integrated that basic physical,
+social and spiritual needs be addressed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and spiritual needs be addressed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and spiritual needs be addressed.
+That the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas embrace both artful and everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas embrace both artful and everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas embrace both artful and everyday
+expression and apply from the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and apply from the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and apply from the scale of
+the garden to the scale of the region.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garden to the scale of the region.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garden to the scale of the region.
+Photography as a visual way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography as a visual way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography as a visual way of thinking
+was particularly valuable in working out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was particularly valuable in working out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was particularly valuable in working out
+ideas about a nonverbal form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about a nonverbal form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about a nonverbal form of
+language. Also important in testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. Also important in testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. Also important in testing
+whether ideas were borne out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether ideas were borne out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether ideas were borne out by
+historical evidence and whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical evidence and whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical evidence and whether they
+worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in
+practice. Here photography also played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. Here photography also played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. Here photography also played
+an important role. Photographs by others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important role. Photographs by others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important role. Photographs by others
+were historical records and photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were historical records and photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were historical records and photographs
+by my students and myself documented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my students and myself documented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my students and myself documented the
+processes and products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and products of
+practice. For example, a typical record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. For example, a typical record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. For example, a typical record
+of before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of before and
+after. From 1987 on, the West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after. From 1987 on, the West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after. From 1987 on, the West
+Philadelphia landscape project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia landscape project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia landscape project and
+classes associated with it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes associated with it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes associated with it at the
+University of Pennsylvania were places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Pennsylvania were places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Pennsylvania were places
+to test ideas through practice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test ideas through practice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test ideas through practice.
+As a documentation of practice, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As a documentation of practice, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As a documentation of practice, the
+photographs of West Philadelphia's Mil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of West Philadelphia's Mil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of West Philadelphia's Mil
+Creek neighborhood and the West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creek neighborhood and the West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creek neighborhood and the West
+Philadelphia landscape project are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia landscape project are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia landscape project are quite
+different from those I make in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from those I make in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from those I make in other
+contexts. Hundreds of snapshots document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts. Hundreds of snapshots document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts. Hundreds of snapshots document
+a different form of research and mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different form of research and mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different form of research and mode of
+engagement. Like my other photographs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement. Like my other photographs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement. Like my other photographs,
+they are a source for reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are a source for reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are a source for reflection and
+writing. I make them primarily for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing. I make them primarily for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing. I make them primarily for my
+own use. Unlike Camilo Vagara and Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own use. Unlike Camilo Vagara and Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own use. Unlike Camilo Vagara and Martin
+Kreger, I'm not creating an archive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kreger, I'm not creating an archive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kreger, I'm not creating an archive for
+others to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to
+use. My students made photographs also,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. My students made photographs also,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. My students made photographs also,
+and we gave cameras to children who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we gave cameras to children who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we gave cameras to children who
+photographed our work together,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed our work together,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed our work together,
+documented their accomplishments, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented their accomplishments, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented their accomplishments, and
+created a website that features their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a website that features their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a website that features their
+own images and texts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own images and texts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own images and texts.
+Wendy Ewald's description of her work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wendy Ewald's description of her work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wendy Ewald's description of her work
+with children and photography made me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with children and photography made me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with children and photography made me
+regret a missed opportunity and recalled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret a missed opportunity and recalled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret a missed opportunity and recalled
+how one year a group of my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one year a group of my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one year a group of my students
+enlisted the children they were teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlisted the children they were teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlisted the children they were teaching
+to help them with their research on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them with their research on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them with their research on the
+neighborhood. My students gave three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood. My students gave three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood. My students gave three
+children disposable cameras and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children disposable cameras and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children disposable cameras and a
+journal and asked them to take notes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal and asked them to take notes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal and asked them to take notes.
+The children brought back amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The children brought back amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The children brought back amazing
+images, an improvised basketball court,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images, an improvised basketball court,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images, an improvised basketball court,
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sky. In their notebooks, recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky. In their notebooks, recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky. In their notebooks, recorded
+observations at different times of day,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations at different times of day,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations at different times of day,
+what they heard, saw, smelled. While the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they heard, saw, smelled. While the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they heard, saw, smelled. While the
+photographs stand on their own, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs stand on their own, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs stand on their own, the
+notes amplify what the children saw.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes amplify what the children saw.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes amplify what the children saw.
+Picture this. A room full of children of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picture this. A room full of children of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picture this. A room full of children of
+diverse ages reading, writing, doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse ages reading, writing, doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse ages reading, writing, doing
+homework.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework.
+A safe house, the photographer told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A safe house, the photographer told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A safe house, the photographer told
+us. Image and explanation gave new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. Image and explanation gave new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. Image and explanation gave new
+meaning to the signs safe house that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to the signs safe house that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to the signs safe house that I
+had noticed in the front windows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had noticed in the front windows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had noticed in the front windows of
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+houses. A photographers's field notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses. A photographers's field notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses. A photographers's field notes
+are revealing. This is certainly true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are revealing. This is certainly true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are revealing. This is certainly true of
+Dorothia Lang, whose daybooks, as she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorothia Lang, whose daybooks, as she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorothia Lang, whose daybooks, as she
+called them, reflect her preoccupations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them, reflect her preoccupations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them, reflect her preoccupations
+not only with people and their stories,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only with people and their stories,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only with people and their stories,
+but also with buildings as distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also with buildings as distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also with buildings as distinctive
+original American forms and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original American forms and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original American forms and with the
+larger forces shaping lives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger forces shaping lives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger forces shaping lives and
+landscapes. In 1939, Lang and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes. In 1939, Lang and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes. In 1939, Lang and her
+husband Paul Taylor published an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband Paul Taylor published an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband Paul Taylor published an
+American Exodus, a record of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Exodus, a record of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Exodus, a record of human
+erosion. We use the camera as a tool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion. We use the camera as a tool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion. We use the camera as a tool of
+research, they wrote in the forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research, they wrote in the forward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research, they wrote in the forward.
+Upon a tripod of photographs, captions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upon a tripod of photographs, captions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upon a tripod of photographs, captions,
+and text, we rest themes evolved out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and text, we rest themes evolved out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and text, we rest themes evolved out of
+long observations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long observations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long observations in the
+field. Later in life, Lang called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Later in life, Lang called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Later in life, Lang called the
+camera a great teacher and described how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera a great teacher and described how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera a great teacher and described how
+its use opened up for people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its use opened up for people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its use opened up for people the
+possibilities of the visual world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of the visual world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of the visual world.
+The camera can find its way through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The camera can find its way through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The camera can find its way through a
+chain of events very marvelously, she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of events very marvelously, she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of events very marvelously, she
+said, if you hold on to the thread. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, if you hold on to the thread. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, if you hold on to the thread. If
+you hold on to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold on to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold on to that
+thread, she was referring here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread, she was referring here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread, she was referring here to
+composing a series of photographs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing a series of photographs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing a series of photographs that
+has sentences and paragraphs and builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sentences and paragraphs and builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sentences and paragraphs and builds
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+whole. In 1939, Lang began to group her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole. In 1939, Lang began to group her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole. In 1939, Lang began to group her
+photographs and to write general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs and to write general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs and to write general
+captions as backstory, using her field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captions as backstory, using her field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captions as backstory, using her field
+notes as source material for the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes as source material for the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes as source material for the more
+polished text.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished text.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished text.
+With these photographs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With these photographs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With these photographs and the
+accompanying text, Lang told a story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanying text, Lang told a story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanying text, Lang told a story of
+Iragon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iragon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iragon,
+Oregon, the railroad that put the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oregon, the railroad that put the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oregon, the railroad that put the town
+on the map and linked it to distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the map and linked it to distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the map and linked it to distant
+markets. And a man and a wife who came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets. And a man and a wife who came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets. And a man and a wife who came
+there from Idaho in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from Idaho in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from Idaho in
+1919, cleared the land from sagebrush,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919, cleared the land from sagebrush,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919, cleared the land from sagebrush,
+and raised 10 children here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raised 10 children here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raised 10 children here.
+She made these photographs in central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She made these photographs in central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She made these photographs in central
+Oregon on her way from Portland to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oregon on her way from Portland to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oregon on her way from Portland to the
+Veil Aahi irrigation district in eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veil Aahi irrigation district in eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veil Aahi irrigation district in eastern
+Oregon where she had an assignment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oregon where she had an assignment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oregon where she had an assignment from
+the federal government to document the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government to document the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government to document the
+avail irrigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project. Later that same day, Lang also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. Later that same day, Lang also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. Later that same day, Lang also
+stopped at this one room school in Baker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped at this one room school in Baker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped at this one room school in Baker
+County. These and other unpublished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+County. These and other unpublished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+County. These and other unpublished
+texts and photographs from 1939 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts and photographs from 1939 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts and photographs from 1939 are
+presented in my forthcoming book, Daring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in my forthcoming book, Daring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in my forthcoming book, Daring
+to Look, Photographs and Notes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Look, Photographs and Notes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Look, Photographs and Notes from the
+Field by Dorothia Lang, published by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field by Dorothia Lang, published by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field by Dorothia Lang, published by the
+University of California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Press. Months of immersion in Lang's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Press. Months of immersion in Lang's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Press. Months of immersion in Lang's
+photographs and texts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs and texts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs and texts of
+1939 led me to wonder what had become of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939 led me to wonder what had become of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939 led me to wonder what had become of
+the places and the people she portrayed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places and the people she portrayed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places and the people she portrayed.
+I didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to
+refphograph what Lang herself had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refphograph what Lang herself had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refphograph what Lang herself had
+photographed to produce matched pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed to produce matched pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed to produce matched pairs of
+then and now. But I wanted to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and now. But I wanted to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and now. But I wanted to discover
+the terrain she traveled through, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terrain she traveled through, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terrain she traveled through, what
+she saw and what she did not see. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she saw and what she did not see. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she saw and what she did not see. The
+difference between my eye and her own,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between my eye and her own,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between my eye and her own,
+and what the lesson of that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the lesson of that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the lesson of that difference
+might teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might teach
+me. The journey took me to places I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. The journey took me to places I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. The journey took me to places I
+might never have gone, to people I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might never have gone, to people I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might never have gone, to people I would
+otherwise never have met. California's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise never have met. California's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise never have met. California's
+Sanwaqin Valley in March, the lush farms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanwaqin Valley in March, the lush farms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanwaqin Valley in March, the lush farms
+and woods of the Wamut Valley and Puet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and woods of the Wamut Valley and Puet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and woods of the Wamut Valley and Puet
+Basin in May. Back and forth across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basin in May. Back and forth across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basin in May. Back and forth across the
+Cascade Mountains to the forests of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade Mountains to the forests of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade Mountains to the forests of the
+Idaho panhandle, and the drylands of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Idaho panhandle, and the drylands of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Idaho panhandle, and the drylands of the
+Clamoth Basin, the Yakima Valley, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clamoth Basin, the Yakima Valley, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clamoth Basin, the Yakima Valley, the
+Colombia Plateau, and eastern Oregon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia Plateau, and eastern Oregon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia Plateau, and eastern Oregon,
+where I took this photograph not far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I took this photograph not far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I took this photograph not far
+from where Lang stopped to photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where Lang stopped to photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where Lang stopped to photograph
+the one room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one room
+school. Following Lang's tracks, her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. Following Lang's tracks, her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. Following Lang's tracks, her
+photographs and texts in hand, I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs and texts in hand, I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs and texts in hand, I found
+that much has changed, but much is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much has changed, but much is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much has changed, but much is the
+same. I saw in 2005 poverty as bad as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. I saw in 2005 poverty as bad as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. I saw in 2005 poverty as bad as
+the poverty Lang had seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty Lang had seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty Lang had seen in
+1939. The struggling small towns Lang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939. The struggling small towns Lang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939. The struggling small towns Lang
+had photographed still steam seemed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had photographed still steam seemed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had photographed still steam seemed to
+be struggling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be struggling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be struggling.
+in Nissa, Oregon. The sugar company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Nissa, Oregon. The sugar company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Nissa, Oregon. The sugar company that
+opened in 1938, the year before Lang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened in 1938, the year before Lang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened in 1938, the year before Lang
+photographed it, had just closed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed it, had just closed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed it, had just closed the
+year before I got there. The streets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year before I got there. The streets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year before I got there. The streets and
+sidewalks of Nissa are immaculate. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalks of Nissa are immaculate. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalks of Nissa are immaculate. Some
+of the stores have signs in Spanish.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stores have signs in Spanish.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stores have signs in Spanish.
+Some are vacant yet well-maintained,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some are vacant yet well-maintained,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some are vacant yet well-maintained,
+like the Hotel Western, where there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Hotel Western, where there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Hotel Western, where there are
+curtains behind clean windows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtains behind clean windows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtains behind clean windows and
+American flag and patriotic display in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American flag and patriotic display in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American flag and patriotic display in
+the otherwise empty first floor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the otherwise empty first floor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the otherwise empty first floor.
+Across from the vacant hotel, I spotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Across from the vacant hotel, I spotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Across from the vacant hotel, I spotted
+a sign laying photographed on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign laying photographed on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign laying photographed on the side
+of the Hawaii Irrigation District
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Hawaii Irrigation District
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Hawaii Irrigation District
+office, a building that was once a bank.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office, a building that was once a bank.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office, a building that was once a bank.
+I pulled out her photograph and saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pulled out her photograph and saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pulled out her photograph and saw a
+Hawaii irrigation district in big block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii irrigation district in big block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii irrigation district in big block
+letters. Beneath is a plea, Nissa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters. Beneath is a plea, Nissa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters. Beneath is a plea, Nissa and
+community depend on your loyalty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community depend on your loyalty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community depend on your loyalty.
+Patronize home merchants. And under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patronize home merchants. And under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patronize home merchants. And under that
+are 24 outlines of boxes, each with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 24 outlines of boxes, each with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 24 outlines of boxes, each with the
+name of a local business. Today, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of a local business. Today, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of a local business. Today, the
+sign is faded but legible, and the boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is faded but legible, and the boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is faded but legible, and the boxes
+that once displayed the names of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once displayed the names of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once displayed the names of local
+merchants are blank. The Hawaii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants are blank. The Hawaii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants are blank. The Hawaii
+Irrigation District Office is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irrigation District Office is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irrigation District Office is still
+here. I stood on the spot where Lang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I stood on the spot where Lang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I stood on the spot where Lang
+photographed what was then the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed what was then the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed what was then the world's
+longest siphon, 5 miles long, 8 feet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest siphon, 5 miles long, 8 feet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest siphon, 5 miles long, 8 feet in
+diameter. My eye followed the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter. My eye followed the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter. My eye followed the line of
+the siphon that carries piped water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the siphon that carries piped water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the siphon that carries piped water
+across the Malura River Valley to Dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Malura River Valley to Dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Malura River Valley to Dead
+Ox Flat. I made a photograph that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ox Flat. I made a photograph that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ox Flat. I made a photograph that looks
+much the same as this one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same as this one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same as this one from
+1939. The farmers with whom Lang spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939. The farmers with whom Lang spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939. The farmers with whom Lang spoke
+in 1939 were struggling and many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1939 were struggling and many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1939 were struggling and many of the
+farms on Dead Ox Flat today look as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farms on Dead Ox Flat today look as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farms on Dead Ox Flat today look as
+though their owners still are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though their owners still are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though their owners still are.
+In western Oregon, Lang told the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In western Oregon, Lang told the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In western Oregon, Lang told the story
+of a family from New Mexico who settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a family from New Mexico who settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a family from New Mexico who settled
+on 80 acres of uncleared, cut over land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 80 acres of uncleared, cut over land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 80 acres of uncleared, cut over land
+in a district called Michigan Hill. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a district called Michigan Hill. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a district called Michigan Hill. They
+grubbed out 80 acres of stumps, built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grubbed out 80 acres of stumps, built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grubbed out 80 acres of stumps, built a
+house, and planted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house, and planted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house, and planted the
+fields. All the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. All the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. All the children
+worked. Today, where the Arnolds had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked. Today, where the Arnolds had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked. Today, where the Arnolds had
+cleared their stump farm, the woods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared their stump farm, the woods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared their stump farm, the woods are
+at least 30 years old, possibly 40. Many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 30 years old, possibly 40. Many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 30 years old, possibly 40. Many
+farms had lasted no more than 20 years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farms had lasted no more than 20 years.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farms had lasted no more than 20 years.
+There are few farms now on former stump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are few farms now on former stump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are few farms now on former stump
+land cleared for farms. Trees have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land cleared for farms. Trees have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land cleared for farms. Trees have
+sprung up around barns, old trailers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprung up around barns, old trailers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprung up around barns, old trailers,
+ramshuckle, ramshackle houses and sheds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramshuckle, ramshackle houses and sheds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramshuckle, ramshackle houses and sheds
+and vines have grown over piles of old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vines have grown over piles of old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vines have grown over piles of old
+cars and tractors. When the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and tractors. When the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and tractors. When the government
+loan money to people to resettle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan money to people to resettle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan money to people to resettle on
+infertile land or on farms too small to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infertile land or on farms too small to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infertile land or on farms too small to
+support a family, that did not abolish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support a family, that did not abolish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support a family, that did not abolish
+rural poverty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural poverty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural poverty.
+Lang was a gifted author as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang was a gifted author as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang was a gifted author as well as a
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+photographer. "There is hardly anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer. "There is hardly anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer. "There is hardly anything
+I've done that couldn't be enhanced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done that couldn't be enhanced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done that couldn't be enhanced and
+fortified by the right kind of comment,"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortified by the right kind of comment,"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortified by the right kind of comment,"
+she told an interviewer in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she told an interviewer in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she told an interviewer in the early
+1960s. "All photographs can be fortifi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s. "All photographs can be fortifi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s. "All photographs can be fortifi
+fortified by words." "Your viewer," she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortified by words." "Your viewer," she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortified by words." "Your viewer," she
+said, "and he is a very mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "and he is a very mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "and he is a very mysterious
+person. You have to keep him in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. You have to keep him in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. You have to keep him in mind
+always, and you don't know him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always, and you don't know him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always, and you don't know him.
+My hope would be that he would say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My hope would be that he would say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My hope would be that he would say to
+himself, "Oh, yes, I know what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself, "Oh, yes, I know what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself, "Oh, yes, I know what she
+meant. I never thought of it, never paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant. I never thought of it, never paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant. I never thought of it, never paid
+attention to it." Or, "I've seen that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it." Or, "I've seen that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it." Or, "I've seen that a
+thousand times, but he wouldn't miss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times, but he wouldn't miss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times, but he wouldn't miss it
+again." You've told about the familiar,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again." You've told about the familiar,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again." You've told about the familiar,
+but in telling calling attention to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in telling calling attention to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in telling calling attention to what
+it holds, you've added to your viewers's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds, you've added to your viewers's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds, you've added to your viewers's
+confidence in his own understanding. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in his own understanding. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in his own understanding. And
+the most complimentary thing that anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complimentary thing that anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complimentary thing that anyone
+could ever say to you is, "I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ever say to you is, "I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ever say to you is, "I saw
+something today that you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something today that you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something today that you would have
+liked." Then you know you've reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+him. My photographs are aids to my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him. My photographs are aids to my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him. My photographs are aids to my own
+imagination, but I hope they may be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination, but I hope they may be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination, but I hope they may be so
+for others, too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for others, too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for others, too.
+One doesn't need to know all that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One doesn't need to know all that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One doesn't need to know all that is
+there to see, but some background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to see, but some background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to see, but some background
+enables a deeper, more complex reading.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables a deeper, more complex reading.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables a deeper, more complex reading.
+I gave this photograph the title Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave this photograph the title Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave this photograph the title Fields
+of Force, Lines of Power, hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Force, Lines of Power, hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Force, Lines of Power, hoping that
+would provide a clue to darker stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would provide a clue to darker stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would provide a clue to darker stories
+beneath the attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath the attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath the attractive
+surface. The long stone wall is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. The long stone wall is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. The long stone wall is an
+artifact of the Highland Clearances, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of the Highland Clearances, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of the Highland Clearances, the
+eviction of people to make way for wool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eviction of people to make way for wool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eviction of people to make way for wool
+producing sheep. After the acts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing sheep. After the acts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing sheep. After the acts of
+prescription in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription in
+1746, Gaelic language and highland dress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1746, Gaelic language and highland dress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1746, Gaelic language and highland dress
+were forbidden and violators punished by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were forbidden and violators punished by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were forbidden and violators punished by
+being shipped to his English majesty's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being shipped to his English majesty's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being shipped to his English majesty's
+plantations beyond the seas to Ireland,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantations beyond the seas to Ireland,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantations beyond the seas to Ireland,
+North America, Australia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America, Australia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North America, Australia.
+Scottish chiefs forced their clansmen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scottish chiefs forced their clansmen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scottish chiefs forced their clansmen
+off the land to make way for largescale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the land to make way for largescale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the land to make way for largescale
+sheep farming for deer parks to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep farming for deer parks to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep farming for deer parks to raise
+capital as Donald Cameron did here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital as Donald Cameron did here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital as Donald Cameron did here in
+Glen Ly. And look at those furrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glen Ly. And look at those furrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glen Ly. And look at those furrows
+beyond the distant fence and the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the distant fence and the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the distant fence and the green
+dots that line them. Seedlings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots that line them. Seedlings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots that line them. Seedlings of the
+future forest. This photograph captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future forest. This photograph captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future forest. This photograph captured
+a moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment in
+1978. In 2006, this particular view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978. In 2006, this particular view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978. In 2006, this particular view is
+no more. Instead of a hillside meadow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more. Instead of a hillside meadow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more. Instead of a hillside meadow of
+heather, we would be looking at a forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heather, we would be looking at a forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heather, we would be looking at a forest
+of green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of green
+fur. But how to launch the eye without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fur. But how to launch the eye without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fur. But how to launch the eye without
+shutting down potential readings is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutting down potential readings is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutting down potential readings is a
+challenge. The dilemma is that too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge. The dilemma is that too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge. The dilemma is that too much
+text can limit the viewer's response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text can limit the viewer's response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text can limit the viewer's response.
+The dialogue between photographs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The dialogue between photographs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The dialogue between photographs and
+their captions can serve both author and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their captions can serve both author and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their captions can serve both author and
+reader.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader.
+Two years ago, to accompany knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two years ago, to accompany knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two years ago, to accompany knowing
+where to stand, my exhibit at the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to stand, my exhibit at the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to stand, my exhibit at the MIT
+Museum, I composed a complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum, I composed a complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum, I composed a complimentary
+exhibit on a website with essays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit on a website with essays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit on a website with essays of
+images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and
+words. It can be reached from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. It can be reached from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. It can be reached from my
+homepage at MIT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage at MIT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage at MIT.
+A few years earlier, I had also begun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A few years earlier, I had also begun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A few years earlier, I had also begun to
+write captions in haiku because the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write captions in haiku because the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write captions in haiku because the form
+seemed kindred to the photographs. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed kindred to the photographs. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed kindred to the photographs. And
+because haiku captions are suggestive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because haiku captions are suggestive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because haiku captions are suggestive,
+not definitive. They're clues to what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not definitive. They're clues to what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not definitive. They're clues to what is
+there. I hope they provide a foothold,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I hope they provide a foothold,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I hope they provide a foothold,
+open up the photographs, and welcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the photographs, and welcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the photographs, and welcome the
+reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+associations. Earth's shadow rising,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations. Earth's shadow rising,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations. Earth's shadow rising,
+blue into rose, tide turning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue into rose, tide turning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue into rose, tide turning.
+October
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twilight leaves flame in dark ash.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twilight leaves flame in dark ash.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twilight leaves flame in dark ash.
+Volcanic dust fanned by wind. Cinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volcanic dust fanned by wind. Cinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volcanic dust fanned by wind. Cinder
+ring of fire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sky earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sky earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sky earth
+correspond clouds path ancient track a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond clouds path ancient track a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond clouds path ancient track a
+mirrored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flowing trees hug a homestead mark its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing trees hug a homestead mark its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing trees hug a homestead mark its
+place on open plane sound of winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+windratic boulders brought by ice tilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windratic boulders brought by ice tilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windratic boulders brought by ice tilled
+bound by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound by
+lime the wall a landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Colors tell Colm's age. Siblings sprung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colors tell Colm's age. Siblings sprung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colors tell Colm's age. Siblings sprung
+from common roots. Grove of grass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bamboo. Gathering rare rains. Island in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bamboo. Gathering rare rains. Island in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bamboo. Gathering rare rains. Island in
+a desert sea. Red rock. Sacred place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ascent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ascent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ascent
+unfolded, giving form to a sorrow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded, giving form to a sorrow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded, giving form to a sorrow that
+cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+told. Waves and harbor wall shape dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told. Waves and harbor wall shape dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told. Waves and harbor wall shape dark
+depths and light shallows. Two sides,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths and light shallows. Two sides,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths and light shallows. Two sides,
+one surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Glowing shadows show what is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glowing shadows show what is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glowing shadows show what is there
+hidden and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden and
+real. Eternal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+threshold. Sheamus Heene compares the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold. Sheamus Heene compares the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold. Sheamus Heene compares the
+poet's role to that of the diver who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet's role to that of the diver who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet's role to that of the diver who
+perceives through empathy and predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives through empathy and predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives through empathy and predicts
+the presence of something that to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of something that to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of something that to others
+is hidden. the diver of water, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hidden. the diver of water, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hidden. the diver of water, for
+example, who senses water underground,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, who senses water underground,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, who senses water underground,
+which can then be tapped by a well. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then be tapped by a well. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then be tapped by a well. He
+calls this a gift for being in touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls this a gift for being in touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls this a gift for being in touch
+with what is there, hidden, and real. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what is there, hidden, and real. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what is there, hidden, and real. A
+gift for mediating between the latent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift for mediating between the latent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift for mediating between the latent
+resource and the community that wants it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource and the community that wants it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource and the community that wants it
+current and released.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and released.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and released.
+Like poetry, both photography and design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like poetry, both photography and design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like poetry, both photography and design
+are powerful means of divining what lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are powerful means of divining what lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are powerful means of divining what lies
+latent in landscape to bring it out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent in landscape to bring it out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent in landscape to bring it out,
+give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it
+form. Words themselves are doors, says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Words themselves are doors, says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Words themselves are doors, says
+Heene, and so are photographs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heene, and so are photographs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heene, and so are photographs and
+designs. The photographer frames a view,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs. The photographer frames a view,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs. The photographer frames a view,
+bringing certain features into dialogue,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing certain features into dialogue,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing certain features into dialogue,
+excluding others. Through this act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluding others. Through this act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluding others. Through this act of
+framing, one creates a doorway to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing, one creates a doorway to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing, one creates a doorway to enter
+mentally. Through empathetic design,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally. Through empathetic design,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally. Through empathetic design,
+architecture, landscape architecture,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture, landscape architecture,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture, landscape architecture,
+urban design and planning, one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban design and planning, one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban design and planning, one can
+imagine a world yet in coit with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a world yet in coit with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a world yet in coit with the
+potential for fusing the traditional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for fusing the traditional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for fusing the traditional and
+the new, non-human and human, nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new, non-human and human, nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new, non-human and human, nature and
+culture. My photographs are messages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture. My photographs are messages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture. My photographs are messages to
+myself. They show me what I know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself. They show me what I know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself. They show me what I know and
+want to understand. Accumulated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand. Accumulated over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand. Accumulated over
+years, they're a resource to be tapped.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, they're a resource to be tapped.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, they're a resource to be tapped.
+They record a dialogue, what landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They record a dialogue, what landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They record a dialogue, what landscape
+said to me, and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to me, and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to me, and my
+response. They speak not in words, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. They speak not in words, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. They speak not in words, but
+in a language of landscape, which I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a language of landscape, which I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a language of landscape, which I had
+to learn. I look at my photographs, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn. I look at my photographs, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn. I look at my photographs, and
+this is what they tell me. The natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they tell me. The natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they tell me. The natural
+and the human are one, continuous, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the human are one, continuous, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the human are one, continuous, not
+separate. Landscape is a mutual shaping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate. Landscape is a mutual shaping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate. Landscape is a mutual shaping
+of people and place and is itself a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people and place and is itself a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people and place and is itself a form
+of language born out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+living. To see is the linguistic root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living. To see is the linguistic root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living. To see is the linguistic root of
+idea. For me, it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. For me, it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. For me, it is the
+seed. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed. Thank you.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Um, first of all, I want to thank Ann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, first of all, I want to thank Ann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, first of all, I want to thank Ann
+for this really wonderful series. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this really wonderful series. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this really wonderful series. I
+think I've been to almost all but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've been to almost all but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've been to almost all but all
+all but one and it's just for me really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but one and it's just for me really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but one and it's just for me really
+uh terrific to see this kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh terrific to see this kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh terrific to see this kind of uh
+academic look at the photograph and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic look at the photograph and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic look at the photograph and this
+is a great I think ending to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great I think ending to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great I think ending to think about
+photography as a way of of of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography as a way of of of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography as a way of of of thinking
+so so thank you Anna it was it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so thank you Anna it was it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so thank you Anna it was it's really
+been a great series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a great series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a great series
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well as you can see it was a labor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you can see it was a labor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you can see it was a labor of
+love of love. Yeah, the photographs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of love. Yeah, the photographs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love of love. Yeah, the photographs are
+labors of love. Um, I think I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labors of love. Um, I think I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labors of love. Um, I think I had a
+couple of comments I was going to make,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of comments I was going to make,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of comments I was going to make,
+but actually I'm not going to make I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually I'm not going to make I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually I'm not going to make I'm
+going to say something else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say something else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say something else.
+Uh, to me the uh overwhelming uh sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, to me the uh overwhelming uh sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, to me the uh overwhelming uh sense
+about your photographs are that are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your photographs are that are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your photographs are that are that
+they are really beautiful. I mean, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are really beautiful. I mean, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are really beautiful. I mean, they
+are just for me an incredible expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just for me an incredible expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just for me an incredible expression
+of what beauty actually means out there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what beauty actually means out there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what beauty actually means out there.
+And uh I I was having a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh I I was having a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh I I was having a conversation
+with Bish uh Samuel the other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bish uh Samuel the other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bish uh Samuel the other day
+about having these joint studios, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having these joint studios, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having these joint studios, you
+know, in China and here and he talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, in China and here and he talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, in China and here and he talked
+about it and what it means and h how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and what it means and h how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and what it means and h how can
+that work? People are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work? People are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work? People are different
+languages. They come from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages. They come from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages. They come from different
+cultures yet we always seem to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures yet we always seem to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures yet we always seem to produce
+something that's really terrific.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really terrific.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really terrific.
+And I think it's comes from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think it's comes from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think it's comes from the fact
+that the visual world and beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the visual world and beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the visual world and beauty
+transcends culture. Uh we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcends culture. Uh we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcends culture. Uh we can we can
+talk and appreciate across culture what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk and appreciate across culture what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk and appreciate across culture what
+beauty is all about and that is as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty is all about and that is as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty is all about and that is as an
+actually said in different words uh its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said in different words uh its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said in different words uh its
+own language. there is a visual language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own language. there is a visual language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own language. there is a visual language
+that is out there that people can share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is out there that people can share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is out there that people can share
+and it's very clear when you go to China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very clear when you go to China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very clear when you go to China
+we don't need any special training to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need any special training to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need any special training to
+understand um the Chinese notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um the Chinese notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um the Chinese notion of
+beauty it's there for us to see uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty it's there for us to see uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty it's there for us to see uh and
+we can share that in our design we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can share that in our design we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can share that in our design we could
+try to strive for uh and I I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to strive for uh and I I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to strive for uh and I I think that
+as you say is kind of the root of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you say is kind of the root of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you say is kind of the root of visual
+thinking we do share this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we do share this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we do share this language
+across across cultures and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across across cultures and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across across cultures and I think
+anyone looking at these photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone looking at these photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone looking at these photographs
+uh we find them uh uh beautiful. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we find them uh uh beautiful. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we find them uh uh beautiful. So I
+the one thing I'd like to thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing I'd like to thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing I'd like to thank you for
+beyond that is raising that subject here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that is raising that subject here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that is raising that subject here
+in the department of urban studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the department of urban studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the department of urban studies and
+planning uh in particular and I I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning uh in particular and I I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning uh in particular and I I guess
+in architecture we don't talk much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in architecture we don't talk much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in architecture we don't talk much about
+beauty these days in cities and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty these days in cities and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty these days in cities and we
+always have to have a social and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to have a social and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to have a social and a
+financial and a this and a that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial and a this and a that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial and a this and a that and
+everything. Uh but uh beauty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Uh but uh beauty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. Uh but uh beauty is
+something that allows our places to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that allows our places to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that allows our places to
+transcend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend
+themselves and to communicate outward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and to communicate outward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and to communicate outward to
+other people, other places, other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people, other places, other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people, other places, other
+cultures who may be there and experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures who may be there and experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures who may be there and experience
+them. And of course, photography can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And of course, photography can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And of course, photography can
+allow us to carry that across anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to carry that across anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to carry that across anywhere
+this this and um I I think it beauty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and um I I think it beauty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and um I I think it beauty in
+a sense needs to take its place among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense needs to take its place among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense needs to take its place among
+some of the other values that we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other values that we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other values that we have uh
+for cities in our conversations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cities in our conversations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cities in our conversations and
+thinking about them. So, thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about them. So, thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about them. So, thank you for
+raising the topic. Thanks. I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the topic. Thanks. I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the topic. Thanks. I hope that
+it's a a beauty that encompasses things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a beauty that encompasses things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a beauty that encompasses things
+that might be very complex and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be very complex and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be very complex and sometimes
+at first glance ugly, if you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first glance ugly, if you know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first glance ugly, if you know what I
+mean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I well I just want to add to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I well I just want to add to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I well I just want to add to that
+that um this was very inspiring both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this was very inspiring both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this was very inspiring both the
+words and the and the pictures and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and the and the pictures and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and the and the pictures and I
+regret not having had the chance to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret not having had the chance to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret not having had the chance to uh
+attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend
+more the other presentations made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the other presentations made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the other presentations made in
+this series. Um, but the question I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series. Um, but the question I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series. Um, but the question I want
+to provoke you to respond to has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provoke you to respond to has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provoke you to respond to has
+something to do with at the risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with at the risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with at the risk of
+bringing in one of those categories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in one of those categories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in one of those categories that
+Dennis mentions. Um, looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dennis mentions. Um, looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dennis mentions. Um, looking at the
+posters here for previous um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posters here for previous um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posters here for previous um,
+presentations and in particular your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and in particular your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and in particular your own
+uh, special interest in Dorothia Lang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, special interest in Dorothia Lang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, special interest in Dorothia Lang
+and her work. Um, the the the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her work. Um, the the the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her work. Um, the the the sense that
+I'd like you to comment on is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to comment on is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to comment on is the
+relationship between your the truths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between your the truths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between your the truths
+that your eye and your camera are drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your eye and your camera are drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your eye and your camera are drawn
+to and that get emphasized even more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and that get emphasized even more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and that get emphasized even more so
+through the poetic language uh used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the poetic language uh used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the poetic language uh used to
+accompany them. um seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompany them. um seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompany them. um seem to be
+uh at one end of a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at one end of a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at one end of a spectrum
+uh in terms of uh speaking to uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of uh speaking to uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of uh speaking to uh some
+sense of political urgency that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of political urgency that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of political urgency that that uh
+is almost I would say inevitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost I would say inevitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost I would say inevitable
+uh when talking about the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when talking about the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when talking about the relationship
+between the landscape and human uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the landscape and human uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the landscape and human uh
+action and human culture and human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and human culture and human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and human culture and human
+history. uh and the other presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history. uh and the other presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history. uh and the other presentations
+uh as represented by the posters and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as represented by the posters and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as represented by the posters and in
+particular Lang's work seems to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Lang's work seems to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Lang's work seems to be very
+powerfully and very directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully and very directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully and very directly
+about the they have a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the they have a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the they have a very strong
+political sense that is very right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political sense that is very right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political sense that is very right up
+front in their the work and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front in their the work and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front in their the work and I'm just
+wondering uh if you can say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering uh if you can say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering uh if you can say something
+about your relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your relationship
+uh with uh political topics that uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with uh political topics that uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with uh political topics that uh are
+embedded in the landscape that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the landscape that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the landscape that that you
+come upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come upon
+Well, yeah. I mean, if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, yeah. I mean, if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, yeah. I mean, if you're interested
+in my my book, The Language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my my book, The Language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my my book, The Language of
+Landscape, spells those out. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscape, spells those out. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscape, spells those out. Uh,
+specifically, I included the work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically, I included the work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically, I included the work um
+that I do in the photographs that I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do in the photographs that I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do in the photographs that I take
+in West Philadelphia. Um, I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in West Philadelphia. Um, I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in West Philadelphia. Um, I don't I
+don't photograph in the same kind of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't photograph in the same kind of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't photograph in the same kind of way
+in that work. That's a 20-year project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that work. That's a 20-year project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that work. That's a 20-year project
+that I've been working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been working with the
+community over the course of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community over the course of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community over the course of those
+years. And um it's gone through a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. And um it's gone through a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. And um it's gone through a number
+of different phases, but I refer to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different phases, but I refer to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different phases, but I refer to them
+as kind of like snap snapshots. I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kind of like snap snapshots. I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kind of like snap snapshots. I mean,
+they are almost like a family album.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are almost like a family album.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are almost like a family album.
+They're a record of a long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're a record of a long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're a record of a long-term
+engagement in a community over time. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement in a community over time. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement in a community over time. Um
+uh sure, if you put those together,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure, if you put those together,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure, if you put those together,
+they're I mean, they're very much in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're I mean, they're very much in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're I mean, they're very much in the
+tradition of of Lang,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of of Lang,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition of of Lang,
+uh whereas some of my other photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whereas some of my other photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whereas some of my other photographs
+are not. They're more in the tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not. They're more in the tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not. They're more in the tradition
+of a color version of Paul Capanigro,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a color version of Paul Capanigro,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a color version of Paul Capanigro,
+for example, if you know his work. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, if you know his work. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, if you know his work. Um,
+and Lang and Capanigro were both uh, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lang and Capanigro were both uh, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lang and Capanigro were both uh, you
+know, very early influences on me. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, very early influences on me. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, very early influences on me. Um,
+Lang uh, Lang, what is not known about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang uh, Lang, what is not known about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang uh, Lang, what is not known about
+Lang is that she, um, she did many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang is that she, um, she did many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang is that she, um, she did many
+landscape photographs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape photographs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape photographs.
+uh although always engaged in teasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh although always engaged in teasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh although always engaged in teasing
+out the processes that were shaping it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the processes that were shaping it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the processes that were shaping it,
+specifically political economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically political economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically political economic
+processes. Um but um uh as I was saying,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Um but um uh as I was saying,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Um but um uh as I was saying,
+you know, I was hoping uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I was hoping uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I was hoping uh with the
+caption to the Scottish Highlands one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caption to the Scottish Highlands one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caption to the Scottish Highlands one,
+for example, uh to intimate that while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, uh to intimate that while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, uh to intimate that while
+it may look very scenic, a scene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may look very scenic, a scene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may look very scenic, a scene that
+many tourists travel thousands of miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many tourists travel thousands of miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many tourists travel thousands of miles
+to go to the Scottish Highlands uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the Scottish Highlands uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the Scottish Highlands uh and
+have a vacation, that they're darker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vacation, that they're darker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vacation, that they're darker
+stories underneath that landscape. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories underneath that landscape. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories underneath that landscape. So um
+in many of in definitely in many of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many of in definitely in many of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many of in definitely in many of my
+landscapes photographs there there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes photographs there there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscapes photographs there there is a
+political story um there uh as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political story um there uh as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political story um there uh as well as
+uh as other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stories but I was talking particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories but I was talking particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories but I was talking particularly
+tonight given the topic of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight given the topic of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight given the topic of the lecture
+series which is about photography as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which is about photography as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which is about photography as
+inquiry and sensing in sensing place. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry and sensing in sensing place. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry and sensing in sensing place. uh
+I decided to emphasize the role of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided to emphasize the role of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided to emphasize the role of the
+photography has played in my research uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography has played in my research uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography has played in my research uh
+and writings and for a long time it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writings and for a long time it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writings and for a long time it was
+invisible uh except to my students uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible uh except to my students uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible uh except to my students uh
+and people who came to my public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who came to my public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who came to my public
+lectures because I wasn't able to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures because I wasn't able to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures because I wasn't able to print
+my photographs until about um eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my photographs until about um eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my photographs until about um eight
+years ago when the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when the uh
+um technology in desktop uh inkjet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um technology in desktop uh inkjet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um technology in desktop uh inkjet
+printing and Photoshop up and uh all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing and Photoshop up and uh all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing and Photoshop up and uh all of
+that came together uh within the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came together uh within the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came together uh within the past
+eight years in a major major leap. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years in a major major leap. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years in a major major leap. So
+that then led me to be able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then led me to be able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then led me to be able to uh
+exhibit my work uh as well as just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit my work uh as well as just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit my work uh as well as just show
+it to my students in the classroom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to my students in the classroom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to my students in the classroom.
+But the photo the photographs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the photo the photographs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the photo the photographs have
+always been a very important part of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been a very important part of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been a very important part of um
+not just self-expression and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just self-expression and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just self-expression and and
+selfexloration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfexloration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfexloration
+uh but also very definitely a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but also very definitely a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but also very definitely a form of
+inquiry and I hope that's came through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry and I hope that's came through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry and I hope that's came through
+tonight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight.
+That was that was the message I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was that was the message I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was that was the message I really
+wanted to come through. People often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to come through. People often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to come through. People often
+think architects and a lot of architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think architects and a lot of architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think architects and a lot of architects
+and landscape architects and um who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and landscape architects and um who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and landscape architects and um who
+draw think of photography as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw think of photography as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw think of photography as something
+that's not a thinking medium that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a thinking medium that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a thinking medium that it's
+you know you just go click. It's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you just go click. It's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you just go click. It's a it's
+a medium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medium of
+documentation not a medium of inquiry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation not a medium of inquiry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation not a medium of inquiry.
+uh whereas drawing is recognized as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whereas drawing is recognized as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whereas drawing is recognized as as
+being very deliberate and a logical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very deliberate and a logical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very deliberate and a logical way
+of thinking visually. Um but I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking visually. Um but I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking visually. Um but I I would
+say that those people who just go click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that those people who just go click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that those people who just go click
+click click are being lazy with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click click are being lazy with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click click are being lazy with their
+camera, you know, and aren't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera, you know, and aren't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera, you know, and aren't really
+using it as the tool that it can be. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it as the tool that it can be. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it as the tool that it can be. It
+can be just as as um important a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be just as as um important a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be just as as um important a tool
+for visual thinking as the as the pen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for visual thinking as the as the pen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for visual thinking as the as the pen or
+the pencil.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lane steps. Why did you decide to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane steps. Why did you decide to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane steps. Why did you decide to go to
+some of the places where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the places where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the places where you
+went? What was that? That was literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went? What was that? That was literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went? What was that? That was literally
+it. I was writing the book. I mean, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I was writing the book. I mean, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I was writing the book. I mean, I I
+wrote an introductory essay and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote an introductory essay and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote an introductory essay and an
+epilogue um to the book of Lang's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilogue um to the book of Lang's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilogue um to the book of Lang's
+photographs and text from 1939.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh. Oh, okay. Well, um I I uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh. Oh, okay. Well, um I I uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh. Oh, okay. Well, um I I uh through
+being asked to lecture there or being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked to lecture there or being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked to lecture there or being
+invited. So I go where the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited. So I go where the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited. So I go where the opportunity
+presents itself and um when I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents itself and um when I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents itself and um when I get
+invited, I will often choose to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited, I will often choose to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited, I will often choose to go
+somewhere to accept a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to accept a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to accept a particular
+invitation because I know that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation because I know that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation because I know that I've
+always wanted to see Eay or um Saiji or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wanted to see Eay or um Saiji or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wanted to see Eay or um Saiji or
+you know whatever and uh Olaroo. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever and uh Olaroo. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever and uh Olaroo. Uh so
+and what when I when I go to a place I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what when I when I go to a place I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what when I when I go to a place I
+usually try to build in on business I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually try to build in on business I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually try to build in on business I
+try to build in at least a day two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build in at least a day two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build in at least a day two days
+for photography. So, and then I'll ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for photography. So, and then I'll ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for photography. So, and then I'll ask
+my host, so what are the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my host, so what are the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my host, so what are the interesting
+places I should see? And uh it's best if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places I should see? And uh it's best if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places I should see? And uh it's best if
+I give the lecture first because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give the lecture first because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give the lecture first because then
+people will come up and say, oh, I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will come up and say, oh, I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will come up and say, oh, I know
+a place you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place you have to
+go. And that's the best because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. And that's the best because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. And that's the best because then
+people are saying, okay, you know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are saying, okay, you know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are saying, okay, you know, it's
+like what Lang was saying when someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what Lang was saying when someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what Lang was saying when someone
+tells you, I saw something you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you, I saw something you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you, I saw something you would
+have liked, that's the best compliment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liked, that's the best compliment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liked, that's the best compliment.
+Well, that's what people do. They'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's what people do. They'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's what people do. They'll
+come up and say, I know a place you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and say, I know a place you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and say, I know a place you've
+got to go. So I say, "Okay, how do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go. So I say, "Okay, how do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go. So I say, "Okay, how do I get
+there?" And they either take me or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there?" And they either take me or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there?" And they either take me or I
+rent a car and go there or find some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent a car and go there or find some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent a car and go there or find some way
+to go there. And I'm always on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go there. And I'm always on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go there. And I'm always on the
+lookout for certain kinds of places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookout for certain kinds of places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookout for certain kinds of places like
+I described. Um, now I'm much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I described. Um, now I'm much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I described. Um, now I'm much more
+deliberate, but I literally meant what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate, but I literally meant what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate, but I literally meant what I
+said when I said it first, like until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said when I said it first, like until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said when I said it first, like until I
+really got engaged in the book on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got engaged in the book on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got engaged in the book on the
+language of landscape in the mid 80s. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of landscape in the mid 80s. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of landscape in the mid 80s. Um
+I and and started out as the poetics. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and and started out as the poetics. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and and started out as the poetics. Uh
+I didn't know what it was I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't know what it was I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't know what it was I wanted to
+know if you know what I mean. I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you know what I mean. I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you know what I mean. I mean I
+was I got some good photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I got some good photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I got some good photographs
+sometimes but I would say I wasn't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes but I would say I wasn't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes but I would say I wasn't as
+directed. My eye wasn't as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed. My eye wasn't as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed. My eye wasn't as as
+deliberate. Um so I didn't know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate. Um so I didn't know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate. Um so I didn't know really
+what my subject was at that point except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my subject was at that point except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my subject was at that point except
+you know broadly people and landscape.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know broadly people and landscape.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know broadly people and landscape.
+That's just about everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just about everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just about everything in the
+world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, Dennis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know you might comment on this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know you might comment on this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know you might comment on this.
+maybe one of my uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one of my uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one of my uh kind of
+touchstones on um photography and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchstones on um photography and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchstones on um photography and
+thinking about it as a a tool of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it as a a tool of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it as a a tool of visual
+thinking which is really what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking which is really what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking which is really what you're
+about is Susan Sag's essay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is Susan Sag's essay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is Susan Sag's essay on
+photography familiar with that I mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography familiar with that I mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography familiar with that I mean uh
+to me just personally I have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me just personally I have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me just personally I have no idea
+what people think about it uh she um she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people think about it uh she um she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people think about it uh she um she
+makes some really amazing statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes some really amazing statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes some really amazing statements
+which I have always carried with me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have always carried with me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have always carried with me and
+helped me to I think understand some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me to I think understand some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me to I think understand some of
+the things we're saying. Um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we're saying. Um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we're saying. Um the the
+first the first thing she she argues is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the first thing she she argues is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the first thing she she argues is
+exactly what you said that um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you said that um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you said that um uh
+photography is a work of nature and art.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is a work of nature and art.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is a work of nature and art.
+She says it slightly differently. She
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She says it slightly differently. She
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She says it slightly differently. She
+she basically says it's another form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she basically says it's another form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she basically says it's another form of
+reality basically that photographs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality basically that photographs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality basically that photographs uh
+are not are objects. They're things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not are objects. They're things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not are objects. They're things we
+carry around. I mean, or at least when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry around. I mean, or at least when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry around. I mean, or at least when
+we used to print them, you know, uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to print them, you know, uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to print them, you know, uh uh
+but they're also a stencil of the real,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're also a stencil of the real,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're also a stencil of the real,
+which is really interesting. So, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really interesting. So, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really interesting. So, they
+have their own reality, yet they reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own reality, yet they reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own reality, yet they reflect
+on what is actually real. But then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what is actually real. But then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what is actually real. But then she
+goes on and says our perception of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on and says our perception of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on and says our perception of what
+is real is actually altered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real is actually altered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real is actually altered by
+photographs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs.
+And then the more we look at photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the more we look at photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the more we look at photographs
+or a collection of photographs, the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a collection of photographs, the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a collection of photographs, the more
+our expectation of what we want in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expectation of what we want in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expectation of what we want in the
+real world is altered. So there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world is altered. So there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world is altered. So there really
+is this kind of dialogue between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this kind of dialogue between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this kind of dialogue between the
+photograph as a medium and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph as a medium and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph as a medium and what we
+understand, how we look at the world,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand, how we look at the world,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand, how we look at the world,
+how we how we perceive the world that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we how we perceive the world that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we how we perceive the world that is
+very unconscious uh and happening. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unconscious uh and happening. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unconscious uh and happening. Of
+course, advertisers know this still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, advertisers know this still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, advertisers know this still
+well. Uh but uh you know it's hard not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Uh but uh you know it's hard not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Uh but uh you know it's hard not
+to look at these photographs and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at these photographs and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at these photographs and not
+begin to see the world um a bit uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see the world um a bit uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see the world um a bit uh uh
+differently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently.
+Well, that's a book that annoys me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's a book that annoys me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's a book that annoys me
+greatly and I I am writing the eye is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly and I I am writing the eye is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly and I I am writing the eye is a
+door because I just can't stand it. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door because I just can't stand it. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door because I just can't stand it. You
+know, I can't stand her description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I can't stand her description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I can't stand her description of
+photography. It is so ignorant uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography. It is so ignorant uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography. It is so ignorant uh to to
+say that the that photography is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the that photography is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the that photography is the
+only art where a work of art is produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only art where a work of art is produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only art where a work of art is produced
+in the by the click of of of an instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the by the click of of of an instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the by the click of of of an instant
+but the click of the shutter is just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the click of the shutter is just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the click of the shutter is just so
+ignorant. She's she's doesn't she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorant. She's she's doesn't she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorant. She's she's doesn't she's
+never and she brags that she doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never and she brags that she doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never and she brags that she doesn't
+take any photographs herself. So she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any photographs herself. So she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any photographs herself. So she
+knows nothing about the practice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows nothing about the practice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows nothing about the practice of
+photography. I think that she criticizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography. I think that she criticizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography. I think that she criticizes
+photographers and skewers them in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers and skewers them in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers and skewers them in some
+pretty, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty, you
+know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know,
+welltimed digs, but and well taken, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welltimed digs, but and well taken, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welltimed digs, but and well taken, but
+um so I I'm a I'm a real fan of John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I I'm a I'm a real fan of John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I I'm a I'm a real fan of John
+Burgerer uh about looking uh another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burgerer uh about looking uh another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burgerer uh about looking uh another way
+of telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of telling
+um ways of seeing was his you know first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ways of seeing was his you know first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ways of seeing was his you know first
+a very slim book but I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very slim book but I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very slim book but I think about
+looking sense of sight another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking sense of sight another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking sense of sight another way of
+telling are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling are
+great books and there's so much deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great books and there's so much deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great books and there's so much deeper
+understanding about photography than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding about photography than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding about photography than
+sunt. When when um Burger decided he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunt. When when um Burger decided he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunt. When when um Burger decided he
+wanted to write about photography, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to write about photography, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to write about photography, he
+found a photographer to teach him how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a photographer to teach him how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a photographer to teach him how to
+use a camera. And so that's how Jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a camera. And so that's how Jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a camera. And so that's how Jean
+Moore and uh John Burgers, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moore and uh John Burgers, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moore and uh John Burgers, they're
+co-authors of Another Way of Telling. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authors of Another Way of Telling. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authors of Another Way of Telling. Um
+that's how their partnership started is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how their partnership started is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how their partnership started is
+that John Moore is a photographer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that John Moore is a photographer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that John Moore is a photographer and
+was showing you know Burger how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing you know Burger how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing you know Burger how to
+photograph. And so you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph. And so you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph. And so you know when you
+read when you read Burger he at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read when you read Burger he at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read when you read Burger he at least
+has some understanding of what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some understanding of what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some understanding of what you know
+what it what it's about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what it's about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what it's about.
+Um and uh I just find uh Santag's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and uh I just find uh Santag's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and uh I just find uh Santag's
+perspective so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so
+uh depressing, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depressing, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depressing, so
+negative. And uh so my the eye is a door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. And uh so my the eye is a door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. And uh so my the eye is a door
+is a rejoinder to on photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a rejoinder to on photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a rejoinder to on photography
+essentially. No, it's more than that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially. No, it's more than that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially. No, it's more than that,
+but I mean that that really did get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean that that really did get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean that that really did get me
+started.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You've all been silenced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've all been silenced.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've all been silenced.
+Well, thank Alex, you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, thank Alex, you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, thank Alex, you don't have a
+question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question.
+Do I have a question? Well, if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do I have a question? Well, if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do I have a question? Well, if I could
+ask you, what do you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you, what do you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you, what do you think about this
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+of It seems to me a lot of photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of It seems to me a lot of photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of It seems to me a lot of photographs
+were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just
+instinctually taken and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctually taken and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctually taken and
+framed as opposed to really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed as opposed to really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed as opposed to really very
+deliberate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberate and
+processed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed.
+And it is a split I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it is a split I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it is a split I think for
+photographers between deliberating over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers between deliberating over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers between deliberating over
+their subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their subject
+and this sort of almost subliminal read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sort of almost subliminal read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sort of almost subliminal read
+that you instantaneously see and take.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you instantaneously see and take.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you instantaneously see and take.
+How do you explain that? What was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you explain that? What was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you explain that? What was the
+last question? How do you explain that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question? How do you explain that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question? How do you explain that?
+How I I think that it's it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How I I think that it's it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How I I think that it's it's it's it's
+personality partly and also subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality partly and also subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality partly and also subject
+matter. Um, I'll never forget a day that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. Um, I'll never forget a day that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. Um, I'll never forget a day that
+I was out photographing in Detroit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was out photographing in Detroit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was out photographing in Detroit with
+Camila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camila
+Vara and I have this kind of, as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vara and I have this kind of, as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vara and I have this kind of, as you
+have heard, this kind of deliberate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard, this kind of deliberate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard, this kind of deliberate,
+slow circling thing, and Camila was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow circling thing, and Camila was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow circling thing, and Camila was
+taking me around to these places, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking me around to these places, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking me around to these places, uh,
+where we really weren't supposed to be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we really weren't supposed to be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we really weren't supposed to be.
+Um, and we'd have to kind of slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we'd have to kind of slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we'd have to kind of slip
+through some fences and to get there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some fences and to get there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some fences and to get there.
+And then I'd be, you know, taking my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I'd be, you know, taking my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I'd be, you know, taking my
+time and he'd be looking around and, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and he'd be looking around and, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and he'd be looking around and, you
+know, seeing somebody coming or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, seeing somebody coming or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, seeing somebody coming or
+something say, "Hey, we got to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something say, "Hey, we got to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something say, "Hey, we got to get out
+of here." You know, and meanwhile, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here." You know, and meanwhile, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here." You know, and meanwhile, I'm
+just zeroing in on something. So, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zeroing in on something. So, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zeroing in on something. So, in
+that sense, it's his approach, I think,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense, it's his approach, I think,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense, it's his approach, I think,
+is very is probably very sensible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very is probably very sensible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very is probably very sensible for
+some of the places he photographs. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the places he photographs. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the places he photographs. And
+um I like to read different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I like to read different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I like to read different uh
+photographers descriptions. I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers descriptions. I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers descriptions. I think for
+example, street photographers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, street photographers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, street photographers
+uh tend to be very uh intuitive in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tend to be very uh intuitive in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tend to be very uh intuitive in their
+very quick framing and um they may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick framing and um they may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick framing and um they may be
+deliberative in terms of deciding where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberative in terms of deciding where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberative in terms of deciding where
+they're going to stand uh or where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to stand uh or where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to stand uh or where
+they're going to go or what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go or what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go or what they're
+going to do. But um I have a sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do. But um I have a sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do. But um I have a sense that
+it's um if you read bystander for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um if you read bystander for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um if you read bystander for
+example by Joe Marowitz uh and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by Joe Marowitz uh and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by Joe Marowitz uh and his
+description of um Cartier Brasson the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of um Cartier Brasson the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of um Cartier Brasson the
+way that he worked and the way that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that he worked and the way that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that he worked and the way that um
+you know a number of street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a number of street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a number of street
+photographers work. It's it's this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers work. It's it's this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers work. It's it's this very
+quick thing. Um and I've heard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick thing. Um and I've heard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick thing. Um and I've heard you
+describe the way you work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the way you work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the way you work in the
+airplane. You know that it's you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane. You know that it's you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane. You know that it's you're
+going by and you the first the you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going by and you the first the you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going by and you the first the you just
+you get it. you you you don't crop. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it. you you you don't crop. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it. you you you don't crop. It's
+it's what you see in the frame is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what you see in the frame is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what you see in the frame is it
+just clicks. Um I maybe I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just clicks. Um I maybe I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just clicks. Um I maybe I'm just
+slow. But on the other hand, I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow. But on the other hand, I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow. But on the other hand, I couldn't
+then on the other hand actually maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the other hand actually maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the other hand actually maybe
+I'm in the middle because then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in the middle because then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in the middle because then there are
+the guys that carry around these big 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys that carry around these big 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys that carry around these big 8
+by10 cameras, you know, and 4x5 cameras.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by10 cameras, you know, and 4x5 cameras.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by10 cameras, you know, and 4x5 cameras.
+I'm working with a little light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working with a little light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working with a little light
+uh Leica M6, you know, this little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Leica M6, you know, this little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Leica M6, you know, this little uh
+like photojournalist camera. And as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like photojournalist camera. And as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like photojournalist camera. And as a
+matter of fact, I was at a workshop once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact, I was at a workshop once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact, I was at a workshop once
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+um landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um landscape
+photographers and they were all carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers and they were all carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers and they were all carrying
+around this big equipment with these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this big equipment with these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this big equipment with these big
+zoom lenses. And I had my little Leica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom lenses. And I had my little Leica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom lenses. And I had my little Leica
+M6 with a single lens and they had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M6 with a single lens and they had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M6 with a single lens and they had these
+big backpacks on with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big backpacks on with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big backpacks on with all
+these different lenses. And by the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different lenses. And by the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different lenses. And by the end
+of the day, this one guy turned to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day, this one guy turned to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day, this one guy turned to me
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+said, "You know, I've never seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "You know, I've never seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "You know, I've never seen a
+nature photographer with a camera like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature photographer with a camera like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature photographer with a camera like
+that." Uh, so I said, "Well, may, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that." Uh, so I said, "Well, may, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that." Uh, so I said, "Well, may, you
+know, maybe I'm not a nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe I'm not a nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe I'm not a nature
+photographer. I don't know." But, uh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer. I don't know." But, uh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer. I don't know." But, uh, I
+I find that I need to though be light. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find that I need to though be light. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find that I need to though be light. I
+I I it would be I couldn't stand working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I it would be I couldn't stand working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I it would be I couldn't stand working
+with a 4x5 or an 8 by10 and on a tripod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 4x5 or an 8 by10 and on a tripod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 4x5 or an 8 by10 and on a tripod
+and you carry it around and you sit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you carry it around and you sit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you carry it around and you sit it
+down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and
+you you know it's it's a much slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know it's it's a much slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know it's it's a much slower
+more deliberative process I guess. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deliberative process I guess. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deliberative process I guess. So, I
+got to place myself somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to place myself somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to place myself somewhere in the
+middle. And and it it it's it's I there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. And and it it it's it's I there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. And and it it it's it's I there
+are different ways that people see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways that people see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways that people see and
+work and think and some people like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and think and some people like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and think and some people like to
+move around a lot. And some people, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around a lot. And some people, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around a lot. And some people, you
+know, just stand there and consider and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, just stand there and consider and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, just stand there and consider and
+think, where am I going to go? You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, where am I going to go? You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, where am I going to go? You know,
+I decide where I'm going to stand by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decide where I'm going to stand by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decide where I'm going to stand by
+actually going there and standing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going there and standing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going there and standing as
+opposed to stepping back and surveying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to stepping back and surveying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to stepping back and surveying
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+scene. You've described to me many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene. You've described to me many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene. You've described to me many times
+that you've taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've taken a
+photograph, you know there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph, you know there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph, you know there's something
+there, but you don't quite know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, but you don't quite know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, but you don't quite know what it
+is. I mean, something's drawn you there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. I mean, something's drawn you there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. I mean, something's drawn you there.
+There's a richness, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a richness, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a richness, there's a
+complicated story, and you're drawn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated story, and you're drawn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated story, and you're drawn to
+it, and you take many photographs of it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, and you take many photographs of it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, and you take many photographs of it,
+and you know there's detail there to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there's detail there to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there's detail there to uh
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+evoke. Uh but you don't quite know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoke. Uh but you don't quite know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoke. Uh but you don't quite know the
+story until you go back and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story until you go back and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story until you go back and think about
+it. Uh and the gift that you have is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh and the gift that you have is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh and the gift that you have is the
+appreciation of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation of that.
+and also being able to frame it in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also being able to frame it in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also being able to frame it in such
+a way that it's stirringly beautiful,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that it's stirringly beautiful,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that it's stirringly beautiful,
+you know, as Dennis said. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, as Dennis said. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, as Dennis said. So, you
+combine the richness of story with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the richness of story with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the richness of story with the
+richness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness of the
+aesthetic. And I think that is I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic. And I think that is I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic. And I think that is I mean
+that characterizes Alex's work also.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that characterizes Alex's work also.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that characterizes Alex's work also.
+Here you're zipping around in a plane,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here you're zipping around in a plane,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here you're zipping around in a plane,
+you know, trying to keep the thing up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, trying to keep the thing up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, trying to keep the thing up in
+the air and meanwhile he sees these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air and meanwhile he sees these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air and meanwhile he sees these
+extraordinary things on the ground. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary things on the ground. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary things on the ground. And
+Alex, you know, maybe you're a lot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex, you know, maybe you're a lot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex, you know, maybe you're a lot uh
+smarter than than I imagined you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter than than I imagined you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter than than I imagined you could
+possibly be, but I don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be, but I don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be, but I don't think you
+realize what it all is until you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what it all is until you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize what it all is until you get a
+chance to look at it. Am I right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to look at it. Am I right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to look at it. Am I right? I
+think that's a large part. Sure. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a large part. Sure. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a large part. Sure. But
+there is this this feeling that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this this feeling that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this this feeling that you
+instinctively recognize. That's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctively recognize. That's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctively recognize. That's what I'm
+speaking. That's exactly what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking. That's exactly what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking. That's exactly what I'm
+speaking quite you know what it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking quite you know what it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking quite you know what it's all
+about. But it does invoke the feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. But it does invoke the feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. But it does invoke the feeling
+within you. Yeah. It's I I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within you. Yeah. It's I I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within you. Yeah. It's I I think that
+Sheamus Heene's uh you know the divining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheamus Heene's uh you know the divining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheamus Heene's uh you know the divining
+metaphor is a really good metaphor when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor is a really good metaphor when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor is a really good metaphor when
+I read that I really associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read that I really associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read that I really associated with it
+and responded to it and and I was felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and responded to it and and I was felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and responded to it and and I was felt
+so clever that I'd you know written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clever that I'd you know written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clever that I'd you know written it
+in my one of the essays in my book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my one of the essays in my book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my one of the essays in my book and
+then um I went and was listening to Joel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um I went and was listening to Joel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um I went and was listening to Joel
+Myowitz uh talk the photographer Joel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Myowitz uh talk the photographer Joel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Myowitz uh talk the photographer Joel
+Myowitz and he started talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Myowitz and he started talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Myowitz and he started talking about how
+he's like a diver for water and he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like a diver for water and he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like a diver for water and he goes
+and he, you know, until he feels a tug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he, you know, until he feels a tug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he, you know, until he feels a tug
+and uh goes to where he says where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh goes to where he says where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh goes to where he says where the
+feeling is strongest. So, it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling is strongest. So, it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling is strongest. So, it's this
+intuitive notion that if you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive notion that if you let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive notion that if you let
+yourself have this sort of empathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself have this sort of empathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself have this sort of empathetic
+openness to what you're seeing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openness to what you're seeing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openness to what you're seeing that
+you're drawn and and and and also trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawn and and and and also trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawn and and and and also trust
+your own eye and your own response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own eye and your own response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own eye and your own response that
+you're being drawn to something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being drawn to something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being drawn to something you're
+interested in, you know, so it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in, you know, so it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in, you know, so it's your
+subject and you can go I can go out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and you can go I can go out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and you can go I can go out with
+with 16 students on a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 16 students on a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 16 students on a field
+trip and everybody scatters and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip and everybody scatters and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip and everybody scatters and they're
+they're all being drawn to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all being drawn to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all being drawn to different
+places and we come back here and put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and we come back here and put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and we come back here and put the
+photographs up on the screen and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs up on the screen and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs up on the screen and it's
+like, you know, maybe you've gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, you know, maybe you've gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, you know, maybe you've gone to
+completely different places. I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different places. I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different places. I mean,
+well, no, I mean, you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, no, I mean, you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, no, I mean, you can see that
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+connection, but uh I think that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection, but uh I think that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection, but uh I think that it's
+important to trust your responses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to trust your responses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to trust your responses to
+things and to realize that if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and to realize that if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and to realize that if something
+fascinates you and is drawing you in,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinates you and is drawing you in,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinates you and is drawing you in,
+there's a reason. And you may not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason. And you may not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason. And you may not know
+what it is, but that's a gift. When that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is, but that's a gift. When that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is, but that's a gift. When that
+happens, it's a gift because it it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens, it's a gift because it it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens, it's a gift because it it may
+not be immediately translatable in into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be immediately translatable in into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be immediately translatable in into
+words. And so if you can just get it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. And so if you can just get it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. And so if you can just get it,
+you know, image and imagination are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, image and imagination are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, image and imagination are are
+linked uh uh linguistically. And there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked uh uh linguistically. And there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked uh uh linguistically. And there's
+just like idea and to see. Literally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like idea and to see. Literally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like idea and to see. Literally,
+idea comes from the Greek and the Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea comes from the Greek and the Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea comes from the Greek and the Greek
+verb to see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's actually a very good point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually a very good point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually a very good point about
+photography in general is that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography in general is that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography in general is that in the
+process of visually it's not only by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of visually it's not only by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of visually it's not only by the
+photographer himself by the viewer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer himself by the viewer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer himself by the viewer in
+being able to sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to sort of uh
+comprehend uh the content of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehend uh the content of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehend uh the content of the
+photograph and respond to it. You know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and respond to it. You know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph and respond to it. You know
+there's this recognition both by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this recognition both by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this recognition both by the
+photographer and interviewer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um you said that you're waiting for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you said that you're waiting for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you said that you're waiting for uh
+the moment to come and that uh uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment to come and that uh uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment to come and that uh uh your
+ability to read nature is probably what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to read nature is probably what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to read nature is probably what
+make your picture so perfect because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your picture so perfect because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your picture so perfect because you
+wait for the exact moment when the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the exact moment when the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the exact moment when the wave
+and the clouds and everything is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the clouds and everything is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the clouds and everything is in a
+way that makes beautiful picture. But do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that makes beautiful picture. But do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that makes beautiful picture. But do
+you ever get these moments uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever get these moments uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever get these moments uh also
+within the cities or like street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cities or like street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cities or like street
+photographers that or is it too fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers that or is it too fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers that or is it too fast
+maybe? Well, you know, I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe? Well, you know, I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe? Well, you know, I get that
+feeling when like the photographs I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling when like the photographs I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling when like the photographs I took
+of the kids, you know, those were taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kids, you know, those were taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kids, you know, those were taken
+in a situation where things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation where things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation where things are
+happening. It's like the street, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. It's like the street, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. It's like the street, you
+know, you got a you got a classroom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you got a you got a classroom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you got a you got a classroom of
+36 eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 eighth
+graders, you know, hormones raging.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders, you know, hormones raging.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders, you know, hormones raging.
+you've got uh you got 412 or 14 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got uh you got 412 or 14 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got uh you got 412 or 14 uh
+college students in there with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college students in there with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college students in there with them and
+it's all a room that's smaller than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all a room that's smaller than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all a room that's smaller than this
+room and it's like you know lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and it's like you know lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and it's like you know lots of
+stuff going on and so that's like street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff going on and so that's like street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff going on and so that's like street
+photography I would say those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography I would say those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography I would say those
+photographs of mine are really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of mine are really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of mine are really like
+street photography you just got to grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street photography you just got to grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street photography you just got to grab
+the shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shot
+um but landscape photography uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but landscape photography uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but landscape photography uh you know
+it is similar and yet different because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is similar and yet different because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is similar and yet different because
+um I guess it is similar in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess it is similar in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess it is similar in a way
+because I do wait when I'm photographing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I do wait when I'm photographing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I do wait when I'm photographing
+the kids, you know, I kind of see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids, you know, I kind of see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids, you know, I kind of see that
+something's going on. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's going on. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's going on. So that
+anticipation is there too. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation is there too. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation is there too. I'm not
+photographing all the time. I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing all the time. I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing all the time. I'm kind of
+just watching the flow of things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watching the flow of things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watching the flow of things and
+then you see hm looks like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see hm looks like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see hm looks like something
+interesting is developing over there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is developing over there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is developing over there and
+so you just kind of go and you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just kind of go and you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just kind of go and you figure
+out the right place to stand for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the right place to stand for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the right place to stand for a while
+and wait and see if you know just gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wait and see if you know just gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wait and see if you know just gets
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+Um whereas uh it's it's it is similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um whereas uh it's it's it is similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um whereas uh it's it's it is similar in
+I suppose in in except you can't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose in in except you can't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose in in except you can't I don't
+want to tell them stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell them stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell them stop
+uh and uh it's it's often in a low light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh it's it's often in a low light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh it's it's often in a low light
+situation so I'm using flash you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so I'm using flash you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so I'm using flash you know in
+inside the classroom unless we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the classroom unless we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the classroom unless we're
+outside doing something but um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside doing something but um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside doing something but um I think
+that most landscape photographers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most landscape photographers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most landscape photographers do
+spend a lot of time waiting I I I Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time waiting I I I Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time waiting I I I Paul
+Captain Negro was looking through my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Captain Negro was looking through my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Captain Negro was looking through my
+photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs
+once and turning the pages and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and turning the pages and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and turning the pages and looking
+at and he looked at me and he said, "You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and he looked at me and he said, "You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and he looked at me and he said, "You
+wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a
+lot." So, I took it as a compliment, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot." So, I took it as a compliment, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot." So, I took it as a compliment, but
+I figured, you know, here's from someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figured, you know, here's from someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figured, you know, here's from someone
+who waits a lot to someone else who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who waits a lot to someone else who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who waits a lot to someone else who
+waits a lot, you know, because it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waits a lot, you know, because it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waits a lot, you know, because it's only
+someone who who waits a lot that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who who waits a lot that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who who waits a lot that can
+recognize that you wait a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. this question about speed and pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. this question about speed and pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. this question about speed and pace
+and sort of fast street photographer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of fast street photographer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of fast street photographer or
+something like you or someone who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you or someone who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you or someone who has
+numbering equipment. Do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering equipment. Do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering equipment. Do you think that
+the rate of hits of the great shot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of hits of the great shot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of hits of the great shot is
+more or less perhaps the same? When you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less perhaps the same? When you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less perhaps the same? When you
+mention brea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention brea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention brea
+breed the Indian freedom movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed the Indian freedom movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed the Indian freedom movement
+extremely volatile situations very fast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely volatile situations very fast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely volatile situations very fast.
+He also has only seven photographs of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He also has only seven photographs of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He also has only seven photographs of I
+think Matis I think I'm not sure but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Matis I think I'm not sure but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Matis I think I'm not sure but he
+he had the opportunity and I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had the opportunity and I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had the opportunity and I think he
+could take only seven and maybe five out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take only seven and maybe five out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take only seven and maybe five out
+of those seven are great and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those seven are great and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those seven are great and then you
+struggle in saying you did 15 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle in saying you did 15 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle in saying you did 15 you know
+the range of hits is that you sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of hits is that you sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of hits is that you sense that
+that the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moment
+I don't know I mean a great photographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I mean a great photographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I mean a great photographer
+I what an eye and was very acrobatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what an eye and was very acrobatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what an eye and was very acrobatic
+also if you read the descriptions of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you read the descriptions of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you read the descriptions of how
+he photographed he used his whole body.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he photographed he used his whole body.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he photographed he used his whole body.
+Um I remember uh oh you know 30 I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I remember uh oh you know 30 I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I remember uh oh you know 30 I don't
+know how many years ago years and years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many years ago years and years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many years ago years and years
+ago I looked at Ancel Adams Dorothia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I looked at Ancel Adams Dorothia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I looked at Ancel Adams Dorothia
+Lang and Cartier Verson this was maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang and Cartier Verson this was maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang and Cartier Verson this was maybe
+like very long time ago and I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very long time ago and I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very long time ago and I was trying
+to emulate them without understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emulate them without understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emulate them without understanding
+that they were like totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were like totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were like totally different
+photographers and that they had chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers and that they had chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers and that they had chosen
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+camera and to suit their theel elves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and to suit their theel elves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and to suit their theel elves and
+who they were and their subject and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they were and their subject and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they were and their subject and the
+way they worked. So, Cart Bron works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they worked. So, Cart Bron works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they worked. So, Cart Bron works
+with a 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 35
+mm. Um, Ancel Adams works with this, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm. Um, Ancel Adams works with this, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm. Um, Ancel Adams works with this, you
+know, big 8 by10 that he carries around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, big 8 by10 that he carries around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, big 8 by10 that he carries around
+and he's got a station wag. He had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's got a station wag. He had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's got a station wag. He had a
+station wagon with this thing built on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station wagon with this thing built on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station wagon with this thing built on
+top so he could carry around all of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so he could carry around all of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so he could carry around all of his
+equipment or backpack it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment or backpack it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment or backpack it up into
+the Lang needed the mobility around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lang needed the mobility around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lang needed the mobility around
+people. She did. She worked with both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. She did. She worked with both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. She did. She worked with both a
+4x5 and with the rolllex a two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x5 and with the rolllex a two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x5 and with the rolllex a two and a
+quarter by two and a quarter. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter by two and a quarter. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter by two and a quarter. So,
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's it's uh it's really I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh it's really I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh it's really I think
+uh some just like some novelists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some just like some novelists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some just like some novelists are
+very prolific and others only write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prolific and others only write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prolific and others only write a
+few but they're wonderful. Uh I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few but they're wonderful. Uh I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few but they're wonderful. Uh I I think
+it's very personal and I don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very personal and I don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very personal and I don't think you
+can say that somebody's great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that somebody's great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that somebody's great because
+they do fewer or more or whatever. It's,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do fewer or more or whatever. It's,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do fewer or more or whatever. It's,
+you know, I mean, as for me, just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I mean, as for me, just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I mean, as for me, just as a
+as a consumer of as a reader of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consumer of as a reader of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consumer of as a reader of
+photographs, as a lover of photographs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs, as a lover of photographs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs, as a lover of photographs,
+I'm just grateful for for the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just grateful for for the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just grateful for for the great
+photographs, however many somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs, however many somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs, however many somebody
+produces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comes from very often when you see great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from very often when you see great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from very often when you see great
+works of great photographs. Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of great photographs. Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of great photographs. Sometimes
+the personal at least in the back of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the personal at least in the back of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the personal at least in the back of my
+mind is that if I see 10 great pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that if I see 10 great pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that if I see 10 great pictures
+there are if I see 10 great pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are if I see 10 great pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are if I see 10 great pictures
+behind those 10 are probably another 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind those 10 are probably another 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind those 10 are probably another 50
+that oh you can't say yeah behind those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh you can't say yeah behind those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh you can't say yeah behind those
+are many probably many others that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many probably many others that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many probably many others that
+didn't my sense is that that is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't my sense is that that is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't my sense is that that is probably
+not the case well it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case well it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case well it depends on the
+photographer it really depends it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer it really depends it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer it really depends it it is
+a matter of temperament partly I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of temperament partly I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of temperament partly I think
+um I I literally feel that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I literally feel that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I literally feel that I need to
+click the shutter in order to, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the shutter in order to, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the shutter in order to, you know,
+kind of mark my movements. Uh, it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mark my movements. Uh, it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mark my movements. Uh, it's just
+that's just the way I work. And I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way I work. And I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way I work. And I I
+couldn't go out with 12 sheets of film,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't go out with 12 sheets of film,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't go out with 12 sheets of film,
+you know, and a 8 by10 camera and, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and a 8 by10 camera and, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and a 8 by10 camera and, you
+know, know I was going to get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, know I was going to get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, know I was going to get those
+shots that counted. I I you know, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots that counted. I I you know, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots that counted. I I you know, I
+don't know. It's it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. It's it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. It's it's uh it's
+temperament. It's no right or wrong, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperament. It's no right or wrong, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperament. It's no right or wrong, but
+it's it's knowing what your what suits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's knowing what your what suits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's knowing what your what suits
+you, what suits your body and what suits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, what suits your body and what suits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, what suits your body and what suits
+your mind and the way you work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind and the way you work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind and the way you work and
+fitting the uh the the medium and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting the uh the the medium and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting the uh the the medium and the uh
+equipment to so it's an extension of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment to so it's an extension of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment to so it's an extension of who
+you are because you don't you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are because you don't you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are because you don't you don't have
+time to stop and really think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to stop and really think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to stop and really think about this
+and you know the the camera becomes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the the camera becomes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the the camera becomes I
+was listening to people have said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was listening to people have said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was listening to people have said in
+various points during this series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various points during this series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various points during this series that
+when they use a camera it distances them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they use a camera it distances them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they use a camera it distances them
+from the scene that they're in and For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the scene that they're in and For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the scene that they're in and For
+me, it brings me closer and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, it brings me closer and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, it brings me closer and more
+intimate. I have this sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate. I have this sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate. I have this sense of
+connection to what I'm photographing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to what I'm photographing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to what I'm photographing.
+So, I don't really uh I I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I don't really uh I I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I don't really uh I I don't know how
+to respond to people who say that it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to people who say that it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to people who say that it it
+makes them distances them except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them distances them except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them distances them except that
+maybe they're not familiar enough with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're not familiar enough with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're not familiar enough with
+the camera. So, they're having to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera. So, they're having to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera. So, they're having to think
+too much about, well, what speed should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about, well, what speed should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about, well, what speed should
+it be or what should the opening be? you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be or what should the opening be? you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be or what should the opening be? you
+you need to get to a point where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get to a point where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get to a point where it's
+it's just an extension, you know, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an extension, you know, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an extension, you know, of
+your hand and your eye. And I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand and your eye. And I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand and your eye. And I think
+that's what the street photographers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the street photographers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the street photographers in
+particular, if you if you listen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, if you if you listen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, if you if you listen if you
+listen to their descriptions or read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to their descriptions or read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to their descriptions or read
+their descriptions, they're just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their descriptions, they're just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their descriptions, they're just like
+that. I mean, it's really literally just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I mean, it's really literally just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I mean, it's really literally just
+just a part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body. But it it's wonderful. One of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body. But it it's wonderful. One of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body. But it it's wonderful. One of the
+wonderful things about looking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things about looking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things about looking through
+books of photography is there are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books of photography is there are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books of photography is there are so
+many different eyes out there and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different eyes out there and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different eyes out there and it's
+the thing I love about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I love about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I love about
+teaching photography using photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching photography using photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching photography using photography
+in in the classroom is that which I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the classroom is that which I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the classroom is that which I just
+said that you know you go on a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that you know you go on a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that you know you go on a field
+trip with students and everyone brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip with students and everyone brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip with students and everyone brings
+brings back just six images to share but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings back just six images to share but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings back just six images to share but
+those six images are so startlingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those six images are so startlingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those six images are so startlingly
+different visions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And it's a diversity that we need and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's a diversity that we need and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's a diversity that we need and we
+need it's uh so that difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it's uh so that difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it's uh so that difference in
+temperament, difference in interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperament, difference in interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperament, difference in interest and
+what people bring back uh then it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people bring back uh then it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people bring back uh then it then
+then they it can be shared. So it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they it can be shared. So it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they it can be shared. So it's it's
+just like um if we if we if we didn't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like um if we if we if we didn't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like um if we if we if we didn't if
+we didn't have those photographs, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have those photographs, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have those photographs, we
+wouldn't know what those people who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know what those people who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know what those people who had
+taken those photographs saw. And as Lang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken those photographs saw. And as Lang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken those photographs saw. And as Lang
+said, she learned so much from all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, she learned so much from all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, she learned so much from all of
+those other photographers who saw things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other photographers who saw things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other photographers who saw things
+she never saw before and contributed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she never saw before and contributed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she never saw before and contributed it
+to her so that she could then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see. I think I'll end with that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. I think I'll end with that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. I think I'll end with that because
+that was part of the whole point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was part of the whole point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was part of the whole point of the
+lecture series was to bring some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture series was to bring some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture series was to bring some very
+different perspectives, related yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives, related yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives, related yet
+different perspectives on using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives on using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives on using
+photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography
+uh to sense place and to use it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to sense place and to use it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to sense place and to use it as a
+form of inquiry. Thank you for coming.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of inquiry. Thank you for coming.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of inquiry. Thank you for coming.
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sleOqiMUTXE.txt b/sleOqiMUTXE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdac299c7a06a885ece5dcb6259a996efe2f836c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sleOqiMUTXE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+Open Courseware under a creative common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a creative common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a creative common
+license. Additional information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license. Additional information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license. Additional information about
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So I'll start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So I'll start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So I'll start with this
+review board which shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review board which shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review board which shows the
+conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+law scalar one unknown one dimension x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law scalar one unknown one dimension x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law scalar one unknown one dimension x
+one one one space variable and the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one space variable and the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one space variable and the flux
+function is f of u that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is f of u that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is f of u that's the
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+form we have seen that at some points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we have seen that at some points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we have seen that at some points
+that differential form produces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differential form produces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differential form produces a
+discontinuous to a solution a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous to a solution a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous to a solution a
+discontinuity. In that case, we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity. In that case, we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity. In that case, we are
+better off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off with the
+integrated integral form. So I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated integral form. So I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated integral form. So I just
+integrate that one from a point x left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that one from a point x left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that one from a point x left
+to a point x right from a to b and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point x right from a to b and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point x right from a to b and that
+gives me I have then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me I have then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me I have then the
+integral. So if u was density for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So if u was density for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So if u was density for
+example the integral of density will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the integral of density will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the integral of density will be
+the mass. this that's that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass. this that's that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass. this that's that's the the
+quantity that I'm seeing here. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that I'm seeing here. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that I'm seeing here. So this
+is the rate of change of mass in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of change of mass in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of change of mass in the
+interval comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval comes from
+flux going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux going
+out minus flux coming in. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out minus flux coming in. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out minus flux coming in. So that's the
+conservation law in its pure statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law in its pure statement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law in its pure statement.
+Okay. And we learned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we learned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we learned that the
+solution for this while we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for this while we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for this while we're looking at
+the differential problem we can follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential problem we can follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential problem we can follow
+these characteristics from the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characteristics from the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characteristics from the initial
+time zero. So at time zero we look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zero. So at time zero we look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zero. So at time zero we look at a
+point x and the value at that point just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x and the value at that point just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x and the value at that point just
+travels is is sort of safely carried up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels is is sort of safely carried up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels is is sort of safely carried up
+the characteristic line which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic line which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic line which is that
+equals x knot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x knot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x knot.
+And the problem arose when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the problem arose when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the problem arose when
+characteristics either collided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics either collided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics either collided into
+each other or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other or
+separated. So th this those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated. So th this those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated. So th this those are the two
+difficulties that we and and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties that we and and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties that we and and they have
+different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh
+resolutions. So this is what we met in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolutions. So this is what we met in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolutions. So this is what we met in
+the traffic example when a light goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traffic example when a light goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traffic example when a light goes
+red. When a light goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red. When a light goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red. When a light goes
+red, cars are coming up to the light. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red, cars are coming up to the light. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red, cars are coming up to the light. In
+front of the light, the density is low.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the light, the density is low.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the light, the density is low.
+They're not the and the the cars have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not the and the the cars have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not the and the the cars have to
+break quickly. So something happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break quickly. So something happens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break quickly. So something happens.
+That's a question mark there. What do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a question mark there. What do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a question mark there. What do
+you do when characteristics collide?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do when characteristics collide?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do when characteristics collide?
+When when the value here cannot be both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When when the value here cannot be both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When when the value here cannot be both
+the initial value that's coming up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial value that's coming up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial value that's coming up that
+characteristic and the initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and the initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and the initial value
+that's coming up there because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming up there because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming up there because they're
+different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different.
+So we need a rule for what to do there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need a rule for what to do there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need a rule for what to do there
+and we also need a rule for what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also need a rule for what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also need a rule for what to do
+in a case of an empty space when no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a case of an empty space when no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a case of an empty space when no
+characteristics this here are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics this here are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics this here are two
+characteristics are hitting here none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are hitting here none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are hitting here none
+are touching there characteristics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are touching there characteristics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are touching there characteristics are
+separating in this case and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating in this case and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating in this case and the question
+is what solution do you fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what solution do you fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what solution do you fill in the
+middle when you haven't got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle when you haven't got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle when you haven't got a
+characteristic it's not coming from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic it's not coming from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic it's not coming from uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+start okay what solution to choose let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start okay what solution to choose let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start okay what solution to choose let
+me take the the answers will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take the the answers will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take the the answers will be
+different and let me take the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and let me take the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and let me take the first one
+the collision question first. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision question first. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision question first. So what
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is
+uh a shock will form a shock there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a shock will form a shock there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a shock will form a shock there'll be
+a shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shock
+line so that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so that these
+characteristics carry information into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics carry information into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics carry information into
+the shock by the way that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock by the way that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock by the way that's a big
+deal up until they hit the shock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal up until they hit the shock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal up until they hit the shock and
+these characteristics carry their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characteristics carry their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characteristics carry their
+information and across the shock we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and across the shock we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and across the shock we have
+different values U on the left and U on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values U on the left and U on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values U on the left and U on
+the right. So that's that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right. So that's that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right. So that's that's one
+possible form of the solution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible form of the solution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible form of the solution because
+that will solve the equation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will solve the equation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will solve the equation in this
+region where the characteristics from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where the characteristics from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where the characteristics from
+the right are are are following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right are are are following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right are are are following the
+formula. It will solve it from the left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. It will solve it from the left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. It will solve it from the left.
+But so everything comes down to the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so everything comes down to the jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so everything comes down to the jump
+condition at the shock. What's the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at the shock. What's the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at the shock. What's the shock
+speed? What where does this shock go?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed? What where does this shock go?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed? What where does this shock go?
+It's it's it's to find that shock in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's it's to find that shock in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's it's to find that shock in the
+xt plane that I have to use this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xt plane that I have to use this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xt plane that I have to use this uh
+integral form. I I must use the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form. I I must use the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form. I I must use the integral
+form because I've got a discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because I've got a discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because I've got a discontinuity
+and the diff the differential form just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the diff the differential form just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the diff the differential form just
+doesn't make sense. Okay, so this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense. Okay, so this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense. Okay, so this I
+wrote down the key idea here or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down the key idea here or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down the key idea here or the the
+conclusion but not the reasoning. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion but not the reasoning. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion but not the reasoning. I'm
+looking for this dump condition at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this dump condition at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this dump condition at the
+shock which is going to locate the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock which is going to locate the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock which is going to locate the shock
+and the key quantity that I have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key quantity that I have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key quantity that I have to find
+is the shock speed which will tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the shock speed which will tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the shock speed which will tell me
+where that shock is going how it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that shock is going how it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that shock is going how it how
+it's moving up in time. So time is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving up in time. So time is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving up in time. So time is going
+that way x is going this way in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way x is going this way in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way x is going this way in this
+picture. So this is has a has a speed s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. So this is has a has a speed s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. So this is has a has a speed s
+of t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t.
+Okay. And here's the conclusion there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And here's the conclusion there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And here's the conclusion there.
+There's the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the jump
+condition. So what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition. So what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition. So what does it
+mean? This this notation this bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? This this notation this bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? This this notation this bracket
+notation is the jump. So it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is the jump. So it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is the jump. So it's the the
+shock equation is beautiful. It says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock equation is beautiful. It says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock equation is beautiful. It says
+that s the shock speed times the jump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s the shock speed times the jump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s the shock speed times the jump in
+u is the jump in f of u. And let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is the jump in f of u. And let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is the jump in f of u. And let me take
+this example that is sort of the burger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example that is sort of the burger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example that is sort of the burger
+burgers equation example. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers equation example. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers equation example. So this is the
+example that comes from burgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation. That's the example where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. That's the example where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. That's the example where the
+flux is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux is this
+nice parabolic function u ^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice parabolic function u ^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice parabolic function u ^2 over
+two. Then the change in flux, the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Then the change in flux, the jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Then the change in flux, the jump
+in the flux function is u right 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flux function is u right 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flux function is u right 2 minus
+u left^ squar over 2 and I divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u left^ squar over 2 and I divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u left^ squar over 2 and I divide by the
+jump in u which is u right minus u left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in u which is u right minus u left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in u which is u right minus u left
+and that cancels beautifully and leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cancels beautifully and leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cancels beautifully and leaves
+me with the 1/2 of u right plus u left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me with the 1/2 of u right plus u left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me with the 1/2 of u right plus u left.
+It tells me that the shock speed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It tells me that the shock speed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It tells me that the shock speed is
+exactly halfway between. It's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly halfway between. It's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly halfway between. It's exactly
+the average in this burger's example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average in this burger's example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average in this burger's example of
+the characteristic speed from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic speed from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic speed from the right
+and the characteristic speed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the characteristic speed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the characteristic speed from the
+left. And notice it's in between. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. And notice it's in between. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. And notice it's in between. That's
+that's crucial. That that tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's crucial. That that tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's crucial. That that tells us that
+this figure is good. It tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure is good. It tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure is good. It tells us that
+characteristics are entering the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are entering the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are entering the shock
+from both sides. Characteristic lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both sides. Characteristic lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both sides. Characteristic lines
+are entering the shock. the shock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entering the shock. the shock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entering the shock. the shock is
+somehow in in this sort of nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in in this sort of nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in in this sort of nonlinear
+case it's somehow kind of uh cutting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's somehow kind of uh cutting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's somehow kind of uh cutting out
+bits of the solutions reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of the solutions reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of the solutions reducing the
+energy reducing the entropy reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy reducing the entropy reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy reducing the entropy reducing the
+total variation as we'll see in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variation as we'll see in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variation as we'll see in a minute
+okay so that's the the answer here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the the answer here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the the answer here and I
+guess I have to justify where did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I have to justify where did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I have to justify where did this
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+from well it came from this this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from well it came from this this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from well it came from this this uh
+integral form suppose Suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form suppose Suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form suppose Suppose
+you suppose I integrate from a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suppose I integrate from a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suppose I integrate from a little
+bit to the left of the shock to a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to the left of the shock to a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to the left of the shock to a little
+bit to the right of the shock. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to the right of the shock. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to the right of the shock. Of
+course, that's where I want to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, that's where I want to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, that's where I want to integrate
+in order to use in order to capture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to use in order to capture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to use in order to capture the
+shock. Okay. So, if I just take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock. Okay. So, if I just take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock. Okay. So, if I just take that
+equation and write it over here and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and write it over here and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and write it over here and I'll
+imagine because I'm not going to be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine because I'm not going to be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine because I'm not going to be X
+left and X right are going to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and X right are going to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and X right are going to be pretty
+near the shock. U up to the shock will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the shock. U up to the shock will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the shock. U up to the shock will
+pretty much have a constant value U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much have a constant value U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much have a constant value U
+left. So approximately that is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. So approximately that is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. So approximately that is uh the
+shock position. Let me let me say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock position. Let me let me say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock position. Let me let me say the
+shock is at is at X capital X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock is at is at X capital X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock is at is at X capital X is the
+position of the shock. So I have X - X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the shock. So I have X - X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the shock. So I have X - X
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times U on the left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shock. I'm doing that integral. Oh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock. I'm doing that integral. Oh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock. I'm doing that integral. Oh, I
+need d by dt of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need d by dt of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need d by dt of all
+this. So d by dt I'm writing the it's d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So d by dt I'm writing the it's d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So d by dt I'm writing the it's d
+by dt of the integral of ud dx. Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dt of the integral of ud dx. Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dt of the integral of ud dx. Let me
+just put here what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put here what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put here what I'm
+computing. I'm computing that from x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing. I'm computing that from x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing. I'm computing that from x
+left to x right. Okay. Well, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to x right. Okay. Well, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to x right. Okay. Well, I'm going
+up to x up to capital x where the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to x up to capital x where the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to x up to capital x where the shock
+is and then onward. So here I went up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then onward. So here I went up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then onward. So here I went up to
+x using the value u left and now will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x using the value u left and now will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x using the value u left and now will be
+the onward part which will be x right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onward part which will be x right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onward part which will be x right
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+x the half of the interval that's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the half of the interval that's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the half of the interval that's on the
+right of the shock times u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+uh copying this term is exactly our jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh copying this term is exactly our jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh copying this term is exactly our jump
+in f of u plus The jump in f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is
+zero. You can those words total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. You can those words total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. You can those words total
+variation are a reminder to myself for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation are a reminder to myself for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation are a reminder to myself for
+what comes next. Okay. So is that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes next. Okay. So is that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes next. Okay. So is that okay
+for uh that will be approximately zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh that will be approximately zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh that will be approximately zero
+because u wasn't exactly constant on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because u wasn't exactly constant on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because u wasn't exactly constant on the
+left and right. It didn't stay at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right. It didn't stay at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right. It didn't stay at the
+value ul, but we're squeezing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value ul, but we're squeezing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value ul, but we're squeezing the
+interval down where it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval down where it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval down where it's essentially
+constant. Okay, so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just look and see what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look and see what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look and see what we've
+got. dxdt is the shock speed. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got. dxdt is the shock speed. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got. dxdt is the shock speed. So that's
+s multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ul and here I have and the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ul and here I have and the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ul and here I have and the derivative of
+that is zero. The derivative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is zero. The derivative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is zero. The derivative the
+derivative of xr is zero. Here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of xr is zero. Here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of xr is zero. Here I have a
+minus. So it's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. So it's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. So it's minus
+ur right d x dt * that number is plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ur right d x dt * that number is plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ur right d x dt * that number is plus
+the jump in f of u left to right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jump in f of u left to right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jump in f of u left to right is
+zero. And that's that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And that's that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And that's that's our
+equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+This if I put this on the opposite side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This if I put this on the opposite side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This if I put this on the opposite side
+it becomes you right minus u left. Shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes you right minus u left. Shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes you right minus u left. Shall
+I do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that?
+So I'll keep this on this side. Got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll keep this on this side. Got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll keep this on this side. Got a
+good sign, but I'll move this onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sign, but I'll move this onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sign, but I'll move this onto the
+other side. So it will be the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side. So it will be the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side. So it will be the shock
+speed dx d capital xdt*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed dx d capital xdt*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed dx d capital xdt*
+urus ul, which is the jump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urus ul, which is the jump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urus ul, which is the jump in
+u. Okay, so that's great. We now have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. Okay, so that's great. We now have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. Okay, so that's great. We now have a
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+to deal with shocks that collide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with shocks that collide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with shocks that collide.
+Okay. So that was the derivation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that was the derivation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that was the derivation of this
+uh jump condition which was first known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh jump condition which was first known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh jump condition which was first known
+first had a name two authors ranking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first had a name two authors ranking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first had a name two authors ranking
+hugono in gas dynamics but then it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugono in gas dynamics but then it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugono in gas dynamics but then it was
+seen as the right condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as the right condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as the right condition
+in all conservation laws. Okay. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all conservation laws. Okay. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all conservation laws. Okay. And now
+I'm ready to comment on this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ready to comment on this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ready to comment on this second
+issue. What do you do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. What do you do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. What do you do when
+characteristics separate? Well, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics separate? Well, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics separate? Well, let me
+say what you don't do. You could,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what you don't do. You could,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what you don't do. You could,
+without wrecking the equation, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without wrecking the equation, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without wrecking the equation, you could
+try to put a shock in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put a shock in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to put a shock in
+there and give this the value U on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and give this the value U on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and give this the value U on the
+left. Even though a characteristic isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. Even though a characteristic isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. Even though a characteristic isn't
+telling us what's going on in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us what's going on in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us what's going on in this space
+or this one, you could try to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this one, you could try to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this one, you could try to put a
+shock in there. You could maybe satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock in there. You could maybe satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock in there. You could maybe satisfy
+the jump condition if you put the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jump condition if you put the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jump condition if you put the right
+shock in, but the characteristics would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock in, but the characteristics would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock in, but the characteristics would
+be coming out and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming out and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming out and that's
+wrong. That and it's called the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. That and it's called the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. That and it's called the entropy
+condition which says that this can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which says that this can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which says that this can't
+happen that the derivative of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that the derivative of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that the derivative of entropy
+has a certain sign and it rules this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain sign and it rules this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain sign and it rules this
+out. it rules out this possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. it rules out this possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. it rules out this possibility of
+characteristics emerging from the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics emerging from the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics emerging from the shock
+and we need a totally different solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need a totally different solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need a totally different solution
+and it turns out to be a fan in there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out to be a fan in there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out to be a fan in there.
+So we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a fan of characteristics coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fan of characteristics coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fan of characteristics coming from
+here and that gives a solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that gives a solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that gives a solution that
+actually will depend on x over t. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will depend on x over t. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will depend on x over t. The
+rate this this solution will be uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate this this solution will be uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate this this solution will be uh uh a
+simple a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple a simple
+uh ratio x over t enters that. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ratio x over t enters that. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ratio x over t enters that. Okay. So
+uh and then that in other words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then that in other words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then that in other words that
+gives us a smooth solution and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a smooth solution and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a smooth solution and I guess
+thinking about the traffic example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the traffic example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the traffic example
+that's exactly what happens. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what happens. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what happens. So this is
+the shock part. Now for the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock part. Now for the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock part. Now for the fan
+part what happens when we have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what happens when we have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what happens when we have a bunch
+of cars sitting there ready to go. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cars sitting there ready to go. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cars sitting there ready to go. Uh
+the light goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+green. The first cars start moving.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green. The first cars start moving.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green. The first cars start moving.
+cars behind them see the car in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars behind them see the car in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars behind them see the car in front
+moving. They start moving and the the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving. They start moving and the the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving. They start moving and the the so
+the initial profile the initial profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial profile the initial profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial profile the initial profile
+would be in this case for cars would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in this case for cars would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in this case for cars would be
+uh velocity density high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh velocity density high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh velocity density high
+density and then zero density. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then zero density. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then zero density. So this
+would be max this is maximum density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be max this is maximum density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be max this is maximum density
+sitting at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at the
+light and zero density in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and zero density in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and zero density in front of the
+light and then the light goes green now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and then the light goes green now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and then the light goes green now.
+And what happens? Well, as we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what happens? Well, as we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what happens? Well, as we all know
+those first cars pull ahead and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those first cars pull ahead and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those first cars pull ahead and the
+profile is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is
+these these cars haven't yet started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these cars haven't yet started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these cars haven't yet started to
+move. These have started to move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move. These have started to move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move. These have started to move and
+there's a profile there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a profile there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a profile there and then
+uh zero density. So this represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero density. So this represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero density. So this represents the
+first car, the lead car. In front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first car, the lead car. In front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first car, the lead car. In front of
+that car is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that car is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that car is zero
+density and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and that's
+the fan. That's the x overt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fan. That's the x overt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fan. That's the x overt
+um expression. Okay. So a simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um expression. Okay. So a simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um expression. Okay. So a simple linear
+expression which will flatten out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which will flatten out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which will flatten out as
+time goes on. These cars will be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes on. These cars will be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes on. These cars will be going
+faster and faster and then eventually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster and then eventually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster and then eventually uh
+up to full speed. Okay. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to full speed. Okay. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to full speed. Okay. So that's the
+fan and uh then um maybe now is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan and uh then um maybe now is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan and uh then um maybe now is my
+chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+to speak about this concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak about this concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak about this concept of the
+variation in a function. the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in a function. the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in a function. the the the the
+idea will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea will be
+now how do we get the finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we get the finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we get the finite difference
+method to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to do this
+automatically? Well, okay. One way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically? Well, okay. One way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically? Well, okay. One way to do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+is put in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put in a little
+viscosity. Uh this this rule this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity. Uh this this rule this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity. Uh this this rule this the
+the rule that picks out this shock in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule that picks out this shock in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule that picks out this shock in
+the one case of colliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one case of colliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one case of colliding
+characteristics and this fan in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and this fan in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and this fan in the case
+of uh this fan in the case of separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh this fan in the case of separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh this fan in the case of separating
+characteristics. Uh, one way to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. Uh, one way to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. Uh, one way to get to
+that those two solutions would be to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those two solutions would be to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those two solutions would be to put
+in a a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a a little bit
+of viscosity and then let epsilon go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of viscosity and then let epsilon go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of viscosity and then let epsilon go to
+zero and the result would be these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the result would be these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the result would be these two
+solutions. And in a way that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. And in a way that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions. And in a way that's what
+finite differences is is going to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences is is going to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences is is going to do.
+finite difference or finite volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference or finite volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference or finite volume is
+going to be a a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a a numerical
+viscosity and the epsilon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity and the epsilon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity and the epsilon in
+the in the burgers equation would become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the burgers equation would become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the burgers equation would become
+a delta t or a delta x in the finite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta t or a delta x in the finite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta t or a delta x in the finite in
+the in the numerical method in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the numerical method in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the numerical method in the
+finite difference equation. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference equation. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite difference equation. Okay.
+So and then what's the concept? So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and then what's the concept? So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and then what's the concept? So we
+have to find finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find finite
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+and we want those. So now the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want those. So now the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want those. So now the point is
+finite differences there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences there's going to be
+there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will
+be sort of takes more care. We can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of takes more care. We can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of takes more care. We can't
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh create something that's consistent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh create something that's consistent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh create something that's consistent in
+the smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smooth
+case. Up to now we've just had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Up to now we've just had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Up to now we've just had no
+hesitation. We replaced derivatives by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitation. We replaced derivatives by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitation. We replaced derivatives by
+differences without too many worries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really and that was fine as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and that was fine as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and that was fine as long as the
+solution smooth. But now if we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution smooth. But now if we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution smooth. But now if we're going
+to replace difference derivatives by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace difference derivatives by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace difference derivatives by
+differences, we have to do it in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences, we have to do it in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences, we have to do it in such a
+way that this entropy condition this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that this entropy condition this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that this entropy condition this
+this these solutions emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these solutions emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these solutions emerge
+automatically and in a in really in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and in a in really in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and in a in really in a
+way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that
+the our our finite difference or finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our our finite difference or finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our our finite difference or finite
+volume method should somehow conserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume method should somehow conserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume method should somehow conserve
+mass the same way the true equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass the same way the true equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass the same way the true equation
+does. Okay, so those are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. Okay, so those are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. Okay, so those are two different
+points. First point is this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. First point is this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. First point is this question of
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+variation. What what's the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation. What what's the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation. What what's the total
+variation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in a
+function? Well, it's let me draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? Well, it's let me draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? Well, it's let me draw a
+function. The total variation is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. The total variation is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. The total variation is well
+let me see total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see total
+variation in a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in a function
+u is going to be by definition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is going to be by definition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is going to be by definition the
+integral of the absolute value of du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dx. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. Okay.
+Now we have to understand this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have to understand this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have to understand this this
+concept. It's a it's a it's beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept. It's a it's a it's beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept. It's a it's a it's beautiful
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+um that the analysis has led to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the analysis has led to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the analysis has led to uh
+quantity as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity as simple as
+that to as as a guide. So when we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to as as a guide. So when we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to as as a guide. So when we create
+um finite difference methods we will ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finite difference methods we will ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finite difference methods we will ask
+are they total variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they total variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they total variation
+diminishing. So we so TVD will be total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing. So we so TVD will be total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing. So we so TVD will be total
+variation diminishing methods methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation diminishing methods methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation diminishing methods methods
+where this quantity does not increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this quantity does not increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this quantity does not increase in
+time. Okay. And we let let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. And we let let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. And we let let me just
+understand this quantity first. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this quantity first. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this quantity first. The
+absolute value is crucial. If the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is crucial. If the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is crucial. If the
+absolute value was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value was not
+there, then I would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, then I would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, then I would just
+have the integral of the derivative. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the integral of the derivative. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the integral of the derivative. So
+it would be u at that point minus u at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be u at that point minus u at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be u at that point minus u at
+that. But here I'm taking absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But here I'm taking absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But here I'm taking absolute
+values. So for a while the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. So for a while the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. So for a while the derivative is
+positive up to there. So the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive up to there. So the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive up to there. So the integral
+gives me this value minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+Then in this region the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then in this region the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then in this region the derivative is
+negative but I'm taking absolute value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but I'm taking absolute value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but I'm taking absolute value.
+Do you see that it will that integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you see that it will that integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you see that it will that integral
+will split into four separate integrals?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split into four separate integrals?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split into four separate integrals?
+The total variation will be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The total variation will be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The total variation will be this
+difference plus this difference plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference plus this difference plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference plus this difference plus
+this plus this. I'll have four in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus this. I'll have four in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus this. I'll have four in this
+example have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example have four
+positive contributions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive contributions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive contributions to the
+variation. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation. And
+uh and that's the key quantity there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's the key quantity there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's the key quantity there.
+And and what a shock will do. Can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and what a shock will do. Can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and what a shock will do. Can I
+maybe mention in this figure what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe mention in this figure what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe mention in this figure what a
+shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock
+does is can do would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is can do would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is can do would be to
+somehow cut out part of the variation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow cut out part of the variation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow cut out part of the variation.
+We when you when a shock occurs it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We when you when a shock occurs it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We when you when a shock occurs it might
+happen that these things are going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that these things are going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that these things are going into
+the shock. These are going in from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock. These are going in from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock. These are going in from that
+side and the the shock kind of jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the the shock kind of jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the the shock kind of jumps
+from this value u left to this value u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this value u left to this value u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this value u left to this value u
+right following the shock condition when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right following the shock condition when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right following the shock condition when
+it when it emerges and this additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when it emerges and this additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when it emerges and this additional
+variation is wiped out. You you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is wiped out. You you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is wiped out. You you see that
+the variation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation for this
+shock for the solution that contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock for the solution that contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock for the solution that contains a
+shock is still this part is still there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock is still this part is still there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock is still this part is still there.
+But this part is all downhill. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this part is all downhill. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this part is all downhill. So it's
+just this. It's that it's that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this. It's that it's that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this. It's that it's that minus
+that and the the middle two parts have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the the middle two parts have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the the middle two parts have
+been cut out. Okay. So that's the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been cut out. Okay. So that's the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been cut out. Okay. So that's the total
+variation in a function. Let let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in a function. Let let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in a function. Let let me just
+uh take the most important example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take the most important example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take the most important example
+that's not total variation diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not total variation diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not total variation diminishing
+which is lax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is lax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is lax
+wendruff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wendruff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wendruff the
+one even in the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case the one experiment we've done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the one experiment we've done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the one experiment we've done with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+profile where you you remember we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile where you you remember we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile where you you remember we had a
+wall of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of water
+And the exact solution brought the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the exact solution brought the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the exact solution brought the wall
+to the left with velocity C with speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left with velocity C with speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left with velocity C with speed
+C. But Lax Wendro, which did quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. But Lax Wendro, which did quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. But Lax Wendro, which did quite well
+staying near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying near
+the the discontinuity, near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the discontinuity, near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the discontinuity, near the
+jump, had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump, had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump, had
+uh a little oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little oscillation
+behind. That was essentially our our one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind. That was essentially our our one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind. That was essentially our our one
+objection to Lax Wendroof was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection to Lax Wendroof was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection to Lax Wendroof was that
+oscillation showing up. And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation showing up. And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation showing up. And so that's
+telling us that the variation see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us that the variation see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us that the variation see the
+variation in the true solution is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the true solution is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the true solution is just
+that step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step.
+The variation in the lax wendro answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The variation in the lax wendro answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The variation in the lax wendro answer
+is this bigger step plus this one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this bigger step plus this one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this bigger step plus this one plus
+this one plus this larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one plus this larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one plus this larger than
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+So roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So roughly
+um the match is that monotone methods so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the match is that monotone methods so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the match is that monotone methods so
+so here's here's the general picture. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's here's the general picture. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's here's the general picture. We
+can get monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get monotone
+or I'll say positive coeffic all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'll say positive coeffic all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'll say positive coeffic all
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients and those can those will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and those can those will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and those can those will be
+total variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variation
+diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing
+great the why don't I draw recall a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great the why don't I draw recall a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great the why don't I draw recall a
+monotone example was lax fried or upwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone example was lax fried or upwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone example was lax fried or upwind
+upwind will be our model so let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwind will be our model so let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwind will be our model so let me draw
+the upwind one the upwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upwind one the upwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upwind one the upwind
+one was didn't increase the variation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was didn't increase the variation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was didn't increase the variation.
+It stayed at one. We did we had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It stayed at one. We did we had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It stayed at one. We did we had no
+oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations
+but it was low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was low
+accuracy. So first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order we can't uh do better than first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we can't uh do better than first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we can't uh do better than first
+order accuracy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accuracy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accuracy.
+the order of accuracy I'm measuring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of accuracy I'm measuring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of accuracy I'm measuring in
+the smooth part of the solution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smooth part of the solution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smooth part of the solution because
+that's where I can take Taylor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I can take Taylor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I can take Taylor series
+and match terms and see which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and match terms and see which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and match terms and see which is the
+first one that doesn't match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one that doesn't match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one that doesn't match
+and lax lax fried's and upwind was first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lax lax fried's and upwind was first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lax lax fried's and upwind was first
+order then our problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order then our problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order then our problem is
+that that if I have some uh uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that if I have some uh uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that if I have some uh uh if I
+allow a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+then variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then variation
+increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+oscillations will will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations will will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations will will come
+in but I can get the accuracy up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but I can get the accuracy up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but I can get the accuracy up to
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+order or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+higher and less wendro is example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and less wendro is example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and less wendro is example the
+the key example there that I'll continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key example there that I'll continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key example there that I'll continue
+with. Okay. So that's that's the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. Okay. So that's that's the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. Okay. So that's that's the idea of
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+variation. It it it just gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation. It it it just gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation. It it it just gives us a
+quantity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity to
+uh to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh when we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we see
+oscillations. Okay. And of course we I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations. Okay. And of course we I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations. Okay. And of course we I'm
+interested in oscillations. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in oscillations. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in oscillations. So this is
+this is a linear case with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear case with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear case with a
+discontinuity. I don't think it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity. I don't think it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity. I don't think it's quite
+fair to call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to call it a
+shock. At least the shocks that we meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock. At least the shocks that we meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock. At least the shocks that we meet
+in the conservation laws in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conservation laws in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conservation laws in the
+nonlinear problems, they're created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear problems, they're created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear problems, they're created the
+ones we saw here are created for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we saw here are created for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we saw here are created for
+nonlinear reasons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um colliding characteristics where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um colliding characteristics where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um colliding characteristics where
+whereas the linear case has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the linear case has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the linear case has
+characteristics all parallel. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics all parallel. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics all parallel. Okay. So
+here here we're we're into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here we're we're into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here we're we're into
+lecture we're really into the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're really into the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're really into the second
+lecture into the into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture into the into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture into the into
+the scientific computing part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific computing part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific computing part of our
+problem. So that's the analysis part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So that's the analysis part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So that's the analysis part the
+PD part. Now comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PD part. Now comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PD part. Now comes
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+uh experience of quite a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh experience of quite a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh experience of quite a lot of people
+working hard to identify a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hard to identify a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hard to identify a way to
+get second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get second order
+accuracy where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy where it's
+smooth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth and
+monotonicity or something like it where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonicity or something like it where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonicity or something like it where
+it where where the shocks are. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where where the shocks are. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where where the shocks are. So that
+that's essentially the goal is our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the goal is our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the goal is our our
+method is going to turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is going to turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is going to turn out to be
+nonlinear. It's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear. It's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear. It's going to have
+some it'll be called a flux limiter. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some it'll be called a flux limiter. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some it'll be called a flux limiter. The
+the key ex the key quantity will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key ex the key quantity will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key ex the key quantity will be the
+flux. And for a smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux. And for a smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux. And for a smooth
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+when you you right and you left are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you you right and you left are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you you right and you left are very
+close the flux is small we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the flux is small we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the flux is small we don't have a
+problem but at a shock where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but at a shock where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but at a shock where there's a
+significant jump in u and especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant jump in u and especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant jump in u and especially in
+f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of
+u the uh the flux limiter is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the uh the flux limiter is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the uh the flux limiter is going to
+come in into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in into
+discrete method. Okay. So I I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete method. Okay. So I I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete method. Okay. So I I'll just
+let me begin discrete methods with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me begin discrete methods with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me begin discrete methods with a new
+word finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volumes and with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes and with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes and with a
+new interpretation of capital U. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new interpretation of capital U. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new interpretation of capital U. So the
+discrete value capital U Jn which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete value capital U Jn which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete value capital U Jn which we've
+up to now we've been thinking of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to now we've been thinking of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to now we've been thinking of as
+that's an approximation to the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an approximation to the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an approximation to the true
+solution at J delta X and delta T. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at J delta X and delta T. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at J delta X and delta T. Now
+because we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're dealing with
+discontinuities, we better integrate. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities, we better integrate. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities, we better integrate. We
+integrate over a delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over a delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over a delta X
+interval. we we take the average over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. we we take the average over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. we we take the average over a
+little delta x interval instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little delta x interval instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little delta x interval instead of
+hitting just a point. So the delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting just a point. So the delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting just a point. So the delta x
+interval from j minus a half to j plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from j minus a half to j plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from j minus a half to j plus a
+half we take the average of u at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half we take the average of u at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half we take the average of u at the
+time n delta t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n delta t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n delta t and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what finite
+volume analysts think of as capital u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume analysts think of as capital u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume analysts think of as capital u
+the the discrete approximation. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the discrete approximation. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the discrete approximation. Okay,
+that the appropriateness of that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the appropriateness of that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the appropriateness of that is in
+the integral form of the conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral form of the conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral form of the conservation
+law. So the integral form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. So the integral form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. So the integral form of the
+conservation law leads us to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law leads us to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law leads us to this
+um to that natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to that natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to that natural
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discretization d by dt of u of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization d by dt of u of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization d by dt of u of the
+average.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average.
+You're keeping your mind your eye on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're keeping your mind your eye on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're keeping your mind your eye on the
+integral form of the conservation law.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form of the conservation law.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form of the conservation law.
+I'll just come back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just come back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just come back to it
+again. The derivative of the mass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. The derivative of the mass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. The derivative of the mass the
+the integral of u. So in the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of u. So in the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of u. So in the discrete
+case the difference of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the difference of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the difference of capital
+u plus the integrated term of flux at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus the integrated term of flux at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus the integrated term of flux at
+one end of the interval minus a flux at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end of the interval minus a flux at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end of the interval minus a flux at
+the other end. Notice that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end. Notice that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end. Notice that we are
+getting for the flux half. So the flux a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting for the flux half. So the flux a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting for the flux half. So the flux a
+staggered grid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is presenting itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is presenting itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is presenting itself
+naturally and so that fj plus a half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally and so that fj plus a half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally and so that fj plus a half the
+fluxes which is the the critical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes which is the the critical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes which is the the critical thing
+is on the j plus a half grid. Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the j plus a half grid. Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the j plus a half grid. Okay. All
+right. Now this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Now this could
+be exactly defined as the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly defined as the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly defined as the flux
+at that grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that grid
+point capital u ^2 over two in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point capital u ^2 over two in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point capital u ^2 over two in the
+burger equation at that grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger equation at that grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger equation at that grid
+point. That would give us uh totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. That would give us uh totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. That would give us uh totally
+straightforward first order numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward first order numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward first order numerical
+method. first order. I see first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. first order. I see first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. first order. I see first order
+here in time and it might be better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in time and it might be better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in time and it might be better than
+that in space because in some way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in space because in some way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in space because in some way that's
+centered.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered.
+Okay. But if we want higher accuracy, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But if we want higher accuracy, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But if we want higher accuracy, if
+we want to if we want to include lax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to if we want to include lax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to if we want to include lax
+wendruff for example that then includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wendruff for example that then includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wendruff for example that then includes
+several values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several values of
+u we go to a more general flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u we go to a more general flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u we go to a more general flux
+function which so the whole the whole uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which so the whole the whole uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which so the whole the whole uh
+job here is create a smart flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job here is create a smart flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job here is create a smart flux
+function. So a flux function is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So a flux function is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So a flux function is a is
+depends not only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends not only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends not only on
+u in the center uj at time n. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u in the center uj at time n. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u in the center uj at time n. This is
+all at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at time
+n. It it can also depend on values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. It it can also depend on values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. It it can also depend on values to
+the left of it and values to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of it and values to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of it and values to the right
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+it. It may use those values. It may not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It may use those values. It may not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It may use those values. It may not.
+But we allow that that possibility then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we allow that that possibility then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we allow that that possibility then
+that the fluxes. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fluxes. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fluxes. So this is the
+numerical method that you aim for is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical method that you aim for is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical method that you aim for is to
+choose a flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a flux
+function and of course it should be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and of course it should be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and of course it should be this
+should be consistent with the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be consistent with the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be consistent with the original
+problem and that's a simply says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's a simply says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's a simply says that if
+all the U's were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the U's were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the U's were the
+same that you would that the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that you would that the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that you would that the numerical
+flux function would give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux function would give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux function would give you
+the flux function in the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux function in the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux function in the given
+equation. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Okay.
+Okay. So that this is our general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that this is our general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that this is our general
+pattern and now the question is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and now the question is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and now the question is really
+the maybe the first step is write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I I would like to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+upwind and lax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wand I'd like to find their flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wand I'd like to find their flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wand I'd like to find their flux
+functions. I I guess I'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. I I guess I'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. I I guess I'm saying that
+when when we look at equation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we look at equation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we look at equation in this
+uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this
+format we can take methods that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format we can take methods that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format we can take methods that we have
+already used and see okay in the even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already used and see okay in the even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already used and see okay in the even in
+the linear case the one-way wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear case the one-way wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear case the one-way wave
+equation what are we picking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what are we picking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what are we picking for the
+flux functions okay now the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux functions okay now the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux functions okay now the one
+distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+is the one-way wave equation we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one-way wave equation we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one-way wave equation we had a
+constant and upwind for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and upwind for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and upwind for
+example went in the direction decided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example went in the direction decided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example went in the direction decided by
+that speed C. If the speed reverse sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that speed C. If the speed reverse sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that speed C. If the speed reverse sign
+so that the waves were going the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the waves were going the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the waves were going the other
+way, the wind is coming the other way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, the wind is coming the other way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, the wind is coming the other way.
+The upwind direction is the other way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The upwind direction is the other way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The upwind direction is the other way.
+So, uh our method would change. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh our method would change. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh our method would change. So,
+we'll see. Uh let me use let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see. Uh let me use let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see. Uh let me use let me just
+write down the flux function that turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the flux function that turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the flux function that turns
+out to come for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to come for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to come for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+upwind and then for lax wind. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwind and then for lax wind. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwind and then for lax wind. Okay. So
+for upwind the flux turns out to be F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for upwind the flux turns out to be F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for upwind the flux turns out to be F
+turns out to be a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a half
+of because it's at this this is FJ plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because it's at this this is FJ plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because it's at this this is FJ plus
+a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half
+really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it's at the center point the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's at the center point the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's at the center point the flux
+function will be I'll put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta
+t sorry a / 2 u j + 1 + u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sorry a / 2 u j + 1 + u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sorry a / 2 u j + 1 + u
+j. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j. Now
+plus or rather minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually comes uh an absolute value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes uh an absolute value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes uh an absolute value of a
+/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+2 times u j + 1 minus u.j.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we're
+patient, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient, we
+can track down the two cases a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can track down the two cases a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can track down the two cases a positive
+and a negative and recognize that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a negative and recognize that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a negative and recognize that this
+is the that this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the that this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the that this form
+uh switches direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh switches direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh switches direction
+correctly on the uh difference method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly on the uh difference method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly on the uh difference method.
+So it it keeps us upwind. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it it keeps us upwind. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it it keeps us upwind. In other
+words, if the wind changes direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, if the wind changes direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, if the wind changes direction,
+our flux changes appropriately to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our flux changes appropriately to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our flux changes appropriately to to
+follow that direction. Okay, so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that direction. Okay, so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that direction. Okay, so that's
+an okay flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an okay flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an okay flux
+function. It's a monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. It's a monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. It's a monotone
+one and uh it's first order. Okay, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh it's first order. Okay, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh it's first order. Okay, now
+let me put in lax wendruff. What would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put in lax wendruff. What would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put in lax wendruff. What would
+lax wendruff would be? would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lax wendruff would be? would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lax wendruff would be? would be the
+same the same upwind flux if I call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the same upwind flux if I call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the same upwind flux if I call that
+up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for
+upwind and then a correction a lex wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwind and then a correction a lex wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwind and then a correction a lex wind
+correction term that gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction term that gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction term that gets the
+uh second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh second order
+accuracy. Okay. And that turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy. Okay. And that turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy. Okay. And that turns out to be
+uh there it turns out that I I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there it turns out that I I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there it turns out that I I multiply
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+term by that ratio r by the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by that ratio r by the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by that ratio r by the absolute
+value of r. So it turns out that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of r. So it turns out that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of r. So it turns out that it's
+the lax wendro thing to get that extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lax wendro thing to get that extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lax wendro thing to get that extra
+accuracy you might remember had an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy you might remember had an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy you might remember had an extra
+delta t over delta x and it's so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t over delta x and it's so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t over delta x and it's so it's
+this same thing times a over two well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same thing times a over two well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same thing times a over two well
+it'll be in the nonlinear case it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be in the nonlinear case it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be in the nonlinear case it'll be
+f of uj +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of uj +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of uj +
+one f f at uj + 1 minus f at uj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Next time I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Next time I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Next time I'll
+uh come back to this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh pin down this more carefully. I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pin down this more carefully. I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pin down this more carefully. I just
+what I want all I want to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want all I want to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want all I want to do in
+completing today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing today
+is in introduce this idea of a flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in introduce this idea of a flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in introduce this idea of a flux
+limiter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what what people say when they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what what people say when they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what what people say when they look
+at Lex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Lex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Lex
+Wendro is that this term that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wendro is that this term that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wendro is that this term that's been
+added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+on is fine in the case of a smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is fine in the case of a smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is fine in the case of a smooth
+solution. But in the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. But in the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. But in the case of a
+jump like our picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump like our picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump like our picture
+here, that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, that term
+is giving a v is increasing variation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving a v is increasing variation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving a v is increasing variation.
+It's an anti- diffusion term. Instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an anti- diffusion term. Instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an anti- diffusion term. Instead of
+smoothing things out the way f upwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing things out the way f upwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing things out the way f upwind
+does, that extra term has the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does, that extra term has the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does, that extra term has the effect of
+uh increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh increasing the
+jump. it's anti- diffusive and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump. it's anti- diffusive and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump. it's anti- diffusive and therefore
+when it's uh when it's a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's uh when it's a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's uh when it's a significant
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+the flux limiter cuts back on it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux limiter cuts back on it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux limiter cuts back on it. So
+we'll get uh the result will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get uh the result will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get uh the result will be a
+numerical method which is not linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical method which is not linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical method which is not linear
+anymore. Even if we apply it to a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. Even if we apply it to a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. Even if we apply it to a linear
+problem, the result won't be strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, the result won't be strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, the result won't be strictly
+linear and it will produce a profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and it will produce a profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and it will produce a profile
+that is doesn't have that oscillation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is doesn't have that oscillation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is doesn't have that oscillation.
+So it it has what we want. It's it stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it it has what we want. It's it stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it it has what we want. It's it stays
+it stay it gives us good answers when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stay it gives us good answers when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stay it gives us good answers when
+the solution is smooth. It stays near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is smooth. It stays near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is smooth. It stays near
+the shock the way Lax Wendruff does, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock the way Lax Wendruff does, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shock the way Lax Wendruff does, but
+it doesn't oscillate. Okay. So what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't oscillate. Okay. So what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't oscillate. Okay. So what's
+the flux limiter?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux limiter?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux limiter?
+The flux limiter is I multiply in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The flux limiter is I multiply in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The flux limiter is I multiply in here
+by some function the limiter function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some function the limiter function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some function the limiter function f
+R plus FJ + one and I multiply in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R plus FJ + one and I multiply in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R plus FJ + one and I multiply in here
+by VJ in other words there's a extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by VJ in other words there's a extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by VJ in other words there's a extra
+factor this flux limiting factor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this flux limiting factor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this flux limiting factor and the
+so the the question is how how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the question is how how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the question is how how to
+construct that what what formula do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that what what formula do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that what what formula do we
+use for the flux limiter so The flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the flux limiter so The flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the flux limiter so The flux
+limiter after a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter after a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter after a lot of
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is is chosen to depend on the so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is chosen to depend on the so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is chosen to depend on the so we want
+it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be
+one. So what do we want? We want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So what do we want? We want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So what do we want? We want it to
+be one or close to one uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one or close to one uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one or close to one uh at
+smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth
+part and we want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and we want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and we want it to be
+uh greater than one at uh at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discontinuity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity.
+Okay. So our question is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So our question is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So our question is how do you
+identify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that
+discontinuity? Well, uh the convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity? Well, uh the convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity? Well, uh the convenient
+way has turned out to be look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way has turned out to be look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way has turned out to be look at the
+ratio look look at differences look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio look look at differences look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio look look at differences look at
+the ratio of so so what comes in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of so so what comes in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of so so what comes in here
+will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the
+ratio r say j plus a half that'll be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio r say j plus a half that'll be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio r say j plus a half that'll be the
+ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of
+u say j + 2 - u j + 1 to u J + 1 - U J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u say j + 2 - u j + 1 to u J + 1 - U J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u say j + 2 - u j + 1 to u J + 1 - U J
+all at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at time
+N. That ratio tells us that ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. That ratio tells us that ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. That ratio tells us that ratio is
+close to one. If so, so so the ratio R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one. If so, so so the ratio R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one. If so, so so the ratio R
+is close to one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to one for
+smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and our function F of R. then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our function F of R. then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our function F of R. then
+to we want our function f when the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we want our function f when the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we want our function f when the ratio
+is one to give the value one. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one to give the value one. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one to give the value one. So if I
+try to draw a graph of the let me draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw a graph of the let me draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw a graph of the let me draw a
+graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the
+uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux flux functions of fe of the f of r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux flux functions of fe of the f of r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux flux functions of fe of the f of r.
+Okay. So here's a graph of f of r. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here's a graph of f of r. Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here's a graph of f of r. Let
+me put first on the graph I'll put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put first on the graph I'll put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put first on the graph I'll put up
+wind on lax wendruff without anything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind on lax wendruff without anything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind on lax wendruff without anything.
+So lax wendruff would take so lax fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So lax wendruff would take so lax fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So lax wendruff would take so lax fee
+lax wendruff is identically one. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lax wendruff is identically one. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lax wendruff is identically one. This is
+the ratio r and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fee. So lax wendro before fixing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee. So lax wendro before fixing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee. So lax wendro before fixing just
+had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had
+no flux limiter function in it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no flux limiter function in it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no flux limiter function in it was just
+just had one and actually the if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had one and actually the if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had one and actually the if I can
+keep the same formula fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the same formula fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the same formula fe
+uh upwind would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh upwind would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh upwind would just be
+zero then it'll turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then it'll turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then it'll turn out
+that let me let me draw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me let me draw these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me let me draw these
+ratio there is a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here where the flux limiter is doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the flux limiter is doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the flux limiter is doing the
+right thing. So in that region it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing. So in that region it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing. So in that region it's
+uh it's acting the right way. It's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's acting the right way. It's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's acting the right way. It's it's
+limiting the anti-iffusive flux. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting the anti-iffusive flux. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting the anti-iffusive flux. It's
+controlling the variation. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the variation. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the variation. It's
+controlling the oscillations. So various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the oscillations. So various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the oscillations. So various
+people have chosen have proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's see no I haven't got this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see no I haven't got this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see no I haven't got this right
+I think this let's see I think it's cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this let's see I think it's cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this let's see I think it's cuz
+I because I know that part is wrong for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because I know that part is wrong for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because I know that part is wrong for
+lax wandrop so maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lax wandrop so maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lax wandrop so maybe it's
+there well no I I've forgotten why sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well no I I've forgotten why sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well no I I've forgotten why sorry
+that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not oh yeah I' I've lost this because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not oh yeah I' I've lost this because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not oh yeah I' I've lost this because I
+know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the
+um that one possibility is this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that one possibility is this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that one possibility is this as the
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+limiter one possibility would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter one possibility would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter one possibility would be this
+one and then there's another possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then there's another possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then there's another possibility
+that is okay that that goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is okay that that goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is okay that that goes through
+here okay I'm not uh let me stop for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I'm not uh let me stop for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I'm not uh let me stop for
+today at this uh with this idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today at this uh with this idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today at this uh with this idea of a
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+limiter and you see that it's uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter and you see that it's uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter and you see that it's uh it's a
+task to to fix the method to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task to to fix the method to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task to to fix the method to do the
+right thing at smooth parts and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing at smooth parts and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing at smooth parts and the
+right and and also the right thing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and also the right thing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and also the right thing at
+discontinuities. Okay, I'll pick up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities. Okay, I'll pick up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities. Okay, I'll pick up on
+that next time. Thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/strrrdJivco.txt b/strrrdJivco.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85cbf38791c5ebcc6f064d9840941717d881d92e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/strrrdJivco.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we revisit the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we revisit the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we revisit the concept
+of conditional expectation and view it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional expectation and view it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional expectation and view it
+as an abstract object of a special kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an abstract object of a special kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an abstract object of a special kind
+to get going let us start with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get going let us start with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get going let us start with something
+simple the concept of a function let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple the concept of a function let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple the concept of a function let's
+say a function H that map's real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a function H that map's real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a function H that map's real numbers
+to real numbers as a concrete instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to real numbers as a concrete instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to real numbers as a concrete instance
+consider the quadratic function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the quadratic function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the quadratic function that
+map's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map's
+a number X to its square consider now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number X to its square consider now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number X to its square consider now a
+random variable capital X what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable capital X what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable capital X what do we
+mean when we write H of X for age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we write H of X for age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we write H of X for age
+defined for example in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for example in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for example in this particular
+way as the quadratic function H of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as the quadratic function H of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as the quadratic function H of X is
+defined to be a random variable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be a random variable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be a random variable with
+random variable it is the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable it is the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable it is the random
+variable that takes the value little X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that takes the value little X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that takes the value little X
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+whenever capital X the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever capital X the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever capital X the random variable
+happens to take the value little X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to take the value little X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to take the value little X and
+this is the random variable that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the random variable that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the random variable that we
+usually denote as the random variable x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually denote as the random variable x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually denote as the random variable x
+squared now let us come to conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now let us come to conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now let us come to conditional
+expectations the conditional expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations the conditional expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations the conditional expectation
+of a discrete random variable is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a discrete random variable is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a discrete random variable is defined
+by this formula it is like the ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this formula it is like the ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this formula it is like the ordinary
+expectation except that we now live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation except that we now live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation except that we now live in a
+conditional universe in which the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe in which the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe in which the random
+variable capital Y is known to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital Y is known to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital Y is known to have
+taken a value little Y and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a value little Y and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a value little Y and therefore
+instead of using the ordinary formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using the ordinary formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using the ordinary formula
+for expectations that involve the PMF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for expectations that involve the PMF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for expectations that involve the PMF of
+X we now use that formula but with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we now use that formula but with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we now use that formula but with the
+conditional PMF of X which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PMF of X which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PMF of X which is the
+appropriate PMF that applies to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate PMF that applies to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate PMF that applies to this
+conditional universe and if it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe and if it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe and if it happens
+that the random variable capital X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variable capital X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variable capital X is
+continuous we would have an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous we would have an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous we would have an alternative
+formula but of the same kind where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but of the same kind where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but of the same kind where the
+summation is replaced by an integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation is replaced by an integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation is replaced by an integral and
+the PMF is replaced by a PDF now let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PMF is replaced by a PDF now let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PMF is replaced by a PDF now let us
+look at this quantity here we have fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this quantity here we have fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this quantity here we have fixed
+some particular little Y calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular little Y calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular little Y calculate this
+quantity and what we get is a number it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and what we get is a number it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and what we get is a number it
+is a number but the value of that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number but the value of that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number but the value of that number
+depends on the choice of little Y if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the choice of little Y if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the choice of little Y if I
+give you a different little wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a different little wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a different little wire
+then you will get another number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get another number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get another number for
+this conditional expectation this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional expectation this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional expectation this means
+that this quantity here is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity here is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity here is really a
+function of little Y and let us give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of little Y and let us give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of little Y and let us give a
+name to this function let us call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to this function let us call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to this function let us call this
+function G now that we have defined G we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G now that we have defined G we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G now that we have defined G we
+can ask what is this object it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask what is this object it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask what is this object it's a
+function of capital y it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of capital y it's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of capital y it's a function of
+a random variable so it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable so it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable so it should be a
+random variable by itself by analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable by itself by analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable by itself by analogy
+with the earlier concrete example it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the earlier concrete example it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the earlier concrete example it is
+the random variable that takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable that takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable that takes the
+numerical value G of little why whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value G of little why whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value G of little why whenever
+capital y happens to take the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital y happens to take the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital y happens to take the value
+little Y but G of little Y has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y but G of little Y has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y but G of little Y has been
+defined to be the same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be the same as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be the same as this
+conditional expectation so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation so it's the
+random variable whose value is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable whose value is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable whose value is this
+conditional expectation which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation which is a
+particular number if capital y happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular number if capital y happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular number if capital y happens
+to take the value little Y this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the value little Y this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the value little Y this
+particular random variable that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular random variable that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular random variable that we have
+defined here G of capital y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined here G of capital y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined here G of capital y
+we call it the abstract conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the abstract conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the abstract conditional
+expectation of the random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the random variable X
+given the random variable Y to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the random variable Y to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the random variable Y to summarize
+this notation here stands for a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation here stands for a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation here stands for a random
+variable it is the random variable whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it is the random variable whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it is the random variable whose
+numerical value turns out to be this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value turns out to be this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value turns out to be this one
+if the value of the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the value of the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the value of the random variable
+capital Y happens to be little Y it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y happens to be little Y it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y happens to be little Y it is a
+function of capital Y once we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of capital Y once we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of capital Y once we know the
+value of capital y then the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of capital y then the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of capital y then the value of the
+conditional expectation is well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation is well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation is well-defined
+it is known and it's equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is known and it's equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is known and it's equal to this
+particular number it is of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular number it is of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular number it is of course a
+random variable and as a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and as a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and as a random variable
+it has all the attributes that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has all the attributes that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has all the attributes that random
+variables have for example it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables have for example it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables have for example it has a
+distribution that is a PMF or a PDF it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that is a PMF or a PDF it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that is a PMF or a PDF it
+has a mean of its own and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a mean of its own and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a mean of its own and it has a
+variance of its own so what will be next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of its own so what will be next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of its own so what will be next
+in our agenda is to talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our agenda is to talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our agenda is to talk about these
+attributes of this special random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of this special random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of this special random
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+and also to use it in several examples
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sxv80X2jQYQ.txt b/sxv80X2jQYQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d6da0d308fe804f8c2cee09f3ea6a92d32d0717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sxv80X2jQYQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's now extend our concept of momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now extend our concept of momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now extend our concept of momentum
+to a system of particles again we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system of particles again we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system of particles again we need
+to choose a reference frame so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a reference frame so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a reference frame so we'll
+have a ground frame and let's consider n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ground frame and let's consider n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ground frame and let's consider n
+particles now when we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles now when we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles now when we have a lot of
+particles we need some type of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we need some type of notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we need some type of notation
+so let's use the symbol J and it will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use the symbol J and it will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use the symbol J and it will go
+from 1 to N and then our arbitrary J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to N and then our arbitrary J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to N and then our arbitrary J
+particle will be moving this particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle will be moving this particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle will be moving this particle
+will have mass M J and it will be moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have mass M J and it will be moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have mass M J and it will be moving
+with the velocity V J now recall in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the velocity V J now recall in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the velocity V J now recall in our
+system we have many other particles we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have many other particles we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have many other particles we
+can call that one one this one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call that one one this one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call that one one this one and we
+have lots of different particles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of different particles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of different particles in the
+system and this just represents an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this just represents an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this just represents an
+arbitrary particle in that system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary particle in that system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary particle in that system and
+the momentum of the Jade particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum of the Jade particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum of the Jade particle is
+just the mass mg a times the velocity V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the mass mg a times the velocity V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the mass mg a times the velocity V
+J and again we're assuming some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and again we're assuming some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and again we're assuming some fixed
+reference frame so the total momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame so the total momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame so the total momentum of
+the system we now have to add up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we now have to add up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we now have to add up the
+momentum of all the particles all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of all the particles all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of all the particles all the
+way up to the nth particle now when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to the nth particle now when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to the nth particle now when we
+make a sum like this there's a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sum like this there's a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a sum like this there's a standard
+mathematical summation notation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical summation notation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical summation notation which
+will write like this we'll do the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write like this we'll do the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write like this we'll do the sum
+this capital Sigma C of J goes from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital Sigma C of J goes from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital Sigma C of J goes from 1 to
+J goes to n of the momentum of the Jade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J goes to n of the momentum of the Jade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J goes to n of the momentum of the Jade
+particle and that represents the sum j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and that represents the sum j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and that represents the sum j
+goes from 1 to n of m j bj and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from 1 to n of m j bj and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from 1 to n of m j bj and this is
+what we call the momentum of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the momentum of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the momentum of the system
+this is a vector sum and now let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a vector sum and now let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a vector sum and now let's see
+how Newton's second law applies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Newton's second law applies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Newton's second law applies to the
+momentum of the system suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system suppose that
+acting on our particles for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on our particles for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on our particles for instance
+here's our j DH article we have a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our j DH article we have a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our j DH article we have a force
+FJ acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FJ acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FJ acting on the
+particle then we know that from Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle then we know that from Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle then we know that from Newton's
+law that the force will be also the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that the force will be also the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that the force will be also the sum
+of the forces on all the particles F 1 F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forces on all the particles F 1 F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forces on all the particles F 1 F
+2 plus dot dot dot plus F n so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus dot dot dot plus F n so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus dot dot dot plus F n so once
+again we can write this as a sum J goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can write this as a sum J goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can write this as a sum J goes
+from 1 to N of the force on the j 'the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to N of the force on the j 'the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to N of the force on the j 'the
+particle and that's the force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and that's the force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and that's the force on the
+summing of all the forces on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing of all the forces on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing of all the forces on all the
+particles in the system but now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in the system but now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in the system but now we can
+apply Newton's second law so Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Newton's second law so Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Newton's second law so Newton's
+second law is the statement that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law is the statement that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law is the statement that the
+force on the J the particle causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the J the particle causes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the J the particle causes the
+momentum of the J the particle to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the J the particle to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the J the particle to change
+and when we write that now the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we write that now the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we write that now the total
+force on the system J goes from 1 to N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the system J goes from 1 to N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the system J goes from 1 to N
+is just the sum of the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the sum of the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the sum of the change in
+momentum because every single term let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum because every single term let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum because every single term let's
+just look at that T 1 plus DP 2 DT plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at that T 1 plus DP 2 DT plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at that T 1 plus DP 2 DT plus
+dot dot plus DP and DT that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot plus DP and DT that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot plus DP and DT that's what we
+mean by the sum we can rewrite this as D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the sum we can rewrite this as D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the sum we can rewrite this as D
+by DT of P 1 plus P 2 plus P 3 plus dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DT of P 1 plus P 2 plus P 3 plus dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DT of P 1 plus P 2 plus P 3 plus dot
+dot plus P N and what we see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus P N and what we see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus P N and what we see is that the
+total force is the derivative of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total force is the derivative of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total force is the derivative of the sum
+J goes from 1 to N of the momentum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J goes from 1 to N of the momentum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J goes from 1 to N of the momentum but
+recall this sum we've defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall this sum we've defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall this sum we've defined as the
+momentum of the system so our conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system so our conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system so our conclusion
+is the total force causes the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total force causes the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total force causes the momentum
+of the system to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system to change
+now so far all we've done is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so far all we've done is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so far all we've done is we've
+recast Newton's second law in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recast Newton's second law in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recast Newton's second law in this form
+our next step is to analyze the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next step is to analyze the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next step is to analyze the forces
+on the individual particles we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the individual particles we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the individual particles we have an
+apply Newton's third law so we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Newton's third law so we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Newton's third law so we'll do
+that next
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tFEBiKPv1e8.txt b/tFEBiKPv1e8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b88c0b136c29e6708d5118c59177861c632cbcdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tFEBiKPv1e8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at storyboard two we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at storyboard two we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at storyboard two we're going
+to look in more detail at carbohydrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look in more detail at carbohydrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look in more detail at carbohydrate
+catabolism at this point we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism at this point we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism at this point we're
+eventually going to be doing the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually going to be doing the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually going to be doing the pathway
+of glycolysis but we have to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glycolysis but we have to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glycolysis but we have to get there
+first and it depends on what precursors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and it depends on what precursors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and it depends on what precursors
+are available to enter the pathway of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available to enter the pathway of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available to enter the pathway of
+glycolysis one option that we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis one option that we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis one option that we'll look at
+a little bit later is to take in glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later is to take in glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later is to take in glucose
+from the blood by way of a glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the blood by way of a glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the blood by way of a glucose
+carrier and then phosphorylate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier and then phosphorylate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier and then phosphorylate the
+glucose using either hexa kinase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose using either hexa kinase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose using either hexa kinase or
+glucokinase the second option is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucokinase the second option is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucokinase the second option is to take
+glycogen the polymeric storage form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen the polymeric storage form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen the polymeric storage form of
+glucose integrated to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose integrated to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose integrated to glucose
+1-phosphate which will be then converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-phosphate which will be then converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-phosphate which will be then converted
+to glucose 6-phosphate which will enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose 6-phosphate which will enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose 6-phosphate which will enter
+the pathway of glycolysis we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway of glycolysis we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway of glycolysis we're going to
+start with this pathway of glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this pathway of glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this pathway of glycogen
+breakdown or glycogenolysis panel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown or glycogenolysis panel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown or glycogenolysis panel a
+shows the structure of glycogen which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the structure of glycogen which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the structure of glycogen which
+consists of glucose monomeric units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of glucose monomeric units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of glucose monomeric units
+connected by a bond between the 1 and 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected by a bond between the 1 and 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected by a bond between the 1 and 4
+carbons in the Alpha configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons in the Alpha configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons in the Alpha configuration
+chemistry is going to be happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is going to be happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is going to be happening at
+the non-reducing end which is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-reducing end which is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-reducing end which is to the
+left the reducing end which is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the reducing end which is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the reducing end which is to the
+right is connected to a scaffolding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is connected to a scaffolding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is connected to a scaffolding
+protein called glycogenin we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein called glycogenin we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein called glycogenin we'll come
+back to glycogenin later in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to glycogenin later in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to glycogenin later in the course
+let's look next at panel be the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look next at panel be the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look next at panel be the reaction
+begins with the protonation of the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with the protonation of the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with the protonation of the red
+oxygen between the terminal two glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen between the terminal two glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen between the terminal two glucose
+moieties by a proton on the glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moieties by a proton on the glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moieties by a proton on the glycogen
+phosphorylase enzyme the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase enzyme the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase enzyme the intermediate
+product is a resonance stabilized pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is a resonance stabilized pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is a resonance stabilized pair
+of positively charged species or cations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positively charged species or cations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positively charged species or cations
+an oxonium ion at the 1 prime oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxonium ion at the 1 prime oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxonium ion at the 1 prime oxygen and
+a carbo cation at the 1 carbon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbo cation at the 1 carbon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbo cation at the 1 carbon the
+electrophilic carbon cation is attacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophilic carbon cation is attacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophilic carbon cation is attacked
+by the negatively charged phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the negatively charged phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the negatively charged phosphate
+residue which is non-covalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue which is non-covalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue which is non-covalently
+associated with glycogen phosphorylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with glycogen phosphorylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with glycogen phosphorylase
+to form glucose 1-phosphate note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form glucose 1-phosphate note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form glucose 1-phosphate note that
+the glucose 1-phosphate that forms has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose 1-phosphate that forms has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose 1-phosphate that forms has
+the covalently attached phosphate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covalently attached phosphate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covalently attached phosphate on the
+Alpha or bottom face as it's drawn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha or bottom face as it's drawn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha or bottom face as it's drawn in
+the figure the structure of glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure the structure of glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure the structure of glycogen
+phosphorylase a allows attack of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase a allows attack of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase a allows attack of its
+phosphate from the bottom giving rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate from the bottom giving rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate from the bottom giving rise to
+alpha isomer only of glucose 1-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha isomer only of glucose 1-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha isomer only of glucose 1-phosphate
+the structure of the phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the phosphorylation
+precludes access of its phosphate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precludes access of its phosphate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precludes access of its phosphate to the
+top face of the sugar molecule so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top face of the sugar molecule so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top face of the sugar molecule so you
+get only one stereoisomer of glue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get only one stereoisomer of glue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get only one stereoisomer of glue
+one phosphate out of this reaction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phosphate out of this reaction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phosphate out of this reaction the
+other product shown at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other product shown at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other product shown at the bottom of
+panel C is the glycogen chain which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel C is the glycogen chain which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel C is the glycogen chain which is
+truncated or shortened by one glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated or shortened by one glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated or shortened by one glucose
+unit now looking at the big picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit now looking at the big picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit now looking at the big picture the
+epinephrine molecule produced as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine molecule produced as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine molecule produced as part of
+the stress response interacted with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress response interacted with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress response interacted with the
+cell membrane of the muscle cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell membrane of the muscle cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell membrane of the muscle cell and
+that interaction ultimately activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction ultimately activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction ultimately activated
+glycogen phosphorylase to enable it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen phosphorylase to enable it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen phosphorylase to enable it to
+degrade glycogen the storage form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade glycogen the storage form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade glycogen the storage form of
+glucose and liberate glucose 1-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and liberate glucose 1-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and liberate glucose 1-phosphate
+which is going to then find its way into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to then find its way into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to then find its way into
+glycolysis to generate fast energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis to generate fast energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis to generate fast energy to
+enable the student to be able to stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable the student to be able to stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable the student to be able to stand
+up in class and avoid the stressful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in class and avoid the stressful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in class and avoid the stressful
+situation I'm not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation I'm not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation I'm not going to go through
+all of the details of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the details of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the details of the chemical
+reactions of I Collis you can find those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of I Collis you can find those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of I Collis you can find those
+in the book which does a good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book which does a good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book which does a good job of
+prevent of presenting those details in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent of presenting those details in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent of presenting those details in
+the first step of glycolysis we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step of glycolysis we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step of glycolysis we see the
+phosphorylated hexose glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated hexose glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated hexose glucose
+6-phosphate be converted by phospho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate be converted by phospho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate be converted by phospho
+glucose isomerase into the furanose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose isomerase into the furanose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose isomerase into the furanose
+fructose 6-phosphate the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate the next step
+involves the phosphorylation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the phosphorylation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the phosphorylation of the
+fructose 6-phosphate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate by
+phosphofructokinase one ATP is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one ATP is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one ATP is the
+phosphate donor and you form fructose 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate donor and you form fructose 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate donor and you form fructose 1
+6 bisphosphate as the product you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 bisphosphate as the product you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 bisphosphate as the product you'll
+notice that phosphofructokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that phosphofructokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that phosphofructokinase
+catalyzes one way or thermodynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes one way or thermodynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes one way or thermodynamically
+irreversible reaction this step like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible reaction this step like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible reaction this step like
+hexokinase we talked about earlier our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase we talked about earlier our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase we talked about earlier our
+sites of regulation of the pathway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites of regulation of the pathway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites of regulation of the pathway the
+word glycolysis comes from the Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word glycolysis comes from the Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word glycolysis comes from the Greek
+word sugar splitting and we're now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word sugar splitting and we're now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word sugar splitting and we're now at
+the step where the splitting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step where the splitting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step where the splitting of the
+sugar from one six carbon compound into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar from one six carbon compound into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar from one six carbon compound into
+two 3-carbon compounds occurs the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3-carbon compounds occurs the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3-carbon compounds occurs the enzyme
+that splits the sugar in half is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that splits the sugar in half is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that splits the sugar in half is called
+aldolase and again i advise you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase and again i advise you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase and again i advise you to take
+a look at the book to see the detail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the book to see the detail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the book to see the detail of
+the chemical reaction briefly the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reaction briefly the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reaction briefly the enzyme
+is going to form a protonated schiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to form a protonated schiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to form a protonated schiff
+base at the number 2 carbon of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base at the number 2 carbon of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base at the number 2 carbon of the
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate that
+protonated schiff base is going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated schiff base is going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated schiff base is going to draw
+electrons all the way over from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons all the way over from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons all the way over from the
+hydroxyl group on carbon 4 of fructose 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group on carbon 4 of fructose 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group on carbon 4 of fructose 1
+6 bisphosphate that movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 bisphosphate that movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 bisphosphate that movement of
+electrons is going to result in cleavage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is going to result in cleavage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is going to result in cleavage
+of the molecule into two parts at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule into two parts at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule into two parts at the
+broken line and shown in the figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken line and shown in the figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken line and shown in the figure
+carbons 1 2 & 3 are going to form DHAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons 1 2 & 3 are going to form DHAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons 1 2 & 3 are going to form DHAP
+or dihydroxyacetone phosphate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dihydroxyacetone phosphate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dihydroxyacetone phosphate in
+means four five and six are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means four five and six are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means four five and six are going to
+form gap or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form gap or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form gap or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
+gap in DHAP are the products of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in DHAP are the products of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in DHAP are the products of the
+aldolase reaction as an aside this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase reaction as an aside this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase reaction as an aside this is
+also a branch point in the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a branch point in the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a branch point in the pathway
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an
+opportunity for the cell to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for the cell to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for the cell to make the
+glycerol backbone zuv liquids that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol backbone zuv liquids that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol backbone zuv liquids that we'll
+come to later so we see here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to later so we see here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to later so we see here that
+glycolysis is indeed a resource that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis is indeed a resource that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis is indeed a resource that can
+be used for things other than energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for things other than energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for things other than energy
+generation now let's look at panel B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation now let's look at panel B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation now let's look at panel B
+imagine that a cell is committed to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that a cell is committed to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that a cell is committed to make
+as much energy as it can for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much energy as it can for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much energy as it can for example the
+stand up sit down scenario we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up sit down scenario we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up sit down scenario we talked
+about earlier in that case the enzyme TI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier in that case the enzyme TI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier in that case the enzyme TI
+m or triose phosphate isomerase is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m or triose phosphate isomerase is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m or triose phosphate isomerase is going
+to interconvert very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interconvert very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interconvert very quickly
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate and
+glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is going to
+be the molecule that progresses along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the molecule that progresses along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the molecule that progresses along
+the glycolysis pathway in the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycolysis pathway in the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycolysis pathway in the next step
+of glycolysis glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glycolysis glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glycolysis glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+will be oxidized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be oxidized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be oxidized by
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
+or gap d h again take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gap d h again take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gap d h again take a look at the
+mechanism in the book in brief it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism in the book in brief it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism in the book in brief it
+involves attack by a Thyle residue of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves attack by a Thyle residue of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves attack by a Thyle residue of a
+gap d h cysteine on the aldehydic carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap d h cysteine on the aldehydic carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap d h cysteine on the aldehydic carbon
+of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate the
+product is a thio hemiacetal which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is a thio hemiacetal which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is a thio hemiacetal which is
+then oxidized its electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oxidized its electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oxidized its electrons are
+transferred as hydride to nad plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred as hydride to nad plus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred as hydride to nad plus on
+the enzyme to form NADH this is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme to form NADH this is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme to form NADH this is the only
+oxidation step in the pathway of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation step in the pathway of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation step in the pathway of
+glycolysis the oxidation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis the oxidation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis the oxidation of the
+hemiacetal produces the thio ester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemiacetal produces the thio ester and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemiacetal produces the thio ester and
+that die o ester is a very high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that die o ester is a very high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that die o ester is a very high energy
+compound the thio ester is attacked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound the thio ester is attacked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound the thio ester is attacked by
+inorganic phosphate to form an ACL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphate to form an ACL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphate to form an ACL
+phosphate another high energy compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate another high energy compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate another high energy compound
+which is called 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate
+the ACO phosphate of 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ACO phosphate of 1 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ACO phosphate of 1 3
+bisphosphoglycerate then phosphorylates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate then phosphorylates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate then phosphorylates
+adp to form ATP in the first ATP forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp to form ATP in the first ATP forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp to form ATP in the first ATP forming
+step of glycolysis keep in mind that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of glycolysis keep in mind that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of glycolysis keep in mind that two
+molecules of gab have been formed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of gab have been formed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of gab have been formed in the
+upstream part of the pathway so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream part of the pathway so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream part of the pathway so for each
+molecule of glucose you're getting 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of glucose you're getting 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of glucose you're getting 2
+molecules of ATP at this step the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of ATP at this step the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of ATP at this step the enzyme
+that does this phosphorylation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does this phosphorylation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does this phosphorylation is
+phosphoglycerate kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate kinase
+after 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate has lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate has lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate has lost
+its terminal phosphate from the 1 carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its terminal phosphate from the 1 carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its terminal phosphate from the 1 carbon
+it forms the acid 3-phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forms the acid 3-phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forms the acid 3-phosphoglycerate
+as a reminder mute aces are enzymes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder mute aces are enzymes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder mute aces are enzymes that
+move a functional group from one atom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a functional group from one atom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a functional group from one atom to
+another on the same molecule the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another on the same molecule the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another on the same molecule the next
+enzyme in the pathway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in the pathway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in the pathway is
+phosphoglycerate mutase which in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase which in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate mutase which in effect
+moves the phosphate from the 3 to the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the phosphate from the 3 to the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the phosphate from the 3 to the 2
+carbon forming 2-phosphoglycerate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon forming 2-phosphoglycerate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon forming 2-phosphoglycerate which
+is the next intermediate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next intermediate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next intermediate in the
+glycolysis pathway although it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis pathway although it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis pathway although it's easy to
+say that the phosphate is quote-unquote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the phosphate is quote-unquote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the phosphate is quote-unquote
+moved that is somewhat inaccurate if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved that is somewhat inaccurate if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved that is somewhat inaccurate if you
+look at the details of the step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the details of the step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the details of the step in the
+book you'll see that the reaction starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you'll see that the reaction starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you'll see that the reaction starts
+with the transfer of a phosphate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the transfer of a phosphate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the transfer of a phosphate from
+the mutase protein to the substrate 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mutase protein to the substrate 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mutase protein to the substrate 3
+phosphoglycerate forming an intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate forming an intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate forming an intermediate
+Biss phosphorylated product to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biss phosphorylated product to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biss phosphorylated product to 3
+bisphosphoglycerate as an aside this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate as an aside this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate as an aside this is
+the same powerful allosteric effector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same powerful allosteric effector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same powerful allosteric effector
+that joanne described when she taught us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joanne described when she taught us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joanne described when she taught us
+about how small molecules can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how small molecules can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how small molecules can
+dramatically reduce the affinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically reduce the affinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically reduce the affinity of
+hemoglobin for oxygen in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin for oxygen in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin for oxygen in the case of the
+mutase however the enzyme will take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutase however the enzyme will take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutase however the enzyme will take the
+phosphate off of the 3 hydroxyl of 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate off of the 3 hydroxyl of 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate off of the 3 hydroxyl of 2 3
+bisphosphoglycerate in the enzyme will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate in the enzyme will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate in the enzyme will
+reef us for allayed itself so the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reef us for allayed itself so the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reef us for allayed itself so the final
+product of the fossil glyceride mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the fossil glyceride mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the fossil glyceride mutation
+reaction is 2 phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is 2 phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is 2 phosphoglycerate
+now let's turn to storyboard four in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's turn to storyboard four in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's turn to storyboard four in
+panel a we see the enzyme inna Lay's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a we see the enzyme inna Lay's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a we see the enzyme inna Lay's
+which removes the hydrogen from the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which removes the hydrogen from the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which removes the hydrogen from the to
+carbon of 2-phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of 2-phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of 2-phosphoglycerate
+this is not an easy task the PK of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an easy task the PK of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an easy task the PK of that
+hydrogen is about 30 nevertheless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is about 30 nevertheless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is about 30 nevertheless the
+reaction does occur and liberates water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction does occur and liberates water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction does occur and liberates water
+the product is phosphoenolpyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is phosphoenolpyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is phosphoenolpyruvate
+usually abbreviated PEP or pep a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually abbreviated PEP or pep a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually abbreviated PEP or pep a very
+high energy compound we are now almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy compound we are now almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy compound we are now almost
+at the end of the pathway of glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the pathway of glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the pathway of glycolysis
+and as I mentioned earlier one usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned earlier one usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned earlier one usually
+looks for highly exergonic steps near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks for highly exergonic steps near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks for highly exergonic steps near
+the beginnings or ends of pathways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginnings or ends of pathways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginnings or ends of pathways to
+see where the pathway is regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where the pathway is regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where the pathway is regulated
+pyruvate kinase or PK the last step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate kinase or PK the last step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate kinase or PK the last step in
+the pathway is such a regulation point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway is such a regulation point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway is such a regulation point
+the pyruvate kinase reaction occurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate kinase reaction occurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate kinase reaction occurs in
+two steps in the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps in the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps in the first step
+fostro enol pyruvate phosphorylates adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fostro enol pyruvate phosphorylates adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fostro enol pyruvate phosphorylates adp
+to form ATP the enol product then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form ATP the enol product then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form ATP the enol product then
+undergoes enol keto tautomer ization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes enol keto tautomer ization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes enol keto tautomer ization
+yielding the ketone pyruvate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding the ketone pyruvate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding the ketone pyruvate and
+pyruvate is the end of the pathway let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate is the end of the pathway let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate is the end of the pathway let's
+turn now to story board five panel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn now to story board five panel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn now to story board five panel a
+let's take a look at this pathway from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at this pathway from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at this pathway from a
+higher altitude first as I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher altitude first as I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher altitude first as I just
+mentioned the pathway is regulated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the pathway is regulated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the pathway is regulated at
+the top and bottom specifically at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and bottom specifically at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and bottom specifically at the
+hexokinase step the glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase step the glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase step the glycogen
+phosphorylase step and the pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase step and the pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase step and the pyruvate
+kinase step it's also regulated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase step it's also regulated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase step it's also regulated in the
+middle specifically at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle specifically at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle specifically at the
+phosphofructokinase one-step regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one-step regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one-step regulation
+can be allosteric which we shall see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be allosteric which we shall see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be allosteric which we shall see is
+the case with pfk it also can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case with pfk it also can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case with pfk it also can be
+covalent we saw that this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent we saw that this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent we saw that this is the case
+with glycogen phosphorylase or GP the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glycogen phosphorylase or GP the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glycogen phosphorylase or GP the
+last lecture we'll take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture we'll take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture we'll take a look at
+regulation of these enzymes in great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of these enzymes in great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of these enzymes in great
+detail as a second issue let's now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail as a second issue let's now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail as a second issue let's now look
+at the pathway as drawn in summary form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pathway as drawn in summary form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pathway as drawn in summary form
+and panel b of this story board we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and panel b of this story board we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and panel b of this story board we start
+with a single molecule of the six carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single molecule of the six carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single molecule of the six carbon
+sugar glucose hexokinase or glucokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar glucose hexokinase or glucokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar glucose hexokinase or glucokinase
+will utilize one ATP to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will utilize one ATP to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will utilize one ATP to form a
+phosphorylated intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated intermediate
+phosphofructokinase one will use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one will use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one will use a
+second ATP to form a doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second ATP to form a doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second ATP to form a doubly
+phosphorylated hexose fructose 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated hexose fructose 1 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated hexose fructose 1 6
+bisphosphate this phosphorylated hexose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate this phosphorylated hexose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate this phosphorylated hexose
+will split into two trioses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split into two trioses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will split into two trioses
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and
+dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone
+phosphate these are interconvertible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate these are interconvertible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate these are interconvertible the
+chemical species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical species
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is subject to
+oxidation because we get two molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation because we get two molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation because we get two molecules
+of gap four molecule of glucose gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gap four molecule of glucose gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gap four molecule of glucose gap
+oxidation will produce two molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation will produce two molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation will produce two molecules of
+NADH in the next step we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH in the next step we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH in the next step we're going to
+make two ATP's using the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two ATP's using the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two ATP's using the enzyme
+phosphoglycerate kinase at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate kinase at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate kinase at this point
+we're ATP neutral with consume two ATP's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ATP neutral with consume two ATP's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ATP neutral with consume two ATP's
+and we've generated two ATP's and lastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've generated two ATP's and lastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've generated two ATP's and lastly
+the enzyme pyruvate kinase is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme pyruvate kinase is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme pyruvate kinase is going to
+generate an additional two ATP's I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an additional two ATP's I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an additional two ATP's I put
+those in a box because these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in a box because these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in a box because these are the two
+net ATP s for the whole pathway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net ATP s for the whole pathway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net ATP s for the whole pathway so
+that's the pathway of glycolysis I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the pathway of glycolysis I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the pathway of glycolysis I want
+to give you a little bit of a preview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little bit of a preview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little bit of a preview of
+coming attractions at this point what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming attractions at this point what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming attractions at this point what
+you'll notice is that the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice is that the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice is that the pathway
+involves an oxidation step in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an oxidation step in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an oxidation step in which we
+consumed two nad+ molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed two nad+ molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed two nad+ molecules and
+generated two NADH s nad plus is derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated two NADH s nad plus is derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated two NADH s nad plus is derived
+from a vitamin we only have limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a vitamin we only have limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a vitamin we only have limited
+amounts of it we need to find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of it we need to find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of it we need to find a way to
+regenerate the nad plus in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate the nad plus in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate the nad plus in order to
+process the next molecule of glucose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the next molecule of glucose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the next molecule of glucose and
+we'll see that nature has several ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that nature has several ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that nature has several ways
+to solve that problem nature actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that problem nature actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that problem nature actually
+has three ways to regenerate NAD+ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three ways to regenerate NAD+ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three ways to regenerate NAD+ the
+first we'll call alcoholic fermentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll call alcoholic fermentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll call alcoholic fermentation
+the second is homoleptic fermentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is homoleptic fermentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is homoleptic fermentation
+and the third is respiration alcoholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third is respiration alcoholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third is respiration alcoholic
+fermentation and Homo lactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation and Homo lactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation and Homo lactic
+fermentation occur in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation occur in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation occur in the absence of
+oxygen that is in aerobic Li respiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that is in aerobic Li respiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that is in aerobic Li respiration
+by definition is an aerobic process now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition is an aerobic process now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition is an aerobic process now
+we'll look at each of these mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at each of these mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at each of these mechanisms
+of regeneration of nad plus in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regeneration of nad plus in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regeneration of nad plus in some
+detail but also in addition to nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but also in addition to nad plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but also in addition to nad plus
+you're going to have to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to generate a
+number of other products that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other products that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other products that can be
+useful to the cell we'll see those later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to the cell we'll see those later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to the cell we'll see those later
+let's look at panel C under anaerobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel C under anaerobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel C under anaerobic
+conditions yeast will take pyruvate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions yeast will take pyruvate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions yeast will take pyruvate and
+convert it initially to acetaldehyde and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it initially to acetaldehyde and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it initially to acetaldehyde and
+then reduce the acid aldehyde to ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reduce the acid aldehyde to ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reduce the acid aldehyde to ethanol
+these are the reactions of alcoholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the reactions of alcoholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the reactions of alcoholic
+fermentation yeast uses an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation yeast uses an enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation yeast uses an enzyme called
+pyruvate decarboxylase to process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate decarboxylase to process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate decarboxylase to process the
+pyruvate pyruvate decarboxylase or PDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate pyruvate decarboxylase or PDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate pyruvate decarboxylase or PDC
+has on it a covalently attached thiamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on it a covalently attached thiamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on it a covalently attached thiamine
+pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate
+diamond is derived from vitamin b1 as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond is derived from vitamin b1 as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond is derived from vitamin b1 as we
+go through the pyruvate decarboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the pyruvate decarboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the pyruvate decarboxylase
+reactions at the outset I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions at the outset I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions at the outset I want you to
+keep in mind that PDC pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that PDC pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that PDC pyruvate
+decarboxylase is very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylase is very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylase is very similar to the
+front end of the chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end of the chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end of the chemical reaction
+series that's conducted by an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that's conducted by an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that's conducted by an enzyme
+present in mammals like us that enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in mammals like us that enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in mammals like us that enzyme
+complex is pyruvate dehydrogenase which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex is pyruvate dehydrogenase which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex is pyruvate dehydrogenase which
+will come to a little later when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come to a little later when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come to a little later when we talk
+about respiration the thiazole ring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about respiration the thiazole ring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about respiration the thiazole ring in
+TPP forms an Illit that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPP forms an Illit that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPP forms an Illit that means that
+despite the fact that the pKa of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that the pKa of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that the pKa of the
+diamond pyrophosphate is about 19 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond pyrophosphate is about 19 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond pyrophosphate is about 19 you
+are able to form a carbon ion at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to form a carbon ion at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to form a carbon ion at the
+carbon of the thiazole neom ring system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of the thiazole neom ring system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of the thiazole neom ring system
+that carbon ion attacks the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon ion attacks the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon ion attacks the middle
+carbon of pyruvate converting it from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of pyruvate converting it from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of pyruvate converting it from a
+ketone to an alcohol now you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone to an alcohol now you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone to an alcohol now you have the
+thigh ozone liam ring system with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh ozone liam ring system with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh ozone liam ring system with the
+positive charge beta to the carboxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge beta to the carboxylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge beta to the carboxylate
+of pyruvate that system readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pyruvate that system readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pyruvate that system readily
+decarboxylase as shown liberating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylase as shown liberating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylase as shown liberating
+thiamine pyrophosphate in the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiamine pyrophosphate in the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiamine pyrophosphate in the product
+acid aldehyde the next enzyme in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid aldehyde the next enzyme in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid aldehyde the next enzyme in this
+small pathway is alcohol dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pathway is alcohol dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pathway is alcohol dehydrogenase
+which utilizes nadh which came in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which utilizes nadh which came in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which utilizes nadh which came in in
+principle from the gap th step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle from the gap th step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle from the gap th step of
+glycolysis alcohol dehydrogenase uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis alcohol dehydrogenase uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis alcohol dehydrogenase uses
+the glycolysis derived NADH to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycolysis derived NADH to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycolysis derived NADH to reduce
+the aldehyde functionality of acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aldehyde functionality of acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aldehyde functionality of acid
+aldehyde to form the product of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde to form the product of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde to form the product of this
+pathway ethanol ethanol is an alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway ethanol ethanol is an alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway ethanol ethanol is an alcohol
+hence the name alcoholic fermentation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the name alcoholic fermentation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the name alcoholic fermentation so
+looking at this small pathway in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this small pathway in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this small pathway in total
+what you see is that you form co2 as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that you form co2 as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that you form co2 as a
+first product which could be the bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first product which could be the bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first product which could be the bubbles
+in a carbonated beverage or what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a carbonated beverage or what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a carbonated beverage or what makes
+bread rise and form ethanol is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread rise and form ethanol is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread rise and form ethanol is the other
+major product and of course you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major product and of course you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major product and of course you get your
+nad Plus back which you can then return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad Plus back which you can then return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad Plus back which you can then return
+to glycolysis specifically the gap th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glycolysis specifically the gap th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glycolysis specifically the gap th
+step of glycolysis to enable metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of glycolysis to enable metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of glycolysis to enable metabolic
+processing of the next molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of the next molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of the next molecule of
+glucose so this is the pathway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose so this is the pathway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose so this is the pathway that
+yeast and other alcohol forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast and other alcohol forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast and other alcohol forming
+organisms use to maintain redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms use to maintain redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms use to maintain redox
+neutrality within the cell I'm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality within the cell I'm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality within the cell I'm on
+storyboard six and we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard six and we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard six and we're going to start
+with panel D the second general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with panel D the second general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with panel D the second general
+mechanism that we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that we're going to look at
+that concerns the regeneration of Na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concerns the regeneration of Na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concerns the regeneration of Na
+Plus for glycolysis is called Homo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus for glycolysis is called Homo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus for glycolysis is called Homo
+lactic fermentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactic fermentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactic fermentation
+this occurs in mammals and in lactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this occurs in mammals and in lactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this occurs in mammals and in lactic
+acid bacteria and like alcoholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid bacteria and like alcoholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid bacteria and like alcoholic
+fermentation it is also a process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation it is also a process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation it is also a process that
+occurs anaerobically that is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs anaerobically that is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs anaerobically that is in the
+absence of oxygen as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of oxygen as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of oxygen as you can see
+pyruvate is a keto acid and the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate is a keto acid and the ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate is a keto acid and the ketone
+at the number 2 carbon can be easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number 2 carbon can be easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number 2 carbon can be easily
+reduced in this case NADH will transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced in this case NADH will transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced in this case NADH will transfer
+hydride to the ketone in order to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride to the ketone in order to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride to the ketone in order to reduce
+it to the alcohol lactate the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the alcohol lactate the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the alcohol lactate the net
+reaction here involves consumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here involves consumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here involves consumption of
+one NADH in the production of one nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one NADH in the production of one nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one NADH in the production of one nad
+plus and this nad plus of course can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and this nad plus of course can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and this nad plus of course can go
+back and be utilized to enable oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and be utilized to enable oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and be utilized to enable oxidation
+of the next molecule of glucose passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next molecule of glucose passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next molecule of glucose passing
+through the glycolytic pathway when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the glycolytic pathway when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the glycolytic pathway when a
+mammal is running hard this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammal is running hard this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammal is running hard this is the
+pathway by which we achieve redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway by which we achieve redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway by which we achieve redox
+neutrality and glycolysis when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality and glycolysis when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality and glycolysis when we
+exercise intensely lactate is produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise intensely lactate is produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise intensely lactate is produced
+in excess to keep the glycolytic pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in excess to keep the glycolytic pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in excess to keep the glycolytic pathway
+active the lactate causes the blood pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active the lactate causes the blood pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active the lactate causes the blood pH
+to go down that is the because the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go down that is the because the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go down that is the because the blood
+becomes more acidic because lactic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more acidic because lactic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more acidic because lactic acid
+has a low PKA i also want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a low PKA i also want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a low PKA i also want to point out
+that this in aerobic pathway is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in aerobic pathway is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in aerobic pathway is also the
+basis for production of lactate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for production of lactate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for production of lactate by
+lactic acid bacteria which is critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactic acid bacteria which is critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactic acid bacteria which is critical
+to the manufacturing of yoghurt let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the manufacturing of yoghurt let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the manufacturing of yoghurt let's
+look now at panel II the third pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look now at panel II the third pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look now at panel II the third pathway
+to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis is
+respiration we're going to be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration we're going to be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration we're going to be going
+through respiration in some detail later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through respiration in some detail later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through respiration in some detail later
+but right now I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now I'm going to give you a
+very high-level view of it in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high-level view of it in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high-level view of it in the way of
+an introduction the mitochondrial inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction the mitochondrial inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction the mitochondrial inner
+membrane is very well equipped to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane is very well equipped to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane is very well equipped to be
+able to transport electrons those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to transport electrons those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to transport electrons those
+electrons will travel along an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will travel along an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will travel along an electron
+transport chain to oxygen reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain to oxygen reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport chain to oxygen reducing the
+oxygen we breathe into water this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen we breathe into water this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen we breathe into water this is a
+highly energy generating process and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly energy generating process and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly energy generating process and the
+energy that's generated is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's generated is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's generated is part of the
+driving force for the synthesis of ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force for the synthesis of ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force for the synthesis of ATP
+the details of how our respiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of how our respiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of how our respiring
+organism generates ATP is covered later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism generates ATP is covered later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism generates ATP is covered later
+for right now however let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right now however let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right now however let's just say
+that the mitochondrial membrane oxidizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mitochondrial membrane oxidizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mitochondrial membrane oxidizes
+NADH to regenerate the nad plus needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH to regenerate the nad plus needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADH to regenerate the nad plus needed
+to sustain glycolysis and again we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sustain glycolysis and again we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sustain glycolysis and again we'll
+see the details of how this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the details of how this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the details of how this happens
+later later I'll also cover the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later later I'll also cover the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later later I'll also cover the ways
+that redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that redox
+allottee is maintained in a mammalian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allottee is maintained in a mammalian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allottee is maintained in a mammalian
+cell in brief NAD+ is generated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in brief NAD+ is generated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in brief NAD+ is generated from
+nadh and ii robes by a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh and ii robes by a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh and ii robes by a series of
+reactions that i call quote unquote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that i call quote unquote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that i call quote unquote the
+shuttles which will be covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttles which will be covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttles which will be covered in
+section 12 before we go on let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 12 before we go on let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 12 before we go on let me give
+you a little recap of where we are we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little recap of where we are we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little recap of where we are we've
+seen that there are a couple of optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that there are a couple of optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that there are a couple of optional
+beginning sir glycolysis it can begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning sir glycolysis it can begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning sir glycolysis it can begin
+with intake of glucose from the blood or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with intake of glucose from the blood or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with intake of glucose from the blood or
+it can begin with the breakdown of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can begin with the breakdown of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can begin with the breakdown of
+glycogen by glycogenolysis the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen by glycogenolysis the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen by glycogenolysis the formal
+pathway takes glucose as glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway takes glucose as glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway takes glucose as glucose
+6-phosphate down to pyruvate we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate down to pyruvate we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate down to pyruvate we get a
+total of two ATP's in that process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of two ATP's in that process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of two ATP's in that process and
+we produce two NADH s now however we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce two NADH s now however we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce two NADH s now however we've
+got to have a way to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have a way to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have a way to be able to
+regenerate our nad plus from those any D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate our nad plus from those any D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate our nad plus from those any D
+H's in order to be able to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's in order to be able to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's in order to be able to make the
+pathway ready to process the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway ready to process the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway ready to process the next
+molecule of glucose accordingly nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of glucose accordingly nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of glucose accordingly nature
+developed three endings to the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed three endings to the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed three endings to the pathway
+that result in the regeneration of nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result in the regeneration of nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result in the regeneration of nad
+plus these endings are alcoholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus these endings are alcoholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus these endings are alcoholic
+fermentation homo lactic fermentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation homo lactic fermentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation homo lactic fermentation
+and respiration looking at the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and respiration looking at the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and respiration looking at the picture
+in panel II once again in us respiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in panel II once again in us respiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in panel II once again in us respiration
+happens in the mitochondrion primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the mitochondrion primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the mitochondrion primarily
+in the mitochondrial inner membrane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondrial inner membrane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondrial inner membrane and
+in the jelly-like mitochondrial matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the jelly-like mitochondrial matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the jelly-like mitochondrial matrix
+pyruvate generated in the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate generated in the cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate generated in the cytoplasm
+that's the compartment where glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the compartment where glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the compartment where glycolysis
+occurs goes through the porous outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs goes through the porous outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs goes through the porous outer
+membrane of the mitochondrion then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane of the mitochondrion then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane of the mitochondrion then the
+pyruvate encounters the membrane bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate encounters the membrane bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate encounters the membrane bound
+pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which is
+our next topic in bacteria which are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next topic in bacteria which are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next topic in bacteria which are in
+many ways like mitochondria respiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways like mitochondria respiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways like mitochondria respiration
+happens in the cellular membrane and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the cellular membrane and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the cellular membrane and in
+the cell's cytoplasm let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell's cytoplasm let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell's cytoplasm let's take a look
+at panel a of storyboard seven we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at panel a of storyboard seven we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at panel a of storyboard seven we're
+about to start our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to start our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to start our discussion of
+respiration which is the oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration which is the oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration which is the oxidative
+metabolism of all metabolic fuels via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism of all metabolic fuels via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism of all metabolic fuels via
+the common intermediate acetyl co a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common intermediate acetyl co a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common intermediate acetyl co a in
+mammals as I said earlier these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals as I said earlier these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals as I said earlier these are
+mitochondrial reactions at the outset I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial reactions at the outset I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial reactions at the outset I
+also want to point out that we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to point out that we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to point out that we have seen
+that carbohydrates can be metabolized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbohydrates can be metabolized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbohydrates can be metabolized
+either anaerobically or aerobically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either anaerobically or aerobically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either anaerobically or aerobically as
+we'll see when we use lipids as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see when we use lipids as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see when we use lipids as our
+metabolic fuels they can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic fuels they can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic fuels they can only be
+metabolized aerobically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized aerobically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized aerobically
+limpets break down to a Sat Eelco a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limpets break down to a Sat Eelco a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limpets break down to a Sat Eelco a
+which is then oxidized by the TCA cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is then oxidized by the TCA cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is then oxidized by the TCA cycle
+let's take a look at panel B when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at panel B when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at panel B when we
+talked about alcoholic fermentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about alcoholic fermentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about alcoholic fermentation
+earlier I said that yeast have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I said that yeast have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I said that yeast have a
+pyruvate decarboxylase complex and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate decarboxylase complex and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate decarboxylase complex and i
+said that the reactions of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the reactions of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the reactions of the of the
+pyruvate decarboxylase complex are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate decarboxylase complex are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate decarboxylase complex are very
+similar to the reactions in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the reactions in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the reactions in the early
+part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
+reaction which is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction which is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction which is a little bit more
+complex pyruvate dehydrogenase has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex pyruvate dehydrogenase has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex pyruvate dehydrogenase has three
+activities II 1 e 2 and e 3 as with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities II 1 e 2 and e 3 as with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities II 1 e 2 and e 3 as with
+pyruvate decarboxylase II one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate decarboxylase II one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate decarboxylase II one has a
+diamond pyrophosphate unit TPP and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond pyrophosphate unit TPP and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond pyrophosphate unit TPP and the
+illud on the TPP attacks the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illud on the TPP attacks the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illud on the TPP attacks the middle
+carbon of the pyruvate specifically its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of the pyruvate specifically its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of the pyruvate specifically its
+ketone carbon at this point you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone carbon at this point you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone carbon at this point you're going
+to want to take a look at detailed notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to take a look at detailed notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to take a look at detailed notes
+that I've provided as supplemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've provided as supplemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've provided as supplemental
+material this supplemental material will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this supplemental material will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this supplemental material will
+be referred to as slide 1 slide 2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be referred to as slide 1 slide 2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be referred to as slide 1 slide 2 and so
+on looking at slide 1 you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on looking at slide 1 you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on looking at slide 1 you can see the
+decarboxylation happens exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation happens exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation happens exactly the same
+way that I described for the pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I described for the pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I described for the pyruvate
+decarboxylase system now take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylase system now take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylase system now take a look at
+slides 2 through 6 in the case of pdh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides 2 through 6 in the case of pdh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides 2 through 6 in the case of pdh
+pyruvate dehydrogenase unlike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase unlike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase unlike the
+situation with PDC pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with PDC pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with PDC pyruvate
+decarboxylase restructuring of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylase restructuring of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylase restructuring of the
+carboxy ethyl group is going to result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy ethyl group is going to result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy ethyl group is going to result
+in the formation of a carbon ion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formation of a carbon ion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formation of a carbon ion that's
+going to attack the disulfide of lipoic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attack the disulfide of lipoic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attack the disulfide of lipoic
+acid looking at slide 7 you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid looking at slide 7 you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid looking at slide 7 you'll see the
+conversion of the hydroxy ethyl to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of the hydroxy ethyl to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of the hydroxy ethyl to a
+keto functionality jettisons the TPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto functionality jettisons the TPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto functionality jettisons the TPP
+resulting in a thio ester in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in a thio ester in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in a thio ester in which
+there's an acyl group connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an acyl group connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an acyl group connected to
+lipoic acid at this point the thigh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid at this point the thigh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid at this point the thigh all
+of coenzyme a attacks the keto oxygen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coenzyme a attacks the keto oxygen of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coenzyme a attacks the keto oxygen of
+the thio ester producing acetyl co a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thio ester producing acetyl co a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thio ester producing acetyl co a
+which is going to become a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to become a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to become a very
+important molecule as we move ahead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important molecule as we move ahead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important molecule as we move ahead the
+second product is reduced lipoic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second product is reduced lipoic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second product is reduced lipoic acid
+technically the formation of reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically the formation of reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically the formation of reduced
+lipoic acid is the oxidation step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid is the oxidation step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoic acid is the oxidation step of the
+pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction the
+decarboxylation step that happened a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation step that happened a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation step that happened a few
+steps earlier is basically the reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps earlier is basically the reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps earlier is basically the reduction
+of co2 that we eventually will breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of co2 that we eventually will breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of co2 that we eventually will breathe
+out when we exhale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when we exhale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when we exhale
+now let's look at slide a the reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at slide a the reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at slide a the reducing
+equivalents on the e2 subunits present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents on the e2 subunits present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents on the e2 subunits present
+as reduced lipoic acid will move across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as reduced lipoic acid will move across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as reduced lipoic acid will move across
+the e2 subunit toward the e3 subunit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e2 subunit toward the e3 subunit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e2 subunit toward the e3 subunit the
+e3 subunit has an oxidized disulfide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e3 subunit has an oxidized disulfide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e3 subunit has an oxidized disulfide
+bond on it which was created by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond on it which was created by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond on it which was created by the
+connection of 2 cysteines on the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection of 2 cysteines on the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection of 2 cysteines on the protein
+that oxidized disulfide is then reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxidized disulfide is then reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxidized disulfide is then reduced
+by transfer of the reducing equivalents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by transfer of the reducing equivalents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by transfer of the reducing equivalents
+from the reduced lipoic acid to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reduced lipoic acid to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reduced lipoic acid to the
+disulfide and then finally the reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide and then finally the reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide and then finally the reducing
+equivalents are passed from the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents are passed from the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents are passed from the reduced
+disulfide 2f ad to form fadh2 that fadh2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide 2f ad to form fadh2 that fadh2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide 2f ad to form fadh2 that fadh2
+passes along its reducing equivalents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes along its reducing equivalents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes along its reducing equivalents to
+nad plus forming NADH this NADH is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus forming NADH this NADH is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad plus forming NADH this NADH is
+soluble and will move to its next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble and will move to its next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble and will move to its next
+location specifically this NADH will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location specifically this NADH will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location specifically this NADH will
+return to the mitochondrial membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the mitochondrial membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the mitochondrial membrane
+actually to another place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to another place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to another place in the
+mitochondrial membrane an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial membrane an enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial membrane an enzyme called
+complex 1 and be oxidized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex 1 and be oxidized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex 1 and be oxidized in the
+electron transport chain overall one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain overall one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transport chain overall one
+pyruvate enters the pdh complex we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate enters the pdh complex we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate enters the pdh complex we lose
+its carboxylate as co2 we generate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its carboxylate as co2 we generate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its carboxylate as co2 we generate from
+pyruvates residue and acetate coenzyme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvates residue and acetate coenzyme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvates residue and acetate coenzyme a
+and at the very end we get an NADH which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the very end we get an NADH which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the very end we get an NADH which
+will then go on to the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then go on to the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then go on to the electron
+transport complex to be oxidized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport complex to be oxidized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport complex to be oxidized the
+formation of nad plus as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of nad plus as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of nad plus as I mentioned
+above is critical to allow further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above is critical to allow further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above is critical to allow further
+oxidation of reduced that is energy rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of reduced that is energy rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of reduced that is energy rich
+molecules such as glucose
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/v73uMp1fPjM.txt b/v73uMp1fPjM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..762ed99cccbb1747da3fb4ea62a654748202038a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v73uMp1fPjM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we're going to start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to start talking about
+tbacular bone and we're going to do bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacular bone and we're going to do bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacular bone and we're going to do bone
+today and on weddednesday. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and on weddednesday. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and on weddednesday. And I'm
+hoping we can more or less finish it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping we can more or less finish it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping we can more or less finish it on
+weddednesday. So, oops. Hello. Now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weddednesday. So, oops. Hello. Now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weddednesday. So, oops. Hello. Now a
+sec.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's you.
+So, these are some images of tbacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, these are some images of tbacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, these are some images of tbacular
+bone and you can see that it has a foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone and you can see that it has a foam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone and you can see that it has a foam
+like structure and tbecular bone exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like structure and tbecular bone exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like structure and tbecular bone exists
+in certain places in the body. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain places in the body. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain places in the body. There's
+three main places that exists. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three main places that exists. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three main places that exists. So it
+exists at the end of the long bones. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists at the end of the long bones. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists at the end of the long bones. And
+over here, this is the a femur, the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here, this is the a femur, the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here, this is the a femur, the sort
+of top of a femur. And you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of top of a femur. And you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of top of a femur. And you can see this
+is all tbacular bone in here. Uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all tbacular bone in here. Uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all tbacular bone in here. Uh this is
+a tibia. And this is, you know, like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tibia. And this is, you know, like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tibia. And this is, you know, like the
+top of your knee there. And you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of your knee there. And you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of your knee there. And you can see
+how the the bone gets sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the bone gets sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the bone gets sort of more
+bulbous at the ends and it's filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbous at the ends and it's filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbous at the ends and it's filled with
+the tbecular bone. This is a vertebrae.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tbecular bone. This is a vertebrae.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tbecular bone. This is a vertebrae.
+of vertebrae are actually mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertebrae are actually mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertebrae are actually mostly
+tbacular bone and they have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacular bone and they have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacular bone and they have a really
+thin shell of the what's called cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin shell of the what's called cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin shell of the what's called cortical
+bone the dense bone on top of it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone the dense bone on top of it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone the dense bone on top of it. So
+tbacular bone exists at the ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacular bone exists at the ends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacular bone exists at the ends of the
+long bones. It exists in the core of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long bones. It exists in the core of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long bones. It exists in the core of the
+vertebrae and it also exists in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae and it also exists in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae and it also exists in sort of
+shell or plateike bones. So in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell or plateike bones. So in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell or plateike bones. So in your
+skull for example there's a layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skull for example there's a layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skull for example there's a layer of
+bone of tacular bone in between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone of tacular bone in between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone of tacular bone in between two
+layers of the compact dense bone. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the compact dense bone. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the compact dense bone. And in
+your pelvis it's the same thing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pelvis it's the same thing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pelvis it's the same thing. So
+those of you who took 3032, you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who took 3032, you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who took 3032, you remember
+when I passed around the bird skulls,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I passed around the bird skulls,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I passed around the bird skulls,
+there was that very porous kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was that very porous kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was that very porous kind of
+tbecular bone. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecular bone. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecular bone. Um,
+so tbecular bone is of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tbecular bone is of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tbecular bone is of interest
+medically in three main kind of medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically in three main kind of medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically in three main kind of medical
+situations. So the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations. So the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations. So the first one is
+osteoporosis. So I'm going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis. So I'm going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis. So I'm going to talk a
+little bit about osteoporosis now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about osteoporosis now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about osteoporosis now and
+then we'll talk about it in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about it in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about it in more detail
+later on either I guess we'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on either I guess we'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on either I guess we'll probably
+start today. Uh another medical issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start today. Uh another medical issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start today. Uh another medical issue is
+osteoarthritis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoarthritis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoarthritis
+and the the properties of the tbecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the properties of the tbecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the properties of the tbecular
+bone are important in arthritis. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone are important in arthritis. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone are important in arthritis. And the
+third issue is in joint replacements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third issue is in joint replacements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third issue is in joint replacements.
+And so we're going to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we're going to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we're going to talk a little bit
+about osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and
+then joint replacements. And then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then joint replacements. And then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then joint replacements. And then I'll
+talk a little bit more about modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about modeling
+bone like a foam and how it deforms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone like a foam and how it deforms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone like a foam and how it deforms and
+how it fails. Um and then we'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it fails. Um and then we'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it fails. Um and then we'll talk a
+little bit how we can model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit how we can model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit how we can model
+osteoporosis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis.
+So let me write down some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me write down some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me write down some of these
+things. Guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Guess
+we start here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, tbacular bone has a foam-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, tbacular bone has a foam-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, tbacular bone has a foam-like
+structure. And what we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And what we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And what we're going to see
+is that we can use the models for foams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can use the models for foams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can use the models for foams
+to describe the mechanical behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the mechanical behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the mechanical behavior of
+the bone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And it exists at the ends of the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it exists at the ends of the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it exists at the ends of the long
+bones. And at the ends of the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones. And at the ends of the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones. And at the ends of the long
+bones, the bones become more bulbous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones, the bones become more bulbous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones, the bones become more bulbous.
+And really what that's for is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And really what that's for is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And really what that's for is to
+increase the surface area so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the surface area so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the surface area so that the
+there's cartilage between the ends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's cartilage between the ends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's cartilage between the ends of
+the two bones. So there'll be a bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two bones. So there'll be a bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two bones. So there'll be a bone
+here and a bone there. this cartilage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a bone there. this cartilage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a bone there. this cartilage in
+between them that sort of lubricates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them that sort of lubricates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them that sort of lubricates
+that joint and makes the you know low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joint and makes the you know low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joint and makes the you know low
+friction at the joint and the the bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction at the joint and the the bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction at the joint and the the bone
+gets larger to decrease the stresses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets larger to decrease the stresses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets larger to decrease the stresses on
+the cartilage. So if you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartilage. So if you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartilage. So if you have the same
+force and you have a larger area you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and you have a larger area you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and you have a larger area you're
+going to have a smaller stress. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a smaller stress. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a smaller stress. So
+that's why the bone gets sort of bulbous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the bone gets sort of bulbous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the bone gets sort of bulbous
+like that and then by having the tacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then by having the tacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then by having the tacular
+bone because it's so porous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone because it's so porous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone because it's so porous and
+lightweight you're not having a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight you're not having a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight you're not having a big
+dense hunk of bone at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense hunk of bone at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense hunk of bone at the end of the
+long bones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long bones.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long bones.
+Okay, so it exists at the ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it exists at the ends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it exists at the ends of the
+long bones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long bones.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long bones.
+And I'll just say the ends have a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll just say the ends have a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll just say the ends have a larger
+area than the shafts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's to distribute the uh loads on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's to distribute the uh loads on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's to distribute the uh loads on
+the cartilage or to reduce the stress on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartilage or to reduce the stress on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartilage or to reduce the stress on
+the cartilage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then the tbecular bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the tbecular bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the tbecular bone
+reduces the weight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it also exists in the core of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it also exists in the core of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it also exists in the core of the
+vertebrae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae
+and in fact it makes up most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it makes up most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it makes up most of the
+vertebrae.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then in things like the skull and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in things like the skull and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in things like the skull and
+the pelvic bones in sort of shallen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pelvic bones in sort of shallen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pelvic bones in sort of shallen
+plateike bones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so it's the core of a sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's the core of a sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's the core of a sandwich
+structure there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if it's of interest in osteoporosis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in osteoarthritis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in joint replacements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we start by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we start by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we start by thinking about
+osteoporosis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you probably know that osteoporosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you probably know that osteoporosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you probably know that osteoporosis
+is is a disease where the bone mass uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a disease where the bone mass uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a disease where the bone mass uh
+becomes reduced and there's a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes reduced and there's a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes reduced and there's a greater
+risk of fracture. So there's especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of fracture. So there's especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of fracture. So there's especially
+a greater risk of hip fractures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater risk of hip fractures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater risk of hip fractures and
+vertebral fractures. And it turns out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebral fractures. And it turns out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebral fractures. And it turns out in
+both of those sites, if you just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those sites, if you just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those sites, if you just look at
+these bones here, typically if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bones here, typically if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bones here, typically if you have
+a hip fracture, what happens is the neck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hip fracture, what happens is the neck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hip fracture, what happens is the neck
+of the femur breaks. So this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the femur breaks. So this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the femur breaks. So this is called
+the neck here. This is called the head,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neck here. This is called the head,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neck here. This is called the head,
+the spherical bit there. So the neck has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical bit there. So the neck has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical bit there. So the neck has
+a fracture and you can see most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fracture and you can see most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fracture and you can see most of the
+bone there is tacular bone. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone there is tacular bone. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone there is tacular bone. So it's
+really carrying most of the load. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really carrying most of the load. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really carrying most of the load. And
+the same with the vertebrae. Uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same with the vertebrae. Uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same with the vertebrae. Uh this
+sort of cylindrical part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cylindrical part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cylindrical part of the
+vertebrae here carries most of the load.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae here carries most of the load.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae here carries most of the load.
+It has a shell of really thin cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has a shell of really thin cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has a shell of really thin cortical
+bone, but it's mostly tbacular bone. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone, but it's mostly tbacular bone. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone, but it's mostly tbacular bone. And
+when the the loads are vertical like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the the loads are vertical like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the the loads are vertical like
+this, it's really the tbecular bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, it's really the tbecular bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, it's really the tbecular bone
+that's carrying most of the load. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's carrying most of the load. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's carrying most of the load. And
+people get um sometimes what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get um sometimes what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get um sometimes what are called
+wedge fractures where instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge fractures where instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge fractures where instead of having
+a a sort of cylinder with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a sort of cylinder with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a sort of cylinder with sort of
+parallel faces like this. The tbecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel faces like this. The tbecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel faces like this. The tbecular
+bone fails and the the bone ends up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone fails and the the bone ends up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone fails and the the bone ends up like
+that. So that there's Yeah, I know. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So that there's Yeah, I know. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So that there's Yeah, I know. You
+make that wincing expression. It's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that wincing expression. It's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that wincing expression. It's like
+ouchy. And in fact, it's very ouchy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ouchy. And in fact, it's very ouchy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ouchy. And in fact, it's very ouchy for
+people who get that. And when you see,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who get that. And when you see,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who get that. And when you see,
+you know, little ladies who hunch over,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, little ladies who hunch over,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, little ladies who hunch over,
+that's why the bone has actually failed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the bone has actually failed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the bone has actually failed.
+It's actually been crushed into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually been crushed into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually been crushed into these
+wedge fractures and there's no way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge fractures and there's no way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge fractures and there's no way they
+can kind of straighten it out and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of straighten it out and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of straighten it out and it's
+quite painful. So uh people who look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite painful. So uh people who look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite painful. So uh people who look at
+osteoporosis are quite interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis are quite interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis are quite interested in the
+mechanical properties of tacular bone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical properties of tacular bone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical properties of tacular bone uh
+for this sort of reason. The hip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sort of reason. The hip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sort of reason. The hip
+fractures are particularly serious uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractures are particularly serious uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractures are particularly serious uh
+because people become immobilized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people become immobilized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people become immobilized and
+then sometimes because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sometimes because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sometimes because they're
+immobilized they get pneumonia and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilized they get pneumonia and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilized they get pneumonia and and
+in elderly people they sometimes die. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elderly people they sometimes die. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elderly people they sometimes die. So
+something like 40% of el elderly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 40% of el elderly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 40% of el elderly
+patients who are over 65 die within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who are over 65 die within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who are over 65 die within a
+year of having a hip fracture. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of having a hip fracture. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of having a hip fracture. So, it's
+not that the hip fracture kills them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the hip fracture kills them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the hip fracture kills them,
+it's that they become so immobile and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that they become so immobile and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that they become so immobile and
+they can't move and they can't walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't move and they can't walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't move and they can't walk
+around uh and they end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh and they end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh and they end up getting
+pneumonia. So, so it's quite a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonia. So, so it's quite a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonia. So, so it's quite a serious
+thing and there's something like 300,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and there's something like 300,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and there's something like 300,000
+hip fractures a year in the US and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip fractures a year in the US and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip fractures a year in the US and the
+cost of treating these hip fractures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of treating these hip fractures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of treating these hip fractures is
+something like $19 billion. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like $19 billion. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like $19 billion. So, it's
+yeah, it's a huge problem. And as as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, it's a huge problem. And as as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, it's a huge problem. And as as the
+population is aging, as baby boomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is aging, as baby boomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is aging, as baby boomers
+like me get older older, uh you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me get older older, uh you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me get older older, uh you know,
+there's going to be more people having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be more people having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be more people having
+hip fractures. So, it's it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip fractures. So, it's it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip fractures. So, it's it's a huge
+deal, osteoporosis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal, osteoporosis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal, osteoporosis.
+So, we'll say bone mass decreases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll say bone mass decreases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll say bone mass decreases with
+age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and osteoporosis is extreme bone loss.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And a little later today I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a little later today I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a little later today I'll show you
+some pictures of what it looks like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures of what it looks like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures of what it looks like when
+people have osteoporosis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the most common fractures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the most common fractures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the most common fractures
+are of the hip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the hip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the hip
+and the vertebrae.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And at both sites most of the load is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at both sites most of the load is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at both sites most of the load is
+carried by the teracular bone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the hip fractures are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the hip fractures are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the hip fractures are the most
+serious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And 40% of elderly patients uh pass away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And 40% of elderly patients uh pass away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And 40% of elderly patients uh pass away
+within a year.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's sort of a little introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's sort of a little introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's sort of a little introduction
+to osteoporosis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to osteoporosis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to osteoporosis.
+The next issue that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next issue that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next issue that people are
+interested in is osteoarthritis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in osteoarthritis, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in osteoarthritis, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in osteoarthritis, there's a
+degradation of cartilage at the joints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation of cartilage at the joints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation of cartilage at the joints
+and the stress on the cartilage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stress on the cartilage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stress on the cartilage is
+affected by the modulus of the bone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the modulus of the bone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the modulus of the bone that
+presses against the cartilage. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presses against the cartilage. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presses against the cartilage. You can
+kind of imagine if you have a fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of imagine if you have a fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of imagine if you have a fiber
+composite for instance, most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite for instance, most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite for instance, most of the
+stresses if you're loading it along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses if you're loading it along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses if you're loading it along the
+fibers is carried by the fibers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers is carried by the fibers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers is carried by the fibers because
+they're stiffer. So if you have bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're stiffer. So if you have bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're stiffer. So if you have bone
+like say tbacular bone that has varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say tbacular bone that has varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say tbacular bone that has varying
+density, the denser bits are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density, the denser bits are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density, the denser bits are going to
+have higher um moduli and there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher um moduli and there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher um moduli and there's going
+to be more stress associated with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more stress associated with that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more stress associated with that.
+uh and so the the modulus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so the the modulus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so the the modulus of the
+tbecular bone can affect how the loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecular bone can affect how the loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecular bone can affect how the loads
+are distributed in the cartilage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distributed in the cartilage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distributed in the cartilage and
+that can affect the damage in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can affect the damage in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can affect the damage in the
+cartilage and the shell as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage and the shell as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage and the shell as I mentioned
+before the sort of shell of cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the sort of shell of cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the sort of shell of cortical
+bone or the dense bone uh at the joints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone or the dense bone uh at the joints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone or the dense bone uh at the joints
+can be quite thin it can be less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be quite thin it can be less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be quite thin it can be less than a
+millimeter so I brought my little bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter so I brought my little bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter so I brought my little bones
+along with me again so this is the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with me again so this is the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with me again so this is the head
+of a femur here and this is a a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a femur here and this is a a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a femur here and this is a a piece of
+a knee joint here from a tibia and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knee joint here from a tibia and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knee joint here from a tibia and you
+can see just looking at these how thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see just looking at these how thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see just looking at these how thin
+the cortical shell is So uh you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortical shell is So uh you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortical shell is So uh you can get
+an idea of how thin that is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So osteo and arthritis involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So osteo and arthritis involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So osteo and arthritis involves a
+degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation
+of the cartilage of the joints.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the stress on the cartilage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the stress on the cartilage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the stress on the cartilage is
+affected by the moduli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the moduli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the moduli
+of the underlying bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the cortical shell, the totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cortical shell, the totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cortical shell, the totally
+dense bone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops.
+can be quite thin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that the mechanical properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the mechanical properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the mechanical properties of the
+tbecular bone can affect the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecular bone can affect the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecular bone can affect the stress
+distribution on the cartilage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if osteoarthritis gets particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if osteoarthritis gets particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if osteoarthritis gets particularly
+bad then sometimes people have joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad then sometimes people have joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad then sometimes people have joint
+replacement. So when it gets really bad,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement. So when it gets really bad,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement. So when it gets really bad,
+the cartilage kind of is is degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartilage kind of is is degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartilage kind of is is degraded
+completely and the bone's rubbing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and the bone's rubbing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and the bone's rubbing on
+bone and that's quite painful. And when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone and that's quite painful. And when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone and that's quite painful. And when
+it gets to that point, people generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to that point, people generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to that point, people generally
+uh have a a joint replacement. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have a a joint replacement. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have a a joint replacement. And so
+the way the joint replacements are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the joint replacements are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the joint replacements are done
+is say somebody who's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say somebody who's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say somebody who's going to have a
+hip replacement, what they do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip replacement, what they do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip replacement, what they do is they
+they chop off the top of the femur. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chop off the top of the femur. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chop off the top of the femur. So
+they would chop the femur off somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would chop the femur off somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would chop the femur off somewhere
+around here. And then they have a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here. And then they have a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here. And then they have a metal
+implant that has a sort of spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant that has a sort of spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant that has a sort of spherical
+ball that's like the head of the femur.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball that's like the head of the femur.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball that's like the head of the femur.
+And then it has a sort of stem and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then it has a sort of stem and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then it has a sort of stem and a
+shaft here that kind of goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft here that kind of goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft here that kind of goes into the
+hollow part of the long part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow part of the long part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow part of the long part of the
+shaft of the of the um femur. Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft of the of the um femur. Um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft of the of the um femur. Um and so
+uh they use a number of different metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they use a number of different metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they use a number of different metals
+for this. Titanium and stainless steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this. Titanium and stainless steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this. Titanium and stainless steel
+and is a cobalt chromium alloy um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a cobalt chromium alloy um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a cobalt chromium alloy um are
+also used. So you need metals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used. So you need metals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used. So you need metals that are
+biompatible, aren't going to corrode,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biompatible, aren't going to corrode,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biompatible, aren't going to corrode,
+aren't going to have sort of degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to have sort of degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to have sort of degradation
+products. And then the bone grows around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. And then the bone grows around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products. And then the bone grows around
+that implant. And the bone grows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implant. And the bone grows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implant. And the bone grows in
+response to mechanical loads. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to mechanical loads. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to mechanical loads. So the
+density of the bone depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the bone depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the bone depends on the
+magnitude of the load. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the load. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the load. And the
+orientation of the tbecula depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the tbecula depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the tbecula depends on
+the orientation of the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of the principal
+stresses that are applied. So let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses that are applied. So let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses that are applied. So let me
+write some of that down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So they cut off the end of the bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they insert the implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they insert the implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they insert the implant
+into the hollow shaft of the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hollow shaft of the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hollow shaft of the remaining
+bone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the metals they use are titanium,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stainless steel,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel,
+and a a chromium cobalt alloy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then the bone grows into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the bone grows into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the bone grows into that
+implant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the bone grows in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the bone grows in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the bone grows in response to
+mechanical loads.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the the density of the bone depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the density of the bone depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the density of the bone depends
+on the magnitude of the stresses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the orientation of the bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depends on the um principal stresses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. So, one of the issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, one of the issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, one of the issues that
+comes up in joint replacements is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in joint replacements is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in joint replacements is that
+there's a mismatch in the moduli between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mismatch in the moduli between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mismatch in the moduli between
+the metal and the bone. So, if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal and the bone. So, if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal and the bone. So, if you think
+the metal like something like stainless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal like something like stainless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal like something like stainless
+steel has a modulus of around 200 210
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel has a modulus of around 200 210
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel has a modulus of around 200 210
+gigap pascals and the cortical bone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigap pascals and the cortical bone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigap pascals and the cortical bone has
+a modulus of about 18 gigapascals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modulus of about 18 gigapascals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modulus of about 18 gigapascals and
+the turbular bone has a modulus about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turbular bone has a modulus about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turbular bone has a modulus about
+between about 0.01 and point 0.01 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between about 0.01 and point 0.01 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between about 0.01 and point 0.01 and
+two gigap pascals depending on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gigap pascals depending on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gigap pascals depending on its
+density. So you're taking the bone out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. So you're taking the bone out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. So you're taking the bone out
+and you're replacing it with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're replacing it with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're replacing it with something
+that's much much stiffer and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much much stiffer and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much much stiffer and that
+changes the stress distribution around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the stress distribution around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the stress distribution around
+the remaining bone. And uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining bone. And uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining bone. And uh one of the
+things that can happen is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can happen is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can happen is that you can
+get loosening of the implant. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get loosening of the implant. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get loosening of the implant. So the
+bone can grow in initially but over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone can grow in initially but over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone can grow in initially but over time
+you get a different stress field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a different stress field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a different stress field in the
+bone. If you get a different stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone. If you get a different stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone. If you get a different stress
+field then the bone can resorb away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then the bone can resorb away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then the bone can resorb away from
+the implant and cause what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implant and cause what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implant and cause what's called
+loosening. So if the bone if the implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosening. So if the bone if the implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosening. So if the bone if the implant
+becomes loose that's clearly not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes loose that's clearly not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes loose that's clearly not a good
+thing. that's a bad thing. Um, and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. that's a bad thing. Um, and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. that's a bad thing. Um, and often
+orthopedic surgeons don't like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthopedic surgeons don't like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthopedic surgeons don't like to do
+these joint replacements in young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these joint replacements in young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these joint replacements in young
+people, partly because um, they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, partly because um, they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, partly because um, they don't
+always loosen, but occasionally they do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always loosen, but occasionally they do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always loosen, but occasionally they do.
+And if they loosen, they can go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if they loosen, they can go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if they loosen, they can go back and
+do a revision. But you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a revision. But you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a revision. But you can kind of
+imagine after they've chopped the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine after they've chopped the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine after they've chopped the head
+of the femur off and they put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the femur off and they put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the femur off and they put one
+implant in, it's not that easy to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant in, it's not that easy to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant in, it's not that easy to go
+back in and now replace that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in and now replace that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in and now replace that with
+another one. You would need one with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one. You would need one with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one. You would need one with a
+longer stem. And, you know, the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer stem. And, you know, the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer stem. And, you know, the whole
+thing becomes a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing becomes a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing becomes a little bit more
+complicated. So, this issue of stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. So, this issue of stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. So, this issue of stress
+shielding is what it's called. when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding is what it's called. when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding is what it's called. when you
+have something much stiffer uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something much stiffer uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something much stiffer uh that's
+shielding the stresses in the bone. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding the stresses in the bone. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding the stresses in the bone. Uh
+the issue of stress shielding means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue of stress shielding means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue of stress shielding means that
+they don't like to do the replacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't like to do the replacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't like to do the replacements
+on uh younger patients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can get stress shielding. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get stress shielding. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get stress shielding. And if
+we just compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we look at the cobalt chromium alloy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the cobalt chromium alloy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the cobalt chromium alloy,
+the modulus of that in gigap pascals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of that in gigap pascals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus of that in gigap pascals is
+about 210.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 210.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 210.
+If we look at the titanium alloys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we look at the titanium alloys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we look at the titanium alloys that
+are used, the modulus is about 110. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used, the modulus is about 110. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used, the modulus is about 110. If
+we look at the stainless steel, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the stainless steel, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the stainless steel, it's
+316.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+316.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+316.
+Stainless steel, it has a modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stainless steel, it has a modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stainless steel, it has a modulus of
+around 210.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 210.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 210.
+And then if we look at the bone, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if we look at the bone, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if we look at the bone, the
+cortical bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has a modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a modulus
+of about 18 and the tbecular bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 18 and the tbecular bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 18 and the tbecular bone
+has a modulus of 0.01 to 2 gigap pascals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a modulus of 0.01 to 2 gigap pascals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a modulus of 0.01 to 2 gigap pascals
+depending on the density.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So after the joint replacement happens,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after the joint replacement happens,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after the joint replacement happens,
+the remodeling of the bone is affected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the idea is that the stiffer metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that the stiffer metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that the stiffer metal
+carries more of the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries more of the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries more of the load
+and then the bone carries less load and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the bone carries less load and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the bone carries less load and
+then it resorbs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that can lead to this thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that can lead to this thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that can lead to this thing called
+loosening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosening
+which is not desirable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now, this typically doesn't happen till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this typically doesn't happen till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this typically doesn't happen till
+about 15 years after you've had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 years after you've had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 years after you've had the
+implant. So, it's not something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant. So, it's not something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant. So, it's not something that
+would happen right away, but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen right away, but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen right away, but it can
+happen later on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So these are all sort of medical reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are all sort of medical reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are all sort of medical reasons
+why people are interested in tbacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people are interested in tbacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people are interested in tbacular
+bone because of osteoporosis, osteoarth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone because of osteoporosis, osteoarth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone because of osteoporosis, osteoarth
+osteoarthritis and joint replacements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoarthritis and joint replacements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoarthritis and joint replacements.
+So I wanted to start by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I wanted to start by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I wanted to start by talking about
+the structure of tacular bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about
+what the stress strain curves look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the stress strain curves look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the stress strain curves look like
+in compression and tension. What are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in compression and tension. What are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in compression and tension. What are the
+mechanisms of deformation and failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of deformation and failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of deformation and failure
+and how we can apply our fo our models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we can apply our fo our models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we can apply our fo our models
+for foams to the tbacular bone. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for foams to the tbacular bone. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for foams to the tbacular bone. Okay. So
+the idea is that the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that the structure of the
+bone resembles a foam. And here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone resembles a foam. And here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone resembles a foam. And here's some
+SEM images of tbacular bone. And you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEM images of tbacular bone. And you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEM images of tbacular bone. And you can
+see that the bone has kind of a varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the bone has kind of a varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the bone has kind of a varying
+structure. If it's relatively low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. If it's relatively low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. If it's relatively low
+density, this is a bone that's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density, this is a bone that's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density, this is a bone that's almost
+like an open cell foam. If I didn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an open cell foam. If I didn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an open cell foam. If I didn't tell
+you that was bone, you might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that was bone, you might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that was bone, you might actually
+think it was an open cell foam. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was an open cell foam. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was an open cell foam. And
+here's a denser piece of bone. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a denser piece of bone. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a denser piece of bone. And you
+can see there's still sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's still sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's still sort of
+interconnections between um all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections between um all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections between um all the
+openings. So, it's not exactly like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings. So, it's not exactly like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings. So, it's not exactly like a
+closed cell foam, but it's um it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed cell foam, but it's um it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed cell foam, but it's um it's much
+denser and it's almost like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser and it's almost like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser and it's almost like there's
+perforated plates in the structure. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perforated plates in the structure. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perforated plates in the structure. And
+then, as I said, the bone can grow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then, as I said, the bone can grow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then, as I said, the bone can grow in
+response to loads. So, if you have loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to loads. So, if you have loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to loads. So, if you have loads
+that are more or less vertical, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more or less vertical, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more or less vertical, the
+tbeculi tend to line up and be more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbeculi tend to line up and be more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbeculi tend to line up and be more or
+less vertical with some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less vertical with some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less vertical with some sort of
+horizontal uh bracing. So, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh bracing. So, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh bracing. So, this is a
+piece of bone from a knee. Uh the condol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of bone from a knee. Uh the condol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of bone from a knee. Uh the condol
+is sort of the towards the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the towards the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the towards the top of the
+knee. And you can see these are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee. And you can see these are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee. And you can see these are sort of
+platelike um pieces of bone that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platelike um pieces of bone that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platelike um pieces of bone that are
+almost parallel and it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost parallel and it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost parallel and it's not too
+surprisingly in your knee the loads are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly in your knee the loads are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly in your knee the loads are
+typically vertical and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically vertical and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically vertical and then there's
+little kind of bracing bits that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kind of bracing bits that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kind of bracing bits that go
+horizontally here. So you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally here. So you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally here. So you can get
+different structures depending on um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures depending on um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures depending on um the
+loading on the bone and the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading on the bone and the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading on the bone and the density of
+the bone corresponds to the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone corresponds to the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone corresponds to the magnitude of
+the load and the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load and the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load and the orientation of the
+tbecula um corresponds to the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecula um corresponds to the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecula um corresponds to the um the
+orientation of the load. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+resorb. So when the bone density goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resorb. So when the bone density goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resorb. So when the bone density goes
+down, when you lose bone mass, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, when you lose bone mass, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, when you lose bone mass, that's
+called resorption.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called resorption.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called resorption.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Okay. Okay. So the idea is that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So the idea is that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So the idea is that the the
+uh tbecular bone resembles a foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact the word tbacula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is comes from Latin and in Latin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is comes from Latin and in Latin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is comes from Latin and in Latin it
+means little beam.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you know the foams deform by bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know the foams deform by bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know the foams deform by bending
+they act like little beams and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they act like little beams and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they act like little beams and so the
+tbacular are like little beams. uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacular are like little beams. uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacular are like little beams. uh even
+in Latin there's a range of relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Latin there's a range of relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Latin there's a range of relative
+densities and you can see in that image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and you can see in that image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and you can see in that image
+up there you can see that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there you can see that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there you can see that there's a
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they range typically between about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they range typically between about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they range typically between about
+5% dense and 50% dense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So something like 0.1 or 0 2 might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So something like 0.1 or 0 2 might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So something like 0.1 or 0 2 might be
+typical.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical.
+And the low density bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the low density bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the low density bone
+resembles an open cell foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the higher density it becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the higher density it becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the higher density it becomes more
+like perforated plates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the structure can be highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the structure can be highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the structure can be highly
+anisotropic depending on the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic depending on the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic depending on the stress
+field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then I've got another image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then I've got another image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then I've got another image
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+of the tbecular bone. These images are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tbecular bone. These images are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tbecular bone. These images are
+using what's called microcomputed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what's called microcomputed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what's called microcomputed
+tomography. So you probably heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography. So you probably heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography. So you probably heard of
+commuted computed tomography. you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuted computed tomography. you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuted computed tomography. you know,
+say somebody has cancer, they get put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say somebody has cancer, they get put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say somebody has cancer, they get put in
+a CT machine and they do a scan. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CT machine and they do a scan. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CT machine and they do a scan. The
+microCT is more of a research tool. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microCT is more of a research tool. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microCT is more of a research tool. It's
+the same kind of technology, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of technology, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of technology, but it's
+got a much finer resolution. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a much finer resolution. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a much finer resolution. And
+typically, you put a small specimen into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically, you put a small specimen into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically, you put a small specimen into
+a machine to do this. So, the specimen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine to do this. So, the specimen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine to do this. So, the specimen
+might be um you know half an inch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be um you know half an inch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be um you know half an inch in
+diameter and an inch tall, something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and an inch tall, something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and an inch tall, something
+like that. So, these are done uh by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. So, these are done uh by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. So, these are done uh by a
+colleague Ralph Mueller who's in Zurich.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Ralph Mueller who's in Zurich.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Ralph Mueller who's in Zurich.
+uh and this is one of his kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is one of his kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is one of his kind of
+breadandbut things that he has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadandbut things that he has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadandbut things that he has these
+images and he looks at osteoporosis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and he looks at osteoporosis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and he looks at osteoporosis and
+you can see here the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here the difference in the
+structure uh for the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh for the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh for the different
+densities. So here's a 20 26% dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities. So here's a 20 26% dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities. So here's a 20 26% dense
+piece of bone in the femoral head. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of bone in the femoral head. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of bone in the femoral head. It
+looks pretty sturdy and substantial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty sturdy and substantial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty sturdy and substantial.
+Here's a 10 or 11% dense piece from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a 10 or 11% dense piece from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a 10 or 11% dense piece from the
+lumbar spine. And here's a 6% dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumbar spine. And here's a 6% dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumbar spine. And here's a 6% dense
+piece. And you can kind of see when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece. And you can kind of see when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece. And you can kind of see when you
+go from, you know, from 26 to to 11, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from, you know, from 26 to to 11, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from, you know, from 26 to to 11, uh,
+the struts get a little bit thinner. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struts get a little bit thinner. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struts get a little bit thinner. And
+when you go from 11 to six, the struts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from 11 to six, the struts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from 11 to six, the struts
+get very thin. And in fact, if they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very thin. And in fact, if they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very thin. And in fact, if they get
+too thin, the struts resorb all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too thin, the struts resorb all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too thin, the struts resorb all
+together. And some of the struts can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And some of the struts can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And some of the struts can
+just disappear. So when people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disappear. So when people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disappear. So when people get
+osteoporosis, what happens is they first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis, what happens is they first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis, what happens is they first
+lose bone mass by thinning the struts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose bone mass by thinning the struts,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose bone mass by thinning the struts,
+but then at some point the struts just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then at some point the struts just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then at some point the struts just
+resorb altogether. And if you think of,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resorb altogether. And if you think of,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resorb altogether. And if you think of,
+you know, the struts as a biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the struts as a biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the struts as a biological
+material, they have bone cells in them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material, they have bone cells in them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material, they have bone cells in them,
+right? So there's little osteoclasts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So there's little osteoclasts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So there's little osteoclasts and
+osteoblasts and osteoccytes that live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoblasts and osteoccytes that live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoblasts and osteoccytes that live in
+the bone, you know, the mineral thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone, you know, the mineral thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone, you know, the mineral thing,
+the bony thing. Uh, and those cells have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bony thing. Uh, and those cells have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bony thing. Uh, and those cells have
+dimensions of tens of microns. So maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of tens of microns. So maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of tens of microns. So maybe
+20, 30 microns, something like that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20, 30 microns, something like that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20, 30 microns, something like that. So
+the struts can't get any thinner than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struts can't get any thinner than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struts can't get any thinner than
+that. If they get thinner than that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. If they get thinner than that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. If they get thinner than that,
+then the cells can't live and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cells can't live and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cells can't live and the the
+thing just disappears altogether. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just disappears altogether. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just disappears altogether. And
+you can sort of think of from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of think of from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of think of from a
+mechanical point of view if you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical point of view if you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical point of view if you lose
+density by thinning the struts you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density by thinning the struts you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density by thinning the struts you can
+use our sort of foam equations and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our sort of foam equations and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our sort of foam equations and say
+like say the density went from 0 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say the density went from 0 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like say the density went from 0 2 to
+0.1 uh you could make some estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 uh you could make some estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 uh you could make some estimate of
+how the modulus and how the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the modulus and how the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the modulus and how the strength
+would vary depending on our foam models.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would vary depending on our foam models.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would vary depending on our foam models.
+But if you lose density by by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you lose density by by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you lose density by by uh
+resorbing the struts the struts just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resorbing the struts the struts just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resorbing the struts the struts just
+disappear altogether. Then it's as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear altogether. Then it's as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear altogether. Then it's as if
+you had a a steel scaffold or a steel um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a a steel scaffold or a steel um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a a steel scaffold or a steel um
+structure of a building and now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a building and now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a building and now you're
+starting to remove columns and remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to remove columns and remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to remove columns and remove
+beams. Yes, I know that's not good. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams. Yes, I know that's not good. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams. Yes, I know that's not good. Not
+good. And so we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. And so we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. And so we'll talk a little bit
+more about that when we talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that when we talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that when we talk more about
+osteoporosis and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis and you can see the
+consequences of that. But this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of that. But this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of that. But this image
+here kind of gives you a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here kind of gives you a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here kind of gives you a little bit of a
+um a picture of what the bone structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a picture of what the bone structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a picture of what the bone structure
+looks like as it gets less dense. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like as it gets less dense. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like as it gets less dense. Okay.
+So I wanted to talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I wanted to talk a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I wanted to talk a little bit more
+about the bone growing in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bone growing in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bone growing in response to
+load. Let me rub off a board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, you're probably already a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you're probably already a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you're probably already a little bit
+familiar with this idea. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this idea. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this idea. So when
+astronauts go up into space, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts go up into space, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts go up into space, you know,
+they often do exercises where they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often do exercises where they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often do exercises where they have
+like a treadmill and they've got springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a treadmill and they've got springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a treadmill and they've got springs
+and they're kind of pulling on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're kind of pulling on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're kind of pulling on the
+springs to try to exercise themselves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs to try to exercise themselves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs to try to exercise themselves.
+And the reason they do that is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason they do that is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason they do that is when
+they're in microgravity, if they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in microgravity, if they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in microgravity, if they weren't
+doing some kind of exercise, they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some kind of exercise, they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some kind of exercise, they would
+lose bone mass and they would get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose bone mass and they would get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose bone mass and they would get back
+to Earth where we have Earth gravity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Earth where we have Earth gravity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Earth where we have Earth gravity and
+they would have a problem. So it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have a problem. So it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have a problem. So it's it
+you see it in astronauts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it in astronauts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it in astronauts in
+microgravity. The other place you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microgravity. The other place you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microgravity. The other place you see
+this um just sort of in everyday life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um just sort of in everyday life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um just sort of in everyday life is
+in professional tennis players. People
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in professional tennis players. People
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in professional tennis players. People
+have done like x-rays of the bones of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done like x-rays of the bones of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done like x-rays of the bones of
+professional tennis players. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional tennis players. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional tennis players. And
+obviously they have one arm that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they have one arm that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they have one arm that they
+hit the ball with, right, with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the ball with, right, with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the ball with, right, with their
+racket. The bones in that arm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racket. The bones in that arm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racket. The bones in that arm actually
+get bigger because they're, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger because they're, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger because they're, you know,
+they're loading that bone over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're loading that bone over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're loading that bone over and over
+again pretty much every day when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again pretty much every day when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again pretty much every day when they're
+playing tennis and they're not loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing tennis and they're not loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing tennis and they're not loading
+the other arm. So their their two arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other arm. So their their two arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other arm. So their their two arms
+are not symmetrical because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not symmetrical because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not symmetrical because of this
+loading from hitting the racket over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading from hitting the racket over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading from hitting the racket over and
+over. And the people in 3032 have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. And the people in 3032 have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. And the people in 3032 have
+already seen this, but I couldn't resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen this, but I couldn't resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen this, but I couldn't resist
+bringing up the guinea foul experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up the guinea foul experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up the guinea foul experiments
+again. So people have obviously you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So people have obviously you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So people have obviously you you
+can only do X-rays on human. You can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only do X-rays on human. You can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only do X-rays on human. You can't
+sacrifice the humans and look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice the humans and look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice the humans and look at their
+bones, but you can with guinea foul. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones, but you can with guinea foul. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones, but you can with guinea foul. And
+so people have done people have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have done people have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have done people have done
+experiments where they run guinea foul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where they run guinea foul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where they run guinea foul
+on treadmills. And they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on treadmills. And they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on treadmills. And they have a
+treadmill. They have one set of guinea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill. They have one set of guinea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill. They have one set of guinea
+foul that they run on the treadmill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foul that they run on the treadmill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foul that they run on the treadmill
+that's horizontal. They have another set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's horizontal. They have another set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's horizontal. They have another set
+of guinea foul that they run on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guinea foul that they run on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guinea foul that they run on a
+treadmill that's inclined at 20°. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill that's inclined at 20°. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill that's inclined at 20°. So,
+one would think they might have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would think they might have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would think they might have more
+stress on their bones from that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress on their bones from that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress on their bones from that. And
+then they have a control group that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have a control group that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have a control group that they
+don't run on the treadmill at all. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run on the treadmill at all. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't run on the treadmill at all. And
+then what they do is they um they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they do is they um they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they do is they um they have a
+force plate on the treadmill. So, as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force plate on the treadmill. So, as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force plate on the treadmill. So, as the
+guinea foul is running um they measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guinea foul is running um they measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guinea foul is running um they measure
+the maximum force and they're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum force and they're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum force and they're taking
+high-speed video. And then they measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-speed video. And then they measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-speed video. And then they measure
+the angle of the knee at the point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of the knee at the point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of the knee at the point at
+which the force is maximum. And they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the force is maximum. And they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the force is maximum. And they can
+see there's a change in the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's a change in the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's a change in the angle of the
+knee um when they put them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee um when they put them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee um when they put them on the
+incline treadmill. Not too surprisingly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incline treadmill. Not too surprisingly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incline treadmill. Not too surprisingly.
+Um, and then they, these are juvenile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then they, these are juvenile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then they, these are juvenile
+guinea foul that haven't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guinea foul that haven't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guinea foul that haven't completely
+matured their bones. And then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matured their bones. And then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matured their bones. And then after
+about six weeks of this, they sacrifice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six weeks of this, they sacrifice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six weeks of this, they sacrifice
+the guinea foul and they do scans on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guinea foul and they do scans on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guinea foul and they do scans on the
+bone and they look at the orientation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone and they look at the orientation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone and they look at the orientation of
+the bone and they measure uh sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone and they measure uh sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone and they measure uh sort of the
+the what's called the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's called the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's called the orientation of the
+peak tacocular density, which is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak tacocular density, which is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak tacocular density, which is a way
+of characterizing the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of characterizing the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of characterizing the orientation of the
+bone. And they find that the the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone. And they find that the the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone. And they find that the the angle
+of the knee when the guinea foul are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the knee when the guinea foul are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the knee when the guinea foul are
+running changes by about 14°. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running changes by about 14°. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running changes by about 14°. And it
+turns out the angle of the bone, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the angle of the bone, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the angle of the bone, the
+orientation of the bone also changes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the bone also changes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the bone also changes by
+about 14 degrees. So the bone has kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 14 degrees. So the bone has kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 14 degrees. So the bone has kind
+of remodeled to match that change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of remodeled to match that change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of remodeled to match that change in the
+forces that are applied as the guinea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that are applied as the guinea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that are applied as the guinea
+foul are running on the treadmill. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foul are running on the treadmill. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foul are running on the treadmill. So
+this is all kind of a demonstration just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all kind of a demonstration just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all kind of a demonstration just
+to show that bone grows in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that bone grows in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that bone grows in response to
+load. So let me write down some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load. So let me write down some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load. So let me write down some of this
+stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff.
+So we'll say astronauts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Did you see Michael Collins is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did you see Michael Collins is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did you see Michael Collins is going to
+come give a talk at MIT? He was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come give a talk at MIT? He was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come give a talk at MIT? He was one of
+the Apollo when I was a kid in the 60s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apollo when I was a kid in the 60s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apollo when I was a kid in the 60s.
+He was one of the Apollo astronauts. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was one of the Apollo astronauts. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was one of the Apollo astronauts. He
+was like, you know, one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like, you know, one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like, you know, one of the first
+NASA astronauts. Okay. Anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASA astronauts. Okay. Anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASA astronauts. Okay. Anyway,
+astronauts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts.
+So, in microgravity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they would lose bone if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would lose bone if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would lose bone if they don't
+exercise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And tennis players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, the bones get larger in the arm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the bones get larger in the arm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the bones get larger in the arm that
+they hold the racket with. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hold the racket with. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hold the racket with. And then
+I'll just write a little bit of notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just write a little bit of notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just write a little bit of notes
+about the guinea foul experiments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this was done by a it's in a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was done by a it's in a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was done by a it's in a paper
+paner panzer ethal in 2006.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So they have one set of guinea foul that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they have one set of guinea foul that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they have one set of guinea foul that
+run on a level treadmill.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+They have another set that run on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have another set that run on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have another set that run on an
+inclined treadmill.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's inclined at 20°. And then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inclined at 20°. And then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inclined at 20°. And then they
+have a control group that doesn't run on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a control group that doesn't run on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a control group that doesn't run on
+the treadmill.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then they measure the angle at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then they measure the angle at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then they measure the angle at the
+knee.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+At the moment of peak force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At the moment of peak force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At the moment of peak force on the
+treadmill.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And after six weeks they sacrifice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And after six weeks they sacrifice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And after six weeks they sacrifice the
+guinea foul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they measure the
+orientation of the peak tbacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the peak tbacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the peak tbacular
+density.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And they find that the knee flexion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they find that the knee flexion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they find that the knee flexion
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh changed by 13.7°.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um
+if you compared the incline versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compared the incline versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compared the incline versus the
+level treadmill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they found the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found the orientation of the
+peak tracular density which they called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak tracular density which they called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak tracular density which they called
+OPDD. E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also changed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also changed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also changed by
+13.6°.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the idea is that the orientation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that the orientation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that the orientation of
+the tbecula changed to match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tbecula changed to match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tbecula changed to match the
+orientation of the loading.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then I have a little video here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I have a little video here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I have a little video here.
+So I have Do you like the video? So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have Do you like the video? So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have Do you like the video? So, I
+have a colleague who's at Harvard who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a colleague who's at Harvard who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a colleague who's at Harvard who
+studies animal locomotion and they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies animal locomotion and they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies animal locomotion and they do
+they didn't do this set of experiments,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't do this set of experiments,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't do this set of experiments,
+but they do do experiments on guinea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do do experiments on guinea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do do experiments on guinea
+foul running on treadmills. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foul running on treadmills. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foul running on treadmills. And I
+thought you might find this amusing. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you might find this amusing. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you might find this amusing. So,
+let me see if I can make this work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sometimes you walk into a lab and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes you walk into a lab and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes you walk into a lab and you
+just think this is what science is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think this is what science is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think this is what science is all
+about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about.
+I'm about to put a guinea fell on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to put a guinea fell on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to put a guinea fell on the
+treadmill. And this is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill. And this is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill. And this is something that we
+commonly do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Welcome to the Conquered Field Station,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome to the Conquered Field Station,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome to the Conquered Field Station,
+a defunct Nike missile base turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defunct Nike missile base turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defunct Nike missile base turned
+scientific managerie. It's owned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific managerie. It's owned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific managerie. It's owned by
+Harvard and biologist Andy Bwenner is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and biologist Andy Bwenner is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and biologist Andy Bwenner is
+the director here. So think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director here. So think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director here. So think of it as a
+research lab facility for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research lab facility for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research lab facility for doing
+comparative biomechanics and physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative biomechanics and physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative biomechanics and physiology
+of largely animal movement and the birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of largely animal movement and the birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of largely animal movement and the birds
+are just the tip of the iceberg. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the tip of the iceberg. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the tip of the iceberg. Okay.
+So do you want to see the uh baby goat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So do you want to see the uh baby goat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So do you want to see the uh baby goat
+in the emu? Obviously. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We keep it because it's sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We keep it because it's sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We keep it because it's sort of like a
+mascot. There used to be a lizard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mascot. There used to be a lizard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mascot. There used to be a lizard
+colony. You can hear the uh yeah, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony. You can hear the uh yeah, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony. You can hear the uh yeah, the
+African grays. Then the jerboas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African grays. Then the jerboas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African grays. Then the jerboas are
+housed in this room here. This is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housed in this room here. This is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housed in this room here. This is where
+we originally did our our pigeon flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we originally did our our pigeon flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we originally did our our pigeon flight
+studies. So, usually the ones with claws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies. So, usually the ones with claws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies. So, usually the ones with claws
+and sharp teeth and aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sharp teeth and aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sharp teeth and aggressive
+behaviors, you want to watch out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors, you want to watch out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors, you want to watch out for
+that, as you might expect. But did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, as you might expect. But did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, as you might expect. But did you
+know that guinea fowl really lovely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that guinea fowl really lovely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that guinea fowl really lovely to
+work with sometimes?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or that rats are not very good on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that rats are not very good on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that rats are not very good on
+treadmills. Yes, that's what a rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmills. Yes, that's what a rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmills. Yes, that's what a rat
+treadmill looks like. And this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill looks like. And this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmill looks like. And this and this
+was historically a treadmill of note.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was historically a treadmill of note.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was historically a treadmill of note.
+The treadmill that they first hopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The treadmill that they first hopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The treadmill that they first hopped
+kangaroos on and showed that kangaroos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kangaroos on and showed that kangaroos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kangaroos on and showed that kangaroos
+stored energy in their tendons enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored energy in their tendons enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored energy in their tendons enough
+that they don't actually increase their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't actually increase their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't actually increase their
+metabolic rate when they hop at faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic rate when they hop at faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic rate when they hop at faster
+speeds. These are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds. These are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds. These are the kind of
+discoveries made here with the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries made here with the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries made here with the use of
+high-speed video and X-ray machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-speed video and X-ray machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-speed video and X-ray machines and
+semi-ooperative animals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-ooperative animals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-ooperative animals.
+But beyond the basic biology, Bwiner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But beyond the basic biology, Bwiner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But beyond the basic biology, Bwiner
+says engineers are using this research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says engineers are using this research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says engineers are using this research
+to build better robots and it can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build better robots and it can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build better robots and it can help
+improve medical treatment for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve medical treatment for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve medical treatment for people
+with movement disorders. Today, the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with movement disorders. Today, the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with movement disorders. Today, the big
+excitement at the lab is happening here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement at the lab is happening here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement at the lab is happening here.
+Evo Ross is studying how heart rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evo Ross is studying how heart rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evo Ross is studying how heart rate
+changes when cockatils fly at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when cockatils fly at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when cockatils fly at different
+speeds. So, this is a way to look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds. So, this is a way to look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds. So, this is a way to look at how
+much energy it takes to fly. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy it takes to fly. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy it takes to fly. And that
+cord is measuring heart rate. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord is measuring heart rate. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord is measuring heart rate. But
+instead of the birds flying faster, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the birds flying faster, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the birds flying faster, the
+wind changes speed. I'm going to turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind changes speed. I'm going to turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind changes speed. I'm going to turn it
+on then.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's hard to fly fast and it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's hard to fly fast and it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's hard to fly fast and it's hard to
+fly slow, Ross says. So, the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly slow, Ross says. So, the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly slow, Ross says. So, the expectation
+is that the heart rate should be shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the heart rate should be shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the heart rate should be shaped
+like a U. But so far, Ross is finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a U. But so far, Ross is finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a U. But so far, Ross is finding
+that it's a flat line. It's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a flat line. It's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a flat line. It's like the
+bird goes into a stress reaction when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird goes into a stress reaction when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird goes into a stress reaction when it
+takes off. Is that just because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes off. Is that just because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes off. Is that just because of the
+wind tunnel? What Ross wants to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind tunnel? What Ross wants to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind tunnel? What Ross wants to know is
+whether or not they need to be stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they need to be stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they need to be stressed
+to fly in the first place. Come on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly in the first place. Come on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly in the first place. Come on.
+That's something that Ross is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's something that Ross is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's something that Ross is looking
+into, but today is mostly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into, but today is mostly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into, but today is mostly about
+training. Keep going. Come on. Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training. Keep going. Come on. Imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training. Keep going. Come on. Imagine
+you're a cockatil. A wind tunnel is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a cockatil. A wind tunnel is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a cockatil. A wind tunnel is kind
+of a strange experience. A bird in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strange experience. A bird in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strange experience. A bird in a
+wind tunnel has to confront the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind tunnel has to confront the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind tunnel has to confront the fact
+that the world's not moving past it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the world's not moving past it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the world's not moving past it,
+which is defies its normal sensory cues.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defies its normal sensory cues.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defies its normal sensory cues.
+Which pretty well sums up the conquered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which pretty well sums up the conquered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which pretty well sums up the conquered
+field station. Generally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you read the New York Times for Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the New York Times for Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the New York Times for Science
+Friday. I'm Flora Lickman. You read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday. I'm Flora Lickman. You read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday. I'm Flora Lickman. You read the
+New York Times. Flora Lickman used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times. Flora Lickman used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times. Flora Lickman used to
+work for uh NPR and would make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for uh NPR and would make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for uh NPR and would make these
+science Friday videos for them. U but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Friday videos for them. U but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Friday videos for them. U but
+now she has a gig doing things for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she has a gig doing things for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she has a gig doing things for the
+New York Times and she does science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times and she does science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times and she does science
+videos still. Um, I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos still. Um, I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos still. Um, I don't know if you
+quite call them videos, but what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite call them videos, but what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite call them videos, but what they do
+is they have like these little paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they have like these little paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they have like these little paper
+puppets, and the paper puppets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppets, and the paper puppets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppets, and the paper puppets are
+animated and kind of reenact different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animated and kind of reenact different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animated and kind of reenact different
+episodes in science. Uh, and it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes in science. Uh, and it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes in science. Uh, and it's kind
+of amazing how they do these little um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amazing how they do these little um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amazing how they do these little um,
+science videos. So, if you if you Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science videos. So, if you if you Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science videos. So, if you if you Google
+Flora Likman, you'll see more science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flora Likman, you'll see more science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flora Likman, you'll see more science
+videos with all sorts of neat things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos with all sorts of neat things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos with all sorts of neat things.
+Um, I guess the other interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I guess the other interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I guess the other interesting
+anecdote is I went to the Conquer Field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote is I went to the Conquer Field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote is I went to the Conquer Field
+Station once and um, I had done a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Station once and um, I had done a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Station once and um, I had done a study
+on uh, quills and animals that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh, quills and animals that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh, quills and animals that have
+quills because the quills have a foamy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quills because the quills have a foamy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quills because the quills have a foamy
+kind of structure in the middle. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structure in the middle. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structure in the middle. So,
+they're keratin. They're sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're keratin. They're sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're keratin. They're sort of like
+hair-like structures and they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair-like structures and they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair-like structures and they have an
+outer shell that's dense and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer shell that's dense and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer shell that's dense and then they
+have sort of a foamy thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a foamy thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a foamy thing in the
+middle. Uh, and anyway, I'd done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Uh, and anyway, I'd done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Uh, and anyway, I'd done this
+paper on quills and how they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on quills and how they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on quills and how they work
+mechanically. And a technology review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically. And a technology review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically. And a technology review
+did a little article about it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a little article about it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a little article about it and they
+said they wanted to take a picture of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they wanted to take a picture of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they wanted to take a picture of me
+with a hedgehog. You know, the hedgehogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a hedgehog. You know, the hedgehogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a hedgehog. You know, the hedgehogs
+are little European. They're like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little European. They're like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little European. They're like those
+small cute things. Um, and I said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cute things. Um, and I said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cute things. Um, and I said,
+"Well, if you can find a hedgehog, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, if you can find a hedgehog, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, if you can find a hedgehog, um,
+I'm happy to have my photograph taken."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to have my photograph taken."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to have my photograph taken."
+And they had a hedgehog at the Conquered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they had a hedgehog at the Conquered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they had a hedgehog at the Conquered
+Field Station. So, we went out there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field Station. So, we went out there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field Station. So, we went out there.
+We, you know, had these big leather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We, you know, had these big leather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We, you know, had these big leather
+gloves and they took a picture. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves and they took a picture. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves and they took a picture. And I
+said to, I don't know if it was Andy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to, I don't know if it was Andy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to, I don't know if it was Andy or
+who was, but I said to one of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was, but I said to one of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was, but I said to one of the people
+there, um, what did you do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, um, what did you do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, um, what did you do with a
+hedgehog? And he said, "Well, we tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedgehog? And he said, "Well, we tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedgehog? And he said, "Well, we tried
+to do the the treadmill kind of study."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the the treadmill kind of study."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the the treadmill kind of study."
+You know, they try, but hedgehogs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, they try, but hedgehogs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, they try, but hedgehogs are
+like porcupines. When they get scared,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like porcupines. When they get scared,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like porcupines. When they get scared,
+they curl up into a little ball. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they curl up into a little ball. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they curl up into a little ball. And so
+they said they would they would put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they would they would put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they would they would put the
+the hedgehog down under the treadmill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hedgehog down under the treadmill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hedgehog down under the treadmill
+and they would start it up and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would start it up and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would start it up and it would
+make a noise and it would get scared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a noise and it would get scared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a noise and it would get scared and
+it would just go into a little ball and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just go into a little ball and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just go into a little ball and
+it would kind of slide along to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would kind of slide along to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would kind of slide along to the end
+and then it would kind of get flopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would kind of get flopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would kind of get flopped
+off. So that was the end of the hedgehog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. So that was the end of the hedgehog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. So that was the end of the hedgehog
+experiments. But they did have walabeees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments. But they did have walabeees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments. But they did have walabeees
+there the day I went. So yeah, they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the day I went. So yeah, they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the day I went. So yeah, they have
+all sorts of animals that they put onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of animals that they put onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of animals that they put onto
+treadmills, birds that they fly. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmills, birds that they fly. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treadmills, birds that they fly. So it's
+kind of interesting to go there. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting to go there. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting to go there. Okay,
+but the main idea here is that uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main idea here is that uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main idea here is that uh there
+was this set of experiments with guinea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this set of experiments with guinea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this set of experiments with guinea
+fowl that showed um just how precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fowl that showed um just how precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fowl that showed um just how precisely
+the orientation of the bone matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of the bone matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of the bone matches the
+orientation of the loads. Was there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the loads. Was there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the loads. Was there a
+difference between the control group?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the control group?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the control group?
+Ah, so I have slides. I have slides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, so I have slides. I have slides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, so I have slides. I have slides.
+Hang on a sec. I got distracted by my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hang on a sec. I got distracted by my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hang on a sec. I got distracted by my uh
+my video. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my video. Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my video. Sorry.
+Okay, so here's a sort of schematic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here's a sort of schematic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here's a sort of schematic of
+Guinea foul on treadmill and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guinea foul on treadmill and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guinea foul on treadmill and on the
+Oops. Where's the little duda here? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. Where's the little duda here? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. Where's the little duda here? So
+on the level the knee flexion angle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the level the knee flexion angle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the level the knee flexion angle was
+whatever this is 76.3 and here was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this is 76.3 and here was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this is 76.3 and here was the
+62.6. So that's the difference is 13.7.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62.6. So that's the difference is 13.7.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62.6. So that's the difference is 13.7.
+And then this kind of table here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this kind of table here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this kind of table here
+summarizes these results. So um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes these results. So um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes these results. So um this is
+the maximum terular density and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum terular density and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum terular density and this is
+the angle and here we have the incline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle and here we have the incline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle and here we have the incline
+the uh let's see the control was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh let's see the control was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh let's see the control was the
+yellow and the level was the blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and the level was the blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and the level was the blue and
+they've got the values for that peak uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got the values for that peak uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got the values for that peak uh
+turbacular density orientation. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbacular density orientation. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbacular density orientation. So
+they've got that for the level and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got that for the level and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got that for the level and then
+they looked at the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at the difference between
+the incline and the level in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incline and the level in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incline and the level in the the
+knee angle. That's what this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee angle. That's what this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee angle. That's what this thing here
+is. Um, and then between the level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um, and then between the level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um, and then between the level and
+the control, there wasn't really any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control, there wasn't really any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control, there wasn't really any
+difference in the in the knee angle. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the in the knee angle. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the in the knee angle. Um,
+because the control one's just I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the control one's just I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the control one's just I mean
+they were just walking around. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just walking around. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just walking around. Um, so
+those are the that's the sort of slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the that's the sort of slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the that's the sort of slide
+that has the actual data on it. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the actual data on it. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the actual data on it. All
+right. And then I showed you the video.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And then I showed you the video.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And then I showed you the video.
+All right. So, we need to do a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we need to do a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we need to do a couple
+more things before we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things before we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things before we get to the
+modeling. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me get a drink.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So if we want to use the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we want to use the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we want to use the the uh
+models for foams to try to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for foams to try to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for foams to try to describe the
+tbecular bone, we need to know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecular bone, we need to know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecular bone, we need to know something
+about the properties of the solid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the properties of the solid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the properties of the solid.
+Remember we use the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember we use the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember we use the properties of the
+solid in the models. So we want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid in the models. So we want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid in the models. So we want to get
+the properties of the solid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the solid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the solid in the
+trabaculi. And there's a couple of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trabaculi. And there's a couple of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trabaculi. And there's a couple of ways
+you can do this. Uh to get the moduli,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this. Uh to get the moduli,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this. Uh to get the moduli,
+you can use an ultrasonic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use an ultrasonic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use an ultrasonic wave
+propagation method. And you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation method. And you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation method. And you can measure
+a modulus that way. And if they do that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modulus that way. And if they do that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modulus that way. And if they do that,
+they measure a modulus between about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure a modulus between about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure a modulus between about 15
+and 18 gigap pascals. Another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 18 gigap pascals. Another way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 18 gigap pascals. Another way to do
+it is to take a piece of bone, do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to take a piece of bone, do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to take a piece of bone, do a
+compression test on it, measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression test on it, measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression test on it, measure the
+modulus before you do the test. You put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus before you do the test. You put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus before you do the test. You put
+it in the microCT machine and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the microCT machine and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the microCT machine and you get a
+picture of the structure and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the structure and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the structure and then you
+use that as the input to a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as the input to a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as the input to a finite
+element analysis. So the finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element analysis. So the finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element analysis. So the finite element
+analysis is a sort of computer numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is a sort of computer numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is a sort of computer numerical
+analysis to do mechanical calculations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to do mechanical calculations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to do mechanical calculations.
+And if you know what this the modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you know what this the modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you know what this the modulus of
+the structure is, you can back out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure is, you can back out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure is, you can back out what
+the mod modulus of the solid must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mod modulus of the solid must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mod modulus of the solid must have
+been from the final element thing. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been from the final element thing. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been from the final element thing. And
+those those sorts of experiments also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those sorts of experiments also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those sorts of experiments also
+showed that the modulus was around 18.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that the modulus was around 18.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that the modulus was around 18.
+And it turns out that moduli is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it turns out that moduli is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it turns out that moduli is about
+the same as cortical bone. And um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as cortical bone. And um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as cortical bone. And um the
+properties of the solid tbecula are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the solid tbecula are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the solid tbecula are very
+similar to the solid cortical bone. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the solid cortical bone. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the solid cortical bone. So
+let me scoot over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you use ultrasonic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you use ultrasonic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you use ultrasonic wave
+propagation People
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have measured a modulus for the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have measured a modulus for the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have measured a modulus for the solid
+intacular bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intacular bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intacular bone
+of 18 gigap pascals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 18 gigap pascals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 18 gigap pascals.
+Or you can do a finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or you can do a finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or you can do a finite element
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based on microCT data for the structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then you measure the overall modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you measure the overall modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you measure the overall modulus
+for the tbecular bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you back out the modulus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you back out the modulus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you back out the modulus of the
+solid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And people who've done that have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And people who've done that have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And people who've done that have gotten
+values of around 18 gigap pascals too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's very similar to what cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's very similar to what cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's very similar to what cortical
+bone is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so we're going to use the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we're going to use the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we're going to use the following
+properties for the solid in the tacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for the solid in the tacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for the solid in the tacular
+bone. We're going to say the density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone. We're going to say the density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone. We're going to say the density is
+1,800 kg per cubic meter. The Young's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,800 kg per cubic meter. The Young's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,800 kg per cubic meter. The Young's
+modulus is 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus is 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus is 18
+gigapascals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigapascals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigapascals.
+The yield strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The yield strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The yield strength
+um has different values in tension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has different values in tension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has different values in tension and
+compression. It's about 182 megapascals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression. It's about 182 megapascals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression. It's about 182 megapascals
+in compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's about 115
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's about 115
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's about 115
+megapascals in tension.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So those are the solid properties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So then if we look at the compressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then if we look at the compressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then if we look at the compressive
+stress strain curves um they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress strain curves um they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress strain curves um they have the
+shape shown on the screen there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape shown on the screen there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape shown on the screen there and you
+can see how similar the stress strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how similar the stress strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how similar the stress strain
+curves are for those for a foam. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are for those for a foam. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are for those for a foam. So
+there's the same three regimes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the same three regimes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the same three regimes that we
+see for the foam. There's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for the foam. There's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for the foam. There's a linear
+elastic regime over here. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic regime over here. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic regime over here. There's a
+stress plateau here and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress plateau here and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress plateau here and there's some
+densification regime here. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification regime here. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification regime here. These are
+three curves for three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three curves for three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three curves for three different
+relative densities. as the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative densities. as the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative densities. as the relative
+density goes up, the stiffness goes up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density goes up, the stiffness goes up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density goes up, the stiffness goes up,
+the plateau stress goes up, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plateau stress goes up, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plateau stress goes up, and the
+densification strain goes down. So, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification strain goes down. So, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification strain goes down. So, just
+the same as as the foams that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as as the foams that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as as the foams that we've
+looked at before. Um, and if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at before. Um, and if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at before. Um, and if we look at
+the mechanisms of deformation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms of deformation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms of deformation and
+failure, people have looked at this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure, people have looked at this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure, people have looked at this.
+These are on whale vertebrae. So, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are on whale vertebrae. So, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are on whale vertebrae. So, these
+are tests that are done in a microCT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tests that are done in a microCT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tests that are done in a microCT
+machine again by Ralph Mueller's group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine again by Ralph Mueller's group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine again by Ralph Mueller's group.
+And here the specimen is unloaded. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here the specimen is unloaded. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here the specimen is unloaded. And
+here's the same specimen loaded. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the same specimen loaded. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the same specimen loaded. So you
+can see this platin has come down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this platin has come down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this platin has come down a
+little bit. And if you look at this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. And if you look at this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. And if you look at this sort
+of column here, this tbacula here, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of column here, this tbacula here, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of column here, this tbacula here, you
+can see it's kind of bent out and bowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it's kind of bent out and bowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it's kind of bent out and bowed
+out more. And people have found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out more. And people have found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out more. And people have found that
+usually the linear elastic behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the linear elastic behavior is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the linear elastic behavior is
+controlled by bending of the tracula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by bending of the tracula.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by bending of the tracula.
+And the u plateau stress is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the u plateau stress is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the u plateau stress is usually
+controlled by some sort of buckling. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by some sort of buckling. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by some sort of buckling. Uh
+but it's not elastic buckling. You don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not elastic buckling. You don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not elastic buckling. You don't
+recover it. You know, if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover it. You know, if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover it. You know, if you take a
+piece of bone and you compress it, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of bone and you compress it, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of bone and you compress it, it's
+going to have a permanent deformation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a permanent deformation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a permanent deformation.
+So, it's it's inelastic buckling. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's it's inelastic buckling. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's it's inelastic buckling. And I
+think we have oops some more pictures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have oops some more pictures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have oops some more pictures.
+This is another example from whale bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is another example from whale bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is another example from whale bone
+from um Ralph Mueller's group. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um Ralph Mueller's group. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um Ralph Mueller's group. So,
+here's the bone unloaded here. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the bone unloaded here. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the bone unloaded here. It's
+loaded to 4% strain. Here it's to eight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded to 4% strain. Here it's to eight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded to 4% strain. Here it's to eight.
+And you can start seeing right in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can start seeing right in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can start seeing right in this
+area here. If you compare with up there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area here. If you compare with up there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area here. If you compare with up there,
+it's starting to deform. And if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starting to deform. And if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starting to deform. And if you go
+up to here to 12% strain, you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to here to 12% strain, you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to here to 12% strain, you see that
+strut right there? That was this guy up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strut right there? That was this guy up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strut right there? That was this guy up
+here. And you can see that it's buckled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And you can see that it's buckled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And you can see that it's buckled
+right over. So people have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over. So people have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over. So people have made
+measurements like this in observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements like this in observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements like this in observations
+and you can actually see the buckling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually see the buckling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually see the buckling.
+And people have also uh done finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And people have also uh done finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And people have also uh done finite
+element modeling. They can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element modeling. They can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element modeling. They can take a
+microCT scan and input that to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microCT scan and input that to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microCT scan and input that to their
+finite element model. And then if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element model. And then if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element model. And then if they
+do the compression and they input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the compression and they input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the compression and they input the
+properties of the solid, they can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the solid, they can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the solid, they can see
+that they get a buckling kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get a buckling kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get a buckling kind of
+failure. If you have tbacula that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure. If you have tbacula that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure. If you have tbacula that are
+very aligned, let's see the next one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aligned, let's see the next one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aligned, let's see the next one.
+No. Oh, wait. We have one more. Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Oh, wait. We have one more. Here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Oh, wait. We have one more. Here's
+one more in the buckling. So this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more in the buckling. So this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more in the buckling. So this is one
+of Ralph's little movies. So when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ralph's little movies. So when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ralph's little movies. So when when
+it unloads, it looks like it recovers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unloads, it looks like it recovers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unloads, it looks like it recovers.
+But this is this is all just um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this is this is all just um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this is this is all just um you
+know, it's an animation. He takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's an animation. He takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's an animation. He takes
+several stills and puts them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several stills and puts them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several stills and puts them together
+and it doesn't actually recover. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't actually recover. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't actually recover. It's
+just the way that it shows. But again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way that it shows. But again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way that it shows. But again,
+you can see these are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these are two different
+specimens of different densities and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens of different densities and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens of different densities and you
+can kind of see how the um the struts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see how the um the struts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see how the um the struts
+deform. They bend and then they buckle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform. They bend and then they buckle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform. They bend and then they buckle.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh okay. Let me stop there and I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. Let me stop there and I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. Let me stop there and I'll put
+some stuff on the board. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we'll say the compressive stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll say the compressive stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll say the compressive stress
+strain curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has the characteristic shape of cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the characteristic shape of cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the characteristic shape of cellular
+solids.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the mechanisms of deformation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the mechanisms of deformation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the mechanisms of deformation and
+failure usually there's bending followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure usually there's bending followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure usually there's bending followed
+by inelastic usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inelastic usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inelastic usually
+um inelastic or plastic buckling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And sometimes if the um tbecula are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And sometimes if the um tbecula are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And sometimes if the um tbecula are
+aligned like that knee that I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned like that knee that I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned like that knee that I showed
+you, if the tracular are aligned or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, if the tracular are aligned or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, if the tracular are aligned or if
+they're very dense, then the axial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very dense, then the axial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very dense, then the axial
+deformation is important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation is important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation is important.
+And I'll just say people have found this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll just say people have found this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll just say people have found this
+by making observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making observations
+uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using
+microcomputed tomography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcomputed tomography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcomputed tomography
+or by finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by finite element
+calculations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And this is a stress strain curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is a stress strain curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is a stress strain curve
+in tension here. At tension you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tension here. At tension you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tension here. At tension you get
+failure at smaller strains and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure at smaller strains and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure at smaller strains and you get
+micro cracks in the bone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And these next plots just show some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these next plots just show some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these next plots just show some data
+for the bone. So we're plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bone. So we're plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bone. So we're plotting
+we're plotting the Young's modulus here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plotting the Young's modulus here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plotting the Young's modulus here.
+So this is a relative Young's modulus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a relative Young's modulus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a relative Young's modulus.
+The modulus of the bone divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The modulus of the bone divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The modulus of the bone divided by the
+solid cell wall material. Here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid cell wall material. Here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid cell wall material. Here's the
+relative density. Here's data for lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density. Here's data for lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density. Here's data for lots
+of different specimens of bone. So some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different specimens of bone. So some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different specimens of bone. So some
+of this data is for human bone, some's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this data is for human bone, some's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this data is for human bone, some's
+for bovine bone. Um, sometimes the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bovine bone. Um, sometimes the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bovine bone. Um, sometimes the data
+is taken where the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken where the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken where the orientation of the
+tbacula doesn't line up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacula doesn't line up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacula doesn't line up with the
+direction of the loading. So you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the loading. So you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the loading. So you might
+have tbacula that are kind of oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tbacula that are kind of oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tbacula that are kind of oriented
+this way, but you're loading it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, but you're loading it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, but you're loading it this
+way. There's some there's sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. There's some there's sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. There's some there's sometimes a
+different strain rates. Um, let's see,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strain rates. Um, let's see,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strain rates. Um, let's see,
+you know, there different groups. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, there different groups. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, there different groups. And so
+there's a huge scatter in the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge scatter in the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge scatter in the amount of
+data in the range of the data. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the range of the data. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the range of the data. Um but
+you can see if you look at it broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if you look at it broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if you look at it broadly
+and you look at that whole cluster of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at that whole cluster of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at that whole cluster of
+data the the data lie close to a line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the the data lie close to a line uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the the data lie close to a line uh
+of a slope of two and if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a slope of two and if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a slope of two and if you think of
+the open cell foam model and you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open cell foam model and you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open cell foam model and you had
+bending of the cell wall and so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending of the cell wall and so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending of the cell wall and so you'd
+expect that the modulus would vary as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that the modulus would vary as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that the modulus would vary as
+the density squared. So that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density squared. So that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density squared. So that's kind of
+the limit of how we do the modeling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of how we do the modeling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of how we do the modeling.
+It's we're really just interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's we're really just interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's we're really just interested in
+seeing how the properties vary with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how the properties vary with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how the properties vary with
+density. We're you know if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. We're you know if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. We're you know if you had a
+particular piece of bone I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular piece of bone I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular piece of bone I don't think
+you could use the models to exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use the models to exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use the models to exactly
+predict what the modulus of that bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what the modulus of that bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what the modulus of that bone
+would be. And here's the compressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be. And here's the compressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be. And here's the compressive
+strength here. So this is the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength here. So this is the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength here. So this is the relative
+compressive strength here. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive strength here. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive strength here. We've
+normalized it with the yield stress of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized it with the yield stress of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized it with the yield stress of
+the um solid bone. And here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um solid bone. And here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um solid bone. And here's the
+relative density. And you can see again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density. And you can see again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density. And you can see again
+this line is of slope two. So that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is of slope two. So that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is of slope two. So that kind
+of speaks to the buckling type failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speaks to the buckling type failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speaks to the buckling type failure
+mode. And I think I have another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. And I think I have another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. And I think I have another one
+here. This is the tensile strength. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is the tensile strength. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is the tensile strength. So
+if you pull the bone in tension, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pull the bone in tension, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pull the bone in tension, you
+wouldn't expect to get buckling. You'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect to get buckling. You'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect to get buckling. You'd
+expect to get plastic yielding. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get plastic yielding. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get plastic yielding. And if
+you got yielding and you use the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got yielding and you use the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got yielding and you use the open
+cell foam model, you'd expect a slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell foam model, you'd expect a slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell foam model, you'd expect a slope of
+three halves. So this line has a slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halves. So this line has a slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halves. So this line has a slope
+of three halves. And this line is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three halves. And this line is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three halves. And this line is is
+sort of towards the upper bound of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of towards the upper bound of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of towards the upper bound of that
+set of data. You could imagine a a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data. You could imagine a a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data. You could imagine a a line
+that went through it a little bit lower,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went through it a little bit lower,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went through it a little bit lower,
+but the same slope. And so these open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same slope. And so these open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same slope. And so these open
+cell foam models, they don't they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell foam models, they don't they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell foam models, they don't they don't
+predict the properties of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the properties of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the properties of a particular
+piece of bone because the bone can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of bone because the bone can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of bone because the bone can have
+some anisotropy to it. You can have, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some anisotropy to it. You can have, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some anisotropy to it. You can have, you
+know, the orientation of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the orientation of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the orientation of these things
+may not be perfectly lined up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be perfectly lined up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be perfectly lined up with the
+loading. Uh but overall the models give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading. Uh but overall the models give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading. Uh but overall the models give
+you a a sense of um how the bone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a sense of um how the bone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a sense of um how the bone is
+deforming and failing. Okay. So let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforming and failing. Okay. So let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforming and failing. Okay. So let me
+write some of this down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's data for the modulus, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's data for the modulus, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's data for the modulus, the
+compressive strength and the tensel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive strength and the tensel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive strength and the tensel
+strength. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength. And
+those have been on those plots. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have been on those plots. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have been on those plots. Those
+values are normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are normalized
+by um data for cortical bone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, it's just the I thought somebody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, it's just the I thought somebody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, it's just the I thought somebody was
+talking. It's just the chair squeaking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And as I said the spread in the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as I said the spread in the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as I said the spread in the data is
+large and that's due to anisotropy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and that's due to anisotropy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and that's due to anisotropy in
+the bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone
+uh and misalignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between the bone orientation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the bone orientation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the bone orientation and the
+loading direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So when people first started doing tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when people first started doing tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when people first started doing tests
+on tbacular bone, they typically were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tbacular bone, they typically were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tbacular bone, they typically were
+orthopedics labs and the orthopedics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthopedics labs and the orthopedics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthopedics labs and the orthopedics
+labs tended to initially cut the bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs tended to initially cut the bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs tended to initially cut the bone
+specimens on anatomical axes. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens on anatomical axes. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens on anatomical axes. So they
+would do, you know, the superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do, you know, the superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do, you know, the superior
+inferior or the medial lateral or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior or the medial lateral or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior or the medial lateral or the
+posterior anterior, but the bone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior anterior, but the bone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior anterior, but the bone uh
+orientation didn't line up with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation didn't line up with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation didn't line up with those
+directions. So the bone might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. So the bone might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. So the bone might have been
+it this way, but they were loading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way, but they were loading it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way, but they were loading it
+this way. And so that gave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. And so that gave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. And so that gave this
+misalignment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignment.
+Uh then there could be some variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then there could be some variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then there could be some variation in
+the solid properties too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid properties too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid properties too.
+So you could imagine some solid might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could imagine some solid might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could imagine some solid might
+have more micro cracks than another.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more micro cracks than another.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more micro cracks than another.
+So if you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you took
+say human bone of different ages, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say human bone of different ages, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say human bone of different ages, you
+might expect the older bone to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect the older bone to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect the older bone to have more
+micro cracks in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So these plots kind of put a lot of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these plots kind of put a lot of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these plots kind of put a lot of data
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the lines are based on models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the lines are based on models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the lines are based on models
+for open cell phones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the relative modulus goes roughly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the relative modulus goes roughly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the relative modulus goes roughly as
+the relative density squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative density squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative density squared
+and the cell walls are bending.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cell walls are bending.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cell walls are bending.
+And the compressive strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes roughly as the modulus squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's related to this plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's related to this plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's related to this plastic
+buckling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling.
+And then the tensile stress or tensile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the tensile stress or tensile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the tensile stress or tensile
+strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength
+depends on the formation of plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the formation of plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the formation of plastic
+hinges. And it goes roughly as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinges. And it goes roughly as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinges. And it goes roughly as the
+density to the three halves power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And one uh observation that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one uh observation that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one uh observation that people have
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that in compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in compression
+if the modulus and the strength both go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the modulus and the strength both go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the modulus and the strength both go
+as the density squared then the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the density squared then the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the density squared then the ratio of
+the strength to the modulus is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength to the modulus is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength to the modulus is just a
+constant and that in fact's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that in fact's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that in fact's just the
+strain failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain failure
+or the strain for that say um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the strain for that say um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the strain for that say um the
+plateau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's a strain of about.7%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a strain of about.7%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a strain of about.7%.
+And that's pretty consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's pretty consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's pretty consistent
+intramaccular bone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intramaccular bone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intramaccular bone.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we said sometimes the bone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we said sometimes the bone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we said sometimes the bone was
+relatively aligned. So here's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively aligned. So here's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively aligned. So here's that
+picture of the femoral cond again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the femoral cond again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the femoral cond again in the
+knee. And you can see the bones lined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee. And you can see the bones lined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee. And you can see the bones lined
+up. If you have bone that's lined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. If you have bone that's lined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. If you have bone that's lined up
+like that and you load it along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you load it along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you load it along the
+direction of alignment, then you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of alignment, then you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of alignment, then you can get
+axial deformation in the traculi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial deformation in the traculi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial deformation in the traculi and
+then you would expect the moduli would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would expect the moduli would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would expect the moduli would
+go linearly with the density. And here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go linearly with the density. And here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go linearly with the density. And here's
+some data for the Young's modulus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data for the Young's modulus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data for the Young's modulus and
+the compressive strength of a of bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compressive strength of a of bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compressive strength of a of bone
+that was fairly aligned. So this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was fairly aligned. So this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was fairly aligned. So this was
+selected to be aligned. So here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected to be aligned. So here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected to be aligned. So here's the
+modulus here and the square data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus here and the square data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus here and the square data points
+are um the longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um the longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um the longitudinal
+uh direction and the little diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direction and the little diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direction and the little diamond
+thingies, little stars are transverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thingies, little stars are transverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thingies, little stars are transverse.
+So here and here's a line of slope one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here and here's a line of slope one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here and here's a line of slope one.
+And again it's you know they don't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again it's you know they don't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again it's you know they don't all
+lie perfectly on that line but roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie perfectly on that line but roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie perfectly on that line but roughly
+the the slope is about one there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the slope is about one there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the slope is about one there. And
+then similarly here, this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then similarly here, this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then similarly here, this is the
+compressive strength. The little squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive strength. The little squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive strength. The little squares
+are the longitudinal data and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the longitudinal data and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the longitudinal data and they're
+not exactly on a slope of one, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly on a slope of one, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly on a slope of one, but
+they're more or less on a slope of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'll just say in some regions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll just say in some regions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll just say in some regions the
+bone may be aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then axial deformation is important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you would expect
+the modulus to go linearly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus to go linearly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus to go linearly with the
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+and the strength to go linearly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strength to go linearly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strength to go linearly with the
+density in the longitudinal direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then finally, I wanted to finish up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then finally, I wanted to finish up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then finally, I wanted to finish up the
+bit on the modeling by making one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the modeling by making one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the modeling by making one of
+these plots a little bit like we did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plots a little bit like we did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plots a little bit like we did for
+wood. So here's the Young's modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood. So here's the Young's modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood. So here's the Young's modulus of
+bone plotted against the density. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone plotted against the density. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone plotted against the density. The
+tbecular bone is down here. It's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecular bone is down here. It's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbecular bone is down here. It's sort of
+the lowest density. And then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest density. And then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest density. And then this is the
+collagen that's in the solid part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collagen that's in the solid part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collagen that's in the solid part of the
+bone. And this is hydroxy appatite, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone. And this is hydroxy appatite, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone. And this is hydroxy appatite, the
+mineral. So the modulus of hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mineral. So the modulus of hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mineral. So the modulus of hydroxy
+appatite is around 120 gigap pascals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appatite is around 120 gigap pascals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appatite is around 120 gigap pascals.
+And the modulus of collagen is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the modulus of collagen is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the modulus of collagen is somewhere
+around five. And if you make composites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around five. And if you make composites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around five. And if you make composites
+of collagen and hydroxy appatite, their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collagen and hydroxy appatite, their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collagen and hydroxy appatite, their
+moduli are going to be in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moduli are going to be in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moduli are going to be in this kind of
+envelope here. And compact bone, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope here. And compact bone, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope here. And compact bone, the
+modulus fits in around here. Remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus fits in around here. Remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus fits in around here. Remember I
+said it was around 18 gigap pascals. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was around 18 gigap pascals. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was around 18 gigap pascals. So
+then if you take the compact bone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you take the compact bone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you take the compact bone and
+you turn it into tracular bone, you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it into tracular bone, you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it into tracular bone, you'd
+expect the modulus would go down along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the modulus would go down along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the modulus would go down along a
+slope of two. So here's our little slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of two. So here's our little slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of two. So here's our little slope
+of two. And more or less that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two. And more or less that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two. And more or less that's what you
+see with the tracular bone. Okay. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with the tracular bone. Okay. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with the tracular bone. Okay. So the
+the idea is that the models give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that the models give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that the models give you
+kind of a general idea of how the bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a general idea of how the bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a general idea of how the bone
+is behaving, but it's not really meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is behaving, but it's not really meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is behaving, but it's not really meant
+to predict a particular piece of bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict a particular piece of bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict a particular piece of bone
+because a particular piece is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a particular piece is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a particular piece is going to
+have um a particular geometry. Typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um a particular geometry. Typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um a particular geometry. Typically
+they're not sort of equax and isotropic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not sort of equax and isotropic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not sort of equax and isotropic.
+All right. So are we good with kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So are we good with kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So are we good with kind of
+the general overview? Are we good with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general overview? Are we good with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general overview? Are we good with
+how fewer equations there are now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fewer equations there are now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fewer equations there are now that
+we got past the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got past the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got past the first part of the
+course? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course? Yeah.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um, so I'm I'm going to talk a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I'm I'm going to talk a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I'm I'm going to talk a bit more
+about osteoporosis and I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about osteoporosis and I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about osteoporosis and I'm going to talk
+about some modeling that my group did uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some modeling that my group did uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some modeling that my group did uh
+to sort of look at the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of look at the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of look at the consequences of
+osteoporosis and then later on we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis and then later on we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis and then later on we're
+going to talk a little bit about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a little bit about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a little bit about using
+metal foams as a possible replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal foams as a possible replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal foams as a possible replacement
+material for tracular bone as well. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for tracular bone as well. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for tracular bone as well. And
+I have a little bit of a talk on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a little bit of a talk on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a little bit of a talk on uh
+using tbecular bone in evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using tbecular bone in evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using tbecular bone in evolutionary
+studies uh to see um whether or not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies uh to see um whether or not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies uh to see um whether or not a
+species was bipeedal or quadripedal. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species was bipeedal or quadripedal. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species was bipeedal or quadripedal. So,
+I think I talked about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I talked about this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I talked about this a little bit
+in 3032, but I have like more slides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3032, but I have like more slides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3032, but I have like more slides and
+more stuff I'm going to talk about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff I'm going to talk about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff I'm going to talk about.
+Okay, so let me get myself organized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let me get myself organized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let me get myself organized.
+Uh,oop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So osteoporosis comes from the Latin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So osteoporosis comes from the Latin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So osteoporosis comes from the Latin and
+it actually means porous bones. So osteo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually means porous bones. So osteo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually means porous bones. So osteo
+means bone and not too surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means bone and not too surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means bone and not too surprisingly
+parosis means um porous. So this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parosis means um porous. So this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parosis means um porous. So this next
+slide gives you some idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide gives you some idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide gives you some idea of what
+osteoporotic bone looks like. So the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporotic bone looks like. So the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporotic bone looks like. So the top
+slide is normal bone in a 55year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is normal bone in a 55year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is normal bone in a 55year-old
+woman. These are sections from a lumbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman. These are sections from a lumbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman. These are sections from a lumbar
+spine. And that bone up here is 17%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spine. And that bone up here is 17%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spine. And that bone up here is 17%
+dense. So the relative density is 0.17.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense. So the relative density is 0.17.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense. So the relative density is 0.17.
+And this is a section from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a section from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a section from the same
+bone, the same area of bone in an 86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone, the same area of bone in an 86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone, the same area of bone in an 86
+year old woman and it's 7% dense. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old woman and it's 7% dense. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old woman and it's 7% dense. So you
+can see there's a huge difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's a huge difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's a huge difference in the
+density and you can start to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and you can start to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and you can start to see what
+happens when you lose bone mass. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you lose bone mass. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you lose bone mass. So if
+you look at this bone up here, it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this bone up here, it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this bone up here, it's all
+well connected. Like each little tbecula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well connected. Like each little tbecula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well connected. Like each little tbecula
+is connected to its neighboring friends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to its neighboring friends.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to its neighboring friends.
+And you can see down here, I mean, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see down here, I mean, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can see down here, I mean, you
+look at this and you kind of go, "Ouch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and you kind of go, "Ouch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and you kind of go, "Ouch
+just looking at it." Because this, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at it." Because this, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at it." Because this, you
+know, this piece of bone here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this piece of bone here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this piece of bone here is just
+kind of dangling off. not connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dangling off. not connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dangling off. not connected to
+anything. And you can see the the struts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. And you can see the the struts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. And you can see the the struts
+have gotten thinner. So they've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten thinner. So they've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten thinner. So they've lost
+bone mass by thinning. And then as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone mass by thinning. And then as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone mass by thinning. And then as I
+said, when the when the thickness gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, when the when the thickness gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, when the when the thickness gets
+sort of less than they roughly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of less than they roughly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of less than they roughly equal to
+the size of the cells, then the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the cells, then the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the cells, then the cells
+can't live anymore and the the bone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't live anymore and the the bone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't live anymore and the the bone uh
+strut just disappears altogether. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strut just disappears altogether. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strut just disappears altogether. So
+it's not too surprising that if you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too surprising that if you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too surprising that if you lose
+this much bone mass that the um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much bone mass that the um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much bone mass that the um there's
+mechanical consequences and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical consequences and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical consequences and there's a
+greater risk of fracture. And as I said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater risk of fracture. And as I said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater risk of fracture. And as I said,
+the most two the two most common types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most two the two most common types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most two the two most common types
+of fractures are hip fractures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fractures are hip fractures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fractures are hip fractures and
+vertebral fractures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebral fractures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebral fractures.
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+so let's see here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see here.
+So, as people age,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as people age,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as people age,
+everybody loses bone mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And happily for you, and not so happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And happily for you, and not so happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And happily for you, and not so happily
+for me, the bone mass peaks at about 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me, the bone mass peaks at about 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me, the bone mass peaks at about 25
+years old. So, you're probably either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old. So, you're probably either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old. So, you're probably either
+not at the peak or, you know, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the peak or, you know, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the peak or, you know, just
+barely at the peak. And then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely at the peak. And then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely at the peak. And then it
+decreases after that every year. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases after that every year. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases after that every year. I'm
+considerably older than you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in women when you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in women when you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in women when you go through
+menopause the sessation of estrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menopause the sessation of estrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menopause the sessation of estrogen
+production increases the bone loss. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production increases the bone loss. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production increases the bone loss. And
+so uh typically osteoporosis is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh typically osteoporosis is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh typically osteoporosis is most
+common in post-menopausal women.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+An osteoporosis is defined as a bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An osteoporosis is defined as a bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An osteoporosis is defined as a bone
+mass 2.5 standard deviations or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 2.5 standard deviations or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 2.5 standard deviations or more
+below that of a young normal mean. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that of a young normal mean. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that of a young normal mean. So
+it's not like you fall and break your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you fall and break your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you fall and break your
+hip and you they say you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip and you they say you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip and you they say you have
+osteoporosis. It's based on the bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis. It's based on the bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis. It's based on the bone
+mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And as I said the tbecula thin and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as I said the tbecula thin and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as I said the tbecula thin and then
+they resorb completely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So anybody here take Latin?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So anybody here take Latin?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So anybody here take Latin?
+Yes. I did Latin for one year. One year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I did Latin for one year. One year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I did Latin for one year. One year
+in high school. So tbecula with an e on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school. So tbecula with an e on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school. So tbecula with an e on
+the end here. Tbcula, I suppose, is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end here. Tbcula, I suppose, is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end here. Tbcula, I suppose, is the
+plural. Tbecula with an a is a singular.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural. Tbecula with an a is a singular.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural. Tbecula with an a is a singular.
+And that's that's comes from Latin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's that's comes from Latin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's that's comes from Latin.
+You so you don't say tbeculas. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You so you don't say tbeculas. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You so you don't say tbeculas. That's
+that's a no no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Get rid of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So if we saw that the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we saw that the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we saw that the strength of the
+bone varies as the density squared, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone varies as the density squared, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone varies as the density squared, you
+can begin to see how sensitive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can begin to see how sensitive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can begin to see how sensitive the
+strength is going to be to uh this bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength is going to be to uh this bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength is going to be to uh this bone
+mass loss. So say you went from a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass loss. So say you went from a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass loss. So say you went from a a
+density of 0.2 to a density of 0.1, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of 0.2 to a density of 0.1, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of 0.2 to a density of 0.1, you
+know, the density's changed by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the density's changed by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the density's changed by a factor
+of two. So the density has gone down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two. So the density has gone down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two. So the density has gone down by
+half, but the strength is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half, but the strength is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half, but the strength is going to go
+down by a factor of four. You're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by a factor of four. You're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by a factor of four. You're going
+to have the strength be a quarter. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the strength be a quarter. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the strength be a quarter. And
+so you're going to have a big change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to have a big change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to have a big change in
+the strength. And you can imagine as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength. And you can imagine as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength. And you can imagine as the
+tracularly thin, this buckling gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracularly thin, this buckling gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracularly thin, this buckling gets
+easier to happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then once the tacula begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then once the tacula begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then once the tacula begin to
+absorb, as they kind of disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb, as they kind of disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb, as they kind of disappear
+altogether, it's it's like I said, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether, it's it's like I said, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether, it's it's like I said, it's
+like having a a building uh framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having a a building uh framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having a a building uh framework
+and now you're removing beams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you're removing beams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you're removing beams and
+columns and the strength is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and the strength is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and the strength is going to go
+down even more dramatically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the way we model the um osteoporotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the way we model the um osteoporotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the way we model the um osteoporotic
+bone is we use finite element analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone is we use finite element analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone is we use finite element analysis.
+So, you know, before we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, before we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, before we talked about
+using the unit cell for the honeycomb,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the unit cell for the honeycomb,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the unit cell for the honeycomb,
+but to use a unit cell, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to use a unit cell, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to use a unit cell, you have to
+have, you know, repeating unit cells,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, you know, repeating unit cells,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, you know, repeating unit cells,
+and obviously you don't have that. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously you don't have that. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously you don't have that. You
+know, you've got local variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you've got local variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you've got local variations in
+what the structure looks like. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structure looks like. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structure looks like. And we
+also use the dimensional analysis. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use the dimensional analysis. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use the dimensional analysis. And
+the dimensional analysis uh relies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensional analysis uh relies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensional analysis uh relies on
+the geometry being similar from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry being similar from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry being similar from one
+specimen to another. And you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen to another. And you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen to another. And you can't
+really rely on that either for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rely on that either for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rely on that either for the
+osteoporotic bone. And so what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporotic bone. And so what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporotic bone. And so what we've
+done is use and this is what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is use and this is what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is use and this is what other
+people do as well is use finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do as well is use finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do as well is use finite element
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+to represent the bone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So initially what we did was we used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So initially what we did was we used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So initially what we did was we used a
+2D voronoi model. So you remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D voronoi model. So you remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D voronoi model. So you remember we
+talked about voronoi honeycombs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about voronoi honeycombs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about voronoi honeycombs and
+voronoi foams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voronoi foams.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voronoi foams.
+So I like to start out with simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I like to start out with simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I like to start out with simple
+things. So we started out with a 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So we started out with a 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So we started out with a 2D
+voronoi model uh for a honeycomb.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then we did a 2D representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we did a 2D representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we did a 2D representation
+of vertebral bone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then we did a 3D voronoi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we did a 3D voronoi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we did a 3D voronoi.
+And I had a couple of students who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I had a couple of students who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I had a couple of students who did
+this. Matt Silva was the one who did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Matt Silva was the one who did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Matt Silva was the one who did the
+first two and Surka Vagela was the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two and Surka Vagela was the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two and Surka Vagela was the one
+who did the the last one. So let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did the the last one. So let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did the the last one. So let's see.
+I think I think that's probably a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think that's probably a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think that's probably a good
+place to stop there for today. So next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to stop there for today. So next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to stop there for today. So next
+time I'll talk about the um modeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll talk about the um modeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll talk about the um modeling of
+osteoporotic bone. We might talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporotic bone. We might talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporotic bone. We might talk a
+little bit about metal bone as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about metal bone as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about metal bone as a
+substitute for tbacular or metal foams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for tbacular or metal foams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for tbacular or metal foams
+as a substitute. Um I don't think we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a substitute. Um I don't think we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a substitute. Um I don't think we'll
+get to the evolution stuff. We probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the evolution stuff. We probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the evolution stuff. We probably
+won't quite finish next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vdtI0o3ViZw.txt b/vdtI0o3ViZw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74dcf55c6a25fbbdb1f0fd307635d570eeaee66a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vdtI0o3ViZw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,955 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Congratulations. You are a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Congratulations. You are a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Congratulations. You are a terrible
+robot. You may already know a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot. You may already know a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot. You may already know a lot about
+innovation. Even if you're an expert or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation. Even if you're an expert or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation. Even if you're an expert or
+you have already made millions, for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already made millions, for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already made millions, for the
+next hour or so, which is what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hour or so, which is what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hour or so, which is what this
+series of videos is meant to last, I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of videos is meant to last, I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of videos is meant to last, I ask
+you to open your mind to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to open your mind to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to open your mind to a new
+possibility while I take you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility while I take you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility while I take you through
+what we have learned as we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned as we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned as we have
+developed and practiced what has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and practiced what has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and practiced what has become
+the MIT way to do innovation. Why? There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT way to do innovation. Why? There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT way to do innovation. Why? There
+are well over 40 years worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well over 40 years worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well over 40 years worth of
+technology sitting out there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology sitting out there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology sitting out there on the
+proverbial shelf waiting for a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proverbial shelf waiting for a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proverbial shelf waiting for a new
+generation of hands-on innovators,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of hands-on innovators,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of hands-on innovators,
+someone like you, to put them to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone like you, to put them to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone like you, to put them to use to
+make a real problem go away sustainably.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a real problem go away sustainably.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a real problem go away sustainably.
+That is for good. It just takes another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is for good. It just takes another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is for good. It just takes another
+innovation mindset. To be clear, I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation mindset. To be clear, I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation mindset. To be clear, I am
+not talking about another app or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking about another app or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking about another app or another
+social media scheme or yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media scheme or yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media scheme or yet another
+startup pitch. I am inviting you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup pitch. I am inviting you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup pitch. I am inviting you to get
+real and to believe there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and to believe there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and to believe there are
+technologies out there you can master to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies out there you can master to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies out there you can master to
+make the problem you care about go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the problem you care about go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the problem you care about go away
+even if you do not think you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you do not think you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you do not think you have the
+right background. Flying cars to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right background. Flying cars to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right background. Flying cars to solve
+traffic local manufacturing to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic local manufacturing to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic local manufacturing to address
+inequality. The question isn't whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality. The question isn't whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality. The question isn't whether
+the problem you care for can be solved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you care for can be solved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you care for can be solved.
+Rather the question is how you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rather the question is how you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rather the question is how you're going
+to do it and which technologies you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and which technologies you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and which technologies you will
+bring together to do it sustainably. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together to do it sustainably. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together to do it sustainably. You
+have plenty of options. We have created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plenty of options. We have created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plenty of options. We have created
+this free video course to share with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this free video course to share with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this free video course to share with you
+the MIT way of thinking about and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT way of thinking about and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT way of thinking about and doing
+innovation. You'll learn about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation. You'll learn about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation. You'll learn about the
+mindset we've instilled for nearly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset we've instilled for nearly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset we've instilled for nearly two
+decades in hundreds of MIT students. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades in hundreds of MIT students. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades in hundreds of MIT students. It
+is based on concepts in the course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on concepts in the course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on concepts in the course I
+lead called innovation teams or it teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead called innovation teams or it teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead called innovation teams or it teams
+for short. ITM students learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short. ITM students learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short. ITM students learn how to
+solve problems with technology and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems with technology and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems with technology and move
+technology from lab to impact. Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology from lab to impact. Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology from lab to impact. Let me
+tell you a little about these students.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little about these students.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little about these students.
+You might see yourself in them. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might see yourself in them. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might see yourself in them. They
+come from all backgrounds and life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from all backgrounds and life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from all backgrounds and life
+experiences ranging from humanities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences ranging from humanities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences ranging from humanities and
+business to engineering. Some have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to engineering. Some have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to engineering. Some have been
+in industry for years. Some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in industry for years. Some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in industry for years. Some are
+self-made professionals or entrepreneurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-made professionals or entrepreneurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-made professionals or entrepreneurs
+or investors. Some are pursuing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or investors. Some are pursuing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or investors. Some are pursuing a
+master's or PhD degree and some have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's or PhD degree and some have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's or PhD degree and some have
+just started college. When they first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started college. When they first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started college. When they first
+come to IT teams, most have thought and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to IT teams, most have thought and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to IT teams, most have thought and
+read about innovation, sometimes a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about innovation, sometimes a lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about innovation, sometimes a lot.
+Through their readings, they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through their readings, they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through their readings, they've been
+trained to think that they are limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to think that they are limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to think that they are limited
+to ideas that fit their background. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ideas that fit their background. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ideas that fit their background. They
+have been told that when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been told that when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been told that when it comes to
+innovation, they have to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation, they have to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation, they have to find a
+disruptive idea or to follow recipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive idea or to follow recipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive idea or to follow recipes
+with steps like robots do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with steps like robots do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with steps like robots do.
+Chances are, you have thought or read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chances are, you have thought or read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chances are, you have thought or read a
+lot about innovation, too. That's fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about innovation, too. That's fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about innovation, too. That's fine.
+If you're anything like our MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're anything like our MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're anything like our MIT
+students, you will soon discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students, you will soon discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students, you will soon discover that
+you have been looking at a rather narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have been looking at a rather narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have been looking at a rather narrow
+view of innovation, and you're missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of innovation, and you're missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of innovation, and you're missing
+out on about 95% of what you can do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on about 95% of what you can do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on about 95% of what you can do.
+Here's what I mean. If you two have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's what I mean. If you two have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's what I mean. If you two have been
+thinking about finding the disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about finding the disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about finding the disruptive
+idea or about applying some step-by-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or about applying some step-by-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or about applying some step-by-step
+innovation recipe like try, fail, rinse,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation recipe like try, fail, rinse,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation recipe like try, fail, rinse,
+repeat, that sounds like something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat, that sounds like something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat, that sounds like something we
+may ask a robot to do. You are missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may ask a robot to do. You are missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may ask a robot to do. You are missing
+out. There is more you can do. Humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. There is more you can do. Humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. There is more you can do. Humans
+make for terrible robots, but we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make for terrible robots, but we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make for terrible robots, but we make
+great Leonardo da Vinces. Leonardo did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Leonardo da Vinces. Leonardo did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Leonardo da Vinces. Leonardo did
+not seem to pay attention to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seem to pay attention to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seem to pay attention to some
+difference between the humanities, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the humanities, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the humanities, the
+arts, engineering. He treated the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts, engineering. He treated the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts, engineering. He treated the world
+around him as his lab and he invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around him as his lab and he invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around him as his lab and he invented
+technologies, water pumps, flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies, water pumps, flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies, water pumps, flying
+machines, painting techniques to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines, painting techniques to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines, painting techniques to make
+that world work another way. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world work another way. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world work another way. These
+videos present a whole new way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos present a whole new way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos present a whole new way to think
+about innovation. Innovation understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about innovation. Innovation understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about innovation. Innovation understood
+as making problems go away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as making problems go away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as making problems go away with
+technology as a tool. To get you there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology as a tool. To get you there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology as a tool. To get you there,
+we'll give you tips for how to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you tips for how to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you tips for how to imagine
+and make ideas tangible the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make ideas tangible the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make ideas tangible the way
+generations of creative engineers have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations of creative engineers have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations of creative engineers have.
+In the videos, you learn that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the videos, you learn that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the videos, you learn that one
+technology can lead to many ventures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology can lead to many ventures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology can lead to many ventures.
+That you do not need to paint every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That you do not need to paint every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That you do not need to paint every
+problem as a catastrophe. That ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as a catastrophe. That ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as a catastrophe. That ideas
+look different at the start. The best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look different at the start. The best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look different at the start. The best
+ideas look rather bad. You learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas look rather bad. You learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas look rather bad. You learn that
+what the real garage culture looks like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the real garage culture looks like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the real garage culture looks like.
+How to fund innovation for impact. To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How to fund innovation for impact. To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How to fund innovation for impact. To
+prototype problems, not products, and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype problems, not products, and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype problems, not products, and to
+progress by being wrong. It may feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress by being wrong. It may feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress by being wrong. It may feel
+counterintuitive at first. Some of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive at first. Some of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive at first. Some of my
+students start out thinking the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students start out thinking the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students start out thinking the content
+is a bit contrarian. But as you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit contrarian. But as you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit contrarian. But as you watch
+it, you'll see it is easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you'll see it is easy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you'll see it is easy and
+straightforward. It only feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. It only feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. It only feels
+counterintuitive because we train our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because we train our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because we train our
+entire lives to carry out jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire lives to carry out jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire lives to carry out jobs
+robotically and to try to be right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotically and to try to be right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotically and to try to be right at
+every step. You are not a robot. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step. You are not a robot. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step. You are not a robot. This
+mindset for innovating has helped many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset for innovating has helped many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset for innovating has helped many
+of my students start new, highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my students start new, highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my students start new, highly
+innovative companies. Our MIT class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative companies. Our MIT class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative companies. Our MIT class and
+program has proven quite successful at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has proven quite successful at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has proven quite successful at
+moving technology into the world. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving technology into the world. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving technology into the world. You
+are in the company of thousands of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the company of thousands of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the company of thousands of MIT
+students.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vqn_yk5aFcI.txt b/vqn_yk5aFcI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f3b11000fff756bc68a1c5b43941d177316415d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vqn_yk5aFcI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, which of the following is a good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, which of the following is a good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, which of the following is a good and
+valid definition for a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid definition for a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid definition for a class
+representing a car? Okay, most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a car? Okay, most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a car? Okay, most of the
+people I think have got it gotten it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I think have got it gotten it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I think have got it gotten it
+which is the red which says class car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the red which says class car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the red which says class car
+object. That's perfect. Okay, so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object. That's perfect. Okay, so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object. That's perfect. Okay, so this
+defines a function. This defines a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a function. This defines a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a function. This defines a class
+correctly but a is just not descriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but a is just not descriptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but a is just not descriptive
+name at all. And this is kind of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name at all. And this is kind of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name at all. And this is kind of weird
+and this is the right one here.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/x4q6H6lxFFE.txt b/x4q6H6lxFFE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ca77e392534c678bb136d160547aa96de267225
--- /dev/null
+++ b/x4q6H6lxFFE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,585 @@
+In this exercise, we'll be
+working with the notion of
+
+convergence in probability, as
+well as some other notion of
+
+converge of random variables
+that we'll introduce later.
+
+First type of random variable
+is xn, where xn has
+
+probability 1 minus 1 minus
+over n to be as 0 and
+
+probability of 1 over
+n to be a 1.
+
+ 
+
+And graphically, we see that
+we have a pretty big mess.
+
+1 minus 1 over n at location
+0, and a tiny bit somewhere
+
+here, only 1 over n.
+
+So this will be the PMF for x.
+
+ 
+
+On the other hand, we
+have the sequence of
+
+random variables, yn.
+
+Fairly similar to xn with
+a slight tweak.
+
+The similar part says it also
+has a very high probability of
+
+being at 0, mass 1
+over 1 minus n.
+
+But on the off chance that yn
+is not at 0, it has a pretty
+
+big value n.
+
+So it has probability 1 over
+n of somewhere out there.
+
+So to contrast the two graphs,
+we see at 0, they have the
+
+same amount of mass, 1 over 1
+minus n, but for y, it's all
+
+the way out there that has
+a small mass 1 over n.
+
+So this will be our Pyn of y.
+
+ 
+
+And for the remainder of the
+problem, we'll be looking at
+
+the regime where the number n
+tends to infinity, and study
+
+what will happen to these two
+sequences of random variables.
+
+In part A, we're to compute the
+expected value n variance
+
+for both xn and yn.
+
+Let's get started.
+
+The expected value of xn is
+given by the probability--
+
+it's at one, which is 1 over n
+times 1 plus the probability
+
+being at 0, 1 over
+n times value 0.
+
+And that gives us 1 over n.
+
+To calculate the variance of
+xn, see that variance is
+
+simply the expected value of xn
+minus expected value of xn,
+
+which in this case is 1 over n
+from the previous calculation
+
+we have here.
+
+We take the square of this value
+and compute the whole
+
+expectation, and this gives us
+1 over n, 1 minus 1 over n
+
+plus the remainder probability 1
+over 1 minus n of x being at
+
+0, so 0 minus 1 over
+n squared.
+
+ 
+
+And if we carry out the
+calculations here, we'll get n
+
+minus 1 over n squared.
+
+ 
+
+Now, let's turn to yn.
+
+The expected value of yn is
+equal to probability of being
+
+at 0, 0 plus the probability
+of being at n and
+
+times the value n.
+
+And this gives us 1.
+
+The variance of yn.
+
+We do the same thing as before,
+we have 1 minus 1 over
+
+n probability of being at 0,
+multiplied 0 minus 1 squared,
+
+where 1 is the expected
+value of y.
+
+And with probability 1 over n,
+out there, equal to n, and
+
+this is multiplied by
+n minus 1 squared.
+
+And this gives us n minus 1
+
+Already, we can see that while
+the expected value for x was 1
+
+over n, the expected value for
+y is sitting right at 1.
+
+It does not decrease
+as it increases.
+
+And also, while the variance
+for x is n minus 1 over n
+
+squared, the variance for
+y is much bigger.
+
+It is actually increasing to
+infinity as n goes infinity.
+
+So these intuitions will be
+helpful for the remainder of
+
+the problem.
+
+In part B, we're asked to use
+Chebyshev's Inequality and see
+
+whether xn or yn converges to
+any number in probability.
+
+Let's first recall what the
+inequality is about.
+
+It says that if we have random
+variable x, in our case, xn,
+
+then the probability of xn minus
+the expected value of
+
+xn, in our case, 1 over n,
+that this deviation, the
+
+absolute value of this
+difference is greater than
+
+epsilon is bounded above by the
+variance of xn divided by
+
+the value of epsilon squared.
+
+Well, in our case, we know the
+variance is n minus 1 over n
+
+squared, hence this whole term
+is this term divided by
+
+epsilon squared.
+
+Now, we know that as n gets
+really big, the probability of
+
+xn being at 0 is very big.
+
+It's 1 minus 1 over n.
+
+So a safe bet to guess is that
+if xn work to converge
+
+anywhere on the real line,
+it might just converge
+
+to the point 0.
+
+And let's see if that is true.
+
+Now, to show that xn converges
+to 0 in probability, formally
+
+we need to show that for every
+fixed epsilon greater than 0,
+
+the probability that xn minus 0
+greater than epsilon has to
+
+be 0, and the limit has
+n going to infinity.
+
+And hopefully, the inequalities
+above will help
+
+us achieve this goal.
+
+And let's see how
+that is done.
+
+I would like to have an
+estimate, in fact, an upper
+
+bound of the probability xn
+absolute value greater or
+
+equal to epsilon.
+
+And now, we're going to do
+some massaging to this
+
+equation so that it looks like
+what we know before, which is
+
+right here.
+
+Now, we see that this equation
+is in fact, less than
+
+probability xn minus 1 over n
+greater or equal to epsilon
+
+plus 1 over n.
+
+Now, I will justify this
+inequality in one second.
+
+But suppose that you believe me
+for this inequality, we can
+
+simply plug-in the value right
+here, namely substituting
+
+epsilon plus 1 over n, in the
+place of epsilon right here
+
+and use the Chebyshev Inequality
+we did earlier to
+
+arrive at the following
+inequality, which is n minus 1
+
+over n squared times, instead
+of epsilon, now we have
+
+epsilon plus 1 over n squared.
+
+ 
+
+Now, if we take n to
+infinity in this
+
+equation, see what happens.
+
+Well, this term here converges
+to 0 because n squared is much
+
+bigger than n minus 1.
+
+And this term here converges
+to number 1
+
+over epsilon squared.
+
+So it becomes 0 times 1 over
+epsilon squared, hence the
+
+whole term converges to 0.
+
+And this proves that indeed, the
+limit of the term here as
+
+n going to infinity is equal
+to 0, and that implies xn
+
+converges to 0 in probability.
+
+ 
+
+Now, there is the one thing
+I did not justify in the
+
+process, which is why is
+probability of absolute value
+
+xn greater than epsilon less
+then the term right here?
+
+So let's take a look.
+
+Well, the easiest way to see
+this is to see what ranges of
+
+xn are we talking about
+in each case.
+
+Well, in the first case, we're
+looking at interval around 0
+
+plus minus epsilon and xn
+can lie anywhere here.
+
+ 
+
+While in the second case, right
+here, we can see that
+
+the set of range values for xn
+is precisely this interval
+
+here, which was the same as
+before, but now, we actually
+
+have less on this side, where
+the starting point and the
+
+interval on the right is
+epsilon plus 2 over n.
+
+And therefore, the right hand
+style captures strictly less
+
+values of xn than the left
+hand side, hence the
+
+inequality is true.
+
+Now, we wonder if we can use
+the same trick, Chebyshev
+
+Inequality, to derive the
+result for yn as well.
+
+Let's take a look.
+
+The probability of yn minus it's
+mean, 1, greater or equal
+
+to epsilon.
+
+From the Chebyshev Inequality,
+we have variance of yn divided
+
+by epsilon squared.
+
+Now, there is a problem.
+
+The variance of yn
+is very big.
+
+In fact, it is equal
+to n minus 1.
+
+And we calculated in part A,
+divided by epsilon squared.
+
+And this quantity here diverges
+as n going to
+
+infinity to infinity itself.
+
+So in this case, the Chebyshev
+Inequality does not tell us
+
+much information of whether
+yn converges or not.
+
+Now, going to part C, the
+question is although we don't
+
+know anything about yn from just
+the Chebyshev Inequality,
+
+does yn converge to
+anything at all?
+
+Well, it turns out it does.
+
+In fact, we don't have to
+go through anything more
+
+complicated than distribution
+yn itself.
+
+So from the distribution yn, we
+know that absolute value of
+
+yn greater or equal to epsilon
+is equal to 1 over n whenever
+
+epsilon is less than n.
+
+And this is true because we know
+yn has a lot of mass at 0
+
+and a tiny bit a mass at value
+1 over n at location n.
+
+So if we draw the cutoff here
+at epsilon, then the
+
+probability of yn landing to the
+right of epsilon is simply
+
+equal to 1 over n.
+
+And this tells us, if we take
+the limit of n going to
+
+infinity and measure the
+probability that yn--
+
+just to write it clearly--
+
+deviates from 0 by more than
+epsilon, this is equal to the
+
+limit as n going to infinity
+of 1 over n.
+
+And that is equal to 0.
+
+From this calculation, we know
+that yn does converge to 0 in
+
+probability as n going
+to infinity.
+
+ 
+
+For part D, we'd like to know
+whether the convergence in
+
+probability implies the
+convergence in expectation.
+
+That is, if we have a sequence
+of random variables, let's
+
+call it zn, that converges to
+number c in probability as n
+
+going to infinity, does it also
+imply that the limit as n
+
+going to infinity of the
+expected value of zn also
+
+converges to c.
+
+Is that true?
+
+Well, intuitively it is true,
+because in the limit, zn
+
+almost looks like it
+concentrates on c solely,
+
+hence we might expect that the
+expected value is also going
+
+to c itself.
+
+Well, unfortunately, that
+is not quite true.
+
+In fact, we have the proof right
+here by looking at yn.
+
+For yn, we know that the
+expected value of yn is equal
+
+to 1 for all n.
+
+It does not matter
+how big n gets.
+
+But we also know front part C
+that yn does converge to 0 in
+
+probability.
+
+And this means somehow, yn can
+get very close to 0, yet it's
+
+expected value still
+stays one away.
+
+And the reason again, we go
+back to the way yn was
+
+constructed.
+
+Now, as n goes to infinity, the
+probability of yn being at
+
+0, 1 minus 1 over
+n, approaches 1.
+
+So it's very likely that yn is
+having a value 0, but whenever
+
+on the off chance that yn takes
+a value other than 0,
+
+it's a huge number.
+
+It is n, even though it has a
+small probability of 1 over n.
+
+Adding these two factors
+together, it tells us the
+
+expected value of yn
+always stays at 1.
+
+And however, in probability,
+it's very likely
+
+that y is around 0.
+
+So this example tells us
+converges in probability is
+
+not that strong.
+
+That tells us something about
+the random variables but it
+
+does not tell us whether the
+mean value of the random
+
+variables converge to
+the same number.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xnn2r4KuJeY.txt b/xnn2r4KuJeY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03230f0406973b4ed8886906dff1202de1d9881f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xnn2r4KuJeY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7312 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now today's lecture is long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now today's lecture is long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now today's lecture is long and
+complicated and one often asks well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and one often asks well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and one often asks well why
+should we approach vibration in what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we approach vibration in what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we approach vibration in what is
+an old-fashioned and computationally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old-fashioned and computationally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old-fashioned and computationally and
+uh computationally laborious way when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computationally laborious way when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computationally laborious way when
+there's a simpler way that is used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simpler way that is used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simpler way that is used by
+the quantum chemists but I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum chemists but I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum chemists but I'm getting
+ahead of myself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Last week we talked about rotation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last week we talked about rotation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last week we talked about rotation and
+depending on what kind of a top you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what kind of a top you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what kind of a top you can
+at most get the three rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most get the three rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most get the three rotational
+constants A, B, and C. That gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants A, B, and C. That gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants A, B, and C. That gives you
+some information about the geometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about the geometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information about the geometry of
+the molecule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It gives you both quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It gives you both quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It gives you both quantitative
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+and qualitative information because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and qualitative information because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and qualitative information because
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+uh you you see that the molecule is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you see that the molecule is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you see that the molecule is a
+symmetric top or you see that a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric top or you see that a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric top or you see that a molecule
+has no microwave spectrum at all because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no microwave spectrum at all because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no microwave spectrum at all because
+it's a spherical top or because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a spherical top or because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a spherical top or because it
+doesn't have a dipole moment. So you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a dipole moment. So you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a dipole moment. So you get
+qualitative information and uh uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative information and uh uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative information and uh uh if
+there's a lot of atoms, three rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of atoms, three rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of atoms, three rotational
+constants, if you can get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants, if you can get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants, if you can get three
+rotational constants, won't be enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants, won't be enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants, won't be enough to
+determine the molecular geometry. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the molecular geometry. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the molecular geometry. And
+that's too damn bad because that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too damn bad because that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too damn bad because that's all
+you get from spectroscopy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from spectroscopy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from spectroscopy.
+But you can do isotope shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or isotopic substitution. And there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or isotopic substitution. And there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or isotopic substitution. And there's a
+set of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+which basically tell you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically tell you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically tell you if you
+substitute one atom at a time, it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute one atom at a time, it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute one atom at a time, it tells
+you how far that atom is from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how far that atom is from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how far that atom is from the center
+of mass of the molecule. And so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass of the molecule. And so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass of the molecule. And so using
+selective isotope substitutions, one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective isotope substitutions, one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective isotope substitutions, one can
+get more geometric information. uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more geometric information. uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more geometric information. uh but
+you're always going to be short.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to be short.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to be short.
+And so our concepts of uh functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so our concepts of uh functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so our concepts of uh functional
+groups of how are molecules built out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of how are molecules built out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of how are molecules built out of
+uh repeated units is really important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh repeated units is really important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh repeated units is really important in
+being able to des spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to des spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to des spectroscopy
+good geometry. It's interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good geometry. It's interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good geometry. It's interesting because
+you know you for microwave spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you for microwave spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you for microwave spectroscopy
+you measure these things to better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure these things to better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure these things to better than
+a part in a million. So there's you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part in a million. So there's you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part in a million. So there's you you
+know a lot and but you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot and but you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot and but you don't know
+everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything.
+So is that really not enough to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So is that really not enough to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So is that really not enough to figure
+out? I mean there can't be two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out? I mean there can't be two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out? I mean there can't be two different
+configurations that have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that have the same
+the same rotational constants to part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same rotational constants to part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same rotational constants to part in
+a million.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million.
+Sure there can. Well, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure there can. Well, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure there can. Well, um
+um you can solve the geometric equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can solve the geometric equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can solve the geometric equations
+and I mean suppose you have uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean suppose you have uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean suppose you have uh well
+firmaldahhide for example has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmaldahhide for example has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmaldahhide for example has two
+different bond lengths and one uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bond lengths and one uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bond lengths and one uh and
+and actually two angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually two angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually two angles
+and and so three pieces of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so three pieces of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so three pieces of information
+will not be sufficient. However, uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be sufficient. However, uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be sufficient. However, uh you
+can determine whether it's planer or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can determine whether it's planer or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can determine whether it's planer or not
+uh by certain properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by certain properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by certain properties of the
+spectrum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum.
+Uh but you should not be able from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but you should not be able from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but you should not be able from
+microwave spectroscopy alone without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave spectroscopy alone without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave spectroscopy alone without
+isotopic substitution to determine more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic substitution to determine more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic substitution to determine more
+than three bits of structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three bits of structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three bits of structural
+information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information.
+Okay. Even if one has from sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Even if one has from sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Even if one has from sort of
+huristics some idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huristics some idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huristics some idea
+you know that hydrogen's don't make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that hydrogen's don't make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that hydrogen's don't make more
+than one bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one bond and
+yeah but still I mean we're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but still I mean we're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but still I mean we're already
+assuming that the two CH bonds in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the two CH bonds in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the two CH bonds in in
+firmaldahhide are identical and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmaldahhide are identical and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmaldahhide are identical and that's
+reasonable a reasonable assumption uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable a reasonable assumption uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable a reasonable assumption uh
+and again it's confirmed by the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's confirmed by the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's confirmed by the the
+symmetry properties that appear in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry properties that appear in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry properties that appear in which
+uh which transitions and where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which transitions and where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which transitions and where the
+dipole moment is. But you really can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment is. But you really can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment is. But you really can't
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+uh as much information as you do say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as much information as you do say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as much information as you do say
+from X-ray crystalallography or NMR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X-ray crystalallography or NMR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X-ray crystalallography or NMR
+about the geometry of a molecule. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the geometry of a molecule. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the geometry of a molecule. You
+get it very accurately. You get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it very accurately. You get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it very accurately. You get a little
+bit very accurately.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit very accurately.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit very accurately.
+Okay. And so one solution is to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so one solution is to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so one solution is to think
+well let's go to the next step and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's go to the next step and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's go to the next step and look
+at vibrational spectra and vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at vibrational spectra and vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at vibrational spectra and vibrational
+spectra also tell you nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra also tell you nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra also tell you nothing
+quantitative about geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative about geometry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative about geometry.
+They tell you qualitative things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They tell you qualitative things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They tell you qualitative things about
+geometry. But vibrational spectra also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. But vibrational spectra also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. But vibrational spectra also
+have problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems.
+Vibrational spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vibrational spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vibrational spectra
+provide too little information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide too little information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide too little information to
+determine uh all of the force constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh all of the force constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh all of the force constants
+in a molecule. Just a simple little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a molecule. Just a simple little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a molecule. Just a simple little
+calculation will convince you. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will convince you. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will convince you. If you
+have 3 n atoms, they're going to be 3 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 3 n atoms, they're going to be 3 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 3 n atoms, they're going to be 3 n
+minus 6 normal modes. And if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I said three n atoms n atoms uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said three n atoms n atoms uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said three n atoms n atoms uh if you
+just do a simple uh calculation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a simple uh calculation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a simple uh calculation about
+how many bonds you will have for an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bonds you will have for an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bonds you will have for an n
+atom molecule as n gets moderately large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom molecule as n gets moderately large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom molecule as n gets moderately large
+it's a lot larger than uh 3n minus 6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot larger than uh 3n minus 6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot larger than uh 3n minus 6 and
+so you can't even from vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't even from vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't even from vibrational
+spectroscopy deter determine all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy deter determine all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy deter determine all of the
+uh force constants. So it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh force constants. So it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh force constants. So it's it's
+beautiful spectroscopy, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful spectroscopy, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful spectroscopy, but it's
+incomplete. And that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete. And that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete. And that's one of the
+beautiful things about it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things about it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things about it because you
+always want more and you always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want more and you always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want more and you always have to
+figure out ways to get the little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out ways to get the little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out ways to get the little bit
+more that you want. And uh okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that you want. And uh okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that you want. And uh okay, so
+we're going to talk start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk start talking about
+vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of polyatomics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I'm really, you know, this I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm really, you know, this I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm really, you know, this I've got
+13 pages of lecture notes and uh I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 pages of lecture notes and uh I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 pages of lecture notes and uh I can't
+possibly get through 13 pages of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly get through 13 pages of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly get through 13 pages of lecture
+notes. And uh so we'll see what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. And uh so we'll see what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. And uh so we'll see what I can
+see what we can do here. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we can do here. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we can do here. But
+so first of all uh what do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from a vibrational spectrum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the there's a lot of qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a lot of qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a lot of qualitative
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+um based on group theory and uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on group theory and uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on group theory and uh one of
+the things you can get from uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you can get from uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you can get from uh the
+vibrational spectrum better than from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational spectrum better than from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational spectrum better than from
+the rotational spectrum because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational spectrum because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational spectrum because there's
+more information and more possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information and more possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information and more possibilities
+that can be ruled out. Uh you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be ruled out. Uh you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be ruled out. Uh you can get
+the uh the point group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, one of the things that uh people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, one of the things that uh people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, one of the things that uh people in
+my group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my group
+uh have begun to uh realize is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have begun to uh realize is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have begun to uh realize is that
+point groups are often a too crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point groups are often a too crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point groups are often a too crude
+concept for describing molecules,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for describing molecules,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for describing molecules,
+especially when the molecules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when the molecules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when the molecules are
+undergoing large amplit are floppy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing large amplit are floppy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing large amplit are floppy that
+could undergo large amplitude uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could undergo large amplitude uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could undergo large amplitude uh
+vibrations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations.
+the point group there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point group there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point group there's always a
+permutation inversion group and uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation inversion group and uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation inversion group and uh there
+are going to be feasible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be feasible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be feasible and
+non-feasible operations. The set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-feasible operations. The set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-feasible operations. The set of
+feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible
+uh operations is isomorphic with a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operations is isomorphic with a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh operations is isomorphic with a point
+group generally. And so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group generally. And so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group generally. And so this is a
+concept which you say well it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept which you say well it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept which you say well it's a little
+bit too crude but it's it usually works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too crude but it's it usually works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too crude but it's it usually works.
+But so the vibrational spectrum can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so the vibrational spectrum can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so the vibrational spectrum can tell
+you what is the qualitative symmetry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what is the qualitative symmetry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what is the qualitative symmetry of
+the molecule. It can also tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule. It can also tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule. It can also tell you the
+number of vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vibrations
+of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each
+irreducible representation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you know group theory, you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you know group theory, you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you know group theory, you know
+what an irreducible representation is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an irreducible representation is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an irreducible representation is.
+If you don't, well, too bad. uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you don't, well, too bad. uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you don't, well, too bad. uh there
+there are flavors of vibration and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are flavors of vibration and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are flavors of vibration and they
+have symmetry consequences and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have symmetry consequences and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have symmetry consequences and there are
+3 n minus 6 flavors and they divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 n minus 6 flavors and they divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 n minus 6 flavors and they divide
+themselves among the various symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves among the various symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves among the various symmetry
+species that are possible and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that are possible and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that are possible and it's
+possible very simply to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible very simply to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible very simply to figure out how
+many of each.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of each.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of each.
+You can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infer bend versus stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer bend versus stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer bend versus stretch
+or other qualitative things uh about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other qualitative things uh about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other qualitative things uh about the
+vibrations using a little bit of group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations using a little bit of group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations using a little bit of group
+theory and I I love doing this and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and I I love doing this and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and I I love doing this and so I
+probably will. So there will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will. So there will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will. So there will be some
+normal modes and some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and some of them are
+predominantly bends and some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly bends and some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly bends and some of them are
+predominantly stretches and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly stretches and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly stretches and you can
+figure out from simple group theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out from simple group theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out from simple group theoretical
+uh arguments how many bends, how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arguments how many bends, how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arguments how many bends, how many
+stretches and what are their irreducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches and what are their irreducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches and what are their irreducible
+representation labels. You can work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the infrared and ramen activity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrared and ramen activity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrared and ramen activity of the
+various vibrations. And this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various vibrations. And this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various vibrations. And this is really
+how you infer the point group of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you infer the point group of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you infer the point group of the
+molecule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+since one is going to be taking spectra,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since one is going to be taking spectra,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since one is going to be taking spectra,
+different normal modes and combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different normal modes and combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different normal modes and combinations
+and overtones will have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and overtones will have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and overtones will have different
+rotational selection rules and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational selection rules and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational selection rules and you can
+tell from the group theory what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell from the group theory what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell from the group theory what those
+will be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be.
+So that's all the qualitative stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's all the qualitative stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's all the qualitative stuff that
+I can think of off the top of my head.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can think of off the top of my head.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can think of off the top of my head.
+And the quantitative stuff is well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the quantitative stuff is well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the quantitative stuff is well you
+get some force constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the spectrum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the spectrum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the spectrum.
+Not all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not all of them
+you but you get some force constants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but you get some force constants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but you get some force constants.
+uh you get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you you you can predict the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from force constants and geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from force constants and geometry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from force constants and geometry.
+So if you know the force constants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you know the force constants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you know the force constants and
+the geometry you can predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry you can predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry you can predict the
+spectrum and uh uh some for you can if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and uh uh some for you can if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and uh uh some for you can if
+you know the geometry and the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the geometry and the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the geometry and the spectrum
+you can go in the opposite direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in the opposite direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in the opposite direction.
+There are isotope effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of normal modes in terms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+internal coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates.
+So with internal coordinates, those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So with internal coordinates, those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So with internal coordinates, those are
+bond stretches, angle bends, localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond stretches, angle bends, localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond stretches, angle bends, localized
+things, the way we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, the way we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, the way we think about the
+molecule. And so one can build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. And so one can build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule. And so one can build up a
+picture in terms of arrows of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in terms of arrows of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in terms of arrows of various
+lengths and angles indicating what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths and angles indicating what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths and angles indicating what the
+normal mode looks like. And uh uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode looks like. And uh uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode looks like. And uh uh those
+are often very informative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often very informative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often very informative.
+And one of the nicest things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the nicest things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the nicest things about the
+quantitative picture is you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative picture is you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative picture is you can go
+beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond
+normal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the whole point of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole point of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole point of the normal
+mode treatment is to build up a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode treatment is to build up a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode treatment is to build up a basis
+set,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set,
+a complete basis set in which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete basis set in which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete basis set in which we can
+expand describe anything that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand describe anything that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand describe anything that the
+molecule can do. And in 2008,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can do. And in 2008,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can do. And in 2008,
+we're pretty sophisticated and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pretty sophisticated and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pretty sophisticated and we're
+asking the molecule to to do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the molecule to to do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the molecule to to do very
+complicated things and hoping that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things and hoping that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things and hoping that we
+can understand that from the spectrum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand that from the spectrum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand that from the spectrum or
+from simple calculations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+my favorite things about beyond normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite things about beyond normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite things about beyond normal
+modes have to do with perturbations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there are certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are certain kinds of
+perturbations that are oneoff. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations that are oneoff. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations that are oneoff. You know,
+you get an accidental degeneracy and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an accidental degeneracy and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an accidental degeneracy and you
+you analyze it and you learn something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you analyze it and you learn something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you analyze it and you learn something.
+But mostly when you have a perturbation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But mostly when you have a perturbation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But mostly when you have a perturbation,
+you have a whole family, a whole cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a whole family, a whole cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a whole family, a whole cascade
+of perturbations. And those are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perturbations. And those are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perturbations. And those are called
+polyads. And one perturbation leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyads. And one perturbation leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyads. And one perturbation leads to a
+whole bunch of insight into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of insight into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of insight into the
+vibrational dynamics. And so polyads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so beyond normal modes means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so beyond normal modes means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so beyond normal modes means
+dynamics and not just this piddling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and not just this piddling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and not just this piddling
+little dynamic of shaking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dynamic of shaking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dynamic of shaking around
+equilibrium but large amplitude motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but large amplitude motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but large amplitude motions
+are they organized or disorganized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now this is why I'm giving a lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is why I'm giving a lecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is why I'm giving a lecture.
+I'm not going to cover 13 pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to cover 13 pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to cover 13 pages of
+lecture notes. I'm trying to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes. I'm trying to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes. I'm trying to give a
+sense of what is special about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what is special about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what is special about the
+problem. Okay. Now there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay. Now there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay. Now there are two
+approaches to vibrations. One approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to vibrations. One approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to vibrations. One approach
+is computationally really simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is computationally really simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is computationally really simple and
+conceptually vacuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually vacuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually vacuous
+and that is well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is well uh
+we could do what the modern quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do what the modern quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do what the modern quantum
+chemists do. Their goal is to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists do. Their goal is to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists do. Their goal is to get to the
+truth. They are going to calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth. They are going to calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth. They are going to calculate a
+number or a bunch of numbers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or a bunch of numbers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or a bunch of numbers as
+accurately as possible. and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately as possible. and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately as possible. and they're not
+too concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too concerned
+at least in the act of calculating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the act of calculating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the act of calculating with
+what the numbers mean. The numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the numbers mean. The numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the numbers mean. The numbers are
+the numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh we could say all right here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh we could say all right here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh we could say all right here we
+have uh mass weighted coordinates. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh mass weighted coordinates. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh mass weighted coordinates. It's
+just a convenience. If you mass weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a convenience. If you mass weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a convenience. If you mass weight
+then the equations get simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the equations get simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the equations get simpler
+and there's nothing all that special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing all that special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing all that special
+about it. So we we have the mass of atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. So we we have the mass of atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. So we we have the mass of atom
+I this is the displacement of atom I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is the displacement of atom I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is the displacement of atom I uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the displace the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the displace the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the displace the x
+displacement of atom I from equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of atom I from equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of atom I from equilibrium
+weighted by the mass. And so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted by the mass. And so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted by the mass. And so we have
+three cartisian displacements for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cartisian displacements for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cartisian displacements for each
+atom. Three n cartisian displacements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom. Three n cartisian displacements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom. Three n cartisian displacements.
+So we'll have 3 n of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll have 3 n of these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll have 3 n of these.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the quantum chemists don't want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum chemists don't want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum chemists don't want to do a
+lot of thinking about this the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of thinking about this the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of thinking about this the the
+uh geometry of a particular molecule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh geometry of a particular molecule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh geometry of a particular molecule.
+They're going to solve. They're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're going to solve. They're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're going to solve. They're going to
+find the equilibrium structure and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the equilibrium structure and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the equilibrium structure and then
+they're going to take pin down all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to take pin down all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to take pin down all the
+atoms except one and displace one in x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms except one and displace one in x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms except one and displace one in x y
+and z directions and determine from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z directions and determine from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z directions and determine from
+infinite decimal displacements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite decimal displacements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite decimal displacements the
+cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+uh uh uh um force constants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh um force constants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh um force constants.
+Uh so we have 3 n of these and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we have 3 n of these and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we have 3 n of these and these are
+force constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or or mixed second derivatives of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or mixed second derivatives of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or mixed second derivatives of this
+of the potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential.
+So if you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have these things
+then you can describe the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the sum over I and J of these force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum over I and J of these force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum over I and J of these force
+constants times the mass weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants times the mass weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants times the mass weighted
+displacements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So since we have mass weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So since we have mass weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So since we have mass weighted
+coordinates when we take the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates when we take the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates when we take the derivatives
+we're getting mass weighted force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting mass weighted force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting mass weighted force
+constants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants.
+Okay the mass is implicitly here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the mass is implicitly here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the mass is implicitly here. So
+anyway we get this this set we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we get this this set we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we get this this set we can
+determine the potential u and uh uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the potential u and uh uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the potential u and uh uh we
+can calculate the kinetic energy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the kinetic energy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the kinetic energy because
+the kinetic energy is uh uh given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy is uh uh given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy is uh uh given by the
+time time the time derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time the time derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time the time derivatives of the
+coordinates and one can solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and one can solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and one can solve for the
+vibrational normal modes. So this is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational normal modes. So this is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational normal modes. So this is and
+this is described in the older edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is described in the older edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is described in the older edition
+of Bernath. I'm not sure whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bernath. I'm not sure whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bernath. I'm not sure whether you
+anybody has the new edition of Bernath,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has the new edition of Bernath,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has the new edition of Bernath,
+but the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh pages 220 to 225 of Bernath tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pages 220 to 225 of Bernath tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pages 220 to 225 of Bernath tell you
+how to do this. So it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this. So it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this. So it's a
+straightforward thing. What you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward thing. What you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward thing. What you get
+quantum chemistry is ge chemically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemistry is ge chemically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemistry is ge chemically is
+the geometry and the force constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry and the force constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry and the force constant
+matrix and you find the normal modes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and you find the normal modes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and you find the normal modes.
+Basically, you're diagonalizing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, you're diagonalizing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, you're diagonalizing some
+sort of an equation and it with where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an equation and it with where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an equation and it with where
+it's a 3nd dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 3nd dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 3nd dimensional
+uh problem. You get 3N normal modes or 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem. You get 3N normal modes or 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem. You get 3N normal modes or 3
+n frequencies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because there are you start with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are you start with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are you start with uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+three n force constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three n force constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three n force constants
+uh and you know that they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you know that they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you know that they're going to be
+three translations, three rotations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three translations, three rotations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three translations, three rotations and
+so those are not vibrations. And so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are not vibrations. And so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are not vibrations. And so you
+do the calculation correctly, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the calculation correctly, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the calculation correctly, you're
+going to get six zeros.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get six zeros.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get six zeros.
+Now, it doesn't really matter anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, it doesn't really matter anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, it doesn't really matter anymore
+what the dimension of the matrix is. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dimension of the matrix is. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dimension of the matrix is. If
+you're wasting a few, you know, in if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wasting a few, you know, in if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wasting a few, you know, in if
+you have a 20dimensional matrix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a 20dimensional matrix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a 20dimensional matrix as
+opposed to a 26dimensional matrix, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a 26dimensional matrix, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a 26dimensional matrix, the
+computer isn't going to uh say, I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer isn't going to uh say, I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer isn't going to uh say, I can't
+do that anymore. So that it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that anymore. So that it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that anymore. So that it's it's a
+wonderful convenience to solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful convenience to solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful convenience to solve for the
+frequencies of the normal modes. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the normal modes. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the normal modes. And in
+fact, you can also do this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, you can also do this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, you can also do this without
+saying you just have harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you just have harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you just have harmonic
+potentials. You could have higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. You could have higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. You could have higher than
+cub cordic quadratic terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub cordic quadratic terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub cordic quadratic terms in the
+potential. And so you get numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. And so you get numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential. And so you get numbers
+and people like numbers because they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people like numbers because they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people like numbers because they put
+them in tables and that avoids thinking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these numbers
+now you solve some equations and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you solve some equations and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you solve some equations and you get
+igen vectors and that these igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors and that these igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors and that these igen vectors
+actually tell you what the normal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell you what the normal modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell you what the normal modes
+look like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like.
+So it's not bad. You you know you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not bad. You you know you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not bad. You you know you find
+the frequencies and you find what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies and you find what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies and you find what the
+normal modes look like. But there at no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes look like. But there at no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes look like. But there at no
+point was there chemical insight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+When you do isotopic substitution,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you do isotopic substitution,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you do isotopic substitution,
+you do it over. You have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it over. You have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it over. You have to do the
+problem over. Well, actually, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem over. Well, actually, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem over. Well, actually, you don't
+because you know what the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what the force
+constants are, but you still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are, but you still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are, but you still have to
+solve the secular equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the secular equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the secular equation.
+Uh there are a lot of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there are a lot of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there are a lot of things that you
+can do quickly, but without a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do quickly, but without a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do quickly, but without a great deal
+of insight. So I think there's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of insight. So I think there's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of insight. So I think there's a great
+deal more insight obtained by doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal more insight obtained by doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal more insight obtained by doing the
+old-fashioned Wilson Deius and cross F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned Wilson Deius and cross F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned Wilson Deius and cross F
+and G matrix treatment of vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G matrix treatment of vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G matrix treatment of vibrational
+problem and um the notes are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and um the notes are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and um the notes are quite
+explicit and I'll cover as much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and I'll cover as much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and I'll cover as much of the
+notes as I have time for. Okay. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes as I have time for. Okay. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes as I have time for. Okay. So the
+there are a lot of matrices involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of matrices involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of matrices involved in
+this and transformations involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and transformations involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and transformations involved in
+this treatment. But the two key matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment. But the two key matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment. But the two key matrices
+are called the F and G matrix. F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called the F and G matrix. F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called the F and G matrix. F is
+force constant. It's 3 N minus 6 * 3 N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force constant. It's 3 N minus 6 * 3 N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force constant. It's 3 N minus 6 * 3 N
+minus 6 as opposed to little F which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 as opposed to little F which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 as opposed to little F which is
+what the quantum chemists use which is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the quantum chemists use which is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the quantum chemists use which is 3
+N by 3N. And G means is short for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N by 3N. And G means is short for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N by 3N. And G means is short for
+geometry. And G has all of the masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. And G has all of the masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. And G has all of the masses
+and all of the things you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the things you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the things you know about
+geometry in it. And these two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry in it. And these two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry in it. And these two things are
+sufficient to generate all of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to generate all of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to generate all of the normal
+mode frequencies and uh uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode frequencies and uh uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode frequencies and uh uh uh the
+displacements from equilibrium these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements from equilibrium these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements from equilibrium these
+little arrow diagrams. So this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrow diagrams. So this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrow diagrams. So this is what
+you uh these are the key actors in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh these are the key actors in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh these are the key actors in all
+of this and what we're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and what we're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and what we're going to want to
+do is show where they come from and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is show where they come from and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is show where they come from and and
+how we solve this problem. Now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we solve this problem. Now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we solve this problem. Now all
+treatments of vibration start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments of vibration start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments of vibration start with
+classical mechanics and one goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics and one goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics and one goes back
+and forth between classical and quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between classical and quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between classical and quantum
+mechanics uh without any you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh without any you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh without any you know
+without even realizing it because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even realizing it because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even realizing it because a lot
+of the symbols are the same. But one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symbols are the same. But one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symbols are the same. But one of
+the neat things about the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neat things about the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neat things about the classical
+equations of motion is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion is that they're
+expressed in terms of the lrangeian as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of the lrangeian as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of the lrangeian as
+opposed to the Hamiltonian.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the Hamiltonian.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the Hamiltonian.
+And uh uh the lrangeian in the lrangeian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh uh the lrangeian in the lrangeian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh uh the lrangeian in the lrangeian
+you you uh you express things in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you uh you express things in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you uh you express things in terms
+of coordinates and velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates and velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates and velocities
+and in the Hamiltonian you express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the Hamiltonian you express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the Hamiltonian you express
+things in terms of coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of coordinates and
+momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta
+and really pretty much the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really pretty much the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really pretty much the same thing
+but uh there's an interesting minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's an interesting minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's an interesting minus sign
+that appears here rather than here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears here rather than here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears here rather than here.
+Okay. So let's begin and let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's begin and let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's begin and let me try to
+uh avoid overwhelming you with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh avoid overwhelming you with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh avoid overwhelming you with uh
+uh the many many quantities that we deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the many many quantities that we deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the many many quantities that we deal
+with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with.
+So our goal is we want to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our goal is we want to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our goal is we want to write the
+Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is the kinetic energy. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the kinetic energy. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the kinetic energy. There are
+no cross terms. This is the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cross terms. This is the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cross terms. This is the potential
+energy. There are no cross terms. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. There are no cross terms. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. There are no cross terms. We
+want to somehow put the Hamiltonian for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to somehow put the Hamiltonian for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to somehow put the Hamiltonian for
+the nuclear displacements into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear displacements into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear displacements into this
+form. These are called the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. These are called the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. These are called the normal
+coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates.
+And how do we get to them? Well, we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how do we get to them? Well, we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how do we get to them? Well, we get
+to them in a very laborious and tedious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them in a very laborious and tedious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them in a very laborious and tedious
+manner. But uh we get to them. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner. But uh we get to them. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner. But uh we get to them. So we
+have the uh displacements and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh displacements and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh displacements and so those
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+SI1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI1
+3N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3N.
+So there's there's three of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's there's three of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's there's three of these and
+they're defined x1 x1 equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're defined x1 x1 equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're defined x1 x1 equilibrium
+x to z n minus zn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to z n minus zn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to z n minus zn
+equilibrium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium.
+So these are the the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are the the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are the the simple
+displacements and now we go to the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and now we go to the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and now we go to the mass
+weighted displacements by multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted displacements by multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted displacements by multiplying
+uh by this mass matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by this mass matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by this mass matrix.
+So we want Q that's the square root of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want Q that's the square root of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want Q that's the square root of a
+square matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square matrix
+multiplying this SI matrix. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this SI matrix. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this SI matrix. But this
+square matrix is diagonal. So the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square matrix is diagonal. So the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square matrix is diagonal. So the square
+root of a matrix in this case is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of a matrix in this case is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of a matrix in this case is just
+the square root of all of the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of all of the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of all of the diagonal
+elements because the there's nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements because the there's nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements because the there's nothing but
+uh uh zeros off diagonal. So that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh zeros off diagonal. So that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh zeros off diagonal. So that looks
+like uh uh m1 square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh uh m1 square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh uh m1 square root
+m1 square root m1 square root for x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 square root m1 square root for x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 square root m1 square root for x y
+and z for mass one and then finally m n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z for mass one and then finally m n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z for mass one and then finally m n
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+and then we have uh x1 - x1 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have uh x1 - x1 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have uh x1 - x1 e
+zn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zn
+minus zn e. So this is an easy thing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus zn e. So this is an easy thing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus zn e. So this is an easy thing. So
+the M matrix takes you between SI and Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what we're really interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we're really interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we're really interested in is
+internal coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal coordinates
+and those are called S and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are called S and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are called S and they're not
+sometimes people use the notation S for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people use the notation S for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people use the notation S for
+symmetry coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry coordinates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry coordinates.
+And there's two ways to get to S. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's two ways to get to S. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's two ways to get to S. One is
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the mass weighted. Did I write down what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass weighted. Did I write down what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass weighted. Did I write down what
+the mass weighted ones were? I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass weighted ones were? I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass weighted ones were? I guess I
+did. Uh oh no, I skipped that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did. Uh oh no, I skipped that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did. Uh oh no, I skipped that.
+Where is it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where is it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where is it?
+Yeah. No, here. Here I have them. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. No, here. Here I have them. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. No, here. Here I have them. Okay.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+one way is to get from the mass weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way is to get from the mass weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way is to get from the mass weighted
+displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements
+uh to the internal coordinates by this D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the internal coordinates by this D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the internal coordinates by this D
+matrix and the other is to get directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the other is to get directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the other is to get directly
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+size by the B matrix. So here's a D or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size by the B matrix. So here's a D or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size by the B matrix. So here's a D or
+B. They basically do the same thing. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. They basically do the same thing. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. They basically do the same thing. And
+there is a lot of work or a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of work or a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of work or a lot of
+vector analysis in figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector analysis in figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector analysis in figuring out what
+they are. We will skip that for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are. We will skip that for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are. We will skip that for the time
+being because the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being because the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being because the purpose of this
+lecture is to show that the secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is to show that the secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is to show that the secular
+equation that we want to solve involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we want to solve involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we want to solve involves
+the product of the G and the F matrices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the G and the F matrices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the G and the F matrices.
+And we have to define what the G matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have to define what the G matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have to define what the G matrix
+is in terms of these things. And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of these things. And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of these things. And then we
+start doing it's a long complicated bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing it's a long complicated bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing it's a long complicated bit
+of analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis.
+So we have a transformation that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a transformation that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a transformation that takes
+us from SI to S or from Q to S. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from SI to S or from Q to S. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from SI to S or from Q to S. That's
+not enough. We then want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough. We then want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough. We then want to have a
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+that takes us uh from S to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes us uh from S to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes us uh from S to the normal
+coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we say that L minus one the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we say that L minus one the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we say that L minus one the inverse
+of the L matrix takes us from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the L matrix takes us from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the L matrix takes us from the
+internal displacements to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal displacements to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal displacements to the normal
+coordinates. So our job is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. So our job is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. So our job is going to be
+to determine B or D going from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine B or D going from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine B or D going from one to
+the other is trivial and L and L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is trivial and L and L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is trivial and L and L is
+going to be the transformation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the transformation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the transformation that
+diagonalizes GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you don't know that yet. You don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know that yet. You don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know that yet. You don't
+even know what G is. And oh what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what G is. And oh what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what G is. And oh what a
+stupid thing I did. I got a blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing I did. I got a blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing I did. I got a blackboard
+over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me just draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me just draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me just draw a
+road map.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road map.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road map.
+We have SI,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have SI,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have SI,
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we have Q and M to the 1/2 takes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Q and M to the 1/2 takes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Q and M to the 1/2 takes us
+there. And we have S and D takes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And we have S and D takes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And we have S and D takes us
+there. And then we have uh Q and L minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then we have uh Q and L minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then we have uh Q and L minus
+one takes us there. And if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one takes us there. And if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one takes us there. And if you want to
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+directly, we have B which is equal to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly, we have B which is equal to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly, we have B which is equal to D
+* M^ 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* M^ 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* M^ 12.
+So there's a whole bunch of matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a whole bunch of matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a whole bunch of matrices and
+transformations that we're going to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations that we're going to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations that we're going to deal
+with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to show today that G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show today that G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show today that G
+the geometry matrix is going to be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry matrix is going to be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry matrix is going to be given
+by or defined as D dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by or defined as D dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by or defined as D dagger
+which is you know a kind of silly thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know a kind of silly thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know a kind of silly thing.
+You don't really know what G is and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't really know what G is and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't really know what G is and you
+certainly don't know what D is, but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't know what D is, but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't know what D is, but this
+is going to be the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the relationship between
+them. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And
+we're going to have a secular equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a secular equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a secular equation
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+has this form and that's the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this form and that's the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this form and that's the condition
+for a nontrivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a nontrivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a nontrivial
+uh transformation L. So this secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transformation L. So this secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transformation L. So this secular
+equation has to be solved in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has to be solved in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has to be solved in order to
+determine L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+basically we're just going to be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're just going to be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're just going to be taking
+a trip through all of these equations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trip through all of these equations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trip through all of these equations.
+All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll skip that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+remember I'm going to want to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm going to want to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm going to want to separate
+the Hamiltonian in this way and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian in this way and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian in this way and uh so
+but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just
+develop some notation. So this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some notation. So this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some notation. So this is still
+classical mechanics but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics but we're going to
+develop a notation that uh invites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a notation that uh invites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a notation that uh invites
+transformation to quantum mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation to quantum mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation to quantum mechanics and
+expresses everything in terms of matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses everything in terms of matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses everything in terms of matrix
+algebra. So we have Q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. So we have Q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. So we have Q1
+Q 3N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 3N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 3N.
+So here we have the uh mass weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we have the uh mass weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we have the uh mass weighted
+displacements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We can write this as Q1 star. Whoops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can write this as Q1 star. Whoops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can write this as Q1 star. Whoops.
+Q Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, you know, everything we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, everything we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, everything we know how to
+do with bras and cats, we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with bras and cats, we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with bras and cats, we're going to uh
+we're just going to be symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to be symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to be symbolically
+representing uh matrix multiplications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing uh matrix multiplications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing uh matrix multiplications.
+Suppose we want a unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose we want a unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose we want a unit vector
+the uh and so that unit vector will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the i position.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the i position.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the i position.
+If we want then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we want then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we want then
+to pick out the i component of q, we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick out the i component of q, we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick out the i component of q, we do
+this and that just gives us q i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that just gives us q i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that just gives us q i.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Just as in quantum mechanics when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just as in quantum mechanics when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just as in quantum mechanics when we
+have a bra and a cat it gives gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bra and a cat it gives gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bra and a cat it gives gives us a
+number and so these equations are nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so these equations are nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so these equations are nice
+compact ways of uh pneummonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact ways of uh pneummonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact ways of uh pneummonically
+representing all the transformations. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing all the transformations. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing all the transformations. So
+whenever you have a finished symbol like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a finished symbol like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a finished symbol like
+that you have a number. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we want something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we want something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we want something like this
+where we have S F S. So this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have S F S. So this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have S F S. So this would be
+the the force constant matrix and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the force constant matrix and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the force constant matrix and the
+internal displacements. And so we a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal displacements. And so we a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal displacements. And so we a
+symbol like this, you know immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol like this, you know immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol like this, you know immediately
+that's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a number
+and that number is a double summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number is a double summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number is a double summation
+because we have two matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have two matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have two matrix
+multiplications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications.
+Um and so that is sum over i and j of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so that is sum over i and j of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so that is sum over i and j of s
+i star f i j sj.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So these are values of displacements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are values of displacements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are values of displacements of
+the I and J internal coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I and J internal coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I and J internal coordinates and
+this is an element of the F matrix. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an element of the F matrix. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an element of the F matrix. And
+so this is a number and uh uh okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a number and uh uh okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a number and uh uh okay.
+So now what are we going to do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is all formal. So we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is all formal. So we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is all formal. So we're going to be
+manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating
+these B and D matrices. And so we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these B and D matrices. And so we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these B and D matrices. And so we start
+by just saying, okay, we've got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just saying, okay, we've got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just saying, okay, we've got these
+things. We're going to come back to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. We're going to come back to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. We're going to come back to them
+next time and figure out what they are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and figure out what they are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and figure out what they are.
+So we're going to define S in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to define S in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to define S in terms
+of SI. We're going to define F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SI. We're going to define F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SI. We're going to define F
+uh by expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the potential
+as a function of the S's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the S's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the S's.
+So this is a function of uh 3 n -6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a function of uh 3 n -6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a function of uh 3 n -6
+internal displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal displacements
+and uh uh we're going to somehow get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh we're going to somehow get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh we're going to somehow get
+this f matrix which will be given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this f matrix which will be given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this f matrix which will be given by
+derivatives mixed second derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives mixed second derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives mixed second derivatives of
+v and uh we're going to do some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and uh we're going to do some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and uh we're going to do some stuff
+we're going to uh define g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh define g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh define g
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy
+in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms
+of s dots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s dots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s dots.
+So kinetic energy is velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So kinetic energy is velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So kinetic energy is velocities
+in the internal displacements and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the internal displacements and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the internal displacements and uh uh
+then we're going to get a secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to get a secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to get a secular
+equation and that secular equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that secular equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that secular equation is
+going to be expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expressed in terms of
+lrangeian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangeian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangeian
+t of s dot minus v of s. Remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of s dot minus v of s. Remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of s dot minus v of s. Remember the
+hamiltonian is t plus v but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is t plus v but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is t plus v but the
+lrangeian is t minus v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangeian is t minus v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangeian is t minus v.
+And that's you know that always bothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's you know that always bothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's you know that always bothers
+me but it always comes out to be true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but it always comes out to be true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but it always comes out to be true.
+It always comes out to give the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It always comes out to give the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It always comes out to give the right
+answer. And that's just because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. And that's just because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. And that's just because the
+lranchian equation of motion is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lranchian equation of motion is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lranchian equation of motion is just
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+the partial the total derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial the total derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial the total derivative with
+respect to time of the uh partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time of the uh partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time of the uh partial
+derivative of lrangeian with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of lrangeian with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of lrangeian with respect to
+si dot is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si dot is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si dot is equal to
+is minus I'm sorry the partial of l with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus I'm sorry the partial of l with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus I'm sorry the partial of l with
+respect to si so this is the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to si so this is the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to si so this is the equation of
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+and this looks like the gradient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this looks like the gradient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this looks like the gradient of the
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+And this looks like uh the uh uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this looks like uh the uh uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this looks like uh the uh uh uh the
+mass times velocity and we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times velocity and we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times velocity and we take a
+derivative. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. So that's
+force is equal to mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is equal to mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is equal to mass times
+acceleration. This is F= ma but just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. This is F= ma but just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. This is F= ma but just in
+elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant
+notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation.
+So we'll get this equation of motion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll get this equation of motion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll get this equation of motion.
+We'll get a secular equation and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll get a secular equation and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll get a secular equation and we'll
+express that secular equation in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that secular equation in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that secular equation in terms
+of this product of matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product of matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this product of matrices
+and then we'll solve the secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll solve the secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll solve the secular
+equation and we'll get frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we'll get frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we'll get frequencies
+and the transformation that diagonalizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transformation that diagonalizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transformation that diagonalizes
+the uh this uh matrix and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this uh matrix and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this uh matrix and that's the
+complete problem. So it takes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem. So it takes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem. So it takes a lot of
+note a lot of uh algebra and uh stuff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note a lot of uh algebra and uh stuff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note a lot of uh algebra and uh stuff to
+do all of this. But the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all of this. But the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all of this. But the important thing
+is it's all formal. It's all expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's all formal. It's all expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's all formal. It's all expressed
+in terms of these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these two things
+and one of these two things not both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of these two things not both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of these two things not both.
+And uh uh okay so let's begin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You don't really have to understand any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't really have to understand any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't really have to understand any
+of this from this point on. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this from this point on. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this from this point on. It's just
+turning a crank.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning a crank.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning a crank.
+I will attempt to provide insights as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will attempt to provide insights as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will attempt to provide insights as
+needed. But um every year, every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. But um every year, every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. But um every year, every time I
+give this lecture, and it's been 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this lecture, and it's been 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this lecture, and it's been 12
+years since the last time I did it, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years since the last time I did it, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years since the last time I did it, uh
+it's been really hard for me to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been really hard for me to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been really hard for me to see
+what's going on because the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on because the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on because the equations
+block all view of what's what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block all view of what's what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block all view of what's what's really
+happening. But let me try see if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. But let me try see if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. But let me try see if I can
+give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some
+uh oh my god overview. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh my god overview. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh my god overview. Okay.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know that the mass weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the mass weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the mass weighted
+coordinates have this form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we can write that as little q uh m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can write that as little q uh m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can write that as little q uh m
+1/2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now we go uh to the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we go uh to the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we go uh to the internal
+coordinate representation and we say s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate representation and we say s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate representation and we say s
+is equal to b * s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to b * s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to b * s
+or d * q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we want the teeth internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we want the teeth internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we want the teeth internal
+coordinate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate,
+then we do this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's the same thing as T B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the same thing as T B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the same thing as T B
+Xi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xi.
+And that's the same thing as this sum bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the same thing as this sum bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the same thing as this sum bi
+sum over i from 1 to 3 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over i from 1 to 3 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over i from 1 to 3 n
+of from x i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So all of this, you know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So all of this, you know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So all of this, you know, it's
+just writing writing stuff on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing writing stuff on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing writing stuff on the
+blackboard. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the relationship
+between S and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between S and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between S and Q
+and between Q or S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we're ready to begin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We want to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want to write the
+kinetic energy and potential energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and potential energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and potential energy in
+terms of s. And uh so first of all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of s. And uh so first of all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of s. And uh so first of all we
+have the potential energy s1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the potential energy s1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the potential energy s1
+s3n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s3n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s3n
+minus 6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6.
+And that's the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the same thing as
+this compact symbol. And that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compact symbol. And that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compact symbol. And that's the same
+thing as a power series expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a power series expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a power series expansion
+where we have the displacements all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have the displacements all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have the displacements all
+zero. And then we have the sum over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And then we have the sum over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And then we have the sum over the
+first derivatives partial of V with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives partial of V with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives partial of V with
+respect to S subt. And now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to S subt. And now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to S subt. And now I'm
+committing this crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing this crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing this crime
+which is traditional in this field to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is traditional in this field to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is traditional in this field to
+use this rather than the bar. But that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this rather than the bar. But that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this rather than the bar. But that's
+what you find in most of the books. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find in most of the books. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find in most of the books. And
+that's why I had to be kick dragged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I had to be kick dragged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I had to be kick dragged
+kicking and screaming to this away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking and screaming to this away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking and screaming to this away from
+this notation. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then we then we we throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we then we we throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we then we we throw away
+the higher terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher terms.
+So this is the P. And so then we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the P. And so then we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the P. And so then we say
+okay V of 0 is defined as zero. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay V of 0 is defined as zero. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay V of 0 is defined as zero. the
+bottom of the potential at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the potential at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the potential at zero
+displacements is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements is zero.
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+we find the minimum of the potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the minimum of the potential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the minimum of the potential.
+The uh uh uh and so uh we we want all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The uh uh uh and so uh we we want all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The uh uh uh and so uh we we want all of
+the first derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivatives
+of the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be zero as well for all t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so we're only going to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're only going to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're only going to keep the
+second derivatives. This is zero by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives. This is zero by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives. This is zero by
+definition. This is zero by finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. This is zero by finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. This is zero by finding the
+minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum.
+And this is all we've got left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is all we've got left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is all we've got left.
+Now, for real problems, the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, for real problems, the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, for real problems, the potential
+doesn't end with the quadratic terms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't end with the quadratic terms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't end with the quadratic terms,
+but for defining a basis set, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for defining a basis set, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for defining a basis set, that's
+what we do. we use the or at least we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do. we use the or at least we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do. we use the or at least we
+generally use this uh quadratic term as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use this uh quadratic term as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use this uh quadratic term as
+the how you define the basis. So you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how you define the basis. So you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how you define the basis. So you end
+up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+anharmonically coupled harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonically coupled harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonically coupled harmonic
+oscillators our old friend.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators our old friend.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators our old friend.
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+these second derivatives become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these second derivatives become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these second derivatives become the
+force constants. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force constants. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force constants. The
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ft t prime is going to be uh the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft t prime is going to be uh the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft t prime is going to be uh the second
+derivative of the potential with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the potential with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the potential with respect
+to st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, as a since you're lulled into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, as a since you're lulled into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, as a since you're lulled into
+sleep by this beautifully lucid lecture,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep by this beautifully lucid lecture,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep by this beautifully lucid lecture,
+suppose we have a saddle point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a saddle point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a saddle point.
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's three three situations. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's three three situations. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's three three situations. the
+minimum of the potential that what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the potential that what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the potential that what are
+the values of the second derivatives?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the second derivatives?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the second derivatives?
+Are what's their sign? Are they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are what's their sign? Are they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are what's their sign? Are they all
+positive or negative?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And at a maximum,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at a maximum,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at a maximum,
+they're all negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all negative.
+And at a saddle point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at a saddle point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at a saddle point,
+well, they're either positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, they're either positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, they're either positive or
+negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative.
+At least one is going to be negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At least one is going to be negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At least one is going to be negative.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, but we're really interested only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, but we're really interested only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, but we're really interested only in
+the uh derivatives at equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh derivatives at equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh derivatives at equilibrium and
+that's how we determine the elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we determine the elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we determine the elements of
+this force constant matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, what time is it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what time is it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what time is it?
+I can go on for a little bit longer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I keep committing this terrible crime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep committing this terrible crime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep committing this terrible crime of
+writing on the wrong blackboard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write
+the potential energy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy as
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SF fs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But s
+is equal to bi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So v of kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 12
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+b dagger f b s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b dagger f b s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b dagger f b s.
+Now an important thing the f matrix is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now an important thing the f matrix is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now an important thing the f matrix is 3
+n - 6x 3 n - 6 dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's this is 3nd dimensional this b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this is 3nd dimensional this b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this is 3nd dimensional this b
+matrix is not a square matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is not a square matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is not a square matrix
+doesn't matter we can still evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter we can still evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter we can still evaluate
+this mat this matrix product and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mat this matrix product and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mat this matrix product and but
+that's a caution and that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a caution and that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a caution and that is also
+uh a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in Bernath the F matrix no written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bernath the F matrix no written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bernath the F matrix no written as a
+lowercase F is 3N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase F is 3N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase F is 3N
+by 3N dimensional and so it's expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3N dimensional and so it's expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3N dimensional and so it's expressed
+in terms of these size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these size
+uh but uh it doesn't have this neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh it doesn't have this neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh it doesn't have this neat
+transformation that reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that reduces the
+dimension and so it's and and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and so it's and and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and so it's and and often
+People
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People
+don't distinguish between the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't distinguish between the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't distinguish between the internal
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+force constant matrix and the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force constant matrix and the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force constant matrix and the uh the
+full cartisian force constant matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full cartisian force constant matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full cartisian force constant matrix.
+Little f is just the stuff in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little f is just the stuff in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little f is just the stuff in the middle
+transform f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform f.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So we do similar things to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we do similar things to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we do similar things to the
+kinetic energy and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and uh um
+so I'm going to skip a step because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to skip a step because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to skip a step because it's
+it's clear in the notes and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear in the notes and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear in the notes and we're going
+to have to stop really soon. The kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to stop really soon. The kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to stop really soon. The kinetic
+energy gets written as uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s dot
+d minus one transpose d minus one s dot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d minus one transpose d minus one s dot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d minus one transpose d minus one s dot.
+So we're exploiting the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're exploiting the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're exploiting the relationship
+between s and s. That's what d does. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between s and s. That's what d does. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between s and s. That's what d does. And
+so the kinetic energy has this form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinetic energy has this form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinetic energy has this form and
+we just call that guy g minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we didn't know where we were going.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we didn't know where we were going.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we didn't know where we were going.
+We just have some matrices that take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just have some matrices that take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just have some matrices that take you
+from the internal uh take you from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the internal uh take you from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the internal uh take you from the
+mass weight from the cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass weight from the cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass weight from the cartisian
+displacements to the uh internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements to the uh internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements to the uh internal
+coordinates. And this product of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. And this product of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. And this product of things
+is called G minus one. And that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called G minus one. And that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called G minus one. And that's going
+to become one of the main actors in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become one of the main actors in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become one of the main actors in this
+whole drama.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole drama.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole drama.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now have written the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have written the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have written the kinetic energy
+and the potential energy in simple terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the potential energy in simple terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the potential energy in simple terms
+which are beautifully suited for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are beautifully suited for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are beautifully suited for
+evaluating the derivatives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the derivatives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the derivatives in the
+lrangeian equation of motion which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangeian equation of motion which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangeian equation of motion which of
+course I've covered up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I've covered up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I've covered up
+or erased. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or erased. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or erased. So
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let me just write one more equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write one more equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write one more equation and
+then call it call it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then call it call it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then call it call it uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the lrangeian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lrangeian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lrangeian
+which is t minus v gets written as 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is t minus v gets written as 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is t minus v gets written as 12
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess I it would have been more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I it would have been more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I it would have been more
+elegant to write it. Okay. So 1/2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant to write it. Okay. So 1/2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant to write it. Okay. So 1/2 the
+first term is the kinetic energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is the kinetic energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term is the kinetic energy and
+it's a sum i and j of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sum i and j of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sum i and j of
+g minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g minus one
+i j s i dot sj dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j s i dot sj dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j s i dot sj dot
+and then there's the kinetic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the kinetic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the kinetic the
+potential energy and the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and the potential
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+f i j s i sj.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is the lrangeian. And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the lrangeian. And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the lrangeian. And then we
+take the partial derivatives and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial derivatives and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial derivatives and the
+total derivatives and we arrange things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivatives and we arrange things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivatives and we arrange things.
+And what we discover is that uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we discover is that uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we discover is that uh we can
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+simplify the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I should I should just stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should I should just stop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should I should just stop here
+because I'll start at the at at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'll start at the at at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'll start at the at at this
+point next time and uh I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point next time and uh I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point next time and uh I think it's
+going to take us more than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take us more than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take us more than three
+lectures to get through the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures to get through the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures to get through the three
+lectures that I planned for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that I planned for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that I planned for this
+problem. But it's silly to rush because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. But it's silly to rush because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. But it's silly to rush because
+after doing all this work, we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing all this work, we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing all this work, we have the
+lrangeian. We're going to get a secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangeian. We're going to get a secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangeian. We're going to get a secular
+equation that we have to solve in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we have to solve in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we have to solve in order
+to show that there is a non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that there is a non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that there is a non-trivial
+transformation between the S's and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation between the S's and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation between the S's and the
+Q's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q's.
+And once we have that, then everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once we have that, then everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once we have that, then everything
+uh is beautiful. And then we have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is beautiful. And then we have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is beautiful. And then we have to go
+back and figure out what these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and figure out what these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and figure out what these things
+are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are.
+And that's the main topic of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the main topic of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the main topic of the next
+lecture. How do we impose uh center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. How do we impose uh center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. How do we impose uh center of
+mass and angular uh uh constraints on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and angular uh uh constraints on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and angular uh uh constraints on
+the problem? So we'll start here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem? So we'll start here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem? So we'll start here.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/y02p8znNAKk.txt b/y02p8znNAKk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00a5f1d67847664aa9becc8d06d23223c998d32b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/y02p8znNAKk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the goal for today is to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal for today is to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal for today is to talk about a
+particular kind of communication network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of communication network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of communication network
+called a shared medium network and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a shared medium network and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a shared medium network and there
+are many many examples of shared media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many examples of shared media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many examples of shared media
+communication networks that exist today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication networks that exist today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication networks that exist today
+now these are generally speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are generally speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are generally speaking
+networks that don't span the globe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that don't span the globe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that don't span the globe or
+even span the country with one exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even span the country with one exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even span the country with one exception
+and that exception is the satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that exception is the satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that exception is the satellite
+network shown here the model here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network shown here the model here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network shown here the model here is
+that you have a set of ground stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a set of ground stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a set of ground stations
+this is a picture from an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture from an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture from an actual
+Internet service provider in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet service provider in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet service provider in the middle
+of the Pacific I mean I'd love to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Pacific I mean I'd love to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Pacific I mean I'd love to go
+there on assignment and the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on assignment and the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on assignment and the way this
+network works is in order to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network works is in order to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network works is in order to communicate
+between these islands the way they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these islands the way they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these islands the way they do
+this is they have satellite ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is they have satellite ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is they have satellite ground
+stations that can receive and transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations that can receive and transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations that can receive and transmit
+data and there's a satellite up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and there's a satellite up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and there's a satellite up in the
+sky so you communicate between two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky so you communicate between two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky so you communicate between two of
+these islands by transmitting data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these islands by transmitting data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these islands by transmitting data from
+the one of the ground stations up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the ground stations up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the ground stations up to the
+satellite and down there and the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite and down there and the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite and down there and the way the
+system works is not to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works is not to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works is not to divide
+frequencies amongst the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies amongst the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies amongst the different
+satellites and the reason they don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites and the reason they don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites and the reason they don't do
+that is that they don't know how often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that they don't know how often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that they don't know how often
+each of these satellites these ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these satellites these ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these satellites these ground
+stations is going to communicate so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations is going to communicate so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations is going to communicate so you
+don't divide up the frequencies up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't divide up the frequencies up front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't divide up the frequencies up front
+between the ground stations so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ground stations so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ground stations so all of
+the ground stations sending to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground stations sending to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground stations sending to the
+satellite do so on the same frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite do so on the same frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite do so on the same frequency
+and the satellite downlink is on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the satellite downlink is on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the satellite downlink is on a
+different frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency
+so what could happen if two satellites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what could happen if two satellites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what could happen if two satellites
+communicate up at the same time is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate up at the same time is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate up at the same time is that
+the satellite up if two ground stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the satellite up if two ground stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the satellite up if two ground stations
+communicate to the satellite at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to the satellite at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to the satellite at the same
+time the satellite may not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the satellite may not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the satellite may not be able to
+pull together the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull together the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull together the two different
+transmissions apart because they're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions apart because they're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions apart because they're on
+the same frequency now they could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same frequency now they could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same frequency now they could use
+frequency division multiplexing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency division multiplexing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency division multiplexing it's a
+perfectly reasonable solution but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable solution but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable solution but they
+don't do it because if one satellite one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it because if one satellite one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it because if one satellite one
+ground station has data to send in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground station has data to send in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground station has data to send in the
+other doesn't you end up wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other doesn't you end up wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other doesn't you end up wasting
+frequencies and and not getting as high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and and not getting as high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and and not getting as high
+throughput so that's one example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput so that's one example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput so that's one example of a
+shared medium network this here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared medium network this here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared medium network this here is a
+picture of something called Ethernet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of something called Ethernet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of something called Ethernet
+which was one of the most successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was one of the most successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was one of the most successful
+networking technologies developed it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking technologies developed it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking technologies developed it was
+invented in the early 1970s and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in the early 1970s and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in the early 1970s and the idea
+here is you have a shared boss a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you have a shared boss a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you have a shared boss a shared
+wire and many stations connect to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and many stations connect to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and many stations connect to it and
+if two stations transmit at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if two stations transmit at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if two stations transmit at the same
+time the two transmissions could collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the two transmissions could collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the two transmissions could collide
+and you don't actually receive the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't actually receive the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't actually receive the data
+and what you would like to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you would like to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you would like to do is to
+figure out a way by which these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way by which these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way by which these
+different stations or nodes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stations or nodes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stations or nodes on the
+Ethernet can somehow manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet can somehow manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet can somehow manage to
+communicate or by collaboratively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate or by collaboratively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate or by collaboratively
+figuring out how to transmit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how to transmit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how to transmit on the
+medium and the idea is to make it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and the idea is to make it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and the idea is to make it so
+that only one node transmits at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only one node transmits at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only one node transmits at any
+point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time
+other examples of shared media are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples of shared media are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples of shared media are you
+know wireless networks or 802 11 is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wireless networks or 802 11 is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wireless networks or 802 11 is an
+example of a shared communication medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a shared communication medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a shared communication medium
+if a bunch of us communicate and share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a bunch of us communicate and share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a bunch of us communicate and share
+that access point or we're all running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that access point or we're all running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that access point or we're all running
+on the same channel and in 802 11 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same channel and in 802 11 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same channel and in 802 11 or
+Wi-Fi there are a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wi-Fi there are a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wi-Fi there are a bunch of different
+channels available but any given access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels available but any given access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels available but any given access
+point tends to have a cell which is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point tends to have a cell which is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point tends to have a cell which is some
+area around it that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area around it that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area around it that in order to
+communicate with that access point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with that access point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with that access point you
+use the same channel so we need a way by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same channel so we need a way by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same channel so we need a way by
+which we have to take the shared network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have to take the shared network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have to take the shared network
+and allocate our access to this medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allocate our access to this medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allocate our access to this medium
+amongst these different nodes and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst these different nodes and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst these different nodes and if you
+look at an entire building there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an entire building there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an entire building there's a big
+plan in place for how the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in place for how the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in place for how the different
+access points communicate potentially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access points communicate potentially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access points communicate potentially on
+different channels or the same channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different channels or the same channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different channels or the same channel
+and there's an entire process by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an entire process by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an entire process by which
+this building's network is laid out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building's network is laid out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building's network is laid out and
+the campus network is laid out and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus network is laid out and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus network is laid out and so
+forth and cellular networks you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and cellular networks you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and cellular networks you know
+Verizon AT&T Sprint and t-mobile and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Verizon AT&T Sprint and t-mobile and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Verizon AT&T Sprint and t-mobile and all
+these guys have the same problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys have the same problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys have the same problem that
+they have to solve so these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to solve so these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to solve so these are very
+interesting questions which boil down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions which boil down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions which boil down to
+how you take shared me or shared medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you take shared me or shared medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you take shared me or shared medium
+whether it be a wire like an Ethernet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be a wire like an Ethernet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be a wire like an Ethernet or
+radio which is over-the-air or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio which is over-the-air or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio which is over-the-air or it could
+be acoustic how do you take all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be acoustic how do you take all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be acoustic how do you take all of that
+and have these different nodes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have these different nodes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have these different nodes that are
+communicating with each other on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with each other on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with each other on that
+medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow make it so that they can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow make it so that they can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow make it so that they can all
+share the medium without colliding with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the medium without colliding with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the medium without colliding with
+each other and that's the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and that's the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and that's the problem that
+solved by these media access or Mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by these media access or Mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by these media access or Mac
+protocols now all the stuff is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols now all the stuff is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols now all the stuff is that I'm
+going to tell you is based on chapter 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you is based on chapter 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you is based on chapter 15
+which is on Mac protocols and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on Mac protocols and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on Mac protocols and there's a
+little more in it than we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more in it than we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more in it than we'll be able to
+cover in recitation in lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in recitation in lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in recitation in lecture and
+recitation but I it's hard for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation but I it's hard for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation but I it's hard for me to
+keep straight what we cover and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep straight what we cover and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep straight what we cover and what we
+don't so you're sort of responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so you're sort of responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so you're sort of responsible for
+everything in that chapter will cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in that chapter will cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in that chapter will cover
+most of the issues there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the issues there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the issues there's a bunch of
+details in the chapter that are worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details in the chapter that are worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details in the chapter that are worth
+understanding in order for you to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding in order for you to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding in order for you to really
+get your you know understanding to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your you know understanding to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your you know understanding to be
+clear so I want to you know caveat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so I want to you know caveat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so I want to you know caveat that
+upfront we lost a lecture because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront we lost a lecture because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront we lost a lecture because the
+hurricane and I I just can't keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane and I I just can't keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane and I I just can't keep
+straight what I tell you and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight what I tell you and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight what I tell you and what I
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+so everything in that chapter is fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything in that chapter is fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything in that chapter is fair
+game but we'll cover the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but we'll cover the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but we'll cover the most important
+issues okay so here's the abstract model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay so here's the abstract model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay so here's the abstract model
+and you know there's a shared medium it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there's a shared medium it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know there's a shared medium it
+could be a wire it could be a wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a wire it could be a wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a wire it could be a wireless
+and you have these nodes and the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have these nodes and the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have these nodes and the nodes
+have two things there that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things there that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things there that you have to
+worry about the first thing here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the first thing here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the first thing here is just
+a detail it's the channel interface it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a detail it's the channel interface it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a detail it's the channel interface it's
+a way by which the data on that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way by which the data on that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way by which the data on that node
+gains access to the medium and then each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains access to the medium and then each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains access to the medium and then each
+node has a set of cues or one cue mat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node has a set of cues or one cue mat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node has a set of cues or one cue mat or
+two cues a transmit Q and a receive Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cues a transmit Q and a receive Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cues a transmit Q and a receive Q
+which has packets waiting to be sent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has packets waiting to be sent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has packets waiting to be sent on
+that medium and the basic idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that medium and the basic idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that medium and the basic idea is that
+you have all these nodes on the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these nodes on the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these nodes on the medium
+and it may be that these nodes are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may be that these nodes are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may be that these nodes are all
+trying to communicate with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to communicate with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to communicate with a single
+router or a switch or a satellite or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+router or a switch or a satellite or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+router or a switch or a satellite or it
+may be that the nodes are directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that the nodes are directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that the nodes are directly
+communicating with each other like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with each other like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with each other like your
+laptop is communicating with mine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop is communicating with mine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop is communicating with mine you
+know your phone is communicating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your phone is communicating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your phone is communicating with
+your laptop and somehow they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptop and somehow they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptop and somehow they're all
+sharing this medium and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing this medium and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing this medium and we're going to
+come up with the world's simplest shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the world's simplest shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the world's simplest shared
+medium network because it's simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium network because it's simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium network because it's simple and
+because it's a reasonable model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a reasonable model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a reasonable model of
+reality which is that at any point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality which is that at any point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality which is that at any point in
+time if more than one transmission is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if more than one transmission is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if more than one transmission is on
+that we shared medium then you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we shared medium then you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we shared medium then you end up
+having what's called a collision and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having what's called a collision and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having what's called a collision and you
+cannot decode the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot decode the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot decode the packet
+so let me repeat the model here is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me repeat the model here is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me repeat the model here is if
+there's exactly one transmission on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly one transmission on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly one transmission on the
+medium we'll assume that it's delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium we'll assume that it's delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium we'll assume that it's delivered
+correctly if there is no transmission on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly if there is no transmission on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly if there is no transmission on
+the medium at some point in time nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium at some point in time nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium at some point in time nothing
+happens that the channel is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that the channel is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that the channel is sort of
+wasted it's not used if there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted it's not used if there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted it's not used if there's more
+than one transmission on the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one transmission on the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one transmission on the medium
+overlapping in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping in time
+neither transmission successfully gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither transmission successfully gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither transmission successfully gets
+decoded so there are two or three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoded so there are two or three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoded so there are two or three or
+four people hitting the channel at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four people hitting the channel at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four people hitting the channel at the
+same time overlapping in time nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time overlapping in time nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time overlapping in time nobody
+succeeds okay that's the abstraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeds okay that's the abstraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeds okay that's the abstraction and
+what we want is a communication protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is a communication protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is a communication protocol
+or rules of engagement between the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rules of engagement between the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rules of engagement between the nodes
+that allow us to get reasonably good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow us to get reasonably good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow us to get reasonably good
+performance in sharing the medium now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in sharing the medium now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in sharing the medium now
+depending on the details of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the details of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the details of the network
+the nodes that are on this shared medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes that are on this shared medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes that are on this shared medium
+may be able to hear each other perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able to hear each other perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able to hear each other perfectly
+or maybe they can't hear each other at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe they can't hear each other at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe they can't hear each other at
+all or maybe they can partially hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or maybe they can partially hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or maybe they can partially hear
+each other and we're going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and we're going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and we're going to deal with
+all of these cases but for now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these cases but for now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these cases but for now just
+assume that you have these nodes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you have these nodes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you have these nodes on the
+medium and for simplicity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and for simplicity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and for simplicity and
+completeness let's take the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness let's take the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness let's take the example of
+the satellite network you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the satellite network you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the satellite network you have a
+satellite up here and you have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite up here and you have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite up here and you have a bunch
+of ground stations that are all trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ground stations that are all trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ground stations that are all trying
+to communicate up to the satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate up to the satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate up to the satellite
+whenever they have data to send and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they have data to send and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they have data to send and just
+assume for now that the nodes cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for now that the nodes cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for now that the nodes cannot
+hear each other and the satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear each other and the satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear each other and the satellite
+doesn't really know whether a node has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really know whether a node has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really know whether a node has
+packets waiting to be sent or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets waiting to be sent or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets waiting to be sent or not and
+somehow we're going to invent a protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we're going to invent a protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we're going to invent a protocol
+or rules of engagement that allow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rules of engagement that allow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rules of engagement that allow these
+nodes to in a distributed way figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes to in a distributed way figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes to in a distributed way figure out
+when it's okay for them to transmit data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's okay for them to transmit data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's okay for them to transmit data
+and when they should keep their mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they should keep their mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they should keep their mouth
+shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut
+and each of these nodes has a queue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these nodes has a queue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these nodes has a queue of
+packets waiting to be sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets waiting to be sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets waiting to be sent
+sometimes the queue may be empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the queue may be empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the queue may be empty
+sometimes the queue may have one or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the queue may have one or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the queue may have one or more
+packets that depends on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets that depends on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets that depends on what the
+application is doing and how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is doing and how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is doing and how quickly
+that node has been able to transmit data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that node has been able to transmit data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that node has been able to transmit data
+on the channel if the node has packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the channel if the node has packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the channel if the node has packets
+waiting to be sent so a queue can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to be sent so a queue can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to be sent so a queue can either
+be empty or it has one or more packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be empty or it has one or more packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be empty or it has one or more packets
+waiting to be sent in which case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to be sent in which case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to be sent in which case we're
+going to use the word backlogged so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the word backlogged so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the word backlogged so at
+any point in time some subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in time some subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in time some subset of the
+nodes may have backlogged packets Matt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes may have backlogged packets Matt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes may have backlogged packets Matt
+may have backlog queues and our goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have backlog queues and our goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have backlog queues and our goal is
+to come up with a way by which these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with a way by which these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with a way by which these
+nodes can transmit data on the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there are two or three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are two or three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are two or three different
+ways of solving this problem the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of solving this problem the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of solving this problem the first
+approach to solving this problem is r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to solving this problem is r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to solving this problem is r2
+to do frequency division multiplexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do frequency division multiplexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do frequency division multiplexing
+you could just allocate different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just allocate different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just allocate different
+frequencies and you solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and you solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and you solve the problem
+but as I mentioned before we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I mentioned before we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I mentioned before we don't want
+to do that because if you've allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that because if you've allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that because if you've allocated
+and predefined a frequency to a node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predefined a frequency to a node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predefined a frequency to a node and
+the node is empty doesn't have packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node is empty doesn't have packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node is empty doesn't have packets
+then you've essentially wasted bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've essentially wasted bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've essentially wasted bandwidth
+because you've allocated a portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've allocated a portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've allocated a portion of
+the frequency to a node that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency to a node that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency to a node that isn't
+actually going to send any data somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to send any data somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to send any data somebody
+else who had data to send could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else who had data to send could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else who had data to send could have
+more profitably used it and helped you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more profitably used it and helped you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more profitably used it and helped you
+win help you get better performance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win help you get better performance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win help you get better performance the
+second thing you can do is to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing you can do is to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing you can do is to somehow
+divide up time in other words they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up time in other words they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up time in other words they all
+run on the same frequency and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on the same frequency and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on the same frequency and somehow
+make it so that you give the illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that you give the illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that you give the illusion
+that each node gets access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each node gets access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each node gets access to the
+channel for some fraction of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel for some fraction of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel for some fraction of the time
+and if you do that there's it's a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that there's it's a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that there's it's a model
+of sharing called time sharing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sharing called time sharing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sharing called time sharing as
+opposed to frequency sharing so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to frequency sharing so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to frequency sharing so one
+approach to dealing with it is frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to dealing with it is frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to dealing with it is frequency
+sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is a good idea in some cases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a good idea in some cases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a good idea in some cases but
+not in this case when the traffic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this case when the traffic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this case when the traffic is
+quite bursty the second thing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite bursty the second thing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite bursty the second thing you can do
+is time sharing and there are two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time sharing and there are two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time sharing and there are two ways
+of doing time sharing one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing time sharing one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing time sharing one of them is
+called time division multiplexing or TDM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called time division multiplexing or TDM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called time division multiplexing or TDM
+it's also called TDM a four time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also called TDM a four time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also called TDM a four time
+division multiple access and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division multiple access and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division multiple access and we will
+talk about this intercept ation tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this intercept ation tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this intercept ation tomorrow
+so I won't belabor it here the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't belabor it here the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't belabor it here the second
+approach to solving this problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to solving this problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to solving this problem which
+is what we will spend the rest of today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we will spend the rest of today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we will spend the rest of today
+on is a class of protocols called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is a class of protocols called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is a class of protocols called
+contention protocols and these protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention protocols and these protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention protocols and these protocols
+are really beautiful because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really beautiful because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really beautiful because they're
+completely distributed there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely distributed there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely distributed there is no
+central intelligence it's highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central intelligence it's highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central intelligence it's highly
+distributed intelligence each node makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed intelligence each node makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed intelligence each node makes
+its own independent decisions as to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own independent decisions as to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own independent decisions as to what
+it should do based on very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should do based on very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should do based on very little
+information that it learns as it sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that it learns as it sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that it learns as it sends
+its packets and determines what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its packets and determines what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its packets and determines what happens
+to those packets and yet somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those packets and yet somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those packets and yet somehow the
+nodes are able to come up with them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are able to come up with them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are able to come up with them with
+a way of sharing the channel by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of sharing the channel by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of sharing the channel by
+essentially cooperating but yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially cooperating but yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially cooperating but yet
+competing with each other that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with each other that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with each other that's why
+these are called contention protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called contention protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called contention protocols
+that ends up getting pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up getting pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up getting pretty good
+performance there's a third kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance there's a third kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance there's a third kind of
+sharing which we won't talk about it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing which we won't talk about it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing which we won't talk about it all
+in 602 and that's code code division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the slides that are on line says say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides that are on line says say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides that are on line says say a
+little bit about it and you can look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about it and you can look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about it and you can look it
+up on on the internet if you want we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on on the internet if you want we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on on the internet if you want we're
+not going to talk about it here so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about it here so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about it here so for
+today my goal is to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today my goal is to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today my goal is to tell you about
+contention protocols and largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention protocols and largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention protocols and largely
+speaking for Mac protocols right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking for Mac protocols right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking for Mac protocols right now
+in this chapter and this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this chapter and this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this chapter and this part of the
+course we are interested in time sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we are interested in time sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we are interested in time sharing
+TDMA and contention so before I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TDMA and contention so before I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TDMA and contention so before I tell you
+about the protocols I want to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the protocols I want to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the protocols I want to tell you a
+little bit about what we would like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what we would like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what we would like what
+makes the protocol good and what doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the protocol good and what doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the protocol good and what doesn't
+what's bad so if I tell you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's bad so if I tell you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's bad so if I tell you that you
+have a bunch of these nodes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of these nodes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of these nodes that are
+trying to share this medium and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to share this medium and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to share this medium and you
+would like to get good performance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get good performance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get good performance in
+this protocol to share access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol to share access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol to share access to the
+channel by what metric or metrics would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel by what metric or metrics would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel by what metric or metrics would
+you measure this performance how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure this performance how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure this performance how would
+you know it's good or bad yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the model here is if two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the model here is if two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the model here is if two people
+send at the same time you fail we fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so good let's keep going with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good let's keep going with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good let's keep going with that
+now let's say that someone observes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say that someone observes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say that someone observes the
+system and watches its evolution over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and watches its evolution over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and watches its evolution over
+time they observe whether packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they observe whether packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they observe whether packets
+succeed in packets fail and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed in packets fail and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed in packets fail and so forth
+and they want to count something what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to count something what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to count something what
+would they count to determine if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they count to determine if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they count to determine if a
+protocol is good or bad sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is good or bad sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is good or bad sorry
+rate of failure I mean Lybia positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of failure I mean Lybia positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of failure I mean Lybia positive
+people so let's count the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so let's count the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so let's count the rate of
+success okay so there's a word for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success okay so there's a word for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success okay so there's a word for this
+rate of success it's it's a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of success it's it's a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of success it's it's a measure of
+if you succeed more it means you're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you succeed more it means you're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you succeed more it means you're able
+to deliver data faster which means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver data faster which means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver data faster which means you
+get higher throughput or a higher rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get higher throughput or a higher rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get higher throughput or a higher rate
+so the first metric that you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first metric that you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first metric that you have so
+these are metrics the first metric that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are metrics the first metric that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are metrics the first metric that
+you have is throughput and throughput is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is throughput and throughput is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is throughput and throughput is
+generally measured in bits per second or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally measured in bits per second or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally measured in bits per second or
+packets per second so let's just imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets per second so let's just imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets per second so let's just imagine
+that it's packets per second for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's packets per second for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's packets per second for
+simplicity assume that all the packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity assume that all the packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity assume that all the packets
+are the same size so you can translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same size so you can translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same size so you can translate
+into bits per second now throughput by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bits per second now throughput by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bits per second now throughput by
+itself is a good metric but really we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a good metric but really we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a good metric but really we
+would like protocols we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like protocols we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like protocols we would like to
+evaluate protocols without worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate protocols without worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate protocols without worrying
+about whether the underlying channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether the underlying channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether the underlying channel
+can't send data at one megabit per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't send data at one megabit per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't send data at one megabit per
+second or 10 megabits per second or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or 10 megabits per second or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or 10 megabits per second or a
+gigabit per second or 100 gigabits per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabit per second or 100 gigabits per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabit per second or 100 gigabits per
+second I mean we really don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I mean we really don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I mean we really don't want to
+care about what the actual throughput or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what the actual throughput or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what the actual throughput or
+the rate supportable by the channel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate supportable by the channel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate supportable by the channel is
+so we're going to translate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to translate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to translate this
+throughput into a different word which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput into a different word which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput into a different word which
+means which which is a proxy for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means which which is a proxy for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means which which is a proxy for a
+throughput called the utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll represent that by you and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll represent that by you and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll represent that by you and the
+utilization of a Mac protocol or in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization of a Mac protocol or in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization of a Mac protocol or in fact
+of any protocol over over a network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any protocol over over a network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any protocol over over a network is
+defined as the throughput that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the throughput that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the throughput that the
+protocol achieves divided by the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol achieves divided by the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol achieves divided by the maximum
+rate at which it's possible to send data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it's possible to send data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it's possible to send data
+over that channel or over that network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that channel or over that network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that channel or over that network
+so if you have a certain maximum rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a certain maximum rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a certain maximum rate at
+which if everything were in your favour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if everything were in your favour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if everything were in your favour
+you could send data at a certain maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could send data at a certain maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could send data at a certain maximum
+rate stick that in the denominator look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate stick that in the denominator look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate stick that in the denominator look
+at what throughput you actually get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what throughput you actually get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what throughput you actually get and
+take the ratio the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the ratio the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the ratio the higher the
+utilization the higher the throughput we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization the higher the throughput we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization the higher the throughput we
+just normalized out by the maximum rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just normalized out by the maximum rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just normalized out by the maximum rate
+and of course by definition we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course by definition we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course by definition we know that
+the utilization must be between 0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization must be between 0 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization must be between 0 and 1
+because you can't exceed the maximum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't exceed the maximum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't exceed the maximum and
+this is an aggregate measure so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an aggregate measure so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an aggregate measure so if you
+have let's say 4 nodes and the max rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say 4 nodes and the max rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say 4 nodes and the max rate
+just for example let's say the max rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for example let's say the max rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for example let's say the max rate
+is 10 megabits per second and you have 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 megabits per second and you have 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 megabits per second and you have 4
+nodes and the throughput that the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and the throughput that the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and the throughput that the 4
+nodes get are let's say one megabit per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes get are let's say one megabit per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes get are let's say one megabit per
+second 2 megabits per second 4 megabits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second 2 megabits per second 4 megabits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second 2 megabits per second 4 megabits
+per second and one megabit per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and one megabit per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and one megabit per second
+what's the utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the total throughput is 8 megabits per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total throughput is 8 megabits per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total throughput is 8 megabits per
+second the maximum is 10 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the maximum is 10 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the maximum is 10 so the
+utilization in this example is 0.8 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization in this example is 0.8 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization in this example is 0.8 in
+fact if you had a 4 the same 4 nodes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you had a 4 the same 4 nodes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you had a 4 the same 4 nodes if
+the throughput you got were 0 1 7 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput you got were 0 1 7 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput you got were 0 1 7 and 1
+the utilization would also be point 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't add can't multiply but can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't add can't multiply but can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't add can't multiply but can't
+involve all right now which of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve all right now which of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve all right now which of these two
+is better it depends on if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better it depends on if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better it depends on if your
+democrat-republican what which of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democrat-republican what which of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democrat-republican what which of those
+two is better if you were designing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is better if you were designing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is better if you were designing a
+network which of these would you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network which of these would you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network which of these would you want
+wait yeah Democrats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this is a tough question you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a tough question you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a tough question you know
+you might say that everybody's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say that everybody's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say that everybody's you know
+they should be sort of as equal as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be sort of as equal as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be sort of as equal as
+possible you might say that they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you might say that they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you might say that they should
+get what proportion to what they pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what proportion to what they pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what proportion to what they pay for
+this is various ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is various ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is various ways of thinking about
+this we're not going to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're not going to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're not going to worry about the
+I mean it's actually a pretty deep set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's actually a pretty deep set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's actually a pretty deep set
+of topics that connect with economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of topics that connect with economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of topics that connect with economics
+and social justice and so on and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social justice and so on and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social justice and so on and a lot
+of people do work on what it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people do work on what it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people do work on what it means to
+have fairness and what it means kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fairness and what it means kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fairness and what it means kinds of
+fairness and for those who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and for those who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and for those who are
+interested I can point you to lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested I can point you to lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested I can point you to lots of
+literature and it's still somewhat open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and it's still somewhat open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and it's still somewhat open
+in terms of what is the right way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what is the right way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what is the right way to
+think about it we're simple people we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it we're simple people we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it we're simple people we'll
+just assume that absent any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that absent any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that absent any other
+information we would like to get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we would like to get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we would like to get as
+equal as possible and to do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal as possible and to do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal as possible and to do that we
+there are many ways to define fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many ways to define fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many ways to define fairness
+and there's a particular one that I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a particular one that I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a particular one that I like
+because it's simple and somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's simple and somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's simple and somewhat
+intuitive and it's used a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive and it's used a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive and it's used a lot in
+networking it's called the Fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking it's called the Fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking it's called the Fairness
+Index this isn't the only way to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Index this isn't the only way to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Index this isn't the only way to measure
+fairness but but this is one that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness but but this is one that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness but but this is one that we'll
+use and the definition of it is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and the definition of it is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and the definition of it is that I
+will look at either the utilization or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at either the utilization or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at either the utilization or
+the throughput it doesn't matter let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput it doesn't matter let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput it doesn't matter let me
+call that X I in other words X I is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that X I in other words X I is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that X I in other words X I is the
+throughput or the utilization let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput or the utilization let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput or the utilization let me
+call it open achieve by node I and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it open achieve by node I and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it open achieve by node I and if I
+look at this number here X I squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this number here X I squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this number here X I squared
+divided by n summation X I squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's my definition of fairness now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my definition of fairness now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my definition of fairness now
+this looks a little daunting but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks a little daunting but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks a little daunting but it's
+actually very simple what it's saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very simple what it's saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very simple what it's saying is
+that I take each of the throughputs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take each of the throughputs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take each of the throughputs that
+I get and I add them all up and I square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get and I add them all up and I square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get and I add them all up and I square
+them so you know if I were to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you know if I were to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you know if I were to divide
+both sides by N or N squared essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by N or N squared essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by N or N squared essentially
+this is capturing for me something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is capturing for me something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is capturing for me something
+that's relative to the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relative to the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relative to the ratio of the
+square of the mean to the variance so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the mean to the variance so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the mean to the variance so in
+other words what ends up happening with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what ends up happening with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what ends up happening with
+a term like this this is a second moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term like this this is a second moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term like this this is a second moment
+kind of a definition of fairness this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a definition of fairness this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a definition of fairness this
+thing here looks like the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here looks like the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here looks like the square of the
+mean this thing here is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this thing here is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this thing here is related to the
+variance and this is capturing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and this is capturing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and this is capturing on the
+ratio of those two terms if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of those two terms if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of those two terms if you have a
+situation where you have n nodes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you have n nodes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you have n nodes and you
+end up with everybody getting equal then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with everybody getting equal then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with everybody getting equal then
+the fairness index is 1 because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fairness index is 1 because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fairness index is 1 because if
+everybody has an equal value and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has an equal value and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has an equal value and you
+just run the calculation through you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run the calculation through you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run the calculation through you'll
+find that the answer is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is f X between 0 & 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is f X between 0 & 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is f X between 0 & 1
+what's the minimum value of the Fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the minimum value of the Fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the minimum value of the Fairness
+Index from this formula well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Index from this formula well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Index from this formula well that
+happens when you have n guys and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you have n guys and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you have n guys and the
+throughput looks something like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput looks something like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput looks something like this one
+of them gets all the throughput and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them gets all the throughput and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them gets all the throughput and the
+others get 0 and if you plug that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others get 0 and if you plug that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others get 0 and if you plug that in
+here what you'll find is that only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you'll find is that only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you'll find is that only one
+term survives the 1 over N term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term survives the 1 over N term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term survives the 1 over N term and
+everything else becomes 0 and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else becomes 0 and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else becomes 0 and so the
+minimum value of the fairness is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value of the fairness is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value of the fairness is 1 over
+and this is intuitive in that it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is intuitive in that it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is intuitive in that it says
+that if you have two people and one guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have two people and one guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have two people and one guy
+hogs everything that's a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hogs everything that's a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hogs everything that's a little bit less
+unfair then if you have 5 people and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair then if you have 5 people and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair then if you have 5 people and one
+guy hogs everything because in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy hogs everything because in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy hogs everything because in the sense
+one guy hugging everything out of 5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one guy hugging everything out of 5 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one guy hugging everything out of 5 is
+worse than one guy hugging everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than one guy hugging everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than one guy hugging everything
+out of 2 the only real reason we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 2 the only real reason we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 2 the only real reason we care
+about this fairness is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this fairness is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this fairness is we're going to
+compare different way variance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare different way variance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare different way variance of a
+protocol along this index and I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol along this index and I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol along this index and I'd like
+to you to get a feel for what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you to get a feel for what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you to get a feel for what is a
+little fairer than worry and what's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fairer than worry and what's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fairer than worry and what's less
+fair there's nothing particularly sacred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair there's nothing particularly sacred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair there's nothing particularly sacred
+about this particular definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular definition of
+fairness and indeed people will argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and indeed people will argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and indeed people will argue
+also that this is a terrible definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that this is a terrible definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that this is a terrible definition
+of fairness because it doesn't reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fairness because it doesn't reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fairness because it doesn't reflect
+how much people have paid for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much people have paid for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much people have paid for the
+resource but those are details because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource but those are details because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource but those are details because
+you could you could have waited versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could have waited versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could have waited versions
+where people are weighted by how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are weighted by how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are weighted by how much
+they pay and so forth so you can handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay and so forth so you can handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay and so forth so you can handle
+some of that stuff is this kind of clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that stuff is this kind of clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that stuff is this kind of clear
+these two basic definitions so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two basic definitions so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two basic definitions so we're
+going to worry about throughput and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about throughput and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about throughput and
+fairness in protocols any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness in protocols any questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness in protocols any questions so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh depends on whether you care about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh depends on whether you care about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh depends on whether you care about it
+or not I mean it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not I mean it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not I mean it depends on the
+application so typically speaking when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so typically speaking when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so typically speaking when I
+look at for example measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for example measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for example measuring the
+performance of my let's say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of my let's say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of my let's say I'm
+downloading web pages when I measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading web pages when I measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading web pages when I measure the
+performance of web downloads all header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of web downloads all header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of web downloads all header
+information is just pure overhead so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is just pure overhead so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is just pure overhead so I
+only look at how long it's taken to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at how long it's taken to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at how long it's taken to
+download my content but now I can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download my content but now I can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download my content but now I can go in
+and look at how well is my arm you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at how well is my arm you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at how well is my arm you know
+TCP which is the Transfer Protocol or IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP which is the Transfer Protocol or IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP which is the Transfer Protocol or IP
+or whatever some lower level protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever some lower level protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever some lower level protocol
+working in which case everything else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in which case everything else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in which case everything else is
+overhead but I will include the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead but I will include the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead but I will include the the
+particular headers related to TCP in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular headers related to TCP in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular headers related to TCP in my
+measurement so the answer to whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement so the answer to whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement so the answer to whether
+something is overhead or not is it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is overhead or not is it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is overhead or not is it sort
+of depends on what it is you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depends on what it is you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depends on what it is you care about
+so if I'm delivering video you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm delivering video you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm delivering video you know all
+this other stuff is overhead and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other stuff is overhead and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other stuff is overhead and the
+only thing I care about is my video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I care about is my video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I care about is my video
+frame but so typically you know the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but so typically you know the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame but so typically you know the word
+throughput is by itself not meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput is by itself not meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput is by itself not meaningful
+you have to say throughput of walk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say throughput of walk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say throughput of walk and
+Here I am talking about throughput of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here I am talking about throughput of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here I am talking about throughput of a
+protocol which is what you always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol which is what you always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol which is what you always have
+to say and this is a true put of the Mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and this is a true put of the Mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and this is a true put of the Mac
+protocol and it does include the Mac /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and it does include the Mac /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and it does include the Mac /
+Mac header overhead if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac header overhead if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac header overhead if you have any
+headers any other question okay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers any other question okay there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers any other question okay there's
+a third metric that's important which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third metric that's important which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third metric that's important which is
+that we would like to have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would like to have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would like to have you know
+reasonable delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable delays
+so in general delay is a good metric or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general delay is a good metric or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general delay is a good metric or
+bounded delay is a good metric and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded delay is a good metric and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded delay is a good metric and this
+matters because I can get extremely high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because I can get extremely high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because I can get extremely high
+utilization and extremely high fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization and extremely high fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization and extremely high fairness
+by doing something utterly dumb and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing something utterly dumb and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing something utterly dumb and
+naive which is that if I have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive which is that if I have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive which is that if I have all these
+nodes with a lot of packets which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes with a lot of packets which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes with a lot of packets which if
+they're all backlogged then what I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all backlogged then what I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all backlogged then what I will
+say is today this node gets access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is today this node gets access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is today this node gets access to
+the network tomorrow he gets access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network tomorrow he gets access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network tomorrow he gets access to
+the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network
+day after tomorrow he gets access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after tomorrow he gets access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after tomorrow he gets access to the
+network if I look at if they're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network if I look at if they're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network if I look at if they're always
+backlogged then clearly the throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogged then clearly the throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogged then clearly the throughput
+is you know the utilization is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know the utilization is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know the utilization is is very
+high because the network is always being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high because the network is always being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high because the network is always being
+used profitably and there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used profitably and there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used profitably and there are no
+collisions and no idle slots no idle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and no idle slots no idle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and no idle slots no idle
+time that the network is fair because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the network is fair because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the network is fair because if
+I measure this over you know a month or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I measure this over you know a month or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I measure this over you know a month or
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+or something everybody gets the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something everybody gets the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something everybody gets the equal
+throughput but I've clobbered the delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput but I've clobbered the delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput but I've clobbered the delay
+because you know what this guy got lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what this guy got lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what this guy got lucky
+but everybody else waiting and waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everybody else waiting and waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everybody else waiting and waiting
+and in fact even he has to wait once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact even he has to wait once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact even he has to wait once
+today is over he's gotta wait many days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is over he's gotta wait many days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is over he's gotta wait many days
+before he gets a turn so you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he gets a turn so you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he gets a turn so you actually
+would like to have bounded delay or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to have bounded delay or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to have bounded delay or at
+least load delay and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least load delay and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least load delay and this is something
+we're going to measure we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure we're not going
+to try to optimize in the work we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to optimize in the work we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to optimize in the work we're
+going to talk about okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about okay so that's the
+statement of the problem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the problem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the problem and the
+statement of the metrics that we wish to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the metrics that we wish to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the metrics that we wish to
+optimize you have to ask me questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize you have to ask me questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize you have to ask me questions
+because if the problem set up isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the problem set up isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the problem set up isn't
+clear the solution is kind of going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the solution is kind of going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the solution is kind of going to
+be completely meaningless so does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely meaningless so does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be completely meaningless so does anyone
+have any questions about the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about the problem
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's one of these things we're stating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of these things we're stating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of these things we're stating
+the problem was actually a little harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem was actually a little harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem was actually a little harder
+than the actual solution so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the actual solution so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the actual solution so I'm going to
+ask tell you now one method to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask tell you now one method to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask tell you now one method to solve
+this problem I'll get you and the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem I'll get you and the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem I'll get you and the method
+we're going to use to solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use to solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use to solve this problem
+was invented in the context of satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented in the context of satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented in the context of satellite
+networks and then it got put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and then it got put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and then it got put into
+Ethernet and then it's now part of Wi-Fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet and then it's now part of Wi-Fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet and then it's now part of Wi-Fi
+so everybody uses a variant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody uses a variant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody uses a variant of the
+method that we are going to study yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the delay is measured per packet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay is measured per packet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay is measured per packet it's
+measured between when the package showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured between when the package showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured between when the package showed
+up at the cue to when it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the cue to when it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the cue to when it actually
+successfully got received at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully got received at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully got received at the
+receiver and then typically we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver and then typically we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver and then typically we'll take
+an average across all of the packets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average across all of the packets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average across all of the packets and
+report an average delay and perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report an average delay and perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report an average delay and perhaps the
+standard deviation you are a common okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the solution we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the solution we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the solution we're going to
+study the basic solution is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the basic solution is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the basic solution is something
+called Aloha Aloha was a protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Aloha Aloha was a protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Aloha Aloha was a protocol
+developed by a group led by non-parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by a group led by non-parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by a group led by non-parents
+Abramson who was a professor at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abramson who was a professor at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abramson who was a professor at the time
+he did this at the University of Hawaii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did this at the University of Hawaii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did this at the University of Hawaii
+I believe he moved from Stanford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe he moved from Stanford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe he moved from Stanford to
+Hawaii because he was an avid surfer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii because he was an avid surfer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii because he was an avid surfer and
+he decided that this was in the late 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he decided that this was in the late 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he decided that this was in the late 60s
+that he wanted a scheme to connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wanted a scheme to connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wanted a scheme to connect the
+different islands together there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different islands together there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different islands together there were
+seven of these islands or seven of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of these islands or seven of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of these islands or seven of these
+stations that he wanted to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations that he wanted to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations that he wanted to connect
+together and he came up with a scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and he came up with a scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and he came up with a scheme
+that on the face of it should really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the face of it should really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the face of it should really not
+work and the only thing good about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the only thing good about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the only thing good about it is
+how utterly simple it is and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how utterly simple it is and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how utterly simple it is and the fact
+that it works is is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works is is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works is is actually very
+fortunate and very useful and it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate and very useful and it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate and very useful and it the
+reason it works is because in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it works is because in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it works is because in a way
+nodes doing things that look completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes doing things that look completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes doing things that look completely
+random as long as the probability with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random as long as the probability with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random as long as the probability with
+which they do these things is controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they do these things is controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they do these things is controlled
+it turns out they work pretty well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out they work pretty well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out they work pretty well so
+let me first show you a picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me first show you a picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me first show you a picture that
+will define a few terms and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will define a few terms and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will define a few terms and I'm going to
+come up with a version of this Aloha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a version of this Aloha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a version of this Aloha
+protocol that ends up being a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that ends up being a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that ends up being a pretty
+popular version and it's called slotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular version and it's called slotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular version and it's called slotted
+Aloha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this model that I had from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this model that I had from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this model that I had from before
+where the nodes have cues and when two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the nodes have cues and when two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the nodes have cues and when two
+packets run at the same time they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets run at the same time they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets run at the same time they end up
+colliding all of that remains I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding all of that remains I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding all of that remains I'm going
+to add one or two more restrictions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add one or two more restrictions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add one or two more restrictions to
+the kinds of to the to the model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of to the to the model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of to the to the model the
+first an important thing that defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first an important thing that defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first an important thing that defines
+slotted Aloha is that and in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slotted Aloha is that and in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slotted Aloha is that and in fact it
+defines real implementations of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines real implementations of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines real implementations of this
+this kind of protocol is the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of protocol is the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of protocol is the time is
+slotted what that means is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slotted what that means is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slotted what that means is that you
+cannot send a packet at an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot send a packet at an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot send a packet at an arbitrary
+point in time onto the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time onto the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time onto the network
+instead what ends up happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what ends up happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what ends up happening is that
+if time if you view time as a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if time if you view time as a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if time if you view time as a continuous
+arm as a continuous variable you divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm as a continuous variable you divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm as a continuous variable you divide
+up time into time slots I mean these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up time into time slots I mean these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up time into time slots I mean these
+slots could be any length it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots could be any length it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots could be any length it doesn't
+matter and the assumption we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and the assumption we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and the assumption we're going to
+make is that packets can only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is that packets can only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is that packets can only get
+transmitted at the beginning of a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted at the beginning of a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted at the beginning of a time
+slot so these are legal let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a legal packet transmission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a legal packet transmission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a legal packet transmission and
+this is the legal packet transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the legal packet transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the legal packet transmission
+but this is not a legal packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not a legal packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not a legal packet
+transmission not allowed and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission not allowed and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission not allowed and the second
+assumption is that every packet is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that every packet is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that every packet is an
+integer number of time slots so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer number of time slots so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer number of time slots so in other
+words this is legal but this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is legal but this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is legal but this is not
+legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal
+you cannot have a packet that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have a packet that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have a packet that starts
+here and ends in the middle they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and ends in the middle they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and ends in the middle they're all
+packets are an integer number of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets are an integer number of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets are an integer number of time
+slots ok so if I have both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots ok so if I have both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots ok so if I have both of those
+assumptions that tells me Aloha by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that tells me Aloha by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that tells me Aloha by
+slotted Aloha we're also going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slotted Aloha we're also going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slotted Aloha we're also going to make
+the additional assumption that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional assumption that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional assumption that each
+packet is exactly one time slot long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later on we'll relax this assumption but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on we'll relax this assumption but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on we'll relax this assumption but
+I want to come up with the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to come up with the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to come up with the world's
+simplest working protocol in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest working protocol in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest working protocol in other words
+the only legal packets in slotted Aloha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only legal packets in slotted Aloha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only legal packets in slotted Aloha
+are like that okay and as shown on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like that okay and as shown on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like that okay and as shown on this
+picture this is a picture of how slotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is a picture of how slotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is a picture of how slotted
+Aloha works you have time going on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aloha works you have time going on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aloha works you have time going on that
+axis times divided into slots and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis times divided into slots and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis times divided into slots and I have
+these three different nodes blue red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three different nodes blue red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three different nodes blue red and
+green when no node sends packets in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green when no node sends packets in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green when no node sends packets in a
+time slot that time slot is less said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slot that time slot is less said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slot that time slot is less said to
+be idle and the channel is said to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be idle and the channel is said to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be idle and the channel is said to be
+idle in that time slot if you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idle in that time slot if you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idle in that time slot if you have more
+than one node send in a time slot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one node send in a time slot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one node send in a time slot we
+have a collision and but in our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a collision and but in our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a collision and but in our model
+none of the packets that sent in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the packets that sent in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the packets that sent in that
+time slot gets decoded all of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slot gets decoded all of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slot gets decoded all of them are
+wasted and everything else is a success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted and everything else is a success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted and everything else is a success
+if you have a time slot in which exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a time slot in which exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a time slot in which exactly
+one packet is sent we'll assume in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one packet is sent we'll assume in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one packet is sent we'll assume in this
+model that the packet is successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that the packet is successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that the packet is successfully
+decoded and we get to count that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoded and we get to count that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoded and we get to count that as a
+successful packet reception reception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful packet reception reception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful packet reception reception
+so if you count and look in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you count and look in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you count and look in this picture
+the utilization here is a 65% because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization here is a 65% because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization here is a 65% because we
+have 20 time slots here and in 13 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 20 time slots here and in 13 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 20 time slots here and in 13 of
+those time slots we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those time slots we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those time slots we were able to
+successfully transmitted exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully transmitted exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully transmitted exactly one
+packet each and that gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet each and that gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet each and that gives us the
+utilization of 65% and the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization of 65% and the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization of 65% and the advantage of
+picking many of these things is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking many of these things is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking many of these things is you
+can't really check in real time if I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really check in real time if I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really check in real time if I got
+the numbers right or wrong you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers right or wrong you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers right or wrong you can check
+that later on I'm pretty sure I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later on I'm pretty sure I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later on I'm pretty sure I'm not
+sure of anything it's probably correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure of anything it's probably correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure of anything it's probably correct
+you should just count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should just count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should just count the number of
+slots in which exactly one guy said ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots in which exactly one guy said ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots in which exactly one guy said ok
+so that's the that's the picture here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the picture here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's the picture here so
+what I want to do now is to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is to come up with
+an algorithm with a protocol that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm with a protocol that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm with a protocol that each
+of the nodes can implement that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nodes can implement that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nodes can implement that allows
+us to get reasonable utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to get reasonable utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to get reasonable utilization
+reasonable fairness and reasonable delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable fairness and reasonable delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable fairness and reasonable delay
+and an example of this protocol and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an example of this protocol and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an example of this protocol and and
+one way of solving this problem is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of solving this problem is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of solving this problem is to
+solve the problem in this context under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem in this context under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem in this context under
+these assumptions and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions and then we're going
+to calculate the utilization of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the utilization of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the utilization of that
+protocol so let me start by telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so let me start by telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so let me start by telling you
+what the protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the protocol each node independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol each node independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol each node independently
+runs a version of this protocol and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs a version of this protocol and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs a version of this protocol and in
+the protocol each node maintains in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol each node maintains in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol each node maintains in the
+simplest version of the protocol each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest version of the protocol each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest version of the protocol each
+node maintains one variable and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node maintains one variable and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node maintains one variable and the
+variable it maintains is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so each node maintains a variable I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each node maintains a variable I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each node maintains a variable I'm
+going to call it P and P is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call it P and P is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call it P and P is the
+probability with which the node will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability with which the node will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability with which the node will
+transmit a packet if it has a packet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit a packet if it has a packet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit a packet if it has a packet to
+transmit in other words each node has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit in other words each node has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit in other words each node has
+its own variant its own version of P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own variant its own version of P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own variant its own version of P and
+the semantics of this is that if backlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we won't just greedily go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't just greedily go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't just greedily go ahead and
+transmit but instead if we're backlog we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit but instead if we're backlog we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit but instead if we're backlog we
+will transmit our packet on the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will transmit our packet on the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will transmit our packet on the channel
+with probability P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you generate how do you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you generate how do you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you generate how do you actually
+do something with probability P like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something with probability P like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something with probability P like
+what would you do to do something if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do to do something if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do to do something if I
+were asking you you know write write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were asking you you know write write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were asking you you know write write a
+program to transmit a packet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to transmit a packet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to transmit a packet with
+probability P how will you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P how will you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P how will you actually do
+that yes call a human roll a dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes call a human roll a dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes call a human roll a dice
+alright let's try to make it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's try to make it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's try to make it a little
+more practical actually dice has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practical actually dice has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practical actually dice has only
+got six sides how would I get P out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got six sides how would I get P out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got six sides how would I get P out of a
+dice a lot of that is okay what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice a lot of that is okay what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice a lot of that is okay what if I
+want P with 10 to the minus 17 yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want P with 10 to the minus 17 yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want P with 10 to the minus 17 yeah all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+does someone have a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does someone have a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does someone have a slightly more
+practical solution yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that sounds good so you pick a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds good so you pick a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds good so you pick a random
+number between 0 & 1 I mean how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 & 1 I mean how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 & 1 I mean how do you
+get that well that's a deep question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that well that's a deep question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that well that's a deep question but
+I would just call random dot random and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just call random dot random and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just call random dot random and
+Python or whatever the fingers oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python or whatever the fingers oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python or whatever the fingers oh and
+you know how Python does it is very you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how Python does it is very you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how Python does it is very you
+know this way is to botch it but for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this way is to botch it but for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this way is to botch it but for our
+purposes we'll assume it's correct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes we'll assume it's correct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes we'll assume it's correct and
+if the number you get is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number you get is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number you get is less than or
+equal to P that tells you an event with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to P that tells you an event with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to P that tells you an event with
+probability P that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P that's great
+okay so suppose we did this I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose we did this I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose we did this I'm not
+telling you how to pick P yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how to pick P yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how to pick P yet
+that's magic that's going to come up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's magic that's going to come up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's magic that's going to come up a
+little bit later but suppose every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later but suppose every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later but suppose every node
+had a value of P that someone came and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a value of P that someone came and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a value of P that someone came and
+told it you know what there are n nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told it you know what there are n nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told it you know what there are n nodes
+in the system let's assume there are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system let's assume there are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system let's assume there are n
+backlogged nodes in the system and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogged nodes in the system and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogged nodes in the system and I
+told you that somebody came and told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that somebody came and told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that somebody came and told
+each node that it can transmit with P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each node that it can transmit with P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each node that it can transmit with P
+what is the utilization of this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the utilization of this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the utilization of this protocol
+so if I have n backlogged nodes each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have n backlogged nodes each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have n backlogged nodes each
+transmitting with this probability P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting with this probability P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting with this probability P
+what is the utilization of the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the utilization of the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the utilization of the protocol
+I want to know what is the utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know what is the utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know what is the utilization
+which is of course a function of N and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of course a function of N and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of course a function of N and P
+and the way you have to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you have to answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you have to answer this
+question is of course you draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is of course you draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is of course you draw this
+picture in time and you divide time into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in time and you divide time into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in time and you divide time into
+slots you got some of these things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots you got some of these things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots you got some of these things where
+you have one packet going through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one packet going through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one packet going through some
+of these things where more than one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things where more than one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things where more than one goes
+through in which case this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in which case this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in which case this is the
+collision and I ask you what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and I ask you what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and I ask you what is the
+utilization how would you calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization how would you calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization how would you calculate it
+suppose you observe the running of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you observe the running of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you observe the running of the
+protocol and you find that in some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and you find that in some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and you find that in some time
+slots there's a collision and some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots there's a collision and some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots there's a collision and some time
+slots there's nothing and in some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots there's nothing and in some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots there's nothing and in some time
+slots there's exactly one transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at this how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this how would you
+calculate the utilization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the utilization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the utilization of the
+protocol the utilization is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the utilization is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the utilization is the
+throughput over the maximum rate what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput over the maximum rate what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput over the maximum rate what's
+the maximum rate of this channel well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum rate of this channel well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum rate of this channel well
+the rate is measured in the rate here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate is measured in the rate here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate is measured in the rate here is
+measured in packets per timeslot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in packets per timeslot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in packets per timeslot and
+I've said that each packet occupies one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said that each packet occupies one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said that each packet occupies one
+timeslot so the maximum rate is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeslot so the maximum rate is every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeslot so the maximum rate is every
+time slot is occupied with a packet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slot is occupied with a packet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slot is occupied with a packet so
+the maximum rate is one packet per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum rate is one packet per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum rate is one packet per
+timeslot but you cannot send faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeslot but you cannot send faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeslot but you cannot send faster than
+that so the denominator is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the denominator is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the denominator is just one
+therefore the utilization in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the utilization in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the utilization in this model
+is simply equal to the throughput which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply equal to the throughput which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply equal to the throughput which
+is simply equal to the number of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply equal to the number of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply equal to the number of time
+slots in which I have exactly one packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots in which I have exactly one packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots in which I have exactly one packet
+right or put another way if I look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or put another way if I look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or put another way if I look for a
+long enough amount of time it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough amount of time it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough amount of time it's the
+number of time slots with exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of time slots with exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of time slots with exactly one
+packet that tells me the throughput and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet that tells me the throughput and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet that tells me the throughput and
+therefore tells me the utilization so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore tells me the utilization so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore tells me the utilization so if
+I look for a very very long time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look for a very very long time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look for a very very long time and I
+count the number of successful packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of successful packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of successful packets
+that's going to tell me the utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to tell me the utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to tell me the utilization
+if I take the number and divide by arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the number and divide by arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the number and divide by arm
+the amount the number of time slots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount the number of time slots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount the number of time slots and
+therefore the utilization is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the utilization is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the utilization is equal to
+simply the fraction of time slots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the fraction of time slots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the fraction of time slots in
+which I have one packet and exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have one packet and exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have one packet and exactly one
+packet send which is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet send which is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet send which is equivalent to
+asking what's the probability that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what's the probability that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what's the probability that in
+any given time slot I have exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time slot I have exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time slot I have exactly one
+successful one exactly one packet sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful one exactly one packet sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful one exactly one packet sent
+so I'm going to repeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the utilization of this protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization of this protocol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization of this protocol is
+exactly equal to the probability that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to the probability that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to the probability that in
+any given time slot I have exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time slot I have exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time slot I have exactly one
+transmission if you disagree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission if you disagree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission if you disagree with that
+statement you have to raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you have to raise your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you have to raise your hand
+now or if you don't understand it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or if you don't understand it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now or if you don't understand it so I
+can explain it again because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain it again because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain it again because we're going
+to use this idea repeatedly in pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this idea repeatedly in pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this idea repeatedly in pretty
+much you know there's a guaranteed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you know there's a guaranteed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you know there's a guaranteed to be
+some question on the quiz related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some question on the quiz related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some question on the quiz related to
+this idea and then you have to work some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea and then you have to work some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea and then you have to work some
+probability out so does everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability out so does everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability out so does everyone
+understand why the utilization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why the utilization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why the utilization of the
+protocol is equal to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is equal to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is equal to the probability
+that in any time slot there's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in any time slot there's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in any time slot there's exactly
+one transmission of a packet the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transmission of a packet the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transmission of a packet the reason
+why that's true is it follows from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's true is it follows from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's true is it follows from this
+definition right because the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right because the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right because the maximum
+rate here is one packet per time slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate here is one packet per time slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate here is one packet per time slot
+and so I want to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to know what the
+throughput is the throughput is simply I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput is the throughput is simply I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput is the throughput is simply I
+look over a long period of time many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over a long period of time many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over a long period of time many
+time slots and I count what's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slots and I count what's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time slots and I count what's the number
+of packets I said so if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packets I said so if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packets I said so if I take the
+number of successful packets I sent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successful packets I sent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successful packets I sent and
+divided by the number of time slots well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of time slots well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of time slots well
+that's actually the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the definition of a
+probability that in any given time slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that in any given time slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that in any given time slot
+I have exactly one successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have exactly one successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have exactly one successful
+transmission and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and therefore the
+utilization is equal to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization is equal to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization is equal to the probability
+that I have exactly one transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I have n backlogged nodes each guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have n backlogged nodes each guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have n backlogged nodes each guy
+sends with probability P in a time slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends with probability P in a time slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends with probability P in a time slot
+what's the probability that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that I have
+exactly one transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well there's certainly a P which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's certainly a P which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's certainly a P which is
+success times one minus P to the N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success times one minus P to the N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success times one minus P to the N minus
+one which is all the other guys keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is all the other guys keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is all the other guys keep
+quiet this right it's almost right times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet this right it's almost right times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet this right it's almost right times
+n there's an N choose 1 which is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n there's an N choose 1 which is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n there's an N choose 1 which is there
+anyways to pick the winner and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways to pick the winner and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways to pick the winner and therefore
+that's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer
+all right let's let's hold um n times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's let's hold um n times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's let's hold um n times so
+let me write this as u equals n times P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this as u equals n times P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this as u equals n times P
+times 1 minus P to the N minus 1 suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 minus P to the N minus 1 suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 minus P to the N minus 1 suppose
+you knew n suppose n will were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew n suppose n will were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew n suppose n will were you know
+some value 10 15 whatever therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value 10 15 whatever therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value 10 15 whatever therefore I
+would view this assuming n is constant I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would view this assuming n is constant I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would view this assuming n is constant I
+could view this as a function of P if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could view this as a function of P if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could view this as a function of P if I
+want to maximize this utilization I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize this utilization I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize this utilization I want
+it obviously I want to maximize it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it obviously I want to maximize it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it obviously I want to maximize it right
+if I want to maximize the utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to maximize the utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to maximize the utilization
+what should be B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or I'll call it P star what's the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'll call it P star what's the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'll call it P star what's the value
+of P equal to P star that maximizes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P equal to P star that maximizes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P equal to P star that maximizes this
+utilization yes 1 over N yeah you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization yes 1 over N yeah you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization yes 1 over N yeah you could
+do this the hard way or the easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so if you did that off the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so if you did that off the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so if you did that off the answer
+works out to be P star if you do u prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to be P star if you do u prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to be P star if you do u prime
+of P equals 0 and you solve that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P equals 0 and you solve that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P equals 0 and you solve that you'll
+find that P star is 1 over N the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that P star is 1 over N the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that P star is 1 over N the long
+way to do it is is the way you describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is is the way you describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is is the way you describe
+but it the answer is intuitive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it the answer is intuitive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it the answer is intuitive because
+what it really says is that if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it really says is that if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it really says is that if I did
+have every node transmitted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have every node transmitted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have every node transmitted with
+probability 1 over N in a time slot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 over N in a time slot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 over N in a time slot the
+expected number of transmissions within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of transmissions within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of transmissions within
+any given time slot is n times or 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time slot is n times or 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time slot is n times or 1 over
+N which is 1 which is kind of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N which is 1 which is kind of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N which is 1 which is kind of what you
+would expect you would expect that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect you would expect that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect you would expect that to
+maximize the utilization the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the utilization the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the utilization the expected
+number of nodes that transmit in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes that transmit in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes that transmit in any
+given time slot is 1 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time slot is 1 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time slot is 1 and that's
+fortunately what you do get if you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately what you do get if you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately what you do get if you solve
+the equation so P star is 1 over n so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so P star is 1 over n so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation so P star is 1 over n so if
+somebody told you the number of backlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody told you the number of backlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody told you the number of backlog
+nodes in the network and they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the network and they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the network and they had the
+ability to program each node to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to program each node to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to program each node to set the
+appropriate probability the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate probability the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate probability the probability
+you would use is 1 over n so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use is 1 over n so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use is 1 over n so let's
+assume still this world where we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume still this world where we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume still this world where we know
+the number of backlog nodes and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of backlog nodes and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of backlog nodes and somebody
+came and told us the probability we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and told us the probability we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and told us the probability we
+should use um do I need anything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use um do I need anything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use um do I need anything here
+let me erase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me erase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me erase this
+if somebody came and told you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody came and told you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody came and told you the
+probability you should use you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you should use you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you should use you would
+pick one over there that's great so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore I can now review you star of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can now review you star of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can now review you star of n
+which is the maximum probability now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the maximum probability now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the maximum probability now
+becomes a function of n right because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a function of n right because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a function of n right because I
+can go back in here and I scan set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back in here and I scan set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back in here and I scan set
+assuming you pick this value of P you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you pick this value of P you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you pick this value of P you
+can stick P equal to 1 over N in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stick P equal to 1 over N in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stick P equal to 1 over N in this
+formula and then you get a utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and then you get a utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and then you get a utilization
+that's purely a function of n because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's purely a function of n because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's purely a function of n because I
+want to draw this picture of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw this picture of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw this picture of what it
+looks like with them so you start of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like with them so you start of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like with them so you start of n
+is equal to n times 1 over n which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to n times 1 over n which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to n times 1 over n which is
+the value of P that's the best value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of P that's the best value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of P that's the best value of
+P times 1 minus 1 over N to the N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P times 1 minus 1 over N to the N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P times 1 minus 1 over N to the N minus
+1 so that make sense haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so that make sense haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so that make sense haven't done
+anything other than substitute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything other than substitute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything other than substitute value of
+P star equal to 1 over N and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P star equal to 1 over N and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P star equal to 1 over N and that's
+equal to 1 minus 1 over n to the power n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 minus 1 over n to the power n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 minus 1 over n to the power n
+minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now one of the questions we want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the questions we want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the questions we want to ask
+is is this hard this is the best you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this hard this is the best you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this hard this is the best you can
+do in this protocol how good or how bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this protocol how good or how bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this protocol how good or how bad
+is it so let's draw a picture of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so let's draw a picture of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so let's draw a picture of what
+this looks like as n becomes large so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like as n becomes large so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like as n becomes large so I
+want to draw a picture of n on this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw a picture of n on this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw a picture of n on this axis
+and the best value of the utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best value of the utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best value of the utilization
+which is U star of n on this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well when n is 1 or I get 2 n is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when n is 1 or I get 2 n is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when n is 1 or I get 2 n is one
+actually intuitively when n is 1 what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually intuitively when n is 1 what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually intuitively when n is 1 what's
+the utilization when you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization when you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization when you have one
+backlog node and the protocol runs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog node and the protocol runs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog node and the protocol runs with
+a value of P equal to 1 over N what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of P equal to 1 over N what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of P equal to 1 over N what's
+the utilization the utilization is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization the utilization is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization the utilization is 1
+this formula you know you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula you know you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula you know you have to take
+the limit and so on but the answer is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit and so on but the answer is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit and so on but the answer is 1
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+so let's assume this is 1 & 2 & 3 & 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume this is 1 & 2 & 3 & 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume this is 1 & 2 & 3 & 4
+and so on so it's 1 what is it when N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's 1 what is it when N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's 1 what is it when N
+equals 1 N equals 2 what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 N equals 2 what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 N equals 2 what's the
+utilization when N equals 2 well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization when N equals 2 well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization when N equals 2 well it's
+1/2 to the power 1 which is 50% so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 to the power 1 which is 50% so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 to the power 1 which is 50% so I get
+a value which is 1/2 when n is 3 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value which is 1/2 when n is 3 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value which is 1/2 when n is 3 what
+happens well 1 minus 1/3 squared which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well 1 minus 1/3 squared which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well 1 minus 1/3 squared which
+is 4 over 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as n goes bigger and bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes bigger and bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes bigger and bigger and bigger
+what is this value become yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this value become yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this value become yep
+yeah as n goes bigger and bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as n goes bigger and bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as n goes bigger and bigger and
+bigger you do the limit when n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger you do the limit when n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger you do the limit when n goes to
+infinity of this thing here n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of this thing here n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of this thing here n minus 1
+and n are more or less the same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n are more or less the same things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n are more or less the same things
+you can get rid of that this should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of that this should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get rid of that this should be a
+well-known limit if you don't know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known limit if you don't know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known limit if you don't know it
+you take the log so it becomes you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the log so it becomes you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the log so it becomes you take
+the if you take the log and you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you take the log and you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you take the log and you find the
+limit as it goes to infinity you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as it goes to infinity you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as it goes to infinity you can
+expand that into a power series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand that into a power series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand that into a power series and
+you'll find that the answer the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that the answer the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that the answer the limit of
+the log is minus 1 or this value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log is minus 1 or this value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log is minus 1 or this value the
+limit goes to 1 over u so in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit goes to 1 over u so in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit goes to 1 over u so in fact it
+goes to a value which is 1 over E when n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to a value which is 1 over E when n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to a value which is 1 over E when n
+is large or about 37% this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large or about 37% this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large or about 37% this is actually
+not bad it's actually very good for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bad it's actually very good for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bad it's actually very good for a
+protocol that did nothing sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that did nothing sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that did nothing sophisticated
+all it did was pick a value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it did was pick a value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it did was pick a value of this
+probability the fact that it's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the fact that it's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability the fact that it's able to
+get not a zero utilization but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get not a zero utilization but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get not a zero utilization but a
+reasonably good utilization is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably good utilization is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably good utilization is an
+extremely strong is a pretty strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely strong is a pretty strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely strong is a pretty strong
+result and that's the basic aloha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and that's the basic aloha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and that's the basic aloha
+protocol the basic Aloha protocol or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the basic Aloha protocol or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the basic Aloha protocol or a
+fixed probability a lower protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed probability a lower protocol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed probability a lower protocol is
+somebody telling you the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody telling you the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody telling you the number of
+backlogged nodes and you using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogged nodes and you using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogged nodes and you using that
+information for to make sure that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for to make sure that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for to make sure that every
+node sends with some probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node sends with some probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node sends with some probability and
+they just are the probability you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just are the probability you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just are the probability you would
+pick is 1 over n now this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick is 1 over n now this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick is 1 over n now this is not
+actually a very practical protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very practical protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very practical protocol
+because how do you know which nodes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how do you know which nodes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how do you know which nodes have
+backlogged packets and which nodes don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogged packets and which nodes don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogged packets and which nodes don't
+what we would like is to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would like is to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would like is to come up with a
+way by which we automatically have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by which we automatically have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by which we automatically have a
+protocol that somehow gets us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that somehow gets us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that somehow gets us to the
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+utilization and we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization and we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization and we're going to do that
+by adding a method to this Aloha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding a method to this Aloha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding a method to this Aloha
+protocol that will make it completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that will make it completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that will make it completely
+practical and that method is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical and that method is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical and that method is called
+stabilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization
+and the purpose of stabilization is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the purpose of stabilization is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the purpose of stabilization is to
+determine at each node what the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine at each node what the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine at each node what the actual
+value of P it should use is and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of P it should use is and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of P it should use is and that
+value of P is going to change with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of P is going to change with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of P is going to change with time
+as other nodes you know have traffic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as other nodes you know have traffic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as other nodes you know have traffic to
+send and if nodes go away so the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send and if nodes go away so the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send and if nodes go away so the magic
+protocol is going to be somehow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is going to be somehow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is going to be somehow that
+we're able to change the value of P at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to change the value of P at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to change the value of P at
+every node every node runs an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node every node runs an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node every node runs an algorithm
+which adapts its value of P over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which adapts its value of P over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which adapts its value of P over time
+and if there's a lot of competition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's a lot of competition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's a lot of competition the
+value of P will reduce if there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of P will reduce if there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of P will reduce if there's very
+unique competition the value of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique competition the value of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique competition the value of P
+increases and if we do that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and if we do that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and if we do that we're going
+to be able to get pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get pretty good
+utilization and this process is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization and this process is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization and this process is called
+stabilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nope the nodes will end up not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope the nodes will end up not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope the nodes will end up not
+transmitting the same probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting the same probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting the same probability
+because they're each going to be making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're each going to be making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're each going to be making
+independent decisions so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent decisions so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent decisions so the first
+ingredient is each node is still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient is each node is still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient is each node is still going
+to have of P but in fact Noda is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have of P but in fact Noda is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have of P but in fact Noda is going
+to have its own variable so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have its own variable so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have its own variable so we're going
+to say that node I has its own variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that node I has its own variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that node I has its own variable
+that only it knows and it's probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only it knows and it's probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only it knows and it's probability
+is P I so the way we're going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P I so the way we're going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P I so the way we're going to do the
+stabilization is very very simple we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization is very very simple we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization is very very simple we're
+going to say that at node I it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that at node I it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that at node I it's going
+to do you know the only information it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you know the only information it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you know the only information it
+gets as it sends a packet and if it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets as it sends a packet and if it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets as it sends a packet and if it if
+the packet succeeds it knows something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet succeeds it knows something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet succeeds it knows something
+if the packet doesn't succeed it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the packet doesn't succeed it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the packet doesn't succeed it knows
+something so let's say the node sends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so let's say the node sends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so let's say the node sends a
+packet and the packet fails and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and the packet fails and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and the packet fails and the way
+you know that a packet fails and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that a packet fails and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that a packet fails and I
+haven't talked about this but the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about this but the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about this but the way
+this protocol all these protocols end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol all these protocols end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol all these protocols end up
+working is they send a packet and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working is they send a packet and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working is they send a packet and then
+they watch to see if the packet succeeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they watch to see if the packet succeeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they watch to see if the packet succeeds
+or not they can get that information by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not they can get that information by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not they can get that information by
+an acknowledgment coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acknowledgment coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acknowledgment coming from the
+receiver or in the case of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver or in the case of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver or in the case of certain
+networks like Ethernet when you send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks like Ethernet when you send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks like Ethernet when you send a
+packet if you aren't able to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet if you aren't able to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet if you aren't able to receive
+your own packet on that bus then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own packet on that bus then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own packet on that bus then you
+know that it's failed so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's failed so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's failed so that's just a
+detail but the assumption here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but the assumption here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but the assumption here is this
+some feedback that tells the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback that tells the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback that tells the node
+whether a packet transmission succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a packet transmission succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a packet transmission succeeded
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+in general it's with an acknowledgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general it's with an acknowledgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general it's with an acknowledgment
+that comes from the receiver if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the receiver if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the receiver if you get
+an ack it means it succeeds so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ack it means it succeeds so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ack it means it succeeds so we're
+going to have two rules if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two rules if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two rules if you don't
+succeed in other words there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed in other words there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed in other words there's a
+collision then you do something and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision then you do something and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision then you do something and in
+contrast if you succeed arm you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast if you succeed arm you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast if you succeed arm you do
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're going to do on a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do on a collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do on a collision
+is let's say that you send a packet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say that you send a packet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say that you send a packet and
+it didn't succeed it collided yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you're out of luck because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're out of luck because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're out of luck because in
+reality in Wi-Fi when an acknowledgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in Wi-Fi when an acknowledgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in Wi-Fi when an acknowledgment
+fails what ends up happening is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails what ends up happening is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails what ends up happening is you
+assume the packet collided so how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the packet collided so how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the packet collided so how people
+deal with this problem is typically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this problem is typically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this problem is typically to
+essentially do to do very strong error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially do to do very strong error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially do to do very strong error
+protection on the acknowledgement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection on the acknowledgement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection on the acknowledgement you
+send it at a very low bit rate and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it at a very low bit rate and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it at a very low bit rate and what
+that really means is you're adding a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really means is you're adding a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really means is you're adding a lot
+of redundancy to their acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of redundancy to their acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of redundancy to their acknowledgement
+so you imagine you're coding the heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you imagine you're coding the heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you imagine you're coding the heck
+out of it using channel coding that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it using channel coding that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it using channel coding that's
+that's well that's what happens okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's well that's what happens okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's well that's what happens okay
+let's say you send a packet and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you send a packet and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you send a packet and it
+collides what should you do to the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collides what should you do to the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collides what should you do to the nodes
+transmission probability increase it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission probability increase it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission probability increase it or
+reduce it sorry reduce it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it sorry reduce it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it sorry reduce it because the
+assumption is it collided because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is it collided because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is it collided because
+presumably there's a lot of competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably there's a lot of competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably there's a lot of competition
+and you're a nice guy and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're a nice guy and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're a nice guy and your
+assumption is that all the other nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that all the other nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that all the other nodes
+are nice people to with which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice people to with which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice people to with which is kind of
+changing nowadays with all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing nowadays with all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing nowadays with all these
+software-defined radios and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software-defined radios and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software-defined radios and you know the
+hacking that you can do on Wi-Fi cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking that you can do on Wi-Fi cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking that you can do on Wi-Fi cards
+it's possible for your node to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible for your node to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible for your node to not
+actually back off but if you're a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually back off but if you're a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually back off but if you're a nice
+node what you're going to do is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node what you're going to do is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node what you're going to do is you're
+going to reduce the probability and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce the probability and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce the probability and one
+way of doing that a good way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing that a good way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing that a good way of doing
+that is called multiplicative reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called multiplicative reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called multiplicative reduction
+or multiplicative decrease you reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or multiplicative decrease you reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or multiplicative decrease you reduce it
+by a factor of two you just have it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of two you just have it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of two you just have it and
+on a success you could do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a success you could do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a success you could do a bunch of
+different things but one thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but one thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but one thing you can
+do is you know you can be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you know you can be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you know you can be a little bit
+greedy and stay out and I succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy and stay out and I succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy and stay out and I succeeded
+which means there's not that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means there's not that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means there's not that much
+competition in the network maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in the network maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in the network maybe there's
+nobody else in the network in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else in the network in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else in the network in which case
+I want to keep trying to increase my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to keep trying to increase my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to keep trying to increase my
+transmission probability and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission probability and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission probability and maybe you
+double it and my notes talk about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double it and my notes talk about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double it and my notes talk about you
+know whether this is the right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether this is the right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether this is the right or
+something else is right but it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is right but it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is right but it really
+doesn't matter it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it turns out the
+important rule is this rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important rule is this rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important rule is this rule
+the protocol turns out to be not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol turns out to be not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol turns out to be not very
+sensitive to how you increase you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to how you increase you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to how you increase you do
+have to increase but it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to increase but it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to increase but it doesn't matter
+how you do it now of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do it now of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do it now of course the
+probabilities can't exceed one so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities can't exceed one so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities can't exceed one so we're
+going to actually pick the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually pick the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually pick the minimum
+of two times P and one this is the our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two times P and one this is the our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two times P and one this is the our
+basic stabilization protocol now every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stabilization protocol now every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stabilization protocol now every
+node has its own version of P and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node has its own version of P and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node has its own version of P and so you
+know you may run with a P of 0.8 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you may run with a P of 0.8 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you may run with a P of 0.8 and I
+might be at a papi 0.1 presumably if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be at a papi 0.1 presumably if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be at a papi 0.1 presumably if I
+succeed I'm going to increase if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed I'm going to increase if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed I'm going to increase if you
+fail you're going to decrease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail you're going to decrease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail you're going to decrease and
+something happens the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens the question is what
+happens and that's what I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and that's what I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and that's what I want to show
+you I'm going to skip all the stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm going to skip all the stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm going to skip all the stuff we
+went through so if I run this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through so if I run this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through so if I run this protocol
+exactly as I described on this board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as I described on this board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as I described on this board
+here and this is an experiment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is an experiment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is an experiment with
+you'll be doing all the stuff in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be doing all the stuff in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be doing all the stuff in the lab
+yourself this is with with ten nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself this is with with ten nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself this is with with ten nodes
+what you see is that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that you have a
+utilization of 0.33 which is not too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization of 0.33 which is not too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization of 0.33 which is not too far
+from the one over e utilization which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one over e utilization which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one over e utilization which is
+remarkable that this protocol where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable that this protocol where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable that this protocol where
+everybody just jumped around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody just jumped around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody just jumped around
+multiplicative ly changing P I like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative ly changing P I like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative ly changing P I like this
+would talk to be a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would talk to be a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would talk to be a pretty good
+utilization but there's a big problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization but there's a big problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization but there's a big problem in
+the protocol and the problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol and the problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol and the problem in the
+protocol is that the fairness is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is that the fairness is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is that the fairness is pretty
+terrible as it happens it's 0.47 I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible as it happens it's 0.47 I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible as it happens it's 0.47 I was
+reminded the 47% of the nodes here got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded the 47% of the nodes here got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded the 47% of the nodes here got
+pretty how's the two good it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty how's the two good it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty how's the two good it's probably
+you know looking for handouts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know looking for handouts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know looking for handouts or
+something but anyway it's pretty bad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but anyway it's pretty bad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but anyway it's pretty bad and
+what's going on here is that when a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here is that when a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here is that when a node
+is running at a high value of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running at a high value of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running at a high value of its
+probability and some of the node is at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and some of the node is at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and some of the node is at a
+low value of the probability if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low value of the probability if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low value of the probability if they
+collide the guy with the higher value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide the guy with the higher value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide the guy with the higher value of
+its probability reduces some by factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its probability reduces some by factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its probability reduces some by factor
+of two but it's still a pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two but it's still a pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two but it's still a pretty high
+value whereas if a node has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value whereas if a node has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value whereas if a node has a
+probability of transmission's somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of transmission's somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of transmission's somehow
+it's got screwed and it's now running at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got screwed and it's now running at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got screwed and it's now running at
+you know 1 over 32 it becomes 1 over 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 1 over 32 it becomes 1 over 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 1 over 32 it becomes 1 over 64
+then 1 over 128 it's practically zero it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 1 over 128 it's practically zero it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 1 over 128 it's practically zero it
+doesn't it ever doesn't ever get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it ever doesn't ever get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it ever doesn't ever get out of
+that you know real morass that it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know real morass that it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know real morass that it's in
+and ever start being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ever start being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ever start being able to
+successfully transmitted again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully transmitted again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully transmitted again and
+that's what's happening here and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's happening here and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's happening here and the way
+you solve this problem there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve this problem there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve this problem there's a very
+simple solution to this problem the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple solution to this problem the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple solution to this problem the way
+you solve this problem is you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve this problem is you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve this problem is you decide
+that nobody should get really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody should get really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody should get really really
+poor that you decide that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor that you decide that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor that you decide that you know
+you're going to have a value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a value of the
+probability P min that will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P min that will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P min that will never
+actually get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get you
+never go below that so you modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go below that so you modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go below that so you modify the
+protocol to do that and if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol to do that and if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol to do that and if you do that
+you end up with much better performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with much better performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with much better performance
+you end up with performance that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with performance that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with performance that looks
+like this and you see this in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you see this in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you see this in the lab
+but what you find here is something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you find here is something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you find here is something very
+puzzling what you find here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling what you find here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling what you find here is that the
+fairness is amazing it's 99.99 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness is amazing it's 99.99 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness is amazing it's 99.99 which is
+really really good fairness but what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really good fairness but what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really good fairness but what you
+find is that the utilization is 0.71
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that the utilization is 0.71
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that the utilization is 0.71
+that's actually too good to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually too good to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually too good to be true
+because the best utilization you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the best utilization you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the best utilization you could
+expect is probably around 37% and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is probably around 37% and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is probably around 37% and the
+fact is we're getting something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is we're getting something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is we're getting something
+astonishingly good what's happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly good what's happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly good what's happening here
+actually is something that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is something that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is something that's really
+important it took people a few years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it took people a few years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it took people a few years to
+figure it out it's called the capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out it's called the capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out it's called the capture
+effect what's happening here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect what's happening here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect what's happening here is that
+some node captures the channel for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some node captures the channel for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some node captures the channel for a
+quite a substantial period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a substantial period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a substantial period of time
+shutting everybody else out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutting everybody else out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutting everybody else out and then
+some other node captures the channel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other node captures the channel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other node captures the channel for
+some period of time shutting everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some period of time shutting everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some period of time shutting everybody
+else out so you get significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else out so you get significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else out so you get significant
+short-term unfairness or equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term unfairness or equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term unfairness or equivalently
+you get long delay so some nodes may end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get long delay so some nodes may end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get long delay so some nodes may end
+up waiting for a long time and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up waiting for a long time and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up waiting for a long time and then they
+get access and then they keep access for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get access and then they keep access for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get access and then they keep access for
+quite a while and then they lose access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while and then they lose access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while and then they lose access
+and then some other nodes get it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some other nodes get it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some other nodes get it so
+what's really going on here is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on here is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on here is even
+though you have many many nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you have many many nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you have many many nodes
+competing at any point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing at any point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing at any point in time
+effectively the competition is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the competition is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the competition is only
+between one or two nodes and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one or two nodes and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one or two nodes and this is a
+problem called the capture effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called the capture effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called the capture effect and
+the way you solve this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you solve this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you solve this problem is
+symmetrically to change this value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically to change this value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically to change this value of
+the probability there's a maximum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability there's a maximum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability there's a maximum value
+which is P max so you have to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is P max so you have to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is P max so you have to pick a
+different value less than one that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value less than one that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value less than one that's the
+maximum probability in other words once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum probability in other words once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum probability in other words once
+a node has a transmission probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node has a transmission probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node has a transmission probability of
+let's say 0.25 or 0.3 you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 0.25 or 0.3 you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 0.25 or 0.3 you don't want to
+have it keep increasing because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it keep increasing because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it keep increasing because what
+ends up happening is then it captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up happening is then it captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up happening is then it captures
+the channel for quite a while and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel for quite a while and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel for quite a while and it's
+only upon successive collisions that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only upon successive collisions that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only upon successive collisions that it
+comes down to the point where other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to the point where other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to the point where other
+nodes can gain access to the channel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes can gain access to the channel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes can gain access to the channel so
+if you put all of that together and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put all of that together and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put all of that together and run
+the experiment we just put in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment we just put in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment we just put in this
+protocol as described exactly on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol as described exactly on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol as described exactly on this
+board and you can play around with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and you can play around with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and you can play around with these
+things there's a lot of leeway in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there's a lot of leeway in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there's a lot of leeway in
+picking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking these
+rameters if you run this protocol you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rameters if you run this protocol you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rameters if you run this protocol you
+get a utilization in this case of 0.41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a utilization in this case of 0.41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a utilization in this case of 0.41
+which for n equal to 10 is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for n equal to 10 is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for n equal to 10 is pretty much
+what you would get according to sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would get according to sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would get according to sticking
+into that formula a fairness that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that formula a fairness that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that formula a fairness that's
+extremely high and it's super cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high and it's super cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high and it's super cool
+because this is exactly what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is exactly what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is exactly what you would
+want to get if somebody magically told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get if somebody magically told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get if somebody magically told
+you the number of backlogged nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the number of backlogged nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the number of backlogged nodes and
+you theoretically calculated the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you theoretically calculated the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you theoretically calculated the optimal
+value of the probability you couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the probability you couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the probability you couldn't do
+better than this protocol and we managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this protocol and we managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this protocol and we managed
+to do it by simply these nodes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by simply these nodes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by simply these nodes that are
+just independently making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just independently making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just independently making these
+decisions figuring out what they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions figuring out what they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions figuring out what they should
+do and if you were to plot the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and if you were to plot the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and if you were to plot the actual
+evolution of the probabilities you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the probabilities you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the probabilities you find
+that at no point in time does any node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at no point in time does any node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at no point in time does any node
+have a value of 1 over n even though in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a value of 1 over n even though in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a value of 1 over n even though in
+the experiment there's some value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment there's some value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment there's some value of the
+number of backlogged nodes the node kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of backlogged nodes the node kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of backlogged nodes the node kind
+of down surrounded but they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of down surrounded but they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of down surrounded but they never
+actually stick to it but they conspire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stick to it but they conspire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stick to it but they conspire
+to dance around it in a way that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dance around it in a way that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dance around it in a way that gives
+you exactly the same result as you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly the same result as you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly the same result as you would
+get if you in fact had a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you in fact had a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you in fact had a pretty good
+thing I'm going to close with one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to close with one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to close with one last
+comment this is from a student from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment this is from a student from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment this is from a student from
+about I think two terms ago a guy called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I think two terms ago a guy called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I think two terms ago a guy called
+chase Lambert who was took this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase Lambert who was took this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase Lambert who was took this class
+and I was very gratified to hear this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was very gratified to hear this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was very gratified to hear this
+because it turned out he in turn or he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turned out he in turn or he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turned out he in turn or he's
+working a worked or working at a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working a worked or working at a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working a worked or working at a company
+called Quizlet which is a startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Quizlet which is a startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Quizlet which is a startup
+company and one of the things he had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and one of the things he had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and one of the things he had to
+do was a load generator and he ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do was a load generator and he ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do was a load generator and he ended up
+using exactly these ideas to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using exactly these ideas to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using exactly these ideas to come up
+with a load generating scheme that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a load generating scheme that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a load generating scheme that was
+stable because you want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable because you want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable because you want to be able to
+generate load that allows you to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate load that allows you to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate load that allows you to measure
+the throughput of a system and he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput of a system and he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput of a system and he used
+this random backup idea so it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random backup idea so it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random backup idea so it's not that
+you'll find these ideas useful only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find these ideas useful only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find these ideas useful only if
+you were doing you know this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing you know this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing you know this kind of
+networking you actually find these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking you actually find these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking you actually find these ideas
+useful in other contexts so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in other contexts so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in other contexts so I'm going to
+stop here we'll pick up on some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here we'll pick up on some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here we'll pick up on some of these
+topics and recitations and then back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and recitations and then back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and recitations and then back
+here on Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/y0fDCN5rbMQ.txt b/y0fDCN5rbMQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d645d83db8b3a8d17085d368f7c6b8e775cfa728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/y0fDCN5rbMQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10664 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a section
+no there are no sections for a few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there are no sections for a few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there are no sections for a few days
+the sections both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sections both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sections both the
+weekly sections and the extra sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly sections and the extra sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly sections and the extra sections
+will be on the website that's your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be on the website that's your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be on the website that's your best
+place to look if you're if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to look if you're if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to look if you're if if you
+have questions after you've looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions after you've looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions after you've looked at
+the website then you should contact your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website then you should contact your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website then you should contact your
+teaching fellow but definitely look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching fellow but definitely look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching fellow but definitely look at
+the website it will be updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website it will be updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website it will be updated
+daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily
+and your sections will be assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your sections will be assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your sections will be assigned
+probably by thursday or friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably by thursday or friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably by thursday or friday
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay welcome back from the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back from the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back from the break
+uh as promised we'll we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as promised we'll we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as promised we'll we're going to
+discuss the the innards of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the the innards of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the the innards of
+computers that are going to be helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that are going to be helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that are going to be helping
+us with computational biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with computational biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with computational biology
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+a schematic diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schematic diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schematic diagram here
+illustrating in part we'll have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating in part we'll have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating in part we'll have similar
+schematic diagrams for biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic diagrams for biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic diagrams for biological
+systems or biochemical systems this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or biochemical systems this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or biochemical systems this is
+one for transistors we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for transistors we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for transistors we have uh
+the these non-linear transistor elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these non-linear transistor elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these non-linear transistor elements
+here with an input voltage and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with an input voltage and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with an input voltage and output
+voltage and a control voltage vdd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and a control voltage vdd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and a control voltage vdd
+and a and a ground here is this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a and a ground here is this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a and a ground here is this little
+triangle in the lower left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in the lower left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in the lower left
+these transition transistors are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transition transistors are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transition transistors are in this
+circuit here that that is a certain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit here that that is a certain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit here that that is a certain a
+higher level description allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level description allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level description allows you to
+uh put down the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put down the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put down the the uh
+more detailed description of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed description of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed description of this
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+as a function of time so times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time so times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time so times the
+horizontal axis here ranging out to 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis here ranging out to 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis here ranging out to 200
+nanoseconds and this is all done in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds and this is all done in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds and this is all done in a
+program a simulator called spice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a simulator called spice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a simulator called spice
+of this complement oxide inverter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this complement oxide inverter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this complement oxide inverter and
+this sort of simulator is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of simulator is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of simulator is one of the
+things that we'd like that we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we'd like that we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we'd like that we will be
+talking about in biological systems it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in biological systems it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in biological systems it's
+very useful for designing these circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for designing these circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for designing these circuits
+and you can see as the voltage vdd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see as the voltage vdd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see as the voltage vdd
+goes up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up in this
+straight blue line from zero volts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight blue line from zero volts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight blue line from zero volts which
+is off to five volts which is on you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off to five volts which is on you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off to five volts which is on you get
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+almost all or none but not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all or none but not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all or none but not but
+certainly non-linear response where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly non-linear response where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly non-linear response where the
+output voltage on the vertical axis goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage on the vertical axis goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage on the vertical axis goes
+from five volts on to zero volts off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from five volts on to zero volts off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from five volts on to zero volts off
+it's basically the opposite when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the opposite when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the opposite when it's
+zero is five and five is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is five and five is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is five and five is zero
+but in between you can see there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in between you can see there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in between you can see there's this
+gray zone you wanna stay away from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray zone you wanna stay away from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray zone you wanna stay away from this
+in digital circuitry you want to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital circuitry you want to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital circuitry you want to stay
+fully saturated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully saturated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully saturated or
+basically zero volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically zero volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically zero volts
+and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this these inverters can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these inverters can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these inverters can be
+wired together in even higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wired together in even higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wired together in even higher level
+diagram into what call registers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram into what call registers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram into what call registers which
+allow you to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to store
+multi-digit binary numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-digit binary numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-digit binary numbers
+these can then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can then be
+coupled together so you can take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled together so you can take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled together so you can take two
+registers and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and add
+digit by digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit by digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit by digit
+the contents of those registers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents of those registers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents of those registers that's
+called an adder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an adder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an adder
+adders and a variety of other higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adders and a variety of other higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adders and a variety of other higher
+level electronic components can be put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level electronic components can be put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level electronic components can be put
+together and then addressed by software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then addressed by software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then addressed by software
+called a compiler well how did you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a compiler well how did you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a compiler well how did you get
+the software in there in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software in there in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software in there in the first place
+we have to toggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to toggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to toggle
+the hardware until it gets into a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware until it gets into a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware until it gets into a state
+where you sort of manually get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you sort of manually get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you sort of manually get the
+transistors to be in the right set of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors to be in the right set of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors to be in the right set of on
+and off voltages five and zero volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and off voltages five and zero volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and off voltages five and zero volts
+once you get the first compiler you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get the first compiler you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get the first compiler you can
+now work at a much higher level a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now work at a much higher level a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now work at a much higher level a
+compiler is basically something all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler is basically something all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler is basically something all this
+code that i've been showing you so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that i've been showing you so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that i've been showing you so far
+the pearl the fortune 77 the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pearl the fortune 77 the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pearl the fortune 77 the mathematics
+and so forth those are all things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth those are all things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth those are all things like
+print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print
+xbox one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+like compiler it's code which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like compiler it's code which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like compiler it's code which you can
+type in it's almost english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in it's almost english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in it's almost english
+uh some of you may say it's not nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of you may say it's not nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of you may say it's not nearly
+close enough to english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough to english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough to english
+but it's much closer than dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much closer than dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much closer than dealing with
+these little voltages okay and once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little voltages okay and once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little voltages okay and once you
+have one compiler you can make another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one compiler you can make another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one compiler you can make another
+one you can use that pseudo english to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can use that pseudo english to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can use that pseudo english to
+write a more complicated compiler that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a more complicated compiler that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a more complicated compiler that
+can deal with a high even higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with a high even higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with a high even higher level
+language and then reduce it then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and then reduce it then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and then reduce it then it
+takes care of the bookkeeping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes care of the bookkeeping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes care of the bookkeeping that
+reduces it down to telling the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces it down to telling the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces it down to telling the computer
+what voltages to put where when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what voltages to put where when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what voltages to put where when
+as you go up to still higher ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go up to still higher ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go up to still higher ones we
+have these high level application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these high level application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these high level application
+programs which might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs which might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs which might have
+you know intense graphics or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know intense graphics or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know intense graphics or something
+like that okay so that you really get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay so that you really get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay so that you really get uh
+a world view that is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world view that is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world view that is much
+more in resonance with our primate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in resonance with our primate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in resonance with our primate
+visual and auditory senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and auditory senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and auditory senses
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this idea of self-compiling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of self-compiling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of self-compiling and
+self-assembling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-assembling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-assembling
+is is very interesting very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is very interesting very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is very interesting very
+self-referential many of the things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-referential many of the things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-referential many of the things in
+this course will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course will be
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+biological components which have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological components which have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological components which have this
+very interesting complementary surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting complementary surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting complementary surfaces
+that i talked about a couple slides ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i talked about a couple slides ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i talked about a couple slides ago
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+the two strands of dna which are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two strands of dna which are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two strands of dna which are not
+covalently linked covalently means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently linked covalently means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently linked covalently means that
+you have these strong bonds along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these strong bonds along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these strong bonds along this
+one ribbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ribbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ribbon
+and connected by a series of stacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connected by a series of stacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connected by a series of stacking
+interactions where plate the plates uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions where plate the plates uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions where plate the plates uh
+sort of planar bases stack up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of planar bases stack up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of planar bases stack up
+and they form weak bonds from one strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they form weak bonds from one strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they form weak bonds from one strand
+to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+where the rules i mentioned before now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rules i mentioned before now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rules i mentioned before now
+slightly more realistic symbols here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more realistic symbols here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more realistic symbols here for
+the gc and at base pairs rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gc and at base pairs rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gc and at base pairs rather than
+just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the
+alphabetics but this is still symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetics but this is still symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetics but this is still symbols
+this is not really electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not really electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not really electron density
+we're using letters instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using letters instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using letters instead of the
+electron density of nitrogens carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density of nitrogens carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density of nitrogens carbons
+oxygens hydrogens but these hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens hydrogens but these hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens hydrogens but these hydrogens
+make this hydrogen bond a weak bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this hydrogen bond a weak bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this hydrogen bond a weak bond
+and that these surfaces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that these surfaces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that these surfaces are
+complementary so that if you try to pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary so that if you try to pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary so that if you try to pair
+a c with a t you have the wrong spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c with a t you have the wrong spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c with a t you have the wrong spacing
+you have steric clashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have steric clashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have steric clashes
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this uh process by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh process by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh process by which
+one sequence will not make the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sequence will not make the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sequence will not make the same
+sequence right away replication does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence right away replication does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence right away replication does not
+make an identical sequence it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an identical sequence it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an identical sequence it actually
+makes a complementary surface and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a complementary surface and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a complementary surface and then
+one more cycle and you get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more cycle and you get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more cycle and you get back to the
+original just like that example i gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original just like that example i gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original just like that example i gave
+before of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before of the uh
+the trinucleotide going to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trinucleotide going to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trinucleotide going to a
+hexanucleotide and then that helps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexanucleotide and then that helps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexanucleotide and then that helps the
+the second round this is very analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second round this is very analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second round this is very analogous
+except now these molecules instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now these molecules instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now these molecules instead of
+being six nucleotides long they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being six nucleotides long they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being six nucleotides long they can be
+hundreds of millions of nucleotides long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions of nucleotides long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions of nucleotides long
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introductory
+this introduction to minimal life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introduction to minimal life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introduction to minimal life
+all these life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these life
+have in common self-assembly catalysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in common self-assembly catalysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in common self-assembly catalysis
+replication mutation selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication mutation selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication mutation selection
+the monomers meaning the simple simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monomers meaning the simple simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monomers meaning the simple simple
+molecules taken from the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules taken from the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules taken from the environment
+the environment being defined by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment being defined by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment being defined by some
+boundary this could be fairly flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary this could be fairly flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary this could be fairly flexible
+boundary it could be a membranous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary it could be a membranous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary it could be a membranous
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+it could just be some kind of aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could just be some kind of aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could just be some kind of aggregate
+the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+monomers these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers these
+make combine to make complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make combine to make complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make combine to make complicated
+polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers
+and then this replication process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this replication process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this replication process
+continues when we go to more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues when we go to more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues when we go to more complicated
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+now this is the central dogma the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the central dogma the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the central dogma the dna
+the long-term stable storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long-term stable storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long-term stable storage
+is accessed by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accessed by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accessed by making
+ephemeral rna which then encodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ephemeral rna which then encodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ephemeral rna which then encodes
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+and aren't in some systems rna can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aren't in some systems rna can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aren't in some systems rna can
+replicate rna can be reverse transcribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate rna can be reverse transcribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate rna can be reverse transcribed
+to dna unfortunately the aids virus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dna unfortunately the aids virus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dna unfortunately the aids virus is
+one of them does this dna can replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them does this dna can replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them does this dna can replicate
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+and certain pathological case or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain pathological case or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain pathological case or
+actually certain cases let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually certain cases let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually certain cases let's just say
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh
+can an auto catalytic cycle recruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can an auto catalytic cycle recruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can an auto catalytic cycle recruit
+other proteins to their particular state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteins to their particular state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteins to their particular state
+these are called prions and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called prions and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called prions and they're
+they're uh basis of mad cow disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh basis of mad cow disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh basis of mad cow disease and
+things like that but again you're you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but again you're you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but again you're you've
+got a boundary for the replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a boundary for the replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a boundary for the replication
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+and simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple
+structures come in and complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures come in and complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures come in and complicated
+structures are generated when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are generated when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are generated when we talk
+about the polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the polymers
+uh we're going to quantitate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to quantitate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to quantitate their
+amounts and their interactions uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts and their interactions uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts and their interactions uh they
+initiate elongate terminate they fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiate elongate terminate they fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiate elongate terminate they fold
+they get modified in various ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get modified in various ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get modified in various ways in
+other words it's not just the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's not just the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's not just the simple
+linear polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear polymers
+they get their position in space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get their position in space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get their position in space is
+important and they are either degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and they are either degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and they are either degraded
+or diluted during the replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or diluted during the replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or diluted during the replication
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+this gets even a little more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets even a little more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets even a little more complicated
+we talk about functional genomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about functional genomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about functional genomics
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we measure the growth rate we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure the growth rate we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure the growth rate we measure
+the concentration of rna and proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of rna and proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of rna and proteins
+sometimes their localization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes their localization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes their localization is
+important measure that too that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important measure that too that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important measure that too that's called
+gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression
+and the interactions are important to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interactions are important to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interactions are important to be
+part of this measurement process these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this measurement process these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this measurement process these
+measures and models i've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and models i've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and models i've been talking
+about are how we get to uh defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are how we get to uh defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are how we get to uh defining
+enough about living systems so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough about living systems so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough about living systems so we can
+model so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so here's
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+another model this is a rorschach test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another model this is a rorschach test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another model this is a rorschach test
+as you might take you go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might take you go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might take you go into a
+psychologist's office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist's office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist's office
+maybe long ago and they'd say look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe long ago and they'd say look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe long ago and they'd say look at
+this inkblot um what does it remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inkblot um what does it remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inkblot um what does it remind you
+of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know
+bad things your father did and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things your father did and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things your father did and so forth
+um here the rochart test is what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here the rochart test is what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here the rochart test is what does
+this curve remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+giving you some hints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential curve great and how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential curve great and how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential curve great and how do you
+get and you know this is like the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and you know this is like the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and you know this is like the stock
+prices before dot com crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you get this either how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get this either how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get this either how do you
+find it in biology for the biologists or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it in biology for the biologists or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it in biology for the biologists or
+how do you find it mathematically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find it mathematically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find it mathematically for
+the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+human population growth yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human population growth yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human population growth yeah that's a
+good biological example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good biological example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good biological example
+maybe and malthus and others have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and malthus and others have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and malthus and others have said
+this can't go on forever but this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can't go on forever but this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can't go on forever but this is not
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+fact it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's it's a
+it's a pretty solid speculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty solid speculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty solid speculation
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+how do you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get this
+well for those of you who prefer to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for those of you who prefer to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for those of you who prefer to see
+or expect to see stocks go down as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or expect to see stocks go down as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or expect to see stocks go down as well
+as up we've got an exponential decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as up we've got an exponential decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as up we've got an exponential decay
+curve in magenta to sort of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in magenta to sort of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in magenta to sort of as a
+reflection of the exponential growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of the exponential growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of the exponential growth
+curve these are these are just e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve these are these are just e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve these are these are just e to the
+kt or e to the minus k or where k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt or e to the minus k or where k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt or e to the minus k or where k is
+positive and this is the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and this is the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and this is the world's
+simplest differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest differential equation
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+the y axis is a function of time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis is a function of time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis is a function of time the
+horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the small changes in y with small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small changes in y with small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small changes in y with small
+changes in t time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in t time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in t time t
+d y d t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y d t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y d t
+that's sort of the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the slope
+of the y as it goes up the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the y as it goes up the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the y as it goes up the blue
+exponential curve is related to how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential curve is related to how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential curve is related to how much
+y the more humans there are the faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y the more humans there are the faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y the more humans there are the faster
+the human race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human race
+replicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh and it just keeps getting more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it just keeps getting more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it just keeps getting more and
+more and that's why it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and that's why it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and that's why it has this
+exponential curve this is much steeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential curve this is much steeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential curve this is much steeper
+than quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than quadratic
+and it and its origins are way back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and its origins are way back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and its origins are way back here
+and similarly the exponential decay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly the exponential decay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly the exponential decay as
+you might get with radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get with radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get with radioactive
+substances follows a reverse process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you integrate this
+you get a very simple integral it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a very simple integral it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a very simple integral it's what
+we've been talking about it's e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about it's e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about it's e to the
+kt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt
+so it's an exponential function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an exponential function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an exponential function of time
+y say the human population or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y say the human population or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y say the human population or your
+stocks where e is this number that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks where e is this number that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks where e is this number that we
+highlighted before about 2.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted before about 2.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted before about 2.7
+if you're interested in half-lifes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in half-lifes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in half-lifes which
+sometimes people are like radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people are like radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people are like radioactive
+decay or half-life of replication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay or half-life of replication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay or half-life of replication of
+bacteria in a solution it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria in a solution it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria in a solution it's a very
+simple formula that gets you from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formula that gets you from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formula that gets you from the
+rate constant k this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant k this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant k this is like a
+biochemical rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical rate constant
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life
+this is growth and decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is growth and decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is growth and decay
+so what limits this why doesn't it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what limits this why doesn't it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what limits this why doesn't it just
+keep going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going up
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is a what we've been looking at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a what we've been looking at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a what we've been looking at is
+the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower
+left-hand corner of this graph in slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand corner of this graph in slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand corner of this graph in slide
+29 where it goes exponentially up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 where it goes exponentially up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 where it goes exponentially up from
+close to zero not quite um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero not quite um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero not quite um and
+eventually it will plateau or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it will plateau or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it will plateau or
+worse yet it might come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse yet it might come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse yet it might come down
+and what causes plateau is exhaustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what causes plateau is exhaustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what causes plateau is exhaustion
+resources and if you get enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and if you get enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and if you get enough
+accumulation of waste products or enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of waste products or enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of waste products or enough
+exhaustion of resources you can plummet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustion of resources you can plummet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustion of resources you can plummet
+if you just zoom in on this little part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just zoom in on this little part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just zoom in on this little part
+here one way of analyzing it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one way of analyzing it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one way of analyzing it very
+hopefully known to some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully known to some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully known to some of you
+is that you take the logarithm of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you take the logarithm of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you take the logarithm of y
+and plot it versus t so t is linear axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plot it versus t so t is linear axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plot it versus t so t is linear axis
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+vertical axis is logarithmic now you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis is logarithmic now you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis is logarithmic now you get
+a straight line at least for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line at least for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line at least for the
+beginning here and eventually it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning here and eventually it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning here and eventually it will
+plateau the same as this one does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau the same as this one does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau the same as this one does
+and that's way of telling that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's way of telling that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's way of telling that you have
+a simple exponential you have e to the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple exponential you have e to the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple exponential you have e to the t
+power or 2 to the t power or anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power or 2 to the t power or anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power or 2 to the t power or anything to
+the t power simple x those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t power simple x those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t power simple x those are all
+simple exponentials and they'll give a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple exponentials and they'll give a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple exponentials and they'll give a a
+line when you take the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line when you take the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line when you take the logarithm
+now what does mathematica do to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does mathematica do to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does mathematica do to help us
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if you set up this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set up this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set up this equation
+instead of saying d y dt you can say y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying d y dt you can say y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying d y dt you can say y
+prime of t that's just shorthand it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of t that's just shorthand it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of t that's just shorthand it's
+very commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very commonly used
+in calculus y prime of t means the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculus y prime of t means the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculus y prime of t means the first
+derivative of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of t
+of y with respect to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y with respect to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y with respect to t
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh directly proportional to y that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh directly proportional to y that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh directly proportional to y that is to
+say your slope of the human race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your slope of the human race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your slope of the human race
+expanding is directly proportional to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding is directly proportional to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding is directly proportional to y
+the number of humans okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of humans okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of humans okay and then
+you're gonna start at time equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna start at time equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna start at time equals zero
+we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got
+one human well that's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one human well that's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one human well that's probably not
+enough well okay maybe a bacteria okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough well okay maybe a bacteria okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough well okay maybe a bacteria okay
+you have initial conditions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have initial conditions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have initial conditions okay
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and so you just say solve it you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you just say solve it you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you just say solve it you tell
+the computer so so everything to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer so so everything to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer so so everything to the
+right of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of this
+equation is something you can type in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is something you can type in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is something you can type in to
+mathematica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematica
+do a differential equation solve of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a differential equation solve of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a differential equation solve of this
+string that i typed in here which tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that i typed in here which tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that i typed in here which tells
+you the initial conditions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the initial conditions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the initial conditions and the
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+and boom outcomes the out this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boom outcomes the out this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boom outcomes the out this you
+didn't type this in mathematica came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't type this in mathematica came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't type this in mathematica came up
+with this e to the p power that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this e to the p power that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this e to the p power that's pretty
+cool even though it's the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool even though it's the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool even though it's the world's
+simplest differential equation it solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest differential equation it solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest differential equation it solved
+it try to do that in your other favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it try to do that in your other favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it try to do that in your other favorite
+programming languages excel or fortran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages excel or fortran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages excel or fortran
+or pearl or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pearl or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pearl or
+python or whatever see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python or whatever see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python or whatever see
+this is this is really powerful now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is really powerful now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is really powerful now this
+is analytic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is analytic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is analytic or
+symbolic or formal these are various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic or formal these are various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic or formal these are various
+terms you would say for this trick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you would say for this trick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you would say for this trick and
+as the equations get more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the equations get more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the equations get more and more
+complicated this becomes more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this becomes more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated this becomes more and more
+amazing almost intelligent eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing almost intelligent eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing almost intelligent eventually
+they get complicated enough that neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get complicated enough that neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get complicated enough that neither
+humans nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans nor
+mathematica can solve them and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematica can solve them and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematica can solve them and so what
+you do then is you use a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do then is you use a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do then is you use a numerical
+approximation where you take little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation where you take little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation where you take little
+steps and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and uh
+and you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you uh
+you you solve it by a numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you solve it by a numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you solve it by a numeric
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+but you set it up the same way you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you set it up the same way you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you set it up the same way you tell
+it that the derivative of y with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that the derivative of y with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that the derivative of y with respect
+to t is proportional to y or in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t is proportional to y or in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t is proportional to y or in this
+case it you know proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it you know proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it you know proportionality
+constant is one same initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is one same initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is one same initial conditions
+one starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one starting
+but now you tell it what interval you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you tell it what interval you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you tell it what interval you
+want to do this you don't want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this you don't want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this you don't want it to
+have to do these little steps all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do these little steps all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do these little steps all over
+all you know negative to positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know negative to positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know negative to positive
+infinity for time you just want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity for time you just want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity for time you just want to say
+i'm just interested in time from 0 to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just interested in time from 0 to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just interested in time from 0 to 3
+minutes or hours or whatever years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or hours or whatever years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or hours or whatever years
+okay and then you evaluate it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you evaluate it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you evaluate it and you
+can you can plot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can plot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can plot this
+which appeals to the primate visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which appeals to the primate visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which appeals to the primate visual
+system these plots and you'll see lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these plots and you'll see lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these plots and you'll see lots
+of plots of this course but now here y a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plots of this course but now here y a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plots of this course but now here y a
+function of t is this exponential curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of t is this exponential curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of t is this exponential curve
+if we plotted log of y as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plotted log of y as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plotted log of y as a function of
+t with this numerical uh solver it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t with this numerical uh solver it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t with this numerical uh solver it would
+be a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a straight line
+now we give you somewhere that isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we give you somewhere that isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we give you somewhere that isn't a
+straight line these are all logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line these are all logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line these are all logarithmic
+on the x on the y axis and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x on the y axis and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x on the y axis and they're all
+linear on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear on the on the
+horizontal axis in all time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis in all time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis in all time on the
+horizontal axis linear time and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis linear time and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis linear time and they're
+more than simple exponentials they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than simple exponentials they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than simple exponentials they're
+going up faster rather than going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up faster rather than going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up faster rather than going out
+slower which you know we think human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower which you know we think human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower which you know we think human
+population bacterial population and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population bacterial population and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population bacterial population and so
+forth they'll go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they'll go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they'll go up
+sort of linear on a log plot and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of linear on a log plot and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of linear on a log plot and then
+flatten out these things are just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten out these things are just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten out these things are just going
+faster and faster what are these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster what are these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster what are these things
+well even though your dot coms didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well even though your dot coms didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well even though your dot coms didn't
+work out if you had a stock portfolio in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out if you had a stock portfolio in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out if you had a stock portfolio in
+western european commerce in the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western european commerce in the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western european commerce in the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be in really good shape now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be in really good shape now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be in really good shape now in the
+year 2000. this is not only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 2000. this is not only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 2000. this is not only going
+exponential it's going steeper than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential it's going steeper than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential it's going steeper than
+exponential and we all hope that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and we all hope that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and we all hope that this
+will keep going forever the gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep going forever the gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will keep going forever the gross
+domestic product of people in western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic product of people in western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic product of people in western
+europe and the world will just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe and the world will just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe and the world will just keep
+going up and this is due to technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and this is due to technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and this is due to technology
+and technology keeps reinventing itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology keeps reinventing itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology keeps reinventing itself
+and hopefully it can keep doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully it can keep doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully it can keep doing that
+here's another example this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example this is more
+drilling down to specific technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling down to specific technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling down to specific technologies
+that have been on a super exponential or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been on a super exponential or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been on a super exponential or
+hyperx and i don't know quite the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperx and i don't know quite the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperx and i don't know quite the right
+term here is for a long time these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here is for a long time these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here is for a long time these are
+not these are greater than linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not these are greater than linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not these are greater than linear
+steeper than linear these are close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper than linear these are close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper than linear these are close to
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so it's an exponent of a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's an exponent of a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's an exponent of a quadratic
+and these are for transmission rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are for transmission rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are for transmission rate and
+tank of data from the morse code in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank of data from the morse code in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank of data from the morse code in the
+1830s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830s
+to optical fibers here in the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optical fibers here in the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optical fibers here in the present
+and and then the blue are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then the blue are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then the blue are
+digital processing from the first census
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital processing from the first census
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital processing from the first census
+in 1890s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1890s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1890s
+to uh to modern computers and this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to modern computers and this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to modern computers and this is uh
+instructions per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions per second
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+thousand dollars now this unit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars now this unit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars now this unit the
+little piece of this is integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of this is integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of this is integrated
+circuits that moore's law refers to from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits that moore's law refers to from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits that moore's law refers to from
+just the tiny end of this from 1965
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the tiny end of this from 1965
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the tiny end of this from 1965
+onward refers to integrated circuits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onward refers to integrated circuits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onward refers to integrated circuits and
+these will run out of gas pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will run out of gas pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will run out of gas pretty soon
+everybody tells us but this curve may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody tells us but this curve may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody tells us but this curve may
+not because it goes beyond it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because it goes beyond it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because it goes beyond it it
+predates integrative circuits and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predates integrative circuits and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predates integrative circuits and it
+will postdate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will postdate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will postdate them
+and who knows where this leads but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who knows where this leads but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who knows where this leads but uh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+oh sorry we'll get to that at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry we'll get to that at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry we'll get to that at the at the
+end of this lecture but it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture but it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture but it's it's a
+correlation coefficient which is a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient which is a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient which is a it's
+a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's
+to what extent is there a is there a fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent is there a is there a fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent is there a is there a fit
+between uh one curve another how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh one curve another how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh one curve another how well
+does the calculated curve fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the calculated curve fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the calculated curve fit the
+observed data um collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed data um collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed data um collected
+um and so uh these are around 99 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so uh these are around 99 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so uh these are around 99 which
+is very good correlation and better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good correlation and better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good correlation and better than
+the linear plot but of course you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear plot but of course you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear plot but of course you have
+more adjustable parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more adjustable parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more adjustable parameters
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+sign of hopefulness is data are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of hopefulness is data are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of hopefulness is data are coming
+in faster so this is you know our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in faster so this is you know our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in faster so this is you know our life
+is getting better uh our computers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting better uh our computers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting better uh our computers are
+getting faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting faster
+and uh and data's coming in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and data's coming in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and data's coming in from the
+genome project and this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome project and this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome project and this little
+inflection point where it was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection point where it was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection point where it was sort of
+log linear for a while and then a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log linear for a while and then a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log linear for a while and then a new
+log leaner so overall it's super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log leaner so overall it's super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log leaner so overall it's super
+exponential and this is for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and this is for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and this is for the the
+number of base pairs we can get per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of base pairs we can get per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of base pairs we can get per
+dollar starting with transfer rnas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar starting with transfer rnas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar starting with transfer rnas in
+the late 60s and ending with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 60s and ending with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 60s and ending with
+who knows how many human genomes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows how many human genomes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows how many human genomes that we
+will have by the year 210 and it's 2010.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have by the year 210 and it's 2010.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have by the year 210 and it's 2010.
+now where does this all this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where does this all this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where does this all this exponential
+growth go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth go
+uh some people think we'll be creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people think we'll be creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people think we'll be creating
+computers that are smarter than we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that are smarter than we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that are smarter than we are
+soon what would this require here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon what would this require here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon what would this require here's a
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+back of the envelope example of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the envelope example of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the envelope example of systems
+analysis where biology meets computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis where biology meets computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis where biology meets computers
+let's analyze our retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze our retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze our retina
+our retina all of our retinas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our retina all of our retinas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our retina all of our retinas are
+processing right now hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing right now hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing right now hopefully
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the hans moravec simulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hans moravec simulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hans moravec simulated
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+retina for video imaging um where he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina for video imaging um where he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina for video imaging um where he did
+edge and motion detection and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and motion detection and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and motion detection and it
+required about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a billion instructions per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion instructions per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion instructions per second
+to match the 10 times per second which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the 10 times per second which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the 10 times per second which
+you're updating the retina the brain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're updating the retina the brain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're updating the retina the brain is
+about a hundred thousand times larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred thousand times larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hundred thousand times larger
+than the retina and if the scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the retina and if the scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the retina and if the scales
+linearly which is speculative then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly which is speculative then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly which is speculative then you
+need a computer that has about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a computer that has about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a computer that has about
+a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+million mips or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million mips or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million mips or about
+a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+10 to the 14th instructions per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 14th instructions per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 14th instructions per second
+of compute power and a similar number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compute power and a similar number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compute power and a similar number of
+bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes
+now that back in 1998 that was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that back in 1998 that was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that back in 1998 that was still
+quite a ways way but here in 2002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a ways way but here in 2002
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a ways way but here in 2002
+the best super computer and this site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best super computer and this site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best super computer and this site
+keeps track of the top 500 super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps track of the top 500 super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps track of the top 500 super
+computers and trust me your computer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and trust me your computer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and trust me your computer is
+not on that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on that list
+but anyway the top one is within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway the top one is within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway the top one is within a
+factor 10 of this compute power now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 10 of this compute power now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 10 of this compute power now
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+earth scientists that own this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth scientists that own this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth scientists that own this thing
+will not bother to try to see if it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not bother to try to see if it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not bother to try to see if it can
+do ordinary human things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do ordinary human things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do ordinary human things
+you know like watching soap operas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're in that range we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in that range we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in that range we need to be
+cognizant of the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant of the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant of the possibility
+here's another model i've tried to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another model i've tried to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another model i've tried to put
+it in the same units we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the same units we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the same units we've been talking
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+exponential growth again we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth again we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth again we have the
+rate constant k we have the y the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant k we have the y the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant k we have the y the you
+know human or bacterial population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know human or bacterial population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know human or bacterial population
+growing exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing exponentially
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+here now we've tried to model the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we've tried to model the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we've tried to model the the
+case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where
+yes as you have a great population size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes as you have a great population size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes as you have a great population size
+means greater growth until it gets close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means greater growth until it gets close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means greater growth until it gets close
+to the maximum carrying capacity the 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the maximum carrying capacity the 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the maximum carrying capacity the 100
+percent the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent the one
+uh the maximum it can go and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the maximum it can go and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the maximum it can go and then it
+will plateau so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a plateauing near one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is called the logistic map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called the logistic map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called the logistic map
+is the basis that complexity calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basis that complexity calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basis that complexity calculation
+we talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about earlier
+and here the population size is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the population size is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the population size is a
+function rate constant and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function rate constant and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function rate constant and uh
+and it has both it both grows when y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has both it both grows when y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has both it both grows when y is
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+as y scales up it goes up exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y scales up it goes up exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y scales up it goes up exponentially
+and then finally as it approaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally as it approaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally as it approaches the
+maximum one it plateaus however if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum one it plateaus however if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum one it plateaus however if you
+get greedy and you increase your growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get greedy and you increase your growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get greedy and you increase your growth
+rate beyond say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate beyond say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate beyond say
+uh here it's very very small very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here it's very very small very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here it's very very small very
+ungreedy just 1.01 that's like a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ungreedy just 1.01 that's like a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ungreedy just 1.01 that's like a one
+percent interest in your bank account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent interest in your bank account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent interest in your bank account
+okay but you still you you grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you still you you grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you still you you grow
+exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+given enough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given enough time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given enough time
+uh however you get greedy and say i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh however you get greedy and say i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh however you get greedy and say i want
+a 300 return on my investment well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 300 return on my investment well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 300 return on my investment well then
+you start getting these little cycles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start getting these little cycles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start getting these little cycles of
+you know like stock market going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like stock market going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like stock market going up and
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+okay and if you get really greedy where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you get really greedy where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you get really greedy where
+you need a 400 percent improvement each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a 400 percent improvement each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a 400 percent improvement each
+each cycle you get chaos and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cycle you get chaos and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cycle you get chaos and you can
+eventually drop down very close to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually drop down very close to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually drop down very close to zero
+and crash and go and the population can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crash and go and the population can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crash and go and the population can
+go extinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go extinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go extinct
+uh because it used up as resources are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it used up as resources are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it used up as resources are
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+non-optimal use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-optimal use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-optimal use
+and maybe toxic side products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe toxic side products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe toxic side products
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+we have directed acyclic graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have directed acyclic graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have directed acyclic graphs
+is as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as an
+example graphs are made up of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example graphs are made up of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example graphs are made up of nodes
+you can uh think of these here as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh think of these here as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh think of these here as the
+nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are
+people or organisms and you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or organisms and you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or organisms and you start with
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+bacterium here on the far left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium here on the far left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium here on the far left hand side
+of slide 35 and you have a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slide 35 and you have a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slide 35 and you have a direction
+you can only go forward in time so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only go forward in time so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only go forward in time so each
+of these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little
+so the node is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the node is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the node is the
+bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium
+individual and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lines connecting them are edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines connecting them are edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines connecting them are edges
+in the graph terminology and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph terminology and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph terminology and they're
+directed and they can't go in cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed and they can't go in cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed and they can't go in cycles
+because you can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't have
+a daughter giving rise to a mother okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a daughter giving rise to a mother okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a daughter giving rise to a mother okay
+so this all makes intuitive sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this all makes intuitive sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this all makes intuitive sense
+um but you can use these these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can use these these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can use these these kind of
+graphs for a whole variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs for a whole variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs for a whole variety of
+interesting things you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things you have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+not just the the pedigree we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the the pedigree we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the the pedigree we talked
+about but phylogeny in general ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but phylogeny in general ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but phylogeny in general ancient
+connections between organisms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between organisms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between organisms the
+biopolymer backbone you have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopolymer backbone you have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopolymer backbone you have a simple
+linear background bone or a branched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear background bone or a branched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear background bone or a branched
+backbone this can be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone this can be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone this can be represented
+it doesn't fall doesn't covalently cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fall doesn't covalently cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fall doesn't covalently cross
+back on itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on itself
+if you want to know what's near one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know what's near one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know what's near one
+another in as a as this polymer folds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in as a as this polymer folds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in as a as this polymer folds up
+like that transferring they showed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that transferring they showed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that transferring they showed in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+first slides those contacts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slides those contacts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slides those contacts are
+indicated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated um
+now you start getting cycles because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you start getting cycles because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you start getting cycles because a
+can contact b b c d back to a again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contact b b c d back to a again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contact b b c d back to a again you
+get cycles in uh in a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cycles in uh in a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cycles in uh in a three-dimensional
+structure you get cycles in a regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you get cycles in a regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you get cycles in a regulatory
+network you can have in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you can have in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you can have in order to
+maintain homeostasis in your body a can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain homeostasis in your body a can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain homeostasis in your body a can
+regulate b b can regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate b b can regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate b b can regulate
+c and back to a again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and back to a again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and back to a again
+but it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all
+direct that's directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct that's directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct that's directed
+there are system models that we will we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are system models that we will we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are system models that we will we
+and others will study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others will study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others will study
+they have in common this is slide 37 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in common this is slide 37 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in common this is slide 37 on
+the left hand side the system models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side the system models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side the system models
+and they've been chosen mainly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been chosen mainly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been chosen mainly because
+in the pre-genomic year was very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pre-genomic year was very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pre-genomic year was very hard to
+get data sets certain systems were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data sets certain systems were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data sets certain systems were just
+technically easier to get large data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically easier to get large data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically easier to get large data
+sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+genetic or biochemical these include e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic or biochemical these include e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic or biochemical these include e
+coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli
+going toward food and away from toxins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toward food and away from toxins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toward food and away from toxins
+red blood cell is a nice metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blood cell is a nice metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blood cell is a nice metabolic
+system because it doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because it doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because it doesn't have any
+polymer synthesis makes it simpler cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer synthesis makes it simpler cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer synthesis makes it simpler cell
+division cycle is really key for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle is really key for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle is really key for
+understanding pathogen replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding pathogen replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding pathogen replication
+cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+circadian rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian rhythm
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+you know what what is a huge number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what is a huge number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what is a huge number
+possibly many if not all organisms have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly many if not all organisms have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly many if not all organisms have
+some circadian rhythms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some circadian rhythms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some circadian rhythms
+that keep their biochemistry optimal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keep their biochemistry optimal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keep their biochemistry optimal and
+keep us hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep us hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep us hopefully
+awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awake
+right now anyway until it's time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now anyway until it's time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now anyway until it's time okay
+plasma dna replication is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma dna replication is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma dna replication is an example of
+single molecule precision and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule precision and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule precision and we'll talk
+about the dna single molecules in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dna single molecules in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dna single molecules in just a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's uh where we where we're aiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh where we where we're aiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh where we where we're aiming
+right now is from graphs and pedigrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is from graphs and pedigrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is from graphs and pedigrees
+down to the single molecules that allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the single molecules that allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the single molecules that allow
+replication to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication to work
+these this replication is achieved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this replication is achieved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this replication is achieved by
+interconnected machines they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected machines they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected machines they are
+somewhat modular modular is a is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat modular modular is a is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat modular modular is a is also a
+computer term where you try to put code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer term where you try to put code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer term where you try to put code
+that works together into a something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works together into a something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works together into a something
+that's defined spatially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined spatially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined spatially and
+functionally so you have these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally so you have these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally so you have these little
+modules that replicate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that replicate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that replicate uh
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+the nucle the dna make rna from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucle the dna make rna from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucle the dna make rna from a
+different module does the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different module does the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different module does the protein
+synthesis there is some interconnection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis there is some interconnection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis there is some interconnection
+between these this will be discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these this will be discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these this will be discussed
+these kind of complicated machines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of complicated machines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of complicated machines that
+biologists love to simplify and diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists love to simplify and diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists love to simplify and diagrams
+will be described in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be described in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be described in more detail
+next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+but the idea is this idea of modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is this idea of modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is this idea of modules
+versus extensively coupled that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus extensively coupled that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus extensively coupled that works
+this is how we get the replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the way we analyze the replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we analyze the replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we analyze the replication
+is somewhere here in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere here in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere here in the middle
+where i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've
+had a scale here that goes from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a scale here that goes from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a scale here that goes from high
+resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very accurate descriptions of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate descriptions of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate descriptions of physical
+processes sort of in the nanometer fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes sort of in the nanometer fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes sort of in the nanometer fifth
+the second range on the far right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second range on the far right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second range on the far right hand
+side of slide 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of slide 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of slide 40
+to things that are very long time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that are very long time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that are very long time scale
+very large scale sort of kilometer yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large scale sort of kilometer yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large scale sort of kilometer yield
+years that happen in population dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that happen in population dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that happen in population dynamics
+sometimes global population dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes global population dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes global population dynamics
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+you should understand that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand that all of these
+models we'll be talking about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we'll be talking about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we'll be talking about are
+approximations as we go down the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations as we go down the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations as we go down the scale
+uh it gets more and more computable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it gets more and more computable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it gets more and more computable uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+per uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per uh
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+to compute more and more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute more and more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute more and more complicated
+things but at the cost of greater and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but at the cost of greater and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but at the cost of greater and
+greater approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater approximations
+even the molecular mechanics that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the molecular mechanics that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the molecular mechanics that we use
+in conjunction with uh crystallographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conjunction with uh crystallographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conjunction with uh crystallographic
+diffraction data is a bit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction data is a bit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction data is a bit is
+is amazing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is amazing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is amazing uh
+computational chemistry but it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational chemistry but it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational chemistry but it's a great
+approximation of quantum mechanics which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of quantum mechanics which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of quantum mechanics which
+is in turn approximation quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in turn approximation quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in turn approximation quantum
+electrodynamics which itself is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics which itself is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics which itself is an
+approximation and all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and all of these things
+are very hard to compute uh on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very hard to compute uh on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very hard to compute uh on any
+even reasonable atomic system multibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even reasonable atomic system multibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even reasonable atomic system multibody
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+the big approximation for molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big approximation for molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big approximation for molecular
+mechanics is that you have spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is that you have spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is that you have spherical
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+so you don't have the distortion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have the distortion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have the distortion of the
+dipole that occurs in very useful bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole that occurs in very useful bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole that occurs in very useful bonds
+such as the hydrogen bonds and almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the hydrogen bonds and almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the hydrogen bonds and almost
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+non-bond interactions that's poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bond interactions that's poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bond interactions that's poorly
+approximated but it's the best we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated but it's the best we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated but it's the best we have
+that can be computed right now with most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be computed right now with most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be computed right now with most
+computers and and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and and even
+modestly large molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modestly large molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modestly large molecules
+then we now as we go down we go to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we now as we go down we go to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we now as we go down we go to you
+can think of it as higher higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as higher higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as higher higher level
+abstraction just like high-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction just like high-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction just like high-level
+programming languages we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages we're now
+programming chemical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming chemical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming chemical systems
+and thinking about them now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about them now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking about them now instead of
+dealing with single atoms in molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with single atoms in molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with single atoms in molecular
+mechanics that produce the trna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that produce the trna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that produce the trna
+structure that i showed you we now deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that i showed you we now deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that i showed you we now deal
+with that whole trna as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that whole trna as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that whole trna as a single
+molecule but it's still a great depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but it's still a great depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but it's still a great depth of
+precision because each molecule has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision because each molecule has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision because each molecule has its
+own life and you track each one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own life and you track each one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own life and you track each one in the
+computer and that's stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and that's stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and that's stochastic
+simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+higher level beyond that is now we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level beyond that is now we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level beyond that is now we don't
+deal with single molecules we deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with single molecules we deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with single molecules we deal with
+populations of molecules we deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of molecules we deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of molecules we deal with a
+concentration as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration as a function of time
+the ordinary differential equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary differential equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary differential equations that
+we've already been talking about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already been talking about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already been talking about like
+that exponential growth curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential growth curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential growth curve
+is one way of dealing with concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way of dealing with concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way of dealing with concentration
+of you know bacteria as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know bacteria as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know bacteria as a function of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+that's appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appropriate
+there are other cases where we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other cases where we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other cases where we want to
+do this optimization we want to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this optimization we want to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this optimization we want to study
+how close to optimal a system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close to optimal a system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close to optimal a system is
+one way to study that is with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to study that is with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to study that is with these
+economic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic uh
+functions these uh linear programming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions these uh linear programming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions these uh linear programming to
+look at the fluxes now we're no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the fluxes now we're no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the fluxes now we're no longer
+talking about concentration and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about concentration and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about concentration and time
+because we're we're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're we're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're we're uh
+interested in the rates with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the rates with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the rates with things
+through which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which
+chemicals are flowing through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals are flowing through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals are flowing through a
+biological system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological system
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+concentration is is at a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is is at a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is is at a steady state
+level and it means you have things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and it means you have things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and it means you have things going
+in and things going out but stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and things going out but stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and things going out but stuff in the
+middle is staying the same that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle is staying the same that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle is staying the same that's the
+that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very
+useful approximation that's used time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful approximation that's used time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful approximation that's used time
+and again even though these are dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again even though these are dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again even though these are dynamic
+systems you can find them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you can find them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you can find them in a
+pseudo-steady state you can apply these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-steady state you can apply these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-steady state you can apply these
+very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful
+uh competing tools and then you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh competing tools and then you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh competing tools and then you can do
+complications which would be very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications which would be very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications which would be very hard
+to do in these more precise and complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in these more precise and complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in these more precise and complete
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+and we'll go through these in much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go through these in much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go through these in much more
+detail later on you'll find very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail later on you'll find very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail later on you'll find very
+interesting connections between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting connections between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting connections between the
+largest scale things we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest scale things we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest scale things we're talking about
+where we talk about stochastics of whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talk about stochastics of whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talk about stochastics of whole
+organisms in big populations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms in big populations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms in big populations and the
+stochastics of single molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastics of single molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastics of single molecules
+okay we're talking about single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're talking about single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're talking about single
+molecules as our last topic today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules as our last topic today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules as our last topic today
+and each of you do single molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of you do single molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of you do single molecular
+manipulations on a regular basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations on a regular basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations on a regular basis
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+your your ancestors have been doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your ancestors have been doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your ancestors have been doing it
+for ten thousand years without a license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ten thousand years without a license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ten thousand years without a license
+without a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a computer
+and they've been doing a pretty good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been doing a pretty good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been doing a pretty good job
+of it they've taken this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it they've taken this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it they've taken this little
+weed-like thing teosinte and turned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weed-like thing teosinte and turned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weed-like thing teosinte and turned it
+into this corn that would make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this corn that would make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this corn that would make the
+fourth of july quite proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth of july quite proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth of july quite proud
+and dogs who knows what their ancestors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dogs who knows what their ancestors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dogs who knows what their ancestors
+look like but right now they span about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like but right now they span about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like but right now they span about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+three logarithms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three logarithms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three logarithms of
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+and this was all done with the awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was all done with the awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was all done with the awesome
+power of single dna technology molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of single dna technology molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of single dna technology molecule
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+uh crosses basically and what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crosses basically and what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crosses basically and what happens in
+each of the cells in your body if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the cells in your body if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the cells in your body if all
+goes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes well
+is you start out with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you start out with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you start out with one
+chromosome of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome of interest
+and it divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it divides
+and then the cell divides and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the cell divides and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the cell divides and that
+chromosome we'll forget about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome we'll forget about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome we'll forget about all the
+other chromosomes in there for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chromosomes in there for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chromosomes in there for a moment
+that chromosome has a choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chromosome has a choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chromosome has a choice of
+when it divides it can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it divides it can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it divides it can go
+one each into each of the daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each into each of the daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each into each of the daughter cells
+or both chromosomes can hang out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both chromosomes can hang out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both chromosomes can hang out
+together since they're all tangled or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together since they're all tangled or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together since they're all tangled or
+something and then one of the daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then one of the daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then one of the daughter
+cells gets no doesn't get any copy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells gets no doesn't get any copy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells gets no doesn't get any copy that
+chromosome that obviously is not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that obviously is not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that obviously is not a good
+thing even if two copies of chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing even if two copies of chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing even if two copies of chromosome
+is is okay if you could tolerate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is okay if you could tolerate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is okay if you could tolerate that
+extra dosage you certainly can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra dosage you certainly can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra dosage you certainly can't
+tolerate the zero chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate the zero chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate the zero chromosomes
+well it's what's the chances this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's what's the chances this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's what's the chances this will
+happen well this is really elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well this is really elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well this is really elementary
+probability i'm gonna ease you into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability i'm gonna ease you into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability i'm gonna ease you into it
+is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh
+it's about 50 50 chance these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 50 50 chance these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 50 50 chance these are all
+this is exhaustive list of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exhaustive list of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exhaustive list of the
+possibilities and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and uh
+and they have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have uh
+about 50 of them are have the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 of them are have the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 of them are have the wrong
+dosage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dosage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dosage
+well what if we have a more realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if we have a more realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if we have a more realistic
+situation human cells with 46
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation human cells with 46
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation human cells with 46
+chromosomes what's that what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes what's that what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes what's that what are the
+odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds
+that they'll all be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll all be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll all be right
+uh that will get exactly one of each we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that will get exactly one of each we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that will get exactly one of each we
+have 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 from
+pomp what's the odds that this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pomp what's the odds that this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pomp what's the odds that this is going
+to work out well we're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out well we're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out well we're going to take a
+couple of slides to get to that answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides to get to that answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides to get to that answer
+we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh
+but first to motivate you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first to motivate you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first to motivate you this is
+extremely important in a health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important in a health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important in a health care
+sense it's the most common form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's the most common form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's the most common form of
+mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+happens all the time unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time unfortunately
+at every chromosome duplic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every chromosome duplic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every chromosome duplic uh
+duplication or losses is a trap is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication or losses is a trap is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication or losses is a trap is a big
+change in the human state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the human state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the human state
+and the mildest of all of the additions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mildest of all of the additions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mildest of all of the additions
+or subtractions of a chromosome here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subtractions of a chromosome here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subtractions of a chromosome here you
+just have three copies of chromosome 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have three copies of chromosome 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have three copies of chromosome 21
+everything else normal so 1.5 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else normal so 1.5 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else normal so 1.5 volts
+dosage of this one of the smallest human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dosage of this one of the smallest human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dosage of this one of the smallest human
+chromosomes has an enormous impact many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes has an enormous impact many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes has an enormous impact many
+most of you have seen someone with down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have seen someone with down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have seen someone with down
+syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome
+which is severe mental retardation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is severe mental retardation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is severe mental retardation and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and heart defects and various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heart defects and various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heart defects and various other
+organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs
+yeah questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a good this is a good point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good this is a good point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good this is a good point this
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+what i'm setting us up for exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm setting us up for exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm setting us up for exactly that
+conclusion it cannot be random single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion it cannot be random single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion it cannot be random single
+molecules are substituted stochastics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so to overcome that stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to overcome that stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to overcome that stochastic
+process this should be random you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this should be random you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this should be random you have
+to have machines that involve multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have machines that involve multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have machines that involve multiple
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+because only through multiple molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only through multiple molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only through multiple molecules
+can you get the statistics to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get the statistics to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get the statistics to overcome
+the single molecule and that's a quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single molecule and that's a quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single molecule and that's a quite a
+trick it's not it's not you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick it's not it's not you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick it's not it's not you can't just
+casually say oh there's some machine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually say oh there's some machine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casually say oh there's some machine in
+there that takes care of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that takes care of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that takes care of this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+just to expand this a little bit more we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to expand this a little bit more we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to expand this a little bit more we
+know that certainly the dna is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that certainly the dna is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that certainly the dna is the case
+where the single molecule is always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the single molecule is always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the single molecule is always a
+problem it has to be aided by molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it has to be aided by molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it has to be aided by molecular
+machines where you use energy you expend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines where you use energy you expend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines where you use energy you expend
+energy in order to make sure the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in order to make sure the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in order to make sure the dna
+molecules work we'll get back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules work we'll get back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules work we'll get back to that
+calculation of what the odds are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of what the odds are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of what the odds are at
+random but i should say also rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but i should say also rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but i should say also rnas
+in many systems appear to be on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many systems appear to be on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many systems appear to be on average
+remember the population average to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the population average to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the population average to be
+close to one molecule per cell they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one molecule per cell they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one molecule per cell they
+produced inverse probably stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced inverse probably stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced inverse probably stochastic
+bursts of rna where you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts of rna where you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts of rna where you get
+transcription factors binding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors binding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors binding in
+and then that burst of rna produces an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that burst of rna produces an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that burst of rna produces an
+even bigger burst of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bigger burst of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bigger burst of protein
+but on average it comes out to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on average it comes out to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on average it comes out to be a very
+small number because the proteins per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number because the proteins per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number because the proteins per
+they persist through many cell divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they persist through many cell divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they persist through many cell divisions
+while the rnas maybe can turn over more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the rnas maybe can turn over more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the rnas maybe can turn over more
+rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly
+to get back to that question of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back to that question of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back to that question of how much
+variation is tolerable in biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is tolerable in biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is tolerable in biological
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+here's the very beginnings of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the very beginnings of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the very beginnings of your
+statistics some of you may have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics some of you may have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics some of you may have this
+hopefully already there will be sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully already there will be sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully already there will be sections
+where you can cover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can cover this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can cover this
+but here are some of the really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here are some of the really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here are some of the really really
+useful easy statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful easy statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful easy statistics
+what do we want to know about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we want to know about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we want to know about a
+distribution making the fewest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution making the fewest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution making the fewest
+assumptions for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions for now
+uh we want to know its mean its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to know its mean its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to know its mean its
+arithmetic average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic average
+what is the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the average number of
+chromosomes in the cell they're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes in the cell they're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes in the cell they're supposed
+to be one how how close to that average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one how how close to that average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one how how close to that average
+are they that's the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they that's the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they that's the variance
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to get the arithmetic mean you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the arithmetic mean you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the arithmetic mean you basically
+add up all the numbers and divide by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up all the numbers and divide by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up all the numbers and divide by uh
+divide by the number that you counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the number that you counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the number that you counted
+add up the values and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up the values and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up the values and uh
+which are x the x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are x the x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are x the x's
+and then you so here you take a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you so here you take a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you so here you take a weighted
+sum the sigma means the sum of the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum the sigma means the sum of the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum the sigma means the sum of the x
+values weighted by the frequency f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values weighted by the frequency f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values weighted by the frequency f of x
+the frequency that they occur in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency that they occur in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency that they occur in the
+sample that you take here r for the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that you take here r for the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that you take here r for the mean
+is just one it's taking the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one it's taking the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one it's taking the the first
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+uh to get the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get the mean
+the analogous thing is now you correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogous thing is now you correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogous thing is now you correct
+all the x the values uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the x the values uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the x the values uh
+that you're measuring these variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're measuring these variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're measuring these variables
+the number of chromosomes say and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of chromosomes say and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of chromosomes say and you
+subtract the mean so now the mean is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the mean so now the mean is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the mean so now the mean is for
+this x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x minus
+mu is now effectively zero the mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is now effectively zero the mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is now effectively zero the mean is
+zero and you want to ask how far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you want to ask how far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you want to ask how far from
+zero do you deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero do you deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero do you deviate
+for chromosomes you want that deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chromosomes you want that deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chromosomes you want that deviation
+to be very small you want the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very small you want the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very small you want the variance
+to be very small and it's just the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very small and it's just the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very small and it's just the sum
+of the squares we want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squares we want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squares we want to take the
+squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+uh because if it deviates either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because if it deviates either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because if it deviates either
+more or less it's still a tragedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less it's still a tragedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less it's still a tragedy
+you want to keep track of that so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep track of that so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep track of that so these
+are two things they don't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two things they don't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two things they don't make any
+assumption about what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about what kind of
+distribution the distribution can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the distribution can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the distribution can be
+anything you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can calculate the
+arithmetic mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mean and the
+standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation
+another useful concept starts to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another useful concept starts to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another useful concept starts to make
+more assumptions in interpretation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more assumptions in interpretation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more assumptions in interpretation is
+now you have two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have two variables
+say x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x and y
+and you want to ask do they co-vary are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to ask do they co-vary are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to ask do they co-vary are
+they related to one another when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they related to one another when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they related to one another when you do
+an experiment you want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment you want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment you want to ask
+do two different experiments you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two different experiments you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two different experiments you want to
+ask whether they're giving similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether they're giving similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask whether they're giving similar
+results if they're two completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results if they're two completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results if they're two completely
+different kinds of experiments you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of experiments you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of experiments you might
+want to know whether they're reinforcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know whether they're reinforcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know whether they're reinforcing
+each other you want to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you want to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you want to know whether
+redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant
+uh if you're observing two biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're observing two biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're observing two biological
+facts you don't know whether they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts you don't know whether they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts you don't know whether they are
+related to one another it's a discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to one another it's a discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to one another it's a discovery
+if they co-vary that's what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they co-vary that's what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they co-vary that's what this means
+covariance is again using this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance is again using this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance is again using this concept
+of expectation the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expectation the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expectation the sum
+of the x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x's
+uh corrected so that you subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corrected so that you subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corrected so that you subtract the
+means their their averages and divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means their their averages and divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means their their averages and divide by
+their standard deviations square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their standard deviations square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their standard deviations square root of
+the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance
+so you basically end up with a mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you basically end up with a mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you basically end up with a mean of
+zero and a variance of of one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a variance of of one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a variance of of one and then
+whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever
+these these normalize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these normalize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these normalize uh
+when x goes up and y goes up the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x goes up and y goes up the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x goes up and y goes up the product
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+be reflected in this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reflected in this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reflected in this sum
+so this is now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now this
+has an interesting property that when x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an interesting property that when x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an interesting property that when x
+and y are independent unrelated then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y are independent unrelated then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y are independent unrelated then
+that then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then the
+c or the pearson correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c or the pearson correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c or the pearson correlation coefficient
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+however the reverse is not true if c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the reverse is not true if c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the reverse is not true if c is
+zero does not imply that that x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero does not imply that that x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero does not imply that that x and y
+are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent
+an example a simple example is the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example a simple example is the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example a simple example is the curve
+the quadratic curve y equals x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic curve y equals x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic curve y equals x squared
+here they completely related to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they completely related to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they completely related to one
+another but uh but they give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but uh but they give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but uh but they give a
+correlation coefficient of zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient of zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient of zero that's
+because this is a linear correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a linear correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a linear correlation
+coefficient the model that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the model that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the model that you're
+testing is they are linearly related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is they are linearly related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is they are linearly related
+they are either positively correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are either positively correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are either positively correlated
+which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that
+extremely extreme case c will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely extreme case c will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely extreme case c will be equal
+one or negatively correlated c is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or negatively correlated c is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or negatively correlated c is equal
+to minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus one
+uh you can plug this little formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can plug this little formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can plug this little formula here
+handy dandy practical formula you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy dandy practical formula you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy dandy practical formula you can
+plug in to calculate probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in to calculate probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in to calculate probabilities and
+this is excel formula the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is excel formula the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is excel formula the probability
+that that that a correlation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that a correlation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that a correlation is
+far from zero that's dependent upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from zero that's dependent upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from zero that's dependent upon the
+sample size where you sample different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size where you sample different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size where you sample different
+x's and y's you know it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and y's you know it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and y's you know it could be
+uh head size and weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh head size and weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh head size and weight
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+length and weight and so forth if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and weight and so forth if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and weight and so forth if
+they're correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correlated
+then this probability will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this probability will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this probability will be
+significant if your sample size is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant if your sample size is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant if your sample size is large
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+there's some very practical things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very practical things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very practical things
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now let's put these in the context of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's put these in the context of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's put these in the context of a
+particular class of distribution now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular class of distribution now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular class of distribution now
+that most of us did not require that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of us did not require that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of us did not require that we
+state what kind of distributions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state what kind of distributions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state what kind of distributions but
+there's a big interesting set which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big interesting set which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big interesting set which are
+about roughly bell-shaped curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about roughly bell-shaped curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about roughly bell-shaped curves
+and i've rigged this so that these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've rigged this so that these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've rigged this so that these three
+wildly different types of distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly different types of distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly different types of distribution
+happen to give similar curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to give similar curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to give similar curves
+and the way and you see in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way and you see in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way and you see in the next
+couple of slides how i rigged it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides how i rigged it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides how i rigged it but
+basically this is the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is the normal
+distribution the poisson distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the poisson distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the poisson distribution of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+binomial the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial the binomial
+has a limited range n goes from 0 to 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a limited range n goes from 0 to 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a limited range n goes from 0 to 40
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+it has a maximum of n of 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a maximum of n of 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a maximum of n of 40
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+the poisson has a has a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poisson has a has a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poisson has a has a mean
+which in this case is is 20. the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case is is 20. the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case is is 20. the normal
+distribution has a mean that's similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution has a mean that's similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution has a mean that's similar
+the normal distribution can have any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+range the standard deviation and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range the standard deviation and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range the standard deviation and this is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+set here to be the the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here to be the the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here to be the the standard
+deviation to be the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation to be the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation to be the square root of the
+mean for the poisson distribution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for the poisson distribution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for the poisson distribution that's
+how you can rig these to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can rig these to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can rig these to be
+similar to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think time is not going to permit me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think time is not going to permit me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think time is not going to permit me
+to go through all these uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through all these uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through all these uh in in
+detail but you will cover these in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but you will cover these in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but you will cover these in in
+your statistics sections if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your statistics sections if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your statistics sections if you don't
+already know it but suffice it to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know it but suffice it to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know it but suffice it to say
+that the binomial distribution is limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the binomial distribution is limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the binomial distribution is limit
+x has to be an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x has to be an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x has to be an integer
+and the integer is limited to going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integer is limited to going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integer is limited to going from
+zero to n this distinguishes it from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to n this distinguishes it from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to n this distinguishes it from a
+poisson distribution where it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisson distribution where it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisson distribution where it goes from
+zero to infinity and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to infinity and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to infinity and the and the
+normal curve where it can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal curve where it can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal curve where it can go from
+negative infinity to positive infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative infinity to positive infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative infinity to positive infinity
+binomial poisson are discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial poisson are discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial poisson are discrete
+they happen at integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen at integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen at integers
+while the gaussians are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+the way you calculate this is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you calculate this is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you calculate this is you want
+to have the the probability of an indep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the the probability of an indep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the the probability of an indep
+of an individual event happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an individual event happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an individual event happening
+has probability p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has probability p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has probability p
+so uh say 0.01 in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh say 0.01 in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh say 0.01 in the previous slide
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+getting exactly x of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting exactly x of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting exactly x of those
+is p to the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p to the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p to the x
+power as a first approximation but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power as a first approximation but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power as a first approximation but you
+also have to there are actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to there are actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to there are actually two
+cases here that hence the name binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here that hence the name binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here that hence the name binomial
+if it were multiple cases would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were multiple cases would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were multiple cases would be
+multinomial but the two cases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial but the two cases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial but the two cases are
+basically p and one minus p they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically p and one minus p they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically p and one minus p they have to
+sum to one all these probabilities have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to one all these probabilities have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to one all these probabilities have
+to sum to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum to one
+so now you have the probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have the probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have the probability that you
+have exactly x and the leftovers go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly x and the leftovers go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly x and the leftovers go into
+1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+but then you also have to correct for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you also have to correct for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you also have to correct for
+the number of different ways that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of different ways that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of different ways that you
+could get this the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get this the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get this the number of
+combinations which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations which is
+the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+choosing x at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing x at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing x at a time
+and then again the left over is n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again the left over is n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again the left over is n minus
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+n factorial over x factorial times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial over x factorial times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial over x factorial times n
+minus x factorial this is a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x factorial this is a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x factorial this is a number of
+combinations and so now the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and so now the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and so now the binomial
+distribution is this and the sum of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is this and the sum of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is this and the sum of all
+the terms here has to add to one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms here has to add to one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms here has to add to one that's
+one of the properties of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the properties of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the properties of probability
+distribution is all that if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is all that if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is all that if you think of
+all the possibilities they add up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possibilities they add up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possibilities they add up to one
+so the sum of the binomial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of the binomial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of the binomial distribution
+of all the x's is one now just to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the x's is one now just to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the x's is one now just to just
+to remind you that computers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you that computers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you that computers are
+fallible uh here's what when you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallible uh here's what when you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallible uh here's what when you take a
+fairly uh you know x is equal to exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly uh you know x is equal to exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly uh you know x is equal to exactly
+300 taken from a population of 700 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 taken from a population of 700 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 taken from a population of 700 a
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+of 1 for a unit event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 for a unit event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 for a unit event
+probably getting exactly 350 from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably getting exactly 350 from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably getting exactly 350 from that
+kind of bell-shaped curve is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bell-shaped curve is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bell-shaped curve is very small
+but not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not zero
+and mathematically gets it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mathematically gets it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mathematically gets it right and
+excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excel
+guesses that it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses that it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses that it's zero
+guess but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but you know
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+uh plus on you can now you now can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus on you can now you now can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus on you can now you now can and
+must go out to positive infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must go out to positive infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must go out to positive infinity
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+there you often will make the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you often will make the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you often will make the the
+approximation that for large n and small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that for large n and small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that for large n and small
+probability in the binomial we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in the binomial we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in the binomial we were
+talking about n is the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about n is the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about n is the total number of
+objects you're looking at you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you're looking at you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you're looking at you're
+choosing x from and p is the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing x from and p is the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing x from and p is the unit
+probability of each of those the mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of each of those the mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of each of those the mean is
+now approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now approximately
+n times p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times p
+and uh the binomial that puts on are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the binomial that puts on are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the binomial that puts on are are
+very similar that's why they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar that's why they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar that's why they look
+similar in that plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's some practical magic you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's some practical magic you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's some practical magic you can
+do with the poisson if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the poisson if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the poisson if you have a
+library of cdnas or combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of cdnas or combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of cdnas or combinatorial
+chemistry or genomic clones and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or genomic clones and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or genomic clones and so forth
+and x is the number of hits and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x is the number of hits and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x is the number of hits and you
+uh you want that to be greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want that to be greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want that to be greater than zero
+so your thesis can proceed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your thesis can proceed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your thesis can proceed uh
+you want the zero hit term uh to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the zero hit term uh to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the zero hit term uh to be very
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+uh e to the minus mu so you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e to the minus mu so you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e to the minus mu so you want the
+mean to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to be
+greater than one or two or maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one or two or maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one or two or maybe even
+if the mean is 10 the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the mean is 10 the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the mean is 10 the probability that
+for a given experiment you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given experiment you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given experiment you'll have a
+zero hit is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero hit is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero hit is very small
+okay and you can estimate this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can estimate this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can estimate this from the
+number of two and three one two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of two and three one two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of two and three one two and
+three hits you get you can estimate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hits you get you can estimate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hits you get you can estimate what
+the zero hit and you can estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero hit and you can estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero hit and you can estimate
+whether it actually fits a poisson or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it actually fits a poisson or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it actually fits a poisson or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+the final of this trio is the normal now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final of this trio is the normal now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final of this trio is the normal now
+you go from negative infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from negative infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from negative infinity to
+positive infinity not just 0 to n or 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinity not just 0 to n or 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinity not just 0 to n or 0
+to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+and it's continuous means everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's continuous means everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's continuous means everything
+takes a case so now instead of summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a case so now instead of summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a case so now instead of summing
+up to one you integrate up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to one you integrate up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to one you integrate up to one
+because now the little delta uh x's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now the little delta uh x's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now the little delta uh x's are
+infinitely small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely small
+and uh you have a little so now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you have a little so now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you have a little so now here's
+an exponential of a quadratic just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential of a quadratic just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential of a quadratic just like
+the ones we were talking about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we were talking about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we were talking about earlier
+so this is a negative quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a negative quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a negative quadratic
+and that gives you the nice little bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you the nice little bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you the nice little bell
+shaped curve and this is a the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped curve and this is a the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped curve and this is a the the two
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+sigma square root is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma square root is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma square root is a
+normalization so it does actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so it does actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so it does actually
+integrate sum to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate sum to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate sum to one
+here another approximation sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another approximation sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another approximation sometimes
+applied is when n times p times q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied is when n times p times q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied is when n times p times q is
+large the normal is very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the normal is very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the normal is very similar to the
+binomial people will abuse this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial people will abuse this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial people will abuse this and
+use one of these three distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of these three distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of these three distributions
+into place the other when it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into place the other when it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into place the other when it isn't
+appropriate we'll give some examples as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate we'll give some examples as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate we'll give some examples as
+we go so back to this calculation if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go so back to this calculation if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go so back to this calculation if we
+apply the binomial that we had in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the binomial that we had in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the binomial that we had in those
+previous slides and i urge you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides and i urge you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides and i urge you to do
+this as an exercise it's not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an exercise it's not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an exercise it's not on the
+problems yet but just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems yet but just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems yet but just do it
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+just getting some for any 46 chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting some for any 46 chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting some for any 46 chromosomes
+you get the right number of chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the right number of chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the right number of chromosomes
+uh is about eight percent that's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is about eight percent that's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is about eight percent that's not too
+bad but it's still probably lethal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but it's still probably lethal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but it's still probably lethal
+because you really want exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really want exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really want exactly the
+correct 46 which is 0.5 to 46 power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct 46 which is 0.5 to 46 power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct 46 which is 0.5 to 46 power
+which is infinitesimally unlikely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is infinitesimally unlikely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is infinitesimally unlikely to
+happen at random which gets back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at random which gets back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at random which gets back to the
+points made by the audience here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points made by the audience here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points made by the audience here is that
+this is not random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not random
+but you can't fight the fact that single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't fight the fact that single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't fight the fact that single
+molecules are based this is stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are based this is stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are based this is stochastic
+so you have to have a lot of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to have a lot of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to have a lot of events
+adding up energy being input to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up energy being input to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up energy being input to overcome
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we have selection that's optimizing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have selection that's optimizing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have selection that's optimizing this
+over long periods of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over long periods of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over long periods of time
+we can use random numbers that underlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use random numbers that underlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use random numbers that underlie
+this for the simulations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the simulations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the simulations of these
+stochastic events and also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic events and also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic events and also for
+permutation statistics that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation statistics that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation statistics that when you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+some data and you want to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data and you want to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data and you want to know whether
+it's significant or not you can uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's significant or not you can uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's significant or not you can uh just
+kind of do a monte carlo simulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of do a monte carlo simulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of do a monte carlo simulation of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+here's how you code it in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you code it in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you code it in a couple of
+different languages uh pearl excel 477
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages uh pearl excel 477
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages uh pearl excel 477
+mathematica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematica
+even though you can't evaluate it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you can't evaluate it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you can't evaluate it by
+looking at these numbers on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these numbers on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these numbers on the screen
+trust me there are bad random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me there are bad random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me there are bad random number
+generators there are random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators there are random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators there are random number
+generators which are not very random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators which are not very random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators which are not very random
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+where they come from is this remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from is this remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from is this remainder
+operation operated on very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation operated on very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation operated on very special
+numbers you'll have to look these up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you'll have to look these up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you'll have to look these up in
+this reference to get a full feeling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reference to get a full feeling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reference to get a full feeling for
+it but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but these are
+deterministic formulas that give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic formulas that give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic formulas that give you
+random numbers it's not really the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers it's not really the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers it's not really the same
+as flipping a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as flipping a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as flipping a coin
+the computer actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer actually
+will give you the same random numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the same random numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the same random numbers
+over and over again unless you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again unless you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again unless you do
+something very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very special
+and these get typically these give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these get typically these give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these get typically these give a
+uniform distribution between 0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution between 0 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform distribution between 0 and 1
+which or over some integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which or over some integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which or over some integer
+range and you can turn it into a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and you can turn it into a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and you can turn it into a normal
+distribution with this kind of trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with this kind of trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with this kind of trick
+here where you make a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you make a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you make a transformation
+there's a difference between a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between a uniform
+random distribution and a bell shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random distribution and a bell shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random distribution and a bell shaped
+one and you can generate both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can generate both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can generate both of them
+just with this slide alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with this slide alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with this slide alone
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+uh we full cycle back to these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we full cycle back to these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we full cycle back to these three
+different bell curves they have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bell curves they have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bell curves they have very
+different properties they can be applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different properties they can be applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different properties they can be applied
+binomial only when you have a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial only when you have a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial only when you have a limited
+range plus on when you're positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range plus on when you're positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range plus on when you're positive
+infinity normal negative and positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity normal negative and positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity normal negative and positive
+and continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you for uh participating in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for uh participating in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for uh participating in this
+this these are the topics that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these are the topics that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these are the topics that we've
+covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see you back here in a week please hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you back here in a week please hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you back here in a week please hand
+in your questionnaires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your questionnaires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your questionnaires
+and uh the section should be assigned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the section should be assigned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the section should be assigned by
+thursday or friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/y5gPFB6uiYA.txt b/y5gPFB6uiYA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1fc950676fd8e8e8c2cd1f26d5004955a153758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/y5gPFB6uiYA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+In discussing out-of-order superscalar pipelined
+CPUs we commented that the costs grow very
+
+quickly relative to the performance gains,
+leading to the cost-performance curve shown
+
+here.
+
+If we move down the curve, we can arrive at
+more efficient architectures that give, say,
+
+1/2 the performance at a 1/4 of the cost.
+
+When our applications involve independent
+computations that can be performed in a parallel,
+
+it may be that we would be able to use two
+cores to provide the same performance as the
+
+original expensive core, but a fraction of
+the cost.
+
+If the available parallelism allows us to
+use additional cores, we'll see a linear relationship
+
+between increased performance vs. increased
+cost.
+
+The key, of course, is that desired computations
+can be divided into multiple tasks that can
+
+run independently, with little or no need
+for communication or coordination between
+
+the tasks.
+
+What is the optimal tradeoff between core
+cost and the number of cores?
+
+If our computation is arbitrarily divisible
+without incurring additional overhead,
+
+then we would continue to move down the curve
+until we found the cost-performance point
+
+that gave us the desired performance at the
+least cost.
+
+In reality, dividing the computation across
+many cores does involve some overhead, e.g.,
+
+distributing the data and code, then collecting
+and aggregating the results, so the optimal
+
+tradeoff is harder to find.
+
+Still, the idea of using a larger number of
+smaller, more efficient cores seems attractive.
+
+Many applications have some computations that
+can be performed in parallel, but also have
+
+computations that won't benefit from parallelism.
+
+To understand the speedup we might expect
+from exploiting parallelism, it's useful to
+
+perform the calculation proposed by computer
+scientist Gene Amdahl in 1967, now known as
+
+Amdahl's Law.
+
+Suppose we're considering an enhancement that
+speeds up some fraction F of the task at hand
+
+by a factor of S.
+As shown in the figure, the gray portion of
+
+the task now takes F/S of the time that it
+used to require.
+
+Some simple arithmetic lets us calculate the
+overall speedup we get from using the enhancement.
+
+One conclusion we can draw is that we'll benefit
+the most from enhancements that affect a large
+
+portion of the required computations, i.e.,
+we want to make F as large a possible.
+
+What's the best speedup we can hope for if
+we have many cores that can be used to speed
+
+up the parallel part of the task?
+
+Here's the speedup formula based on F and
+S, where in this case F is the parallel fraction
+
+of the task.
+
+If we assume that the parallel fraction of
+the task can be speed up arbitrarily by using
+
+more and more cores, we see that the best
+possible overall speed up is 1/(1-F).
+
+For example, you write a program that can
+do 90% of its work in parallel, but the other
+
+10% must be done sequentially.
+
+The best overall speedup that can be achieved
+is a factor of 10, no matter how many cores
+
+you have at your disposal.
+
+Turning the question around, suppose you have
+a 1000-core machine which you hope to be able
+
+to use to achieve a speedup of 500 on your
+target application.
+
+You would need to be able parallelize 99.8%
+of the computation in order to reach your
+
+goal!
+
+Clearly multicore machines are most useful
+when the target task has lots of natural parallelism.
+
+Using multiple independent cores to execute
+a parallel task is called thread-level parallelism
+
+(TLP), where each core executes a separate
+computation "thread".
+
+The threads are independent programs, so the
+execution model is potentially more flexible
+
+than the lock-step execution provided by vector
+machines.
+
+When there are a small number of threads,
+you often see the cores sharing a common main
+
+memory, allowing the threads to communicate
+and synchronize by sharing a common address
+
+space.
+
+We'll discuss this further in the next section.
+
+This is the approach used in current multicore
+processors, which have between 2 and 12 cores.
+
+Shared memory becomes a real bottleneck when
+there 10's or 100's of cores, since collectively
+
+they quickly overwhelm the available memory
+bandwidth.
+
+In these architectures, threads communicate
+using a communication network to pass messages
+
+back and forth.
+
+We discussed possible network topologies in
+an earlier lecture.
+
+A cost-effective on-chip approach is to use
+a nearest-neighbor mesh network, which supports
+
+many parallel point-to-point communications,
+while still allowing multi-hop communication
+
+between any two cores.
+
+Message passing is also used in computing
+clusters, where many ordinary CPUs collaborate
+
+on large tasks.
+
+There's a standardized message passing interface
+(MPI) and
+
+specialized, very high throughput, low latency
+message-passing communication networks (e.g.,
+
+Infiniband) that make it easy to build high-performance
+computing clusters.
+
+In the next couple of sections we'll look
+more closely at some of the issues involved
+
+in building shared-memory multicore processors.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/z1KloN7Ub0M.txt b/z1KloN7Ub0M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a9965d62ec97e256c1280b4cac8dd770ed2869b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/z1KloN7Ub0M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I know we've had a very exciting morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know we've had a very exciting morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know we've had a very exciting morning
+so far and we've been talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far and we've been talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far and we've been talking about the
+accounts payable case study at Rockwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts payable case study at Rockwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts payable case study at Rockwell
+Collins. Our next module on A3 thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins. Our next module on A3 thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins. Our next module on A3 thinking
+is going to take that setting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take that setting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take that setting of the
+case study that we used and we'll launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study that we used and we'll launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study that we used and we'll launch
+an A3 planning exercise from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A3 planning exercise from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A3 planning exercise from that
+scenario. Before we do that, I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario. Before we do that, I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario. Before we do that, I just want
+to give you a little bit of background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little bit of background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little bit of background
+on A3 as a tool. So in this module, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on A3 as a tool. So in this module, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on A3 as a tool. So in this module, we
+expect you to be able to do two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to be able to do two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to be able to do two things
+at the end. First is to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end. First is to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end. First is to recognize that
+A3 is not just a tool, but it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 is not just a tool, but it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 is not just a tool, but it really is
+a way of thinking, a way of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking, a way of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking, a way of trying to
+solve a problem in a very structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a problem in a very structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a problem in a very structured
+way. And secondly, we want you to gain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And secondly, we want you to gain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And secondly, we want you to gain a
+little bit of practice with using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of practice with using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of practice with using the
+tool of an A3 chart as a standard tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool of an A3 chart as a standard tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool of an A3 chart as a standard tool
+for implementing lean projects. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for implementing lean projects. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for implementing lean projects. All
+right. So, first of all, A3 is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, first of all, A3 is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, first of all, A3 is really a
+tool for enabling our whole PDSA or PDCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for enabling our whole PDSA or PDCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for enabling our whole PDSA or PDCA
+cycle. And this is a snapshot of uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. And this is a snapshot of uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. And this is a snapshot of uh one
+particular version of an A3 tool up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular version of an A3 tool up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular version of an A3 tool up in
+the corner. So as we said in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner. So as we said in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner. So as we said in the uh
+goals for our module here, A3 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals for our module here, A3 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals for our module here, A3 is not
+just a tool, but it is also a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a tool, but it is also a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a tool, but it is also a way of
+thinking. It originally evolved as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking. It originally evolved as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking. It originally evolved as a
+management process from Toyota and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management process from Toyota and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management process from Toyota and it's
+named for the A3 size sheet of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named for the A3 size sheet of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named for the A3 size sheet of paper
+which is roughly 11 by7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is roughly 11 by7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is roughly 11 by7
+and it was chosen as the uh form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was chosen as the uh form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was chosen as the uh form for
+this particular exercise. because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular exercise. because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular exercise. because it is
+the largest piece of paper that can fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest piece of paper that can fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest piece of paper that can fit
+through a fax machine in Japan. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a fax machine in Japan. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a fax machine in Japan. So you
+could contain all the information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could contain all the information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could contain all the information you
+needed on that one page and it was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed on that one page and it was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed on that one page and it was still
+easily translatable to anywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily translatable to anywhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily translatable to anywhere else
+because you could put it in a fax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could put it in a fax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could put it in a fax
+machine and someone at the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and someone at the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and someone at the other end
+would get it and be able to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get it and be able to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get it and be able to see the
+whole description of your problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole description of your problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole description of your problem and
+your courses of action presented on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your courses of action presented on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your courses of action presented on that
+one piece of paper.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here is in more detail an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is in more detail an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is in more detail an example of
+a an A3 sheet that was developed out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an A3 sheet that was developed out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an A3 sheet that was developed out of
+Toyota. You can see on your tables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota. You can see on your tables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota. You can see on your tables we
+have some starts of an A3 sheet for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some starts of an A3 sheet for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some starts of an A3 sheet for the
+Rockwell Collins case study and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockwell Collins case study and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockwell Collins case study and they're
+also blown up here very largely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also blown up here very largely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also blown up here very largely on the
+butcher paper that's around the room.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butcher paper that's around the room.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butcher paper that's around the room.
+And they're broken down into several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they're broken down into several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they're broken down into several
+sections. And I just want to spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections. And I just want to spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections. And I just want to spend the
+next couple of slides walking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple of slides walking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple of slides walking you
+through the basic purpose of an A3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the basic purpose of an A3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the basic purpose of an A3 and
+the different sections of it. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different sections of it. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different sections of it. And I
+really have to thank Susan for giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to thank Susan for giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to thank Susan for giving us
+this great introduction to A3s as a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great introduction to A3s as a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great introduction to A3s as a tool
+in her talk that happened earlier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her talk that happened earlier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her talk that happened earlier and
+she showed you some excellent examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she showed you some excellent examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she showed you some excellent examples
+of what these actually look like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what these actually look like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what these actually look like when
+they're created. So first at the top you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're created. So first at the top you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're created. So first at the top you
+want to start with a title. What is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start with a title. What is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start with a title. What is it
+that you're talking about? What is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're talking about? What is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're talking about? What is the
+focus of your problem investigation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of your problem investigation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of your problem investigation?
+Then there's some background on why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there's some background on why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there's some background on why
+you're talking about it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about it in the
+particular business context for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular business context for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular business context for the
+problem you're examining. Then more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're examining. Then more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're examining. Then more
+detail on the current situation. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on the current situation. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on the current situation. And you
+saw in Susan's representation some great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in Susan's representation some great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in Susan's representation some great
+pictures and diagrams. Pictures can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and diagrams. Pictures can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and diagrams. Pictures can be
+worth a thousand words. They're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a thousand words. They're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a thousand words. They're very
+helpful in communicating that. Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in communicating that. Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in communicating that. Sometimes
+a picture and some couple of phrases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture and some couple of phrases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture and some couple of phrases of
+word uh text may be all that you need.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word uh text may be all that you need.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word uh text may be all that you need.
+Then there's some analysis usually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there's some analysis usually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there's some analysis usually done
+trying to get at really what's the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at really what's the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at really what's the root
+cause of the problem you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of the problem you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of the problem you're seeing
+requirements constraints or alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements constraints or alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements constraints or alternatives
+that have to be considered. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be considered. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be considered. And then
+lastly down here although it's sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly down here although it's sliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly down here although it's sliding
+off the page is the goal. So what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the page is the goal. So what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the page is the goal. So what's the
+specific change that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific change that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific change that you want to
+accomplish now? Right? So this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish now? Right? So this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish now? Right? So this is called
+the left hand side of the A3. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of the A3. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of the A3. And then
+over here on the right hand side starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here on the right hand side starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here on the right hand side starts
+up with your recommendations. So what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with your recommendations. So what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with your recommendations. So what's
+your proposed counter measures to remedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proposed counter measures to remedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proposed counter measures to remedy
+the root causes that you've identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root causes that you've identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root causes that you've identified
+over here and get to your goal. Then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and get to your goal. Then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and get to your goal. Then a
+plan for how you're going to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for how you're going to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for how you're going to implement
+those recommendations and who's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those recommendations and who's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those recommendations and who's going to
+do what and when. And then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what and when. And then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what and when. And then some
+followup. So, how will you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup. So, how will you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup. So, how will you know if the
+actions that you're planning really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that you're planning really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that you're planning really have
+the impact that you expected they do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact that you expected they do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact that you expected they do?
+And this not only lets you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this not only lets you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this not only lets you know that
+your actions have been successful, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actions have been successful, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actions have been successful, but
+it also confirms that your understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also confirms that your understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also confirms that your understanding
+of the problem was right because if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem was right because if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem was right because if what
+you thought was going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought was going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought was going to happen
+happened, that that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened, that that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened, that that's a good
+reinforcement for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, we just want to stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we just want to stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we just want to stress
+again that the thought process used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that the thought process used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that the thought process used in
+A3 thinking, thinking about the context,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 thinking, thinking about the context,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 thinking, thinking about the context,
+analyzing the problem, figuring out root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the problem, figuring out root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the problem, figuring out root
+causes, setting a goal, thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes, setting a goal, thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes, setting a goal, thinking about
+your steps to then remedy it, it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your steps to then remedy it, it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your steps to then remedy it, it really
+is a thought process. It's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thought process. It's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thought process. It's not just a
+tool. And sometimes you hear people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool. And sometimes you hear people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool. And sometimes you hear people
+talking about A3. And sometimes it feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about A3. And sometimes it feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about A3. And sometimes it feels
+like they get lost in the tool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they get lost in the tool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they get lost in the tool and
+they've somewhat forgotten about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've somewhat forgotten about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've somewhat forgotten about the
+process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process.
+Another important attribute of this, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another important attribute of this, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another important attribute of this, it
+really is collaborative. Everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is collaborative. Everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is collaborative. Everybody
+should get around an A3 sheet. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get around an A3 sheet. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get around an A3 sheet. It's
+small enough so you can all see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough so you can all see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough so you can all see what's
+going on and it lets people who are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and it lets people who are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and it lets people who are all
+part of the solutions get together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solutions get together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solutions get together to
+figure out how to solve the problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to solve the problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to solve the problem.
+It promotes very logical and objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It promotes very logical and objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It promotes very logical and objective
+thinking. We stress having data on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking. We stress having data on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking. We stress having data on your
+A3 sheet and your description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 sheet and your description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 sheet and your description of the
+situation and in the analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and in the analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and in the analysis.
+It lets you think about the results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It lets you think about the results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It lets you think about the results and
+the process that you might take to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that you might take to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that you might take to try
+to meet some of your objectives. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet some of your objectives. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet some of your objectives. It
+forces you to be synthetic about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you to be synthetic about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you to be synthetic about the
+problem you're thinking about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're thinking about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're thinking about because
+you only have one A3 page to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one A3 page to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one A3 page to write it
+on. So you've got to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So you've got to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So you've got to be able to
+understand your problem well enough,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your problem well enough,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your problem well enough,
+distill it well enough that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distill it well enough that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distill it well enough that you can
+convey it in a nice contained space. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey it in a nice contained space. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey it in a nice contained space. It
+forces alignment between the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces alignment between the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces alignment between the context of
+the situation, the problems you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation, the problems you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation, the problems you're
+seeing, the root causes of those, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing, the root causes of those, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing, the root causes of those, the
+goals that you want to achieve, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals that you want to achieve, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals that you want to achieve, and the
+actions that you're going to take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that you're going to take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that you're going to take to
+make that happen. Those all have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen. Those all have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen. Those all have to be
+aligned, and you can see that in the A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned, and you can see that in the A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned, and you can see that in the A3
+sheet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet.
+Then as a result, you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then as a result, you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then as a result, you have some
+coherence both within and consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence both within and consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence both within and consistency
+across all these elements in your A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all these elements in your A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all these elements in your A3
+sheet. And it really makes sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet. And it really makes sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet. And it really makes sure that you
+take a systems perspective on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a systems perspective on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a systems perspective on the
+problem to get out of those silos.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to get out of those silos.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to get out of those silos.
+So just a little bit more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just a little bit more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just a little bit more information
+about each section of the A3. So we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each section of the A3. So we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each section of the A3. So we'll
+start with what's typically on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with what's typically on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with what's typically on the left
+hand side, the background, the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side, the background, the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side, the background, the current
+situation, analysis, and goals. Diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, analysis, and goals. Diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, analysis, and goals. Diagrams
+are very useful and efficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very useful and efficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very useful and efficient for
+communicating in small spaces like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating in small spaces like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating in small spaces like that.
+And on Susan's examples of A3, you saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And on Susan's examples of A3, you saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And on Susan's examples of A3, you saw a
+lot of diagrams, value stream maps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of diagrams, value stream maps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of diagrams, value stream maps that
+were shown up in the current situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shown up in the current situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shown up in the current situation
+which showed the items of interest, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which showed the items of interest, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which showed the items of interest, the
+process flow between them. It showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process flow between them. It showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process flow between them. It showed you
+some data on that and it identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data on that and it identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data on that and it identified
+those cloud bursts of areas where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cloud bursts of areas where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cloud bursts of areas where there
+were problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were problems.
+So, some useful questions to ask as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, some useful questions to ask as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, some useful questions to ask as you
+start to put together the left side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to put together the left side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to put together the left side of
+this sheet. Are the activities clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sheet. Are the activities clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sheet. Are the activities clearly
+specified with regards to the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified with regards to the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified with regards to the content
+and order and intended outcomes as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and order and intended outcomes as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and order and intended outcomes as you
+work through the current situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through the current situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through the current situation
+analysis and goals? And are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and goals? And are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and goals? And are the
+connections between all the entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between all the entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between all the entities
+that are involved in your A3 problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in your A3 problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are involved in your A3 problem
+very clear and explicit?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear and explicit?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear and explicit?
+So now moving over to the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now moving over to the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now moving over to the right hand
+side of the A3 sheet, thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the A3 sheet, thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the A3 sheet, thinking about
+recommendations and plans. When you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations and plans. When you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations and plans. When you're
+thinking about recommendations, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about recommendations, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about recommendations, you
+really want to make sure that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to make sure that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to make sure that they're
+directly addressing the root cause. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly addressing the root cause. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly addressing the root cause. So
+there has to be consistency between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be consistency between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be consistency between that
+part of your A3 sheet and where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your A3 sheet and where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your A3 sheet and where you
+describe the root causes taking place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the root causes taking place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the root causes taking place.
+And they really should help you evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they really should help you evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they really should help you evolve
+your process from the current state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process from the current state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process from the current state
+towards something that you see as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards something that you see as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards something that you see as an
+ideal state by eliminating some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal state by eliminating some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal state by eliminating some of the
+root causes. And then in the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root causes. And then in the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root causes. And then in the plan
+section, that's where you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section, that's where you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section, that's where you're going to
+define the steps to correct each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the steps to correct each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the steps to correct each of the
+root causes. So again, traceability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root causes. So again, traceability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root causes. So again, traceability and
+connectivity back to that. And in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity back to that. And in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity back to that. And in the
+process of doing so, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of doing so, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of doing so, you have to
+identify who exactly is responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify who exactly is responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify who exactly is responsible for
+what and when and exactly what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and when and exactly what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and when and exactly what it is
+that they're going to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to do.
+And then the last part of the A3 sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the last part of the A3 sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the last part of the A3 sheet
+is really the continuous improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the continuous improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the continuous improvement
+part of it. This is your follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it. This is your follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it. This is your follow-up
+activities. So how do you know that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities. So how do you know that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities. So how do you know that what
+you wanted to happen happened? and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to happen happened? and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to happen happened? and make
+sure that when you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that when you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that when you're thinking about
+what you're going to look at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to look at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to look at in the
+follow-up section that links back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up section that links back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up section that links back to
+your original goals for this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original goals for this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original goals for this and the
+criteria and metrics that you set up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and metrics that you set up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria and metrics that you set up for
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+So, we have an example here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we have an example here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we have an example here in the
+module. Susan has already teed up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module. Susan has already teed up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module. Susan has already teed up a lot
+of great examples and you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great examples and you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great examples and you're going to be
+going through one in your exercise. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through one in your exercise. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through one in your exercise. So,
+I don't think I want to spend much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I want to spend much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I want to spend much time
+on this particular example. This happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particular example. This happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particular example. This happens
+to be from acne stamping steering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be from acne stamping steering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be from acne stamping steering
+bracket value stream improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket value stream improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket value stream improvement
+exercise. Uh and just to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. Uh and just to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. Uh and just to show you the
+breadth of situations across which A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth of situations across which A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth of situations across which A3
+thinking can apply. Uh you see one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking can apply. Uh you see one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking can apply. Uh you see one here
+for manufacturing process. We saw lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manufacturing process. We saw lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manufacturing process. We saw lots
+for health care from Susan. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for health care from Susan. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for health care from Susan. And now
+we're going to go and do one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go and do one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go and do one in the
+office area and accounts payable. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office area and accounts payable. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office area and accounts payable. So
+really there there's no limit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there there's no limit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there there's no limit to the
+context in which you can apply A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which you can apply A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which you can apply A3
+thinking because it's really all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking because it's really all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking because it's really all about
+structured problem solving.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured problem solving.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured problem solving.
+What I will note before leaving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I will note before leaving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I will note before leaving this
+example is the prevalence of the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the prevalence of the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the prevalence of the visual
+types of information. Right? So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of information. Right? So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of information. Right? So they
+have their current state map, a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their current state map, a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their current state map, a future
+state map on here, a Gant chart that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state map on here, a Gant chart that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state map on here, a Gant chart that
+they have used to describe their plan,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have used to describe their plan,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have used to describe their plan,
+which are all the deliverables that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all the deliverables that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all the deliverables that to
+happen and who's going to do them, who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and who's going to do them, who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and who's going to do them, who's
+responsible for them, and when. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for them, and when. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for them, and when. So you
+can see how these visual representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how these visual representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how these visual representations
+pack a lot of information into a night t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack a lot of information into a night t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack a lot of information into a night t
+nice tight space. Further examples, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice tight space. Further examples, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice tight space. Further examples, I I
+we may have come across this in our New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have come across this in our New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have come across this in our New
+Balance video. I can't recall exactly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balance video. I can't recall exactly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balance video. I can't recall exactly,
+but when you go into the New Balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you go into the New Balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you go into the New Balance
+plant for sure, you see these uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant for sure, you see these uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant for sure, you see these uh they're
+actually whiteboard sized, so a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually whiteboard sized, so a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually whiteboard sized, so a little
+bit large, so you can actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit large, so you can actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit large, so you can actually have
+people with markers writing on them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with markers writing on them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with markers writing on them.
+This is an A3 chart, and it's up around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an A3 chart, and it's up around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an A3 chart, and it's up around
+the factory floor. So, that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factory floor. So, that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factory floor. So, that's an
+incredibly powerful boundary spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly powerful boundary spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly powerful boundary spanning
+object, and all the workers in a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object, and all the workers in a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object, and all the workers in a cell
+can get together around their A3 board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get together around their A3 board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get together around their A3 board
+and strategize about problem solving.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strategize about problem solving.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strategize about problem solving.
+And here's an example where they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's an example where they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's an example where they've
+written up in this section their root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written up in this section their root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written up in this section their root
+cause analysis and they chose to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause analysis and they chose to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause analysis and they chose to do a
+five W's to get down to their root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five W's to get down to their root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five W's to get down to their root
+cause. And it it's just wonderful to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause. And it it's just wonderful to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause. And it it's just wonderful to see
+this being used right on the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being used right on the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being used right on the factory
+floor. And it's quite powerful to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor. And it's quite powerful to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor. And it's quite powerful to have
+that there right in front of the station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there right in front of the station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there right in front of the station
+where everybody's doing their work. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody's doing their work. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody's doing their work. So
+it's not kept by somebody else in a desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not kept by somebody else in a desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not kept by somebody else in a desk
+drawer somewhere. It's just up front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawer somewhere. It's just up front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawer somewhere. It's just up front and
+visual.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So now let's move into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's move into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's move into our
+exercise for this module which is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for this module which is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for this module which is taking
+the Rockwell Collins accounts payable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rockwell Collins accounts payable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rockwell Collins accounts payable
+case study and we're going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study and we're going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study and we're going to use that
+to create an A3 sheet on what we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an A3 sheet on what we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an A3 sheet on what we should
+do to try to solve some of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to try to solve some of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to try to solve some of the problems
+that Rockwell is encountering. So on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Rockwell is encountering. So on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Rockwell is encountering. So on
+your uh table you'll each have a a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh table you'll each have a a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh table you'll each have a a small
+size of these so you can refer to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of these so you can refer to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of these so you can refer to it and
+then each of the groups has a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then each of the groups has a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then each of the groups has a larger
+version up on the easel charts. So each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version up on the easel charts. So each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version up on the easel charts. So each
+of the tables is going to be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tables is going to be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tables is going to be working
+with a group and you're going to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a group and you're going to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a group and you're going to develop
+an A3 plan which responds to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A3 plan which responds to question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A3 plan which responds to question
+eight in the case study which is suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight in the case study which is suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight in the case study which is suppose
+you are the RPI team leader and have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the RPI team leader and have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the RPI team leader and have to
+report back to Joanie. What will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report back to Joanie. What will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report back to Joanie. What will you
+recommend?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend?
+So we'd like you to spend about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'd like you to spend about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'd like you to spend about 20
+minutes preparing with your team at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes preparing with your team at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes preparing with your team at the
+table an A3 plan. All right. And we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table an A3 plan. All right. And we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table an A3 plan. All right. And we've
+given you the template that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you the template that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you the template that you can use
+to fill that out. So first we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill that out. So first we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill that out. So first we have to
+remember what the constraints are. are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the constraints are. are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the constraints are. are.
+I'll detail those in the next slide. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll detail those in the next slide. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll detail those in the next slide. You
+should also consider what Rockwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also consider what Rockwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also consider what Rockwell
+Collins groups should participate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins groups should participate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins groups should participate in
+this rapid process improvement team. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rapid process improvement team. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rapid process improvement team. So,
+make sure you think about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you think about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you think about all the
+stakeholders.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders.
+Then you'll want to verify that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you'll want to verify that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you'll want to verify that the
+information we've provided to you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we've provided to you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we've provided to you on
+those sheets is correct. Complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sheets is correct. Complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sheets is correct. Complete the
+additional information blocks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information blocks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information blocks that are
+in the template. And you can use some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the template. And you can use some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the template. And you can use some of
+the post-it notes on the large A3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the post-it notes on the large A3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the post-it notes on the large A3 to
+draft the different elements that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft the different elements that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft the different elements that you
+want. And then you can record your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. And then you can record your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. And then you can record your final
+recommendations uh on the large A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations uh on the large A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations uh on the large A3
+sheet. And at the end of the class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet. And at the end of the class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet. And at the end of the class,
+we'll have some table tours where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some table tours where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some table tours where you
+can walk around and see what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can walk around and see what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can walk around and see what your
+different colleague teams have produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colleague teams have produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colleague teams have produced
+for their plans. And then we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their plans. And then we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their plans. And then we'll have a
+discussion and compare and contrast some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and compare and contrast some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and compare and contrast some
+of the strategies that you thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strategies that you thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strategies that you thought about
+in this context.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context.
+So just very briefly, the management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just very briefly, the management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just very briefly, the management
+constraints as we pulled from the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints as we pulled from the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints as we pulled from the case
+study are these. So remember, your main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study are these. So remember, your main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study are these. So remember, your main
+objective is to reduce cycle time. Going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is to reduce cycle time. Going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is to reduce cycle time. Going
+for a goal of invoice resolution in less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a goal of invoice resolution in less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a goal of invoice resolution in less
+than 10 days, but shorter than that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 days, but shorter than that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 days, but shorter than that is
+even better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Management wants to establish a training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management wants to establish a training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management wants to establish a training
+program for everyone that's affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for everyone that's affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for everyone that's affected by
+the change. They'd like to formalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change. They'd like to formalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change. They'd like to formalize
+communication requirements for invoice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication requirements for invoice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication requirements for invoice
+payments with suppliers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments with suppliers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments with suppliers.
+changes have to be accomplished within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes have to be accomplished within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes have to be accomplished within
+the current system. So there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current system. So there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current system. So there's no
+purchasing new IT systems to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing new IT systems to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing new IT systems to actually
+solve a problem and also to use already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a problem and also to use already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a problem and also to use already
+available in-house software or IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in-house software or IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in-house software or IT
+technology. Those sort of go hand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. Those sort of go hand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. Those sort of go hand in
+hand. The any action items that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. The any action items that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. The any action items that might be
+addressed in your A3 plan have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed in your A3 plan have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed in your A3 plan have to be
+completed within 30 days and there can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed within 30 days and there can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed within 30 days and there can't
+be any additional staff. So an outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any additional staff. So an outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any additional staff. So an outcome
+of your A3 can't be let's hire five new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your A3 can't be let's hire five new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your A3 can't be let's hire five new
+people. That wouldn't be acceptable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. That wouldn't be acceptable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. That wouldn't be acceptable.
+All right. Right. So, I'm going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Right. So, I'm going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Right. So, I'm going to leave
+the management constraints up here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the management constraints up here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the management constraints up here on
+the projector so you can see them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projector so you can see them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projector so you can see them as
+you're working through your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working through your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working through your problem
+solving activities and we'll ask each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving activities and we'll ask each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving activities and we'll ask each
+table to get started. We'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table to get started. We'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table to get started. We'll have the
+instructors in the class walking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors in the class walking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors in the class walking around
+to answer questions and and help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer questions and and help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer questions and and help you
+through the process. Right. So, take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process. Right. So, take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process. Right. So, take
+about 20 Yeah, 20 minutes. So, I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 Yeah, 20 minutes. So, I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 Yeah, 20 minutes. So, I'll I'll
+give you a sort of three minute warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sort of three minute warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sort of three minute warning
+when we get to the end of that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to the end of that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to the end of that time
+period.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period.
+Can someone can someone suggest what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can someone can someone suggest what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can someone can someone suggest what
+might be one of the things you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be one of the things you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be one of the things you're going
+to have to do to implement these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do to implement these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do to implement these
+recommendations? Just one thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations? Just one thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations? Just one thing.
+Uh cross trainining.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh cross trainining.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh cross trainining.
+Cross trainining. Okay. Let's just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross trainining. Okay. Let's just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross trainining. Okay. Let's just take
+cross trainining. Okay. So, you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross trainining. Okay. So, you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross trainining. Okay. So, you're going
+to have some kind of recommendation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some kind of recommendation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some kind of recommendation on
+training. You know, how's that going?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training. You know, how's that going?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training. You know, how's that going?
+Who's going to do that? When's it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who's going to do that? When's it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who's going to do that? When's it going
+to get done in the sequence of things?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get done in the sequence of things?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get done in the sequence of things?
+And I find a useful way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I find a useful way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I find a useful way to think about
+this is to maybe think of each of you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to maybe think of each of you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to maybe think of each of you as
+one of the stakeholders in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the stakeholders in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the stakeholders in the
+organization. You know, maybe you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization. You know, maybe you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization. You know, maybe you're the
+mail room guy and and Celeste, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail room guy and and Celeste, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail room guy and and Celeste, maybe
+you're the accounts payable person.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the accounts payable person.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the accounts payable person.
+Think about what would be done in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think about what would be done in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think about what would be done in your
+area to implement this. Maybe you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to implement this. Maybe you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to implement this. Maybe you're a
+vendor, you know. So, you got change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor, you know. So, you got change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor, you know. So, you got change
+your mind now. Don't don't go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind now. Don't don't go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind now. Don't don't go back and
+redo the whole problem. You spend all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the whole problem. You spend all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the whole problem. You spend all
+morning doing it. Think about we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning doing it. Think about we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning doing it. Think about we got to
+implement it and you got to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it and you got to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it and you got to come back
+and help.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Focus on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus on each
+implement each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement each one
+change billing address.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change billing address.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change billing address.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+And then next thing we need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then next thing we need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then next thing we need to do is
+that we need to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to very
+Who does it? Who does that? Who does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who does it? Who does that? Who does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who does it? Who does that? Who does
+that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+Who changes the billing address?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who changes the billing address?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who changes the billing address?
+purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purchasing y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing y
+simply from the sheer magnitude I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply from the sheer magnitude I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply from the sheer magnitude I would
+say to get the the 5x's on the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to get the the 5x's on the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to get the the 5x's on the end of
+the invoices on the outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invoices on the outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invoices on the outside of the
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+would reduce a massive amount of letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would reduce a massive amount of letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would reduce a massive amount of letters
+coming in number one and while that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in number one and while that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in number one and while that's
+being done it allows us to train some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done it allows us to train some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done it allows us to train some of
+the people inside the company to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people inside the company to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people inside the company to
+implement the next few steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the next few steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the next few steps
+so Use local companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Use local companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Use local companies
+for faster turnaround.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+They just do they throw out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They just do they throw out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They just do they throw out the
+call center to be trained in how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call center to be trained in how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call center to be trained in how do you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it needs to Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, what we'd like to do at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, what we'd like to do at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, what we'd like to do at
+this point, recognizing that not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point, recognizing that not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point, recognizing that not all the
+implementation plans are finished, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation plans are finished, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation plans are finished, and
+that's okay, is we'd like to go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay, is we'd like to go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay, is we'd like to go around
+the room, around the tables, and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room, around the tables, and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room, around the tables, and have
+you share with us where you are in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you share with us where you are in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you share with us where you are in your
+implementation plan and what you've come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation plan and what you've come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation plan and what you've come
+up with so far. Try to limit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with so far. Try to limit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with so far. Try to limit your
+summary for us to 60 seconds or less.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary for us to 60 seconds or less.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary for us to 60 seconds or less.
+I'm going to ask to start with the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask to start with the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask to start with the table
+in the front and we'll go around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front and we'll go around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front and we'll go around the
+room.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so think about the three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so think about the three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so think about the three different
+positions. We have purchasing the mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions. We have purchasing the mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions. We have purchasing the mail
+room and accounts payable. So the who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and accounts payable. So the who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and accounts payable. So the who
+will be doing the training probably um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be doing the training probably um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be doing the training probably um
+the senior management talk to the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senior management talk to the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senior management talk to the main
+leaders in each group and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders in each group and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders in each group and we want to
+train um at the same time scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train um at the same time scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train um at the same time scheduling
+have the purchasing group trainers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the purchasing group trainers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the purchasing group trainers have
+to add the X's the group to train them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add the X's the group to train them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add the X's the group to train them
+to recognize the X and then the payable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize the X and then the payable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize the X and then the payable
+group have train them in document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group have train them in document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group have train them in document
+imaging and then after this become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and then after this become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and then after this become
+simpler steps and then in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler steps and then in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler steps and then in the future
+create a call center within the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a call center within the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a call center within the network
+they're trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, very good. Thank you. So, let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, very good. Thank you. So, let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, very good. Thank you. So, let's go
+around to the next group and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to the next group and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to the next group and you can
+tell us uh what you thought about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us uh what you thought about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us uh what you thought about.
+All right. We focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. We focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. We focused on the
+implementation of the uh labeling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the uh labeling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the uh labeling of the
+first one, the add five access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one, the add five access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one, the add five access to the
+PFR invoices. And the way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PFR invoices. And the way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PFR invoices. And the way we're going to
+do this, we're going to have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this, we're going to have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this, we're going to have a small
+meeting where we have a representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting where we have a representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting where we have a representative
+from the mail room, representative from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mail room, representative from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mail room, representative from
+purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing
+um as well as one of us who came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well as one of us who came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well as one of us who came up with
+all these ideas sit down together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these ideas sit down together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these ideas sit down together and
+decide what the format needs to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what the format needs to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what the format needs to be of
+this addition. It could be that um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this addition. It could be that um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this addition. It could be that um some
+supplers names or some whatever in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplers names or some whatever in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplers names or some whatever in the
+address block would be too big and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address block would be too big and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address block would be too big and you
+would never actually see the X's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never actually see the X's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never actually see the X's because
+they would move off um the little window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would move off um the little window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would move off um the little window
+in the envelope. So we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the envelope. So we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the envelope. So we just have to
+decide what exactly the format the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what exactly the format the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what exactly the format the best
+lettering would be um to add on contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lettering would be um to add on contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lettering would be um to add on contact
+is made up. Once we know what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up. Once we know what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up. Once we know what we want to
+put on, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on, we
+pick one of our mediumsiz suppliers. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of our mediumsiz suppliers. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of our mediumsiz suppliers. Uh
+we pick Ben and Jerry's for obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pick Ben and Jerry's for obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pick Ben and Jerry's for obvious
+reasons and we set up a meeting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and we set up a meeting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and we set up a meeting with
+them. Um again, we would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um again, we would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um again, we would have a
+purchasing rep. We have the mail room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing rep. We have the mail room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing rep. We have the mail room
+rep there, but also the supplier rep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep there, but also the supplier rep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep there, but also the supplier rep and
+hope that he brings ice cream. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that he brings ice cream. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that he brings ice cream. And then
+we would talk to uh just talk them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would talk to uh just talk them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would talk to uh just talk them
+through the whole process and just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole process and just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole process and just make
+them aware of the whole situation. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them aware of the whole situation. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them aware of the whole situation. Then
+they don't really have to do anything if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really have to do anything if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really have to do anything if
+you if you have purchasing implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you have purchasing implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you have purchasing implement the
+whole solution. Um but they need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole solution. Um but they need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole solution. Um but they need to be
+aware all all sudden random letters on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware all all sudden random letters on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware all all sudden random letters on
+on the uh orders. Um actually I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh orders. Um actually I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh orders. Um actually I never
+mentioned this. We were thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this. We were thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this. We were thinking that
+purchasing when the order gets sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing when the order gets sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing when the order gets sent
+initially that purchasing actually when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially that purchasing actually when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially that purchasing actually when
+they type in the order that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they type in the order that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they type in the order that they would
+add the the tag as opposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the the tag as opposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the the tag as opposed to the
+supplier. They would add the tag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier. They would add the tag and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier. They would add the tag and
+then the supplier would just see the see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the supplier would just see the see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the supplier would just see the see
+the letters but wouldn't have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters but wouldn't have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters but wouldn't have to add
+them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then
+just watch how well it goes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watch how well it goes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watch how well it goes.
+Okay. All right. Let's go around to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Let's go around to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Let's go around to the
+next table.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next table.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next table.
+So we um we try to um introduce um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we um we try to um introduce um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we um we try to um introduce um a
+vendor pilot for our using a vendor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor pilot for our using a vendor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor pilot for our using a vendor
+pilot for our suppliers to add the XX on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot for our suppliers to add the XX on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot for our suppliers to add the XX on
+the PFR. We tried we started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PFR. We tried we started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PFR. We tried we started with a
+pilot model maybe one or two suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot model maybe one or two suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot model maybe one or two suppliers
+and then scale up if um depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then scale up if um depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then scale up if um depending on the
+success or um you know introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success or um you know introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success or um you know introduce some
+little modifications as need be before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little modifications as need be before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little modifications as need be before
+we expand for the PFR. And then um much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expand for the PFR. And then um much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expand for the PFR. And then um much
+of our we we worked on we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our we we worked on we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our we we worked on we talked about
+the IT work on the scanners and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IT work on the scanners and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IT work on the scanners and then we
+would also have to train on to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also have to train on to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also have to train on to train
+staffs on the document imaging to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staffs on the document imaging to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staffs on the document imaging to be
+able to use the scanners. And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use the scanners. And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use the scanners. And then we
+also talked of training on the lotus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked of training on the lotus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked of training on the lotus
+notes. We realized that that was a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. We realized that that was a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. We realized that that was a point
+where you know when one staff member is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know when one staff member is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know when one staff member is
+away others cannot um do her function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away others cannot um do her function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away others cannot um do her function
+into her function take her place. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into her function take her place. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into her function take her place. So we
+thought of training our analysts to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of training our analysts to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of training our analysts to be
+able to use the lotus notes so that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use the lotus notes so that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use the lotus notes so that even
+when one person is away other people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one person is away other people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one person is away other people can
+fill in the space and work could go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the space and work could go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the space and work could go on
+that way. So that's what we still came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. So that's what we still came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. So that's what we still came
+up with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with.
+Great. Thank you. So very all so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. Thank you. So very all so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. Thank you. So very all so all
+very three different ideas. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very three different ideas. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very three different ideas. This is
+great. Go ahead. Next table. We spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. Go ahead. Next table. We spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. Go ahead. Next table. We spent
+most time talking about the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most time talking about the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most time talking about the process of
+scanning documents into the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning documents into the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning documents into the system and
+who would be doing it. We talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would be doing it. We talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would be doing it. We talked about
+whether you'd have a rotating analyst um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you'd have a rotating analyst um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you'd have a rotating analyst um
+in which case because they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case because they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case because they would have
+knowledge of what the different needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of what the different needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of what the different needs
+are um or whether you would do someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um or whether you would do someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um or whether you would do someone
+from purchasing or um from receiving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from purchasing or um from receiving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from purchasing or um from receiving and
+probably having a meeting to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably having a meeting to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably having a meeting to talk about
+that within the group would be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that within the group would be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that within the group would be the best
+way. Um and then when you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Um and then when you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Um and then when you'd have to
+train the people to use the lotus notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train the people to use the lotus notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train the people to use the lotus notes
+and also doing the scanner. Um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also doing the scanner. Um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also doing the scanner. Um and then
+the outcome would be that all the doc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome would be that all the doc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome would be that all the doc
+all the documents are scanned and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the documents are scanned and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the documents are scanned and then
+you would have some cross trainining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have some cross trainining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have some cross trainining
+ability so that kind of as mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability so that kind of as mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability so that kind of as mentioned
+previously if one person's out you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously if one person's out you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously if one person's out you still
+would have the work done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the work done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the work done.
+Okay last table. Um we talked a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay last table. Um we talked a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay last table. Um we talked a lot
+about the process of putting the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process of putting the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process of putting the tax
+onto the addresses and uh used a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the addresses and uh used a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the addresses and uh used a similar
+idea to that table of the pilot. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to that table of the pilot. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to that table of the pilot. Um we
+wanted to start with like one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to start with like one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to start with like one person
+from purchasing and training them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from purchasing and training them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from purchasing and training them and
+adding the the tax and pick a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the the tax and pick a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the the tax and pick a local
+company or a couple local companies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or a couple local companies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or a couple local companies to
+add it to just so that we could be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to just so that we could be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to just so that we could be sure
+that we actually got the the invoices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually got the the invoices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually got the the invoices
+before the end of our 30-day period. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the end of our 30-day period. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the end of our 30-day period. Um
+and then also training all of the mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also training all of the mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also training all of the mail
+room on that first day about what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room on that first day about what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room on that first day about what to
+expect because they start seeing sexis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect because they start seeing sexis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect because they start seeing sexis
+come in. we couldn't guarantee that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in. we couldn't guarantee that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in. we couldn't guarantee that one
+versus another person would see them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus another person would see them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus another person would see them.
+Um, and then we also talked a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then we also talked a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then we also talked a bit about
+what the analyst had to say regarding um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the analyst had to say regarding um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the analyst had to say regarding um
+like when exactly they need to know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when exactly they need to know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when exactly they need to know to
+no longer check for PFRs because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer check for PFRs because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer check for PFRs because that's
+going to be a tough it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a tough it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a tough it's not going to be
+clearcut time when those will stop going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearcut time when those will stop going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearcut time when those will stop going
+in. Um, also we discussed how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Um, also we discussed how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Um, also we discussed how to find
+the new images after the document is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new images after the document is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new images after the document is
+scanned instead of on the microphone. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanned instead of on the microphone. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanned instead of on the microphone. So
+that was the difference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the difference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the difference.
+else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else.
+Okay. Excellent. Well, these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Excellent. Well, these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Excellent. Well, these are all
+very good starts to the implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good starts to the implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good starts to the implementation
+plan. It's it's fascinating to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. It's it's fascinating to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. It's it's fascinating to see the
+different ways that your groups approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that your groups approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that your groups approach
+them and which aspects you thought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and which aspects you thought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and which aspects you thought you
+wanted to start on as well as level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to start on as well as level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to start on as well as level of
+details that some of your groups thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that some of your groups thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that some of your groups thought
+about. A lot of great transition issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. A lot of great transition issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. A lot of great transition issues
+are raised and how you implement uh lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are raised and how you implement uh lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are raised and how you implement uh lean
+kinds of uh new programs that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh new programs that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh new programs that you're
+thinking about. So this group talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about. So this group talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about. So this group talked
+about training and a number of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about training and a number of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about training and a number of you
+talked about training the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about training the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about training the importance of
+that and if you don't provide training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you don't provide training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you don't provide training
+efforts can fail before you even begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts can fail before you even begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts can fail before you even begin
+and this group talked about some staged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this group talked about some staged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this group talked about some staged
+roll out as did other groups. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out as did other groups. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out as did other groups. So let's
+do pilots right test a little bit see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pilots right test a little bit see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pilots right test a little bit see if
+it works and then if it does work then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and then if it does work then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and then if it does work then
+we can deploy it on a larger scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can deploy it on a larger scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can deploy it on a larger scale and
+if it doesn't we refine that and test a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't we refine that and test a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't we refine that and test a
+little bit more before we get success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more before we get success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more before we get success
+and then go out. also an excellent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go out. also an excellent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go out. also an excellent um
+attribute of trying to implement a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute of trying to implement a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute of trying to implement a big
+change like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change like that.
+Uh what really happened in Rockwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what really happened in Rockwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what really happened in Rockwell
+Collins? Are you curious?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins? Are you curious?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins? Are you curious?
+Right. Okay. So they so they implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Okay. So they so they implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Okay. So they so they implemented
+the recommendations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recommendations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recommendations and
+it it didn't work. They weren't seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it didn't work. They weren't seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it didn't work. They weren't seeing
+any change in their performance metrics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any change in their performance metrics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any change in their performance metrics.
+What do you think was happening?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think was happening?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think was happening?
+Any guesses? I don't expect you to know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any guesses? I don't expect you to know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any guesses? I don't expect you to know.
+I don't expect you to have a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't expect you to have a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't expect you to have a right
+guess, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess, but
+too much change. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much change. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much change. It was
+too much change. Yeah. What else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much change. Yeah. What else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much change. Yeah. What else?
+They didn't know. That's that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They didn't know. That's that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They didn't know. That's that's pretty
+much accurate. So, what happened was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much accurate. So, what happened was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much accurate. So, what happened was the
+analyst said, "Oh, you've got a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst said, "Oh, you've got a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst said, "Oh, you've got a new
+system." Well, I don't like this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system." Well, I don't like this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system." Well, I don't like this new
+system. I don't know this new system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. I don't know this new system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. I don't know this new system.
+I'm not going to follow this new system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to follow this new system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to follow this new system.
+And they started calling all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they started calling all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they started calling all their
+contacts and saying, "Look, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts and saying, "Look, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts and saying, "Look, you know,
+they've implemented this new system, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've implemented this new system, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've implemented this new system, but
+forget about it. If you have a problem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about it. If you have a problem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about it. If you have a problem,
+just give me a call directly." and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give me a call directly." and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give me a call directly." and they
+just totally subverted all the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just totally subverted all the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just totally subverted all the systems
+that were put in place largely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were put in place largely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were put in place largely because
+they didn't understand that the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't understand that the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't understand that the document
+imaging and Lotus notes was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and Lotus notes was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and Lotus notes was going to be
+useful for them. So Rockwell said, "All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for them. So Rockwell said, "All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for them. So Rockwell said, "All
+right, you know what? We'll just we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, you know what? We'll just we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, you know what? We'll just we'll
+back away from this and we'll we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back away from this and we'll we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back away from this and we'll we'll do
+this sort of in a staged deployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of in a staged deployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of in a staged deployment
+method." So we they just got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method." So we they just got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method." So we they just got the
+analysts trained up and comfortable on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts trained up and comfortable on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts trained up and comfortable on
+the document imaging to see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the document imaging to see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the document imaging to see that that
+was useful and then when that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was useful and then when that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was useful and then when that happened
+then they went to their pulled um Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they went to their pulled um Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they went to their pulled um Q
+calling center and then initiated that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling center and then initiated that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling center and then initiated that.
+So it took them a little while but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it took them a little while but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it took them a little while but they
+eventually got it but the implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually got it but the implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually got it but the implementation
+was challenging um because of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was challenging um because of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was challenging um because of these
+issues that you know very perceptively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that you know very perceptively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that you know very perceptively
+were were raised just about our human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were raised just about our human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were raised just about our human
+nature and organizational natures when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and organizational natures when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and organizational natures when
+we come into big change problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come into big change problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come into big change problems.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+So how does the culture of organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how does the culture of organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how does the culture of organization
+play a role in implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role in implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role in implementation of
+recommendation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation?
+It plays a huge role right I mean we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It plays a huge role right I mean we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It plays a huge role right I mean we've
+kind of been alluding to this over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of been alluding to this over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of been alluding to this over the
+course of the last couple days. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the last couple days. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the last couple days. Um, and
+some some cultures and the way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some cultures and the way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some cultures and the way that they
+operate are going to be more amendable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate are going to be more amendable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate are going to be more amendable
+to change. That may be part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change. That may be part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change. That may be part of their
+culture and accepting of it. And others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and accepting of it. And others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and accepting of it. And others
+are not going to accept change so much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to accept change so much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to accept change so much.
+And you have to really recognize which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you have to really recognize which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you have to really recognize which
+one you're in so that you can approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're in so that you can approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're in so that you can approach
+any kind of change effort in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of change effort in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of change effort in a way
+that's going to make sense to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make sense to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to make sense to the the
+organization that you're in and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that you're in and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that you're in and be
+productive as a result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive as a result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive as a result.
+It's a but it's a really big topic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a but it's a really big topic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a but it's a really big topic and
+longer than we have time to address in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than we have time to address in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than we have time to address in a
+quick question here, but we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick question here, but we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick question here, but we can talk
+about it during the break.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zM39sZL9oGE.txt b/zM39sZL9oGE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af2d5c6aa7b138d194eaa9ea09a696abf3657210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zM39sZL9oGE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the formula that we just derived for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that we just derived for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that we just derived for the
+monotonic case has a nice intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic case has a nice intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic case has a nice intuitive
+explanation that we will develop now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation that we will develop now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation that we will develop now
+suppose that G is a monotonic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that G is a monotonic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that G is a monotonic function
+of X and that it's monotonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and that it's monotonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and that it's monotonically
+increasing let us fix a particular X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing let us fix a particular X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing let us fix a particular X and
+a corresponding Y so that the two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corresponding Y so that the two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corresponding Y so that the two of
+them are related as follows y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are related as follows y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are related as follows y is equal
+to G of little X or we could argue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G of little X or we could argue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G of little X or we could argue in
+terms of the inverse function so that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the inverse function so that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the inverse function so that X
+is equal to H of Y recall that H is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to H of Y recall that H is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to H of Y recall that H is the
+inverse function that given a value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function that given a value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function that given a value of y
+tells us which one is the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us which one is the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us which one is the corresponding
+value of X now let us consider a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of X now let us consider a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of X now let us consider a small
+interval in the vicinity of this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in the vicinity of this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in the vicinity of this little
+X whenever X falls somewhere in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X whenever X falls somewhere in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X whenever X falls somewhere in this
+range then Y is going to fall inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range then Y is going to fall inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range then Y is going to fall inside
+another small interval the event that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another small interval the event that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another small interval the event that X
+belongs here is the same as the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs here is the same as the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs here is the same as the event
+that Y belongs there so these two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y belongs there so these two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y belongs there so these two events
+have the same probability and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same probability and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same probability and we can
+therefore write that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore write that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore write that the probability
+that Y falls in this interval is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y falls in this interval is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y falls in this interval is the
+same as the probability that X falls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the probability that X falls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the probability that X falls in
+the corresponding little interval on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding little interval on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding little interval on the
+x-axis this interval has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis this interval has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis this interval has a certain
+length Delta one this interval has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Delta one this interval has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Delta one this interval has a
+certain length Delta two now remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain length Delta two now remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain length Delta two now remember
+our interpretation of probabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interpretation of probabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interpretation of probabilities of
+small intervals in terms of PDFs so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small intervals in terms of PDFs so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small intervals in terms of PDFs so this
+probability here is approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here is approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here is approximately equal
+to the PDF of Y evaluated at the point Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the PDF of Y evaluated at the point Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the PDF of Y evaluated at the point Y
+times the length of the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length of the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length of the corresponding
+interval similarly on the other side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval similarly on the other side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval similarly on the other side the
+probability that X falls on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X falls on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X falls on that
+interval is the PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is the PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is the PDF of
+times the length of that interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length of that interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length of that interval
+so this gives us already a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us already a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us already a relation
+between the PDF of Y and the PDF of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the PDF of Y and the PDF of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the PDF of Y and the PDF of X
+but it involves those two numbers Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it involves those two numbers Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it involves those two numbers Delta
+1 and Delta 2 how are these two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Delta 2 how are these two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Delta 2 how are these two numbers
+related if X moves up by amount of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related if X moves up by amount of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related if X moves up by amount of Delta
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+how much is y going to move up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is y going to move up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is y going to move up it's
+going to move up by an amount which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move up by an amount which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move up by an amount which is
+Delta 1 times the slope of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 1 times the slope of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 1 times the slope of the function
+G at that particular point so that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G at that particular point so that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G at that particular point so that gives
+us one relation that Delta 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one relation that Delta 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one relation that Delta 2 is
+approximately equal to Delta 1 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to Delta 1 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to Delta 1 times the
+derivative of the function G at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the function G at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the function G at that
+particular X however it's more useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X however it's more useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X however it's more useful to
+work the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the other way
+thinking in terms of the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of the inverse
+function the inverse function maps Y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the inverse function maps Y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the inverse function maps Y to
+X and it Maps y plus Delta 2 to X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and it Maps y plus Delta 2 to X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and it Maps y plus Delta 2 to X plus
+Delta 1 when y advances by Delta 2x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 1 when y advances by Delta 2x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 1 when y advances by Delta 2x is
+going to advance by an amount which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to advance by an amount which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to advance by an amount which is
+how much Y advanced times the slope or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much Y advanced times the slope or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much Y advanced times the slope or
+the derivative of the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the function that
+map's y's into X's and this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map's y's into X's and this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map's y's into X's and this function is
+the inverse function so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function so this is the
+relation that we're going to use and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that we're going to use and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that we're going to use and so
+we replace Delta 1 by this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace Delta 1 by this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace Delta 1 by this expression
+that we have here in terms of Delta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we cancel the delta 2 from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we cancel the delta 2 from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we cancel the delta 2 from both
+sides of this equality and we obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this equality and we obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this equality and we obtain the
+final formula that the PDF of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final formula that the PDF of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final formula that the PDF of Y
+evaluated at a certain point is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at a certain point is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at a certain point is equal to
+the PDF of X evaluated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF of X evaluated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF of X evaluated at the
+corresponding point or we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding point or we could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding point or we could write
+this as the PDF of X evaluated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the PDF of X evaluated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the PDF of X evaluated at the
+value little X that's associated to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value little X that's associated to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value little X that's associated to that
+Y that's given by the inverse function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y that's given by the inverse function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y that's given by the inverse function
+times the derivative of the function age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of the function age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the derivative of the function age
+the inverse function and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function and this is just
+the same formula as the one that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same formula as the one that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same formula as the one that we had
+derived earlier using CD f's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived earlier using CD f's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived earlier using CD f's this
+derivation is quite intuitive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation is quite intuitive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation is quite intuitive it
+associates probabilities of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates probabilities of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates probabilities of small
+intervals on the x-axis to probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals on the x-axis to probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals on the x-axis to probabilities
+of corresponding small intervals on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corresponding small intervals on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corresponding small intervals on the
+y-axis these two probabilities have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis these two probabilities have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis these two probabilities have to
+be equal and this implies a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal and this implies a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal and this implies a certain
+relation between the two PDFs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zdage-Lp8m4.txt b/zdage-Lp8m4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2da66a0e7963128d2bad3aa674440412cf7f0f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zdage-Lp8m4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3134 @@
+SPEAKER: The following content
+is provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+JOANNE STUBBE: OK, so
+welcome to class today.
+
+Today, I'm going to
+be talking about one
+
+of my favorite topics--
+enzymes and catalysis.
+
+And what I would like to
+do is give you an outline
+
+of where we're going today.
+
+First, we're going to
+define what a catalyst is.
+
+And we're going to focus
+on enzymes as catalysts.
+
+Then what we're going
+to do is describe
+
+the theory of catalysis.
+
+And we'll show how
+the theory can account
+
+for all experimental
+observations or most
+
+experimental observations.
+
+We'll then talk about the
+mechanisms of catalysis,
+
+and we'll see that there
+are three basic mechanisms.
+
+I won't write them out,
+but we'll come to them.
+
+And then if time allows, we'll
+talk about another property
+
+of enzymes.
+
+These are all focused with
+amazing rates of reaction.
+
+And the second
+property of enzymes,
+
+besides the fact that they
+can accelerate reactions
+
+by a million to a billion
+fold, is their specificity.
+
+So that's where we're going.
+
+And what I'd like to do
+in the very beginning
+
+is show you why--
+spend a little time
+
+to show you why
+enzymes are important.
+
+Why do you care about enzymes?
+
+That's why you
+care about enzymes.
+
+Look at this mess.
+
+That's what's going
+on inside your body.
+
+There are thousands of reactions
+going on inside your body.
+
+Without enzymes, no reaction.
+
+So you must care about enzymes.
+
+So what we're going to see
+over the course of the semester
+
+is that we can
+break down this mess
+
+into a few basic reactions.
+
+OK, so here is Waldo.
+
+And over the course
+of this semester,
+
+as you've seen many times, we
+walk through central metabolism
+
+and all of the reactions.
+
+Now, a second
+thing about enzymes
+
+that I think will be what
+you guys do for a living
+
+if you decide to become
+biochemists and enzymologists
+
+is can we take our understanding
+of how these amazing catalysts
+
+work and design our
+own protein catalysts
+
+to do any reactions we
+want not involved in the 10
+
+or 12 basic reactions we have
+going on inside our body?
+
+And we can't do that
+now, but I would
+
+argue that understanding
+catalysis is a key requirement
+
+for getting to the point
+where we can actually
+
+do catalytic design.
+
+And the third thing that I
+think is really important
+
+is that 40% to 50% of all
+the drugs we presently
+
+use in treatment of
+antibacterial infections,
+
+anti-viral infections,
+anti-cancer infections
+
+are all inhibitors of
+enzyme-based reactions.
+
+And understanding
+catalysis helps
+
+us to design better inhibitors.
+
+So understanding catalysis
+is central to many things
+
+that are important to
+all of us in society.
+
+So let me just tell you how
+I got excited about enzymes.
+
+So I went to graduate school.
+
+Never had a biochemistry course.
+
+They didn't do anything
+about biochemistry
+
+at the molecular level.
+
+When I went to graduate
+school, I went to a lecture
+
+in the first year
+of graduate school
+
+that was given by a
+faculty member at Stanford.
+
+And he talked about an enzyme
+called lenosterol cyclase that
+
+converts a linear molecule.
+
+So here's the linear
+molecule, but I have
+
+it folded up into four rings.
+
+And these four rings
+provide the basis
+
+for all steroids like
+estrogen and testosterone
+
+and cholesterol.
+
+And look at what
+this reaction does.
+
+One enzyme in a single step
+converts this linear molecule
+
+through a series of cascade
+transformations in hydride
+
+and methyl shifts
+into this molecule,
+
+putting in six
+asymmetric centers
+
+in a single step in 100%
+yield at 37 degrees in a pH 7.
+
+I said, my god, why do
+I want to be a chemist?
+
+You sweat.
+
+There are no
+blocking [INAUDIBLE].
+
+You to sweat to put in any
+kind of an asymmetric center,
+
+and here, this little
+protein has figured out
+
+how to do all of this under
+really mild conditions.
+
+And so this was a transformative
+experience for me.
+
+I remember the lecture
+clearly because I thought
+
+it was so amazing and I'd
+never seen that enzymes could
+
+catalyze reactions like this.
+
+So enzymes really are amazing.
+
+So what you want
+to do now is start
+
+by defining what a catalyst is.
+
+And a catalyst, it can
+be for those of you who
+
+have had more
+chemistry, it can be
+
+an inorganic ion for example.
+
+It can be a small
+organic molecule.
+
+But for us, we're
+going to be focused
+
+on large macromolecules.
+
+And the macromolecules,
+we'll see
+
+that we're getting focused
+on, could be proteins or RNA.
+
+But most of the reactions
+found in our body
+
+are catalyzed by
+protein catalysts.
+
+And these catalysts increase
+the rate of the reaction
+
+without themselves being
+changed during the reaction.
+
+And furthermore, while
+they can increase
+
+the rate of the
+reaction, they don't
+
+affect the overall
+equilibrium of the reaction.
+
+They just increase the rate
+of approach to equilibrium.
+
+So they have no effect on
+equilibrium insolution,
+
+but increase the rate of
+approach to equilibrium.
+
+So what I want to
+do now is define
+
+some of the basic
+properties of the catalysts
+
+that we'll be talking about
+for the next 15 minutes or so.
+
+So the first thing is that
+the catalysts we're going
+
+to be focused on are enzymes.
+
+Remember, we've spent
+the last few lectures
+
+talking about proteins.
+
+Enzymes are simply
+proteins, but then we
+
+see that they have special
+regions in the protein
+
+structure which allow
+them to accelerate
+
+rates of defined reactions.
+
+I also will mention that
+we have inside of us
+
+a machine called the ribosome.
+
+And the ribozome is the machine
+that makes proteins, makes
+
+polypeptide bonds.
+
+We're not going to
+talk about that in 507,
+
+but we talk about it in 508.
+
+And the amazing observation
+was made really initially
+
+by the seminal experiments by
+Harry Knoller at UC Santa Cruz
+
+that you don't need any
+proteins to make peptide bonds.
+
+That was heresy at the time.
+
+In 2001, Steitz
+won the Nobel Prize
+
+for the structure of
+the ribosome and Harry
+
+didn't get the Nobel Prize.
+
+Bad.
+
+He's the one that made
+the seminal discovery,
+
+although the structure
+of a ribosome,
+
+which is 2.3 megadaltons, is
+really sort of spectacular.
+
+I still get goosebumps when I
+think about that structure that
+
+was published in 2001.
+
+But Harry didn't get it.
+
+Anyhow, so that
+was a digression.
+
+So that took a few
+minutes off my 50 minutes.
+
+Anyhow, we're
+going to be focused
+
+on enzymes as catalysts.
+
+So why are enzymes important.
+
+They're important because
+as I already told you,
+
+they accelerate the
+rates of reaction 10
+
+to the 6-- a million--
+to 10 to the 15-fold.
+
+Whoa.
+
+Can you imagine that?
+
+Essigmann always used to say
+to me, give them an example.
+
+That's a lot.
+
+It's faster than
+a speeding bullet.
+
+Do you know where
+that came from?
+
+Faster than a speeding bullet?
+
+See, if this is when I have a
+disconnection with my audience.
+
+It's a bird, it's a plane,
+able to leap tall buildings
+
+in a single bound.
+
+Superman, course five.
+
+That's where our course
+five logo came from.
+
+So let me just give
+you an example of this.
+
+And so this is taken from
+an article by Wolfenden,
+
+and this is the
+expanse of reactions
+
+that it rates that enzymes
+can catalyze that also
+
+can occur in solution.
+
+So if you take down at this
+end a half life of adding water
+
+to CO2 is five seconds.
+
+That's pretty fast.
+
+Why do you need
+water to hydrate CO2?
+
+Anybody got any ideas?
+
+Where have you seen that
+in the last few lectures?
+
+Hemoglobin.
+
+Why do you need that?
+
+Because in your tissues, all of
+the fatty acids of the glucose
+
+gets breakdown to CO2.
+
+The CO2, where does it come out?
+
+You exhale it.
+
+Somehow it has to be carried
+around and into your lungs
+
+from your tissues.
+
+And there's a key enzyme
+called carbonic anhydrase
+
+that accelerates even this
+very fast reaction by a million
+
+fold.
+
+Let's look at another one
+that might be familiar to you.
+
+Let's think about
+peptide bond hydrolysis.
+
+We just told you the
+ribosome makes peptides.
+
+What about peptide
+bond hydrolysis, which
+
+plays a major role in cell media
+death and blood coagulation
+
+and controlling the levels
+of proteins inside the cell?
+
+If you look at the half
+life of peptide bond
+
+hydrolysis, 450 years.
+
+That means if we needed this
+reaction in our lifetime,
+
+it wouldn't ever happen.
+
+So if you actually look
+at the rate acceleration,
+
+proteases, which
+hydrolyze peptide bonds,
+
+have rate constants of
+about 50 per second.
+
+This rate constant is about
+10 to the minus 9 per second.
+
+That's the rate acceleration
+of 10 to the 12.
+
+So without these
+kinds of enzymes
+
+and many other kinds of
+enzymes, we would not be alive
+
+and we would not be
+able to function.
+
+So the description
+of rate accelerations
+
+is given by a term we're going
+to derive in the next lecture--
+
+kcat over KM.
+
+A kcat is a turnover number.
+
+It tells you how good your
+catalyst is in terms of per
+
+second.
+
+KM has a concentration
+dependence.
+
+So this is a second order
+rate constant-- concentration
+
+inverse, time inverse.
+
+And this is what we use to think
+about how efficient enzymes
+
+are, as we'll see
+in the next lecture.
+
+So what I want to show
+you here is another graph
+
+that was made by Wolfenden,
+who we were talking about data
+
+in the previous slide.
+
+And what I want to do is
+show you his comparison
+
+of enzyme catalyzed
+reactions and
+
+non-enzyme catalyzed reactions.
+
+And we just heard with peptide
+bond hydrolysis, 450-fold rate
+
+acceleration.
+
+That's a lot.
+
+What do you notice
+immediately about
+
+enzyme catalyzed reactions?
+
+The kcat over KM is on the order
+of 10 to the 6 to 10 to the 8
+
+per molar per second.
+
+Does that ring a
+bell with anybody?
+
+Where have you seen a number
+like 10 to the 6 to 10 to the 8
+
+per molar per second?
+
+What that is is a diffusion
+constant of any two molecules
+
+finding each other in solution.
+
+So what is that telling us?
+
+That's telling us
+that inside the cell,
+
+enzymes have evolved
+to be so efficient
+
+that the rate-limiting
+steps are going to be
+
+finding each other in solution.
+
+It's physical.
+
+It has nothing to do
+with the chemistry.
+
+So you've had billions
+of years to figure out
+
+all this chemistry, and
+what limits everything--
+
+and we'll come back
+to this in a minute--
+
+is the enzyme and the small
+molecule finding themselves.
+
+And so that's where this
+number-- of 10 to the 6 or 10
+
+to the 8 per molar
+per second comes from.
+
+If you look at the
+non-enzymatic reactions,
+
+we just talked about
+hydration of CO2
+
+versus enzyme
+catalyzed reaction,
+
+what you see is that
+they're all over the place.
+
+So the staggering
+rate accelerations
+
+of 10 to the 6 to 10
+to the 15 that you see
+
+are really based on the rates
+of the non-enzymatic reactions.
+
+And the enzymes have
+evolved-- most of them
+
+have evolved over
+billions of years
+
+to be incredibly
+effective at what they do.
+
+So the other thing that I
+wanted to say about enzymes
+
+at this stage is that
+enzymes are usually
+
+in addition to being
+great catalysts,
+
+they're also-- you learn, I
+think, if you've seen enzymes
+
+before that they are very
+specific for the substrates,
+
+which I'll call S and we'll
+come back to this in a minute.
+
+So they only react-- you
+have hundreds of metabolites
+
+inside of our body.
+
+That only will pick up and react
+with one of those metabolites.
+
+But in reality, I think what
+we found over the last 15 years
+
+or so is enzymes are
+not all that specific.
+
+They are specific for what
+they encounter inside us.
+
+So if you take them
+out as a biochemist
+
+and start messing
+around with them,
+
+they aren't anywhere
+near as specific.
+
+They don't have to be that
+specific because they never
+
+encounter these molecules
+inside the cell.
+
+So they are very specific
+for substrates in vivo.
+
+And in fact, many of them
+are promiscuous in vitro.
+
+And I think that's something
+that's been under-appreciated.
+
+So this is number three.
+
+I wanted to talk
+about specificity.
+
+Number four, enzymes
+in general, if you
+
+look at that metabolic chart,
+almost all those reactions
+
+can be subdivided into
+10 to 12 reactions.
+
+And those 10 to
+12 reactions, even
+
+though it looks like
+a jungle and a mess,
+
+are found in the lexicon
+that you have been
+
+given in the first lecture.
+
+So that lexicon provides a
+framework to think about all
+
+of primary metabolism.
+
+Now, in reality, there are
+many other kinds of reactions.
+
+But the ones that you're
+going to see in 507
+
+can be limited to
+10 to 12 reactions.
+
+So enzymes have a limited
+repertoire of reactions
+
+in primary metabolism.
+
+And so in this case, let me
+give a plug for the chemists.
+
+Chemists have the
+whole periodic table.
+
+Do we have a
+periodic table here?
+
+No.
+
+We're in the wrong department.
+
+We're in the wrong building.
+
+Anyhow, we have
+hundreds-- not hundreds--
+
+we have 50 elements where we
+can use to catalyze reactions.
+
+We can do all kinds of
+reactions catalytically,
+
+and we can do it
+with something small,
+
+like a proton, or
+something small,
+
+like a metal with a little
+organic spinach hanging off
+
+of it.
+
+But what are we
+doing with enzymes?
+
+We have these big
+huge molecules.
+
+So there's a playoff.
+
+Enzymes have a very
+limited repertoire
+
+of reactions they catalyze,
+while chemists actually
+
+are limited by their imagination
+to catalyze these reactions.
+
+However, as the world
+becomes more and more green,
+
+chemists are no longer
+allowed to use metals.
+
+For example, they can
+be toxic to people.
+
+And so people are
+rethinking and refocusing
+
+on developing green catalysts.
+
+So the question that
+you can ask yourself,
+
+is there any way
+that enzymes can
+
+enhance their
+repertoire of reactions
+
+that they can catalyze?
+
+And they can.
+
+They do that by using the
+vitamins on the vitamin bottle.
+
+So enzymes have a
+limited repertoire,
+
+but they increase this
+repertoire using vitamins.
+
+This is what we eat out
+of our vitamin bottle that
+
+are converted into co-factors.
+
+So the vitamins we eat
+have to be subtly modified
+
+and then get incorporated
+into the protein catalysts
+
+and greatly expand
+the repertoire.
+
+So many of you probably-- how
+many of you take vitamins?
+
+Everybody should
+be taking vitamins.
+
+Why don't you take vitamins?
+
+Anyhow, so you can see vitamin
+B6, vitamin B2, vitamin B1.
+
+And over the next
+three weeks or so,
+
+we talk about the chemistry
+of how these vitamins interact
+
+with the protein
+catalyst to increase
+
+the repertoire of reactions
+to 10 that actual enzymes can
+
+catalyze.
+
+But in addition
+to the vitamins, I
+
+want to make mention of
+another type of catalyst.
+
+So most of the vitamins
+are organic molecules.
+
+One also needs to think
+about inorganic molecules.
+
+Inorganic molecules--
+copper, zinc, iron,
+
+all those if you look
+at your vitamin bottle
+
+are at the bottom and
+they're labeled inorganic.
+
+And they almost always in
+introductory biochemistry
+
+courses get swept
+under the table.
+
+And in fact, many biologists
+don't think about metals
+
+at all.
+
+But 30% to 35% of
+all the enzymes
+
+have metals incorporated.
+
+And these metals are essential
+for the repertoire of reactions
+
+that enzymes can catalyze.
+
+So without going
+into any details,
+
+I just want to
+whet your appetite.
+
+Look at this guy.
+
+Well, what are we
+looking at here?
+
+These yellow things are sulfurs.
+
+The purple thing is molybdenum,
+and the green things are iron.
+
+And in the middle
+of all these irons
+
+is this silver thing, which is
+a carbon bonded to four irons.
+
+Most of you probably
+aren't sophisticated
+
+enough yet to think
+that's amazing,
+
+but it was only two years ago
+that the x-ray crystallography
+
+where we can look at
+things at atomic resolution
+
+was good enough so
+we can see that guy.
+
+So what does this guy do?
+
+What's its function?
+
+Pretty damn important.
+
+It converts nitrogen
+into ammonia.
+
+So it turns out to be an
+eight electron reduction
+
+because not only do
+you produce ammonia--
+
+two molecules of
+ammonia-- but you also
+
+have to produce a molecule of
+hydrogen during that reaction.
+
+So this is the
+basic way we control
+
+nitrogen-- one of the
+basic ways we control
+
+nitrogen in the environment.
+
+So chemists would
+love to understand
+
+how this spectacular
+inorganic molecule can
+
+mediate what turns out to
+be a six electron reduction.
+
+Another molecule--
+co-factor molecule
+
+that's all metal-based that
+I think is equally amazing
+
+is this one.
+
+We recently got an atomic
+resolution structure down
+
+to 1.5 angstroms.
+
+It has four manganese
+and a calcium.
+
+Anybody have any
+idea what this does?
+
+This is the co-factor
+that takes water
+
+in the presence of
+light-- sunlight--
+
+and converts it to oxygen gas.
+
+Why is that important?
+
+Because we need
+oxygen gas to breathe.
+
+So anyhow, on this one co-factor
+mediates that transformation.
+
+Pretty amazing.
+
+And that's a major
+focus of people
+
+who want to think about how
+these catalysts actually work,
+
+but we won't be
+discussing that further.
+
+We won't be discussing
+that further in 507.
+
+So I just wanted to point
+out here that, again, enzymes
+
+have a limited repertoire.
+
+Their repertoire is much less
+than what chemists can do,
+
+but they're amazingly
+efficient at what they do.
+
+So I would argue if we
+really could understand
+
+the basis of catalysis and
+how these things evolve
+
+to be able to do these
+amazing transformations,
+
+we might, if I was able to
+come back 50 years from now,
+
+see that we had designer
+proteins all over the place
+
+that could catalyze the
+specific reactions that we're
+
+interested in, not the ones
+that are found in our bodies.
+
+OK, so the next thing I
+want to briefly mention
+
+is that enzymes, so if
+you look at an enzyme,
+
+it's a big macro molecule.
+
+We've looked at these in
+the last few lectures.
+
+The region where the
+chemistry or catalysis occurs
+
+is called the active site.
+
+And we've seen this
+before in the TIN barrel
+
+superfamily of proteins.
+
+And so there's a region
+of about 10 angstroms.
+
+We have your amino
+acid side chains
+
+that I asked you to try to
+remember and think about.
+
+We'll see those are key
+to making these rate
+
+accelerations so fantastic.
+
+This is where the
+chemistry happens.
+
+But I think it's now
+clear from studies
+
+that have been done
+in the last 15 years
+
+or so this is not true.
+
+One can make changes
+out here or here.
+
+One can change the amino acids
+and totally turn off the enzyme
+
+or turn on the enzyme.
+
+So chemists use these
+small little molecules,
+
+biology uses big huge molecules.
+
+Everybody initially focused
+on this one little region
+
+where you can see the chemical
+transformation occurring.
+
+But what about the
+rest of the molecule?
+
+The rest of the molecule
+is also important.
+
+You cannot remove, in general,
+all of this spinach and come up
+
+with a catalyst that has these
+amazing rate accelerations.
+
+So the active site
+is very important.
+
+But so are specific amino acids
+outside of the active site.
+
+And people have studied
+this because of technology
+
+of sight directed
+mutagenesis, which many of you
+
+have probably done in
+either 702 or in 335.
+
+So what implications
+does that have?
+
+And I just want to
+mention one more thing.
+
+I don't want to spend
+a lot of time on this,
+
+but our thinking about catalysis
+is changing dramatically
+
+and has changed and
+continues to change.
+
+I continue to study
+this, even to teach 507.
+
+Because it turns out,
+how does change out here
+
+govern what's going
+on in this region
+
+where you think the
+chemistry happens?
+
+And it governs that
+chemistry because
+
+of conformational
+changes and movements.
+
+So another thing
+about enzymes that we
+
+need to do more thinking
+about-- and this
+
+is a major focus of what
+people are thinking about now--
+
+is dynamics in enzyme
+catalyzed reactions.
+
+And so if you look at the
+time scale-- and I made
+
+you think about size scale
+in the first few lectures.
+
+Like how long is
+a hydrogen bond?
+
+How long is a carbon
+nitrogen bond?
+
+A carbon oxygen bond?
+
+You also need to think
+about time scales.
+
+And this is particularly true
+in the case of catalysis.
+
+What happens on the
+fantasecond time scale?
+
+That's pretty fast.
+
+That's a vibration of the bond.
+
+But what are you doing during
+an enzyme catalyzed reaction?
+
+You're breaking the bond
+and you're making the bond.
+
+So we'll see that the
+transition state of the reaction
+
+happens on the
+fantasecond time scale.
+
+Yet, if you look at the
+criteria kcat, which
+
+is a turnover number,
+the enzyme, which
+
+is given in time
+inverse, they're
+
+usually on 10 per second
+to 1,000 per second.
+
+So they're on the millisecond
+to second time scale.
+
+So catalysis is
+happening way up here.
+
+Now, I've just told
+you that mutations
+
+outside the active site
+can affect catalysis,
+
+and so one also needs to
+think about the time scales
+
+in between these two extremes.
+
+I've also told you that
+finding an enzyme, finding
+
+its substrate in solution,
+can often be the slow step.
+
+So here you have nanosecond,
+microsecond time scales,
+
+and I'm not going to
+spend any time on this,
+
+but you come back
+and look at this
+
+and think about you've
+got all these side
+
+chains of your amino acids.
+
+You might have loops that
+are moving in and out
+
+and covering the active site.
+
+All of this dynamic interaction
+plays a key role in catalysis,
+
+making the enzyme
+as a whole important
+
+in the overall
+catalytic process.
+
+So that's my introduction to you
+for what an enzyme catalyst is.
+
+And so now what I want to do
+is look at the second bullet
+
+we were going to talk about,
+which I've already lost.
+
+How do we describe catalysis?
+
+How do we try to conceptualize
+in a theoretical framework
+
+all of the experimental
+observations that
+
+have been made for decades?
+
+And there are many things that
+are wrong with this theory,
+
+but this theory has
+stood the test of time,
+
+not only for biochemists,
+but for also chemists.
+
+And I think it helps us
+to think about how enzymes
+
+are able with just the amino
+acid side chains for protein
+
+to give us these amazing rate
+accelerations and specificity
+
+that we actually observe.
+
+So what we want is a theory
+to conceptualize catalysis.
+
+And this is transition
+state theory.
+
+And this is-- many of you
+have seen this in some form
+
+before, either in
+freshman chemistry
+
+or maybe if you've had 560.
+
+People go through and derive
+all of the rate equations.
+
+What I'm going to
+do is just show you
+
+a picture of how
+this theory helps
+
+us think about these
+catalytic transformations
+
+and then how this picture helps
+us think more specifically
+
+about these amazing
+rate accelerations
+
+that we actually observe.
+
+OK, so I can't remember
+what's on the next slide,
+
+but this is a picture
+you often see when you're
+
+thinking about catalysis.
+
+So this is chemical catalysis,
+but again, chemical catalysis,
+
+biological catalysis, really
+the same basic principles
+
+hold that we have
+some substrates A
+
+and B going to products
+and what's required.
+
+So I think all of
+this is intuitive,
+
+but if you have two
+things coming together,
+
+they have to come together
+in exactly the right way
+
+to be able to make a bond.
+
+They have to remove all the
+solvent from outside them.
+
+They have to come
+together with enough force
+
+to be able to get over the
+barrier, whatever it is,
+
+to break one bond and
+to form a new bond.
+
+So that's true of all
+reactions and everybody faces
+
+the same issues in terms
+of conversion of substrate
+
+into products.
+
+And the highest point
+along the reaction
+
+coordinate-- so
+this is what we call
+
+a reaction coordinate diagram.
+
+And this is energy.
+
+So the highest point along the
+reaction coordinate diagram
+
+is called the
+transition state-- TS.
+
+This is transition state theory.
+
+OK, TS theory.
+
+And this is where-- this is
+the point where we can ever
+
+isolate it because
+this is a point where
+
+all the chemistry is happening.
+
+The bonds are being
+made and broken.
+
+And the lifetime I just showed
+you on the previous slide
+
+is fast-- fentaseconds.
+
+So you can never isolate
+a transition state.
+
+Everything needs to be aligned.
+
+That doesn't come
+free of charge.
+
+You have to do a lot of
+work to get to the stage
+
+where you can get this
+chemistry to happen.
+
+That's what our
+catalysts are doing.
+
+And then bang, the reaction
+is over at that time.
+
+So this is another way of
+describing the transition
+
+state of the reaction.
+
+And in reality,
+this is the cartoon
+
+you see in most introductory
+textbooks that are describing
+
+rates of reaction.
+
+But the reaction coordinate is
+much, much more complicated.
+
+And that's true in
+enzymatic reactions as well.
+
+So it's true of
+chemical reactions,
+
+it's true enzymatic reactions.
+
+So you might have
+a plus b, and they
+
+might form two or
+three intermediates
+
+along the reaction
+pathway where you
+
+have many transitions-- you
+have many transition states
+
+along the reaction pathway.
+
+And each of these transitions
+states would be non-isolable.
+
+But what about these
+little valleys?
+
+These little valleys are
+where you might have a chance
+
+to see an intermediate during
+the conversion of a plus
+
+b into p plus q.
+
+So an intermediate--
+and if you're
+
+interested in studying
+catalysis and the chemistry
+
+of the reaction and
+you need to define
+
+what these intermediates
+are, they can be high
+
+or that could be
+lower in energy.
+
+They may be easy to isolate,
+not easy to isolate.
+
+But they have all
+covalent bonds intact.
+
+So in contrast to the
+transition state where
+
+the bonds are being
+made and broken,
+
+you can never isolate this.
+
+You have a chance to be able--
+if you're clever and creative,
+
+which people that
+study mechanisms are,
+
+you can actually look
+at the intermediates
+
+along the reaction coordinate.
+
+So that's a reaction
+coordinate diagram.
+
+We're going to
+come back to these
+
+because I think they really help
+us to conceptualize how enzymes
+
+can go about achieving these
+fantastic rate accelerations.
+
+So from transition
+state theory, one
+
+assumes the following--
+I'm not going
+
+to go through the
+details of this at all.
+
+But the key point that
+one needs to think about
+
+in transition state
+theory is that--
+
+and this was first put
+forth by Linus Pauling.
+
+Who's Linus Pauling?
+
+He's my hero.
+
+OK, Linus Pauling,
+he's the vitamin C guy.
+
+He lost it when he got
+old, but in the early days,
+
+he's the one that could take
+a polypeptide chain-- just
+
+a string of amino
+acids-- and he sat there
+
+and he played with it.
+
+And lo and behold,
+he says, we're
+
+going to have alpha
+helices in proteins.
+
+How amazing is that?
+
+You've heard me talk
+about him before.
+
+He was the one that I think
+conceptualized-- first
+
+conceptualized-- how an enzyme
+might catalyze a reaction.
+
+What do you want to do
+to catalyze a reaction?
+
+You want to lower this barrier.
+
+So how do you lower the barrier?
+
+You don't want the enzyme to
+bind the substrates tightly,
+
+and I'll come back
+to this in a minute.
+
+You want to bind the
+transition state tightly.
+
+So he put forth in the
+1940s that the way enzymes
+
+might be able to catalyze
+their reactions is
+
+by tightly binding--
+uniquely and tightly binding
+
+the transition state
+of the reaction.
+
+And I think that turns out
+to be a really good way
+
+to conceptualize most
+enzymatic reactions.
+
+Now, transition
+state theory tells
+
+us, which again is
+not so appealing to me
+
+but it works to describe
+most experimental data,
+
+that the ground state-- so this
+would be the ground state--
+
+is in equilibrium with
+the transition state.
+
+So you might ask
+yourself, how the heck
+
+can you ever be in
+equilibrium with something
+
+with such a short half life?
+
+That's a good question to ask.
+
+But in fact, this framework--
+transition state theory--
+
+allows us to able
+to explain almost
+
+all the experimental
+observations
+
+that we make as both
+chemists and biochemists.
+
+So this goes through and
+derives that equation, which
+
+I'm not going to do today.
+
+In the old days, I used
+to spend a lot of time
+
+deriving equations.
+
+Nowadays, I don't derive
+equations anymore.
+
+But the key equation that
+you need to think about
+
+is shown here.
+
+And the consequences of this
+equation are quite simple.
+
+It tells you that the rate
+constant for the reaction-- so
+
+from transition state
+theory, the rate
+
+constant for the reaction.
+
+And where is this rate constant?
+
+Where does this rate
+constant come from?
+
+A is going to some product p.
+
+You can measure
+it experimentally.
+
+So k observed is an
+experimentally measurable
+
+parameter is equal to a
+bunch of constants called
+
+the transmission coefficient.
+
+This should be a cappa.
+
+Boltzmann's
+constant, temperature
+
+in degrees Kelvin,
+Planck's constant times
+
+e to the minus delta
+g dagger over rg.
+
+So this is the equation.
+
+This is a constant.
+
+This is Planck's constant,
+Boltzmann's constant.
+
+This you can measure
+experimentally.
+
+Cappa is telling you basically--
+the transmission coefficient
+
+is telling you the frequency
+that this transition state
+
+breaks down to form
+products versus going back
+
+to starting materials and in
+general, is on the order of one
+
+in most reactions.
+
+And so the key thing to remember
+from this equation, which
+
+explains the data and helps
+us to think about catalysis,
+
+is that as you increase
+the rate of the reaction,
+
+it's inversely related to
+the activation barrier.
+
+So what you want to do,
+this equation tells you,
+
+is you lower this barrier.
+
+The rate of your reaction
+becomes faster and faster.
+
+So the whole goal is,
+then, to figure out
+
+how to lower the barrier.
+
+If you can lower the
+barrier, this theory
+
+predicts that the rate of
+your reaction will be faster.
+
+So that's what we
+want to be able to do.
+
+The rate constant
+is inversely related
+
+to the activation barrier.
+
+And so now let's look at an
+enzyme system specifically.
+
+So I'm going to draw the
+same kind of reaction
+
+coordinate that we've drawn over
+there for a chemical reaction.
+
+And I'm going to use
+a simple equation.
+
+E is the enzyme, s is
+the substrate forms
+
+an enzyme substrate complex.
+
+The substrate
+binds in the region
+
+that we call the
+active site over here.
+
+Somehow, the enzyme is able to
+convert itself into product.
+
+Now, most reactions are much
+more complicated than this.
+
+You have many substrates.
+
+You have many products.
+
+But it doesn't affect
+anything in terms
+
+of thinking about the problem.
+
+And then in the end,
+the product dissociates.
+
+So that's a simple reaction.
+
+You get something in there,
+a catalyst works on it,
+
+it gets converted to
+the desired product,
+
+and the product is released.
+
+So what I've told you
+now a couple of times
+
+is that enzymes have
+evolved to such an extent
+
+that often the physical
+steps and not the chemistry
+
+is rate limiting.
+
+So what are the physical steps?
+
+Here are the physical steps.
+
+Enzyme finding
+substrate and solution,
+
+that's a physical step.
+
+What is limited by?
+
+It's limited by
+diffusion control.
+
+How fast can they find
+each other in solution?
+
+That's the number 10
+to the 8 per molar
+
+per second that limits most
+enzyme-based reactions that I
+
+showed you several slides ago.
+
+What about this?
+
+We have product dissociation.
+
+What about product dissociation?
+
+That's a physical step too.
+
+You made the product
+sitting around,
+
+but in order for the
+enzyme to turn over, again,
+
+to free up the active
+site, the product
+
+has to come off so it can
+bind another substrate.
+
+And here is the chemistry.
+
+Ah, that's what I care about.
+
+But what happens, now, is
+that if these steps are
+
+rate limiting, then you
+can't see the chemistry.
+
+So it's really challenging,
+often really challenging,
+
+to study the chemistry
+of a reaction
+
+because the rate limiting
+steps have nothing
+
+to do with the chemistry.
+
+So let me just draw a diagram.
+
+So you can draw a reaction
+coordinate diagram.
+
+And so what you have is
+some enzyme plus substrate
+
+and it can form an
+enzyme substrate complex.
+
+You have a transition
+state of your reaction.
+
+The enzyme product
+complex can then
+
+dissociate to form
+enzyme plus product.
+
+So what you need to
+think about if you're
+
+thinking about how to
+accelerate the reaction is
+
+what is the bottleneck
+in the overall reaction?
+
+You don't want to
+start mucking around
+
+with something that
+doesn't control
+
+the rate of the reaction.
+
+So you need to know what
+the rate limiting step
+
+is in the reaction.
+
+And the rate limiting step
+is the highest barrier
+
+along the reaction coordinate.
+
+OK, now I've already told you
+that this is a simple case.
+
+We have one substrate getting
+converted into product.
+
+Most enzymatic reactions are
+going to have many barriers.
+
+And so in order to affect the
+overall rate of the reaction,
+
+you need to figure out
+what's rate limiting,
+
+and somehow the
+enzyme has figured out
+
+how to lower the barrier to make
+this reaction easier to occur.
+
+Remember, I just told you that
+the rate constant is inversely
+
+related to this
+activation barrier.
+
+So if we can lower
+this barrier somehow,
+
+what we're going to see, if
+we can lower this barrier,
+
+now we have a lower overall
+rate of the reaction.
+
+So this theory
+allows us to think
+
+about what we need to do to
+make these catalysts actually
+
+work with rate constants of
+10 to 6 to 10 to 15 times
+
+faster than
+non-catalyzed reactions.
+
+And I want to say one other
+thing before you move on.
+
+As with everything,
+I think it's good
+
+that we're in a field
+that's rapidly changing.
+
+Remember, I told you have
+to think about dynamics.
+
+We no longer think about
+a single reaction barrier.
+
+That's in most of
+the textbooks now.
+
+Really what we think about is
+we bring dynamics into this.
+
+I told you things
+outside the active site
+
+can modulate what's going
+on inside the active site.
+
+What we think about is
+a reaction landscape.
+
+And so one has many barriers
+that one has to get over.
+
+Almost all reactions
+involve multiple barriers.
+
+So you've got to figure out
+which one is rate limiting
+
+and lower that
+activation barrier.
+
+And enzymes, if you think
+about this, they're huge.
+
+Do they all fold
+exactly the same way?
+
+No.
+
+So we always think we
+have a homogeneous enzyme.
+
+No.
+
+If any of you work
+in UROPs, you'll
+
+find that out pretty fast.
+
+You use recombinant technology
+to fold things inside the cell.
+
+They don't all fold right.
+
+So you have all
+mixtures of things.
+
+And so you get a
+reaction landscape.
+
+And so this axis is
+bringing in the dynamics
+
+that I told you about
+earlier on that you
+
+need to think about-- the
+conformational changes that
+
+occur every step along
+the reaction pathway.
+
+The enzyme is moving
+at all kinds of steps,
+
+reorienting everything to get
+the chemistry exactly right.
+
+So what I want to do now
+is-- so that gives you
+
+a way to conceptualize
+rate accelerations.
+
+Now what I want
+to do is tell you
+
+what the major mechanisms are
+that the enzyme uses to enhance
+
+the rates of these reactions.
+
+How do we lower these
+energy barriers?
+
+So let me see.
+
+I need to start
+erasing somewhere.
+
+OK, so we're on the
+third bullet over here.
+
+Mechanisms of catalysis.
+
+And what we're going
+to be talking about
+
+is multiple mechanisms
+of catalysis.
+
+We're going to be talking
+about binding energy, which
+
+is the one people have most
+trouble thinking about.
+
+We're going to be talking about
+general acid, general base
+
+catalysis.
+
+And we're going to be talking
+about covalent catalysis.
+
+And we will see
+that over the course
+
+of the rest of
+the semester, when
+
+we start talking about
+metabolic pathways,
+
+all of these mechanisms
+are used in almost
+
+all enzyme catalyzed
+reactions to give us
+
+these tremendous
+rate accelerations.
+
+What I want to do-- that's
+the first time I did that.
+
+That wasn't too bad.
+
+OK, so what are the
+mechanisms of catalysis?
+
+How do we get 10 to the 6 to
+10 to the 15 accelerations?
+
+And so the first
+thing, and I think
+
+the one that really is unique
+to enzyme catalysts compared
+
+to small inorganic
+or organic molecules,
+
+is the use of binding
+energy in catalysis.
+
+So this is the one--
+and this is also
+
+the one that's thought to
+contribute the greatest
+
+amount to these factors
+of up to 10 to 15.
+
+So binding energy in catalysis,
+and what does that mean?
+
+What do we need to think about?
+
+So the enzyme binds
+to a substrate.
+
+If we take this simple
+case, we need it to bind.
+
+We need it to bind specifically.
+
+So that's a key
+part of the enzyme
+
+that we haven't gotten
+to yet-- specificity.
+
+But what if it bound its
+substrate really tightly?
+
+Do you think that would be good?
+
+No.
+
+So it's not good
+because what does it do?
+
+If it took all of the spinach
+changing off of your substrate
+
+and made hydrogen bonds and
+Van Der Waals interactions,
+
+all the weak
+non-covalent interactions
+
+we spent a half
+a lecture talking
+
+about four or five lectures
+ago, what would happen is you
+
+would have type binding.
+
+You would have lower energy.
+
+But what does that then do
+to the activation barrier?
+
+It increases the
+activation barrier.
+
+So the binding energy is the
+free energy released when
+
+enzyme combines with substrate.
+
+But the key is that
+this bind energy is not
+
+used to bind completely.
+
+It's used for catalysis.
+
+So this energy is used
+both to bind substrate
+
+and-- and this is the key
+thing-- for catalysis.
+
+So what do we want to be able
+to do and how does it do this?
+
+So if we look at this, if
+we look at our reaction
+
+coordinate diagram over here,
+we don't want to bind substrate
+
+tightly because this is the
+biggest barrier-- the rate
+
+limiting step along
+the reaction pathway.
+
+What we want to do is
+lower this barrier.
+
+So how can we lower the barrier?
+
+We can lower the barrier by
+stabilizing the transition
+
+state.
+
+That now makes this
+barrier-- probably
+
+can't read anything now, but
+that makes this barrier lower.
+
+How's another way you
+could lower the barrier?
+
+You could lower the barrier
+by straining the substrate
+
+to look more like
+the transition state.
+
+So you could strain the
+substrate in this form,
+
+and now, again, you would
+have a lower barrier compared
+
+to that barrier.
+
+So you're going to use this
+binding energy to stabilize
+
+a transition state.
+
+So we want to use binding energy
+to stabilize the transition
+
+state to de-stabilize-- any
+of these or all of these
+
+could be true-- de-stabilize
+the ground state-- G-S.
+
+Or what else do you need
+to do to get a reaction
+
+to work if you have one or
+two substrates or even one
+
+substrate?
+
+Your molecules in
+solution are all solvated.
+
+What you need to be able to
+do is get rid of the solvent.
+
+If you have two substrates, you
+have to bring them together.
+
+You have to bring them together
+at the right orientation.
+
+That doesn't come
+free of charge.
+
+You have to get the
+energy from somewhere,
+
+and the energy is proposed to
+come from this binding energy.
+
+So the binding
+energy is not used
+
+to completely bind
+the substrate,
+
+but to do all of these
+things to get your substrates
+
+ready to form product.
+
+So you can dissolvate and
+bring reactants together.
+
+And you can freeze out
+rotational, translational
+
+entropy.
+
+So you're getting everything
+ready for the reaction
+
+to happen.
+
+So in this case, then, let me
+just erase this and make this
+
+so that this is clearer.
+
+What you could have, now, is
+you can-- so in the beginning,
+
+this is the barrier.
+
+If you stabilize the transition
+state, this becomes a barrier.
+
+If you de-stabilize
+the ground state,
+
+then this becomes the barrier.
+
+So what we're trying to
+do is lower this barrier
+
+to get the reaction to work.
+
+And so the major
+way that we do this
+
+is by using the interactions
+between the enzymes
+
+of the weak non-covalent
+interactions between the enzyme
+
+and substrate to help
+us do these things
+
+to enhance catalysis.
+
+So that's one of the major
+mechanisms of catalysis.
+
+A second-- and this
+type of catalysis
+
+is unique to proteins.
+
+So the two types of
+catalysis are used widely
+
+in organic or
+inorganic chemistry
+
+when you're designing
+your catalyst.
+
+I mean, when you're designing
+a catalyst substrate binding,
+
+a small molecule, a big product
+release is still an issue.
+
+If you go and read the
+organometallic literature,
+
+people have trouble with
+product release all the time.
+
+So the issues in catalysis
+are exactly the same
+
+in biochemistry as they are
+in organic and inorganic.
+
+But now we have to deal
+with this big protein, which
+
+has these unique
+properties, one of which
+
+is that the whole protein is
+playing a key role in catalysis
+
+and allowing everything to
+align within tenths of angstroms
+
+to make these reactions work
+really efficiently, which
+
+chemists can't do yet.
+
+And I don't think we'll
+ever be able to design it,
+
+but we can evolve catalysts
+to become better and better
+
+so that they can
+do the same thing.
+
+That's the beauty of proteins
+is you can evolve them to become
+
+better and better catalysts.
+
+So the second mechanism--
+so the first mechanism
+
+is binding energy.
+
+The second mechanism-- I can't
+remember whether they're using
+
+I's or 2's.
+
+The second mechanism is general
+acid, general base catalysis.
+
+Now, as a chemist,
+what do you learn
+
+about catalyzing reactions?
+
+Well, one way you could do
+it is with a big fat proton.
+
+Protons are pretty good at
+helping you catalyze reactions
+
+if you go back and think
+about chemical transformations
+
+or hydroxide ions.
+
+What are the concentration
+of protons and hydroxide ions
+
+in aqueous solution of pH 7?
+
+10 to the minus 7 molar.
+
+So you don't have much
+protons and hydroxide
+
+ions in the active site.
+
+So even though these
+are very good catalysts
+
+that organic chemists
+and inorganic chemists
+
+use all the time, they're
+using them in organic solvents,
+
+you can argue the active
+site of the enzyme
+
+is more like an organic solvent.
+
+But anyhow, this type of
+catalysis is called specific.
+
+So when you see specific
+acid or based catalysis--
+
+where does the general acid
+and base catalysis come from?
+
+It comes from the side
+chain of your amino acids.
+
+So remember, the second
+or third lecture I said,
+
+oh, here are all
+the amino acids.
+
+Here are all the side chains.
+
+You really shouldn't know
+all of your amino acids.
+
+It's a basic vocabulary
+of all of biochemistry,
+
+and the pKas of all
+the side chains.
+
+Why?
+
+That's why.
+
+Because you can't understand
+anything about catalysis
+
+without knowing what these
+side chains of the enzymes
+
+are actually doing.
+
+So the general acid
+and base catalysis
+
+come from the side chains
+of your amino acids.
+
+So what side chains do you have?
+
+You can have carboxylates.
+
+Anybody know what the
+pKa of a carboxylate is?
+
+Hey, Boggin, what is it?
+
+STUDENT: Four to five.
+
+JOANNE STUBBE:
+Good, four to five.
+
+See, he remembers.
+
+You could have imidazole.
+
+This has a pKa at neutral pH.
+
+Anyhow, you need
+to go back and look
+
+at what the groups are that
+can be involved in catalysis.
+
+And chemists, for
+decades, have studied
+
+how you can use general
+acid and base catalysis
+
+to give you rate enhancements.
+
+Now, what I haven't told you is
+the amount of rate enhancement
+
+And so people over the
+years have measured
+
+that with binding energy, you
+can get factors of 10 to the 8.
+
+If you look at general acid
+base catalysis from all
+
+the organic and
+inorganic reactions
+
+people have studied for decades,
+you get factors of 100 to 1,000
+
+fold.
+
+Now, we need to get to a factor
+of 10 to the 15 in some cases.
+
+We've already gotten to
+the factor of 10 to 6.
+
+So obviously,
+you're going to have
+
+to use multiple combinations
+of these mechanisms
+
+to give you these tremendous
+rate accelerations.
+
+So you will see over the course
+of the rest of the semester
+
+many active sites of enzymes
+with many amino acid side
+
+chains that are playing roles
+in general acid and base
+
+catalysis.
+
+And the last type of catalysis
+is covalent catalysis.
+
+And again, covalent catalysis
+means that you form--
+
+and where have you already
+seen covalent catalysis?
+
+You've already seen this
+when we talked about, how
+
+do you study the structure
+of the primary structure
+
+of a protein?
+
+We use proteases with
+tripsin or kimotripsan
+
+that can break down the big
+protein into small pieces.
+
+We went through the
+mechanism of that reaction.
+
+In the active site
+of that enzyme,
+
+there is a serine that
+forms a covalent bond.
+
+So over the course
+of the semester,
+
+you're going to
+see many examples.
+
+And I'll just put in
+parentheses for those of you
+
+who don't remember, go back
+and look at serine proteases.
+
+This is a classic example
+that's in every textbook.
+
+And how do we know how
+much rate acceleration
+
+you get from covalent
+catalysis versus not having
+
+covalent catalysis.
+
+We know this, again, because
+of organic chemists studying
+
+the detailed chemical
+mechanisms of these reactions,
+
+and we find out
+that in this case,
+
+we get rate accelerations
+of 100 to 1,000 fold.
+
+So what you see is the enzymes.
+
+And these are the three
+general mechanisms
+
+by which all enzymes
+catalyze their reactions
+
+in some variation.
+
+Now, attributing out of
+this 10 to 15, 10 to the 8
+
+is associated with
+this, and 10 squared
+
+is associated with that
+is extremely challenging.
+
+And there are a lot
+of people still trying
+
+to dissect reaction
+mechanisms in detail.
+
+And I would argue
+that understanding
+
+how these different methods
+work and synergize to give you
+
+these accelerations is a
+key to eventually designing
+
+new catalysts that
+can do what you
+
+want them to do that's
+distinct from biological
+
+transformations.
+
+And I think I'm probably over.
+
+I just want to say
+one more thing.
+
+I just want to
+give you a feeling
+
+for what you have to do.
+
+If you're thinking about this
+reaction coordinate, what
+
+you need to do is think
+about how would you
+
+stabilize the transition state
+relative to the ground state?
+
+So what we're talking
+about is stabilization
+
+that's unique to the transition
+state and not the ground state.
+
+If you stabilized them
+both, what would happen?
+
+If you stabilized them both--
+if you stabilize this guy
+
+and you stabilize
+this guy, the barrier
+
+would be exactly the same.
+
+So what you need is some
+way to uniquely stabilize
+
+the transition state
+over the ground state.
+
+So the question is,
+how much do you think?
+
+How much rate
+acceleration do you
+
+think you can get
+from a hydrogen bond?
+
+Does anybody have any idea?
+
+One hydrogen bond.
+
+So here, you have a protein
+with 1,500 hydrogen bonds.
+
+But if you can get one
+hydrogen bond that's
+
+here in the transition
+state of the reaction,
+
+that's not over here, how
+much rate acceleration
+
+do you think you can get?
+
+Anybody got any idea?
+
+You can get almost 1,000 fold.
+
+I mean, and you can do a
+very simple calculation.
+
+I can't remember whether I have
+this on the-- OK, so that's it.
+
+So we can do a very
+simple calculation,
+
+and I'll use this to
+show you the calculation.
+
+Here, we have our rate.
+
+This should be Delta G. The
+dagger should be up in the air.
+
+So this is the
+enzymatic reaction.
+
+This is the
+[INAUDIBLE] equation.
+
+One has the same equation
+for non-enzymatic reactions.
+
+So here's a
+non-enzymatic reaction.
+
+In general, the
+non-enzymatic reaction
+
+can happen by some mechanism.
+
+To the enzymatic reaction
+is just much, much slower.
+
+So if we assume, for example,
+that the rate difference
+
+between enzymatic and a
+non-enzymatic reaction
+
+is a factor of 10,
+how much do you
+
+get assuming that
+all of these terms
+
+are the same in the enzymatic
+and the non-enzymatic reaction?
+
+You can calculate a
+Delta Delta G dagger
+
+of 1.38 kilocalories per mole.
+
+For those of you
+who are modern, this
+
+is 5.8 kilojoules per mole.
+
+Sorry, I'm really
+old, so I still
+
+think in kilocalories per mole.
+
+But a hydrogen bond, one
+hydrogen bond is worth 2 to 7--
+
+compared to no hydrogen
+bond, is worth 2
+
+to 7 kilocalories per mole.
+
+So a factor of 10 is 1.4
+kilocalories per mole.
+
+So that shows you, then,
+that if you had 2 to 7
+
+with one hydrogen
+bond, it can give you
+
+these factors of 1,000.
+
+So I think that's an
+observation that's
+
+something you need to keep
+in the back of your mind.
+
+Because you think about
+it over and over again.
+
+It really doesn't take
+much to align everything
+
+in exactly the right way.
+
+And when I say hydrogen bond,
+these hydrogen bond strengths
+
+are really dependent on
+how everything is aligned.
+
+If they're exactly aligned, then
+you get much stronger bonds.
+
+They can even approach--
+in the gas phase,
+
+they could approach 30
+kilocalories per mole.
+
+So having everything
+aligned, that's
+
+the job of this
+whole big protein,
+
+to actually give you catalysis.
+
+And I think I'm at the
+end of my lecture now.
+
+I won't have time to talk
+about-- I went over already
+
+about the question
+of specificity.
+
+But let me just say, I
+think enzymes are really
+
+quite amazing.
+
+There's nothing like them.
+
+Faster than a speeding bullet.
+
+They can catalyze the rates
+a million to 10 to the 12, 10
+
+to the 15-fold.
+
+And they use really
+the simple concepts
+
+that chemists have
+developed over the years.
+
+But the key to the enzyme
+is this big huge molecule,
+
+and the dynamics within this
+molecule that gets everything
+
+to align exactly right to be
+able to lower these barriers so
+
+that you can convert your
+substrate into your product.
+
+OK guys, see you next time.
+
+The end.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zkR2TT7x8uQ.txt b/zkR2TT7x8uQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24fbac2cf9d3d859e7242e723b57e3a1ee0b20a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zkR2TT7x8uQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3073 @@
+NARRATOR: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Today, I want to
+spend a fair amount of time,
+
+to start out with, talking about
+this business of, how do
+
+you go from pass band to a
+baseband in a wireless system
+
+and some of these questions
+about time reference and all
+
+of these things.
+
+When we were dealing with
+ordinary channels that didn't
+
+have fading in them and didn't
+have motion or anything like
+
+that, it was a fairly
+straightforward thing to think
+
+of a transmitter having its
+time reference and the
+
+receiver locking in on its time
+reference, which had a
+
+certain amount of delay
+from what the
+
+transmitter was doing.
+
+As soon as you start having
+multiple paths, each with
+
+different delays in them, this
+starts to get confusing.
+
+If you try to write
+it down carefully,
+
+it gets doubly confusing.
+
+If these path lanes are changing
+dynamically, it gets
+
+even more confusing.
+
+So I wanted to spend a little
+bit of time at the beginning
+
+of the hour trying
+to sort that out.
+
+It's not sorted out that
+well in the notes.
+
+As you'll see, it doesn't get
+sorted out too well here
+
+either because the problem is,
+whenever you write everything
+
+down, it becomes a nightmare.
+
+So this is just another effort
+at trying to do this.
+
+Let's start out by just looking
+at a single path.
+
+This single path, we're going to
+assume, has a time varying
+
+attenuation, which we'll call
+beta of t and a time varying
+
+delay, which we'll
+call tau of t.
+
+Namely, this is the same thing
+that we did before.
+
+We started out with a fixed
+
+transmitter and a fixed receiver.
+
+Now, since we're allowing both
+the attenuation and the delay
+
+to vary, but only
+having one path.
+
+What we're essentially thinking
+is, that is the
+
+receiver, which is in a vehicle
+for example, which is
+
+moving away from or towards
+the transmitter.
+
+So these are the, or in a sense
+an easy way of keeping
+
+track of that physical
+situation.
+
+So the response at passband to
+a real waveform, x of t, it's
+
+going to be just beta sub t
+times x of t minus tau of t.
+
+In other words, here's
+the delay here.
+
+Here's the attenuation
+here and we just
+
+have a single path.
+
+Now if you start out with a
+baseband waveform, if you
+
+start out with a complex
+baseband waveform, say u of t,
+
+you're going to shift this up
+first to a positive frequency
+
+band, which we'll call u sub p
+of t, which is u of t e to the
+
+2 pi ifct and you're going to
+transmit it as x of t, which
+
+is equal to two times
+a real part of that.
+
+Half the time we've been dealing
+with going through
+
+this modulation from baseband
+to passband in terms of
+
+cosines and sines.
+
+Half the time we've been doing
+it in terms of complex
+
+exponentials.
+
+One of the problems that appears
+as soon as you get
+
+into wireless is that if you
+really like to do things in
+
+terms of cosines and sines, you
+really run into a lot of
+
+trouble here because with phases
+varying all over the
+
+place, it just becomes very,
+very difficult to track what's
+
+going on with all of the cosine
+terms and all of the
+
+sine terms.
+
+So what we sort of have to wind
+up with here is this, in
+
+a sense, simpler but more
+abstract viewpoint where we
+
+think of modulation as being a
+two step process, where we
+
+first take the take the low pass
+waveform, move it up in
+
+frequency and then we add on the
+negative frequency part as
+
+an afterthought and then at the
+receiver, what we're going
+
+to do is have a Hilbert filter,
+which you would never
+
+build, of course.
+
+You would always build it in
+terms of cosines and sines,
+
+but conceptually have a Hilbert
+filter which blocks
+
+off that negative frequency part
+and then you just shift
+
+things down in frequency
+again.
+
+So that's the way we're thinking
+about this here, so
+
+we're going to have u of
+t shifted up and then
+
+transmitted as 2 times the
+real part of up of t and
+
+therefore, it's going
+to get received --
+
+the received waveform
+at the passband.
+
+We're still using the timing
+at the transmitter.
+
+That's the purpose of going
+through all this analysis, to
+
+look at what's going on at
+transmit time and what's going
+
+on at receive time.
+
+So in terms of transmit time,
+this received waveform at
+
+passband is just the attenuation
+term times x of t
+
+minus tau of t, which is two
+times the real part of theta
+
+of t times this positive
+frequency part.
+
+Now when you write it out in all
+of its glory, it's 2 times
+
+the real part of the attenuation
+times the input
+
+you started with, but now this
+has been delayed by tau of t
+
+and e to the 2 pi ifct, but this
+was the carrier that was
+
+put on at the transmitter,
+physically at the transmitter
+
+and now we're at the receiver,
+so that carrier has gotten
+
+delayed by a factor
+of tau sub t.
+
+The question is, how do
+you demodulate this?
+
+How do you come down again from
+transmitter to receiver?
+
+What we've thought all along and
+what makes a lot of sense
+
+until you start putting these
+delays in, which are really a
+
+pain in the neck, is that what
+we're going to do is just
+
+multiply this positive frequency
+waveform by e to the
+
+minus 2 pi i f sub ct, but
+that's not what we're going to
+
+do because the receiver sitting
+there and the receiver
+
+has to recover timing
+and it has to
+
+recover carrier frequency.
+
+So what's it going to do?
+
+It's going to figure out what
+the timing is and the timing
+
+that it wants is at time 0, it
+wants to be seeing what the
+
+transmitter transmitted
+at transmit time 0.
+
+In other words, if you look at
+what the transmitter was doing
+
+at time 0, it was sending, say,
+the first bit that was
+
+going to be sent.
+
+In receiving this, we want to
+have our timing so we're
+
+looking at that first
+bit sent.
+
+So our timing is going to be
+shifted from what it was then.
+
+So we're going to take
+this new timing.
+
+The receiver clock time is now
+going to be t prime, which is
+
+t minus this delay term.
+
+If you get confused between
+the minuses and the pluses
+
+here, don't worry about it.
+
+I get confused about them too
+and the only way I can
+
+straighten them out as to put
+down one or the other and then
+
+spend ten minutes looking at
+it and try to figure out --
+
+after I write it down --
+
+whether it should really be a
+plus or a minus and I think
+
+these sines are right, but I'm
+not going to try to argue why
+
+in realtime.
+
+But anyway, this received
+waveform now, as a function of
+
+received time, is going to be
+the received waveform and in
+
+terms of transmit time --
+
+and in place of t now, I'm going
+to have t prime so that
+
+since you t prime is equal to t
+minus tau of t, this is why
+
+it's t prime plus tau of t.
+
+In other words, what I'm looking
+at now, at time 0 at
+
+the receiver is what was
+being transmitted a
+
+little while ago.
+
+So that's this term and that's
+going to be the real part of
+
+this, where I've taken account
+of all of these shift terms.
+
+Now if you look at this
+carefully, you see that u of t
+
+minus t of t is turned
+into tau of t prime.
+
+This term has turned into 2 pi
+ifct prime, so everything is
+
+fine there.
+
+What I should have done with
+this term is to compensate for
+
+the fact that I'm now looking at
+it in a different time and
+
+at this point, what I'm going to
+do is to say, this quantity
+
+is changing so slowly
+with time that I
+
+don't care about that.
+
+If you really try to adjust this
+to make it right, it's a
+
+terrible mess.
+
+So we're just not going
+to worry about it.
+
+So what we receive then is
+approximately equal to this
+
+where the approximation is due
+to the fact that I'm not
+
+evaluating this attentuation
+term at exactly the right
+
+time, because it's a pain
+in the neck to do so.
+
+All of this stuff with wireless,
+you simply have to
+
+make approximations all
+over the place.
+
+You have to make crazy modeling
+assumptions all over
+
+the place, because the
+physical medium is so
+
+complicated that you can't do
+much else and the whole
+
+question is trying to make the
+right approximations and get
+
+some sense of which thing's very
+fast and which thing's
+
+very slowly.
+
+So that's the equation
+that we had.
+
+What we receive now at passband,
+but at the received
+
+time scale is this
+quantity here.
+
+So what's the receiver
+going to do?
+
+The receiver, at its time is
+going to demodulate by
+
+multiplying by e to the
+minus 2 pi ifct prime.
+
+First, we're going to take away
+this 2 times the real
+
+sine by going through the
+Hilbert filter, which just
+
+removes this.
+
+At that point, we have a complex
+positive frequency
+
+waveform and then we're going
+to multiply that positive
+
+frequency waveform by e to the
+minus 2 pi ifct prime, where t
+
+prime is the only thing the
+receiver knows anything about.
+
+So after you shift the baseband
+with a recovered
+
+carrier in receiver time, what
+you get in receiver time is v
+
+of t prime as equal to beta
+of t prime; namely, the
+
+attenuation at t prime -- or
+this is the approximate part
+
+of it -- times what
+was actually set.
+
+So now, think of this as saying,
+suppose this delay
+
+term is actually changing
+with time.
+
+Namely, it's some tau 0 minus a
+velocity term, vt divided by
+
+the velocity of light.
+
+In other words, the time delay
+that you incur, where the
+
+change in the time delay that
+you incur, is due to the time
+
+that it takes light to travel
+from where the receiver was to
+
+where the receiver is now.
+
+We can also write that as tau
+0 minus the Doppler shift
+
+times the time divided by
+the carrier frequency.
+
+Now here's another
+approximation, because what
+
+we're sending --
+
+I mean, this quantity
+here is exact.
+
+When you try to convert from
+the velocity, which you're
+
+going to, for what it does in
+frequency, which is the
+
+Doppler shift, it's a function
+of the frequency.
+
+Here what we're assuming is that
+all the frequencies we're
+
+dealing with are so close to the
+carrier frequency that we
+
+can just ignore everything
+else.
+
+So we're just writing this as
+the Doppler shift divided by
+
+this carrier frequency.
+
+Now if you view the passband
+waveform, going into a
+
+baseband of modulation and you
+think of doing this in
+
+transmit time, what are
+you going to do?
+
+In terms of transmit time,
+you've got to get rid of not
+
+this term, but this
+thing here.
+
+So in terms of transmit time,
+you're going to be multiplying
+
+by e to the minus 2 pi i times
+carrier frequency minus the
+
+Doppler shift.
+
+So the thing that's happening
+is that time at the
+
+transmitter gets spread out a
+little bit at the receiver.
+
+In other words, as this
+receiving antenna is moving
+
+away from the transmitter, a
+period of time like this at
+
+the transmitter is a period of
+time like this at the receiver
+
+and therefore, a certain number
+of cycles of carrier at
+
+the transmitter looks like a
+different number of cycles of
+
+carrier at the receiver.
+
+Therefore, if you're dealing
+with transmit time, you're
+
+taking account of this
+Doppler shift.
+
+You're multiplying not by the
+carrier frequency, but by the
+
+carrier frequency minus
+the Doppler shift.
+
+If you do it in receiver time,
+you're just multiplying by the
+
+by this carrier frequency,
+because the trouble is, your
+
+clock is running
+a little slow.
+
+Because your clock is running
+a little slow, you think
+
+you're demodulating at the
+actual carrier frequency,
+
+whereas in terms of what the
+transmitter thinks, you're
+
+doing something else.
+
+If you all got confused when you
+studied relativity, this
+
+is exactly the same problem you
+got confused about there.
+
+There's nothing very mysterious
+about it or hard
+
+about it, except that to most
+of us, time is a very
+
+fundamental quantity
+and you don't like
+
+to monkey with that.
+
+If you can't count on time being
+what it's supposed to
+
+be, you're really
+in deep trouble.
+
+When you try to write equations
+that do that, it
+
+makes things very,
+very tough also.
+
+So anyway, the result after we
+look at this in both ways, is
+
+that you get the same answer
+each way, but the receiver
+
+sees the carrier frequency and
+sees this carrier frequency in
+
+transmitter time and
+it sees this
+
+frequency in received time.
+
+Of course, the receiver only
+sees received time because the
+
+receiver sitting there trying
+to measure from the waveform
+
+coming in what that carrier
+frequency is and what that
+
+time base is.
+
+So now it gets to be fun.
+
+We look at multiple paths.
+
+When you look at it in transmit
+time, what gets
+
+received at the receiver,
+according to the
+
+transmit clock --
+
+so here we are at the
+transmitter and we're peering
+
+at what's going on at this
+distant receiver and you now
+
+have the thing that we've talked
+about in the notes
+
+where you have all these
+different paths.
+
+Each path is associated with a
+certain attenuation and each
+
+path is associated with
+a time delay.
+
+This can be written in terms of
+what has gotten modulated
+
+up from baseband as 2 times the
+real part of this sum --
+
+of beta j of t times the
+positive frequency part of
+
+what got transmitted and then
+it now has this delay in it.
+
+This can be rewritten in the
+same way that we did before,
+
+but now we just have all of
+these paths in there instead
+
+of one path.
+
+If you look at this expression
+then, we have all of these
+
+propogation delay terms.
+
+We have this baseband input,
+which has been delayed in
+
+different ways for each path
+and you have have this
+
+exponential, which has
+been delayed also.
+
+So at this point, the receiver
+is in a real pickle because if
+
+the receiver is smart enough
+to see -- yes?
+
+AUDIENCE:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The receiver
+doesn't know anything.
+
+It's like you're driving in your
+car, you're talking on
+
+your cell phone and
+your cell phone --
+
+I mean, the only way your cell
+phone knows that you're moving
+
+is that the cell phone is
+getting some waveform coming
+
+in and it has to tell from that
+waveform what's going on.
+
+So it's going to do things like
+the carrier tracking that
+
+we were talking about before and
+it's not going to have too
+
+much trouble because all of
+these changes are taking place
+
+relatively slowly, relative
+to this very high --
+
+either one gigabits or two
+gigabits or four gigabits, or
+
+what have you, carrier
+frequency.
+
+So all these changes look like
+almost nothing, but at the
+
+same time, they're fairly
+important because they keep
+
+changing faces.
+
+But anyway, in terms of the
+transmitter clock, this is
+
+what you actually receive.
+
+So at this point, what the
+receiver has to do is it has
+
+to retrieve clock time and the
+clock time that it retrieves
+
+is going to be --
+
+receiver clock time is --
+
+is t minus tau 0 sub t --
+
+so it's t prime equals
+t minus tau 0 sub t.
+
+That's the same thing it was
+before, except that this tau
+
+zero of t here doesn't
+really amount to
+
+anything physical anymore.
+
+It's just whatever the circuitry
+that we have trying
+
+to recover carrier and trying
+to recover timing --
+
+it's just whatever that happens
+to come up with, so
+
+with this best sense of the
+timing it should use if it's
+
+going to try to detect
+what the signal is.
+
+So it's some arbitrary
+value and again, this
+
+is varying in time.
+
+So again what we have is now
+this expression becomes really
+
+messy, because instead of
+having a receiver time
+
+variation, which cancels out
+what the actual variation in
+
+path length is, you really
+have two terms that are
+
+different and you have the same
+thing in terms of this
+
+phase, which is changing
+and this is the
+
+more important term.
+
+But anyway, you have that.
+
+You can then demodulate.
+
+What do you do when
+you demodulate?
+
+You take this thing in receiver
+time and you multiply
+
+by e to the 2 pi i, e to
+the minus 2 pi i --
+
+this carrier frequency, what
+you think it is, times this
+
+time reference, what you
+think that is --
+
+So that term has disappeared and
+what we then wind up with
+
+is the carrier frequency times
+these two terms here.
+
+That's to the left there.
+
+These two terms turn out to have
+both Doppler shift terms
+
+in them and also time
+spread terms.
+
+So when we write that out in
+terms of Doppler shift, what
+
+we wind up with is the input,
+which is then delayed by some
+
+arbitrary amount of time,
+where this is our best
+
+estimate of the right time to
+use and this is the actual
+
+time on that path.
+
+The thing that's happening here,
+which you don't see in
+
+the notes unfortunately, in
+the notes, it pretty much
+
+looks at things as far as
+transmit time is concerned.
+
+Therefore, what you see is
+expressions for impulse
+
+response where the impulse
+response is at some time much
+
+later than time 0.
+
+You have a --
+
+I mean, you put in an impulse
+of time 0, what you see is
+
+stuff dribbling out over some
+very tiny interval, but a good
+
+deal later than what
+got put in.
+
+What we want to do now is to
+shift that so that in fact,
+
+when we look at filtering and
+things like that, we have a
+
+filter which starts a little bit
+before 0 and ends a little
+
+bit after 0 and that's the
+whole purpose of this.
+
+If you don't think my purposes
+just to confuse you, it really
+
+isn't, although I realize this
+is very confusing, but you
+
+sort of have to go through with
+it to see why these time
+
+shifts appear in the places
+where they do.
+
+But anyway, up here in the
+phase, you wind up with the
+
+Doppler shift terms and down
+here, when you're worrying
+
+about the input waveform, you're
+worrying about these
+
+time shift terms.
+
+We'll see we'll see how they
+come in a little later.
+
+To make the expression a little
+bit easier, let me look
+
+at tau j prime of t as tau j
+minus tau 0 and let me look at
+
+the Doppler differential as
+the Doppler that actually
+
+occurs on path j minus what
+the receiver thinks the
+
+Doppler is.
+
+This is this receiver term that
+we've demodulated by and
+
+therefore, we've really gotten
+rid of this term.
+
+Then when we rewrite this
+received baseband waveform --
+
+and I've now gotten rid of the
+t primes because everything
+
+we've done up until now, we've
+just automatically assumed
+
+that the receiver timing and the
+transmit timing, we didn't
+
+have to be careful about it and
+it wasn't until we got to
+
+wireless that we do have
+to be careful about it.
+
+So now we're throwing it out
+again and what we have is
+
+these attenuations, which
+are very slowly varied.
+
+These terms, which are now
+delayed by this difference
+
+between the actual delay and
+what the receiver is assuming
+
+that the light ought to be.
+
+So these are really just
+differential delays relative
+
+to each other.
+
+These are Doppler shifts
+relative to each other.
+
+So that's the whole receive
+baseband waveform then.
+
+If you look at this, it's not
+apparent where the carrier
+
+frequency is coming in and the
+carrier frequency is coming in
+
+because these Doppler shifts
+have the carrier
+
+frequency in them.
+
+Namely, the Doppler shift is the
+velocity times the carrier
+
+frequency divided by
+the speed of light.
+
+One of the things you have to
+be very careful with in the
+
+wireless business, is that
+everybody thinks it's a neat
+
+idea to be able to be able to
+go up to higher and higher
+
+frequencies.
+
+When you go from one gigahertz
+up to four gigahertz, one of
+
+the things that you have to
+deal with is that every
+
+Doppler shift you're dealing
+with is now four times higher
+
+than it was before.
+
+So there's one big disadvantage
+in operating at
+
+extremely high frequencies.
+
+It's not necessarily a bad
+thing, but it's there and if
+
+you have a bunch of different
+paths which are all acting in
+
+different ways, you
+suddenly wind up
+
+with some real problems.
+
+The received baseband waveform
+on path j is going to change
+
+completely over an interval --
+
+1 over 4 times the
+magnitude of this
+
+differential Doppler shift.
+
+The Doppler shift might be
+positive or negative, but if
+
+you look at this expression up
+here, that's the amount of
+
+time that it takes for
+this quantity to
+
+change by pi over 2.
+
+When this changes by pi over 2,
+this exponential goes from
+
+its maximum one down to zero or
+it goes from zero to minus
+
+one or it goes from minus one
+to zero or from zero up to
+
+plus one, and that's a
+pretty major change.
+
+So the interval which is
+required to do that is 1 over
+
+4 times that Doppler shift.
+
+The Doppler spread now is
+defined as the difference
+
+between the maximum Doppler
+shift and the
+
+minimum Doppler shift.
+
+If we choose this Doppler shift
+D sub 0 that we had,
+
+because of what the receiver
+was doing, seeing all these
+
+different Doppler shifts and
+trying to come up with
+
+something in the middle, that's
+pretty close to what
+
+the receiver thinks it should
+be using as far as receive
+
+time is concerned.
+
+So it's the maximum plus the
+minimum divided by 2 and then
+
+each of these differential
+Doppler shifts is going to be
+
+somewhere between that overall
+Doppler spread minus Doppler
+
+spread over 2 and plus Doppler
+spread over 2.
+
+It goes from --
+
+minus D over 2 up to plus D over
+2 and this difference in
+
+here, is strangely enough, D.
+So what we've done is by
+
+adjusting our received
+timing --
+
+and slowing it down or speeding
+it up if necessary,
+
+is we wind up with Doppler
+shifts that are sort of spread
+
+around from negative Doppler
+shifts to plus Doppler shifts.
+
+What that means is, if you look
+at this expression, it
+
+takes a period of
+time, about --
+
+here we had 1 over 4 times the
+differential Doppler, which is
+
+now 1 over 2 times this overall
+Doppler spread.
+
+So what that says is, there's
+a coherence time on the
+
+channel of about 1 over 2 times
+the Doppler spread.
+
+That's important because that
+says the channel is going to
+
+look like the same thing for a
+period of time, which is about
+
+1 over 2 times this Doppler
+spread term.
+
+I think this will be
+D instead of D 0.
+
+So you find out what the Doppler
+spread is and the
+
+reason you want to find out what
+the Doppler spread is is
+
+that that tells you how long
+the channel remains stable.
+
+Why do you want to
+know how long the
+
+channel remains stable?
+
+If you're going to do detection
+or anything like
+
+that, if you're going to filter
+the received waveform
+
+to try to find out what the
+input waveform is, you would
+
+like to know what the
+channel is doing.
+
+You'd like to be able to
+measure the channel.
+
+If you're going to measure the
+channel, you really want to
+
+know how long it stays the
+same before you have to
+
+measure it again.
+
+If you look at all these
+cellular systems and you look
+
+at every other wireless system
+in the world, all of them do
+
+one of one of two things:
+either periodically they
+
+measure what the channel is so
+they can use it and the other
+
+thing they do is every once in
+awhile, they send a pilot tone
+
+and they use the pilot tone to
+try to figure out what kind of
+
+channel they have.
+
+This is the thing which tells
+you how often you have to send
+
+that pilots tone.
+
+If you know about estimation
+theory, it's also the thing
+
+that tells you whether you
+have any chance or not of
+
+estimating what the channel
+is, because it takes you a
+
+certain amount of time in the
+presence of noise to estimate
+
+something and if that something
+you're trying to
+
+estimate it's changing faster
+than you can estimate it, then
+
+you don't have a prayer
+of a chance.
+
+So yes, this is important.
+
+This is the prime coherence.
+
+It's one of the main parameters
+of a wireless
+
+channel you want
+to understand.
+
+It tells you how long the
+channel will remain
+
+essentially the same before
+it changes and
+
+becomes something different.
+
+Both of these quantities
+are very approximate.
+
+If anyone wants to tell you that
+it's twice what I say it
+
+is here, I certainly wouldn't
+quarrel with them.
+
+I mean, it's like talking
+about the bandwidth of a
+
+waveform them that you send.
+
+I mean, you look at the spectrum
+of what you send and
+
+it's going to be something
+which sort of tails off.
+
+If you want to call it the
+maximum out there where it's
+
+going to zero or the minimum,
+where it starts to go to zero
+
+or what have you, it doesn't
+make much difference.
+
+Here, it's a worse situation
+because you
+
+don't shape this waveform.
+
+It's just given to you and you
+find something which is going
+
+to be tailing off slowly.
+
+It's going to have little bits
+of nothingness way out there.
+
+All this is is just one very
+approximate number, which
+
+tells you what that Doppler
+spread is and therefore, which
+
+tells you how long the channel
+is going to remain stable and
+
+yes, in half of that time the
+channel starts to change and
+
+in twice that time, the channel
+might be still sort of
+
+like it was before.
+
+So this is only a very
+approximate way of looking at
+
+these things, but it gives you
+an idea about what you can do
+
+and what you can't do.
+
+It gives you an idea, for
+example, if you say, can I
+
+take this wireless system I've
+been using and use it at a
+
+frequency that's 10
+times as high --
+
+and you know when you use it
+at a frequency 10 times as
+
+high that the stability of the
+channel is going to be 10
+
+times as small.
+
+You know if you were having
+trouble measuring the channel
+
+before, you know you don't have
+a prayer of a chance when
+
+you go up to that higher
+frequency, so it so it tells
+
+you things like that.
+
+There are two other sort of
+related quantities, which are
+
+called multipath spread and
+coherence frequency.
+
+So we have Doppler spread on
+the one hand, which is a
+
+physical phenomena and that
+gives rise to coherence time,
+
+which says how long the channel
+will stay the same and
+
+in the opposite domain --
+
+and these are almost dual
+quantities of each other, you
+
+have something called multipath
+spread, which --
+
+and multipath spread is
+pretty much what it
+
+sounds like it is.
+
+You have a bunch of
+different paths.
+
+You send a very short duration
+waveform and things start
+
+trickling in on the shortest
+path and then you got a big
+
+bunch of stuff in all the paths
+which are sort of the
+
+same lanegth and then they sort
+of dribble away again.
+
+So the waveform that you see
+coming in is spread out from
+
+what you send because of these
+multiple paths and the
+
+multiple paths having different
+delays on them.
+
+Because you have all of these
+different delay paths, you're
+
+going to have an impulse
+response for this channel,
+
+which has a certain
+duration to it.
+
+When you take the Fourier
+transform of that, you find a
+
+certain duration for
+Fourier transform.
+
+As we're going to see in just
+a minute, that's the thing
+
+that tells you how stable this
+channel is in frequency.
+
+If you measure it at one
+frequency, how far do you have
+
+to go in frequency before you
+find something which is
+
+totally separate from what
+you measure down here?
+
+This is something the
+cuts both ways.
+
+Having a large frequency
+coherence and having a large
+
+time coherence can be good
+or it can be bad.
+
+If you have a very large time
+coherence and a very large
+
+frequency coherence, you can
+measure the channel once and
+
+you can use it for a long time
+and you can use it over a
+
+broadband width and everything
+looks very nice.
+
+If the channel happens to be
+faded over that long period of
+
+time and over that long interval
+of frequency, you're
+
+really in the soup.
+
+On the other hand, if you have
+a very small time coherence
+
+and a very small frequency
+coherence, if the channel
+
+doesn't look good there, you
+move to a different time
+
+interval or you moved to a
+different frequency interval
+
+and you can transmit again.
+
+So both of these quantities have
+good aspects to them and
+
+bad aspects to them, but if you
+want to evaluate what a
+
+physical wireless channel is and
+somebody lets you ask two
+
+questions, the two questions you
+ought to ask are, what is
+
+the time coherence and what is
+the frequency coherence?
+
+Those are the first things
+you want to find out.
+
+Everything else is sort
+of secondary.
+
+So trying to claim that the
+frequency coherence here
+
+almost has a matter
+duality, as 1 over
+
+twice the time spread.
+
+Let's take a slide to
+see why that is.
+
+If I take the impulse response
+at baseband of this channel,
+
+which I wrote down here --
+
+here's the impulse response and
+you get that directly from
+
+the baseband response for
+giving input waveform.
+
+With all these different paths,
+what this impulse
+
+response is at a particular time
+t -- namely, this is the
+
+response at time t to an impulse
+tau seconds earlier.
+
+In other words, when I'm using
+this notation here, I'm really
+
+thinking of t as a receiver
+time and t minus tau as
+
+transmit time.
+
+But anyway, this
+is what it is.
+
+You take the Fourier transform
+of this for a particular t --
+
+in other words, we talked
+about this a
+
+little bit last time.
+
+You have a function of two
+parameters here and at any
+
+given t at the receiver, what
+you see is a spread of
+
+different inputs coming in
+from the transmitter.
+
+What we're interested in now is
+at that particular time t
+
+at the receiver, what's the
+Fourier transform, when you
+
+take the Fourier transform on
+tau to see what kinds of
+
+frequencies are coming in?
+
+We take the Fourier transform
+of a unit delta function and
+
+you just get an exponential
+function.
+
+So the transform of that delta
+is just this e to the minus 2
+
+pi if times tau sub
+j prime of t.
+
+This is this differential delay
+that we're faced with
+
+and we still have the Doppler
+shift over here.
+
+So when we look at it this way,
+we have both the Doppler
+
+shift sitting there and
+we have this delay
+
+shift sitting up here.
+
+Now the question we ask is, how
+much does the frequency
+
+have to change before this
+quantity is going to change
+
+materially?
+
+The answer is the same
+as it was before.
+
+When this quantity here changes
+by pi over 2, you have
+
+a totally different result
+than you had before.
+
+So the question is, how much
+does a frequency have to
+
+change in order for f times tau
+j prime of t to the change
+
+by a factor of one-fourth.
+
+So the answer that we come up
+with is, this has to go from
+
+minus L over 2 to plus L over 2
+and this is where we get the
+
+result that we were just
+talking about, that the
+
+frequency coherence is 1 over
+2 times the multipath spread
+
+of the channel.
+
+The next thing we want to do
+in this long process --
+
+it's a process that we've sort
+of been doing all along.
+
+The whole purpose of looking
+at waveforms and looking at
+
+digital communication is to be
+able to go from sequences to
+
+waveforms --
+
+and what do you think the next
+thing we're going to do is?
+
+We're going to go from
+these waveforms --
+
+we've now got them down to
+baseband waveforms and we want
+
+to go back to looking
+at sequences.
+
+So what we would like to do is
+to take this input waveform,
+
+view it in terms of the
+sampling theorem --
+
+better thing to do would be to
+view it in terms of input
+
+pulses, but that's too
+complicated for now, so we'll
+
+just take the input waveform and
+view it as a sequence of
+
+data that we're sending
+-- the u sub k's
+
+times these sinc waveforms.
+
+Same thing we've been
+doing all along.
+
+We take a sequence of numbers,
+we put little sine x over
+
+x-hats around them and
+that gives us a
+
+band limited waveform.
+
+The baseband output is then --
+
+you can look at the same way.
+
+The baseband output
+is going to be
+
+limited to the same frequency.
+
+Question here: You have
+these Doppler shifts.
+
+So when I send a frequency which
+is right up at the limit
+
+of w over 2, what I get back
+from that is going to be
+
+spread out a little
+bit from that.
+
+So if I send a waveform that's
+limited to w over 2, I'm going
+
+to get back a waveform
+which is a little
+
+bit bigger than that.
+
+What do I do about that?
+
+I worried about it in the notes
+a little bit and I'm
+
+probably going to take it out
+from the notes, because as a
+
+practical matter, the amount of
+Doppler shift that you get
+
+is such a negligible fraction
+of the kind of bandwidth you
+
+would be using for transmission
+that you just
+
+want to forget about that.
+
+So we are going to forget about
+it and what's coming in
+
+is again a band limited function
+with maybe a little
+
+bit of squishiness on it.
+
+We get this baseband output,
+which we can then view in
+
+terms of the sampling theorem.
+
+We can sample the output
+and what do we get
+
+when we're all done?
+
+Here's the nice thing that we
+can jump to: The output at
+
+this free time m is
+then the sum --
+
+namely, it's the convolution,
+it's the discrete convolution
+
+of what went in at time m, at
+time m minus 1, m minus 2, m
+
+plus 1, m plus 2 --
+
+and what we're doing is, we're
+designing this recovery time
+
+so the main peak is about a time
+0, so k goes from minus
+
+something to plus something here
+and then we wind up with
+
+these channel terms, which are
+again, sampled at this point
+
+because we can sample them,
+because it's only these low
+
+frequency components of the
+channel response that make any
+
+difference.
+
+They're the only things that
+give us this output here and
+
+this output has already
+been filtered
+
+down to this low frequency.
+
+When I look what these
+components are, these are big
+
+messes again.
+
+They're sums over all of
+these different paths.
+
+So what we're winding up
+with is a function --
+
+if I sketch g of tau and t as
+a function of tau, what I'm
+
+going to find is a bunch
+of different terms.
+
+Now I'm going to filter this
+so every one of these turns
+
+into a little sinc x
+over x and then I'm
+
+going to sample it.
+
+So what I wind up with then is
+this goes into something which
+
+looks like this.
+
+It's going to look like
+something which goes up and
+
+comes down again, and I'm just
+interested in what it's sample
+
+values are and I might wind up
+with five or six sample values
+
+and that expresses
+the whole thing.
+
+I mean, this is something you
+have to think about a little
+
+bit because it's something that
+we've done about 10 times
+
+already, but now when we do it
+here it looks very different
+
+from what we've done before --
+
+except this is what it
+is analytically.
+
+This is what it is in pictures
+and that's where it comes out.
+
+The thing that's going on here
+then is we started to look at
+
+this physical modeling in
+terms of ray tracing and
+
+things like that and what we're
+doing at this point is
+
+we're modeling what's going on
+at the frequency bandwidth
+
+that we're using --
+
+namely, not the carrier
+frequency anymore, but the
+
+baseband bandwidth.
+
+We're viewing this filter as
+having filtered these things
+
+out for us so we wind up with
+a baseband discrete filter
+
+that filters these impulses
+and aggregates them under
+
+discrete caps.
+
+So at this point, when we look
+at this filter for what the
+
+channel is doing, instead of
+seeing a bunch of impulses, we
+
+see a rather smooth waveform.
+
+If we look at what contributes
+to each tap, we see a large
+
+number of different
+paths, which all
+
+contribute to the same tap.
+
+If the multipath spread
+is not too large
+
+relative to 1 over w --
+
+if if the multipath spread is
+small relative to 1 over w,
+
+then you can really represent
+this whole thing in one path.
+
+In other words, if the multipath
+spread is very, very
+
+small and the sampling time
+interval is big, everything
+
+just appears under one tap and
+that's called flat fading.
+
+When you have flat fading, the
+output that comes out is
+
+really just a faded version of
+the input and there isn't any
+
+time dispersion on it.
+
+It all just --
+
+it's an undistorted version of
+what got sent, except it's
+
+very slowly fading and coming
+back up again and fading again
+
+and coming back up again.
+
+If you have a slightly wider
+bandwidth, then you need
+
+multiple taps.
+
+If you look at most of the of
+the systems that are being
+
+built today, the largest number
+of taps they ever used
+
+in this kind of implementation
+is three to five or something
+
+in that order, so it's not a
+huge number of taps that we're
+
+talking about, because the
+bandwidths are not huge.
+
+But anyway, statistically what
+we wind up with is that if the
+
+bandwidth that we're using is
+relatively narrow and it's not
+
+too many times what this
+term 1 over L is --
+
+namely, this multipath spread,
+then we wind up with a small
+
+number of paths.
+
+We can sort of assume that we
+have a large number of paths
+
+coming in on each tap and then
+what we're doing is that each
+
+tap strength is going to be a
+sum of a bunch of terms which
+
+are essentially random.
+
+If you add up a bunch of
+complex terms that are
+
+essentially random,
+what do you get?
+
+If you add up a very humongous
+number of them, you get
+
+something which is Gaussian.
+
+If you were modeling these
+things statistically, you
+
+would like them to
+be Gaussian.
+
+So what do you do?
+
+You assume that they're
+Gaussian, which is what
+
+everyone does.
+
+As a slight excuse for that,
+what we're really interested
+
+in if you're designing cellular
+systems, you're
+
+trying to build cellular
+receivers which will deal with
+
+all of the different
+circumstances that they come
+
+up against and as you walk
+around or drive around using
+
+these things, if you look at
+the ensemble of different
+
+situations that these phones
+are faced with, over that
+
+ensemble of things, each of
+these taps is pretty much
+
+going to look like a Gaussian
+random variable.
+
+If you look at one sample path
+of one little cellular phone,
+
+then no, it won't look like that
+-- but as far as a design
+
+tool, it looks like something
+which you can model as
+
+Gaussian because you're going to
+view each of these taps in
+
+this filter, in this time
+varying filter, the sum of
+
+lots of unrelated components and
+therefore, we're going to
+
+take the density of these taps
+and a statistical model as
+
+being jointly Gaussian --
+
+a proper Gaussian random
+variable for each of them.
+
+What happens if different taps
+is jointly Gaussian?
+
+So what we wind up with is a
+model for wireless channels
+
+then, where the channel itself
+is a Gaussian random process
+
+and as a Gaussian random process
+both in tau and in t,
+
+it's easier to look at if we
+look at it in terms of these
+
+discrete samples.
+
+Namely, we're going to look at
+the channel now, not in terms
+
+of a wavelength type of thing.
+
+We're just going to look at it
+as a bunch of taps, which the
+
+receiver has to add over to get
+to the received waveform.
+
+We're going to model each of
+those taps as being Gaussian.
+
+We're going to model in time
+t as being stationary.
+
+We're going to model them in
+time tau as coming up and
+
+going back down again and
+existing over a multipath
+
+spread that's about
+L in duration.
+
+So the phase is going to be
+uniform with this density.
+
+This is this two dimensional
+independent Gaussian density
+
+that we've looked at so many
+times and if you look at this,
+
+it has circular symmetry to it,
+which means if you look at
+
+it in an amplituding phase, the
+phase is random, uniform
+
+between zero and 2 pi.
+
+The energy in it is exponential
+and the magnitude
+
+is this, which comes
+from that --
+
+which is what you call
+a Rayleigh density.
+
+So Rayleigh fading channels are
+simply channels which you
+
+have modeled as having
+taps, which are
+
+really random variables.
+
+Real and imaginary parts, each
+of them have the same
+
+distribution.
+
+I mean, you'd be very very
+surprised if you looked at
+
+these taps after the way we've
+derived them and you didn't
+
+find the same distribution
+on the real part as
+
+the imaginary part.
+
+If you look at the real part
+and imaginary part, they're
+
+simply coming as an arbitrary
+phase, which comes from some
+
+arbitrary demodulating frequency
+that you've used
+
+with a phase in there that
+doesn't have any physical
+
+connotation at all.
+
+I mean, what is real is what
+you choose to call real and
+
+what is imaginary is what you
+choose to call imaginary.
+
+If you made your time reference
+just a little bit, a
+
+smidgen away from where your
+time reference is, what is
+
+real would become imaginary and
+what is imaginary would
+
+become real again and you can't
+expect the channel to
+
+know what time reference
+you've chosen.
+
+I mean, this is sort of a big
+philosophical argument, but
+
+you certainly wouldn't expect
+these random variables to have
+
+a distribution which
+is anything other
+
+than uniform in phase.
+
+So that's the distribution we
+get and what we now have is we
+
+changed this awful physical
+situation into a very simple
+
+analytical situation where what
+we're doing is modeling
+
+this complex channel as just a
+bunch of taps in time, at some
+
+bandwidth that we're using and
+each of these taps is now
+
+Gaussian and the output is going
+to be the discrete sum
+
+as we take a discrete sequence
+of inputs, pass it through
+
+this discrete filter and then we
+add up these outputs and at
+
+that point, we have to worry
+about how do we detect things
+
+from what's coming out?
+
+So they say here -- this is
+a really flaky modeling
+
+assumption and it's only partly
+justified by looking at
+
+lots of different situations
+that a given cellular phone
+
+would be placed in.
+
+If we look at this whole
+ensemble, it makes a little
+
+bit of sense, but really what
+we're doing here is saying
+
+what we want is a vehicle to
+let us understand how to
+
+receive these waveforms.
+
+We know there is going
+to be fading.
+
+Since we know there is going to
+be fading, we have to find
+
+some kind of statistical model
+for it if we're going to find
+
+sensible things to do
+and this is the one
+
+we're going to pick.
+
+It's very common instead of
+using a Rayleigh fading model
+
+to use a Rician fading model.
+
+A Rician fading model makes
+sense because if you have a
+
+line of sight directly to a base
+station, the waveform you
+
+get from the base station is
+going to be kind of strong and
+
+all of these waveforms you get
+reflected from other obstacles
+
+and so forth are going
+to be rather weak.
+
+So in that case, you're going
+to have one strong received
+
+waveform, which is one big peak
+and everything else is
+
+going to be very weak.
+
+The thing that that says is the
+kind of statistics that
+
+you want are not a sum of a lot
+of little tiny things, but
+
+the sum of one big thing and
+lots of tiny things.
+
+That's not a good
+model either.
+
+What you would really like is
+a sum of a bunch of medium
+
+sized things most of the time,
+but about as far as anybody
+
+gets talking about statistical
+models for fading channels is
+
+talking about Rician model and
+talking about Rayleigh models
+
+and then worrying about what
+happens the different paths of
+
+these filters.
+
+The trouble with Rician random
+variables is they're very
+
+complicated.
+
+They have vessel functions
+in them.
+
+If you read the notes I passed
+out today, you find that when
+
+you try to detect things, when
+they've gone through this kind
+
+of Rician fading, everything
+is just a bloody mess.
+
+That's the way it is.
+
+Since we are talking now about
+a statistical model for these
+
+channels, we would like to have
+something called a tap
+
+gain correlation function, which
+is going to tell us how
+
+each of these taps
+vary in time.
+
+That's just the expected value
+of Gkm and G of k prime n.
+
+What we're going to assume, and
+what is really a very good
+
+assumption, is if you look at
+the things that add up as taps
+
+under a particular value of k
+and under some other value of
+
+k -- in other words, all of the
+paths that are coming in
+
+in one range of delays and all
+the paths that come in on
+
+another range of delays, those
+things are pretty much
+
+independent of each other.
+
+So almost always, when you start
+calculating tap gain
+
+correlation functions, you
+assume that this is
+
+independent when k is
+unequal to k prime.
+
+So really the only thing you're
+concerned about here is
+
+how these quantities
+vary in time.
+
+We've already talked about
+how they vary in time.
+
+In other words, that was why
+we talked about all of this
+
+business about time coherence
+and Doppler shifts.
+
+The thing which is causing these
+things to change in time
+
+is these Doppler shifts.
+
+We have already decided that the
+amount of time the channel
+
+remain stable is about 1 over
+2 times this Doppler spread.
+
+Here we have an analytical,
+statistical way of doing the
+
+same thing.
+
+In other words, you can look at
+this correlation function
+
+here and you can see how long
+it takes before it drops
+
+essentially to zero.
+
+So you can define the time
+coherence in terms of this
+
+duration here just as well as
+the way we've already done.
+
+In other words, how big does n
+have to get before this thing
+
+gets small?
+
+What's the advantage of doing
+it this way instead of in
+
+terms of Doppler shifts?
+
+If you want to measure it, you
+don't have to go out and
+
+measure where these paths are.
+
+If you want to measure it, you
+just take a cellular phone and
+
+you measure where these things
+are coming in and how they
+
+change in time and that gives
+you a direct view of what the
+
+time coherence is.
+
+Why that W was there, there's
+a problem in the problem set
+
+that will give you some insight
+into why it's there,
+
+but otherwise it's
+just arbitrary.
+
+I want to spend the rest of
+the time talking about
+
+Rayleigh fading, because
+Rayleigh fading is something
+
+you can analyze easily.
+
+We're going to do something
+even simpler.
+
+We're going to do Rayleigh
+fading where you have
+
+a single tap model.
+
+In other words, where the
+bandwidth that you're using is
+
+small enough that all these
+different paths all fall in
+
+the same delay range.
+
+In other words, it's where the
+multipath spread, L, is small
+
+relative to 1 over W. That's
+what's called flat fading, so
+
+we're assuming flat fading and
+we're assuming that it changes
+
+in time according to
+a Rayleigh model.
+
+Suppose that we do something
+really simple, like trying the
+
+antipodal signalling that we've
+been using all along,
+
+which is really neat when
+you have Gaussian noise.
+
+It's just about the best kind of
+signaling that you can use.
+
+It doesn't work at all here
+and it doesn't work at all
+
+because since this channel is
+Rayleigh fading, you don't
+
+know what the phase is of the
+channel, so you send a bit and
+
+what comes in is something
+which, sure, it has an
+
+amplitude to it, but it has a
+completely random phase to it,
+
+so you can't tell the
+difference between
+
+one and minus one.
+
+The only way you can tell is to
+send first one signal and
+
+then another signal, but if
+you send one signal and
+
+another signal, you might as
+well choose a single pattern
+
+which lets you do
+this sensibly.
+
+So the particular thing that
+we'll look at is something
+
+called post position
+modulation.
+
+This is essentially the same as
+about ten other schemes and
+
+we'll talk about that a little
+more later, but what you're
+
+going to use is two degrees
+of freedom, which is two
+
+different time instants.
+
+In the first instant, you're
+going to send an a.
+
+In the second instant, you're
+going to send a zero where
+
+conversely, you're going to
+send a zero in the first
+
+degree of freedom and an a in
+the second degree of freedom.
+
+So you can do this either with
+two different frequencies, you
+
+can do it with two different
+time instants.
+
+You can do it in all sorts
+of different ways.
+
+Any time you have two degrees of
+freedom, you either use one
+
+degree of freedom or you use the
+other degree of freedom.
+
+It's not like the situation
+we've talked about before,
+
+because these degrees of
+freedom are now complex
+
+degrees of freedom.
+
+If I send the one, it's going
+to come in as some complex
+
+number, which is going to
+have uniform phase.
+
+So my hypotheses now are one
+hypothesis is a and zero and
+
+the other hypothesis
+is zero and a.
+
+What's going to happen with
+these hypotheses is that
+
+first, the channel is going
+to do its thing to them.
+
+In other words, if I send this,
+the channel is going to
+
+take that a.
+
+It's going to multiply it by a
+circularly symmetric Gaussian
+
+random variable, so it's going
+to come as some blob and in
+
+the other dimension, what I send
+is a zero, so what comes
+
+in there is nothing.
+
+I'm going to add noise to this,
+so when I send a zero,
+
+I'm going to get --
+
+from the channel, I
+get a blob in this
+
+first degree of freedom.
+
+The noise adds another
+blob, which is
+
+also circularly symmetric.
+
+What comes in the other degree
+of freedom is zero on the
+
+channel and a blob of noise.
+
+So I'm going to base my
+detection on either a big blob
+
+or a little blob and on the
+other hypothesis, I got a
+
+little blob here and
+a big blob there.
+
+So the question is, you have to
+look at this pair of blobs
+
+and decide from it what
+you think was
+
+the most likely signals.
+
+Sounds hard, but it turns out
+that it's easy, because look,
+
+under the hypothesis H 0, what
+you're going to receive --
+
+and these are a times a complex
+
+variable, G 0 plus Z 0.
+
+Both of these are Gaussian
+random variables, both zero
+
+mean, both circularly symmetric
+and V 1 is going to
+
+be just Z 1.
+
+So here I have a sum of two
+Gaussian random variables.
+
+Here I have one Gaussian
+random variable.
+
+V 0 is complex Gaussian and its
+variance is a squared plus
+
+N 0 times W, because that's
+what the noise is.
+
+So I look at the probability
+density of these two complex
+
+Gaussian random variables,
+sample value v 0 and v 1,
+
+conditional on H 0.
+
+What I have is some
+constant here --
+
+I don't even care about it --
+
+times e need to the minus
+v 0 squared divided by a
+
+squared plus wn 0.
+
+This is the variance of
+V 0, because V 0 was a
+
+squared times G 0.
+
+That's the a squared there.
+
+Variance is Z 0 WN 0 and for the
+other random variable --
+
+that's the little blob
+random variable --
+
+probability density of that
+is minus v 1 squared
+
+divided by WN 0.
+
+For the alternative hypothesis,
+I get the same
+
+constant out front, which I
+haven't even bother to write
+
+down, times e to the minus
+v 0 squared over WN 0.
+
+Here are the other variables:
+The one where we have the big
+
+blob, so that's the variance
+a squared plus WN 0.
+
+I take the log likelihood ratio,
+which is to take the
+
+logarithm of the ratio of these
+two hypotheses, of these
+
+two likelihoods, and when I take
+this quantity and divide
+
+it by this quantity, these are
+both up in the exponents, so
+
+I'm just taking this and
+subtracting this.
+
+When I subtract this quantity
+from this quantity and then
+
+subtract this quantity from this
+quantity, what I get is
+
+just this quantity here.
+
+I mean, you can see it's simple
+because this difference
+
+is going to be the same as this
+difference, except they
+
+have a different sign.
+
+So it's just algebra to find out
+what happens when you when
+
+you take this minus this
+and then you take
+
+minus this plus this.
+
+This is what you get.
+
+Then you look at that for a bit
+and you say, how do I find
+
+the probability of
+error from this?
+
+Before we find the probability
+of error, the first thing we
+
+have to do is say, what's
+the maximum
+
+likelihood rule to use here?
+
+Maximum likelihood rule is you
+take the log likelihood ratio
+
+and if it's positive,
+you choose v0.
+
+If it's negative, you choose v1
+and if it's 0 -- if 0 was
+
+zero probability, it doesn't
+matter what you do.
+
+So what we're interested
+in now is, what is the
+
+probability that this quantity
+here is going to
+
+be bigger than zero?
+
+But you see, this isn't hard
+because when you look at the
+
+difference between v 0 squared
+and v 1 squared, v 0 squared
+
+is an exponential
+random variable.
+
+It's just the energy of
+a complex Gaussian.
+
+So we're taking one exponential
+random variable,
+
+subtracting off another
+exponential random variable
+
+and we're just looking at it
+over on the region where these
+
+things are positive.
+
+When you integrate that, this
+is the answer that you get.
+
+I mean, it's not hard
+to integrate it.
+
+I just don't --
+
+and if you look at the notes,
+the notes carry it out in all
+
+of its gory detail, but it
+really is about two steps.
+
+The thing we want to look at is
+this result here, because
+
+it looks so different from all
+of the error probability
+
+results that we've
+gotten before.
+
+I mean, before, error
+probabilities go down
+
+exponentially as a square of
+the signal amplitudes that
+
+we're using and they go down
+exponentially with the energy
+
+that we're using.
+
+Here, this crazy thing is going
+down as 1 over 2 plus
+
+energy to noise ratio.
+
+This is 1 over 2 plus
+Ed over N 0.
+
+So it really goes down slowly.
+
+So what's going on?
+
+I mean, why is it that with all
+of these Gaussian random
+
+variables where things go down
+so fast, we're really in such
+
+deep trouble here?
+
+The trouble is, every time the
+fading is significant and the
+
+fading is significant
+whenever --
+
+under hypothesis 0, if
+you don't have much
+
+of a channel --
+
+namely, if both v 0 and
+v 1 are both very --
+
+if both the real part of G 0 and
+the imaginary part of G 0
+
+are both very small --
+
+which happens with reasonable
+probability --
+
+then you don't have a chance of
+trying to decode correctly
+
+because the two signals are both
+going to look the same,
+
+because both of them are just
+Gaussian random variables.
+
+So as a result of that, when
+you're dealing with Rayleigh
+
+fading, you really have to find
+something else to do in
+
+order to make this work.
+
+I mean, if you have Rayleigh
+fading and you just try to
+
+communicate in the way that we
+tried to communicate before --
+
+just sending individual bits
+and hoping for the best,
+
+you're in very deep trouble.
+
+So next time we'll start to
+talk about ways of dealing
+
+with this using diversity, using
+channel measurement,
+
+using all sorts of other
+things, but --
+
+I don't know what happened to
+the person who was supposed to
+
+evaluate the class, but maybe
+they will come in next week.
+
+I don't Know.
\ No newline at end of file